{"id": "factscore-000000", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jessie Mae Brown Beavers.", "docs": [{"title": "Jessie Mae Brown Beavers", "text": "<s>Jessie Mae Brown Beavers Jessie Mae Brown Beavers (March 18, 1923 \u2013 September 6, 1989) was an American journalist based in Los Angeles, California. She was an editor at the \"Los Angeles Sentinel\" from 1949 to 1989, and served sixteen years on the city's Human Relations Commission, beginning with her 1973 appointment by mayor Tom Bradley.</s><s>Early life. Jessie Mae Brown was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of Arnetta Hoyt Brown, a Baptist deaconess. She attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where she earned a bachelor's degree in sociology.</s><s>Career. Brown was editor of the family section of the \"California Eagle\" from 1944 to 1949, when she joined the staff of the \"Los Angeles Sentinel\" as an editor. In 1966 she was one of the organizers and leaders of the Los Angeles chapter of the National Association of Media Women. In 1969, she was given the Outstanding Woman in Journalism Award by the University of Southern California chapter of Theta Sigma Phi. Beavers served on the Los Angeles Human Relations Commission for sixteen years, after she was appointed by mayor Tom Bradley in 1973. On the commission, she worked closely with fellow commissioner Toshiko S. Yoshida during the American bicentennial"}, {"title": "Jessie Mae Brown Beavers", "text": ", chaired the affirmative action subcommittee, and in 1982 organized hearings on racial bias in the entertainment industry. She also served one the Los Angeles County Music and Performing Arts Commission. She ran for a seat on the Los Angeles City Council in 1987. Beavers was a member of Jack and Jill and the Lullaby Guild. In 1968 she was cited for her work by the President's Youth Council. In 1972 she was honored alongside Quincy Jones, editor Ruth Washington, and student leader Willis Edwards by the Committee of Women for Good Government. In 1973 she was honored by colleagues and admirers (including Mayor Bradley, judge Vaino Spencer, columnist Gertrude Gipson, and clubwoman Leontyne Butler King) at a tribute event at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel, hosted by singer Thelma Houston.</s><s>Personal life. In 1947 Brown married insurance executive Leroy A. Beavers, Jr., nephew of Los Angeles businessman George A. Beavers Jr. Actress Dorothy Dandridge was one of her bridesmaids in the wedding. They had three children. In 1979, she was assaulted and robbed in the driveway of her home. She died in 1989, aged 66 years, in Los Angeles. Her grave is at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Gl"}, {"title": "Jessie Mae Brown Beavers", "text": "endale, California.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jessie Mae Brown Beavers", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000001", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Billy Conigliaro.", "docs": [{"title": "Billy Conigliaro", "text": "<s>Billy Conigliaro William Michael Conigliaro (August 15, 1947 \u2013 February 10, 2021) was an American baseball outfielder who played five seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the Boston Red Sox, Milwaukee Brewers, and Oakland Athletics from 1969 to 1973. He batted and threw right-handed, and was the younger brother of Tony Conigliaro, with whom he was teammates on the Red Sox from 1969 until 1970.</s><s>Early life. Conigliaro was born in Revere, Massachusetts, on August 15, 1947. His father, Sal, was employed at a tool and die shop and was eventually promoted to plant manager. Both he and his wife, Teresa, inspired their sons to pursue baseball. Conigliaro attended Swampscott High School, where he graduated as a three-sport star. He threw a no-hitter against Winthrop High School in April 1964, several days after his brother Tony made his major league debut. Conigliaro was subsequently drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the first round (fifth overall pick) of the inaugural MLB draft in 1965.</s><s>Professional career. Conigliaro played in the minor leagues from the 1965 to 1968 seasons. He made his Major"}, {"title": "Billy Conigliaro", "text": " League Baseball debut on April 11, 1969, at the age of 21, entering as a pinch runner and stealing a base in a 2\u20131 extra-innings win over the Cleveland Indians. He made his first start five days later, hitting two home runs in that game. Although he was sent back to the minors in May, he was called back up by the Red Sox during the September roster expansion. He finished his first year in the majors with a.288 batting average, four home runs, and seven runs batted in (RBIs) in 32 games played. Conigliaro's best performance came during the 1970 season. He recorded career-highs in hits (108), runs scored (59), home runs (18), RBIs (58), and games played (114). He also had the fifth-most assists as a left fielder in the American League (AL) with seven. In order to fit Conigliaro into their lineup that year, the Red Sox moved Carl Yastrzemski to first base. Billy Conigliaro reportedly became \"very emotional\" when his brother Tony was traded to the California Angels at the end of the season. He subsequently batted.262 with 11 home runs and 33 RBIs in 1971,"}, {"title": "Billy Conigliaro", "text": " finishing eighth in the AL in doubles (26). Conigliaro was part of a ten-player trade that sent him, George Scott, Jim Lonborg, Ken Brett, Joe Lahoud, and Don Pavletich from the Red Sox to the Milwaukee Brewers for Tommy Harper, Marty Pattin, Lew Krausse, and minor-league outfielder Pat Skrable on October 10, 1971. Unhappy in Milwaukee, Conigliaro announced his retirement from baseball in the middle of the 1972 season. He applied for reinstatement in 1973, and the Brewers sold Conigliaro to the Oakland Athletics for an undisclosed amount of money. He appeared with the Athletics in that season's American League Championship Series and the World Series, where he was hitless in seven at bats. He had knee surgery during the offseason, and was waived by Oakland in March 1974. He attempted a comeback with the Athletics in 1977, but declined an assignment to the minor leagues. He finished his career with a.256 batting average, 40 home runs, and 128 RBIs in 347 games played.</s><s>Personal life. Conigliaro was an early pupil of Shotokan karate grandmaster Kazumi Tabata, who acknowledged Conigliaro in his book. He was"}, {"title": "Billy Conigliaro", "text": " married to Keisha until his death. Conigliaro died on February 10, 2021, at his home in Beverly, Massachusetts. He was 73; no cause of death was announced.</s><s>Further reading. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Billy Conigliaro", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000002", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Joseph A. Lopez.", "docs": [{"title": "Joseph A. Lopez", "text": "<s>Joseph A. Lopez Joseph Anton Lopez (born Jos\u00e9 Antonio L\u00f3pez; October 4, 1779October 5, 1841) was a Mexican Catholic priest and Jesuit. Born in Michoac\u00e1n, he studied canon law at the Colegio de San Nicol\u00e1s and the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. He became acquainted with the future Empress consort Ana Mar\u00eda Huarte and was made chaplain to the future imperial family. He was later put in charge of the education of all the princes in Mexico. Lopez was a close ally of Emperor Agust\u00edn de Iturbide, residing in Madrid for four years as his attorney and political informant, and accompanying him during his exile to Italy and England. Following Iturbide's execution in 1824, Lopez moved to the United States with the exiled Empress Ana Mar\u00eda and her children and settled in Washington, D.C. He became the chaplain to the Georgetown Visitation Monastery and entered the Society of Jesus in 1833, working also as a novice and minister at Georgetown College. When the president of Georgetown College, William McSherry, died, Lopez became acting president in 1840, making him the first Latin American president of a university in the United States. As an educator, he garnered"}, {"title": "Joseph A. Lopez", "text": " a reputation as a strict disciplinarian. Just several months into his presidency, he fell ill and was sent to recuperate in St. Inigoes, Maryland; he died there in 1841.</s><s>Early life. Jos\u00e9 Antonio L\u00f3pez was born on October 4, 1779, in Cotija, Michoac\u00e1n, in New Spain, located today in Mexico. Born to a family of ranchers, he had a distinguished lineage. L\u00f3pez attended first the Colegio de San Nicol\u00e1s, and then the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico, where he received a bachelor's degree in canon law. He was then put in charge of the local church in Perib\u00e1n, Michoac\u00e1n. Later in life, L\u00f3pez related that when the first leader of the Mexican War of Independence, Miguel Hidalgo, was traveling through Michoac\u00e1n in 1810, L\u00f3pez unsuccessfully tried to arrest him, and then fled to Valladolid. There, he became acquainted with Ana Mar\u00eda Huarte, the wife of the future Emperor of Mexico, Agust\u00edn de Iturbide. As a result of his familiarity with Huarte, L\u00f3pez was appointed chaplain to Iturbide's counter-"}, {"title": "Joseph A. Lopez", "text": "revolutionary army, and later the interim priest in Ting\u00fcind\u00edn, Michoac\u00e1n.</s><s>Chaplain to the Iturbides. When Iturbide was relieved of command by the Viceroy of New Spain in 1816, L\u00f3pez traveled to Madrid the following year to defend him as his attorney. Remaining in Spain for several years, L\u00f3pez kept Iturbide informed of political events in Madrid, including the early discord between King FerdinandVII and the liberals, which led to an uprising and the Liberal Triennium. In May 1821, L\u00f3pez returned to Mexico to rejoin Iturbide during his push to establish Mexican independence. L\u00f3pez became the chaplain to the Iturbide family and tutored one of the children, Agust\u00edn Jer\u00f3nimo. Eventually, he was placed in charge of the education of all the princes in Mexico in July 1822 by the Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs and wrote a curriculum titled \"M\u00e9todo y reglamento de instrucci\u00f3n de los pr\u00edncipes mexicanos\". Modeled on the educational curriculum of Spanish princes, this manual was not published due to military unrest. His curriculum viewed favorably a strong monarchy and a prominent role"}, {"title": "Joseph A. Lopez", "text": " for the imperial family in politics, putting it somewhat at odds with the newly established constitutional monarchy that shared political power with a representative legislature. Upon Iturbide's exile from Mexico in 1823, L\u00f3pez accompanied the imperial entourage, including the emperor's eight children, to Livorno, Italy. He then followed them to England when King Ferdinand of Spain pressured the Grand Duke of Tuscany to expel Iturbide from his country. In 1824, L\u00f3pez sailed to Soto la Marina with Iturbide's junta in their unsuccessful attempt to retake Mexico.</s><s>Move to the United States. When Iturbide was executed in Mexico in 1824, his widow, Empress consort Ana Mar\u00eda Huarte, and children fled Mexico for the United States. L\u00f3pez accompanied them to New Orleans, where they resided for several months, before traveling north to Baltimore and then settling in the city of Georgetown in the District of Columbia. Huarte enrolled her daughters in the Georgetown Visitation Academy; two of them later became nuns at the Visitation Monastery attached to the academy. One of her sons married a woman residing in Georgetown, and another son, Prince Salvador, enrolled as a student at Georgetown College. L\u00f3pez was incardinated as"}, {"title": "Joseph A. Lopez", "text": " a priest in the Archdiocese of Baltimore and became the chaplain to the Georgetown Visitation Monastery. He began anglicizing his name as Joseph Anton Lopez. Though already a priest, he sought admission to the Society of Jesus and was received on December 10, 1833. As a Jesuit novice, he worked at Georgetown College during his formation, eventually becoming minister of the college. He also became the librarian of the college. His work at Georgetown required him to relinquish his role as chaplain to the Iturbides, who eventually moved to Philadelphia.</s><s>Move to the United States.:Georgetown College. Following the death of William McSherry, Lopez was named president of Georgetown College on January 1, 1840, in an acting capacity, with the expectation that the provincial superior would soon appoint a permanent successor to relieve him of this post. Upon his appointment, he became the first Latin American president of a university in the United States. He was known as a strict disciplinarian, both of his students and all Jesuits under his charge. One notable event during his tenure was the establishment of a literary society alongside the existing Philodemic Society, known as the Philonomosian Society, which replaced the Phileleutherian Society. His presidency"}, {"title": "Joseph A. Lopez", "text": " lasted just several months, before he became ill, and was succeeded by James A. Ryder on May 1, 1840. He returned to the position of minister only briefly, before being sent to St. Inigoes, Maryland, to recuperate. A week before his death, the Jesuits tending to Lopez feared that a coffin would not be ready for him in time; upon learning this, Lopez told them not to worry because he would not die until Saturday. True to his prediction, on October 5, 1841, he died in St. Inigoes, where he was buried in Chapel Field. Eventually, all the graves there were reinterred in the cemetery adjoining St. Ignatius Church in the same village.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Joseph A. Lopez", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000003", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Patrick Merrill.", "docs": [{"title": "Patrick Merrill", "text": "<s>Patrick Merrill Patrick Merrill (born February 22, 1979) is a former Canadian professional lacrosse player for the Toronto Rock in the National Lacrosse League and of the Toronto Nationals in Major League Lacrosse. He is currently the Head Coach and General Manager of the San Diego Seals.</s><s>Professional career. Merrill was a first-round draft choice of the Toronto Rock in 2002, and after four seasons with the Rock, was chosen first overall by the Boston Blazers in the 2008 expansion draft. However, following the cancellation and subsequent reinstatement of the 2008 season, the Blazers, along with the Arizona Sting, announced that they would not participate in the 2008 season. A dispersal draft was held, and Merrill was chosen second overall by the Titans. Merrill's brother Brodie Merrill also plays in the NLL for the San Diego Seals.</s><s>Player Statistics.</s><s>Player Statistics.:NLL. Reference:</s><s>Player Statistics.:MLL. Reference:</s><s>Player Statistics.:MSL. Reference:</s><s>Coaching Statistics.</s><s>Coaching Statistics.:OJLL. Reference:</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Patrick Merrill", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000004", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Maxime Masson.", "docs": [{"title": "Maxime Masson", "text": "<s>Maxime Masson Maxime Masson (October 15, 1867 in Saint-Justin \u2013 October 2, 1960) was a Roman Catholic priest. He was the main architect of religious buildings in the town of Sainte-Th\u00e8cle, located in Mauricie, in the province of Quebec. He was pastor of the Sainte-Th\u00e8cle parish for 52 years. During that time, he was the main coordinator for the construction of the church from 1903 to 1905, as well as the rectory and other buildings on the lot of the \"Fabrique de Sainte-Th\u00e8cle\". He was instrumental in the erection of the monastery (\"couvent\" in French) in 1912, led by the religious community Daughters of Jesus (\"Filles de J\u00e9sus\" in French), and the erection in 1939 of the first college run by the religious Brothers of St. Gabriel (\"Fr\u00e8res de Saint-Gabriel\" in French).</s><s>Craftsman talent. He designed and built including the magnificent calvary (in 1935) located in the cemetery land, a cement lion in 1939 located on the outside of the church and the paintings on the ceiling of the sacristy. He carved the Stations of the Cross"}, {"title": "Maxime Masson", "text": " erected in the parish cemetery of Sainte-Th\u00e8cle from stone that came from France. He performed extensive embellishment work such as cement flowerpots, cement balls, the steps, and water fountain in front of the church and the rectory. He made a carved wood clock, the base of which resembles the base of the church towers and the high altar.</s><s>Baptism statistics. Masson celebrated 2497 baptisms recorded in the registers of Sainte-Th\u00e8cle, between February 7, 1903, and April 30, 1955.</s><s>First car. He owned one of the first automobiles in the history of Sainte-Th\u00e8cle, a Ford Model T 1911.</s><s>1938 hurricane. His biggest test was the collapse of the two church towers during the hurricane of August 3, 1938.</s><s>Studies and priest appointment. Born on October 15, 1867, in Saint-Justin (Maskinong\u00e9 County, Quebec, Canada), he was the son of Amable Masson, farmer and Zoe Paquin. He studied classics at S\u00e9minaire Saint-Joseph de Trois-Rivi\u00e8res and theology at the Grand Seminary Trois-Rivi\u00e8res. He was ordained on July"}, {"title": "Maxime Masson", "text": " 8, 1894, in the chapel of the Seminary Trois-Rivi\u00e8res by Bishop L.F. Lafleche. At the beginning of his priesthood, Masson was vicar of the parish of Saint-Justin (1894\u20131899), at Saint-L\u00e9on-le-Grand (1902), at Saint-Timoth\u00e9e of H\u00e9rouxville (1902\u20131903), before being assigned as pastor to Sainte-Th\u00e8cle, on February 6, 1903. Masson was the first president of the School board of the village of Sainte-Th\u00e8cle from July 19, 1915, to April 14, 1947. He finished his course in Sainte-Th\u00e8cle on July 1, 1955.</s><s>Local recognition. He was chaplain of the movement \"Catholic Action\" and pious associations. Two toponymic designations were assigned in recognition of his work life at Sainte-Th\u00e8cle: School Masson (i.e. old boys' school) and Masson Street which connects the lower village and the village of the church. He died on October 2, 1960, and was buried in the cemetery of Sainte-Th\u00e8cle.</s>"}, {"title": "Maxime Masson", "text": "<s>See also. - Sainte-Th\u00e8cle, Quebec</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Maxime Masson", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000005", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Daniel Alexander Cameron.", "docs": [{"title": "Daniel Alexander Cameron", "text": "<s>Daniel Alexander Cameron Daniel Alexander Cameron (December 10, 1870 \u2013 September 4, 1937) was a Canadian politician from the province of Nova Scotia. He was one of the first Nova Scotian legislators of the 20th century to die while in office.</s><s>Early life and career. Born in Sydney River, Nova Scotia, the son of John and Isabella (Macdonald) Cameron, Cameron was educated at Sydney Academy and Dalhousie University where he received a Bachelor of Laws degree. He was admitted to the bar in October 1893. In 1894, he started practicing law in Sydney. He was a member of the County Council from 1900 to 1911. He was the stipendiary magistrate for Sydney from 1905 to 1911. In 1911, he was appointed treasurer and solicitor for the Municipality of Cape Breton.</s><s>Political career. In 1916, he was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly for the electoral district of Cape Breton. A Nova Scotia Liberal, he was defeated in 1920. From 1921 to 1923, he was a Member of the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia and was a Minister Without Portfolio in the cabinet of George Henry Murray. He resigned from the Legislative Council in 1923 and was elected to the House of Assembly for Victoria County. From 1923 to"}, {"title": "Daniel Alexander Cameron", "text": " 1925, he was the Provincial Secretary in the cabinet of Ernest Howard Armstrong. He resigned in 1930 and was defeated in the 1930 federal election when he ran as the Liberal candidate for the electoral district of Cape Breton South. He was elected in the 1935 election for the electoral district of Cape Breton North and Victoria. He served for a little less than two years before he died in office in 1937.</s><s>References. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Daniel Alexander Cameron", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000006", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Serena Tideman.", "docs": [{"title": "Serena Tideman", "text": "<s>Serena Tideman Serena Tideman (born 24 February 1978) is an American composer and classical and improvisational cellist who resides in Port Townsend, Washington.</s><s>Career. Tideman's appearances include: - 1999 \u2013 Played on Satisfact's CD \"The Third Meeting At The Third Counter\" alternative rock. - April 2001 \u2013 Played at SIL2K (Strategic Improv Laboratories) in a Cello Trio with Brent Arnold and Lori Goldston, Seattle. - October 2002 \u2013 Played for \"White Girls\", d9 Dance Collective's 10th Anniversary Performance Seattle, Music composed by Amy Denio, Velocity Dance MainSpace Theater. - November 2002 \u2013 Played with the Icelandic band m\u00fam, a two men and two women baroque-techno pop quartet. - September 2003 \u2013 Appears in Jason Pappariella's \"places in pieces vol.1\" in a segment titled \"an alternative to shopping\". - January 2004 \u2013 Played The Stranger: Classical cellist Serena Tideman matched with jangly post-punks - April 2004 \u2013 Played the space needle yuri's night world space party performance as member of plan b with musician/composer m.evans. - May 2007 \u2013 Played in New York"}, {"title": "Serena Tideman", "text": " City with Kr\u00eda Brekkan \u2013 piano and voice - September 2007 \u2013 Performed solo cello compositions and improvisations at the Rendezvous Jewel Box Theatre, Seattle.</s><s>Works. Selected works include: - \"Secret Musik\": The most recent release, 11 songs recorded live in a haunted Victorian built of old-growth wood, CD recorded in June 2009 and released July 31, 2010. - \"Kalakala\": Songs From a Parallel Universe & Underwater Dreams (blue EP) - \"Underwater Dreams\": An EP featuring piano, cello, vocals and guitar</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Serena Tideman", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000007", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Margaret Rose Vendryes.", "docs": [{"title": "Margaret Rose Vendryes", "text": "<s>Margaret Rose Vendryes Margaret Rose Vendryes (March 16, 1955 \u2013 March 29, 2022) was a visual artist, curator, and art historian based in New York.</s><s>Early life and education. Vendryes was born on March 16, 1955, in Kingston, Jamaica. She began her studies in costume design before moving to fine art and earning a Bachelor's degree at Amherst College, graduating in 1984. She went on to earn her MA in Art History in 1992 from Tulane University and her PhD from Princeton University in 1997 where she focused on African American art history and was the first Black woman to earn a PhD in art history from Princeton.</s><s>Career. Vendryes served as Chair of the Department of Performing and Fine Arts and Director of the Fine Arts Gallery at York College in New York where she began working in 2000. She was set to assume the role of Dean of the School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts University in Boston in June 2022. From 2000 to 2001 she worked as visiting lecturer for Art & Archaeology and African American Studies at Princeton University. She also worked as associate professor for Modern American and Contemporary Art at City University of New York from 2002 till 2007. She warned against what she calls"}, {"title": "Margaret Rose Vendryes", "text": " \"the race-centered approach\" to interpreting artwork, the practice of reading the influence of an artist's race into their artwork, as she believed it could limit the interpretation and context of the work and minimize the assessment of their impact on the larger art movements. In 2009 Vendryes worked as lecturer for African Art at Boston University in Massachusetts. In 2010 she curated an exhibition at the new Ohr-O\u2019Keefe Museum of Art called, \"Richmond Barth\u00e9: The Seeker.\" She compared Barthe's work \"Blackberry Woman\" to Wallace Thurman's novel \"The Blacker The Berry... A Novel of Negro Life\" in her thesis dissertation and wrote about Barthe's work further in her 2008 book about his sculpture. That same year she curated an exhibition titled \"Beyond the Blues\" at New Orleans Museum of Art. From 2011 to 2013 she was a lecturer for African & African American Art at Wellesley College in Massachusetts. In 2013 Vendryes returned as Distinguished Lecturer in Fine Arts and Director of the York College Fine Arts Gallery at York College, CUNY. In 2015 she gave the opening lecture for \"The Visual Blues\", an exhibition with work from the Harlem Renaissance at the Jepson Center for the Arts.</s><s>Art"}, {"title": "Margaret Rose Vendryes", "text": "work. In 2005 Vendryes began a series of multi-media works within her \"The African Diva Project\", with oil and cold wax on canvas, and more recently, embedded African masks. The series began with a portrait of Donna Summer inspired by her \"Four Seasons of Love\" album cover. The imagery juxtaposes and combines portraits of Western pop culture icons with traditional African masks. Because these masks are traditionally worn only by men, she has noted her exploration of power, race, gender and beauty through these works. The project has included many Black American women icons including Aretha Franklin, Grace Jones, and Whitney Houston. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture commissioned an artwork in 2014 from Vendryes for an exhibition celebrating the 40th anniversary of Ntozake Shange\u2019s \"for colored girls who have considered suicide / when the rainbow is enuf\" called, \"My spirit is too ancient to understand the separation of soul & gender - Guro Ntozake\". The exhibition, titled \"i found god in myself: the 40 anniversary of Ntozake Shange's for colored girls...\" and curated by Peter \"Souleo\" Wright, traveled to African American Museum in Philadelphia in 2016 and City Without Walls (cW"}, {"title": "Margaret Rose Vendryes", "text": "OW) gallery in 2017 in Newark, New Jersey. The exhibition also featured artists Ren\u00e9e Cox, Carrie Mae Weems, Deborah Willis, Saya Woolfalk, Michael Paul Britto, Pamela Council and Dianne Smith among others.</s><s>Death and legacy. Vendryes was a longtime board member of the Leslie Lohman Museum. Vendryes' death, on March 29, 2022, due to respiratory failure, was announced by the Southeast Queens Artists' Alliance. Childs Gallery in Boston, with whom she had a long history, hosted a memorial exhibit in Vendryes' honor from November 2022-January 2023.</s><s>Bibliography. - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Margaret Rose Vendryes", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000008", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lemuel W. Joiner.", "docs": [{"title": "Lemuel W. Joiner", "text": "<s>Lemuel W. Joiner Lemuel Whiting Joiner (November 9, 1810October 22, 1886) was an American farmer, Republican politician, and Wisconsin pioneer. He served six years in the Wisconsin State Senate and one year in the State Assembly, representing Iowa County. His son, Robert Joiner, also served in the Legislature.</s><s>Biography. Joiner was born in 1810 in Royalton, Vermont. He moved to Cincinnati in 1830 and then to Williamsport, Indiana in 1834. In 1845 he moved to Wyoming, Iowa County, Wisconsin, which was his primary residence for the rest of his life. Joiner died on October 22, 1886. Joiner's son, Robert, also served in the Senate.</s><s>Career. Joiner was elected to the Assembly in 1853. He was later a member of the Senate three times. First, from 1857 to 1858, second, from 1861 to 1862 and third, from 1869 to 1870. He was a Republican.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lemuel W. Joiner", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000009", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Blair Tugman.", "docs": [{"title": "Blair Tugman", "text": "<s>Blair Tugman Blair Tugman is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Lightweight division of Bellator MMA. A professional competitor since 2007, he has also competed for CES MMA.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Bellator MMA. Tugman faced A.J. McKee at Bellator 182 on August 25, 2017. He lost via unanimous decision.</s><s>See also. - List of current Bellator fighters - List of male mixed martial artists</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Blair Tugman", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000010", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Patricia Cladis.", "docs": [{"title": "Patricia Cladis", "text": "<s>Patricia Cladis Patricia Elisabeth Cladis (July 13, 1937 \u2013 July 3, 2017) was a Canadian-American physicist who specialized in the physics of liquid crystals. She was a research physicist at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey from 1972 to 1997 before founding Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies in Summit, New Jersey. She was a fellow of the American Physical Society and also received a Guggenheim fellowship.</s><s>Early life. Cladis was born in Shanghai. She attended high school at Little Flower Academy in Vancouver, BC, graduating in 1955. In 1959, Cladis earned her B.A. in combined Honours Mathematics and Physics from the University of British Columbia. She then went on to acquire her M.A. in Physics from the University of Toronto in 1960. She received her PhD in Physics with a concentration in superconductivity from the University of Rochester in 1968.</s><s>Career. After receiving her master's degree in 1960, Cladis joined Transport Canada, the governmental department of transport, as a meteorologist before moving on to be a Programmer-Analyst at KCS Ltd. in 1962. She was appointed a position at Western Connecticut State University as an Assistant Professor of Physics in 1963. For"}, {"title": "Patricia Cladis", "text": " the following four years until 1968 she worked as a research assistant at the University of Rochester while she did her graduate studies. She then moved to Paris for three years, conducting research at the University of Paris (Orsay) in her field of specialty, the physics of liquid crystals. During her time in Paris, she worked with the Orsay Liquid Crystal Group, whose founder, Professor Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, later went on to receive the Nobel Prize in 1991 for his work on liquid crystals and polymers. After her research position in Paris, she went on to work at Bell Labs in 1972 as a research physicist to continue her work in liquid crystals. After 25 years, she founded Advanced Liquid Crystal Technologies in 1997, a commercial physical and biological research company based in Summit, New Jersey. She held visiting appointments at a number of institutions, including Northwestern University, where she was the recipient of the Edith Kreeger Wolf Distinguished Professor award, an endowment given by the Gender and Sexuality Studies department of Northwestern University to recognize women who have made major contributions to their fields. Other institutions include University of Paris (Orsay), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, Weizmann Institute"}, {"title": "Patricia Cladis", "text": " of Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, and University of Bayreuth. She was appointed a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1983, and later received the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1993. She also received the Humboldt Prize, an award which \"recognizes lifetime achievements and facilitates international scientific collaboration.\" She was on the Editorial Board of \"Liquid Crystals\" from 1986-1993. She was a board member of the International Liquid Crystal Society.</s><s>Research area. Cladis's concentration in her graduate studies was in the field of superconductivity. She specialized in the physics of liquid crystals, and her research has focused on liquid crystals throughout her entire career. She joined Bell Labs to continue her work on liquid crystals, researching \"their material properties and processing.\" She was \"well-known for her work on liquid crystal defects, her discovery of the reentrant nematic phase, and her work on phase transitions and pattern formation in liquid crystals.\" Her more recent interests were patterns in complex fluids, which includes polymers; she wrote a book in 1995 about patterns in complex systems. One example of the applications of liquid crystals is in LCD displays.</s><s>Publications. She was the author or co-author of more than"}, {"title": "Patricia Cladis", "text": " 130 publications and the editor for multiple books. The best-known book that she edited was published in 1995 entitled \"Spatio-temporal patterns in nonequilibrium complex systems\".</s><s>Later life. Cladis died on July 3, 2017, in Summit, New Jersey.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Patricia Cladis", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000011", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jimmy Tompkins (priest).", "docs": [{"title": "Jimmy Tompkins (priest)", "text": "<s>Jimmy Tompkins (priest) James John \"Jimmy\" Tompkins (7 September 1870 \u2013 5 May 1953) was a Roman Catholic priest who founded the Antigonish Movement, a progressive effort that incorporated adult education, cooperatives and rural community development to aid the fishing and mining communities of northern and eastern Nova Scotia, Canada. The Antigonish Movement later evolved into the Extension Department (now the Coady International Center) of St. Francis Xavier University. Father Tompkins believed in the emancipating power of education and sought to improve economic conditions through study groups and co-operative action. \"It is not enough to have ideas, we have to put legs on them\", he often said. He started the first regional library in Nova Scotia along with the first credit union and a cooperative housing association in Reserve Mines that was dubbed \"Tompkinsville\". Father Tompkins was the Spiritual founder of the Antigonish Movement.</s><s>Brief biography. Jimmy Tompkins was born in Margaree Forks, Nova Scotia, a small farming community on Cape Breton Island. From 1888-1895, he attended St. Francis Xavier University in alternate semesters while teaching Greek and Mathematics to support himself. He attended the Urban College of"}, {"title": "Jimmy Tompkins (priest)", "text": " the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Papal Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith) in Rome from 1897 to 1902. On his return, he continued teaching at St. Francis Xavier University and became the vice-rector in 1907. Working closely with the Carnegie Corporation, he implemented various reform and modernization programs, culminating in an unsuccessful attempt to amalgamate various sectarian and non-sectarian colleges in the Maritime Provinces into one nondenominational university centered around Dalhousie University in Halifax. Although the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Halifax Edward McCarthy supported amalgamation, the Catholic Bishop of Antigonish James Morrison successfully opposed it and eventually exiled Tompkins to the tiny fishing village of Canso, Nova Scotia as parish priest for Canso, Little Dover and Queensport. As parish priest Tompkins observed firsthand the plight of the poor fishing community there and helped organize and lead what would become the Antigonish Movement of cooperative fisheries, stores, housing projects, and adult study groups. The Antigonish Movement was eventually institutionalized in the form of the Extension Department at St. Francis Xavier, which was headed by Tompkins' double-cousin Father Moses Coady and which included Father Hugh MacPher"}, {"title": "Jimmy Tompkins (priest)", "text": "son, A.B. MacDonald and others.</s><s>Career highlights. - 1895, Graduates from St. Francis Xavier University - 1897-1902, Attends Urban College in Rome - 24 May 1902 Ordained in the Lateran Basilica, Rome by Pietro, Cardinal Respighi - 1902 Rejoins staff at St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish - 1907-1908, vice-rector, St. FX - 1908-1923, vice-president and prefect of studies, St. FX - 1919, Awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Dalhousie University - 1 January 1923, becomes parish priest (pastor) of Star of the Sea (then called Stella Maris) Church, Canso, including the towns of Little Dover and Queensport - 10 October 1934, becomes chaplain at Bethany, the motherhouse of the Sisters of Saint Martha, Antigonish - 10 March 1935-23 December 1948, parish priest of St. Joseph's Church, Reserve Mines, Cape Breton - 1948 Retires due to ill health and lives at St Martha's Convent in Margaree Forks, Nova Scotia. - 5 May 1953, Dies at St. Martha's Hospital and is buried"}, {"title": "Jimmy Tompkins (priest)", "text": " in Reserve Mines.</s><s>Biographies. - Jim Lotz and Michael R. Welton, \"Father Jimmy: Life and Times of Father Jimmy Tompkins\" (1997), - George Boyle, \"Father Tompkins of Nova Scotia\" (1953)</s><s>References. - The Tompkins Institute for Human Values and Technology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia - Father Jimmy Tompkins  in \"Adult Educators You Should Know\", National-Louis University - \"Fraught with Wonderful Possibilities: Father Jimmy Tompkins and the Struggle for a Catholic Progressivism, 1902 - 1922\", Michael R. Welton, PhD - \"Antigonish Movement\", Center for Economic Development, Cape Breton University</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jimmy Tompkins (priest)", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000012", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Alexander Vovin.", "docs": [{"title": "Alexander Vovin", "text": "<s>Alexander Vovin Alexander (Sasha) Vladimirovich Vovin (; 27 January 1961 \u2013 8 April 2022) was a Soviet-born Russian-American linguist and philologist, and director of studies at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS) in Paris, France. He was a world-renowned linguist, well known for his research on East Asian languages.</s><s>Education. Alexander Vovin earned his M.A. in structural and applied linguistics from the Saint Petersburg State University in 1983, and his Ph.D. in historical Japanese linguistics and premodern Japanese literature from the same university in 1987, with a doctoral dissertation on the \"Hamamatsu Ch\u016bnagon Monogatari\" (ca. 1056).</s><s>Career. After serving as a Junior Researcher at the St. Petersburg Institute of Oriental Studies (1987\u20131990), he moved to the United States where he held positions as assistant professor of Japanese at the University of Michigan (1990\u20131994), assistant professor at Miami University (1994\u20131995), and assistant professor and then associate professor at the University of Hawai'i (1995\u20132003). He was appointed full professor at the University of Hawai'i in 2003,"}, {"title": "Alexander Vovin", "text": " and continued working there until 2014. He was visiting professor at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto in 2001-2002 and again in 2008, a visiting professor at the Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (2008\u20132009), and a visiting professor at the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL) in Tokyo, Japan in May\u2013August 2012. In 2014 Vovin accepted the position of Director of Studies at the Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale (CRLAO) unit of the EHESS, where he remained until his death in 2022. Alexander Vovin specialized in Japanese historical linguistics (with emphasis on etymology, morphology, and phonology), and Japanese philology of the Nara period (710\u2013792), and to a lesser extent of the Heian period (792\u20131192). His last project before his death involved the complete academic translation into English of the Man'y\u014dsh\u016b (ca. 759), the earliest and the largest premodern Japanese poetic anthology, alongside the critical edition of the original text and commentaries. He also researched the moribund Ainu language in northern Japan, and worked on Inner Asian languages and"}, {"title": "Alexander Vovin", "text": " Kra\u2013Dai languages, especially those preserved only in Chinese transcription, as well as on Old and Middle Korean texts. His last work, published in 2021, is on the \"Bussokuseki no Uta\" of Yakushi-ji temple in Nara. In the same year, a festschrift was dedicated to Vovin on his 60th birthday.</s><s>Personal life. Vovin died on 8 April 2022, at the age of 61, due to cancer.</s><s>Publications. - - Vovin, Alexander. (2000). Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?. \"Central Asiatic Journal, 44\"(1), 87\u2013104.. - Vovin, Alexander. (2001). Japanese, Korean and Tungusic. Evidence for genetic relationship from verbal morphology. David B. Honey and David C. Wright (eds.), 183\u2013202. - - - Vovin, Alexander. (2003). Once again on lenition in Middle Korean. \"Korean Studies, 27\", 85\u2013107.. - - - -, 20 volumes - - Vovin, Alexander. (2011). Why Japonic is not demonstrably related to 'Altaic"}, {"title": "Alexander Vovin", "text": "' or Korean. In \"Historical Linguistics in the Asia-Pacific region and the position of Japanese, The International Conference on Historical Linguistics (ICHL) XX\". - Vovin, Alexander. & McCraw, D. (2011). Old Turkic Kinship Terms in Early Middle Chinese. \"T\u00fcrk Dili Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 Belleten, 59\"(1), 105\u2013116. - Vovin, Alexander. (2017). Koreanic loanwords in Khitan and their importance in the decipherment of the latter. \"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 70\"(2), 207\u2013215. - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Alexander Vovin", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000013", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Krystyna Szczepa\u0144ska.", "docs": [{"title": "Krystyna Szczepa\u0144ska", "text": "<s>Krystyna Szczepa\u0144ska Krystyna Szczepa\u0144ska (born 18 August 1950) is a Polish stage and costume designer.</s><s>Biography. She was born in Krak\u00f3w as a second child of Piotr Szczepa\u0144ski, a lawyer and graduate of Jan Kazimierz University, and Stanis\u0142awa n\u00e9e \u017b\u00f3\u0142ta\u0144ska, teacher of Russian language. Her parents came from Berezhany; they both acted as members of the Home Army. Krystyna's elder sister Alicja is a lawyer. Szczepa\u0144ska was married to director Andrzej Maj and she mainly designed sets and costumes for his performances. Their daughter Magdalena is a costume and set designer active mostly in the advertising industry. Szczepa\u0144ska's second daughter is Elizabeth. Szczepa\u0144ska emigrated to Vancouver.</s><s>Filmography. Set designer - 1981: \"My wci\u0105\u017c spiesz\u0105cy\" (TV play) - 1981: \"Kocham ci\u0119 za to, \u017ce ci\u0119 koch"}, {"title": "Krystyna Szczepa\u0144ska", "text": "a\u0107 musz\u0119\" (TV play) - 1982: \"Znana nasza\" (TV play) - 1982: \"Milcze\u0107 pogodnie\" (TV play) - 1983: \"Droga do Czarnolasu\" (TV play) - 1984: \"Wiersze i krajobrazy\" (TV performance) - 1984: \"Pi\u0119kno\u015b\u0107 z Amherst\" (TV play) - 1984: \"Obszar swobody\" (TV play) - 1985: \"Nad wod\u0105 wielk\u0105 i czyst\u0105\" (TV play) - 1986: \"Twarze Witkacego czyli regulamin firmy portretowej\" (TV play) - 1986: \"Dwie wigilie\" (TV film) - 1987: \"Tr\u0105d w pa\u0142acu sprawiedliwo\u015bci\" (TV play) - 1987: \"Harnasie\" (TV film) - 1988: \"Dzieje kultury polskiej\" (educational film) - 1991: \"Koty? Koty!\" (TV play) Costume designer"}, {"title": "Krystyna Szczepa\u0144ska", "text": " - 1985: \"Nad wod\u0105 wielk\u0105 i czyst\u0105\" (TV play) - 1987: \"Harnasie\" (TV film) Interior decoration - 1988: \"Kornblumenblau\"</s><s>Theatre. Stage designer - 1979: \"Niebezpieczne zwi\u0105zki\" (directed by Andrzej Maj, Ludwik Solski Theatre, Tarn\u00f3w) - 1982: \"Jednoro\u017cec z gwiazd\" (directed by Andrzej Maj, Stefan Jaracz Theatre, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a) - 1982: \"Historia, czyli tu wcale nie chodzi o Mozarta\" (directed by Andrzej Maj, Stefan Jaracz Theatre) Decoration - 1983: \"Ozimina\" (directed by Andrzej Maj, Stefan Jaracz Theatre) Costume designer - 1985: \"Pornografia\" (directed by Andrzej Maj, Stefan Jaracz Theatre)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Krystyna Szczepa\u0144ska", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000014", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jeffrey Viggiano.", "docs": [{"title": "Jeffrey Viggiano", "text": "<s>Jeffrey Viggiano Jeffrey Donald Viggiano (born July 24, 1984) is a retired American-born Italian professional basketball player who last played for Umana Reyer Venezia of the Lega Basket Serie A.</s><s>High school and college career. Viggiano played high school basketball at Suffield, in West Suffield, Connecticut. In high school, Viggiano won the 2000 Gatorade Player of the Year in the state of Connecticut, as well as the Connecticut State Championship alongside teammate Dan Presser. He then played 4 seasons of college basketball at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, with the UMass Minutemen.</s><s>Club career. After he played in Sweden and Hungary with Norrk\u00f6ping Dolphins and Soproni S\u00f6rd\u00f6g\u00f6k KC, in 2008 Jeff was signed by Italian LegADue team Nuova Pallacanestro Pavia. That year he averaged 14.1 points and 4.2 rebounds per game and gained the call of powerhouse Armani Jeans Milano. In August 2010, he goes on one-year loan to Angelico Biella. In December 2011 he signed with Benetton Treviso. In July 2012, he signed a one-year"}, {"title": "Jeffrey Viggiano", "text": " deal with Enel Brindisi. On August 30, 2013, he signed with Montepaschi Siena for the 2013\u201314 season. On July 1, 2014, he signed with Umana Reyer Venezia for the 2014\u201315 season. On July 16, 2015, he re-signed with Venezia for one more season. On July 1, 2016, he again re-signed with Venezia.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jeffrey Viggiano", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000015", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Earl Garrison.", "docs": [{"title": "Earl Garrison", "text": "<s>Earl Garrison Earl Garrison was an Oklahoma Senator from District 9 between 2004 and 2016, which included Muskogee and Wagoner counties. He succeeded long-time State Senator \"Bulldog\" Ben Robinson of Muskogee after Senator Robinson was prevented from seeking reelection due to term limits.</s><s>Career. Garrison served in the Oklahoma Senate from 2004 to 2016. He was Minority Whip from 2011-2014. He also served as Assistant Minority Leader. He also worked as an educator and rancher. He served in the United States Air Force.</s><s>Family.</s><s>Family.:Jessica Jean Garrison. In November 2021, Earl Garrison's daughter Jessica Jean Garrison announced a campaign for Oklahoma's United States Senate seat held by James Lankford. However, she later filed for the open United States Senate seat created by the retirement of Jim Inhofe.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Earl Garrison", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000016", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Maggie Cogan.", "docs": [{"title": "Maggie Cogan", "text": "<s>Maggie Cogan Maggie Cogan is a resident of New York City who became a minor celebrity in the early 1960s when she was the first female horse and carriage driver in Central Park, working for the Plaza Hotel. She appeared in a 1967 Universal newsreel with her horse and carriage, and in 1968, also appeared on quiz show What's My Line?, with contestants attempting to guess her occupation. After leaving her career briefly in the 1960s, she resumed it in 1970, befriending Lisa Ryan, the daughter of actor Robert Ryan, who had also become a horse-and-carriage driver. By this point, she had had 2 unsuccessful marriages and given birth to two sons, both of whom she gave up when her life began to unravel. In 1977, while living with Ryan, Cogan began to show signs of mental illness and she was eventually committed to a mental hospital by her parents. Eventually, she became homeless when she left her career for good. Director Michel Negroponte discovered her living in Central Park and made the documentary film Jupiter's Wife about her.</s><s>Early life and career. Cogan was raised in a town near New York City, and in high school, she was an active student, participating in cheerleading and dance clubs"}, {"title": "Maggie Cogan", "text": ". After graduating, she attended several colleges but never completed an undergraduate degree. At 19, she began a career with the Palace Hotel, becoming the first ever female Central Park carriage driver. In 1968, when the city announced that horse-drawn carriages would have to carry meters like taxicabs, Cogan was quoted in the associated story in the New York Times, saying \"Meters! It's ridiculous. In this country, they almost want to meter our minds. It'll be like Coney Island. Tawdry.\"</s><s>Collapse. In the late 1960s, Cogan's life began to unravel. She had two failed marriages, one of which produced two children. After showing increasing signs of being unable to cope with her failed relationships, she left her two children with her parents and moved to Texas for 4 years. Upon returning, she was unable to reclaim her children. Cogan began to exhibit signs of increasing mental instability in the 1970s, while living with Ryan. She developed an infatuation with Ryan's father (actor Robert Ryan) and began sending him odd gifts, such as voodoo dolls attached to love notes. In 1977, she developed an additional infatuation with serial killer David Berkowitz and in the same year was mugged"}, {"title": "Maggie Cogan", "text": " on the street, with her attacker slashing her face. According to Ryan, \"For the rest of the summer she barricaded herself in her bedroom and wouldn't come out.\" By the end of the summer, Ryan and Cogan were scheduled to move out of their shared apartment. Cogan's parents arrived, moved her out, and committed her to a mental hospital.</s><s>Homelessness. After losing her job as a carriage driver, Cogan became homeless, living most of the next 15 years in Central Park. To help herself deal with reality, she concocted vivid stories about herself, claiming that SHE was, in fact, Robert Ryan's daughter. She also claimed to have Extra Sensory Perception. However, her charm and wit helped her make friends who helped feed and clothe her during this period. She also developed a deep love for animals, adopting several dogs and living with them.</s><s>Jupiter's Wife, obtaining housing. In 1989, Michel Negroponte was attempting to make a documentary about his childhood in Central Park when he encountered Cogan and decided to make the film, Jupiter's Wife, about her instead. He filmed Cogan throughout 1989 until the end of 1991, showing her with her dogs, with friends, moving around Central Park,"}, {"title": "Maggie Cogan", "text": " attending a gymnastics class that was taught by one of her friends, etc. By the end of the film, a small abandoned maintenance shack she had been living in with her dogs during the winter had been raided and demolished by police and sanitation workers. However, after being able to receive public assistance due to her mental condition, she was able to move into an apartment. The film won a special jury prize at the Sundance Film Festival.</s><s>After October 1995. In 1995, Cogan, with her pets, was evicted from her Long Island City apartment. She moved in with friend Sara Whalen, founder and operator of Pets Alive shelter in Wallkill, NY. The New York Times reported that the arrangement was short lived as Cogan returned to Central Park five weeks later.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Maggie Cogan", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000017", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Albert Outler.", "docs": [{"title": "Albert Outler", "text": "<s>Albert Outler Albert Cook Outler (November 17, 1908 \u2013 September 1, 1989) was a 20th-century American Methodist historian, theologian, and pastor. He was a professor at Duke University, Yale University, and Southern Methodist University. He was a key figure in the 20th-century ecumenical movement.</s><s>Biography. Outler was born and raised in Georgia and was an ordained Methodist elder who served in several appointments. He graduated from Wofford College and received his Doctor of Philosophy degree from Yale University, teaching at both Yale and Duke University before beginning a long tenure at Southern Methodist University in Texas. He taught courses in Christian history, Christian theology, Christian doctrine, and Wesleyan studies. He was a delegate to Consultation on Church Union, served on the Faith & Order board of the World Council of Churches and was an official observer representing the Methodist at the Second Vatican Council. He was a key figure in the 20th-century ecumenical movement.</s><s>Theological contribution. Along with his contemporaries Colin Williams, Frank Baker, and John Deschner, Outler's work on John Wesley became a catalyst for contemporary Wesleyan scholarship. Outler's contributions to Methodist history and theology include his book \"John Wesley\" for"}, {"title": "Albert Outler", "text": " \"The Library of Protestant Thought\" series, the first book that argued for Wesley as an important theologian in the Western tradition, as well as his critical editions of Wesley's \"Sermons\" for the \"Works of John Wesley\" editorial project. Outler is widely credited with being the first to recognize John Wesley's method for theologizing, via what Outler referred to as the Wesleyan Quadrilateral: scripture, church tradition, reason, and personal experience. This understanding of Wesleyan theology is prevalent throughout Methodism, particularly in the United Methodist Church. Using this model, Outler was a key figure in organizing the theological statement put forth by the United Methodist Church after its formation in 1968. Some argue that his most original contribution was the introduction of the concept of church \"Tradition\" into Wesleyan theology. With his many references to the early church, Outler's work has proven very influential to those in the paleo-orthodox movement and contemporary evangelicalism, notably Thomas C. Oden, like Outler, a United Methodist clergyman. He also wrote books and articles on patrology, psychotherapy, and theology. Many of his writings have been collected in the \"Albert Outler Library\" series by Bristol House publishers.</s><s>Works.</s>"}, {"title": "Albert Outler", "text": "<s>Works.:Books. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Works.:Articles. - - - - - - -</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - -</s><s>Further reading. Biographies -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Albert Outler", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000018", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Meg Thalken.", "docs": [{"title": "Meg Thalken", "text": "<s>Meg Thalken Meg Thalken in Washington, District of Columbia) is an American stage, film and television actress, known to television viewers for her work on \"ER\".</s><s>Filmography. - \"Chicago Story\" (1 episode, 1982) (TV) - \"Class\" (1983) - \"Through Naked Eyes\" (1983) (TV Movie) - \"Jack and Mike\" (1 episode, 1987) - \"Poltergeist III\" (1988) - \"The Babe\" (1992) - \"The Untouchables\" (1 episode, 1993) - \"A Family Thing\" (1996) - \"Early Edition\" (1 episode, 1996) - \"EZ Streets\" (2 episodes, 1996\u20131997) - \"ER\" (7 episodes, 1996\u20132008) - \"Chicago Hope\" (1 episode, 1997) - \"U.S. Marshals\" (1998) - \"Turks\" (1 episode, 1999) - \"What About Joan\" (1 episode, 2001) - \"Dragonfly\" (2002) (uncredited) - \"Check Please\" (2007) - \"Hannah Free\" (2009) - \"Henry Gamble's Birthday Party\" (2015)</s><s>Theater."}, {"title": "Meg Thalken", "text": " - \"A Guide for the Perplexed\" (2010)</s><s>Theater.:Reception. In their review of \"A Guide for the Perplexed\", where Thalken had the role of Sheila, Variety wrote, \"These are worthy, interesting characters, but the narrative never emerges from situation into story.\"</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Meg Thalken", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000019", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rigoberto Torres.", "docs": [{"title": "Rigoberto Torres", "text": "<s>Rigoberto Torres Rigoberto Torres (born 1960) is a sculptor who was born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico and worked in New York City, before moving to Florida where he currently lives and works. Torres began working in a factory where religious figures were cast, producing religious statuary. He also considers himself to be a community based artist.</s><s>Sculptures. Torres is known in part for the sculptures in plaster and fiberglass that he created of his neighbors in the Bronx, together with his partner John Ahearn. Between the years 1981 and 1985, they collaborated on four murals. These were \"We Are Family\", \"Life on Dawson Street\", \"Double Dutch\", and \"Back to School\". The sculptures, like much of Torres' work, were displayed in public attached to buildings, free standing and in street events as an element of performance art. On many occasions, Torres would prompt Ahearn to move their studio to the sidewalk along Walton Avenue so that neighborhood children could watch and also volunteer as subjects. Torres' sculptures show an instinctive drive to create tableaux from single figures and are included in the field of humanistic naturalism because they accurately portray people. He met frequent collaborator Ahearn in 1980, when"}, {"title": "Rigoberto Torres", "text": " Torres was working in a factory casting religious statues. They worked together on the Bronx sculptures, sometimes known as the \"South Bronx Hall of Fame\", creating monuments to ordinary people as a response to the practice of enshrining famous, heroic figures in public places.</s><s>Public Art.</s><s>Public Art.:The Bronx. Rigoberto and John have sculpture installed on the exterior walls of buildings throughout The Bronx. - \"Double Dutch,\" 1981-2 is located on Kelly Street and Intervale Ave. - \"Life on Dawson St.,\" 1981-82 on Longwood Ave and Dawson St. - \"We Are Family\" is on Southern Blvd. facing 156th St. - There are also other casts installed outside The POINT Community Development Corporation at 940 Garrison Ave.</s><s>Biography. Torres was born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, in 1960. At age four, he moved to New York, first in upper Manhattan and then to the Bronx. }} In 1990 he returned to Puerto Rico where he produced twenty-two works over the course of a year, including \"Ruth Fernandez in 1991.</s><s>References. - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rigoberto Torres", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000020", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Shane Fontayne.", "docs": [{"title": "Shane Fontayne", "text": "<s>Shane Fontayne Michael Barakan (born 29 April 1954, in London, England), known as Shane Fontayne, is an English rock guitarist. Active since the 1970s, he was the guitarist for Bruce Springsteen during the 1992\u20131993 \"Other Band\" Tour, as Springsteen had disbanded his own E Street Band three years earlier. During his career Fontayne has worked with Ian Hunter, Van Zant, John Waite, Chris Botti, Joe Cocker, Johnny Hallyday, Marc Cohn, Randy VanWarmer, Graham Nash, Mick Ronson and others.</s><s>Career. In the 1970s Fontayne was associated with Byzantium, an English psychedelic music band, after being in their precursor Ora, and over the years has worked with a range of artists, including Steve Forbert (\"Little Stevie Orbit\", 1980 album), Maria McKee (\"Maria McKee\", 1989 album) and later Joe Cocker (\"Heart & Soul\", 2004 album), Richard Marx (\"My Own Best Enemy\", 2004 album). He has also been the guitarist for the French rocker Johnny Hallyday for his 1995 tour \"Lorada tour\", and 1996 concert in Las Vegas. In addition, Fontayne has been singer/songwriter Marc"}, {"title": "Shane Fontayne", "text": " Cohn's touring guitarist since 1998. He has recently worked with Crosby, Stills & Nash and Graham Nash (solo) on tour (also producing the latter's 2016 album \"This Path Tonight\"). On 2 December 2012, Fontayne played lead electric guitar for Ann and Nancy Wilson's version of \"Stairway to Heaven\" with Jason Bonham taking his father's position on drums honoring the remaining members of Led Zeppelin at the Kennedy Center Honors ceremony.</s><s>Personal life. Fontayne was married to actress Mackenzie Phillips from 1986 to 2000, and has a son with her, also named Shane, born in 1987. Fontayne's older brother Peter is a well known music critic in Japan.</s><s>Discography. - 1991: \"Merchants of Venus\" - 2003: \"What Nature Intended\" - 2006: \"Voodoo at the Mint\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Shane Fontayne", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000021", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Michael H. Schneider Sr..", "docs": [{"title": "Michael H. Schneider Sr.", "text": "<s>Michael H. Schneider Sr. Michael Haygood Schneider Sr. (born 1943) is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas.</s><s>Early life and education. Born in San Antonio, Texas, Schneider received an Associate of Arts degree from Lon Morris College in 1963, a Bachelor of Science degree from Stephen F. Austin State University in 1965, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Houston Law Center in 1970.</s><s>Legal career. Schneider served as an assistant district attorney in the Harris County, Texas District Attorney's Office from 1971 to 1975, before entering private practice in Texas from 1975 to 1976. He was a general attorney of Dresser Industries from 1976 to 1980, also serving as a municipal judge (part-time) for the City of West University Place, Texas from 1978 to 1990. He was a general attorney of Bawden Drilling, Inc. from 1980 to 1986, and a general solicitor of the Union Pacific Railroad Company from 1986 to 1989, returning to private practice from 1989 to 1990.</s><s>Judicial career. Schneider entered into his judicial career as presiding judge of the 157th District, Harris County, from 1990 to 1996, thereafter becoming chief justice of the First Court of Appeals of Texas"}, {"title": "Michael H. Schneider Sr.", "text": " in Houston, from 1996 to 2002. During that time, he also received a Master of Laws from the University of Virginia Law School in 2001. He was a justice of the Supreme Court of Texas from 2002 to 2004. On May 17, 2004, Schneider was nominated by President George W. Bush to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas vacated by John H. Hannah Jr. Schneider was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 7, 2004, and received his commission on September 10, 2004. Schneider assumed senior status on January 7, 2016. He retired on October 1, 2016.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Michael H. Schneider Sr.", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000022", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kion Smith.", "docs": [{"title": "Kion Smith", "text": "<s>Kion Smith Kion Smith (born October 7, 1998) is an American football offensive tackle for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Fayetteville State.</s><s>Early life and education. Smith played high school football at Lumberton High School. He was out for his entire senior season due to an injury. Smith was at Fayetteville State University for his collegiate career. He played in 20 total games while he was there. His senior season was cancelled entirely due to the COVID-19 pandemic.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons. After going undrafted in the 2021 NFL Draft, Smith signed a contract with the Atlanta Falcons. However, he was not on the final 53-man roster.</s><s>Professional career.:Miami Dolphins. On September 6, 2021, Smith joined the Miami Dolphins practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Dolphins on January 11, 2022. He was waived on August 30, 2022 and re-signed to the practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 16, 2023.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kion Smith", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000023", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Joseph Michael Linsner.", "docs": [{"title": "Joseph Michael Linsner", "text": "<s>Joseph Michael Linsner Joseph Michael Linsner (b. December 13, 1968) is an American comic book writer/artist, known as the creator of the mature-audiences supernatural character Dawn, and for his illustrations of female characters. He is a popular cover artist in the comics industry.</s><s>Early life. Linsner was born in Queens, New York, one of three brothers. His father died when Joseph was 14 years old. Linsner grew up with a fascination for Batman, the X-Men, Conan the Barbarian, and the pinup artist Alberto Vargas. Later influences included Alan Moore, Pat Mills, and David Cronenberg.</s><s>Career. Linsner introduced the lingerie-wearing occult character Dawn in \"Cry for Dawn\", a nine-issue series self-published by Linsner and Joseph M. Monks' Cry for Dawn Productions beginning in 1989. Cry For Dawn Productions dissolved in late 1993, and Linsner took Dawn to a new publisher he helped found, Sirius Entertainment; Dawn was published by Sirius for several limited series and one-shots from 1995 to 2000. Linsner broke into mainstream comics drawing the cover of \"Justice League Quarterly\" #13 (Winter 1993). His Marvel Comics work"}, {"title": "Joseph Michael Linsner", "text": " includes the one-shot \"Killraven\" #1 (Feb. 2001), several covers for the company's mid-2000s Mystique series, and painted covers and interior penciling and inking for the Wolverine-Black Cat three-issue limited series \"Claws\" (Oct.-Dec., 2006), followed in 2011 by the three-issue limited series \"Wolverine & Black Cat: Claws 2\" (Aug.\u2013Nov., 2011). In 2002, Linsner self-published \"I Love New York\", a benefit book for the American Red Cross following the September 11 attacks; the comic presents his perceptions as a native New Yorker on that day. Image Comics released the 176-page paperback \"The Art of Joseph Michael Linsner\" () in October 2003. He provided the illustrations for the 2007 book \"Our Gods Wear Spandex: The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes\" by Christopher Knowles (). Linsner drew the cover of Dark Fantasy Productions' \"Dark Fantasy\" #1 (1994). He drew the cover of the crossover one-shot \"Witchblade/The Punisher\" #1 (June 2007), and has also done painted comic book cover art for Topps Comics, Dark Horse Comics, and others. He did his"}, {"title": "Joseph Michael Linsner", "text": " first cover for Dynamite Entertainment in 2007 (Red Sonja), and since 2012 has been one of the company's most prolific cover artists, mainly for its collections of comics featuring such licensed characters as Red Sonja, Vampirella, Bettie Page, Elvira: Mistress of the Dark, Dejah Thoris, and Jennifer Blood. Linsner has a lengthy association with The Hero Initiative, the not-for-profit organization dedicated to helping comic book creators, writers, and artists in need.</s><s>Controversy. In 2013, in the pages of a Dawn comic, Linsner accused his former assistant Eva Hopkins of acquiring and selling his original pages without his consent. Hopkins denied the allegations, and an online war of words erupted between the two creators.</s><s>Personal life. Linsner is married to Kristina Deak-Linsner.</s><s>Awards and honors. Linsner was nominated for the 1997 Eisner Award for Best Painter/Digital Artist. He was given an Inkpot Award at the 2007 San Diego Comic-Con. Along with Herb Trimpe and Greg Land, Linsner was a guest of honor at the 2008 Toronto Comic Con.</s><s>Bibliography. - \"Cry for Dawn\" #1\u20139"}, {"title": "Joseph Michael Linsner", "text": " (Cry for Dawn Productions, 1989\u20131991) - \"Subtle Violents\" (Cry for Dawn Productions, 1991) - \"Drama\" (Sirius Entertainment, 1994) - \"Angry Christ Comix\" (Sirius Entertainment, 1994) - \"Eleven or One: An Angry Christ Comic\" (Sirius Entertainment, 1995) - \"Dawn\" #1\u20135 (Sirius Entertainment, 1995\u20131996) - \"Crypt of Dawn\" #1\u20136 (Sirius Entertainment, 1996\u20131999) - collected in \"The Best of Crypt of Dawn\" (Sirius Entertainment, Inc., 2000) - \"Dawn: Lucifer's Halo\" #1 (Sirius Entertainment, Nov. 1997, ) \u2014 collects material from \"Drama\" (Sirius Entertainment, 1994) and \"Dawn\" (Sirius Entertainment, 1995) - \"Dawn 1/2: Dreams of Dawn\" (Sirius Entertainment, 1999) - \"Dawn 1/2\" (Sirius Entertainment/Wizard, 2000) - \"Dawn: the Return of the Goddess\" (Sirius Entertainment, 1999-2000) - \"Killraven\" #1 (Marvel Comics, Feb. 2001) - \"Dark Ivory\" #0"}, {"title": "Joseph Michael Linsner", "text": " ((Linsner.com, Winter 2001) \u2014 co-created and co-written with Eva Hopkins - \"I Love New York\" (Lisner.com, 2002) - \"Dawn: Three Tiers\" #1\u20136 (Image Comics, 2003\u20132005) - \"Claws\" #1\u20133 (Marvel Comics, 2006) - \"Dark Ivory\" #1\u20134 (Image Comics, 2008\u20132009) \u2014 co-written with Eva Hopkins - \"Dawn: Not to Touch the Earth\" (Image Comics, 2010) - \"Wolverine & Black Cat: Claws 2\" #1\u20133 (Marvel Comics, 2011) - \"Dawn: The Swordmaster's Daughter\" (Image Comics 2013) - \"Sin Boldly\" (Image Comics, 2013) - \"Dawn/Vampirella\" #1\u20135 (Dynamite Entertainment, 2014\u20132015) - collected in \"Dawn/Vampirella\" (Dynamite Entertainment, 2019) - \"Harley Quinn\" #4, 10, 15, 16, 20 (DC Comics, 2015\u20132017) \u2014 a few pages in each issue</s><s>Further reading. - \"News Watch: Publisher, Creator of Cry for Dawn Raise For"}, {"title": "Joseph Michael Linsner", "text": "gery Allegations,\" \"The Comics Journal\" #193 (Feb. 1997), p. 28.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - Linsner entry, \"Who's Who of American Comic Books, 1928\u20131999\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Joseph Michael Linsner", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000024", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Charles Allen (jurist).", "docs": [{"title": "Charles Allen (jurist)", "text": "<s>Charles Allen (jurist) Charles Allen (April 17, 1827 \u2013 January 13, 1913) was an American jurist.</s><s>Early life and education. Allen was born at Greenfield, Massachusetts to Sylvester and Harriet (Ripley) Allen. Allen graduated from Harvard University in 1847 and studied law. He received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard in 1892.</s><s>Legal career. Allen was admitted to the bar in 1850 and practiced law at Greenfield for twelve years, then advanced to state offices, serving as the Massachusetts Attorney General from 1867 to 1872. During his sixteen years of service (1882\u20131898) on the bench of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, he became known as one of the most eminent jurists of his day.</s><s>Works. Allen's publications include: - \"Allen's Reports\" (14 vols., 1861\u20131867) - \"Telegraph Cases\" (1900) - \"Notes on the Bacon-Shakespeare Question\" (1900)</s><s>References. - - - - {{Citation |publisher=Massachusetts General Court. House of Representatives |location=Boston, Ma. |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts |"}, {"title": "Charles Allen (jurist)", "text": "year=1869 |volume=90 |ref= |page=10 - {{Citation |publisher=Massachusetts General Court. House of Representatives |location=Boston, Ma. |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts |year=1871 |volume=92 |ref= |page=11}} -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Charles Allen (jurist)", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000025", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Richie Dorman.", "docs": [{"title": "Richie Dorman", "text": "<s>Richie Dorman Richie Dorman (born 14 June 1988) is a Welsh retired professional footballer, and current Technical Director for Finnish club SJK.</s><s>Early and personal life. Dorman, from Hawarden, is the brother of fellow player Andy Dorman.</s><s>Career. Dorman played for the academy of English club Blackburn Rovers, and played in the United States for the New Hampshire Phantoms in 2006. While in the United States, he also played amateur football for the Boston University Terriers. He also had two spells in his native Wales with Airbus UK. Dorman joined Finnish club Kraft on loan in April 2011. He later played for SJK. Dorman was named in the Veikkausliiga 'Team of the Month' in June 2014. On 30 October 2018, SJK announced Dorman as their new Technical Director.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Richie Dorman", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000026", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Dana Awartani.", "docs": [{"title": "Dana Awartani", "text": "<s>Dana Awartani Dana Awartani (born 1987) is a Palestinian-Saudi artist born and raised in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia where she lives and works today.</s><s>Education. Awartani graduated with a bachelor's degree in Fine Art from Central Saint Martins, London. She then received a Master's in Traditional Arts from The Prince's School, London. At The Prince\u2019s School she learned how to work in stained glass, miniature painting, and gilding - various traditional techniques from cultures all over the world. However, she couldn\u2019t gain a degree in the traditional illumination of texts there, so she found an instructor in Turkey to help her to master this discipline.</s><s>Work. Awartani employs a variety of media in her work, including painting, video and sand mosaics. Her work is unique in that it seeks to incorporate the traditional methods of Islamic art into a contemporary world. Rich in geometric patterning and the most intricate of details, Dana\u2019s work often integrates the patterning styles of Islamic art. Specialising in geometry as well as illumination, tile-work and parquetry, Awartani's work explores the relationship between geometry and nature, as well as how truths can be translated"}, {"title": "Dana Awartani", "text": " through art using geometric principles, visualising a sacred language through a symbolic and multi-layered aesthetic. Her method that emerged over 1,000 years ago as a substitute for the forbidden depiction of divine figures. It is still being practiced, although less and less, today, by specialists such as Dana. On Arabs and art Dana said: \u2033As Arabs we\u2019re raised around this fine art, we\u2019re surrounded by it in every corner but we\u2019re not aware of it. You can see geometry all around you like in mosques for example. I was looking for a track to follow and looking deep down inside I felt a yearning for it until I\u2019ve discovered it. There is an inner and outer beauty behind it telling a story behind every structured piece, there is no randomness when it comes to creating such pieces.\u2033 On the Islamic art, she said: \u2033Islamic Art is firstly not made for the sake of making art. It is a sacred spiritual practice that is used as a way to worship God and for God. It teaches one sabr (patience) and respect and as an Islamic artist, my work is a form of prayer and dhikr (remembrance). I need to be 100%"}, {"title": "Dana Awartani", "text": " focused and in a good mood to be able to do it, otherwise it doesn\u2019t work.\" Awartani was included in the \"Rhizoma\" project of the 55th Venice Biennale. Her work is in the collection of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington D.C. and the British Museum, London.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Dana Awartani", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000027", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Carol Chell.", "docs": [{"title": "Carol Chell", "text": "<s>Carol Chell Carol Chell (born 1941) is a British children's television presenter and TV executive. She originally qualified as a teacher, and produced many educational TV shows in the 1960s. She is best known for her work as a long-serving presenter from 1966 to 1988 on \"Play School\" and from 1971 to 1980 on \"Play Away\".</s><s>Early life. She attended Nottingham Girls' High School, then a direct grant grammar school.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Teacher. For a time she taught at Pierrepont Secondary Modern School for Girls, in Nottingham; also teaching there at the time was Brian Clark, who would become a television writer, writing \"Telford's Change\".</s><s>Career.:Television. Chell appeared as herself as part of a group of 'time-travellers' trying to solve puzzles on the planet Arg in episode 1 of series 2 of BBC TV quiz series \"The Adventure Game\" on 2 November 1981 (available on the DVD release of the series from Simplymedia). She took part in the ATV schools series \"Starting Out\" in 1982. She later worked for satellite TV station The Children's Channel, where she was head of pre-school programming until the channel's"}, {"title": "Carol Chell", "text": " demise in 1998. Chell appeared alongside Johnny Ball on a celebrity edition of \"Pointless\", featuring stars of children's television. This aired on 20 September 2014 on BBC One.</s><s>Personal life. She married Ian Price (of Costock) on Saturday 9 October 1965 at St Peter's Church in Tollerton, Nottinghamshire. At the time, her parents lived in Christchurch, Dorset. Chell and Price have 2 daughters, Emily & Sophie, and two grandchildren called Ella and Jack.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Carol Chell", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000028", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Avraham Eilam-Amzallag.", "docs": [{"title": "Avraham Eilam-Amzallag", "text": "<s>Avraham Eilam-Amzallag Avraham Eilam-Amzallag (; born 28 September 1941) is an Israeli musician and composer.</s><s>Biography. Avraham (Avi) Eilam-Amzallag was born in Casablanca, Morocco. He immigrated to Israel as a child. He first studied the flute and later compositional studies at the Buchman-Mehta Music Academy in Tel Aviv.</s><s>Music career. He is the founder of an ensemble that performs oriental music. His compositions are described as a fusion of oriental Jewish music with contemporary technique.</s><s>Selected compositions. - \"Desolation\" [3:33 minutes] - (composition for flute) (Mawal) [5:13 minutes] - Music for flute and percussion (1975) - \"Composition\"</s><s>Published works. - \"Music for flute and percussion\" (1975).</s><s>See also. - Music of Israel</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Avraham Eilam-Amzallag", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000029", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Tom Buk-Swienty.", "docs": [{"title": "Tom Buk-Swienty", "text": "<s>Tom Buk-Swienty Tom Buk-Swienty (born July 19, 1966 in Eutin) is a Danish historian, journalist and author, known for his work on the Second Schleswig War. Buk-Swienty was raised in S\u00f8nderborg, Denmark. He holds degrees in history and American Studies from the University of Copenhagen and the University of California. During 1994\u20132005, he served as the American correspondent for the Danish periodical \"Weekendavisen\" and also as a lecturer at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense until 2010. He is now an independent author and since 2014 has been an adjunct professor in history at University of Southern Denmark. His writing career began during his US stay where he wrote books based on his knowledge of America. After his return to Denmark, he began studying the war of 1864, and he then wrote the first volume of his two-volume work on that conflict. The first book was well received and received several awards, which spawned the second volume of the work two years later. In 2013 he published the first volume of a two-volume biography of Wilhelm Dinesen, Karen Blixen's father, \"Captain Dinesen. Fire and blood\" and the second volume, \""}, {"title": "Tom Buk-Swienty", "text": "Captain Dinesen. Till death do us part\", published in October 2014.</s><s>Bibliography. - \"Amerika Maxima\" (rejsefort\u00e6lling, 2002) - \"Den ideelle amerikaner\" (biography of Jacob A. Riis, 2005) - \"Det sidste hus p\u00e5 pr\u00e6rien\" (reporting, 2006) - \"K\u00f8bm\u00e6ndenes historie\" (together with S\u00f8ren M\u00f8rch, 2007) - \"Ren kj\u00e6rlighed kan jo aldrig d\u00f8\" (redaktion af Jacob A. Riis' dagb\u00f8ger, 2007) - \"Slagteb\u00e6nk Dybb\u00f8l\" (2008) - \"The Other Half: The Life of Jacob Riis and the World of Immigrant America\" translated by Annette Buk-Swienty (W. W. Norton & Company 2008) - \"Dommedag Als\" (2010) - \"Kaptajn Dinesen - Ild og blod\" (2013) - \"Kaptajn Dinesen - Til d\u00f8den os skiller \"(2014) - \"1864: The Forgotten War that Shaped Modern"}, {"title": "Tom Buk-Swienty", "text": " Europe\" translated by Annette Buk-Swienty (Profile Books) (2014) - \"Det Ensomme Hjerte\" (Politikens Forlag) (2016)</s><s>Prizes and awards. - \u00c5rets historiske bog, 2008 (for \"Slagteb\u00e6nk Dybb\u00f8l\") - \u00c5rets faglitter\u00e6re pris, 2009 - S\u00f8ren Gyldendal-prisen, 2010 - L\u00e6sernes Bogpris, 2011</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Tom Buk-Swienty", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000030", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Settimo Mineo.", "docs": [{"title": "Settimo Mineo", "text": "<s>Settimo Mineo Settimo Mineo (; born 28 November 1938) is an Italian member of the Sicilian Mafia Pagliarelli mandamento from Palermo.</s><s>Biography. Settimo Mineo, known as \"Tonton Settimo\", was born in Palermo in 1938. He officially owns a jewelry shop in the Palermo, but is considered the oldest boss of the Sicilian Mafia. In 1982, he escaped an ambush that cost the life of his brother Giuseppe, while in 1981 his brother Antonino was murdered. Testified against by pentito Tommaso Buscetta, he was sentenced to five years in prison in the Maxi Trial. After he was released from prison, he was then re-arrested in 2006 and sentenced in the \"Gotha\" trial. He was released in 2013 by decision of the Supreme Court of Cassation. Despite being a former associate of Antonio Rotolo, a historical ally of the Corleonesi Mafia clan, in recent years Mineo made alliances with the cousins Franco and Tommaso Inzerillo, members of the Inzerillo Mafia clan and had as his right-hand man, Salvatore Sorrentino, all"}, {"title": "Settimo Mineo", "text": " of them known rivals of Rotolo and of the Corleonesi, showing that Settimo Mineo had changed sides inside the Cosa Nostra. On 29 May 2018, Mineo was elected the new head of the Sicilian Mafia Commission after the death of Salvatore Riina. On 4 December 2018, he was re-arrested in the operation \"Cupola 2.0\" conducted by the Carabinieri, on charges to be the new head of the \"Dome\" of Cosa Nostra. According to investigators, after Mineo's arrest, he was replaced by Giuseppe Calvaruso as the new head of the Pagliarelli mandamento. Calvaruso was Settimo Mineo's most trusted man, and is known by his peculiar and very modern entrepreneurial attitude in managing the Pagliarelli mandamento.</s><s>Personal life. Before his arrest, Mineo was known for his charisma and mediation skills; he did not use mobile phones for fear of being intercepted, also moving on foot, even to visit other Mafia bosses. Mineo and his wife would go to mass at the Church of San Giovanni Decollato in Ballar\u00f2, Palermo, and for a year even"}, {"title": "Settimo Mineo", "text": " participated in a volunteer project of the church, involved in an after-school program for children at the church.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Settimo Mineo", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000031", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Klaudia Kaczorowska.", "docs": [{"title": "Klaudia Kaczorowska", "text": "<s>Klaudia Kaczorowska Klaudia Kaczorowska (born 20 December 1988) is a Polish volleyball player, a member of Poland women's national volleyball team and Polish club PGE Atom Trefl Sopot, bronze medalist of European Championship 2009, and Polish Champion (2011, 2013).</s><s>Career. In 2012, Kaczorowska went to Polish club Atom Trefl Sopot. On March 15, 2015 she achieved with the team from Sopot the Polish Cup 2015. In May 2015 she signed a new contract with her current team.</s><s>Sporting achievements.</s><s>Sporting achievements.:Clubs.</s><s>Sporting achievements.:Clubs.:CEV Cup. - 2014/2015 - with PGE Atom Trefl Sopot</s><s>Sporting achievements.:Clubs.:National championships. - 2007/2008 Polish Cup, with PTPS Farmutil Pi\u0142a - 2007/2008 Polish Championship, with PTPS Farmutil Pi\u0142a - 2008/2009 Polish SuperCup 2008, with PTPS Farmutil Pi\u0142a - 2008/2009 Polish Championship, with PTPS Farmutil Pi\u0142a - 2010/2011 Polish Cup, with Bank BPS Muszynianka F"}, {"title": "Klaudia Kaczorowska", "text": "akro Muszyna - 2010/2011 Polish Championship, with Bank BPS Muszynianka Fakro Muszyna - 2012/2013 Polish Championship, with PGE Atom Trefl Sopot - 2013/2014 Polish Championship, with PGE Atom Trefl Sopot - 2014/2015 Polish Cup, with PGE Atom Trefl Sopot</s><s>Sporting achievements.:National team. - 2009 Universiade - 2009 CEV European Championship - 2014 European League</s><s>Sporting achievements.:Individually. - 2008 Polish Cup - Best Server - 2015 Polish Cup - Best Server - 2015 Polish Cup - Most Valuable Player</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Klaudia Kaczorowska", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000032", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Raffaele Maiello.", "docs": [{"title": "Raffaele Maiello", "text": "<s>Raffaele Maiello Raffaele Maiello (born 10 July 1991 in Acerra) is an Italian professional football player who plays as a midfielder for club Bari.</s><s>Club career. He made his Serie A debut for Napoli on 16 May 2010 in a game against Sampdoria when he came on as a substitute in the 86th minute for Luca Cigarini. On 29 January 2022, he joined Bari in Serie C on loan, with Bari holding an obligation to purchase his rights in case of promotion to Serie B.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Honours. Bari - Serie C: 2021\u201322 (Group C)</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Raffaele Maiello", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000033", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Martha Cunz.", "docs": [{"title": "Martha Cunz", "text": "<s>Martha Cunz Martha Cunz (24 February 1876 \u2013 15 May 1961) was a Swiss artist who is best known as a printmaker. As one of the earliest 20th-century European artists to master the modernist woodcut, she was influential on other artists.</s><s>Education and travels. Martha Cunz was born in St. Gallen, Switzerland. She received most of her art training at the Women's Art School in Munich, where her teachers included Christian Landenberger, Ludwig Schmid-Reutte, and Peter Paul M\u00fcller. In 1900, she went to Paris to study with Luc-Olivier Merson and Lucien Simon. The following year, back in Munich, a course in lithography with Ernst Neumann sparked her interest in printmaking. By the following year, she had moved on to woodcuts, and in 1903 she became a founding member of the German Association of Graphics. Until the outbreak of World War I, Cunz lived in Munich and only returned to Switzerland for an annual visit. She also traveled around Europe, spending time in Holland (1904, 1911) and Italy (1914). In 1920, she built a studio built at her parents' home in St. Gall"}, {"title": "Martha Cunz", "text": "en and lived there for the remainder of her life.</s><s>Artwork. For the first three decades of her career, Cunz specialized in lithographs and woodcuts, especially color woodcuts printed using a Japanese multi-block technique. She was one of the first 20th century European artists to take up color woodblock printmaking. Her style is characterized by the play of subtly graded contrasting colors that overlap to create a luminous surface. By 1905, Cunz was showing in the annual Glass Palace Exhibition in Munich, and some of her earliest woodcuts were published in April 1905 in the journal \"Deutsche Kunst und Dekoration\" alongside work by Wassily Kandinsky and other Munich artists. The last of her 71 woodcuts was made in 1927, and her last lithographs were made in 1931. For the following two decades, she devoted herself to painting, mainly landscapes and portraits. Cunz is known to have influenced the work of contemporaries like Carl Thiemann, and she also taught printmakers, including Rosa Paul.</s><s>Sources. This page is translated from. Sources listed on that page include: - Studer, Dani. \"Faszination Farbholzschnitt: Der japanisierende Farb"}, {"title": "Martha Cunz", "text": "holzschnitt als Kunstform des Jugendstils: Mit einem Katalog der Holzschnitte von Martha Cunz\". St. Gallen: Historisches und V\u00f6lkerkundemuseum, 2016.. (Exhibition catalog; in German) - Studer, Daniel. \"Martha Cunz (1876-1961)\". Dissertation, University of Z\u00fcrich, 1992. - Studer, Daniel. \"Martha Cunz 1876-1961: Eine Schweizer Jugendstilk\u00fcnstlerin in M\u00fcnchen\". St. Gallen: Verlagsgemeinschaft St. Gallen, 1993. (in German) - Hanhart, Rudolf, ed. \"Kunstmuseum St. Gallen: Katalog der Sammlung\". St. Gallen: Kunstmuseum St. Gallen, 1987, pp. 245\u2013249. (in German) - Widmer, Marina, ed. \"Bl\u00fctenweiss bis rabenschwarz: St.Galler Frauen: 200 Portraits\". Z\u00fcrich: Limmat, 2003, pp. 83\u201384."}, {"title": "Martha Cunz", "text": " (in German) - Eichhorn, Herbert, and Jacqueline Koller, eds. \"Wege zu Gabriele M\u00fcnter und K\u00e4the Kollwitz: Holzschnitte von K\u00fcnstlerinnen des Jugendstils und des Expressionismus\". Petersberg: Michael Imhoff Verlag, 2014.. (Exhibition catalog including short biography of Cunz; in German).</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Martha Cunz", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000034", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mattias Asper.", "docs": [{"title": "Mattias Asper", "text": "<s>Mattias Asper Nils Mattias Joacim Asper (born 20 March 1974) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Starting off his career with Mj\u00e4llby AIF in the mid-1990s, he went on to play professionally in Spain, Turkey, and Norway before returning to Mj\u00e4llby in 2008. A full international between 1999 and 2002, he won three caps for the Sweden national football team and was a squad member for them at UEFA Euro 2000.</s><s>Club career. Asper was the first choice goalkeeper for Mj\u00e4llby AIF in four seasons before signing to the Allsvenskan side AIK in 1998. Lee Baxter began the 1998 season as the first choice. But after seven games AIK had only managed to collect seven points, including only one win. On the 8 of June, Asper made his debut against \u00d6sters IF putting Lee Baxter on the bench, which would last for the rest of the season. With Asper in the net, AIK did not lose a single game in the 1998 season and they also won Allsvenskan the same year. In 1999, AIK qualified for Champions League making it all the way to the group stage."}, {"title": "Mattias Asper", "text": " This year, Asper held a clean sheet for 797 minutes in Allsvenskan which was a new record. His performances in AIK attracted interest from Spanish club Real Sociedad, who bought him just before the 2000-01 season. However, he did not have much of a success in Spain and eventually returned to Sweden and Malm\u00f6 FF in 2002, after being on loan to Be\u015fikta\u015f J.K. He won the Swedish championship with Malm\u00f6 FF in 2004. He announced his retirement on 26 November 2014.</s><s>International career. Asper made his international debut for Sweden on 27 November 1999 in a friendly game away against South Africa, replacing Magnus Kihlstedt at halftime. He made his second appearance for Sweden on 29 March 2000 in a friendly game away against Austria. He was selected for Sweden's UEFA Euro 2000 squad, and served as third-choice goalkeeper behind Magnus Hedman and Magnus Kihlstedt as Sweden was eliminated after the group stage. He won his third and last international cap in a friendly game against Russia away on 21 August 2002.</s><s>Honours. AIK - Allsvenskan: 1998 - Svenska Cupen: 1998\u201399 - Malm\u00f6 FF -"}, {"title": "Mattias Asper", "text": " Allsvenskan: 2004 Individual - Swedish Goalkeeper of the Year: 1998, 1999</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mattias Asper", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000035", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rory Tapner.", "docs": [{"title": "Rory Tapner", "text": "<s>Rory Tapner Rory Tapner (born 30 September 1959) is a British businessman who, in September 2010 was appointed CEO of Coutts, the Wealth Management division of Royal Bank of Scotland Group. In February 2015 he stepped down as CEO; he was replaced in the role by Alison Rose, the then head of RBS Commercial and Private Banking. Prior to this, he was chairman and CEO Asia Pacific at UBS AG from May 2004 until June 2009 and a member of the UBS Group executive board from 2006 until June 2009 when he stepped down and returned to the UK. In June 2019 he was appointed Chair of the Board at Brown Shipley Holdings Limited. In May 2020, Tapner was named Chairman of the Board of Directors of Quintet Private Bank, Brown Shipley's parent.</s><s>Education and personal life. He was educated at Radley College and at King's College London (LLB, 1982). His daughter is the TV presenter and model Rosie Tapner.</s><s>Career. From 1983 to 2009 he was with UBS AG and predecessor firms (SG Warburg, SBC Warburg and UBS Warburg) and held the following roles - Joint Head of UK Corporate Finance and Head of UK Capital Markets Team; Global Head of Equity"}, {"title": "Rory Tapner", "text": " Capital Markets; Joint Global Head of Investment Banking; Chairman of Investment Banking; and Chairman and CEO UBS Asia Pacific. He was a member of UBS Investment Bank Executive Board from 1996 until 2004, and from 2006 joined the UBS Group Executive Board. In September 2010 he was appointed CEO of Coutts Bank, the wealth management division of RBS Group from which he stepped down in March 2015.</s><s>Activities. For 9 years, Tapner was the Hon. Treasurer and Chairman of the Financial Committee of the Council of King's College London. He was Deputy Chairman of the World Questions; King's Answers fundraising campaign. He is a Fellow of King's College, London. He is Chairman of various organisations : GB Snowsport, the governing body of British Snowsports; Quintet Private Bank; and SPS Technology.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rory Tapner", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000036", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Maja Jager.", "docs": [{"title": "Maja Jager", "text": "<s>Maja Jager Maja Buskbjerg Jager (born 22 December 1991) is a Danish recurve archer. A two-time competitor at the Olympic Games (2012 and 2020), Jager was the women's individual champion at the 2013 World Archery Championships, an achievement for which she was awarded the Danish Sports Name of the Year prize for 2013. She is also a multiple medalist at the European Games and the European Archery Championships.</s><s>Early and personal life. Jager was born on 22 December 1991 in N\u00f8rre Broby to Jan and Hanne Jager. She was introduced to archery at the age of eight, and in her youth practised in a warehouse in Tilst, a venue procured by her father using his local connections as a fruit grower in the Aarhus region. She was later trained by former Danish Olympic archer Ole Gammelgaard. In 2013 Jager moved to Goesan, South Korea to train under Kim Hyung-Tak, the coach of the Korean archery team at the 1984 Summer Olympics, as part of an agreement between Kim and the Danish Archery Federation. To meet her residency requirements in South Korea she undertook and completed an undergraduate degree in computer system engineering"}, {"title": "Maja Jager", "text": " at Jungwon University. Despite a difficult start adapting to her new environment, which she later reflected were the most challenging of her life, Jager graduated from Jungwon University and returned to Denmark in 2018 after five years in South Korea. As of 2019 Jager was enrolled in a postgraduate programme at the Technical University of Denmark.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early career (2009\u20132012). Jager made her first appearance for the Danish national team at the 2009 Archery World Cup. She later participated in the 2010 European Archery Championships and the 2011 World Archery Championships, where she finished ninth overall in the women's individual competition. The following year she made her Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She and teammates Carina Christiansen and Louise Laursen comprised Denmark's three-person entry for the women's team event, the nation's debut in the discipline. In the preliminary ranking round, which determined the seedings for the subsequent elimination rounds, the trio set a new Danish national record of 1,946 points over the 216-arrow contest, finishing with the eighth seed of the twelve competing nations. Victory over India in the first knockout round saw them advance to the quarter-finals, where they were eliminated by South Korea."}, {"title": "Maja Jager", "text": "</s><s>Career.:World Champion (2013). In early 2013 Jager relocated to South Korea at the invitation of 1984 Olympic gold medal-winning coach Kim Hyung-Tak, one of two athletes selected by the Danish Archery Federation to undergo full-time training in the country ahead of the 2016 Summer Olympics. Jager spent six months under Kim's instruction before contesting the 2013 World Championships held in Belek, Turkey. She entered the tournament's individual event with an unimpressive record, having failed to progress beyond the last 32 competitors in an international competition since 2011. In the event's preliminary ranking stage Jager achieved a new Danish record for the 144-arrow round, scoring 1,351 points from a maximum of 1,440 to qualify for the subsequent elimination rounds as the eighth seed. Jager proceeded to deliver a surprising run of results in the knock-out rounds, eliminating both Ki Bo-bae and Yun Ok-hee, the World Archery Federation's number one and number two-ranked archers respectively, to enter the final against Xu Jing, who had achieved a silver medal in the women's team event at the 2012 Summer Olympics. After tying on five set points each over the regulation five sets, Jager outshot Xu in the"}, {"title": "Maja Jager", "text": " subsequent tiebreaking one-arrow shoot-off, landing her single arrow closer to the centre of the target to claim the world championship title. Jager's victory earned her a second medal of the championships, having earlier secured bronze medal in the women's team event with Carina Christiansen and Anne Marie Laursen. Her two medals contributed to Denmark's most successful World Championship performance on record. She afterwards credited her move to South Korea as being key to winning the individual title. For her achievements she was named Danish Sports Name of the Year for 2013 by the Danish Olympic Committee and the \"Jyllands-Posten\" newspaper, beating racing driver Tom Kristensen and skeet shooter Jesper Hansen to the accolade. Her title was later credited as popularising the sport of archery in Denmark in the run-up to the 2015 World Championships held in Copenhagen.</s><s>Career.:Later career (2014\u2013 ). Jager combined with Nikolaj Wulff at the 2014 European Archery Championships to win silver in the mixed team recurve event. She later achieved a second silver medal at the European Games the following year as the runner-up to Germany's Karina Winter in the women's individual event. The 2015 World Championships in July however saw her fail to"}, {"title": "Maja Jager", "text": " defend both her individual title, losing in the second round by Mexico's Karla Hinojosa, and her team bronze medal, where she and her teammates Carina Christiansen and Natasja Bech failed to attain a high enough rank to qualify for the team elimination rounds. In June 2016 Jager was defeated by Christiansen in the Olympic qualifying tournament, eliminating her from contention for the following month's Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. At the 2018 European Archery Championships Jager finished runner-up in the women's individual event to Turkey's Yasemin Anagoz, who outscored her in a one-arrow shoot-off. Jager combined with Randi Degn and Anne Marie Laursen at the 2019 European Games in June to win bronze in the women's team competition, but was herself knocked out of the women's individual event at the last sixteen stage. That same month Jager secured qualification for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, marking her second appearance at the Games and her country's first in the archery competitions since 2012. The outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic would later see the 2020 Olympics postponed until July 2021, and at the rescheduled Games Jager was eliminated by Russia's Ksenia Perova in"}, {"title": "Maja Jager", "text": " the second round of the women's individual event.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Maja Jager", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000037", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Angela Bairstow.", "docs": [{"title": "Angela Bairstow", "text": "<s>Angela Bairstow Angela Bairstow (1942-2016) was an English international badminton player.</s><s>Badminton career. She first came to prominence in 1958 when she won the English National Junior singles title. Further wins followed in 1959 and 1960; in addition she won four English National Junior doubles titles. After the step up to senior competition she reached the final of the 1963 All England Badminton Championships singles losing out to Judy Hashman. In 1963 at the All England Championships she was seeded to win in the Singles, Doubles and the Mixed. Although never winning an All England title Bairstow became a significant player for England winning a host of titles from 1964-1968 including the Scottish Open, German Open, Dutch Open, Asia Cup, Irish Open, English National Badminton Championships and European Badminton Championships. In 1965 Bairstow won the Dutch open in Singles, Doubles and Mixed in the same year with another three Dutch titles afterwards. She repeated the triple at the second Asian Championships in 1965 in Lucknow. After which the organisers banned non-Asian players from entering. Bairstow brought to prominence a deceptive backhand sliced serve and flick. She is the only player in history who won medals in both"}, {"title": "Angela Bairstow", "text": " Asian and European Championships. Bairstow represented England and won two golds and one silver medal, at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica.</s><s>Personal life. She married her coach, H. Ian Palmer, in 1970 and had three children (born 1969, 1970 and 1972) and four grandchildren.</s><s>Medal Record at the All England Badminton Championships.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Angela Bairstow", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000038", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Abdul Ilah Khatib.", "docs": [{"title": "Abdul Ilah Khatib", "text": "<s>Abdul Ilah Khatib Abdul Ilah Mohammad Khatib or Abdelilah al-Khatib ( ; ) (born in 1953) is a former Minister of Foreign Affairs for Jordan. On March 11, 2011 he was appointed as the UN Special envoy to Libya.</s><s>Early life. Married, and the father of three children, Khatib graduated with his Master's degree in International economics from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, a master's degree in International Communications from the American University in Washington, D.C., and a bachelor's degree in political science from the School of Political Science in Athens, Greece.</s><s>Career. - He was appointed UN Special Envoy to Libya on 7 March 2011 - Minister of Foreign Affairs in Marouf al-Bakhit's government (November 2005 - November 2007) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in Ali Abu al-Ragheb's government (June 2000 - January 2002) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in Abdelraouf al-Rawabdeh's government (August 1998 - June 2000) - Minister of Foreign Affairs in Fayez al-Tarawneh's government (March 1999 - March 1999) - Managing Director of Jordan Cement Factories Company (1996 - 1998"}, {"title": "Abdul Ilah Khatib", "text": ") - Minister of Tourism and Antiquities in Zaid ibn Shaker's government (January 1995 - February 1996) - General manager of Dammam Investment Company (1994 - 1995)) - Member of board of directors in several investment, industrial and financial corporations. (1993-1994) - An overseer of Jordan's contributions to the Arab-Israeli peace talks (1992-1993) - Head of Private Office in Ministry of Foreign affairs in Jordan (1988 - 1993) - Diplomat in the Embassy of Jordan (Washington) (1984 - 1988) - Member of board of trustees of the American Center of Oriental Research</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Abdul Ilah Khatib", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000039", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Dennis Andersson.", "docs": [{"title": "Dennis Andersson", "text": "<s>Dennis Andersson Dennis Andersson (born 3 June 1991) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Sweden.</s><s>Career. He rode for the Atlas Wroc\u0142aw in the Polish Speedway Ekstraliga and contnued to ride for the club until the end of the 2012 season. In 2013, he joined Stal Rzesz\u00f3w for one season before completing a final season in Poland with Polonia Bydgoszcz. His British league debut came in 2011 for the Poole Pirates, where he would spend three seasons in total at the club. Andersson won the 2010 Under-19 European Champion title. He also won the Swedish U-21 Championship on two occasions in 2010 and 2012.</s><s>Results. European Championships - Individual U-19 European Championship - 2008 - Stralsund - 7th place (9 pts) - 2009 - Tarn\u00f3w - 7th place (8 pts) - 2010 - Gori\u010dan - Under-19 European Champion (14+3 pts) - Team U-19 European Championship - 2009 - Holsted - Runner-up (8 pts)</s><s>See also. - Sweden national speedway team - Speedway in Sweden</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Dennis Andersson", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000040", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Camille Paulus.", "docs": [{"title": "Camille Paulus", "text": "<s>Camille Paulus Camille Paulus (born 24 April 1943) is a Belgian lawyer and liberal politician.</s><s>Education. He graduated with a doctorate in law at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) in 1966.</s><s>Career. He succeeded Frans Van den Eynde as the mayor of Aartselaar in 1989. Paulus was a Law Professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, mayor of Aartselaar, and President of the Liberaal Vlaams Verbond (1982\u20131993). He was governor of the Belgian province of Antwerp from 1 October 1993 until 30 April 2008.</s><s>Sources. - Camille Paulus (Liberal Archive) - S. Heylen, B. De Nil, B. D'hondt, Bart (e.a.), \"Geschiedenis van de provincie Antwerpen. Een politieke biografie\". 2. Biografisch repertorium, Antwerpen, Provinciebestuur Antwerpen, 2005, p.\u00a0143\u2013144.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Camille Paulus", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000041", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Michael Folorunsho.", "docs": [{"title": "Michael Folorunsho", "text": "<s>Michael Folorunsho Michael Ijemuan Folorunsho (born 7 February 1998) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Bari, on loan from Napoli.</s><s>Career. Folorunsho spent his youth years with Lazio and played for their Under-19 squad. On 18 July 2017, he signed with Serie C club Virtus Francavilla. Folorunsho made his professional Serie C debut for Virtus Francavilla on 26 August 2017, in a game against Lecce. He played 60 Serie C games for Virtus Francavilla in the two seasons. On 13 July 2019, Folorunsho signed for Serie A club Napoli on a permanent deal. He was loaned out two days later to Serie C club Bari for two years. Napoli sent Folorunsho on loan to several clubs in the Serie B: Reggina in 2020\u201321, Pordenone and Reggina in 2021\u201322, and Bari in 2022\u201323.</s><s>Personal life. Folorunsho is of Nigerian descent.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Michael Folorunsho", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000042", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Hiren Gohain.", "docs": [{"title": "Hiren Gohain", "text": "<s>Hiren Gohain Hiren Gohain (born 1939) is a scholar, writer, literary critic, and social scientist from the Indian state of Assam.</s><s>Academic life. Gohain studied in Cotton College, and did his graduation from Presidency College, Calcutta and then moved to Delhi University to pursue his post-graduation in English literature. After completion of his master's degree, for some time, he became a lecturer in Kirori Mal College of Delhi University. Later, he went to the Cambridge University for doctoral research on the topic 'Paradise Lost and the 17th Century Crisis' later published as 'Tradition and Paradise Lost: A Heretical View', a work highly acclaimed for its original research and fresh perspective. After coming back from Cambridge, he became a professor at the Department of English in Gauhati University.</s><s>Contributions as a literary critic. It was Gohain who for the first time brought the ideas and methods of Anglo-American New Criticism to the study of Assamese/Indian literature in Assamese. While studying in Cambridge, he had an eclectic radical ideology but later on, after his return to India, he became a Marxist. It was he who adapted the ideas"}, {"title": "Hiren Gohain", "text": " of critics like Gy\u00f6rgy Luk\u00e1cs, Antonio Gramsci, and other critics into the nascent field of Assamese literary criticism. Some of his books in Assamese are \"Sahityar Satya\", \"Sahitya Aru Chetana\", \"Biswayatan\", \"Asomiya Jatiya Jibanat Mahapurushiya Paramapara\", \"Assam: A Burning Question\" and several other significant and widely read books. He has also written 4 volumes of memoirs which are also relevant for their incorporation of social and historical content. He is a contributor to journals such as \"Economic and Political Weekly\", \"Frontier\", and occasional publications of institutions like Indian Institute of Advanced Studies (IIAS), Centre for English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL), Shillong. He also is a columnist for various regional and national newspapers.</s><s>Other contributions. He is also a regular contributor to Economic and Political Weekly. His book 'Assam A Burning Question' is a compilation of several essays on the socio-political crisis confronting Assam in the context of Assam Movement written in the mid-1980s, and the period dominated by extremism. Recently, he played an important role in the mediation of peace talks between"}, {"title": "Hiren Gohain", "text": " the Government of India and the Assamese insurgent group ULFA. He was the founder president of the Asomiya Sahitya Sanmilani.He is a recipient of Sahitya Aademy award for his book on Sankardev.</s><s>Selected published works & journals. - Tradition & Paradise lost: a heretical view (1997, English) - Assam, a burning question (1984, English) - On the present movement in Assam (1980, English) - Bodo Stir in Perspective - Nature and art in Shakespeare: an essay on Hamlet (English) - Sahityar Satya (1970, Assamese) - Bastabar Swapna (1972, Assamese) - Kal Bhramar (1974, Assamese) - Kewal Manuhar Ase Gaan (1970, Assamese) - Samaj Aru Samalochana (1972, Assamese) - Sristi Aru Jukti (1972, Assamese) - Sahitya Aru Chetana (1976, Assamese) - Kirtan Puthir Roh Bisar (1981, Assamese) - Tejar Aakhare Likha (1982, Assames"}, {"title": "Hiren Gohain", "text": "e) - Biswayatan (1983, Assamese) - Kabitar Bichar Aru Natun Samalochana (1986, Assamese) - Asamiya Jatiya Jibanat Mahaapurusiya Parampara (1987, Assamese) - Upanyasar Adhunik Samalochana (Vol. 1 & 2, Assamese) - Adristwa Aru Asam (1988, Assamese) - Kalasrot Aru Kandari (1995, Assamese) - Nature and Art in Shakespeare (1988, English) - The Magic Plant (1992, English) - Aspects of Early 19th Century Bengalee Culture (1990, English) 23. Struggling in a time warp (2019, English) - On Saffronisation of Education</s><s>Awards and honors. - Sahitya Akademi Award in 1989</s><s>Political and National activism. Gohain has been a voice of Assam as critic of Assamese national extremism, Hindutva extremism and socio-political issues. Gohain opposed the citizenship (Amendment) Act and equated the exclusion of Muslims from the CAA purview of the as a move similar to that of the"}, {"title": "Hiren Gohain", "text": " pogrom against the Jews by Nazis in Germany during World War II. Gohain has been a strong critic of Narendra Modi. Gohain participated in an anti-CAA protest organised by the All Assam Journalists Union in front of Guwahati Press Club.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Hiren Gohain", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000043", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Evgeny Shalunov.", "docs": [{"title": "Evgeny Shalunov", "text": "<s>Evgeny Shalunov Evgeny Vladimirovich Shalunov (; born 8 January 1992) is a Russian professional road and track bicycle racer, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam.</s><s>Career. Shalunov has competed as a professional since the middle of the 2011 season, having signed a stagiaire deal with in July 2011. A winner of eight national events in 2011 with Lokomotiv\u2013Urbycolan, Shalunov signed with the team for the 2012 season. After finishing fourth in the La Roue Tourangelle held in France in March, Shalunov won his first UCI Europe Tour race in April 2012, by winning the Vuelta a La Rioja in Spain. Attacking around from the finish in La Rioja, Shalunov soloed to the finish line to win by 28 seconds ahead of's Pablo Urtasun and teammate Mikhail Antonov. He was named in the start list for the 2017 Giro d'Italia.</s><s>Major results. - 2010 - 2011 - 2012 - 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 - 2017 - 2019 - 2020</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Evgeny Shalunov", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000044", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Felix Newman.", "docs": [{"title": "Felix Newman", "text": "<s>Felix Newman Felix Newman (born 1993) is a British rower.</s><s>Profile. Whilst in education at Abingdon School he gained colours and was the captain of the Abingdon School Boat Club. After leaving Abingdon in 2012 he attended Selwyn College, Cambridge. In 2018 he won a British Education Award, while at Selwyn College.</s><s>Rowing. In 2014 and 2015 he was selected for the Goldie crew before securing the bow seat of the Cambridge boat at the Boat Race 2016 which Cambridge won. In addition, he has been in winning crews at the Henley Royal Regatta three times, twice in the Princess Elizabeth Cup and once in the Thames Cup, and has represented the Great Britain's men's coxed four at the 2011 World Rowing Junior Championships at Eton in England.</s><s>See also. - List of Old Abingdonians</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Felix Newman", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000045", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of G. Fowler Stewart.", "docs": [{"title": "G. Fowler Stewart", "text": "<s>G. Fowler Stewart George Fowler Stewart (1861 \u2013 3 January 1917), generally known as Fowler Stewart, was a Scots-born businessman and public figure in Adelaide, South Australia.</s><s>History. Stewart was the youngest son of Charles Stewart, a prominent manufacturer of Kirkcaldy, Fifeshire, Scotland, and was educated at a college in Edinburgh. In 1879 he started work at the London office of D. & J. Fowler founded by his uncles David, James and (later) George Fowler. In 1881 he was sent to Adelaide to learn the business there, and in 1887 took over management of the Fremantle, Western Australia branch. He spent several years travelling the world, returned to Adelaide in 1889 and in 1890 married Laura Hill, youngest daughter of William Hill. When D & J Fowler was floated as a public company, Stewart was sent to London as a Director. He returned to Adelaide in 1901 and in 1914 retired from the Company. He died suddenly at home as a result of a heart attack.</s><s>Other interests. Stewart was - prominent in the establishment of the Australian Dried Fruit Association and its first secretary. - one of the original members of the Federation League, an early promoter of Federation of Australia. - chairman of"}, {"title": "G. Fowler Stewart", "text": " the joint council of the Australasian National League and Farmers' and Producers' Political Union, which, with the Liberal and Democratic Union, founded the Liberal Union of South Australia. - president of the Torrens electoral committee, president of the Glenelg branch, and a member of the council and State executive of the Liberal Union. - an active member of the South Australian Caledonian Society and its Chief in 1902. - a member of the Glenelg Town Council in 1905 - a member of the South Australian Literary Societies' Union and its president in 1906. He was at one time treasurer of the Union Parliament associated with that body.</s><s>Family. Stewart married Laura Hill (1863\u20131957) on 26 June 1890. Laura was a granddaughter of John Dunn of Mount Barker. - Helen Fowler Stewart (8 April 1891 \u2013 1980) married Valentine Zerbini Alderman of Glenelg on 9 October 1917 - William Hill Dunn Stewart (3 October 1895 \u2013 ) - Charles Gordon Stewart (20 October 1903 \u2013 1968) married Mary Frewin Hancock on 10 December 1936, lived at Langkoop, Victoria They had a home \"Waldo\", Glenelg; later \"Waldo\", Kensington Gardens</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "G. Fowler Stewart", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000046", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Johann Christian von Engel.", "docs": [{"title": "Johann Christian von Engel", "text": "<s>Johann Christian von Engel Johann Christian von Engel (1770\u20131814) was an Austrian historian of Ukrainian, Romanian, Hungarian, Croatian, and German history.</s><s>Biography. He was born in Leutschau (today Levo\u010da, Slovakia), then belonging to Kingdom of Hungary under Habsburg monarchy, and received his education at the University of G\u00f6ttingen, where Heyne and Schl\u00f6zer were among his teachers. He wrote several historical works which in their day were treasure houses of knowledge and scholarship. He was the first to put the history of Hungary, Ukraine, and the Danubian principalities on a sound scholarly basis. In 1812 he was ennobled.</s><s>Works. His greatest works are \"Die Geschichte der Ukraine und der ukrainische Kosaken, wie auch der K\u00f6nigreiche Halitsch-Wladimir\" (\"History of Ukraine and the Ukrainian Cossacks, along with the Kingdom of Halych-Volodymyr\", Halle 1796) \"Geschichte des ungarischen Reiches und seine Nebenl\u00e4nder\" (\u201cHistory of imperial Hungary and neighboring lands,\u201d 5 vols"}, {"title": "Johann Christian von Engel", "text": "., 1797\u20131804); Geschichte der Moldau und Walachey (Halle, 1804) and \"Geschichte des K\u00f6nigreichs Ungarn\" (\u201cHistory of the kingdom of Hungary,\u201d 5 vols., 1814).</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Johann Christian von Engel", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000047", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Bal\u00e1zs Bek\u0151.", "docs": [{"title": "Bal\u00e1zs Bek\u0151", "text": "<s>Bal\u00e1zs Bek\u0151 Bal\u00e1zs Bek\u0151 (born 15 December 1971) is a Hungarian football manager and former player who manages Soproni VSE.</s><s>Managerial career. On 24 June 2013, Bek\u0151 became the head coach of the Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I club Kecskem\u00e9ti TE. Bek\u0151 became the head coach of the Nemzeti Bajnoks\u00e1g I club Di\u00f3sgy\u0151ri VTK in the summer of 2015.</s><s>Sources. - Di\u00f3sgy\u0151ri VTK official website</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Bal\u00e1zs Bek\u0151", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000048", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of David Bogue.", "docs": [{"title": "David Bogue", "text": "<s>David Bogue David Bogue (18 February 175025 October 1825) was a British nonconformist religious leader.</s><s>Life. He was born at Hallydown Farm, in the parish of Coldingham, Berwickshire, Scotland, the son of John Bogue, farmer, and his wife, Margaret Swanston. He received his early education in Eyemouth. After studying Divinity at Edinburgh University, he was licensed to preach by the Church of Scotland, but, failing to find a patron in Scotland, was sent by the Church to London in 1771, to teach in schools at Edmonton, Hampstead and then Mansion House Cottage in Camberwell. In 1777, he settled as minister of the independent Congregational church at Gosport in Hampshire. His predecessors at the Independent Chapel of Gosport were James Watson (1770\u201376) and Thomas Williams (1750\u201370). In 1771 he established an institution for preparing men for the ministry. It was the age of the new-born missionary enterprise, and Bogue's academy was largely the seed from which the London Missionary Society grew. In 1800 the society placed missionaries with Bogue for preparation for their ministries. Among the notable students he taught, the most impact"}, {"title": "David Bogue", "text": "ful were the first two Protestant missionaries to China, Robert Morrison (missionary) (from 1804 to 1805), and William Milne (missionary) (from 1809 to 1812). Bogue himself would have gone to India in 1796 if not for the opposition of the East India Company. In 1824 he taught Samuel Dyer at Gosport before he left for Penang as a missionary with the London Missionary Society. He was also involved in founding the British and Foreign Bible Society and the Religious Tract Society, and in conjunction with James Bennett, minister at Romsey, wrote a well-known \"History of Dissenters\" (3 vols., 1809). Another of his writings was an \"Essay on the Divine Authority of the New Testament\". In 1815 Yale University awarded him a doctor of divinity (DD). He died on 25 October 1825 in Brighton during the London Missionary Society's annual tour.</s><s>Publications. - \"Reasons for Seeking a Repeal of the Test Acts\" (1790) - \"An Essay on the Divine Authority of the New Testament\" (1801) - \"Catechism for the Use of All Churches in the French Empire\" (1807) - \"A"}, {"title": "David Bogue", "text": " History of the Dissenters, from the Revolution of 1688 to 1808\" 4 vols. (1808\u201312) vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3, vol. 4</s><s>Notes. - Attribution</s><s>References. - -</s><s>Further reading. - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "David Bogue", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000049", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Grayston Burgess.", "docs": [{"title": "Grayston Burgess", "text": "<s>Grayston Burgess Grayston Burgess (Cheriton, Kent 7 April 1932 \u2013 6 March 2019 was an English countertenor and conductor.</s><s>Life and career. As a boy Burgess was a chorister in the choir of Canterbury Cathedral during the second world war. He then attended Cheltenham College before winning a choral scholarship to sing in the Choir of King's College, Cambridge under Boris Ord. A former member of the Purcell Singers, Burgess formed the Purcell Consort of Voices in 1963. He also sang with the Studio der fr\u00fchen Musik and the Musica Reservata Ensemble of Michael Morrow and John Beckett. Burgess premiered compositions including Michael Tippett's \"Songs for Ariel\". After moving to rural Herefordshire in the 1980s, he taught singing at Ellerslie School, Malvern, and, on its closure, at Malvern College. His pupils included ex-Swingle Singer Wendy Nieper. In 2000 he accepted an invitation to help form, and to direct, a local community choir to celebrate the Millennium. After its performance - of Haydn's \"Creation\" - this choir continued as a permanent feature in the form of Choir 2000, which became his inspiration and to"}, {"title": "Grayston Burgess", "text": " which he himself has been an inspiration. In 2017 he was referred to by the Daily Telegraph as a'veteran conductor and choir director'  when he was interviewed for an article published on International Women's Day about the presence of women in British cathedral choirs. The article made no mention of his connection with the Campaign for the Traditional Cathedral Choir, a group which actively discriminates against the inclusion of women and girls in Cathedral and church choirs.</s><s>Selected discography. Countertenor - Soloist - Dowland LP Conductor - Purcell Consort of Voices - \"Music of Albert: Prince of Saxe, Coburg und Gotha\" Decca/Australian Eloquence.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Grayston Burgess", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000050", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Braulio Lara.", "docs": [{"title": "Braulio Lara", "text": "<s>Braulio Lara Braulio Armando Lara Peguero (December 20, 1988 \u2013 April 20, 2019) was a Dominican professional baseball pitcher. He played in the KBO League for the SK Wyverns in 2016.</s><s>Career. Lara signed as an international free agent with the Tampa Bay Rays. The Miami Marlins selected Lara from the Rays in the 2012 Rule 5 draft, but returned him to the Rays before the 2013 season. In 2016, Lara signed with the SK Wyverns of the KBO League. Lara signed a minor league pact with the Washington Nationals in November 2016 with an invitation to spring training. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017. On February 20, 2018, Lara signed with the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican Baseball League. He was traded to the Generales de Durango on April 28, 2018. Lara was released on May 5, 2018.</s><s>Death. Lara was killed in a car crash in the Dominican Republic on April 20, 2019.</s><s>See also. - Rule 5 draft results</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Braulio Lara", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000051", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Theophilus Annorbaah.", "docs": [{"title": "Theophilus Annorbaah", "text": "<s>Theophilus Annorbaah Theophilus Annorbaah (born 17 September 1989) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who currently plays for Medeama SC and the Ghana national football team.</s><s>Club career. Theophilus Annorbaah played for Ghana Premier League club Ashanti Gold SC, prior to signing for Ghana Premier League club and Tarkwa based Medeama SC in May 2011. On 14 July 2013, Annorbaah won his first title with his club Medeama, after a 1\u20130 win over Asante Kotoko in the final of the Ghanaian FA Cup.</s><s>International career. In November 2013, coach Maxwell Konadu invited Annorbaah to be included in the Ghana national football team for the 2013 WAFU Nations Cup. He helped the Ghana national football team to a first-place finish after the Ghana national football team beat Senegal national football team by three goals to one. Annorbaah was included in the Ghana national football team for the 2014 African Nations Championship that finished runner-up.</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Club. - Medeama SC - Ghanaian FA Cup Winner: 2013</s><s>Honours.:National Team. - WAFU Nations"}, {"title": "Theophilus Annorbaah", "text": " Cup Winner: 2013 - African Nations Championship Runner-up: 2014</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Theophilus Annorbaah", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000052", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Dominique Blake.", "docs": [{"title": "Dominique Blake", "text": "<s>Dominique Blake Dominique Blake (born 15 February 1987) is a Jamaican track and field athlete. Blake won a gold medal at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games and was accidentally awarded a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She was banned for years after testing positive for methylhexanamine and returned to athletic competition in 2017.</s><s>Early life and education. Blake was born on 15 February 1987 in Bronx, New York. She began her career as an indoor track and field athlete in 2002 before she started to compete in outdoor track and field events the following year. Blake spent four years as an athlete for Penn State University starting in 2004 and graduated from Penn State with a communications degree.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:NCAA. As a NCAA athlete, Blake was 12th in the 4x400 meter relay with Penn State at the 2006 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships. The following year, Blake and her 4x400 meter relay team was 4th at the 2007 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships. During the 2007 indoor championships, Blake and her three teammates finished in 13th in the distance medley event. At the 2008 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships, Blake and her teammates were 5"}, {"title": "Dominique Blake", "text": "th in the 4x400 meter relay. At individual events for the 2008 NCAA Indoor Championships, Blake did not advance past the 400 meters heats and finished 17th overall.</s><s>Career.:Other events. At the 2006 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Blake was disqualified after she failed a drug test for ephedrine. Following the event, Blake was banned from competitions for nine months. During the 2008 United States Olympic Trials, Blake was 23rd overall in the 400 meters after she did not advance farther than the preliminaries. For Jamaica, Blake participated at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games where she won a gold medal in the 4 x 400 meters relay. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Blake was 12th in the 4 x 400 meters relay with the Jamaican team that did not reach the final. For the 400 meters at that year's Commonwealth Games, Blake got to the semi-finals and finished overall in 18th place. She also was at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships but did not win a medal. In July 2012, Blake became part of the 4 x 400 meters Olympic team for Jamaica. Although Blake was a part of Jamaica's team that qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics, Blake never actually ran at the London Olympics. Despite not"}, {"title": "Dominique Blake", "text": " running in the women's 4 \u00d7 400 m event, Blake was accidentally awarded an Olympic bronze medal by the Jamaica Olympic Association. She did not return the medal, however. In 2013, Blake was suspended for six years after she tested positive for methylhexanamine. That year, Blake asked the Court of Arbitration for Sport to grant her a shorten ban. After her ban was lowered to years in 2014, Blake came back into competition in January 2017. Later that year, in compliance with International Association of Athletics Federations rules that mandate the return of all medals and prizes after positive testing for forbidden substances, Blake gave back her Olympic bronze medal to the Jamaica Olympic Association. At the 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships, Blake was on the Jamaican team that won their 4 \u00d7 400 metres relay heat and qualified for the final. At the 4 x 400 meters final, Blake was not one of the runners for Jamaica when the team was disqualified after the race. During the 2018 National Relay Championships, Blake was sixth in the 400 meters and did not finish the final of the 800 meters. The following year, Blake was fourth in the 400 meters at the 2019 National Relay Championships.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Dominique Blake", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000053", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Pablo Ganet.", "docs": [{"title": "Pablo Ganet", "text": "<s>Pablo Ganet Pablo Ganet Comitre (born 4 November 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Primera Federaci\u00f3n club Real Murcia. Born in Spain, he represents the Equatorial Guinea national team.</s><s>Club career. Born in M\u00e1laga, Andalusia, Ganet graduated from Real Betis' youth setup. In the 2013 summer he joined M\u00e1laga CF's reserve team, and made his senior debuts for the latter in the Tercera Divisi\u00f3n. On 20 August 2014, Ganet joined UD San Sebasti\u00e1n de los Reyes, also in the fourth level.</s><s>International career. After being eligible through his father, Ganet was included in Esteban Becker's 23-man Equatoguinean squad for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations on 4 January 2015. Three days later he made his full international debut, coming on as a second half substitute in a 1\u20131 friendly draw against Cape Verde.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Honours. Ittihad Tanger - Botola: 2017\u201318</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Pablo Ganet", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000054", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jo\u00e3o Lucas (footballer, born 1991).", "docs": [{"title": "Jo\u00e3o Lucas (footballer, born 1991)", "text": "<s>Jo\u00e3o Lucas (footballer, born 1991) Jo\u00e3o Lucas de Souza Cardoso (Bela Vista do Para\u00edso, 8 de Junho de 1991), mais conhecido como Jo\u00e3o Lucas, \u00e9 um futebolista brasileiro que atua como lateral-esquerdo. Atualmente est\u00e1 no N\u00e1utico.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Honours. - Ava\u00ed - Campeonato Catarinense: 2021</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jo\u00e3o Lucas (footballer, born 1991)", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000055", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Josiah Maduabuchi.", "docs": [{"title": "Josiah Maduabuchi", "text": "<s>Josiah Maduabuchi Josiah Maduabuchi (born 16 April 1988 in Lagos) is a Nigerian football player currently with Lobi Stars F.C.</s><s>Career. Maduabuchi began his career with Wikki Tourists F.C. and joined 2007 to Enyimba International F.C. He joined Lobi Stars in 2015</s><s>Career.:Position. He plays as a versatile central attacking midfielder.</s><s>International career. On 15 April 2010 he earned his first call-up for the Super Eagles and was part of the Training Camp for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Josiah Maduabuchi", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000056", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Esteban Esp\u00edndola.", "docs": [{"title": "Esteban Esp\u00edndola", "text": "<s>Esteban Esp\u00edndola Esteban Ezequiel Esp\u00edndola L\u00f3pez (born 22 March 1992) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a centre-back.</s><s>Club career. Esp\u00edndola began his career with Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n club River Plate, appearing on the bench twice in the league prior to making his debut in the 2012\u201313 Copa Argentina against Estudiantes. In July 2013, Esp\u00edndola joined fellow top-flight team Atl\u00e9tico de Rafaela on loan. Over the course of the 2013\u201314 Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n season he made just three appearances for Rafaela. 2014 saw him join Primera B Nacional's Nueva Chicago on a permanent deal, however he left less than a year later without making an appearance. In February 2015, Esp\u00edndola joined Primera Divisi\u00f3n side Belgrano. After twenty appearances in all competitions in his first three seasons with Belgrano, Esp\u00edndola was loaned out to Primera B Nacional team San Mart\u00edn in August 2017. His campaign with the club ended with promotion to the top division. Olimpia of the Liga Nacional in Honduras completed the"}, {"title": "Esteban Esp\u00edndola", "text": " signing of Esp\u00edndola on 18 August 2018. He participated in fourteen fixtures for Olimpia, before terminating his contract in December. In January 2019, Esp\u00edndola agreed to sign for Racing de C\u00f3rdoba in Argentina's Torneo Federal A. He suffered relegation with them. Esp\u00edndola then went back to Honduras with Marath\u00f3n. On 11 August 2019, Esp\u00edndola scored the first goal of his senior career during a 1\u20131 draw with former club Olimpia. After further strikes against Honduras Progreso and Real Sociedad, Esp\u00edndola switched Honduras for Costa Rica on 9 July 2020 by agreeing terms with Saprissa. He signed a one-year contract and received the shirt number five.</s><s>International career. Esp\u00edndola has represented Argentina at U15 and U17 level, making three appearances for the latter at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria. He scored in the aforementioned tournament, converting a penalty in a group stage match against Germany.</s><s>Career statistics..</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Club. - River Plate - U-20 Copa Libertadores: 2012 - Saprissa - Liga FPD: Claus"}, {"title": "Esteban Esp\u00edndola", "text": "ura 2021</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Esteban Esp\u00edndola", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000057", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Nancy Onyango.", "docs": [{"title": "Nancy Onyango", "text": "<s>Nancy Onyango Nancy Asiko Onyango, commonly known as Nancy Onyango, is a Kenyan accountant, businesswoman and corporate executive, who is the Director of the Office of Internal Audit and Inspection at the International Monetary Fund. She was appointed on 4 December 2017, with the appointment to take effect on 1 February 2018. Before her appointment, she served as the CEO of Reliance Risk Advisory Solutions, a Nairobi-based consultancy firm.</s><s>Background and education. She was born in Kenya, attending local schools for her pre-university education. In 1984, she was admitted to the University of Nairobi (UoN), graduating in 1987, with a Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) degree in Accounting and Finance. She continued with her studies at UoN, graduating in 1989, with a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree. Later in 2013, she enrolled into the United States International University Africa, graduating in 2016, with a Doctor of Business Administration (DrBA) degree. As part of her doctoral studies, she took courses at Columbia Business School, in New York City.</s><s>Career. For a period of nearly four years, from July 1995 until December 1998, she worked as a manager at"}, {"title": "Nancy Onyango", "text": " PricewaterhouseCoopers, at their location in Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom. Following that, she was promoted to senior manager at the same firm, where she worked for another three and half years until August 2002. In July 2005, she was appointed Partner at PwC, leading the consulting unit at PwC East Africa, based in Nairobi, Kenya, specializing in technology, governance risk and compliance, serving in that capacity until June 2012. In July 2012, she was named the head of the then newly created Risk Assurance Services Unit at PwC East Africa, serving there until October 2014. In January 2015, for a period of 20 months, she was appointed partner at Ernst & Young, serving as the head of governance, risk & compliance for the African continent, until August 2016. In December 2017, she was appointed to lead the Internal Audit unit at the IMF, effective February 2018.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/12/04/pr17461-imf-managing-director-christine-lagarde-names-nancy-asiko-onyango-as-director-of-oia |date="}, {"title": "Nancy Onyango", "text": "4 December 2017 |title=IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Names Nancy Asiko Onyango as Director of the IMF's Office of Independent Audit | work=International Monetary Fund |author=IMF |access-date=4 December 2017 |location=Washington, DC }}</s><s>Family. Nancy Onyango is a married mother of three sons.</s><s>Other considerations. She holds several board appointments, including as non-executive director of Kenya Commercial Bank Group, non-executive director of Cytonn Investments, and Fairtrade Africa, where she chairs the board's audit and finance committee.</s><s>See also. - Kellen Kariuki - Stella Kilonzo - Christine Lagarde - Nokwanda Mngeni</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Nancy Onyango", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000058", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Salome Maswime.", "docs": [{"title": "Salome Maswime", "text": "<s>Salome Maswime Salome Maswime is a South African clinician and global health expert. She is an Obstetrician and Gynaecologist and the Head of Global Surgery at the University of Cape Town. She advocates for women's health rights, equity in surgical and maternal care, and providing adequate health services to remote and underserved populations. She advises and consults for many institutions, including the World Health Organization. In 2017, she was honored with the Trailblazer and Young Achiever Award. She is a member of the Academy of Science of South Africa.</s><s>Early life and education. Salome Maswime is from Limpopo. Her father was a theology professor at the University of Venda. She graduated in medicine from the University of KwaZulu-Natal in 2005. During her medical internship, she saw two mothers die in a maternity ward in Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal. This experience inspired her to train as a specialist obstetrician and gynecologist, as she feared she would \"remain part of the problem that was leading to many preventable and unjust maternal deaths.\" Maswime spent a decade at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesberg and at the Chris"}, {"title": "Salome Maswime", "text": " Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital in Soweto. During this time, she realized she wanted to continue her formal education to understand the underlying causes of negative outcomes for mothers and neonates in childbirth. She secured a PhD position supported by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the South African Medical Research Council that allowed her to find ways to improve the lives of mothers and infants. She completed her Masters and PhD theses at the University of the Witwatersrand, where she looked to reduce maternal morbidity from caesarean section related haemorrhage across 15 hospitals in Gauteng.</s><s>Career. Maswime is an executive member of the South African Perioperative Research Group. She is a member of the International Network of Obstetric Survey Systems. She was a lecturer and Director of the University of the Witwatersrand Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinical Research Division and an obstetrician at the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital Academic Hospital. She works with women with high risk pregnancies. Her research considers maternal near miss and mortality. She found that maternal deaths from bleeding during caesarean sections have increased in South Africa. She compared the preparedness of hospitals for surgical complications in caesarean sections in southern"}, {"title": "Salome Maswime", "text": " Gauteng. Maswime discovered that Africa accounts for 200,000 maternal deaths per year; which is two thirds of all maternal deaths worldwide. In 2017, she was named by the Mail & Guardian as one of the Top 200 South Africans. She has written for The Conversation about increasing the number of caesarean sections in Africa. She won the Trailblazer and Young Achiever Award from Jacob Zuma in 2017. In 2018, she launched the South African Clinician Scientists Society, a collegial group for emerging specialists and researchers returning from training abroad that facilitates mentorship, networking, and multidisciplinary research. She was awarded a Discovery Foundation Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital Fellowship in 2018. Her fellowship allows her to research the causes of stillbirths in HIV-positive people. The fellowship is worth R2.1 million. During her postdoctoral year, Maswime found herself one of only two people at meetings at the World Health Organization or UNICEF. She also worked on her approach to mental health as it relates to mothers and children. In 2019 she was appointed as a Professor of Global Surgery at the University of Cape Town. In 2020, she was announced as one of the World Economic Forum's Class of 2020 Young Scientists, a group"}, {"title": "Salome Maswime", "text": " of 25 notable researchers who are \"at the forefront of scientific discovery.\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Salome Maswime", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000059", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Christian Almeida.", "docs": [{"title": "Christian Almeida", "text": "<s>Christian Almeida Christian Andr\u00e9s Almeida Rodr\u00edguez (born 25 December 1989) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Nacional.</s><s>Career. Liverpool were Almeida's first senior team, beginning in his homeland of Uruguay and subsequently remaining for six years with Liverpool. His debut for the club arrived on 13 August 2011 in a draw away to Racing Club (M), which was one of four appearances in the 2011\u201312 Uruguayan Primera Divisi\u00f3n. Four years and fifty-four appearances later, in March 2015, Almeida scored his first goal in a 2\u20135 victory over Cerrito; which came in the Uruguayan Segunda Divisi\u00f3n following relegation in 2013\u201314 - Liverpool won instant promotion back in 2014\u201315 as champions. He made his Copa Sudamericana bow in 2017 against Fluminense. In January 2018, Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n side Defensa y Justicia signed Almeida. Two goals, against Racing Club (A) and Mitre (cup), in sixteen matches followed in his first season. Almeida departed in January 2019 to join Belgrano. He remained for twelve months as Bel"}, {"title": "Christian Almeida", "text": "grano suffered relegation to Primera B Nacional. Almeida left in January 2020, as he agreed terms with Godoy Cruz. In October 2020, Almeida returned to his former club Liverpool. He left the club again at the end of the year. On 9 April 2021, Almeida signed with Nacional.</s><s>Career statistics..</s><s>Honours. - Liverpool - Segunda Divisi\u00f3n: 2014\u201315</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Christian Almeida", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000060", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Le\u00f3n Dujovne.", "docs": [{"title": "Le\u00f3n Dujovne", "text": "<s>Le\u00f3n Dujovne Le\u00f3n Dujovne (15 November 1898 \u2013 16 January 1984) was an Argentine writer, philosopher, essayist and journalist.</s><s>Early life. Dujovne was born to Jewish parents in the village of Kurilovich, near the small town of Mohyliv-Podilskyi (Vinnytsia Oblast), on the border with Bessarabia (Moldova) in the Russian Empire. At the age of one, his parents emigrated to Argentina; the family settled in Basavilbaso, Entre R\u00edos, one of the several Jewish colonies founded by Baron Maurice de Hirsch in the province.</s><s>Notable works. - \" El juda\u00edsmo como cultura\". Buenos Aires: Ediciones Nueva Presencia, 1980.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Le\u00f3n Dujovne", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000061", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Francisco Urroz.", "docs": [], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Francisco Urroz", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000062", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rui Campos.", "docs": [{"title": "Rui Campos", "text": "<s>Rui Campos Rui Campos or Rui (2 August 1922 \u2013 2 January 2002) was a Brazilian football player. He played for the Brazil in the 1950 FIFA World Cup.</s><s>Career. Born in S\u00e3o Paulo, He played for Bonsucesso, Fluminense, Bangu, S\u00e3o Paulo and Palmeiras during his career. At S\u00e3o Paulo, he formed a successful midfield trio with Jos\u00e9 Carlos Bauer and Alfredo Noronha.</s><s>Career.:National team. Rui Campos played 30 matches for the Brazil national team between 1944 and 1950, including 1950 FIFA World Cup matches.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rui Campos", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000063", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Flavio M\u00e9ndez Santiago.", "docs": [{"title": "Flavio M\u00e9ndez Santiago", "text": "<s>Flavio M\u00e9ndez Santiago Flavio M\u00e9ndez Santiago (alias \"El Amarillo\") is a Mexican drug lord of Los Zetas.</s><s>Kingpin Act sanction. On 24 March 2010, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned M\u00e9ndez Santiago under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (sometimes referred to simply as the \"Kingpin Act\"), for his involvement in drug trafficking along with fifty-three other international criminals and ten foreign entities. The act prohibited U.S. citizens and companies from doing any kind of business activity with him, and virtually froze all his assets in the U.S.</s><s>Arrest. He was captured on January 18, 2011 in Villa de Etla, Oaxaca.</s><s>See also. - List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Flavio M\u00e9ndez Santiago", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000064", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of \u00c9dgar Iv\u00e1n L\u00f3pez.", "docs": [{"title": "\u00c9dgar Iv\u00e1n L\u00f3pez", "text": "<s>\u00c9dgar Iv\u00e1n L\u00f3pez \u00c9dgar Iv\u00e1n L\u00f3pez Rodr\u00edguez (born 21 April 1999), also known as Gacelo, is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga MX club Toluca.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "\u00c9dgar Iv\u00e1n L\u00f3pez", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000065", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Felipe (footballer, born 1977).", "docs": [{"title": "Felipe (footballer, born 1977)", "text": "<s>Felipe (footballer, born 1977) Felipe Jorge Loureiro (born 2 September 1977), known as Felipe, is a Brazilian football coach and former footballer. He is the current head coach of Bangu. A left-footed midfielder and left-back, Felipe is known for his playmaking style, that nicknamed him as \"Maestro\", with his excellent ball control, dribbling skills, and vision for orchestrating offensive plays and providing precise passes.</s><s>Career. Felipe arrives in Vasco da Gama as a futsal player in 1984 at 6 years old. There, he met Pedrinho, who would be his profession colleague and also personal friend. Times later, in 1990 at 12 years old, Felipe came up through the ranks of Vasco da Gama as a youth player. In 1996, Felipe received his first chance between the professionals, playing as a left back. Until 1999, Felipe stood in Vasco da Gama, getting chances in the Brazil national team and consecrating himself as one of the greatest idols of the club. After an unsuccessful negotiation to Roma and injuries in 2000, Felipe in 2001, already playing as a left side midfielder since 1999, was loaned to Palmeir"}, {"title": "Felipe (footballer, born 1977)", "text": "as, returning to play as a left back, and, posteriorly, to Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro. In 2002, returns to Vasco da Gama for a short time, playing as an left side midfielder, before a negotiated and goes to a mid-season spend in Galatasaray. In 2003, Felipe returns to Brazil, playing two seasons as a right winger for Flamengo. In 2005, after polemics, made a quickly move to Fluminense after goes to Al Sadd, spending five seasons in Middle East. In 2010, Felipe returns to Vasco da Gama, 14 years after his professional debut in the club. Felipe finished his footballer career in Fluminense in 2013. He has seven caps with the Brazil national team, the first one on 23 September 1998. He won the Copa Am\u00e9rica in 2004. Years after his retirement as a footballer, Felipe started his career as a coach, debuting at Tigres do Brasil.</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Club. - Vasco da Gama - Brasileir\u00e3o S\u00e9rie A (2): 1997, 2000 (Copa Jo\u00e3o Havelange) - Copa do Brasil (1): 2011 - Cop"}, {"title": "Felipe (footballer, born 1977)", "text": "a Libertadores (1): 1998 - Campeonato Carioca (1): 1998 - Rio de Janeiro \u2013 S\u00e3o Paulo Tournament (1): 1999 - Copa Mercosur (1): 2000 - Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca (1): 2004 - Fluminense - Campeonato Carioca (1): 2005 - Al Sadd - Qatar Stars League (2): 2005\u201306, 2006\u201307 - Emir of Qatar Cup (1): 2006\u201307 - Crown Prince Cup (3): 2006, 2007, 2008 - Sheikh Jassem Cup (1): 2006\u201307</s><s>Honours.:International. - Brazil - Copa Am\u00e9rica (1): 2004</s><s>Honours.:Individual. - Copa do Brasil Player of Year (2): 2004, 2011 - Campeonato Carioca Player of Year (1): 2004 - Campeonato Carioca Midfielder of Year (3): 2004, 2011, 2012 - South American Team of the Year: 1998</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Felipe (footballer, born 1977)", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000066", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mateo Correa Magallanes.", "docs": [{"title": "Mateo Correa Magallanes", "text": "<s>Mateo Correa Magallanes Mateo Correa Magallanes (also known as Mateo Correa, Fr. Correa; July 23, 1866 \u2013 February 6, 1927) was a Knight of Columbus, of Council 2140.{{cite web Correa was born at Tepechitl\u00e1n, Zacatecas, Mexico. He attended the seminary at Zacatecas on a scholarship, in 1881. He was ordained as priest in 1893 at the age of 27. As a young priest, he gave first communion to Miguel Pro who also became a priest and was later martyred. Correa was assigned as a parish priest to Concepci\u00f3n del Oro in 1898, and then to Colotl\u00e1n in 1908. Following the government's repression of the Catholic Church in 1910, he went into hiding. He was assigned to Valpara\u00edso in 1926.</s><s>Martyrdom. In 1927, during the government's continuing persecution of the church, Correa was arrested by soldiers as he was bringing Viaticum to a woman who was an invalid. Accused of being part of the armed Cristero defense, he was jailed in Zacatecas, and then in Durango. On February 5,"}, {"title": "Mateo Correa Magallanes", "text": " 1927, Correa was asked by General Eulogio Ortiz to hear the confessions of some imprisoned members of the Cristeros, an uprising of Catholic men who decided to fight back against the persecution of the church led by Mexico's president Plutarco Elias Calles. Correa agreed to administer the Sacrament of Confession to these prisoners, but afterward Ortiz demanded to know what the condemned prisoners had confessed. Correa refused. Ortiz then pointed a gun at Correa's head and threatened him with immediate death. Correa continued to refuse, and at dawn on February 6, 1927, he was taken to the cemetery on the outskirts of Durango and shot through the head.{{cite web</s><s>Canonization. He was beatified by Pope John Paul II on November 22, 1992, and then canonized on May 21, 2000 during the Jubilee of Mexico.{{cite web</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mateo Correa Magallanes", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000067", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ana Cl\u00e1udia Bolzan.", "docs": [{"title": "Ana Cl\u00e1udia Bolzan", "text": "<s>Ana Cl\u00e1udia Bolzan Ana Cl\u00e1udia Bolzan (born 15 July 1996) is a Brazilian handballer for EC Pinheiros and the Brazilian national team.</s><s>Titles. - Pan American Women's Club Handball Championship: 2017 - South and Central American Women's Club Handball Championship: 2022</s><s>Individual awards. - 2022 South and Central American Women's Club Handball Championship: All star team left wing</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ana Cl\u00e1udia Bolzan", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000068", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Tarik Marzouk.", "docs": [{"title": "Tarik Marzouk", "text": "<s>Tarik Marzouk Tarik Merzouk is a Moroccan footballer, who played for Sheikh Russel KC and other clubs.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Club. The midfielder played in his homeland for FAR Rabat, KAC Kenitra, and MAT T\u00e9touan.</s><s>Career.:International. Marzouk played for FAR in the 2007 CAF Champions League group stages.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Tarik Marzouk", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000069", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ariel Behar.", "docs": [{"title": "Ariel Behar", "text": "<s>Ariel Behar Ariel Behar (; born November 12, 1989 in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan professional tennis player. He specializes in men's doubles and has won three ATP titles with Ecuadorian partner Gonzalo Escobar. His career-high doubles ranking is World No. 39 achieved on 31 January 2022. He has taken part of the Uruguay Davis Cup team since 2009.</s><s>Personal. Behar played tennis for the first time at 3 years old and began playing seriously aged 10. Growing up, he admired Roger Federer and Andre Agassi. He is from a Jewish family but is \"not a big fan\" of religion.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:2012-2017: ATP and Grand Slam debut. Since the mid 2010s, Behar competed primarily on the ATP Challenger Tour, where he has won 22 doubles titles. Partnering with Aliaksandr Bury, he was a semi-finalist at the 2017 Estoril Open, an ATP 250 tournament. He entered the main draw at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships, his first appearance at a Grand Slam.</s><s>Professional career.:2018-2022: Three doubles titles, top 50. Partnering with Ecuadorian Gonzalo Escobar, Behar won two"}, {"title": "Ariel Behar", "text": " ATP titles at the 2021 Delray Beach Open and the 2021 Andaluc\u00eda Open and reached three other finals on the ATP tour in 2021 after winning two ATP Challenger Tour titles together in 2020. He entered the top 50 following the final at the 2021 Serbia Open on 26 April 2021. The pair has also won a total of 8 Challenger titles. Behar finished the year 2021 ranked No. 41, a career-high doubles ranking. In 2022, he reached a fourth final and won his third ATP 250 title with Behar at the 2022 Serbia Open defeating top seeds Mate Pavic and Nikola Mektic.</s><s>Wins over top 10 players.</s><s>Wins over top 10 players.:Doubles. - Behar has a record against players who were, at the time the match was played, ranked in the top 10.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ariel Behar", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000070", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Robin del Castillo.", "docs": [{"title": "Robin del Castillo", "text": "<s>Robin del Castillo</s><s>Early life and career. Robin del Castillo was born in Cali, Colombia. Robin has a real passion for Music and has been dreaming about music ever since the age of 7. Robin grew up in a country where music is all around in its purest and most divers form; he remembers listening, playing, and dancing to many kinds of rhythms. The richness of this background gave him the ability to sing any kind of music. However over the past years, working as a professional singer, he specialized in Latin Tropical Music (Salsa, Merengue, Cumbia, Bachata, Reggaeton, and Latin pop). In the 90s in Cali, Colombia, a popular TV program SONEROS 4 was offering the chance to amateurs impassioned by music to perform in public. Singing has always been his passion. Therefore, in 1994, at the age of 15, Robin decided to participate in this TV Show. This was his first time performing in front of cameras and such a big crowd. Following the show, he received calls from numerous salsa bands in Cali. From this moment on, Robin took part in many well known bands in Colombia such as Cali Sabor, The Metropolitan"}, {"title": "Robin del Castillo", "text": " Police band (during his military service), Los Gomelos under the label of Sony Music Entertainment, the Merengue Band under the label of \"Los lideres de Venezuela\", and the Matacena Orchestra under the label of FM Records. His career as a singer offered him the opportunity to visit many countries like: Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Spain, Italy, France, and England.</s><s>2001- Present: London base. In 2001 Robin finally decided to take base in London (UK) to work and start a new life style. In the same year, he had the pleasure to meet Mr. Roberto Pla; the leader of one of the most well known Latin jazz and Salsa band in the UK. After a couple of months, he became Robin del Castillo. He created his own Latin band and recorded 3 tropical albums: 2 of them were made with very well known cover songs and the third one, from his own inspiration, is called \"Pa\u2019 Mi Tierra\". Over the past 7 years, Robin Del Castillo has been playing and taking part in the most successful Latin events in London. In addition, he did musical accompaniment for singers like: David Pabon, Pedro Conga, Paquito Guzman"}, {"title": "Robin del Castillo", "text": ", Luisito Carrion, Jose Bello, Mariano Civico, Roberto Blades among others. They also regularly perform in private parties, birthdays, Embassies (i.e. Panama, Australia, Peru, Mexico, Spain) and weddings, as for example Mr. Martin Campbell's wedding, Director of Casino Royal 007, in Geneva, Switzerland.</s><s>Success. His success went beyond UK\u2019s frontiers, and extended to countries like: Spain, Italy, France, Switzerland, Dubai, Cyprus, Netherlands, Belgium where many people witnessed his talent and charisma on stage. Robin del Castillo was one of the artists nominated for the \"GSD Media and Latin American Music award UK 2009\", in the following categories: Best Latin song of the year with '\"Aquella Mujer\"', Best Latin music Video also with '\"Aquella Mujer\"', and the \"Revelation Latino\".</s><s>Discography. 2009: Robin Del Castillo is currently launching his new album called Pa\u2019 Mi Tierra with 10 songs; he is the author and compositor of 8 of those songs, and the other 2 are famous romantic Latin songs that he adapted to Salsa music. This album is a mix of several Latin rhythms:"}, {"title": "Robin del Castillo", "text": " Salsa, Chacha, Salsaton...The song \"She's the One\" for example is a Salsaton \"(mix of Salsa and Reggaeton)\" in Spanglish.</s><s>Track Listing of the album Pa'Mi Tierra. 1. \"Pa'Mi Tierra\" \u2013 4:25 2. \"Muere de Pena\" \u2013 5:32 3. \"She's the one\" \u2013 4:16 4. \"Dayana\" \u2013 3:58 5. \"Aquella Mujer\" \u2013 4:30 6. \"Fiestas de Navidad\" \u2013 4:05 7. \"Ya No Puedo Amarte\" \u2013 5:30 8. \"Ni se le ocurra\" \u2013 4:31 9. \"Mori\" \u2013 4:53 10. \"Olvidarte\" \u2013 6:01</s><s>Del Castillo Latin Productions limited. In August 2009, Robin Del Castillo opened his own entertainment company: Del Castillo Latin Productions ltd. Del Castillo Latin Productions ltd hosted its first exclusive live Salsa Concerts in London on September 18 and 19, 2009 with the very famous Jose Bello (Dominican Salsa singer, living in"}, {"title": "Robin del Castillo", "text": " New York), and Camilo Azuquita (Panamian Salsa singer, living in Paris). It was the first time that those two maestros de la salsa were performing in London (UK), and the first time that both talents were re-united on the same stage. Numerous media and newspapers related the event (Latin and British newspapers alike). Time out London described the event with terms as laudatory as: \"a live set from acclaimed Dominican Republic salsa singer, Bello, with sumptuous backing from Robin del Castillo and his orchestra\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Robin del Castillo", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000071", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Abdelhamid Shabana.", "docs": [{"title": "Abdelhamid Shabana", "text": "<s>Abdelhamid Shabana Abdelhameed Shabana ( ;born 2 October 1985) is an Egyptian footballer who is currently a free agent. He is an electrifying attacking midfielder, who can also play as a striker or a winger. Abdelhameed Shabana is well known for crashing the top clubs of Egypt with his famous goals against Zamalek, Al-Ahly and Ismaily.</s><s>National Teams. He has been a regular international for the Egypt U20 and Egypt U23 team, and played in the African Games qualifiers, as well as winning the Qatar U23 Cup.</s><s>Club statistics.</s><s>Honors.</s><s>Honors.:with Al-Ahly. - Egyptian Premier League (2010-2011)</s><s>Honors.:with Churchill Brothers. - Federation Cup (2014)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Abdelhamid Shabana", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000072", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Zi\u00e9 Ouattara.", "docs": [{"title": "Zi\u00e9 Ouattara", "text": "<s>Zi\u00e9 Ouattara Zi\u00e9 Mohamed Ouattara (born 9 January 2000) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays as right-back for Portimonense.</s><s>Club career. A youth product of ASEC Mimosas, Ouattara transferred to Vit\u00f3ria S.C. on 30 January 2018. Ouattara made his professional debut with Vit\u00f3ria B in a 3\u20132 LigaPro loss to F.C. Penafiel on 9 December 2018.</s><s>International career. Ouattara debuted for the Ivory Coast U23s in a pair of 2019 Africa U-23 Cup of Nations qualification matches in March 2019.</s><s>Honours. Ivory Coast U23 - Africa U-23 Cup of Nations: runner-up 2019</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Zi\u00e9 Ouattara", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000073", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Juan Nepomucino Goetz.", "docs": [{"title": "Juan Nepomucino Goetz", "text": "<s>Juan Nepomucino Goetz Juan Nepomucino Goetz () was an Austrian Catholic priest whose arrival in Cuba led to two extraordinary controversies. Goetz became Professor of Philosophy and Morality at the Imperial and Royal University of Vienna, and then, desiring to travel, was appointed music chaplain of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo in Hispaniola (Dominican Republic). Later, as priest and rector, he moved to San Fernando de Monte Cristi, and then to the wealthy parish of M\u00f4le Saint-Nicolas in Haiti. There he witnessed the slave uprising and the occupation of his parish by the British. When Toussaint-Louverture drove out the British, he rang the church bells and celebrated. However, in the following period, Goetz fled to Santiago de Cuba, where his knowledge of languages gave him a place as the 'foreigners' priest.</s><s>Goetz in Santiago de Cuba. When Esteban Salas y Castro, choirmaster in the Cathedral of Santiago de Cuba, died in 1803, the election of the new Maestro de Capilla was an extraordinary event. It had been a foregone conclusion that Francisco Jos\u00e9 Hierrezuelo, long-time assistant of Salas"}, {"title": "Juan Nepomucino Goetz", "text": ", would be elected. Came the day, and Hierrezuelo spotted a certain well-qualified German priest in the choir. Blind with rage, and fearing the bishop had planned a conspiracy to thwart him, Hierrezuelo refused to take the examination, picked up his pen and wrote infuriated letters. The bishop persuaded the German, none other than Goetz, to renounce his candidacy, but Hierrezuelo had so offended the bishop and the town council by his irate letters that, despite grovelling apologies, he got only a minor position in the chapel. He was never to become a maestro. The competent and hard-working Juan Par\u00eds was appointed, and Goetz moved on to Havana, where his arrival also had remarkable consequences.</s><s>Goetz in Havana. In Havana, choirmaster Lazo de la Vega was ailing and died. After his death, four men sought the post: 28-year-old first violinist Jos\u00e9 Francisco Rensoli, singer Luis Lazo, maestro Cayetano Solis and the Catalan Cayetano Pagueras, a religious composer and first contralto. The matter was to be decided by competitive examination. Pagueras was a strong candidate, regarding himself as"}, {"title": "Juan Nepomucino Goetz", "text": " a maestro in four arts: plainsong, organ playing, counterpoint and composition. All were set for the examination when a letter, written on 29 July, 1803, arrived at the cathedral. It was from Goetz, offering his service. Goetz arrived in Havana at the beginning of November 1803, having applied for naturalization as a Spanish subject. Later that month, the town council, duly impressed with his competence, appointed him interim holder of the desired position. Pagueras and Rensoli set out to make his work as difficult as possible. \"When Goetz appeared before the choir, he was surrounded by pale, half-scared smiles\" (Carpentier, p136). After looking, listening and questioning, he wrote a first report to the town council full of acute assessments of key members of the choir: As a good musician, he reduced the number of positions, moved young singers up in status and recommended that any reduced in rank should retake the exam, both theoretical and practical. Under his plan in 1806, the singers and musicians were: choirmaster, four sopranos, two contraltos, two tenors, a baritone; two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns"}, {"title": "Juan Nepomucino Goetz", "text": ", four violins, bass viol, and bass.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Juan Nepomucino Goetz", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000074", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lodewicus du Plessis.", "docs": [{"title": "Lodewicus du Plessis", "text": "<s>Lodewicus du Plessis Lodewicus Johannes du Plessis (1897-1968) was a South African academic, alternative Afrikaner political philosopher, and Calvinist.</s><s>Roots. He was born on 10 February 1897 in Burgersdorp, Cape Colony. He was the son of Jacobus Albertus du Plessis and Laurika Postma. He married Engela Susanna van der Merwe on 12 January 1926. He died on 19 February 1968 in Potchefstroom, Transvaal, South Africa.</s><s>Education. Du Plessis matriculated in 1912 from Potchefstroom Gimnasium. He received his BA, BA Hons (Classical languages) and MA (Classical languages) at the University of Pretoria. Later he also received a master's degree in Economics, as well as an LL.B. (law degree).</s><s>Career. In 1918 he started as a senior lecturer in Classical languages at The Theological Seminar of the Reformed Church (Afrikaans: \"Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika\") in Potchefstroom. After obtaining the economics and law qualifications, he was offered a profess"}, {"title": "Lodewicus du Plessis", "text": "orship in economics, political science and ethics at the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education. In later years he focused on law. He was secretary of the commission who translated the Bible in Afrikaans and was an advisor to Totius.</s><s>Calvinism. He was an alternative Calvinist, in the sense that he believed that only Calvinism is not the answer. He was open to a combination of Calvinism, Marxism and other possible beliefs.</s><s>Politics. He was actively participating in Afrikaner politics, although he never stood for office. He was chairman of the Afrikaner Broederbond from 1930-1932. He was not scared to differ from political leaders such as J.B.M. Hertzog, DF Malan and J. G. Strijdom. His biggest clash was with H.F. Verwoerd, which caused him to be expelled from the National Party. Then, he also left the Afrikaner Broederbond. He was not in favour of Verwoerd's racial policy and his definition of an Afrikaner.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lodewicus du Plessis", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000075", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Worranit Thawornwong.", "docs": [{"title": "Worranit Thawornwong", "text": "<s>Worranit Thawornwong Worranit Thawornwong (\u0e27\u0e23\u0e19\u0e34\u0e29\u0e10\u0e4c \u0e16\u0e32\u0e27\u0e23\u0e27\u0e07\u0e28\u0e4c), better known as Mook () is a Thai actress and singer. She is the most famous actress in GMMTV. She is best known for her role in the 2015 Thai television series \"Ugly Duckling Series: Perfect Match\" as Junior and in \"My Dear Loser\" as Namkhing. She is also the Brand Ambassador of Idolo Thailand.</s><s>Early life and education. Worranit Thawornwong was born on 9 October 1996 in Bangkok, Thailand. She is the second child in the family. Her brother, Jirakit Thawornwong, is also an actor. She attended high school at Satriwitthaya 2 School and graduated from the Faculty of Humanities at Kasetsart University.</s><s>Career. Worranit started her acting career in 2014 through Channel Bang for the drama \"Rukjing Pinker\" as Bew. Later, she starred in another drama, Room Alone 401\u2013410, as Snow.</s><s>Career.:"}, {"title": "Worranit Thawornwong", "text": "Rising Popularity. In 2015, she gained popularity through the drama Ugly Duckling: Perfect Match, where she was paired with Puttichai Kasetsin. She also sang the song for the said drama. In 2016, she became part in another drama,, where she was paired with Sattaphong Phiangphor. She was also paired with March Chutavuth Pattarakampol in another series, U-Prince where they took part in \"Ambitious Boss\". In 2017, she participated in another series, My Dear Loser, paired up together with Thanat Loekhunnasombat. Their part was entitled Monster Romance. In 2018, she was paired with Perawat Sangpotirat in another series, \"Mint To Be\". And she was paired with Yuke Songpaisan in another series, Love At First Hate. In 2019, she was paired with Krissada Pornweroj in \"Mia Noi\" series. She was paired with Oil Thana Suttikamol in another series, \"Plara Song Krueng\". In 2020, she participated in another series, Girl Next Room, paired up together with Pathompong Reonchaidee. Their part was entitled \"Motorbike"}, {"title": "Worranit Thawornwong", "text": " Baby\". She was paired with Jirayu La-ongmanee in another series, \"Ban Sao Sod\". Other than acting, she has also sung a few songs for the drama notably \"Mah Tun Welah Por Dee\" and \"Kon Jao Choo\" (\"Bee Dup Bee Doo\") for Ugly Duckling: Perfect Match and \"Poot Wah Ruk Nai Jai\" for Roon Pee Secret Love. She also starred in \"The Mask Singer Thailand\". She has a very good sweet voice and sings ost songs.</s><s>Special Project. In 2017, She also starred with Puttichai Kasetsin in GMMTV's special project \"Little Big Dream\" as a main role. In 2020, She also starred in GMMTV's project \"Love Stranger\" (Ep 3) as a main role.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Worranit Thawornwong", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000076", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Muhammad Alhamid.", "docs": [{"title": "Muhammad Alhamid", "text": "<s>Muhammad Alhamid Muhammad Alhamid (, ; born September 17, 1971) is an Indonesian professor, academician, lecturer, and civil servant. Muhammad was the chairman of the Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) for the period 2012\u20132017, after completing his duties as chairman of the Bawaslu, he was later appointed as a member of the Election Organization Ethics Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DKPP RI) for the period 2017\u20132022 and was inaugurated on 12 June 2017 by Indonesian President Joko Widodo. As an academician, he completed his doctoral education at Airlangga University in 2007. Three years later, he was appointed chairman of the Political Science Department of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of the Hasanuddin University from 2010 to 2012. On February 28, 2015, he was confirmed as a professor in the field of Sociology in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life and family. Muhammad was born in Makassar from a married couple who came from an Arab Indonesian family of the Ba 'Alawi sada clan named Sayyid Alhamid and Syarifah Aisyah Sadiq Alay"}, {"title": "Muhammad Alhamid", "text": "drus. He married an Indonesian Arab women with the surname Alhaddad named Lubena Umar Alahaddad. From his marriage to Lubena, he has 5 children named Fatimah Zahra, Jakfar Sodiq, Khadijah, Aisyah, and Umar Muchdar.</s><s>Biography.:Education. Muhammad completed his elementary school in 1984 in Makassar. After that he went to junior high school in SMP Negeri 7 in Ujung Tanah sub-district, Makassar and graduated in 1987. In 1990, he graduated from SMA Negeri 4 Makassar and the following year immediately continued his undergraduate education to Hasanuddin University, he graduated with \"Sarjana Ilmu Pemerintahan\" degree (Bachelor of Science in Government; abbreviated as SIP in Indonesia) in 1994. While he obtained the Master of Science (in Indonesia abbreviated as MSi) degree in 1999 at the same university. For the doctoral program, he completed it at Airlangga University in 2007.</s><s>Career. As an academic, Muhammad obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees at Hasanuddin University, while he obtained a doctoral degree from Airlangga University in"}, {"title": "Muhammad Alhamid", "text": " 2007. In 2008, he was appointed as secretary of the Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University until 2010, only in 2010-2012 he was appointed as chairman of the department. On February 28, 2015, he was inaugurated as a professor in the field of Sociology at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of the Hasanuddin University by delivering his acceptance speech entitled \"Realizing Quality Election Accountability and Integrated through the Transformation of Electoral Systems\". The awarding of the professorship was given directly by Hasanuddin University Chancellor, Professor Doctor Dwia Aries Tina Pulubuhu, MA and witnessed directly by the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla. In addition to being attended by the Vice President, the senate meeting was also attended by several figures, among others, Syahrul Yasin Limpo as Governor of South Sulawesi, Jimly Asshiddiqie as Chairman of Election Organization Ethics Council of the Republic of Indonesia, several members of the People's Representative Council of Indonesia, and several members of Bawaslu, KPU, and DKPP. In addition to being a lecturer in various courses at Hasanuddin University since 1997, Muhammad has also been a lecturer in Indonesian Political Systems"}, {"title": "Muhammad Alhamid", "text": " and Political Geography courses at the University of West Sulawesi since 2008. In addition, since 2010, he has also taught lectures on National Unity and Political Development at the Makassar Institute of Public Administration. Muhammad's involvement in electoral oversight institutions began in 2009. At that time he was elected chairman of the Election Supervisory Committee (Panwaslu) of South Sulawesi Province in the 2009 legislative and presidential elections in Indonesia. Three years later, the Commission II of the People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia chose him as the commissioner of the Election Supervisory Board of the Republic of Indonesia (Bawaslu RI) with the most votes. Muhammad served as chairman of the Bawaslu RI in the period 2012\u20132017, after completing his duties as chairman of the Bawaslu, he was later appointed as a member of the Election Organization Ethics Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DKPP RI) for the period 2017\u20132022 and was appointed on 12 June 2017 by Joko Widodo as President of Indonesia.</s><s>Publications.</s><s>Publications.:Book. - \"Eksistensi DKPP RI dalam Mengawal Demokrasi dan Pemilu Bermartabat\" [The Ex"}, {"title": "Muhammad Alhamid", "text": "istence of the DKPP RI in Escorting Dignified Democracy and Elections], published by Rajawali Press in 2018.</s><s>Publications.:Journals. - \"Mewujudkan Akuntabilitas Pemilu\" [Realizing Election Accountability]. \"Demokrasi Journal\", published by Jakarta National and Political Unity Agency in 2015. - \"Menilik Kesiapan Bawaslu dalam Menangani Pelanggaran dan Sengketa Pemilu 2014\" [Judging Bawaslu Readiness in Dealing with 2014 Election Violations and Disputes]. \"Pemilu dan Demokrasi Journal\", published by Perludem Foundation in 2013. - \"Gender Dalam Pandangan Islam\" [Gender in the Islamic View]. \"Al-Fikr Journal\", published by Faculty of Ushuluddin and Philosophy, Alauddin Islamic State University in 2012. - \"Akuntabilitas Pengawasan Pemilu yang Berkualitas dan Beradab\" [Accountability of Qualified and Civilized Election Supervision]. \"ADIL Journal\", published by Faculty of Law, YARSI University in 2012. - \"Peran International of Court dalam"}, {"title": "Muhammad Alhamid", "text": " Penyelesaian Sengketa Palestina-Israel\" [The Role of the International of Court in the Settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli Dispute]. \"Al-Fikr Journal\", published by Faculty of Ushuluddin and Philosophy, Alauddin Islamic State University in 2011. - \"Nahdlatul Ulama dan Perubahan Budaya Politik di Indonesia\" [Nahdlatul Ulama and Changes in Political Culture in Indonesia]. \"El Harakah Journal\", published by Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University Malang in 2010. - \"Pembangunan Bangsa dan Pembentukan Negara\" [Nation Building and State Formation]. \"Swara Politika Journal\", published by Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University in 2010. - \"Hegemoni Politik Muhammadiyah dalam Sistem Politik Indonesia\" [Muhammadiyah Political Hegemony in the Indonesian Political System]. \"Sosial Politik Journal\", published by Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Haluoleo University in 2009. - \"Peran Nahdlatul Ulama dalam Perubahan Politik di Indonesia\" [The Role of the Nahdlatul"}, {"title": "Muhammad Alhamid", "text": " Ulama in Political Change in Indonesia]. \"Sosial Politik Journal\", published by Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Haluoleo University in 2009. - Politic and Rational Choise. \"Social Sciences Scientific Journal\", published by University of Jember in 2008. - \"Sistem Administrasi Publik dan Pembangunan Partisipatif di Sulawesi Selatan\" [Public Administration System and Participatory in South Sulawesi]. \"Administrasi Publik Journal\", published by Lembaga Administrasi Negara Makassar in 2008.</s><s>Publications.:Thesis and dissertation. - \"Uwa dan Perubahan Sosial: Studi Kasus Kepemimpinan Uwa dalam Proses Adopsi Inovasi Petani Rabbise (Melon) Pada Komunitas Tolotang Sulawesi Selatan\" [Uwa and Social Change: Case Study of Uwa Leadership in the Process of Adopting Farmer Rabbise (Melon) Innovations in the Tolotang Community of South Sulawesi], dissertation at Airlangga University in 2007. - \"Analisis Tentang Faktor Penghambat Hak Inisiatif"}, {"title": "Muhammad Alhamid", "text": " DPRD Sulawesi Selatan Periode 2004-2009\" [Analysis of the Factors Inhibiting the Rights of the South Sulawesi DPRD Initiative for the 2004-2009 Period], thesis at Hasanuddin University in 1999. - \"Dimensi Politik Pembangunan Kawasan Timur Indonesia\" [Political Dimension of Eastern Indonesia Development], thesis at Hasanuddin University in 1994.</s><s>Awards. As a form of his loyalty has become a civil servant, in 2012, Muhammad was awarded the award by the Indonesian President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Then in 2015, Joko Widodo, as the President of Indonesia, officially awarded the honor of the 1st Class of Star of the Defenders of Democracy (Bintang Penegak Demokrasi Utama) to Muhammad, who at the time served as Chairman of the Election Supervisory Board of the Republic of Indonesia, the same award was given to Husni Kamil Manik as Chairman of the General Elections Commission of the Republic of Indonesia. The honorific is given based on the Republic of Indonesia's Presidential Decree Number 85/TK/YEAR 2015 dated August 7, 2015 concerning the awarding of honors. The awarding was given in"}, {"title": "Muhammad Alhamid", "text": " the framework of the 70th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia on August 13, 2015.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - - - - - - -</s><s>References.:Further reading. - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Muhammad Alhamid", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000077", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Profit (gamer).", "docs": [{"title": "Profit (gamer)", "text": "<s>Profit (gamer) Park Joon-yeong (, born November 19, 1999), better known by his online alias Profit, is a professional South Korean \"Overwatch\" player for the Seoul Dynasty of the Overwatch League (OWL). Prior to the OWL's inception, he played for GC Busan, winning OGN APEX Season 4 was named the APEX Finals most valuable player. In the Overwatch League, Park signed with the London Spitfire of the OWL in its inaugural season. He won the league's first Grand Finals with the Spitfire, after they defeated the Philadelphia Fusion, and was named the Grand Finals most valuable player.</s><s>Early years. Park was born on November 19, 1999, in Jinju, South Korea.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:GC Busan. Park began his \"Overwatch\" career with Korean team GC Busan in April 2017. The team competed in OGN APEX Season 4, a premier \"Overwatch\" tournament series in South Korea. After defeating Cloud 9 KongDoo in the semifinals, they were set to take on RunAway in the best-of-seven finals. Park amassed 134 kills, 44 more than any other player, to only 55 deaths in the"}, {"title": "Profit (gamer)", "text": " series, and led his team to a close 4\u20133 victory to win the championship. He was named the APEX Finals most valuable player for his performance throughout the series. He picked up another major championship after GC Busan defeated RunAway in the 2017 APAC Premier finals in China.</s><s>Professional career.:London Spitfire. Park, along with the entire GC Busan roster, signed with Cloud9's Overwatch League team London Spitfire in November 2017. Within the first two weeks of the 2018 season, Park was fined for giving the finger to his face camera during a league match; although he claimed that it was in response to a joke that was made off-camera by his team backstage, he publicly apologized for the gesture. The team found early success, reaching the Stage 1 Finals. In as 3\u20132 win over the New York Excelsior in the finals, Park participated in 38.2\u00a0percent of his team's kills, better than any other player in the Stage 1 Playoffs. At the end of the 2018 regular season, Park was the highest-rated DPS player across all heroes. The Spitfire defeated the Los Angeles Gladiators and Los Angeles Valiant in the quarterfinals and semifinals, respectively, of the 2018 season playoffs; Park averaged 8"}, {"title": "Profit (gamer)", "text": ",790 damage per 10 minutes in those two matches, second to Philadelphia Fusion's Josh \"Eqo\" Corona for all players in the playoffs. The Spitfire played the Fusion in the 2018 Grand Finals. In 3\u20131 and 3\u20130 victories over the Fusion, Park performed exceptionally well, most notably securing five final blows playing Tracer in the final 93 seconds on Volskaya Industries to secure a 1\u20130 lead in the best-of-three series. With numerous highlight-level plays throughout the series, Park was named the Grand Finals Most Valuable Player. As a member of the inaugural season champions, the Spitfire retired Park's number 13 jersey on January 15, 2020.</s><s>Professional career.:Seoul Dynasty. On October 22, 2019, the Spitfire agreed to transfer Park, along with teammates Hong \"Gesture\" Jae-hee and Choi \"Bdosin\" Seung-tae, to the Seoul Dynasty. During 2020 the season, Park became the first OWL player to claim 10,000 total eliminations. With Park as a consistent starter, the Dynasty made a deep playoff run in the 2020 playoffs, but they lost in the Grand Finals to the San Francisco Shock, 4\u20132. In the 2022 season, Park"}, {"title": "Profit (gamer)", "text": " won the Kickoff Clash, the first midseason tournament of the season, after he and the Dynasty defeated the Philadelphia Fusion in the finals. At the end of the regular season, he was awarded a Role Star commendation and was a finalist for the league's regular season MVP award. The Dynasty qualified for the season playoffs and were knocked down to the lower bracket after a loss to the Dallas Fuel. After the loss, the Dynasty elected to start Park as the support character Kiriko in their following match against the San Francisco Shock, despite him generally playing damage characters. The shift in roles did not result in a win, however, as the Dynasty lost the match and fell out of the playoffs.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Profit (gamer)", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000078", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Enamul Haque (engineer).", "docs": [{"title": "Enamul Haque (engineer)", "text": "<s>Enamul Haque (engineer) Enamul Haque () is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and Member of Parliament from Rajshahi-4.</s><s>Early life. Haque was born on 21 October 1969. He completed his undergraduate in engineering and also has a MBA.</s><s>Career. Haque was elected to Parliament from Rajshahi-4 in 2008 and on 5 January 2014 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate. On 16 September 2014, Bangladesh Anti-Corruption Commission recommended charging him with corruption regarding his company, Ena Enterprise. On 28 September 2017, local Awami League leaders in Rajshahi accused him of fermenting divisions in the Awami League and creating fractional feuds. He criticized Iqbal Sobhan Chowdhury, editor of The Daily Observer, after a report in the newspaper accused Haque of being involved with the drug trade.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Enamul Haque (engineer)", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000079", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rangi Te Kanawa.", "docs": [{"title": "Rangi Te Kanawa", "text": "<s>Rangi Te Kanawa Rangituatahi Te Kanawa (married name Rangi Warnes) is a New Zealand textile conservator and weaver. She is affiliated with the Ng\u0101ti Maniapoto iwi.</s><s>Biography. Te Kanawa received a scholarship from the Department of Internal Affairs to train in conservation of textiles. The committee of the Aotearoa Moananui a Kiwa Weavers were keen for M\u0101ori to be involved in the conservation of M\u0101ori textile artefacts held by museums and other cultural institutions. Her introductory training on conservation of cultural material was in Canberra, after which she completed a year of pre-training at the conservation unit of the National Museum in Wellington. As a prerequisite of the three-year Conservation in Cultural Materials course at Canberra University, she also had to pass sixth-form chemistry, which she did through a Wellington secondary school. The degree was followed by a six-month internship at the Textile Conservation Centre, Hampton Court Palace, and time at the British Museum. Te Kanawa works at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (Te Papa) and specialises in the conservation of and research about M\u0101ori textiles. She has been collaborating with a"}, {"title": "Rangi Te Kanawa", "text": " GNS forensic scientist on a project called the 'Whakapapa of Paru' to identify the provenance of cloaks in Te Papa's archives. Weaving by Te Kanawa has also been collected by Te Papa. Te Kanawa is a member of the New Zealand conservators of cultural materials association.</s><s>Family. Te Kanawa is the daughter of Diggeress Te Kanawa and the granddaughter of Dame Rangimarie Hetet.</s><s>Publications. - Blair, K. & Te Kanawa, R., \"The Conservation of M\u0101ori Textiles in Aotearoa New Zealand.\" Surface Design Journal, (2020) Vol. 44 No. 4, pp.\u00a040\u201344 - Hartnup, K., Huynen, L.,Te Kanawa, R., Shepherd, L.D., Millar, C.D., Lambert, D.M. & Ancient, \"DNA Recovers the Origins of M\u0101ori Feather Cloaks\" Molecular Biology and Evolution (October 2011) vol. 28 issue 10 pp.\u00a02741\u20132750</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rangi Te Kanawa", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000080", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of R. Selvaraj (politician).", "docs": [{"title": "R. Selvaraj (politician)", "text": "<s>R. Selvaraj (politician) R. Selvaraj was a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) representing Neyyattinkara constituency, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. He was a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the present ruling party in Kerala but resigned from the Kerala Legislature and the party on 9 March 2012 and joined Indian National Congress party. His resignation was attributed to rampant factionalism in his party. After joining the Indian National Congress, he contested the by-election from Neyyattinkara on \"Hand\" symbol and romped home with a margin of 6,334 votes, pushing up the ruling UDF's slender majority in the 140-member Kerala Assembly to 73. He again contested from the same constituency in 2016 and 2021. but he got defeated in both elections, i.e. for 9543 votes in 2016 and it increased to 14262 votes in 2021. He was defeated by K. Ansalan of CPI(M) in both elections.</s><s>Early life. R. Selvaraj was born to Shri. Varghese Nadar and Smt. Ruthe Nadar at Dhanuvachapuram near Neyyattink"}, {"title": "R. Selvaraj (politician)", "text": "ara on 5 March 1949. He has an elder sister, R.Sarojam and an elder brother, R.Chinnappan. He married Smt. Mary Valsala, they have two daughters Divya.M.S and Deepthi.M.S and live near Dhanuvachapuram, Thiruvananthapuram.</s><s>Political life. Selvaraj entered politics through the student wing of CPI(M), S.F.I and K.S.Y.F. He was elected for the first time to the Kerala Legislative Assembly on 2006 from Parassala constituency in Thiruvananthapuram. Later in the 2011 state election, he was elected from Neyyattinkara Constituency. On 9 March 2012, Selvaraj submitted his resignation from the post of MLA as well as the membership in the CPI(M) district committee, citing growing factionalism in the party and on being targeted by a section in the district party leadership. In April 2012, he joined the ruling party of the state, Indian National Congress. Selvaraj was fielded in by the Congress party in the by-election and was re-elected from the same constituency on 14 June 2012 by a margin"}, {"title": "R. Selvaraj (politician)", "text": " of 6334 votes after a fierce triangular battle for the seat. Other Positions held - C.P.I.(M) Area Secretary, Parassala - Vice-president, Kollayil Panchayat - District Joint Secretary, Karshaka Sangham, Thiruvananthapuram - Member, C.P.I. (M) District Committee, Thiruvananthapuram</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "R. Selvaraj (politician)", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000081", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sayuri Yamauchi.", "docs": [{"title": "Sayuri Yamauchi", "text": "<s>Sayuri Yamauchi, also known by the stage name, was a Japanese voice actress. Yamauchi voiced Itchy and Maude Flanders on the Japanese dub of \"The Simpsons\". Sayuri was formerly affiliated with Kyu Production and affiliated with Aigumi at the time of her death. On March 6, 2012, Yamauchi died of cancer and was 55 years old at the time of her death.</s><s>Voice roles.</s><s>Voice roles.:Anime. - \"The Big O\": Vera Ronstadt - \"The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn\": Hikaru Kosaka - \"Crayon Shin-chan\": Nanako Ohara, Lulu Lu Lulu - \"Cyborg 009\": 0012 - \"\": Satella - \"The King of Braves GaoGaiGar\": Primada, Ikumi Kaidou, Ai Amami (Mamoru's mom) - \"Saint of Braves Baan Gaan\": Astral - \"Mobile Suit Gundam Wing\" and \"\": Lady Une - \"Outlaw Star\": \"Twilight\" Suzuka - \"Samurai Champloo\": Osuzu - \"Shaman King\": Maya - \"Shamanic Princess\": Tiara</s><s>Voice roles"}, {"title": "Sayuri Yamauchi", "text": ".:Dubbing.</s><s>Voice roles.:Dubbing.:Live-action. - \"A.I. Artificial Intelligence\": Monica Swinton (Frances O'Connor) - \"Erin Brockovich\": Donna Jensen (Marg Helgenberger) - \"The Long Kiss Goodnight\": Trin (Melina Kanakaredes) - \"Love, Honour and Obey\": Sadie (Sadie Frost) - \"The Matrix\": Switch (Belinda McClory) - \"\": Claire Phelps (Emmanuelle B\u00e9art) - \"Pecker\": Precinct Captain (Mink Stole) - \"The Sea Inside\": Rosa (Lola Due\u00f1as) - \"Suspiria\" (1998 DVD edition): Miss Tanner (Alida Valli) - \"Twin Peaks\": Audrey Horne (Sherilyn Fenn)</s><s>Voice roles.:Dubbing.:Animation. - \"The Simpsons\": Itchy; Maude Flanders</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sayuri Yamauchi", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000082", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Shin Jea-hwan.", "docs": [{"title": "Shin Jea-hwan", "text": "<s>Shin Jea-hwan Shin Jea-hwan (Hangul: \uc2e0\uc7ac\ud658; born March 3, 1998) is a South Korean artistic gymnast. He is the 2020 Summer Olympic champion on vault. He is a two-time World Cup champion on vault (2020 Melbourne, 2020 Baku).</s><s>Personal life. Shin was born on March 3, 1998, in Seoul. He attended the Korea National Sport University and graduated in 2020. Shin relocated to Jecheon in 2021. He looks up to teammate Yang Hak-seon.</s><s>Career. Shin made his senior international debut at the 2019 Zhaoqing World Cup, where he won silver on vault and finished fourth on floor. Shin competed on vault and floor at several events on the 2020 World Cup circuit and won two golds on vault. After points were re-allocated to eligible gymnasts following the 2019 World Championships, he was leading the series to qualify for the 2020 Summer Olympics when the COVID-19 pandemic curtailed the 2020 series. In 2021, the International Gymnastics Federation decided at the last minute to hold the final event in the qualification process, the 2021 Doha World Cup; Shin chose to attend to preserve his"}, {"title": "Shin Jea-hwan", "text": " series lead over Japanese gymnast Hidenobu Yonekura. Despite placing fifth to Yonekura's first in Doha, Shin was able to win the overall series on a tiebreaker and qualify as an individual for the Olympic Games in Tokyo. At 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, he qualified for vault final in first place winning the tiebreak against Armenia's Artur Davtyan with both men scoring 14.866, but he ranked ahead due to his higher individual vault score (15.100 vs 15.000). In the vault final, he won the gold after ranking ahead in the tiebreak once more, this time against Denis Ablyazin of ROC. Both men scored 14.783, but he won yet again due to having his higher individual vault score (14.833 vs 14.800). This is South Korea's second gold medal on the vault apparatus after Yang Hak-seon won it at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Shin Jea-hwan", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000083", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Leo Kokubo.", "docs": [{"title": "Leo Kokubo", "text": "<s>Leo Kokubo</s><s>International career. Kokubo was born in Japan to a Nigerian father and Japanese mother. He is a youth international for Japan, having represented the Japan U16s and U18s.</s><s>Club statistics.. - Notes</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Leo Kokubo", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000084", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Neha Sargam.", "docs": [{"title": "Neha Sargam", "text": "<s>Neha Sargam Neha Dubey also known by her stage name Neha Sargam is an Indian actress and singer. Known for her participation on Indian Idol 4 and her shows like Chand Chupa Badal Mein on Star Plus, Ramayan on Zee TV, Mahabharat on Star Plus, Doli Armano Ki on Zee TV, Mirzapur and theatre musical Mughal-E-Azam (musical)</s><s>Career. Neha had auditioned in \"Indian Idol\" 2, but she forgot the lyrics in the second audition and was rejected. Neha had appeared in \"Indian Idol\" 4 in 2009. She appears in the cast for \"Chand Chupa Badal Mein,\" as well as \"Ramayan\" as Sita. She played the part of Lakshmi in \"Paramavatar Shri Krishna\". She has also worked in the serials, she did a cameo in \"Punar Vivaah - Zindagi Milegi Dobara\" and \"Doli Armaano Ki\", as main lead post leap as Diya \"Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir\", and \"Yeh Hai A"}, {"title": "Neha Sargam", "text": "ashiqui\". Neha Sargam has been a part of 2 musical plays as actor and singer in the lead Mughal-E-Azam the musical directed by Feroz Abbas Khan, produced by Shapoorji Pallonji Group. and Raunaq and Jassi musical produced by BookMyShow and directed by Feroz Abbas Khan.</s><s>Career.:Web series. In 2020 she played the role of Saloni Tyagi in Mirzapur season 2.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Neha Sargam", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000085", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sandra Pisani.", "docs": [{"title": "Sandra Pisani", "text": "<s>Sandra Pisani Sandra Pisani OAM (23 January 1959 \u2013 19 April 2022) was an Australian field hockey player who played 85 international games for Australia and was the captain from 1985 to 1987. She competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and was part of the team that won Australia's first Olympic gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics. She was a National Women's Senior Selector for the Hockeyroos Australia women's national field hockey team from 1993 to 2000 and the Head Selector during the peak of their success when the team won two Olympic gold medals in Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament and Field hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament under coach Ric Charlesworth. Pisani was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to the sport of hockey in 1989 and was inducted to the South Australian Sport Hall of Fame in 2015.</s><s>Personal life. Pisani lived in Adelaide, South Australia. She died from cancer on 19 April 2022, at the age of 63.</s><s>Field hockey.</s><s>Field hockey.:Club hockey. In 1976, Pisani first played A grade club hockey for Burnside Hockey Club when she was 17 years old. She played in eight (8) winning A grade"}, {"title": "Sandra Pisani", "text": " Premiership teams over 15 years (including four in five years) for Burnside in 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1986 and 1990. She won Burnside Hockey Club's Best and Fairest in 1985 and 1987 and received Life Membership of Burnside Hockey Club in 2002. In 1985 and 1992, she won the Association Medal for South Australia's Best and Fairest Player. She moved to Port Adelaide in 1991 and spent six years playing and coaching with the club. She coached the team from 1991 to 1994. In two years under Sandy's coaching, Port moved up from seventh to second and then she led them to a premiership in her third year of coaching there in 1993, being awarded Hockey SA's Coach of the Year the same year. Later on, she coached the Premier League Woodville Hockey Club for two years. In 2012, she was a joint winner of the Hockey SA Coach of the Year with Rachel Hampton.</s><s>Field hockey.:State hockey. Pisani showed a strong commitment to South Australian hockey, having been a Hockey SA State Selector, State Coach and State Team Manager at various times. She played for South Australia at senior state level for the South Australian Australian Hockey League team, the Southern Suns for 12 years and was captain"}, {"title": "Sandra Pisani", "text": " for five years. She played in 1978 to 1983, 1985 to 1989 and in 1992. In 2011, she was a Mentor to the Southern Suns and then became Assistant Coach in 2012 and Team Manager in 2013.</s><s>Field hockey.:International hockey \u2013 player. Pisani played 85 international games for Australia, making her debut in 1981 at the World Cup in Buenos Aires at 22 years of age. She was the captain from 1985 to 1987. This is a list of tournaments she played in: - 1981 America's Cup \u2013 USA - 1981 World Cup, Argentina \u2013 4th place - 1982 America's Cup \u2013 USA - 1982 Invitation Tournament \u2013 NZ - 1983 World Cup - Malaysia \u2013 BRONZE medal - 1983 European Tour \u2013 Holland and Germany - 1983 Four Nations Tournament \u2013 Perth - 1984 Pre-Olympic Tour \u2013 Europe - 1984 Olympic Games \u2013 Los Angeles \u2013 4th place (Australia at the 1984 Summer Olympics) - 1984 Four Nations Tournament \u2013 Melbourne - 1985 Four Nations Tournament \u2013 Holland and England \u2013 Captain - 1985 Test Series - Germany and England \u2013 Captain - 1986 Six Nations International Tournament \u2013 Australia- Captain - 1986 World Cup \u2013 Amsterdam \u2013 Captain - 1987 Champions Trophy Amsterdam \u2013 SILVER medal - 1987 Four Nations Tournament \u2013 Korea - 1988 Bicentennial Tournament \u2013 Six Nations"}, {"title": "Sandra Pisani", "text": " -Perth - 1988 European Tour - 1988 Olympic Games \u2013 Seoul 1988 \u2013 GOLD medal (Australia at the 1988 Summer Olympics)</s><s>Field hockey.:International hockey - selector and manager. From 1993 to 2000, Pisani was a National Women's Senior Selector for the Hockeyroos Australia women's national field hockey team. She was the Head Selector during the peak of their success when the team won two Olympic gold medals in Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament and Field hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament under coach Ric Charlesworth. She was a National Youth Selector since 2012 \u2013 a role where she worked alongside fellow South Australian Craig Victory. In 2014, she was the Team Manager for the Women's Australia A development tour to China and Japan August 2014.</s><s>Recognition. She was recognised on the South Australian Sports Institute Hockey Honour Roll for her 1988 Olympic gold medal. As part of the Queen's birthday honours in June 1989, Pisani was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to the sport of hockey. In the mid 1990s, she was a Board Member of Hockey SA. In 1995, she was a Council Delegate for the Australian Women's Hockey Association Inc. In June"}, {"title": "Sandra Pisani", "text": " 2000, she was awarded the Australian Sports Medal with the citation \"1988 Olympic Team Member \u2013 Convenor of Selection Committee\". In 2003, she was given the Team Sport Australia Award at the Sport Australia Hall of Fame Awards as a member of the gold medal-winning team at the 1988 Summer Olympics. This was the first Olympic Gold ever won by an Australian hockey Team, the gold medal being considered the highest achievement in Hockey. It was the start of a remarkable era of success for Women's hockey in Australia. She was twice a finalist in the Caltex SA Sports Star of the Year Award.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sandra Pisani", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000086", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Harry Cave.", "docs": [{"title": "Harry Cave", "text": "<s>Harry Cave Henry Butler Cave (10 October 1922 \u2013 15 September 1989) was a New Zealand cricketer who captained New Zealand in nine of his 19 Test matches. His Test career extended from 1949 to 1958, and he played first-class cricket from 1945 to 1959.</s><s>Early life. Harry Cave was born into a family of farmers and cricketers from the Wanganui area. His father had a farm at Westmere, north of Wanganui. His uncle Ken Cave umpired all four matches in New Zealand's first Test series in 1929-30. Harry went to school at Westmere before attending Wanganui Collegiate School. He took up farming after leaving school.</s><s>Cricket career.</s><s>Cricket career.:1940s. Cave's cricket career was often interrupted by the demands of his farming life, where he was supported by his brother and farming partner Tom. An all-rounder, six feet two inches tall, Cave bowled accurate medium-pace and batted in the middle or lower order. He first played for Wanganui in his teens, and became one of their leading players in the Hawke Cup. In the 1940s, Wanganui players were eligible to play for Wellington, and he"}, {"title": "Harry Cave", "text": " made his first-class debut for Wellington on Christmas Eve 1945. In January 1947 he took 6 for 44 (from 29 overs) and 2 for 72 when Wellington beat Canterbury in the Plunket Shield. A torn elbow muscle in 1947 made it difficult for him to bowl his stock out-swinger, and from then on he relied on seamers, cutters and in-swingers. Cave toured England in 1949 and played in all four Tests. The tour report in \"Wisden\" described his bowling as \"always steady and reliable\", but on the good batting pitches of the season he took only four wickets from 141 overs in the Tests at an average of 116.25.</s><s>Cricket career.:1950s. Cave was one of the leading players in Central Districts' inaugural season in the Plunket Shield in 1950-51, when they finished second. In 1952-53 he and Ian Leggat added 239 for the ninth wicket for Central Districts against Otago in Dunedin, setting a New Zealand ninth-wicket record that still stands. A few days later, Cave captured 13 wickets in one day, taking 7 for 31 and 6 for 33 in Central Districts' innings victory over Auckland in Palmerston North."}, {"title": "Harry Cave", "text": " In 1953-54 Cave became captain of Central Districts, and led them to the Plunket Shield title for the first time. He also led the competition bowling averages with 24 wickets at an average of 15.50. After a break of five years, Cave returned to the Test team for the two-match series against England in 1954-55. He was then appointed to captain the New Zealand team on an eight-Test tour of Pakistan and India from October 1955 to January 1956. The tour was demanding for the whole team. Extreme heat, sub-standard accommodation and facilities, unfamiliar pitches, constant stomach upsets and other illness, as well as dubious umpiring in India, made it difficult for the New Zealanders to play at their best. Cave remained diplomatic throughout, and bowled more overs than any other player: 333 overs for 623 runs and 13 wickets. Always of trim build, he nevertheless lost about 11 kilograms in weight on the tour, and it took him two years to recover full fitness. When the team returned to New Zealand, Cave was captain in the First Test against the West Indies a few weeks later. He was unable to play in the Second Test, then returned for the Third and Fourth Tests under the captaincy of John Reid"}, {"title": "Harry Cave", "text": ". In the Fourth Test in Auckland, he had his best Test figures, taking four wickets in each innings to help New Zealand to its first Test victory. He had match figures of 40.4\u201326\u201343\u20138, and took the wicket to end the match when he had Alf Valentine stumped by Sammy Guillen. Cave was New Zealand's leading bowler when the Australians toured in 1956-57, taking 17 wickets in the three unofficial Tests while the other bowlers took 17 wickets between them. Cave toured England in 1958, this time as John Reid's vice-captain, but the tour was not a success for him or the team. He took 50 wickets at an average of 22.02 in the first-class matches, but played in only two of the five Tests, taking two wickets.</s><s>Personal life. Cave married Yvonne Joyce Anderson at Wanganui on 28 April 1951; they had two sons. He and his wife were keen camellia growers, and he developed a variety that was named after him. He died at Wanganui on 15 September 1989. His widow, Vonnie Cave, was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to photography and h"}, {"title": "Harry Cave", "text": "orticulture, in the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours, and she died in Whanganui in 2021.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Harry Cave", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000087", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Noel Malicdem.", "docs": [{"title": "Noel Malicdem", "text": "<s>Noel Malicdem Noel Malicdem (born 10 January 1977) is a Filipino darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation events.</s><s>Career. Malicdem qualified for the 2019 World Championship. In his first round he defeated Jeffrey de Graaf 2:3, but lost in the second round to Kyle Anderson. A year later he again managed to qualify for the 2020 World Championship as a qualifier from Asian Tour, where he finished on 4th place overall. In the first round of the championship, he quite easily won 3:0 over Rowby-John Rodriguez. In the second round he was leading and had match darts against Peter Wright, but in the end he wasn't able to check-out and eventually lost in sudden death leg. In 2019 he represented the Philippines alongside Lourence Ilagan in the PDC World Cup of Darts, but they lost in the first round against England.</s><s>World Championship results.</s><s>World Championship results.:PDC. - 2019: Second round (lost to Kyle Anderson 1\u20133) - 2020: Second round (lost to Peter Wright 2\u20133)</s><s>Performance timeline. PDC (W) Won; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (Q"}, {"title": "Noel Malicdem", "text": "F) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Prel.) Preliminary round; (DNQ) Did not qualify; (DNP) Did not participate; (NH) Not held</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Noel Malicdem", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000088", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sayaka Ando.", "docs": [{"title": "Sayaka Ando", "text": "<s>Sayaka Ando She is a graduate of Miyagi Gakuin Women's University.</s><s>Personal life. She delivered her first child in September 2012,{{cite web }} and her second in November 2014.{{cite web }}</s><s>Works.</s><s>Works.:DVDs. - [2004.12.24] Eternal - [2005.03.25] Lesson 2 - [2005.06.20] Healing Venus - [2005.10.28] Aqua - [2005.12.25] Ando Sayaka Collection Box - [2006.04.21] Fascino - [2006/08/22] Toi Kimi no Kioku - [2007/02/16] Duet - [2007/10/26] Day - [2007/12/19] Night - [2008/03/12] Poison</s><s>Works.:Photobooks. - [2005.04.xx] Mitsu no A</s><s>Works.:Sources. - Sayaka Ando at the Japanese Idol Directory</s><s>See also. - List of Race Queens - Sayaka Ando fan website</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sayaka Ando", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000089", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Tappaya Sit-Or.", "docs": [{"title": "Tappaya Sit-Or", "text": "<s>Tappaya Sit-Or Tappaya Sit Or () or Mit Klinmee, is a former Rajadamnern and WMC champion with past rankings at Lumpini and Channel 7. Tappaya is currently retired from competition and runs the eponymous Sor Klinmee Gym in Pattaya, Thailand.</s><s>Biography and career.</s><s>Biography and career.:Early life. Tappaya is the youngest of 11 children and began training and fighting regularly at the age of 6 along with his brother, Yokthai Sit-Or, and nephew, Rambaa Somdet. The three would train before and after school. In the evenings, they would compete in a local bar for tips. Tappaya was fighting in Bangkok by age 12. The three moved from Petrungruang gym in Pattaya to join the original Sit Or camp in Pattaya at its founding and were the first name fighters produced by the gym. Sit Or has since moved to Bangkok and been home to such fighters as Nong-O Sit-Or and Petchmankong Petfergus.</s><s>Biography and career.:Championship era. In 1997, he challenged and defeated Ankandet BaoBaoin for the"}, {"title": "Tappaya Sit-Or", "text": " 61.5\u00a0kg Rajadamnern belt. The bout was televised on Channel 5 in Thailand. Tappaya would hold the Rajadamnern belt for three consecutive years. Also in 1997, on August 10, he would win the WMC belt from Panmongkon Carryboy at 61.5\u00a0kg. He was ranked first at Lumpini Stadium, though he did not win the belt there. Tappaya became a high-profile fighter on Channel 7 during this time. He ended his career with a record of 200 wins, 36 losses, and five draws, with a Rajadamnern and WMC belt at 61.5\u00a0kg, and a no.1 ranking at Lumpini.</s><s>Biography and career.:Coaching. Toward the end of his fight career, he traveled to China, Japan, and the United Kingdom to teach and compete in Muay Thai. When he lived in Japan he competed in both kickboxing and MMA. He defeated Hayato in kickboxing rules fight as a representant of the Crosspoint Gym. When he retired in 2001 Tappaya had plans to open his own gym, which he did in 2009. He is the owner and acting head trainer of Sor Klinmee"}, {"title": "Tappaya Sit-Or", "text": " Gym in Pattaya on Neung Phap Wan road. Currently, Tappaya has two students regularly competing at the major stadiums in Bangkok. Robert Sor Klinmee is a southpaw fighter competing at 46\u00a0kg at Rajadamnern Stadium. Sangpet Sor Klinmee is an orthodox fighter competing at 45.5\u00a0kg at Rajadamnern and Lumpini. Sinsamut Klinmee and his famous brother Sudsakorn Sor Klinmee train at Sor Klinmee Gym as does Yokthai's son, Thepprasit champion Fasai Sor Klinmee. There are a number of younger boxers based out of the gym.</s><s>Titles & honours. - Rajadamnern Stadium - 1997 Rajadamnern Stadium Lightweight \"(135 lbs)\" Champion - World Muay Thai Council - 1997 WMC World Lightweight Champion</s><s>Muay Thai record.! style=background:white colspan=9 |! style=background:white colspan=9 |</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Tappaya Sit-Or", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000090", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Annie Landouw.", "docs": [{"title": "Annie Landouw", "text": "<s>Annie Landouw Annie Landouw (also Landauw, 1913\u00a0\u2013 17 August 1982) was an Indonesian \"keroncong\" singer and film actress.</s><s>Biography. Landouw was born in Surakarta, Central Java, in 1913. She lost her sight following an extended illness as a child, and was not long afterwards adopted by her aunt and uncle. In 1927 she competed in\u00a0\u2013 and won\u00a0\u2013 her first singing competition, a Concours concert at a night fair in Surakarta. As a result, she was approached by Beka, a recording company, which signed her. She moved to Batavia (now Jakarta), the capital of the Dutch East Indies, soon afterwards and quickly rose in popularity. By 1938 Landouw had joined the NIROM radio troupe, singing \"keroncong\". The following year she joined Hugo Dumas' troupe Lief Java. During this period she became active in film. In 1938 she provided vocals for \"Fatima\", a production by Tan's Film; she provided vocals again for Tan's 1939 film \"Gagak Item\" (\"Black Raven\"). She made her onscreen debut later that year, with \"Siti Akbari\". In 1940 she"}, {"title": "Annie Landouw", "text": " appeared in two further films, \"Sorga Ka Toedjoe\" (\"Seventh Heaven\") and \"Roekihati\". Landouw's prowess singing \"keroncong\" rendered her immensely popular. In 1940, the blind singer was scheduled for eye surgery. Her fans organised a fundraising campaign to help her pay for it, although ultimately Landouw refused the charity. After Indonesia's independence, Landouw continued singing; however, she acted in no further films. She died on 17 August 1982.</s><s>Legacy. Music scholar Peter Keppy suggests that, because of her popularity as a \"keroncong\" singer, Landouw may have influenced the character of Yah in Armijn Pane's 1940 novel \"Belenggu\"; in the novel, Yah is famous as a \"keroncong\" singer under the stage name Siti Hayati.</s><s>Works cited. - {{cite book | title = Apa Siapa Orang Film Indonesia - {{cite web |title=Annie Landouw - {{cite web |title=Fatima - {{cite news |title=Gagak Item - {{cite book |title=Linking Destinies: Trade, Towns and Kin in Asian"}, {"title": "Annie Landouw", "text": " History - {{cite news |last=Mohamad</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Annie Landouw", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000091", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Nuh Omar.", "docs": [{"title": "Nuh Omar", "text": "<s>Nuh Omar Nuh Omar (born June 5, 1988) is a director and screenwriter, originally from Pakistan.</s><s>Background. Nuh was born in Karachi, Pakistan into the prominent Indian/Pakistani Kureishi family as the grandson of Sattoo Kureishi (MBE), older brother of Omar Kureishi. Famous family members also include Hanif Kureishi, Maki Kureishi, Bilquis Nasrullah, Imran Kureishi, and Nusrat Nasrullah. He received his early educated at Karachi Grammar School, a classmate of Bilawal Bhutto Zardari. He has an older sister and a younger brother. His mother was Pakistan\u2019s first female sports photojournalist.</s><s>Education. Nuh decided to make films after seeing Jurassic Park when he was 5. He spent his earlier years writing short stories, and with a camera at his hip. Photography became his hobby. He went to the New York Film Academy in 2006, where he participated and played a part in the creation of their first ever 2nd Year Film Program. He then went to Full Sail University where he received his bachelor's degree in The Science of Film, and was named Valedictorian.</s>"}, {"title": "Nuh Omar", "text": "<s>Career. After graduating from Full Sail, Nuh interned for Scott Gardenhour at The Institute. He worked as a freelance assistant director, having worked on a number of award-winning shorts, as well as working behind the scenes as a documentarian. He wrote and produced the short film \"We're Americans, Eh?\", which received the Audience Award and the award for Best Wardrobe in 2011 at the 24 Hour Film Festival. In 2012, Nuh returned to Pakistan. In collaboration with Y Productions and producer Ayesha Jalil, he directed a series of short films for Engro Corporation Excellence Awards. His Engro film on the late renowned sculptor Shahid Sajjad, \"Mojiza-e-Fun (The Miracle of Art)\", was the final project to feature Sajjad before he passed away. He then did freelance work writing and directing a variety of internet-based projects, as well as ghostwriting commercials in the country. In mid-2012, he attached himself to now defunct DeVida Lifestyle, an entertainment channel, as an in-house & promo director. In early-2013, Nuh was hired by advertising agency IAL Saatchi & Saatchi, where he worked as a creative and ad man under"}, {"title": "Nuh Omar", "text": " COO Imtisal Abbasi and ECD Rashna Abdi on Procter & Gamble brands. He worked on a number of global projects and brands, including Head & Shoulders, Safeguard, Pampers and Commander Safeguard. He parted with the company in early 2014 to return to filmmaking. In November 2015, he began directing and writing episodes for \"The Fortress of Dorkness\", a YouTube resource channel for pop culture movies and comics created by producer and his long-time collaborator, Christian Villarreal. As of 2018, The Fortress of Dorkness has produced over 100 episodes, all written and directed by Nuh. The channel went on hiatus in 2019, with more intended content to be announced in the future. In 2019, Nuh teamed up with writer Mark Davis to produce \"The Alexandrian\" (known then simply as \"Cleopatra\"), an episodic historical drama about the dynasty of the infamous ruler of Egypt, Cleopatra, and work on the project is underway. In 2014, Nuh began writing a modern adaptation of Oscar Wilde\u2019s \"The Happy Prince\". The screenplay, named \"The Porter & The Stone\", has won numerous awards, including Best Short at Screencraft\u2019s Public Domain Competition"}, {"title": "Nuh Omar", "text": " 2021, and finalist at The Atlanta Film Festival Screenplay Competition 2022. As of early 2022, it was ranked the number one in the categories of Family and Family-Short on Coverfly\u2019s aggregated ranking system, was in the Top 1% of all projects on Coverfly, and was featured on the Coverfly Red List. His TV pilot screenplay, \"A Matter of Time\", co-written with Christian Villarreal, won the grand prize at Filmmatic\u2019s TV Pilot Awards Season 6 as Best TV Pilot, along with numerous other accolades, and is currently being shopped around. Also in development is \"I'm Here\", a TV series about his own journey in the American heartland told through the eyes of a tabloid journalist that interviews cryptids and creatures of folklore, which he initially began developing as a student in 2007. In 2015, Nuh attempted to turn the series into a comic book, but by 2020 decided to return to its intended television roots. The pilot\u2019s screenplay has been a selection at numerous festivals and competitions. Nuh is currently working with production company Rustic Lightbulb, and producer Severn Lang, to develop the short \"The Universe at Midnight\" and the feature \"Tijuana Bible\", which"}, {"title": "Nuh Omar", "text": " he will write and direct. \"The Universe at Midnight\" is expected to go into production in 2022. He is also writing two feature films, \"The Imaginary Friend Society\", a family film about imaginary friends, and \"Ophelia\", a story about a man chosen to become the next form of death, and his relationship with a Djinn named Ophelia.</s><s>Personal life. Nuh lives and works in Karachi, Pakistan and Los Angeles, CA. He has been openly vocal about his struggles with depression, and is an advocate for mental health awareness. He is a self proclaimed \u201cold world nerd\u201d, and is a fan of comic books and 80\u2019s properties, his favorites being Transformers and Masters of the Universe. One of his hobbies is collecting action figures. He has several tattoos, including his mother\u2019s name in Urdu, and the Arashikage Clan\u2019s i-Ching symbol from the series G.I. Joe. He has said his favorite genre is Magical Realism.</s><s>Accolades.! Project!! Accolade!! Presenter</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Nuh Omar", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000092", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Date Narikuni.", "docs": [{"title": "Date Narikuni", "text": "<s>Date Narikuni</s><s>Biography. Narikuni was the son of Date Munemitsu of the Tome-Date clan, a subsidiary branch of the main Date clan, and was the grandson of Date Yoshimura, the 5th \"daimy\u014d\" of Sendai. His childhood name was K\u014dgor\u014d (\u5e78\u4e94\u90ce) later Tosabur\u014d (\u85e4\u4e09\u90ce) and become Sojir\u014d (\u7dcf\u6b21\u90ce). In 1828, with the death of Date Nariyoshi, Sendai Domain faced a major crisis. His son, the future Date Yoshikuni was only two-years-old. The Tokugawa shogunate had taken extraordinary measures to ensure the continuation of the Date line in the case of his predecessors Date Chikamune and Date Narimune; however, the patience of \"Sh\u014dgun\" Tokugawa Ienari had worn thin over Sendai Domain succession problems, and the domain faced the possibility of attainder. The \"r\u014dj\u016b\", Mizuno Tadaakira, initially proposed a solution whereby Nariyoshi\u2019s 4-year-old daughter, Masahime would be married to a son of Tok"}, {"title": "Date Narikuni", "text": "ugawa Ienari; however, negotiations did not proceed and instead she married Date Narikuni, from one of cadet houses of the Date clan. Date Narikuni would then adopt the infant Date Yoshikuni as his heir. Events went as planned and in 1828 Narikuni received Court rank of Junior Fourth, Lower Grade and the courtesy title of \"Mutsu-no-kami\". His ranks were raised to Junior Fourth, Upper Grade and \"Sakonoe-ch\u016bsh\u014d\" in 1831. Narikuni was noted for his scholarly disposition and knowledge of literature. However, during the \"sankin-k\u014dtai\" to Edo in 1840 he fell ill, and died in Edo the following year at the age of 25.</s><s>Family. - Father: Date Munemitsu (1787\u20131843) - Mother: Tsuneko-hime - Wife: Masahime (1824\u20131861)</s><s>References. - Papinot, Edmond. (1948). \"Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan\". New York: Overbeck Co.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Date Narikuni", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000093", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Loo Kum Zee.", "docs": [{"title": "Loo Kum Zee", "text": "<s>Loo Kum Zee Loo Kum Zee (born 2 December 1974) is a Malaysian high jumper. His personal best jump is 2.24 metres, achieved in December 1995 in Chiangmai. He won bronze medals at the Asian Championships in 1995, 1998, 2002 and 2003. He also competed at the 1996 Olympic Games, but did not reach the final. He attended secondary school in SMJK Sam Tet, Ipoh, Perak.</s><s>Honour.</s><s>Honour.:Honour of Malaysia. - Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (A.M.N.) (2013){{cite web |url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat}}</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Loo Kum Zee", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000094", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ushoshi Sengupta.", "docs": [{"title": "Ushoshi Sengupta", "text": "<s>Ushoshi Sengupta Ushoshi Sengupta (born 30 July 1988) is an Indian beauty pageant contestant who won the title of I Am She \u2013 Miss Universe India and represented India in Miss Universe 2010 held at Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada, on 23 August.</s><s>Early life. Born in Kolkata, Sengupta is the daughter of an official in the Indian Air Force. She graduated from Kendriya Vidyalaya, Ballygunje, Kolkata, where she excelled at mathematics and was offered a scholarship to an engineering college, but decided to pursue liberal arts and professional modeling. She has a bachelor's degree in Humanities from the St. Xavier's College of the University of Calcutta, and worked as a model before becoming Miss Universe India. Sengupta made her debut in the Bengali movie industry with \"Egoler Chokh\" which was released in August 2016 and was directed by Arindam Sil.</s><s>Miss Universe 2010. Ushoshi won the first edition of I am She - Miss Universe India, a national pageant organized by Tantra Entertainment Private limited, in collaboration with former Miss Universe Sushmita Sen. As the official representative of her country to the"}, {"title": "Ushoshi Sengupta", "text": " 2010 Miss Universe pageant held in Las Vegas, Nevada on 23 August 2010, she participated as one of the 83 delegates who vied for the crown of eventual winner, Ximena Navarrete of Mexico.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ushoshi Sengupta", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000095", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Stephen J. Mackwell.", "docs": [{"title": "Stephen J. Mackwell", "text": "<s>Stephen J. Mackwell Stephen J. Mackwell is a researcher in geophysics, specializing in laboratory-based studies of the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of geological materials. He is also interested in the transport of fluid components in mantle and crustal rocks on the microscopic and macroscopic scales, and on the effects of such components on mechanical properties. He has authored or co-authored over 80 articles in international scientific journals and is an editor of a book on comparative climatology of terrestrial planets published by the University of Arizona Press.</s><s>Education. Stephen J. Mackwell received a B.Sc. in Physics and Mathematics in August 1978 at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. He continued his studies at the University of Canterbury and earned his M.Sc. in Physics in August 1979. His master's thesis was titled \"Excitation Temperatures for Late Type Stars.\" He went on to receive his Diploma of Education at Christchurch Teachers College in New Zealand in November 1979. He earned his Ph.D. in Geophysics in March 1985 from the Research School of Earth Sciences of the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. His dissertation was titled \"Diffusion and Weakening Effects of Water in Quartz and Olivine.\"</s><s>"}, {"title": "Stephen J. Mackwell", "text": "Early career. Stephen J. Mackwell worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, from 1984 to 1987, and then moved to the Pennsylvania State University in University Park, Pennsylvania, as an assistant professor in 1987 and subsequently associate professor of geosciences in 1992. He was program director for geophysics in the Earth Sciences Division at the National Science Foundation in Washington, D.C., from 1993 to 1994, and spent 1996 as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the Bayerisches Geoinstitut in Bayreuth, Germany. In 1998, Mackwell became a full professor for experimental geophysics at the Bayerisches Geoinstitut at the University of Bayreuth. In January 2000 he was appointed director of the Bayerisches Geoinstitut and served there until December 2002.</s><s>Director of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Mackwell returned to the United States in late 2002 as director of the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) in Houston, Texas, a division of the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). In addition, Mackwell managed USRA's Houston facility and education programs including the NASA Internships Program and the Air Force Research"}, {"title": "Stephen J. Mackwell", "text": " Laboratory Intern Program. In 2016, Louise Prockter became the Director of the LPI, and Mackwell was named as the USRA Corporate Director of Science Programs. Mackwell has served on the editorial board of several planetary science journals, including serving as editor-in-chief for the journal \"Geophysical Research Letters\" from 2002 to 2004. He served on the advisory board for the journal \"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\" from 1996 to 2004. Mackwell has participated in the 2013\u20132022 Planetary Science Decadal Survey Steering Group and Inner Planets Panel. Since 2018, he is a member of the Space Studies Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Mackwell has been an adjunct professor in the Department of Earth Science at Rice University in Houston, Texas since 2005, and in the Department of Earth Science at the University of Minnesota since 2021.</s><s>American Institute of Physics. From February 2019 until June 2021, Mackwell served as the Deputy Executive Officer of the American Institute of Physics in College Park, MD.</s><s>National Science Foundation. From April 2022 to the present, Mackwell serves as the Section Head for Disciplinary Programs in the Division of Earth Sciences of the Geos"}, {"title": "Stephen J. Mackwell", "text": "ciences Directorate at the National Science Foundation in Alexandria, VA.</s><s>Honors. Stephen J. Mackwell has been named Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2017; Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2010; Stipendiat der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung in Bayreuth, Germany in 1996; Minist\u00e8re de L'Education Nationale, Academie de Lille, Nomm\u00e9 Professeur in 1996; and Fellow of the Mineralogical Society of America in 1996. In 2016, Mackwell was honored by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) with the naming of main-belt asteroid 5292 Mackwell (formerly designated as 1991 AJ1). Hitoshi Shiozawa and Minoru Kizawa originally discovered asteroid 5292 Mackwell on January 12, 1991, in Fujieda, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. 5292 Mackwell has an absolute magnitude of 11.9 and is part of the main asteroid belt, which is located between the orbits of planets Mars and Jupiter.</s><s>Bibliography. Mackwell S. J., Simon-Miller A. A., Harder J. W., and Bullock M. A., eds. (2013"}, {"title": "Stephen J. Mackwell", "text": ") \"Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets\". University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. 592 pp. Demouchy S. and Mackwell S. (2006) Mechanisms of hydrogen incorporation and diffusion in iron-bearing olivine. \"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals\", 33, 347,. Mackwell S. J., Zimmerman M. E., and Kohlstedt D. L. (1998) High-temperature deformation of dry diabase with application to tectonics on Venus. \"Journal of Geophysical Research\u2013Solid Earth\", 103(B1), 975\u2013984,. Kohlstedt D. L., Evans B., and Mackwell S. J. (1995) Strength of the lithosphere: Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments. \"Journal of Geophysical Research\u2013Solid Earth\", 100(B9), 17587\u201317602,.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Stephen J. Mackwell", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000096", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Muhammad Al-Hafiz.", "docs": [{"title": "Muhammad Al-Hafiz", "text": "<s>Muhammad Al-Hafiz Al-Hafiz Hamzah (born 15 March 1984) is a former Malaysian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Kedah FA. He was a product of Kedah's youth system ( team), and started in the junior squad during the 2002 season, but it was not until 2004 that he debuted in the senior side, replacing Megat Amir Faisal Al Khalidi Ibrahim. In 2004, where Malaysian football was introduced with the Malaysia Super League, Al-Hafiz became a second choice goalkeeper behind Megat Amir Faisal after Mirandinha brought him into the senior squad. However, he had been given a chance and made his debut in the first league match against Selangor Public Bank FC on 14 February 2004 after Megat Amir Faisal had a serious back injury during the pre-season preparations.</s><s>Club career.:USM FC. Al-Hafiz joined Premier league side, USM FC, in the 2012 season.</s><s>Club career.:Johor Darul Takzim FC. Al-Hafiz joined the star-studded squad, Johor Darul Takzim F."}, {"title": "Muhammad Al-Hafiz", "text": "C., in 2013, after USM FC management cited financial difficulties as the reason for the decision to pull out of the Malaysia Premier League. He got off to a mixed start for the 2013 season but managed to cement his place as a first-choice goalkeeper throughout the season.</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Club honours. - Johor Darul Takzim - Malaysian Charity Shield: 2015 Winner - Malaysia Super League (2): 2014, 2015 - 2014 Malaysia Cup: Runner Up - 2013 Malaysia FA Cup: Runner Up</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Muhammad Al-Hafiz", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000097", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Nobuhiro Shimatani.", "docs": [{"title": "Nobuhiro Shimatani", "text": "<s>Nobuhiro Shimatani, also known by his nickname, is a Japanese professional wrestler currently working as a freelancer and is best known for his tenure with the Japanese promotion DDT Pro-Wrestling. As of July 2022, he predominantly works for Gleat as a member of the BULK Orchestra stable.</s><s>Professional wrestling career.</s><s>Professional wrestling career.:Independent circuit (2016\u2013present). As a freelancer, Shimatani works for various promotions. At \"NOAH Great Voyage In Yokohama Vol. 2\", an event promoted by Pro Wrestling Noah on December 16, 2018, he teamed up with Kazusada Higuchi and Kota Umeda in a losing effort to Atsushi Kotoge, Kenoh and Masa Kitamiya. At a house show promoted by Big Japan Pro Wrestling on July 22, 2021, he teamed up with Takato Nakano and Kota Sekifuda to defeat Alejandro, Kazuki Hashimoto and Kosuke Sato.</s><s>Professional wrestling career.:Independent circuit (2016\u2013present).:DDT Pro Wrestling (2016\u20132022). Shimatani made his professional wrestling debut at on March 21 where he teamed up with Kouki Iwasaki and Rainbow Kawamura,"}, {"title": "Nobuhiro Shimatani", "text": " losing to Shunma Katsumata, Guanchulo and Mao Inoue in a six-man tag team match. He often wrestled in unusual matches such as a 28-person battle royal in which the winner was granted the general manager position for one night at \"DDT/Saki Akai Produce DDT Collection\" on March 14, 2018, match which also involved Danshoku Dino, Harashima, Mao, Yuko Miyamoto and others. He is known for competing in various of the promotion's signature events just as DDT Judgement. After his debut match at the event, he continued making appearances. One year later at on March 20, he teamed up with Naomi Yoshimura and Dai Suzuki to defeat Rekka, Daiki Shimomura and Yuki Ueno. At on March 25, Shimatani teamed up with Daiki Shimomura as \"Gran MilliMeters\", Takato Nakano and Rekka in a losing effort to Tomomitsu Matsunaga, Hoshitango, Mad Paulie, Cherry and Gota Ihashi as a result of a Ten-person tag team match. At on March 20, he teamed up with his fellow Damnation stablemates Tetsu"}, {"title": "Nobuhiro Shimatani", "text": "ya Endo and T-Hawk in a losing effort against Eruption (Kazusada Higuchi, Yukio Sakaguchi and Saki Akai). As for the DDT Peter Pan branch of events, Shimatani made his first appearance at Ry\u014dgoku Peter Pan 2016 on August 28 where he teamed up with Chikara and Mitsuo Momota in a losing effort to Tomomitsu Matsunaga, Hoshitango and Rekka as a result of a six-man tag team match for Chikara's King of Dark Championship where had any opponent got pinned by him, they would have become the new champion. At Ry\u014dgoku Peter Pan 2018 on October 21, he won a Rumble rules match by lastly eliminating Gorgeous Matsuno and also competing against Self-Proclaimed Tiger Mask V, Gota Ihashi and others. At Wrestle Peter Pan 2019 on July 15, Shimatani teamed up with Disaster Box (Yuki Ueno and Naomi Yoshimura) in a losing effort against All Out (Shunma Katsumata and Yuki Iino) and Mizuki Watase. He also worked in the DDT Ultimate Party branch of events, marking his first appearance at Ultimate Party 2019 on November"}, {"title": "Nobuhiro Shimatani", "text": " 3 where he teamed up with fellow Damnation stablemates Tetsuya Endo and Mad Paulie to unsuccessfully challenge the champions Takumi Tsukamoto, Yasu Urano and Takato Nakano, and Ken Ohka, Yumehito Imanari and Miss Mongol in a Three-way match for the UWA World Trios Championship. One year later at Ultimate Party 2020 on November 3, he teamed up with Mad Paulie and El Lindaman as #DamnHearts and competed in a Four-way elimination match also involving the teams of Eruption (Kazusada Higuchi, Yukio Sakaguchi and Saki Akai), Disaster Box (Toru Owashi, Naomi Yoshimura and Kazuki Hirata), and Super Sasadango Machine, Makoto Oishi and Antonio Honda. As for the DDT Into The Fight branch, Shimatani made an important appearance at Into The Fight 2019 on March 21 where he teamed up with fellow Damnation stablemates Tetsuya Endo and Mad Paulie in a losing effort to Bull James, Kota Umeda and Naomi Yoshimura. Another signature event of the promotion in which he activated was King of DDT, making an appearance at the 2018 edition where he fell short to Mike Bailey in"}, {"title": "Nobuhiro Shimatani", "text": " the first round. Two years later at the 2020 edition, he fell short to Yuki Ueno in the same tournament stage.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments. - Best Body Japan Pro-Wrestling - BBW Tag Team Championship (1 time) \u2013 with Yakan Nabe - DDT Pro-Wrestling - Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (9 times) - King of Dark Championship (1 time) - Gleat - G-Infinity Championship (1 time, current) \u2013 with Hayato Tamura</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Nobuhiro Shimatani", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000098", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Umika Kawashima.", "docs": [{"title": "Umika Kawashima", "text": "<s>Umika Kawashima</s><s>Biography. Umika Kawashima was born in the Saitama Prefecture. She was scouted in Shibuya when she was in 6th grade and joined Lespros Entertainment. The actresses she idolizes are Aoi Miyazaki, Yui Aragaki and Kou Shibasaki. She has stated that she would like to collaborate with Masaharu Fukuyama. She graduated from the Faculty of Arts and Letters at Meiji University with a degree in psychology in 2016.</s><s>Biography.:Career. Since 2006, Kawashima has appeared in numerous television dramas and movies. In 2007 she joined the female idol group 9nine, however she announced her graduation from the group in 2016 to focus on her acting career. She appeared for her final performance with the group during \"9nine LIVE 2016,\" BEST 9 Tour\" after being with the group for nine and a half years. Early 2016, it was announced that Kawashima would become a regular alongside Masu Taichi on the television program ZIP!. Kawashima commented, \"Now is the time to move forward. I want to present an exciting program without any accidents.\" She receives her first leading role as a voice actress in the 2017 summer anime series"}, {"title": "Umika Kawashima", "text": ", Nana Maru San Batsu.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Dubbing. - \"Hotel Transylvania\", Mavis Dracula - \"Hotel Transylvania 2\", Mavis Dracula - \"\", Mavis Dracula - \"\", Mavis Dracula</s><s>Awards. - 2009: The 2nd Tokyo Drama Awards: Best Newcomer Award - 2010: The 23rd Japan Best Dressed Eyes Awards Special Prize - 2013: The 24th Best Jewery Dresser in Japan (section of teens)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Umika Kawashima", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000099", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sun Wenguang.", "docs": [{"title": "Sun Wenguang", "text": "<s>Sun Wenguang Sun Wenguang (; born August 26, 1934) is an activist and vocal critic of Chinese government. He was a professor of Physics at Shandong University in Jinan from 1982 until 1994 when he retired.</s><s>Early life. Sun Wenguang was born in Rongcheng City on August 26, 1934. His father was a naval officer of the National Government. Sun joined the Navy in his early years.</s><s>Career. He was a professor of Physics at Shandong University in Jinan from 1982 until 1994 when he retired.</s><s>Activism. Sun has a history of criticizing the Chinese government, being one of the original signatories of Charter 08 and has been harassed for relations with critics of Communist China. On April 5, 2009, Sun and a university student left to go to a local cemetery called Heroes\u2019 Mountain (Yingxiong Shan; \u82f1\u96c4\u5c71) on a holiday to honor the dead. He was to visit the grave of Zhao Ziyang, a former Chinese Premier and Communist Party general secretary who died in 2005. When Sun entered the cemetery in Jinan, four or five men attacked him and beat him severely. He was admitted shortly after to"}, {"title": "Sun Wenguang", "text": " Jinan hospital with three broken ribs and injuries to his spine, head, back, arms and legs. Later in 2010, Sun's passport application was rejected shortly before the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony for Liu Xiaobo. On August 1, 2018, Sun was giving an interview with Voice of America in which he expressed opinions about Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping and government expenditures outside China when the interview was ended abruptly after Chinese security forces entered his house and seized him. Sun is reported to be locked in currently and two VOA journalists Feng Yibing and Allen Ai were seized for several hours after trying to reach Sun in August 2018.</s><s>Writing. His books, published in Hong Kong, include: - \"Against the Wind for 33 Years: Dictatorship after 1977 versus Constitutional Democracy\" - \"Essays from Within and Without of Prison\" - \"Calling for Freedom\" - \"A Country in a Century of Trouble: From Mao Zedong to Jiang Zemin\" - \"Essays on Chinese Central Government and CCP from Prison\".</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sun Wenguang", "frequency": "very rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000100", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Wil Nieves.", "docs": [{"title": "Wil Nieves", "text": "<s>Wil Nieves Wilbert \"Wil\" Nieves (born September 25, 1977) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball catcher and current minor league coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, New York Yankees, Washington Nationals, Milwaukee Brewers, Colorado Rockies, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Philadelphia Phillies.</s><s>Playing career.</s><s>Playing career.:San Diego Padres. Nieves was selected by the Padres in the 47th round of the 1995 MLB draft. He made his major league debut on July 21, 2002, for the San Diego Padres, and played 28\u00a0games with them during their 2002 season.</s><s>Playing career.:Anaheim/Los Angeles Angels. Nieves was selected off waivers by the Anaheim Angels on December 20, 2002.</s><s>Playing career.:New York Yankees. He was traded to the New York Yankees for pitcher Bret Prinz. Nieves won a spot on the Yankees 2007 roster by beating out Todd Pratt and Raul Chavez during spring training. He served as the back-up catcher to Jorge Posada, but was primarily considered Mike Mussina's \"personal catcher.\" Joe Torre experimented with using Nieves to help bolster Mussina out of a rough stretch with good results. Nieves made"}, {"title": "Wil Nieves", "text": " his first career non-catching appearance in the ninth inning of a game on July 8, 2007, against the Angels; he played first base when the Yankees ran low on position players. Following an impressive 2-for-3 performance against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays on July 21, 2007, Nieves was designated for assignment by the Yankees following news that they had acquired Jos\u00e9 Molina from the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Though respected as a good defensive catcher, Nieves hit just.164 for the Yankees. \"It's just business and I really want this team to go all the way to the playoffs and, hopefully, win the World Series,\" Nieves said. \"They're a bunch of great guys. I love them, Torre and all those guys. They can improve the backup catcher and they're bringing in Molina. He's a great catcher, too.\" Nieves cleared waivers, and reported to the Yankees' Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees on July 27, 2007. Nieves was the starting catcher for Scranton. He declared free agency in October 2007. He played for Licey in the Dominican Winter League during the off-season.</s><s>Playing career.:Washington Nationals. He started the 2008 season in"}, {"title": "Wil Nieves", "text": " the Washington Nationals organization with the Triple-A Columbus Clippers of the International League. On April 25, 2008, Nieves hit his first major-league home run, a walk-off home run to right field, to give the Nationals a 5\u20133 win over the Chicago Cubs. Nieves was the backup catcher to starter Jesus Flores in the 2009 season. Nieves was the backup catcher for Iv\u00e1n Rodr\u00edguez in 2010.</s><s>Playing career.:Milwaukee Brewers. On December 10, 2010, Nieves signed a one-year deal with the Milwaukee Brewers.</s><s>Playing career.:Atlanta Braves. He was traded to the Atlanta Braves on July 27, 2011, for $1. He was demoted to Triple-A Gwinnett shortly after, and J. C. Boscan was recalled to be the backup catcher.</s><s>Playing career.:Colorado Rockies. On December 18, 2011 Nieves signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies worth $414,000. After hitting.409 with 1\u00a0HR in 18\u00a0games in spring training, he was reassigned before the season started. On May 25, 2012, Nieves was called up to replace Ram\u00f3n Hern\u00e1ndez, who was placed on the 15-day disabled"}, {"title": "Wil Nieves", "text": " list. Nieves was hitting.299 with 3\u00a0HR and 14 RBI in 28\u00a0games with Triple-A Colorado Springs. During his time up there, he acted as a mentor to Wilin Rosario and was used to try to solve Jeremy Guthrie's problems. On July 13, Nieves was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a turf toe in his right foot. However, on August 1, he was designated for assignment to clear roster space. Nieves was hitting.298 with 1\u00a0HR and 5 RBI in 16\u00a0games. He elected free agency on August 6.</s><s>Playing career.:Arizona Diamondbacks. Nieves signed with the Arizona Diamondbacks on August 6, 2012. Nieves scored a two-run homer on his debut August 9, 2012 at the Pittsburgh Pirates in a 6 to 3 win.</s><s>Playing career.:Philadelphia Phillies. On December 4, 2013, Nieves signed with the Philadelphia Phillies. Nieves made the Phillies Opening Day roster in 2014 as the backup catcher to Carlos Ruiz. On June 18, he injured his leg while running the bases during a start against Atlanta. He exited the game, and the Phillies recalled catcher Cameron Rupp to serve as Ruiz's backup while Nieves healed. Nieves"}, {"title": "Wil Nieves", "text": " had only played in 14 games to that date, all starts to give Ruiz some rest.</s><s>Playing career.:Return to San Diego Padres. Nieves signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres on February 4, 2015. He made the Padres' opening day roster as back-up to catcher Derek Norris after Tim Federowicz suffered a season-ending knee injury during spring training. Nieves appeared in six games for the Padres in 2015 and collected one hit in thirteen at-bats, an April 12 grand slam against the San Francisco Giants. Nieves was designated for assignment on May 4, 2015, and chose to become a free agent.</s><s>Playing career.:Braves organization. The Braves signed Nieves to a minor league contract, and he batted.238 for AAA Gwinnett, but the Braves released him on June 22, 2015.</s><s>Post-playing career. In 2019, Nieves joined the Boston Red Sox' minor league system as a coach with the Class A-Advanced Salem Red Sox.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Wil Nieves", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000101", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Robert Guthrie.", "docs": [{"title": "Robert Guthrie", "text": "<s>Robert Guthrie Robert Guthrie, MD, Ph.D. (June 28, 1916 \u2013 June 24, 1995) was an American microbiologist, best known for developing the bacterial inhibition assay used to screen infants for phenylketonuria at birth, before the development of irreversible neurological damage. Guthrie also pioneered the collection of whole blood on specially designed filter paper, commonly known as \"Guthrie cards\" as a sample medium that could be easily collected, transported and tested. Although Guthrie is best known for developing the test for phenylketonuria, he worked tirelessly to raise awareness of the need to screen for treatable conditions and adapted his method to early screening tests for galactosemia and maple syrup urine disease.</s><s>Early life. Guthrie received his doctorate from the University of Minnesota, although his education took a circuitous route, as he eventually earned six degrees in six years, including both a medical doctorate and a doctor of philosophy. While in school, Guthrie married Margaret, a fellow student, and they eventually had six children together. His early research into bacterial inhibition assays came while he was employed by the Staten Island Public Health Hospital, testing antibiotic sensitivity.</s><s>Research interests. Guthrie became interested in causes and prevention"}, {"title": "Robert Guthrie", "text": " of mental retardation after his son, John, was born disabled in 1947. Despite his work in the field, the cause of his son's disability was never diagnosed. In 1958, Guthrie's 15-month-old niece was diagnosed with phenylketonuria (PKU), a condition in which the body cannot metabolize phenylalanine. Untreated PKU results in irreversible neurological damage. After the discovery of PKU as a cause of mental retardation, Horst Bickel and colleagues discovered that it could be treated successfully with a diet low in phenylalanine. The main drawback in successful treatment of PKU was the delay in identifying affected individuals. The common test for PKU at the time was mixing urine with ferric chloride. The excess phenylpyruvic acid in the urine of an individual with PKU would produce a bright green colour when reacting with the ferric chloride. Infants do not excrete high enough concentrations of this compound to give a positive test result, thus delaying their diagnosis, and allowing irreversible damage to take place. Guthrie's disabled son had driven his interest in causes of mental retardation, the diagnosis of his niece with PKU turned his attention to preventable causes. Others working with children who had PK"}, {"title": "Robert Guthrie", "text": "U asked Guthrie to focus on a test that would allow for earlier identification, before irreversible damage had taken place.</s><s>The Guthrie test. Guthrie developed a simple method to screen for elevated phenylalanine levels using a bacterial inhibition assay. He cultured \"Bacillus subtilis\" on agar in the presence of a phenylalanine antagonist, inhibiting the growth. When exposed to blood from patients affected with PKU, the high levels of phenylalanine overcame the inhibition, and bacterial growth was visible. This assay was initially developed to allow monitoring of phenylalanine concentrations in known patients on dietary treatment using serum spotted onto filter paper. Guthrie recognized both the utility of this method as a screening test, and the need to eliminate serum as the sample type to minimize processing. He tested the assay using whole blood collected on filter paper from a heel stick. The collection of whole blood on special filter paper developed by Guthrie is still used in newborn screening programs around the world, allowing babies to be screened shortly after birth for a number of treatable conditions. After establishing a test that could identify PKU in whole blood spots, Guthrie set out to test his method, starting in an institution in New York. Here, his test correctly"}, {"title": "Robert Guthrie", "text": " identified all patients known to have PKU and also four who had previously been undiagnosed. In 1961, Guthrie and his lab started screening infants for PKU, a project that quickly expanded. In two years, they had tested 400,000 American newborns, and diagnosed 39 with PKU. This early diagnosis allowed for early treatment and avoidance of the most severe consequences of the disease. Throughout the 1960s, PKU testing expanded in the United States and around the world, eventually becoming required by law in many jurisdictions. With the success of PKU testing, Guthrie and his colleagues focused on screening tests for other diseases that can affect newborns. They developed bacterial inhibition assays for galactosemia and maple syrup urine disease that could be run using the same sample collection as the PKU test.</s><s>Patent controversy. Guthrie decided that commercial production would be the most efficient way to manufacture 400,000 test kits, so he approached the Ames Company, a division of Miles Laboratories, which manufactured the older PKU tests. Ames said it would only manufacture the kits if a patent was issued, so Guthrie filed a patent application in 1962 and signed an exclusive licensing agreement with Miles, under which he would receive no royalties and 5% of the proceeds"}, {"title": "Robert Guthrie", "text": " would be divided among the National Association for Retarded Children Research Fund, the Association for Aid of Crippled Children, and the University of Buffalo Foundation. Miles couldn't produce the kits fast enough, so Guthrie produced his own kits for 500 tests at a cost of $6 each. But in 1963, he found out that Ames planned to charge $262 for the same kit. Guthrie was appalled, but Ames wouldn't lower their price. Guthrie appealed to the U.S. Children's Bureau, which sponsored the field trial, and the Children's Bureau recommended that Miles not be granted exclusive commercial rights. Most of the funding to develop the tests had come from the Children's Bureau ($742,0000) and the Public Health Service ($251,700). The surgeon general determined that the invention belonged to the United States and abrogated the exclusive licensing agreement. The dispute was the subject of a May, 1965 hearing by the Monopoly Subcommittee of the Select Committee on Small Business of the U.S. Senate. Committee chair Russell B. Long (D-LA) denounced the award of private patent rights on federally funded research, and said, \"when the desire to make monopoly profits at the public's expense can adversely affect the health of our children, it"}, {"title": "Robert Guthrie", "text": " is time to call a halt to this immoral and evil practice.\" One of the defenders of Ames was Senator Birch Bayh (D-IN), who, with Senator Robert Dole (R-KS), in 1980 introduced the Bayh\u2013Dole Act which allowed universities and small businesses to retain ownership of inventions developed with federal funding.</s><s>Legacy. PKU Day For the 100th birthday of Robert Guthrie the European Society for Phenylketonuria and Allied Disorders Treated as Phenylketonuria invited Patricia Guthrie to the annual conference to give a speech about her father. In subsequence she launched the Robert Guthrie Legacy Project to honor the efforts of Robert Guthrie to Phenylketonuria. His birthday, June 28, which is the same as the one of Horst Bickel, was taken up to launch the International PKU Day. International Neonatal Screening Day On June 28, 2021, IPOPI, ESID and ISNS launched the first International Neonatal Screening Day (INSD) as a tribute to Dr Robert Guthrie. INSD helps raise awareness about the value of neonatal screening, encourages improvements on existing screening programmes and the advancement of scientific developments.</s><s>See also. Robert Guthrie Legacy Project"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Robert Guthrie", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000102", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ernestine Eckstein.", "docs": [{"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": "<s>Ernestine Eckstein Ernestine Eckstein (April 23, 1941 \u2013 July 15, 1992) was an African-American woman who helped steer the United States Lesbian and Gay rights movement during the 1960s. She was a leader in the New York chapter of Daughters of Bilitis (DOB). Her influence helped the DOB move away from negotiating with medical professionals and towards tactics of public demonstrations. Her understanding of, and work in, the Civil Rights Movement lent valuable experience on public protest to the lesbian and gay movement. Eckstein worked among activists such as Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin, Barbara Gittings, Franklin Kameny, and Randy Wicker. In the 1970s she became involved in the black feminist movement, in particular the organization Black Women Organized for Action (BWOA).</s><s>Early life. Eckstein was born in Indiana in 1941. Her given name was Ernestine Delois Eppenger, though all her lesbian and gay activist work was done under the name Eckstein to protect herself from being outed in circles where it was not safe to be open. She graduated from Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana in 1963. Her undergraduate degree was in Magazine Journalism with a minor in Government and Russian. She moved to New York"}, {"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": " City soon after graduation in 1963 at the age of twenty-two. Upon moving she came into a lesbian identity and her activism as a lesbian began. Eckstein says of her sexual orientation:</s><s>Political organizing in the LGBT community. Eckstein began attending meetings of the New York Mattachine Society soon after she arrived in New York City, which led her to its sister organization DOB. In 1965, debates around the direction of the homophile movement were heating up. That same year Eckstein marched in Philadelphia at the first Annual Reminder Day and in front of the White House as the only person of color demonstrating. The original Mattachine Society's \u201cold guard\u201d leaders (versus the independent Mattachine Society of Washington who initiated the 1965 protests) wanted to continue pursuing homosexual rights via negotiations with doctors and psychologists while the younger activist wing desired to take the issue of equal civil rights for homosexuals to the people through lobbying government officials and demonstrating. Psychologists considered homosexuality to be a mental illness until 1973, when it was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual in the third edition; until that point, homosexuality was perceived as a mental illness and therefore something to \u2018fix\u2019. This debate was equally strong within the DOB; Eckstein's appointment as DO"}, {"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": "B New York chapter Vice President indicated a strategic push by the activist wing. Marcia M. Gallo writes, \u201cHer [Eckstein\u2019s] plan was to reach out to women who saw the gay struggle as linked to other civil rights issues and hope that during her time as vice president of the local chapter she would help build a more social action oriented group\". During the time that Eckstein was involved in DOB, until 1968, the \u201cold guard\u201d was still controlling the organization. In June 1965, DOB actually pulled out of the East Coast Homophile Organization (ECHO) because the coalition was increasing its involvement in protests for lesbian and gay rights. Eckstein was an important lesbian representative of the activist wing. She understood that she was living through a huge tactical shift for lesbian and gay activists and that it was an uphill battle. She said, \u201cI think our movement is not ready for any forms of civil disobedience. I think this would solidify resistance to our cause. This situation will change eventually. But not now\". Eckstein believed that there should be a concentration on, \u201cthe discrimination by the government in employment and military service, the laws used against homosexuals,\u201d and, \u201cthe rejection by the"}, {"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": " churches\". Eckstein, like the founder of the Black Panther Party, Huey Newton, saw the connection between black American's struggle for equality during the Civil Rights Movement and the lesbian and gay struggle for equality and fostered the connection. To this day, many groups still do not acknowledge the connection between gay rights and rights for people of color. It was not until 2012 that Ben Jealous, President and CEO of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) declared, \"Civil marriage is a civil right and a matter of civil law,\" confirming that LGBT rights are now acknowledged as civil rights struggles by the NAACP.</s><s>Eckstein\u2019s correspondence with Frank Kameny. Frank Kameny was one of the most significant figures in the American gay rights movement, co-founding the Mattachine Society of Washington (MSW), and, inspired by Stokely Carmichael's creation of the phrase Black is beautiful, created the slogan \u201cGay is Good\u201d for the gay civil rights movement. In late 1965 and early 1966, Ernestine Eckstein and Frank Kameny corresponded by letters about Eckstein's wish to bring Kameny to speak on April 17, 1966 at DOB headquarters in New York City. Eckstein wanted Kam"}, {"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": "eny's help to reinforce to DOB officers and members the need for activism and activist strategies and tactics in moving forward the lesbian and gay movement. Eckstein, writing to Kameny on February 12, 1966 said, \u201cI want you to be free enough to say whatever you want, so to speak \u2013 about any aspect of the movement. Keep in mind my particular aim: to get these people to realize there is such a thing as the homophile movement and possibly begin to develop a fuller concept of themselves as part of it.\u201d However, in a letter dated February 17, 1966, Eckstein informs Kameny that the DOB organization had decided to disinvite Kameny to speak at DOB. After three years in New York with the DOB Eckstein moved to Northern California to \u201cfocus on social justice issues\u2026[she] joined Black Women Organized for Action\u2026in the early 1970s\". Much less is known about Eckstein after she left New York. Interviews with previous DOB members revealed, \u201cEckstein had gotten tired of all the political wrangling and disagreements within DOB over strategies and tactics\u201d and wanted \u201cmore political organization.\u201d She left the movement on the East Coast for other political work advocating"}, {"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": " for women of color in California.</s><s>Political organizing in the Black feminist community. Eckstein's involvement with political activism started in the Civil Rights Movement at Indiana State, as a NAACP chapter officer. But Eckstein understood organizations like NAACP as, \u201cstructured with the white liberals in mind\u201d and joined more progressive organizations like Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) once she moved to New York. Upon moving to the west coast, Eckstein joined the radical, activist group Black Women Organized for Action (BWOA). BWOA was a San Francisco organization collectively co-founded in 1973 by fifteen women including Aileen Hernandez, Patsy Fulcher, and Eleanor Spikes. The organization, \u201cformed in the San Francisco Bay Area in response to the lack of representation of Black women in local women's organizing\". The group emerged from Black Women Organized for Political Action (BWOPA). BWOPA, which functioned in an auxiliary fundraising role for men of color running for office, and had many members who wanted to shift to a space explicitly defined by Black women's concerns. \u201cThough members had strong roots in the Civil Rights Movement \u2026 more so than any of the other organizations, BWOA exhibits a clear link to the Women's Movement\". BWOA was"}, {"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": " among the first Black feminist organizations in the United States. The fact that Eckstein chose to join BWOA reflects her radical political beliefs. The organization had a truly progressive model of collective responsibility and political philosophy. \u201cThe organization was structured so that leadership, work, and community involvement were shared among members willing to participate, and \u201ca system of, three coordinators for a three-month tenure\u201d was utilized. This created an emphasis on fostering Black women as leaders while simultaneously avoiding a hierarchy among Black female activists. This was a rare structure in comparison to sister organizations. The three-month terms were a part of the organization's larger political perspective that did not mandate that its members hold specific stances on political issues. Historian Kimberly Springer writes, \u201cMembers were free to choose the activities in which they participated and they were not obligated to subscribe to an organizationally-dictated political perspective. \u2026The survival of Black communities \u2026 did not depend on one solution but on the conscious, consistent political awareness of the communities' members\". The BWOA Statement of Purpose reads: The organization's careful use of terms such as \u201cfeminist\u201d and \u201cBlack\u201d that could potentially alienate or divide their membership encouraged the non-hierarchical atmosphere."}, {"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": " Springer writes: \u201cThe BWOA subverted discrimination within Black communities based on color, physical appearance, or class by welcoming \"all\" Black women into the organization. The organization focused on activism, rather than social constructions of beauty or social class.... BWOA\u2019s avoidance of the label \u2018feminism\u2019 while practicing feminism was indicative of future developments in Black feminist organizing\". The BWOA lasted from 1973 to 1980 with a 400-person membership at its height. There was no one factor that caused the group to stop meeting actively, but the rise in conservatism with the election of Ronald Reagan as President in 1980 caused members to \u201cdetermine that 1960s strategies would not be effective\". One unusual factor in Eckstein's involvement in BWOA is that it \u201cdid not interrogate heterosexism as an oppressive force in Black women\u2019s lives\".</s><s>Political views. Eckstein was one of the most progressive thinkers of her time in the gay and lesbian political movement as well as in the Black Feminist movement. Her understanding of the successes of the Civil Rights Movement influenced her beliefs about political organizing. She saw demonstrations as, \u201cone of the very first steps towards changing society\". In 1966, three years before the Stonew"}, {"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": "all Rebellion in 1969 that sparked annual Gay Pride marches beginning in 1970, while many white gay and lesbian activists were still struggling with direct action as a feasible tactic Eckstein said, \u201cPicketing I regard as almost a conservative act now. The homosexual has to call attention to the fact that he\u2019s been unjustly acted upon. This is what the Negro did\". At a time when much of the activism regarding lesbian and gay rights was done for, by, and about white people, Eckstein was leading an extremely active, majority white, DOB chapter and advocating for coalition-based politics. She understood that her views were coming from what might be described as a more inclusive analysis than many White gay or lesbian activists who often only did work around gay or lesbian issues. She said, \u201cI think if we meet on the common ground of our unjust position in society, then we can go from there. This is a new frame of reference, a new way of thinking almost, for some\". Eckstein's beliefs toward political coalition work and organizing differed than that of many other separatist leaning gay and lesbian people in the 1960s. Eckstein said: - \u201cI think Negroes need white people, and I think homosexuals need heterosexuals. If you foster"}, {"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": " cooperation right from the start, then everyone is involved and it\u2019s not a movement over there\". - \u201cI would like to see in the homophile movement more people who can think. And I don\u2019t believe we ought to look at their titles or at their sexual orientation. Movements should be intended, I feel, to erase labels, whether \u2018black\u2019 or \u2018white\u2019 or \u2018homosexual\u2019 or \u2018heterosexual\". - \u201cI\u2019d like to find a way of getting all classes of homosexuals involved together in the movement\u201d.</s><s>June 1966 interview in \"The Ladder\". Much of what is known about Eckstein's beliefs and life is taken from an interview in \"The Ladder\" in June 1966. Eckstein was one of two women of color to be featured on the cover of this landmark lesbian political publication. The importance of Eckstein's issue of \"The Ladder\" should not be underestimated: \u201cHer image on the cover, and her ideas throughout the pages of \"The Ladder\", helped greatly to complicate notions of the kinds of women who were involved in DOB and expanded definitions of lesbian identity\". Her coverage in \"The Ladder\" is the only"}, {"title": "Ernestine Eckstein", "text": " known published piece that substantially features Eckstein.</s><s>Later life. At this time virtually nothing is known of Eckstein's life after she became a part of BWOA. According to the Social Security Death Index, Ernestine Eckstein (Ernestine D. Eppenger) died in San Pablo, California in 1992.</s><s>Other. Season 4 episode 9 of the podcast \"Making Gay History\" is about Eckstein.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ernestine Eckstein", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000103", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sheldon T. Mills.", "docs": [{"title": "Sheldon T. Mills", "text": "<s>Sheldon T. Mills Sheldon Tibbetts Mills (August 13, 1904 \u2013 July 15, 1988) was a United States diplomat, who served as a career Foreign Service officer of the U.S. Department of State from 1928 to 1961.</s><s>Family. Mills was born on August 13, 1904, in Seattle, Washington and died on July 15, 1988, in Santa Barbara, California. Mills' parents were Harry Edward Mills, a Protestant minister and poet, best known for his book, \"The Sod House in Heaven, and Other Poems,\" and Mary Brewster Tibbetts Mills, a direct descendant of Elder William Brewster who arrived in America on the Mayflower in 1620. On January 23, 1932, Sheldon Mills married Francesca Dekum of Portland, Oregon, the daughter of Adolph Andrew Dekum and Linda Andrews Dekum. Adolph Dekum was in the hardware business. Linda Andrews Dekum was originally from Warren, Ohio, where her father, Francis Newell Andrews, was a prosperous merchant whose family had arrived in America in the 17th century. Francesca Dekum's grandfather, Frank Dekum, was born in Bavaria, Germany and was a prominent 19th century fruit merchant, banker and real estate investor in Portland,"}, {"title": "Sheldon T. Mills", "text": " Oregon. Sheldon Mills and Francesca Mills were the parents of three daughters.</s><s>Education. Sheldon Mills graduated from Reed College in Portland, Oregon with a B.A. degree in 1927. He then traveled to Washington, D.C., where he studied for the Foreign Service exams with Angus Crawford, who tutored 90 percent of the aspiring Foreign Service officers of that era. Sheldon Mills passed the exams and was commissioned as a Foreign Service Officer in December 1928. From 1939 to 1940 Sheldon Mills was detailed to Harvard University where he studied Economics. Francesca Dekum Mills attended Miss Catlan's School in Portland, Oregon and graduated from Reed College in 1929.</s><s>Career. After Mills was appointed a Foreign Service officer in the Department of State in 1928, he began a diplomatic career that spanned 32 years. His postings included Bolivia, Panama, Romania, Chile, India and Brazil. He also served as United States Ambassador to Ecuador (1954-1956); United States Ambassador to Afghanistan (1956-1959); and, finally, as United States Ambassador to Jordan from 1959 to 1961. Mills developed a positive relationship with Afghanistan's King Mohammad Zahir which proved beneficial to both the U.S. and Afghanistan. The King returned to Afghanistan from forced exile in 2002"}, {"title": "Sheldon T. Mills", "text": " to become the ceremonial \"father of the nation\" after the Taliban retreat. During Sheldon Mills' time in Kabul, King Zahir Shah received economic development support from both the United States and the Soviet Union which was an unusual achievement during the Cold War when recipient countries were clients of one super power or the other. In Jordan, Mills enjoyed a good personal interaction with King Hussein which enhanced the United States-Jordanian relationship. According to Nigel Ashton's, \"King Hussein of Jordan, a Political Life,\" (page 83) the King told Ambassador Mills in early 1960 that, 'the Arab legend,' that Israel should be pushed into the sea should be abandoned, and that \"It was time to put aside emotionalism and take steps toward a final settlement between Israel and the Arabs.\"</s><s>Later life. After leaving the Foreign Service and retiring to Santa Barbara, California. Mills was an active member of the Channel City Club, the Cosmopolitan Club, the Council on Foreign Relations, the American Foreign Service Association and Diplomatic and Consular Officials, Retired. He was a frequent contributor of op-ed articles on foreign affairs to local newspapers.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sheldon T. Mills", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000104", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of W. Clark Still.", "docs": [{"title": "W. Clark Still", "text": "<s>W. Clark Still William Clark Still (born 1946) is an American organic chemist. As a distinguished professor at Columbia University, Clark Still made significant contributions to the field of organic chemistry, particularly in the areas of natural product synthesis, reaction development, conformational analysis, macrocyclic stereocontrol, and computational chemistry. Still and coworkers also developed the purification technique known as flash column chromatography which is widely used for the purification of organic compounds.</s><s>Major contributions.</s><s>Major contributions.:Total synthesis.</s><s>Major contributions.:Total synthesis.:Periplanone B. In 1979, Still reported the first total synthesis of periplanone B, the potent sex pheromone of the American cockroach. Although the structural connectivity of this compound had been established spectroscopically, Still's synthesis confirmed the relative stereochemical relationships present in this natural product. A key step in this synthesis makes use of an anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement to form the macrocyclic 10-membered ring found in periplanone B. In this transformation, the initial tertiary alcohol was treated with potassium hydride and 18-crown-6 at elevated temperature to induce the rearrangement, and the resulting enolate was"}, {"title": "W. Clark Still", "text": " trapped with chlorotrimethylsilane to form the macrocyclic silyl enol ether as a single diastereomer. This intermediate was then transformed into a key enone substrate over the course of five steps including Rubottom oxidation, TBS protection of the secondary alcohol, and formation of the exocyclic alkene via a selenoxide rearrangements. br These transformations set the stage for the introduction of both epoxide groups, which were formed with high levels of diastereoselectivity based on the principles of macrocyclic stereocontrol. The first epoxide was introduced via nucleophilic epoxidation of the enone using potassium hydride and tert-butylhydroperoxide; this led to the formation of a 4:1 mixture of diastereomeric epoxides, favoring the desired isomer in which attack had occurred from the peripheral face of the enone. At this stage, the ketone was transformed into the second epoxide group using the Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction; notably, the product was formed as a single diastereomer, again due to initial peripheral attack of the dimethylsulfonium methylide nucleophile on the ketone."}, {"title": "W. Clark Still", "text": " Subsequent removal of the TBS protecting group and Sarett oxidation of the resulting secondary alcohol completed the total synthesis of racemic periplanone B.</s><s>Major contributions.:Total synthesis.:Monensin. In 1980, Still and coworkers reported the total synthesis of monensin, a complex polyether natural product that acts as an ionophore. One of the key steps in this route is the late-stage union of two advanced fragments via an intermolecular aldol reaction. In this reaction, low-temperature deprotonation of the methyl ketone with lithium diisopropylamide formed the kinetic enolate which then underwent transmetalation upon the addition of magnesium bromide. Subsequent addition of the aldehyde component initiated a diastereoselective aldol reaction, forming the desired beta-hydroxyketone in 75% yield as a 3:1 mixture of diastereomers. Notably, this instance of acyclic stereocontrol is consistent with the Cram-Felkin-Anh model for the addition of nucleophiles to an aldehyde bearing an existing stereocenter in the alpha position. br br br Having united these two complex fragments, Still was able"}, {"title": "W. Clark Still", "text": " to complete the synthesis of monensin in three additional steps. First, hydrogenolysis of the benzyl group afforded the free primary alcohol under standard conditions. Next, cleavage of the triethylsilyl (TES) protecting groups was achieved in the presence of para-toluenesulfonic acid; the resulting free secondary alcohols then engaged the ketone in a spontaneous cyclization reaction to form the thermodynamic spiroketal linkage. Finally, hydrolysis of the methyl ester under basic conditions furnished the sodium salt of monensin, completing the synthesis of this challenging natural product.</s><s>Major contributions.:Method development.</s><s>Major contributions.:Method development.:Wittig-Still rearrangement. The 2,3-Wittig rearrangement is a useful carbon-carbon bond forming reaction that transforms an allyl ether into a homoallylic alcohol. However, a significant limitation of this reaction is the difficulty in forming the alkoxy-substituted carbanion which initiates the 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement. Traditionally, this required the use of a strong base and the presence of a stabilizing group to enable deprotonation of the ether substrate. In 1978,"}, {"title": "W. Clark Still", "text": " Still dramatically increased the scope of the 2,3-Wittig rearrangement by introducing an organotin-substituted ether as a precursor to the alkoxy-substituted carbanion. In this procedure, transmetalation of the organotin group can be achieved chemoselectively at low temperature using n-butyllithium to form an alpha-lithiated ether that undergoes the desired 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement. This variation of the traditional 2,3-Wittig reaction is known as the Wittig-Still rearrangement. br br br An application of the Wittig-Still rearrangement in the context of natural product synthesis can be seen in Still's 1979 formal synthesis of the Cecropia juvenile hormone. The organotin-substituted ether that serves as the substrate for the rearrangement was readily prepared by bis-alkylation of the corresponding diol with iodomethyltributyltin. Treatment of this compound with two equivalents of \"n\"-butyllithium at low temperature resulted in transmetalation, initiating a double 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement to give the bis-homoallylic alcohol product"}, {"title": "W. Clark Still", "text": " in 79% yield. Notably, this rearrangement is highly stereoselective with regard to the geometry of the trisubstituted olefins, giving exclusively the (\"Z\",\"Z\")-isomer shown.br br</s><s>Major contributions.:Method development.:Still-Gennari alkenation. The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction is a widely used olefination reaction in which a phosphonate-stabilized carbanion reacts with an aldehyde or ketone to form an alkene. In the standard HWE reaction, the phosphonate ester contains alkoxy substituents (typically methoxy or ethoxy), producing an \"E\"-alkene as the major product. In 1983, Still and Gennari reported that simply substituting the more electron-withdrawing 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy groups on the phosphonate component reversed the stereoselectivity to produce predominantly \"Z\"-alkenes. The use of a non-coordinating counterion was also found to be critical for high levels of \"Z\"-selectivity; this is typically accomplished by using a base with a potassium counterion in the presence of 18-crown"}, {"title": "W. Clark Still", "text": "-6. Taken together, this protocol is known as the Still-Gennari modification of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction or, alternatively, as the Still-Gennari olefination. Although the mechanism of this reaction has not been fully elucidated, it is speculated that the use of an electron-deficient phosphonate accelerates elimination of the oxaphosphatane intermediate. This renders the initial addition of the phosphonate-stabilized carbanion to the aldehyde effectively irreversible, leading to \"Z\"-selectivity in analogy to the standard Wittig reaction.</s><s>Major contributions.:Flash column chromatography. In 1978, Still and coworkers published a highly influential paper reporting a purification technique known as flash column chromatography. Prior to this report, column chromatography using silica gel as a stationary phase had already been established as a valuable method for the separation and purification of organic compounds. However, elution of the solvent by gravity alone was often a tedious process, requiring several hours and leading to poor separations due to band broadening via diffusion. Still's innovation was to apply pressure to the top of the column to increase the speed of solvent elution. Not only did this drastically reduce"}, {"title": "W. Clark Still", "text": " the time required to run the column, but it also allowed for the routine separation of compounds having an R difference of 0.10 or greater. After optimizing this procedure, Still compiled a table correlating column diameter, volume of eluant, amount of sample, and typical fraction size, providing a useful guide for application of this technique in the laboratory. Today, flash column chromatography is one of the most important methods for the purification of organic compounds, especially when working on a small scale (< 50\u00a0mg) where the techniques of recrystallization and distillation are impractical. Still's paper describing flash column chromatography remains his most highly cited publication and holds the distinction of being one of the most frequently downloaded papers from the \"Journal of Organic Chemistry\", despite being published over 35 years ago.</s><s>Major contributions.:Computational chemistry and MacroModel. In addition to his contributions to synthetic organic chemistry, Clark Still was an early pioneer in applying computational methods to the study of organic compounds. Conformational analysis was integral to Still's study of macrocyclic stereocontrol, and there was a general need for a fast and reliable computational method for predicting an organic molecule's lowest energy conformation. In order to address the problem, Still and coworkers reported a"}, {"title": "W. Clark Still", "text": " simple Monte Carlo method for searching conformational space in 1989. In this procedure, the internal coordinates for an organic molecule were varied at random, and the energy of the lowest energy conformation was determined after structure minimization. After each iteration, the minimum energy was compared to the values obtained previously in order to locate the global minimum; Still referred to this overall process as a Monte Carlo multiple-minimum search. In an effort to make molecular modeling more accessible to practicing organic chemists, Still developed the integrated software program MacroModel in 1986 in association with Columbia University. Dr. Wayne Guida, a senior postdoctoral researcher in Still's group at the time, described the development of this software package in the following way: One particularly notable feature of MacroModel was the inclusion of an implicit solvation model known as GB/SA (generalized Born model augmented with the hydrophobic solvent accessible surface area term). The GB/SA model simulated solvent interactions with organic molecules by incorporating a continuous solvent field instead of including explicit individual solvent molecules in the computation. Still disclosed a full description of MacroModel in the Journal of Computation Chemistry in 1990, and the rights to this software were later acquired by Schrodinger, Inc. in 1998.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "W. Clark Still", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000105", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jonathan Roy.", "docs": [{"title": "Jonathan Roy", "text": "<s>Jonathan Roy Jonathan Piuze-Roy (born March 15, 1989) is a Canadian pop singer and songwriter. Son of hockey great Patrick Roy, he initially pursued hockey in junior leagues, but abandoned that path in favour of music while still a teenager. Having previously released three albums, his major-label debut, \"Mr. Optimist Blues\", was released in 2017, and includes several songs written by 1980s pop star Corey Hart.</s><s>Early life. Roy's father is famed Montreal Canadiens goaltender Patrick Roy. He moved with his family from Montreal to Colorado when he was six years old, due to his father being traded. Roy was influenced by his mother's frequent piano playing for the family as he was growing up. He wrote poetry from the age of 13 or 14, and began putting his poems to music around age 16. At age 17, Roy played hockey for the Quebec Remparts, with his father coaching the team at the time. Although he enjoyed goaltending, he dreamed of a music career, and was listening to the Backstreet Boys, John Mayer, and Ray LaMontagne. At 18, when his father told him that his future would not be in hockey and that he needed to plan an education, Roy told his father that he wanted"}, {"title": "Jonathan Roy", "text": " to be a musician and songwriter. In 2009 Roy was charged with assault following an incident during a hockey brawl where he skated the length of the ice and attacked the opposing goaltender, punching him several times.</s><s>Music career. Roy's album \"What I've Become\" came out in 2009. His second album, \"Found My Way\", came out in 2010. He released his French-language debut album, \"La route\", in 2011. The title track, a duet with Natasha St-Pier, received the most attention. Roy had a critically acclaimed role in the 2012 revival of the musical \"Don Juan\". In 2012, his father helped him set up a meeting with 1980s pop singer Corey Hart, who runs Siena Records, an affiliate of Warner Music. Hart offered to sign him to his label after Roy performed a Teddy Thompson song for him at Hart's home in Nassau, Bahamas. Roy and Hart had a hit holiday release in 2016 when they duetted on the Chris Rea song \"Driving Home for Christmas\". In 2017, Roy released the album \"Mr. Optimist Blues\" on Siena Records, Corey Hart's music label. Hart executive-produced the album, and wrote three of the album's songs."}, {"title": "Jonathan Roy", "text": " The \"Montreal Gazette\"'s music critic characterizes the style as \"easygoing 21st-century pop with a little light reggae thrown in for good measure. Think Ed Sheeran meets Paolo Nutini and then slap on Bob Marley\u2019s greatest hits.\" Roy is based in Toronto. In 2023, he participated in an all-star recording of Serena Ryder's single \"What I Wouldn't Do\", which was released as a charity single to benefit Kids Help Phone's Feel Out Loud campaign for youth mental health.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Albums. - \"What I've Become\" (2009) \u2013 No. 18 Canada - \"Found My Way\" (2010) - \"La route\" (2011) - \"Mr. Optimist Blues\" (2017) \u2013 No. 3 Canada - \"My Lullaby\" (2021) \u2013 No. 99 Canada</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jonathan Roy", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000106", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jimmy Weldon.", "docs": [{"title": "Jimmy Weldon", "text": "<s>Jimmy Weldon Jimmy Weldon (born Ivy Laverne Shinn, September 23, 1923) is an American retired voice actor, ventriloquist, and former television host. He is best known as the voice of the Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Yakky Doodle and the host and ventriloquist in the locally produced television series \"The Webster Webfoot Show\". Weldon has a YouTube channel titled \"Jimmy's Lecture\", where he documents stories of his adventures during his time in World War II.</s><s>Early life. Born Ivy Laverne Shinn on September 23, 1923 in Dale, Texas, he began his career in 1946 as a disc jockey at KWCO, the radio station which began its operations shortly after he returned home following WWII. He was the first announcer hired at this new radio station. While there, he developed a character named Webster Webfoot, a little duck who visited him while he was playing record requests from listeners calling in. Often they just wanted to talk to little Webster. They thought Webster was someone other than Weldon, and so he became an important part of Weldon's disc jockey presentations.</s><s>Television acting. In 1948, Weldon (and Webster Webfoot) moved to Duncan"}, {"title": "Jimmy Weldon", "text": ", Oklahoma, where they performed on another 250-watt AM station, KRHD, for two more years. The big 50,000-watt radio station WFAA in Dallas, Texas, recruited Webster and Weldon as entertainers, and Webster became a real person on television on April 4, 1950, on \"The Webster Webfoot Show\", produced locally by station WFAA-TV. They moved to California on September 5, 1952, joining KCOP-TV, Channel 13, in Hollywood and continued their television careers. During an appearance at a middle school in Brentwood, Jeff Chandler and Randolph Scott collected the tickets from the children and parents who came to see the show. These two movie stars made Weldon feel very lucky indeed when they commented, \"Our children think more of little Webster than they do OUR movie careers.\" Also, Ralph Edwards was there, and he later gave Webster and Weldon the positions as co-hosts of a new children's game show titled \"Funny Boners\", a junior version of his famous \"Truth or Consequences\" radio and television shows, which aired on ABC. In 1956, Weldon and Webster moved to Fresno, California, which began a career in the San Joaquin Valley at KFRE"}, {"title": "Jimmy Weldon", "text": "-TV, Channel 12. This was interrupted, however, when NBC executives called them to New York to replace Shari Lewis on the \"Hi, Mom\" show on NBC flagship station, WRCA-TV, Channel 4. In 1959, Channel 13 in Hollywood once again became their television home. In 1961, Weldon and Webster were called back to the San Joaquin Valley. They continued performing their show on KJEO-TV, Channel 47, in Fresno, California, throughout the 1960s. During this time, Weldon and Webster also did TV shows in Salinas and Bakersfield, California, flying their airplane from city to city for those shows.</s><s>Voice acting and other work. It was thanks to Webster's voice that he earned the voice-over for the Hanna-Barbera cartoon character, Yakky Doodle. Many of the odd animal sounds were also performed by Weldon. He also was the voice of Solomon Grundy on Hanna-Barbera's series \"Challenge of the Super Friends\". Jimmy has also made numerous television appearances in acting on shows such as \"Dragnet\", \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\", \"The Waltons\", \"Dallas\", and \"Diff'rent Strokes\". Weldon has also played"}, {"title": "Jimmy Weldon", "text": " some supporting characters on the popular radio drama \"Adventures in Odyssey\" and in classic serials and TV series. He is currently a member of the Premiere Speakers Bureau.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jimmy Weldon", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000107", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of William M. Brodhead.", "docs": [{"title": "William M. Brodhead", "text": "<s>William M. Brodhead William McNulty Brodhead (born September 12, 1941) is an American lawyer and former politician from Michigan who served four terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1983.</s><s>Early life and education. Brodhead was born in Cleveland, Ohio and attended elementary and secondary schools in Cleveland. He received a B.A. from Wayne State University in Detroit, in 1965 and a J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, in 1967.</s><s>Legal career and politics. He was admitted to the Michigan Bar in 1968 and commenced practice in Detroit. He was elected to Michigan House of Representatives in 1970 and was reelected in 1972, from a district in Detroit. In 1974, Martha W. Griffiths, Democratic incumbent for Michigan's 17th District to the United States House of Representatives was not a candidate for renomination. Brodhead won nomination as the Democratic candidate and was elected to the Ninety-fourth and to the three succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1975 to January 3, 1983. While in Congress, Brodhead served on the House Ways and Means Committee and on the Budget Committee. Brodhead also served as Chair of the Democratic Study Group which was"}, {"title": "William M. Brodhead", "text": " then the liberal caucus in the House.</s><s>Post-political career. He declined to run for reelection in 1982 and returned home to the Detroit area. He became a partner in the Detroit law firm, Plunkett & Cooney, where he practiced from 1983 to 2003. Retiring from the law firm in October, 2003, he practiced on his own until 2006, when he retired completely. While in law practice in Detroit, Brodhead served on many non-profit boards including Detroit Public Television, Mt. Carmel Hospital, Michigan's Children and the Citizen's Research Council. He served at various times as Board Chair of the Skillman Foundation, Covenant House Michigan, Focus:Hope and the Oakland Mediation Center. In 1994, he was an unsuccessful candidate for U.S. Senator, losing in the primary to Bob Carr, who went on to lose in the general election to Spencer Abraham.</s><s>Personal life. Brodhead now lives with his wife Kathleen, to whom he has been married since 1965, in Northern California. They have two adult children and a granddaughter who also live in Northern California. He serves on the board of directors of Covenant House, California.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "William M. Brodhead", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000108", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kelli White.", "docs": [{"title": "Kelli White", "text": "<s>Kelli White Kelli White (born April 1, 1977, in Oakland, California) is an American former sprinter. She won two gold medals in the World Championships in Paris in 2003. However, on June 18, 2004, she was stripped of her medals, because she tested positive on a drug test. She retired from professional track in 2006.</s><s>Early life and education. White's parents had both been sprinters. Her mother, Debbie Byfield, competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics. She attended James Logan High School in Union City, California, where she was on the track team. In 1994, when she was 17, a fellow student slashed her face with a knife; 300 stitches were required to close the wounds. White continued competing that season. Although she never won a state championship, at the time of her graduation in 1995 she held the top time in the 200 meters and the second best time in the 100 meters in the North Coast Section. She received a scholarship to the University of Tennessee, graduating in 1999.</s><s>Doping case and work with USADA. After her positive test, White admitted guilt and testified before the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). All her performances since December 15, 2000, were annulled."}, {"title": "Kelli White", "text": " She was banned for two years by the United States Anti-Doping Agency, effective May 17, 2004. Her doping was linked to the BALCO doping scandal. After returning from college to the San Francisco Bay Area in 2000, White's long-time coach, Remi Korchemny, introduced her to BALCO head Victor Conte. White has reported that Conte provided her with products that he identified as supplements and vitamins at first; when he informed her that one was a steroid, she declined to use it then and did not begin doping until after an injury-plagued, losing year in 2002. After being confronted with evidence seized from BALCO, she admitted using tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) and erythropoietin (EPO) in addition to modafinil. White has since given lectures on drug abuse in sports around the world. She became the first athlete to work directly with the United States Anti-Doping Agency to help it understand the system and culture of doping at the elite competition level. While banned from competition, she has taught at track clinics at James Logan High. She announced her retirement in May 2006.</s><s>See also. - List of doping cases in athletics</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kelli White", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000109", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of John Morris (curler).", "docs": [{"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": "<s>John Morris (curler) John C. Morris (born December 16, 1978; nicknamed \"Johnny Mo\") is a Canadian curler, and two-time Olympic gold medallist from Canmore, Alberta. Morris played third for the Kevin Martin team until April 24, 2013. Morris, author of the book \"Fit to Curl\", is the son of Maureen and Earle Morris, inventor of the \"Stabilizer\" curling broom. Morris grew up in Gloucester, Ontario (now part of Ottawa) and at the age of five began curling at the Navy Curling Club.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Junior career. As a junior curler, Morris skipped his Ottawa Curling Club rink to three-straight Ontario provincial junior Men's titles from 1997 to 1999, and won the 1998 and 1999 Canadian and World Junior Championships, setting records for most wins by a skip along the way. Morris and his rink of Craig Savill, Matt St. Louis and Mark Homan would represent Ontario at the 1997 Canadian Junior Curling Championships. His team would finish the round robin with a 7\u20135 record, in a five-way tie for third place. He would go on to beat British Columbia's T. J"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": ". Perepolkin, New Brunswick's Tommy Sullivan in tiebreakers, the Northwest Territories' Jamie Koe in the semifinal before losing to Alberta's Ryan Keane in the final. The following season, Morris brought in a new front end for his junior team, adding Andy Ormsby and Brent Laing to replace St. Louis and Homan. At the 1998 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, he led his Ontario Team to a 9\u20133 round robin record in a 4-way tie for first place. The team beat New Brunswick's Rob Heffernan in a tiebreaker before beating Manitoba's Mike McEwen in the semifinal and then Alberta's Carter Rycroft in the final. Their win qualified the team to represent Canada at the 1998 World Junior Curling Championships. There, the team would go 9\u20130 in the round robin before defeating Switzerland's Ralph St\u00f6ckli in the semifinal and Garry MacKay of Scotland in the final to win the gold medal. For their third championship run, Team Morris replaced Ormsby with Jason Young at second. At the 1999 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, Morris led the team to an 8\u20134 round robin record in a three-way tie for second. He again had to fight through a"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " tiebreaker to win the championship, downing Alberta's Jeff Erickson before defeating Newfoundland's Brad Gushue in the semifinal and British Columbia's Jeff Richard in the final. At the 1999 World Junior Curling Championships, he led Canada to an 8\u20131 round robin record (first place) and beat Sweden's Patric H\u00e5kansson in the semifinal and Christian Haller of Switzerland in the final to win the gold medal. In addition to his provincial junior titles, Morris won a provincial junior mixed title in 1999 with Jacqueline Smith, Brent Laing and Chrissy Cadorin.</s><s>Career.:Early men's career in Ontario (1999\u20132003). After living in Ottawa, Morris moved to Southwestern Ontario to attend Wilfrid Laurier University and curled out of the Stayner Granite Club in Stayner, Ontario. Despite the move, his team remained nearly intact, with Young being replaced by Andy Ormsby. In their first season after juniors, the team entered the playdowns for the 2000 Ontario Nokia Cup, the provincial men's championship, but lost in regionals. In 2000 Ormsby left the team and was replaced by Joe Frans, who would become the team's third, moving Savill to play second"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": ". The team won a couple of tour events and made it to their first provincial championship, the 2001 Ontario Nokia Cup. After finishing the round robin with a 6\u20133 record, Morris defeated Team Glenn Howard in the semifinal before losing to Team Wayne Middaugh in the final. The team qualified for the 2001 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, where Morris garnered national attention after a difficult loss to Russ Howard. His team would finish the event with a 5\u20134 record, missing the playoffs. With many of the province's top teams ignoring the Brier playdowns in 2002 to focus on the new Grand Slam of Curling, Morris and his team had an easy path at the 2002 Ontario provincial championships. The team went 8\u20131 after the round robin and beat Team Phil Daniel twice to win his first provincial title, qualifying him for the 2002 Nokia Brier. At the diluted Brier, Morris led his rink to an 8\u20133 round robin record, in second place. In the playoffs, they lost to Alberta's Randy Ferbey in the 1 vs. 2 game but rebounded to defeat New Brunswick's Russ Howard in the semifinal. In the final, the team lost to Alberta in a rematch. In 2003, the Morris rink would make it to"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " the finals at the inaugural Canada Cup of Curling, where they lost to Randy Ferbey. The team played in another diluted provincial championship that year, the 2003 Ontario Nokia Cup. There, his rink finished the round robin in 2nd place with a 7\u20132 record. In the playoffs, they lost to the first-place Bryan Cochrane rink and then to Peter Corner in the semifinal. The team finished the season at the 2003 Players' Championship Grand Slam, where they lost to Jeff Stoughton in the final. After the season, Morris moved to Calgary, where he played out of the Calgary Winter Club.</s><s>Career.:Move to Calgary (2003\u20132006). After moving to Calgary, Morris assembled a new team, which would consist of Kevin Koe, Marc Kennedy and Paul Moffatt. The team had some success on the Tour, winning a few events, including the 2004 Players' Championship Grand Slam. The team would play three seasons together, never winning a provincial championship, having to compete against teams like Randy Ferbey and Kevin Martin. The team would play in the 2005 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, where they would finish the round robin with a 6\u20133 record before losing to Jeff Stoughton in the semifinal.</s><s>"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": "Career.:Joining forces with \"K-Mart\" (2006\u20132013). In 2006, Morris joined forces with veteran skip Kevin Martin on a four-year plan aimed at winning a gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics. The team won the 2007 Kia Cup, the provincial championship, defeating Morris' former teammate, Kevin Koe in the final. On February 27, 2007, just four days before the 2007 Tim Hortons Brier, Morris was hit by a car. He was knocked unconscious but went on to compete at the 2007 Tim Hortons Brier, where Alberta placed fourth after losing to Jeff Stoughton in the 3\u20134 page playoff. Morris later recovered by winning all-star third in the tournament. In their first season together on the tour, the team dominated, winning three of the four Grand Slam events, the Canadian Open, The National and the Players' Championship. After winning the 2008 Boston Pizza Cup provincial championship, Morris and the Kevin Martin (Alberta) rink returned to the 2008 Brier in Winnipeg. Roughly a week before the Brier, Morris broke his right hand and subsequently had to wear a special brace while sweeping. The event sidelined Morris from playing in the 2008 Canada Cup of Curling, where he was replaced by Kevin"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " Park. At the Brier, the Martin team went 11\u20130 in the round robin, and won their 1\u20132 playoff game to make the finals. In a game marred by tricky ice and missed opportunities, Alberta won by a score of 5\u20134. Morris was named MVP of the finals after curling 90%. At the following 2008 World Men's Curling Championship, Morris led all players with a round robin percentage of 90% and helped team Canada to a World Championship crown, the first for any player on the team. On the tour that season, the team won two Grand Slams, the Canadian Open and the National. The following season, the team won the 2009 Boston Pizza Cup and represented Alberta at the 2009 Tim Hortons Brier, where the team won their second straight title. At the 2009 Ford World Men's Curling Championship, the team would lose in the final to Scotland's David Murdoch. Also, that season, the team would win the 2009 Canada Cup of Curling. The team qualified for the 2009 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, where Morris and Team Martin would win the right to represent Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. On February 27 at the Vancouver Olympics, Team Martin won the gold medal with a score of 6\u2013"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": "3 in the final against Thomas Ulsrud of Norway. On the tour that season, the team would win the 2010 BDO Classic Canadian Open and the 2010 Players' Championship. Morris represented Alberta at the 2011 Tim Hortons Brier with Team Martin after winning the provincials. They finished with a 9\u20132 win\u2013loss record but dropped their page playoff game against Ontario's Glenn Howard and lost the bronze medal game against Brad Gushue of Newfoundland and Labrador. In Grand Slam play, the team would win the December 2010 National and the 2011 Players' Championship. In the 2011\u201312 curling season, Morris and the rest of the team won the Canada Cup of Curling over Glenn Howard, giving them a berth into the 2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials. They participated in the 2012 Alberta provincials but struggled against Kevin Koe and Brock Virtue, eventually losing the semifinal to Virtue. Team Martin was unable to defend their Canada Cup title in 2012, finishing outside of the playoffs. Morris subbed in as skip for an injured Martin at the Canadian Open of Curling and played with former teammate Joe Frans, finishing with a 2\u20133 win\u2013loss record. After Martin recovered, the team went to the 2013 provincials, where a close"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " win over Kevin Koe in the final gave them the right to represent the home team Alberta at the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier. The team went to the Players' Championship, where they finished with a 2\u20132 win\u2013loss record, and they advanced to a tiebreaker, where they lost to John Epping. A few days after the conclusion of the Players' Championship, on 24 April 2013, Morris announced that he and Martin were parting ways. One week later, it was announced that Morris would join Jim Cotter and his team for the 2013\u201314 season.</s><s>Career.:Team changes and another Olympics (2013\u20132018). Morris found immediate success with the Cotter rink, skipping the team (which also consisted of Tyrel Griffith and Rick Sawatsky) out of the Kelowna Curling Club, and throwing third rocks. The team qualified for the 2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials through the pre-trials event, only to lose in the final to the Brad Jacobs team that would go on to win the Olympic gold medal. Following that, the team went undefeated en route to winning the 2014 British Columbia provincial championship and the right to represent the province at the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier. This made Morris one of only three curlers"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " to have played for three different provinces at the Brier, joining his father Earle and Ryan Fry. After posting a 9\u20132 round robin record, Morris' B.C. rink defeated Alberta (skipped by former teammate Kevin Koe) in the 1 vs. 2 game, before losing to Alberta in a rematch final, 10\u20135. Rule changes implemented for the 2015 Tim Hortons Brier meant that for the first time defending Brier champions will be afforded an automatic entry in the following year's Brier. For the 2015 Brier, this entry would normally have gone to Koe; however, in the 2014 off-season, Koe announced he was leaving his team to form a new team. Under CCA rules, this left Koe's former teammates (Pat Simmons, Carter Rycroft and Nolan Thiessen) with the automatic entry for the 2015 Brier. Koe's former teammates subsequently recruited Morris to skip them, thus ensuring that Morris, despite being the 2014 Brier runner-up, would skip the first-ever Team Canada entry in a Brier. After Team Canada started off 2\u20133, Morris approached third Pat Simmons with the idea that Simmons skip and Morris move to vice. The move paid off as the rink went"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " on to win the Canadian championship; they won the bronze (third place) medal at the 2015 world championships in Halifax. The Brier win in 2015 meant the team would return for the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier to represent Team Canada. The team would struggle at the event, missing the playoffs with a 6\u20135 record. They would disband after the season. In 2016, Morris returned to play with Jim Cotter's British Columbia-based team, skipping the rink while Cotter threw fourth stones. The team would win the 2017 belairdirect BC Men's Curling Championship, giving the team the right to represent British Columbia at the 2017 Tim Hortons Brier. Morris led the team to a 7\u20134 record, missing the playoffs. On the tour, the team won one Grand Slam event, the 2017 Elite 10. The team began the 2017\u201318 season with Morris throwing last rocks and skipping and Cotter at third. The team qualified for the 2017 Olympic Pre-Trials, which the team qualified out of despite a 3\u20133 pool record. This put the team into the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, where the team would struggle. The team experimented with Morris throwing third again, but it was to no avail, and the team finished with a 3"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": "\u20135 round robin record. In 2018 Morris joined up with Kaitlyn Lawes to win the 2018 Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Olympic Trials to return to the Winter Olympics, this time in Pyeongchang, South Korea, where the mixed doubles made its debut. Morris had been playing with Rachel Homan in pre-trials events but had to find a new partner after Homan became ineligible when her women's team won the right to represent Canada in the Olympic women's event. Morris and Lawes won the gold, defeating Switzerland in the final.</s><s>Career.:Post Olympics (2018\u20132020). After the Olympics, Morris said he planned to focus on the mixed doubles discipline rather than the team event. He and Lawes committed to playing for at least two more seasons together. However, the two only competed together for one season in 2018\u201319, winning the Canad Inns Mixed Doubles Classic and making the quarterfinals in the Qualico Mixed Doubles Classic. They were unable to compete at the 2019 Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Championship, as Lawes had sustained an injury at the 2019 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. During the 2019\u201320 curling season, Morris played with several different mixed doubles partners, placing 2nd in the"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " Colorado Curling Cup with Kira Brunton, placing 3rd in the MadTown DoubleDown and 5th in the Canad Inns Mixed Doubles Championship with Jolene Campbell, placing 3rd in the Brantford Mixed Doubles Cashspiel with Sarah Anderson, and winning the Qualico Mixed Doubles Classic with Rachel Homan. After John Epping and his rink won the 2020 Ontario Tankard, they announced they would be taking Morris as their alternate to the 2020 Tim Hortons Brier. At the Brier, the team finished the championship pool with a 7\u20134 record and in a four-way tie for fourth place. They defeated Team Wild Card (Mike McEwen) in the first tiebreaker before losing to Northern Ontario (Brad Jacobs) in the second and being eliminated from contention. Morris got to play in the last two ends of the second tiebreaker against Jacobs, replacing Fry as they were already down 6\u20133 without the hammer.</s><s>Career.:Joining Koe (2020\u20132022). On March 16, 2020, Team Kevin Koe announced they would be parting ways with their second Colton Flasch. The following day, the team announced they would be adding Morris to their lineup as their new second. Morris spared for"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " the team at the 2019 Tour Challenge Grand Slam event, where they made it to the semifinals. Team Koe began the 2020\u201321 season at the McKee Homes Fall Curling Classic, where they lost in the quarterfinals. Their next three events included a semifinal finish at the Ashley HomeStore Curling Classic and two runner-up finishes at both the ATB Banff Classic and the ATB Okotoks Classic. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta, the 2021 provincial championship was cancelled. As the reigning provincials champions, Team Brendan Bottcher was chosen to represent Alberta at the 2021 Tim Hortons Brier. However, due to many provinces cancelling their provincial championships due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, Curling Canada added three Wild Card teams to the national championship, which were based on the CTRS standings from the 2019\u201320 season. Because Team Koe ranked 6th on the CTRS and kept at least three of their four players together for the 2020\u201321 season, they got the second Wild Card spot at the 2021 Brier in Calgary, Alberta. At the 2021 Tim Hortons Brier, the team finished with a 10\u20132 round robin record in first place. This gave them a"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " bye to the final, where they played Team Alberta, skipped by Brendan Bottcher in a re-match of the 2019 Brier final. This time Bottcher won, with the Koe rink taking home the silver medal. The team ended their season at the final two Slams of the season, the 2021 Champions Cup and the 2021 Players' Championship, reaching the semifinals of the Champions Cup. The Koe rink won their first two events of the 2021\u201322 season, the ATB Okotoks Classic and the IG Wealth Management Western Showdown. At the first two Slams of the season, they reached the quarterfinals of the 2021 Masters and the semifinals of the 2021 National. They then competed in the 2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, held November 20 to 28 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Team Koe qualified for the Trials via their CTRS points as they finished in second place through the 2018\u201319 season. Through the round robin, Morris and teammates Kevin Koe, B. J. Neufeld and Ben Hebert finished with a 6\u20132 record, only suffering losses to the Brad Gushue and Brad Jacobs rinks. This record earned them a place in the semifinal game, where they faced the Jacobs' rink. Despite shooting a"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " 96% game, the Koe rink lost the semifinal game 8\u20133 as Team Jacobs scored two four enders, ending the game early. In the new year, the team went undefeated to claim the 2022 Boston Pizza Cup. This earned them the right to represent Alberta at the 2022 Tim Hortons Brier where they finished with a 7\u20131 round robin record. They then won the seeding game against Saskatchewan's Colton Flasch and beat Team Canada's Brendan Bottcher in the 1 vs. 2 game to qualify directly for the final. There, they faced the Gushue rink. After a tight game all the way through, Team Gushue scored one in the extra end to win the game 9\u20138 and hand Team Koe their second consecutive Brier silver medal. They ended their season with two more playoff finishes at the 2022 Players' Championship and the 2022 Champions Cup, reaching the final of the latter. In March 2022, Team Koe announced that they would be disbanding. With the announcement, Morris also stated that he would be retiring from competitive men's curling.</s><s>Personal life. Morris, a certified personal trainer, currently serves as a full-time firefighter for the Chestermere & Rocky View Fire County Service, living"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " in Canmore, Alberta. Drawing on his degree in Kinesiology from Wilfrid Laurier University, in 2009 Morris co-authored the book \"Fit to Curl\", a sport-specific training manual. As of 2016, Morris is a Certified Holistic Nutritionist. Morris attended high school at Colonel By Secondary School in Gloucester, Ontario and played hockey, softball, volleyball, soccer and little league baseball in his youth. In 2016, he graduated from the Chef's Training Program at the Natural Gourmet Institute in New York City. Morris has been a 'big brother' with Calgary and the area BBBS since 2011. Morris was also an ambassador at the 2020 Youth Olympic Games in Lausanne, Switzerland, where he helped lead and inspire the next generation of young athletes. Morris is the third generation of his family to compete in the Brier. As well as his father Earle, his great-grandfather Cliff McLachlan skipped Saskatchewan in the 1933 Macdonald Brier. In 2010, Morris was featured by ET Canada in a Valentine's special as one of Canada's most eligible bachelors. However, he proposed to his girlfriend Maggie and the two had a son together in 2018. They had another child in 2019. Morris made his international coaching"}, {"title": "John Morris (curler)", "text": " debut at the 2021 Olympic Qualification Event, coaching the Australian mixed doubles team where they unprecedently qualified for the 2022 Winter Olympics, the first an Australian Curling Team has ever done so. In his youth, Morris also played baseball and was on the team that lost the 1993 Canadian junior final.</s><s>Awards. - Canadian Junior Curling Championships: All-Star Skip - 1998 and 1999 - World Junior Curling Championships: All-Star Skip - 1999 - Canadian Citizenship Award - 1999 - Brier: First Team All-Star, Third - 2007, 2008, 2014 - Brier: Second Team All-Star, Skip - 2002 - Brier: Second Team All-Star, Third - 2009 - Brier: Second Team All-Star, Second - 2022 - Brier: Hec Gervais Most Valuable Player Award - 2008</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "John Morris (curler)", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000110", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of William G. Angel.", "docs": [{"title": "William G. Angel", "text": "<s>William G. Angel William Gardner Angel (July 17, 1790 \u2013 August 13, 1858) was an American politician and lawyer who served two terms as a U.S. Representative for New York's 13th congressional district from 1825 to 1827, and from 1829 to 1833.</s><s>Early life and education. Angel was born in New Shoreham, Rhode Island, the son of William and Susannah (Gardner) Angel. In 1792, he moved with his parents to a farm in that part of Richfield, New York, which was separated as the Town of Exeter in 1799, and attended the common schools while working on the family farm. In 1807, he began attending Dr. Buckingham's Grammar School. Angel also briefly studied medicine.</s><s>Career. In 1809, Angel was heard as a witness at a trial where William Dowse, a lawyer from the county seat Cooperstown, appeared for the defense. After the trial, Angel was hired by Dowse as a handyman and, while working for Dowse, he read law and became a clerk in Dowse's office. After Dowse's death, Angel continued to study law with Farrand Stranahan, and in 1816"}, {"title": "William G. Angel", "text": " entered the office of William Welton in Sherburne, Chenango County, New York. The next year, he was taken into partnership by Luther Elderkin, a lawyer of Burlington, and was admitted to the bar. Elderkin absconded with his clients' money, and left Angel to refund them. In this way, Angel took over Elderkin's office, practicing at Burlington until 1833. Angel was Surrogate of Otsego County from 1821 to 1824. After the death of his first wife, Angel married Clarissa English and they had ten children, among them James R. Angel (1836\u20131899) and Texas Angel (1839\u20131903, a lawyer in Hailey, Idaho, and a Populist contender for U.S. Senator from Idaho in 1897).</s><s>Career.:Congress. Angel was elected as a Jacksonian to the 19th, 21st and 22nd United States Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1827, and from March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1833. Afterwards he removed to Hammondsport and resumed the practice of law in partnership with Morris Brown. At this time, Martin Grover studied law with"}, {"title": "William G. Angel", "text": " Angel, first in Burlington, then in Hammondsport. Grover was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Angelica, New York. In 1835, Angel followed Grover to Angelica, and practiced law in partnership with Grover until 1843. From 1843 to 1847, he practiced law in partnership with his son Wilkes Angel. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1846. Becoming First Judge and Surrogate of the Allegany County Court, he served from 1847 to 1851.</s><s>Personal life. In 1812, Angel married Emily P. English (1790\u20131822) and they had several children, among them William P. Angel (1813\u20131869) and Wilkes Angel (1817\u20131889). Angel died on August 13, 1858, in Angelica, Allegany County, New York; and was buried at the Until the Day Dawn Cemetery there.</s><s>Sources. [confuses Richfield with Litchfield (in Herkimer Co.)] [gives wrong death month \"August\"] - \"The American Biographical Sketch Book\" by William Hunt (pages 86f) - \"The Bench and Bar of New-"}, {"title": "William G. Angel", "text": "York\" by Lucien Brock Proctor (1870; pages 728ff) [says he was a Jacksonian in the 19th Congress, page 743] - \"The New York Civil List\" compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 71f, 358 and 416; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858) - \"DEATH LIST OF A DAY\";...Ex-Justice James R. Angel\" in NYT on October 5, 1899 - \"WILKES ANGEL\" in \"Biographical Sketches of the State Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York\"] by William D. Murphy (1863; pages 42f) [says his father died in October 1858] - \"No Choice in Idaho\" in NYT on January 17, 1897 - Angel genealogy at GenForum - \"ANGELICA COLLECTANEA & OBITUARIES\" compiled by L. L. Stillwell, at RootsWeb [gives October 13 as death date]</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "William G. Angel", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000111", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Andy Middleton.", "docs": [{"title": "Andy Middleton", "text": "<s>Andy Middleton Andy Middleton (born May 22, 1962) is an American tenor and soprano jazz saxophonist. He has recorded with Ralph Towner, Dave Holland, Kenny Wheeler, Renee Rosnes, Jamey Haddad, Joey Calderazzo, and Alan Jones.</s><s>Life and career.</s><s>Life and career.:Early life. Born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Middleton grew up in a musical family and began playing the alto sax at the age of 9. He attended the University of Rochester from 1980 to 1982, then the University of Miami from 1982 to 1987. He met Dave Holland, Kenny Wheeler, Steve Coleman, John Abercrombie, Richie Beirach and David Liebman at the Banff Centre in Alberta, Canada in 1985 and 1986. Middleton moved to the New York City area in 1987, playing with the Bob Mintzer Big Band, the Lionel Hampton Big Band (who recorded a composition he wrote with his brother Rob Middleton entitled \"Two Brothers\" on \"Cookin' in the Kitchen\") and the Maria Schneider Jazz Orchestra. He founded his long-running quartet featuring at various times guitarist Ben Monder, drummers John Hollenbeck, Owen Howard, bassists Scott"}, {"title": "Andy Middleton", "text": " Colley and Peter Herbert, and pianists Henry Hey, Andy Ezrin, and David Berkman. Middleton's first album, \"Acid Rain\", featuring Joey Calderazzo, was released in 1991 by the French label Owl Records. His second, \"Terra Infirma\" was released in 1995 by EMI France, produced by David Liebman, and featuring the quartet of Middleton, pianist Renee Rosnes, bassist Paul Imm, and drummer Alan Jones augmented by a horn section. The Fensters was a two saxophone, bass and drums formation featuring Middleton, Alan Jones, the saxophonist and composer Fran\u00e7ois Theberge, and bassist Paul Imm. The Fensters recorded 2 CDs, \"Jazz Music, Vol. 1\" in 1992 for the Czech label Arta Records, and \"Jazz Music, Vol. X\" for the Dutch label Challenge Records sub-label A Records in 1996. In 1999 Middleton recorded his 3rd CD as a leader \"Nomad's Notebook\" with ECM Records guitarist Ralph Towner on acoustic guitars and piano, Dave Holland on bass, Alan Jones on drums, Noah Bless on trombone and Jamey Haddad on percussion. \"Nom"}, {"title": "Andy Middleton", "text": "ad's Notebook\" was followed by his 2nd production for the German label Intuition Music and Media featuring trumpeter Kenny Wheeler and trombonist Nils Wogram entitled \"Reinventing the World\". In September, 2006 Middleton moved to Vienna, Austria to teach at the Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna.</s><s>Awards and honors. - Outstanding Jazz Soloist, \"DownBeat\" magazine, 1987 - First Prize, Best Soloist, Best Arranger, 13th Europ' Jazz Contest, Belgium, 1991 - National Endowment for the Arts Performance Grant, 1996 - Brooklyn Arts Council performance grant, 2006 - Fund for U.S. Artists at International Festivals 2004, 2003, 1993, 1992 - New York Foundation for the Arts fiscal sponsorship, 2006 \u2013 2009 - Chamber Music America's New Works: Creation and Presentation Grant Program/Doris Duke Jazz Ensembles Project, 2004 - Bundeskanzleramt \u00d6sterreich: Film \"Kompositionsf\u00f6rderung\", 2014</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:As leader. - The Fensters - \"Jazz Music Vol. 1\" (Arta, 1992) - The Fensters - \"Jazz Music"}, {"title": "Andy Middleton", "text": " Vol. X\" (A Records, 1996) - \"Acid Rain\" (Owl/Time Line, 1991) - \"Terra Infirma\" (Owl /EMI France, 1995) - \"Nomad's Notebook\" (Intuition, 1999) - \"Reinventing the World\" (Intuition, 2003) - \"The Muir Woods Suite\" (Chamber Music America, 2006) - \"The European Quartet Live\" (Qrious, 2007) - \"Between Worlds\" (Prova, 2010) - \"Three Hearts, Three Minds\" (Alessa, 2010)</s><s>Discography.:As sideman. - Stefan 'Pista' Bartus Collectivity, 2012 - Lionel Hampton, \"Cookin' in the Kitchen\" Gladhamp, 1990 - Owen Howard, \"Drum Lore\" BJU, 2010 - Klemens Marktl/Flip Philip, \"Open Sea\", ATS, 2010 - Maria Schneider, \"Concert in the Garden\" ArtistShare, 2004 - Sparkle + Andy Middleton, \"Playing Tricks\" ZeroZero Jazz, 2010 - Ron van Stratum, \"Swingin' in the Swamp\" Mons, 2010 - Piotr"}, {"title": "Andy Middleton", "text": " Wojtasik, \"Old Land\" SO Jazz, 2013</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Andy Middleton", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000112", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Benjamin Lawrence Reid.", "docs": [{"title": "Benjamin Lawrence Reid", "text": "<s>Benjamin Lawrence Reid Benjamin Lawrence Reid (May 3, 1918 \u2014 November 30, 1990) was an American professor in English from the 1940s to 1980s. During his career, Reid primarily taught at Sweet Briar College from 1951 to 1957 and Mount Holyoke College from 1957 to 1983. Outside of academics, Reid wrote multiple books, and won a Pulitzer Prize and other honors.</s><s>Early life and education. Reid was born on May 3, 1918, in Louisville, Kentucky, and briefly lived in Texas growing up. During his childhood, Reid played baseball during his childhood and switched to basketball during his teens. For his post-secondary education, Reid first received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Louisville in the 1940s. In the 1950s, Reid obtained a Master of Arts from Columbia University and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Virginia.</s><s>Career. As a conscientious objector throughout World War II, Reid was a bridge constructor and a psychiatric hospital orderly. After the war, Reid started his academics tenure as an English lecturer at Iowa State College from 1946 to 1948. Upon continuing his English teaching career at Smith College from 1948 to 1951, Reid became an instructor at Sweet Briar College in 1951. At Sweet Briar, Reid remained as an"}, {"title": "Benjamin Lawrence Reid", "text": " instructor until he spent his last years at the college as an assistant English professor from 1956 to 1957. For the last part of his career, Reid joined Mount Holyoke College as an assistant professor in 1957. While at Mount Holyoke, he was promoted to associate professor in 1959, professor in 1963, and English professor in 1970. Reid stayed at Mount Holyoke until ending his academic career in 1983. Outside of academics, Reid published his first books in the late 1950s to early 1960s using his university theses he wrote on Gertude Stein and William Butler Yeats. He moved on to biographies about New York lawyer John Quinn in 1968 and Irish politician Roger Casement in 1976. While he wrote essays between the two biographies, his last publications were his autobiographies between 1988 and 1990.</s><s>Awards and honors. Reid won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for \"The Man from New York: John Quinn and His Friends\". Years later, Reid was a finalist of the 1977 National Book Award for Biography and Autobiography for \"The Lives of Roger Casement\". In 1963, Reid received a research grant from the Fulbright Program to study at the University of London. For his book on Russell, Reid was given a"}, {"title": "Benjamin Lawrence Reid", "text": " fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities in 1971.</s><s>Death. On November 30, 1990, Reid died from a heart attack and multiple strokes in South Hadley, Massachusetts.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Benjamin Lawrence Reid", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000113", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of David Galloway (writer).", "docs": [{"title": "David Galloway (writer)", "text": "<s>David Galloway (writer) David Darryl Galloway (born 5 May 1937 \u2013 28 December 2019) was an American novelist, curator, journalist and academic. A graduate of Harvard University, he was the founding curator of the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, a longtime contributor to the \"International Herald Tribune\", an emeritus professor at the Ruhr University Bochum and a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. The last decades of his life he resided in both France (Forcalquier) and Germany.</s><s>Early life. David Galloway was born on 5 May 1937 in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1955 he enrolled in Harvard University, where he was mentored by Leonard Bernstein and Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. There Galloway met Radcliffe student Sally Gantt, whom he married in 1959, relocating to the University at Buffalo where their son was born two years later.</s><s>Career. David Galloway first worked as a publications editor for the Albright-Knox Art Gallery. Leaving the United States, he taught at Trinity College Dublin and the University of Sussex, freelancing as a journalist for \"The Daily Telegraph\", \"The Times\" and \"The Guardian\". In 1967 Galloway returned to the U.S."}, {"title": "David Galloway (writer)", "text": " to assist in founding the New Gallery (later renamed the Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland). He then moved to Germany in 1972 after being appointed as chairman of American studies at the newly established Ruhr University Bochum, meanwhile publishing his first novel, \"Melody Jones\", to wide critical acclaim. While teaching at the Ruhr University, Galloway lectured extensively throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, including regular visits to the Iran-America Society in Tehran. In 1977 he first met Farah Pahlavi, Empress consort of Iran, whose staff was preparing to open the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of the Empress' coronation. Galloway was hired as chief curator and with his staff assembled what is widely considered the most important collection of Western art outside of the Western world, including pieces by Salvador Dal\u00ed, Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh and Andy Warhol, exhibited alongside works by Iranian artists such as Parviz Tanavoli. Several months before the Iranian Revolution, Galloway left Tehran for Wuppertal, Germany, to resume his professorship in Bochum. While visiting Forcalquier, France, he purchased the town's former episcopal residence, known"}, {"title": "David Galloway (writer)", "text": " as the Maison de Chapitre, which he transformed into an informal retreat for artists and students. In 1979, Galloway began writing for the \"International Herald Tribune\". Throughout his many years at the paper, he maintained a close professional relationship with artists including Pina Bausch, Keith Haring, Yoko Ono and Andy Warhol, contacts much coveted by his editors. Alongside his journalism, Galloway published three more novels: \"A Family Album\", \"Lamaar Ransom: Private Eye\" and \"Tamsen\". After leaving the Ruhr University in 2002, Galloway served as a guest curator at venues including the Venice Biennale and the Moscow Museum of Modern Art while continuing to write for \"Art in America\", \"ARTnews\" and the \"IHT\". In 2011, he opened exhibitions at both Art Basel in Miami Beach and the Kunsthalle Wien of paintings by singer Marilyn Manson. In a career spanning some fifty-five years, David Galloway contributed to over a hundred books on the subjects of art, design, literature and architecture, while curating, reporting and teaching worldwide. He became a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1988.</s><s>Selected bibliography. - \"Pioneering"}, {"title": "David Galloway (writer)", "text": " in Art Collecting\" (1962) - \"The Absurd Hero of American Fiction\" (1966) - \"Henry James: The Portrait of a Lady\" (1967) - \"Selected Writings of Edgar Allan Poe\" (1967) - \"Ten Modern American Short Stories\" (1968) - \"Melody Jones\" (1976) - \"David Hockney: Travels with Pen, Pencil and Ink\" (1977) - \"A Family Album\" (1978) - \"Edward Lewis Wallant\" (1979) - \"Lamaar Ransom: Private Eye\" (1979) - \"Calamus\" (1982) - \"The Other Poe\" (1983) - \"Tamsen\" (1983) - \"The Individual Conscience as Subject of Literary Reflection\" (1986) - \"Andy Warhol: Events and Non-Events\" (1988) - \"Keith Haring\" (1992) - \"The Critical Response to Truman Capote\" (1999) - \"Keith Haring: Heaven and Hell\" (2001) - \"Keith Haring: L'art \u00e0 la plage\" (2005) - \"The Keith Haring Show\" (2005) - \"George Pusenkoff: Mona Lisa Travels"}, {"title": "David Galloway (writer)", "text": "\" (2007) - \"Marilyn Manson & David Lynch: Genealogies of Pain\" (2011) - \"Barbara Nessim: An Artful Life \u2013 Victoria and Albert Museum\" (2013) - \"Hermann-Josef Kuhna: The Handel Cycle\" (2015) - \"Henri Barande: The Work Beyond\" (2017)</s><s>See also. - Contemporary art - Forcalquier - International Herald Tribune - Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland - Farah Pahlavi - Ruhr University Bochum - Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art - University of Sussex - Wuppertal</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "David Galloway (writer)", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000114", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Stan Marple.", "docs": [{"title": "Stan Marple", "text": "<s>Stan Marple Stanislaus Henry Marple is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and coach. Marple played twelve seasons in various British leagues, most notably for the Guildford Flames, for whom he later served as head coach. He is currently the general manager for the University of Alberta's men's hockey team, the Alberta Golden Bears.</s><s>Clubs. Note: Marple could not play regularly after 2005 because of the EPL 4 import rule, therefore he could only play when other imports were injured.</s><s>Playing career. Marple had his number 3 retired by Guildford. The Flames gained ten titles while Marple was head coach and general manager.</s><s>General manager / coaching record and titles. Marple's coaching record at Guildford is as follows: 396 wins, 174 losses, 42 ties and overtime losses. His record during his time as GM is as follows: 213 wins, 55 losses. Marple's titles for his clubs as head coach & or general manager are as follows:</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Stan Marple", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000115", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Caitlin Lowe.", "docs": [{"title": "Caitlin Lowe", "text": "<s>Caitlin Lowe Caitlin Faith Lowe-Nagy (born February 6, 1985) is the head coach of the Arizona Wildcats softball team. Lowe is a former collegiate four-time first team All-American and medal winning Olympian. She played college softball for Arizona and led her team in back-to-back Women's College World Series championships in 2006 and 2007. She won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Lowe played with National Pro Fastpitch's USSSA Pride for six seasons, winning three titles and being named 2012 Player of the Year, before officially retiring in 2015. She is one of select players in NCAA Division I history to have accumulated over 300 hits, 200 runs and 100 stolen bases while batting.400 in her career. Recently, she was only one of 3 named by both the fan vote and experts to the Greatest College Softball Team All-Time, in the outfield.</s><s>Early years. At Foothill High School in North Tustin, California, Caitlin was selected as an All-American four years in a row, and helped lead her team to state and national championships in 2000. In addition, she led the school to league championships in 2001, 2002 and 2003. In 2001, she received the"}, {"title": "Caitlin Lowe", "text": " All-League and Foothill High School MVP Awards and in 2003, she received the Orange County \"Player of the Year\" Award.</s><s>Arizona Wildcats. For her freshman season at the University of Arizona, Lowe earned First Team All-American status and was named the Pac-10 Newcomer of the Year and was a top-10 finalist for USA Softball Collegiate Player of the Year. She jumped into top-10 rankings in Wildcat history for her run and stolen base totals and posted career highs in doubles and base on balls; Lowe also led the conference in stolen bases. The sophomore continued her success by earning all-season honors from both the NFCA and the Pac-10, including being named conference Player of the Year. Her career best season batting average still ranks second all-time and her hits total top-10 at Arizona (both topped the conference year), leading to a finalist spot for the Honda and USA Softball National Collegiate Player of The Year. She also set career highs in home runs, triples and slugging percentage. On February 26, she hit a career high four hits against the Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters in a 7-0 win. The next month on March 27, Lowe would drive in four RBIs"}, {"title": "Caitlin Lowe", "text": " for another career high over Louisiana\u2013Lafayette. Lowe was named 2006 First Team All-American and Pac-10 for a third consecutive year. She posted another top-10 school record for her 33 stolen bases and was caught just twice that year while also achieving a high in RBIs and again leading the conference for stolen bases. From February 25 through March 18, Lowe achieved a 15 consecutive game hit streak. She batted.510 (26/51) and had 12 RBIs, a home run, four triples and two doubles to accompany a slugging percentage of over.750%, eventually ended by Cat Osterman on March 19. Starting in a doubleheader sweep of the Oregon Ducks on May 12, Lowe stole two bags in the games to begin a consecutive stolen bases streak that would reach into her senior season. The Wildcats made it into the Women's College World Series as the No. 2 seed and eventually trumped the Northwestern Wildcats in the finals, outscoring them a combined 13-0 over the two-game series; Lowe scored four of those runs. Lowe went 2/4 in the June 6 finale and was named to the All-Tournament Team scoring a then new series record 8 runs. For a final season Lowe was named All-American,"}, {"title": "Caitlin Lowe", "text": " all-conference and newly bestowed with the Pac-10 Defensive Player of the Year award. She also stole a career high, school season second best and Pac-10 leading 49 bags, being caught just once. Her resumed streak of consecutive stolen bases concluded on May 19 when the one time she was thrown out was by Chelsea Bramlett of Mississippi State Bulldogs. To that point, Lowe had amassed 47 consecutive stolen bases and 54 overall for the NCAA ninth best streak all-time. Lowe and the Wildcats returned to defend their title at the 2007 WCWS. After riding the arm of tournament MVP Taryne Mowatt and escaping elimination through four games (three straight), Lowe won another National Championship defeating the Tennessee Lady Vols 5-0 on June 6. Lowe ended her career with a perfect day at the plate going 4/4 off USA Softball Collegiate Player of The Year Monica Abbott. She was named All-Tournament hitting.345 with two RBIs and three doubles. Lowe is the Wildcat\u2019s career leader in stolen bases, second in batting average and top-10 in hits, triples and runs. She ranks top-10 for all the same marks in the since renamed Pac-12, minus the triples. At Arizona, she was known"}, {"title": "Caitlin Lowe", "text": " for her welcoming and volunteering nature and helped other student athletes become acclimated to college through Arizona\u2019s Peer Athletic Leaders (PAL). Her senior year, Caitlin was awarded the inaugural Lowe\u2019s Senior CLASS Softball Award, which acknowledges personal qualities that define a complete student athlete, such as excellence in the classroom, character and community, as well as success in athletic competition. Lowe is one of only six Wildcat players to be named an NFCA All-American in each of her four years with the program and joined Leah Braatz (1994, 95, 97, 98) as the only player in Arizona history to be awarded first-team All-America all four years.</s><s>Team USA. Caitlin began her national career in 2004 as a member of the USA Schutt Elite Team at the Canada and Champions Cups, where she scored a team-high 16 runs. In 2005, Caitlin joined the United States National Team and helped the team earn silver medals in the Japan and World Cups. She was one of the youngest members of the 2006 World Championship team. Caitlin also helped the team win the World Cup in 2006 and 2007, where she posted a team high 6 hits with three runs scored. She earned a gold medal at the 2007 Pan"}, {"title": "Caitlin Lowe", "text": " American games, and that season tied for the most hits, a team high with two triples and scored 21 runs, the second best on the team. That year, Caitlin\u2019s impressive base running and speed also earned her a perfect 9 stolen bases in 9 attempts. Caitlin Lowe has been a member of the U.S. Women's National Softball Team since 2005. USA Softball Head Coach Mike Candrea says, \"She's all out all the time and plays the game like a giant.\" Leading up the 2008 Olympics, Lowe hit.455 on the Bound 4 Beijing Tour and was tied leading the team in triples, second in stolen bases and had a perfect fielding percentage. At the Games, Lowe began her tournament with a 3/4 effort in a run-rule of Venezuela, including hitting the first-ever inside-the-park home run in Games history. On August 20, Lowe and Team USA went extra innings in the semifinals vs. Japan and she hit the RBI single to take the lead before scoring on Crystl Bustos' winning three-run homer. She had two hits in the gold medal game but made the last out in the 3-1 loss. Lowe was tied in at-bats for the tournament and hit."}, {"title": "Caitlin Lowe", "text": "357 overall.</s><s>National Pro Fastpitch. Lowe played her first two seasons in limited action but was later named All-NPF from 2012\u20132014, including nabbing the Player of The Year and Diamond Spikes Awards in 2012. In 2012, she also led the league in batting average with a career best and set a personal best with four hits on August 25 vs. the Akron Racers. She had a hit in the championship finale, though her team was bested by the Chicago Bandits. The Pride also made it to the Cowles Cup Championship every other year of her career, winning titles in 2010, 2013\u20132014, Lowe playing in all except 2009\u20132010. On August 8, 2013, Lowe set another career high with 3 RBIs in a victory over the NY NJ Comets. She played her last season setting a career high in doubles. She also had a career best 22 consecutive game hit streak from July 13-August 16:.408 (31/76) with 7 RBIs and 7 doubles, slugging.500%. Lowe announced her retirement as a player after the 2014 season. Subsequently, the Pride announced the Lowe would be inducted into the USSSA Hall of Fame, and that her jersey number 26 would be retired."}, {"title": "Caitlin Lowe", "text": "</s><s>Coaching career. On June 7, 2021, Lowe was named the head coach of the Arizona Wildcats softball program, following the retirement of former head coach Mike Candrea. Lowe spent the last nine seasons under Candrea following a professional career with the USSSA Pride. Lowe served as the program's director of operations in 2013 and then the volunteer assistant coach in 2014, before joining the coaching staff full time in 2015. She served as the team's associate head coach from 2018 to 2021.</s><s>Head coaching record. The following lists Lowe-Nagy's record as a head coach at the NCAA level.</s><s>Personal life. She graduated from the University of Arizona in the fall of 2007 with a degree in psychology and a minor in communications. Lowe comes from an athletic family. She is the daughter of Dave and Dawn Lowe and has a brother Tanner and three sisters Whitney, Paige, and McKenna Lowe. Paige and McKenna are part of the Oregon State University softball team. Four-time Wildcat All-American Caitlin Lowe returned and joined Arizona's coaching staff as the team\u2019s volunteer assistant coach in 2013 after serving as the program\u2019s director of operations in 2012. Lowe will be working with the slappers, the outfielders and base running"}, {"title": "Caitlin Lowe", "text": ". Lowe retired officially from softball in 2015. In 2015, Lowe married Paul Nagy who is the assistant soccer coach at the University of Arizona.  Lowe and Nagy have two children together, Harper and Beckham.</s><s>See also. - NCAA Division I softball career.400 batting average list</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Caitlin Lowe", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000116", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Maddy Crippen.", "docs": [{"title": "Maddy Crippen", "text": "<s>Maddy Crippen Madeleine Marie Crippen (born July 10, 1980), also known by her married name as Madeleine Plankey, is an American former competition swimmer. Crippen represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics.</s><s>Career. In 1997 Crippen earned a silver medal as a part of Team USA at the Pan Pacific Championship in Fukuoka, Japan. She followed that performance with a fifth-place finish in the 400-meter individual medley and a sixth-place finish in the 200-meter individual medley at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships in Perth, Australia. She represented the United States at the Pan Pacific Championships in 1999 where she placed fourth in the 400-meter individual medley. Crippen earned a spot on the 2000 Olympic Team by placing second in the 400-meter individual medley at the U.S. Olympic Trials. In the 2000 Summer Olympics, she placed sixth in the event. Following her Olympic showing, Crippen competed at the 2002 Pan Pacific Championships and 2003 World Championships in Barcelona, Spain. Crippen is a three-time U.S. national champion, winning two national titles in the 400-meter individual medley and one in the 200-"}, {"title": "Maddy Crippen", "text": "meter breaststroke. While attending Villanova University, she swam for the Villanova Wildcats swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Big East Conference competition. During her college swimming career, Crippen won an NCAA championship in the 400-yard individual medley and ten Big East championships, and was named Big East \"Swimmer of the Year\" in 1999 and 2001. She was named Villanova \"Swimmer of the Year\" in 1999, 2001 and 2002. In 2019, Maddy was inducted into the Villanova Athletic Hall of Fame.</s><s>Personal. Crippen is the daughter of Peter and Patrica Crippen. She, her late brother Fran, and sisters Teresa and Claire were all members of the Germantown Academy swim team and swam for coach Richard \"Dick\" Shoulberg; all four have qualified for the U.S. Olympic Team Trials in swimming. Her brother Fran won a bronze in the 10-kilometer open water race at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships. He swam for the University of Virginia where he was an 11-time All-American and two-time Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) swimmer of the year in 2006 and 2008. He died on October 23,"}, {"title": "Maddy Crippen", "text": " 2010 due to exhaustion after he did not pass the line during a race with inadequate safety measures. Her sister, Claire Crippen, is a national finalist, an NCAA All-American, and swam for the University of Virginia. Her sister Teresa is a Pan American Games Champion in the 200-meter backstroke and was a U.S. National Team member, competing at the 2011 FINA World Championships in Shanghai, CN; Teresa swam for the University of Florida. Crippen retired from swimming in 2004, and works as a marketing professional. She was a member of USA Swimming's Board of Directors and the Athletes Executive Committee. Crippen is married to Sean Plankey, a commander in the U.S. Coast Guard.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Maddy Crippen", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000117", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of John Counter.", "docs": [{"title": "John Counter", "text": "<s>John Counter John Counter (April 18, 1799 \u2013 October 29, 1862) was a Canadian businessman and political figure. He served as Mayor of the City of Kingston, Ontario for the terms 1841-43; 1846; 1850; 1852\u201353 and 1855.</s><s>Personal life. John Counter was born on April 18, 1799 came to Kingston from Devonshire, England with his parents in 1820. He had an older brother George and younger sister Susannah. His parents were John and Susannah. He began his career in the family business as a baker and confectioner, with a bakery located at the corner of Barrie and Clergy Streets. After securing major local contracts to supply bread, he moved on to real estate investments and a variety of transportation and industrial enterprises with the goal to make Kingston a transportation hub. He married Hannah Rhode, aged 17 and they had four children. Within 10 years he lost his brother, two grandchildren, his two sons, and his wife, and finally he died, on October 29, 1862, in virtual obscurity and penniless, at the home of his son-in-law.</s><s>Business affairs. John Counter was an avid businessman, and invested heavily in Kingston\u2019s commercial district"}, {"title": "John Counter", "text": ", was involved in the real estate and transportation industries, and owned both a foundry and a sawmill. He was involved in the Calvin Company which proposed a ferry to the railway in Cape Vincent, USA. This was before the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway, and Counter wanted to build and own an infrastructure that could be used to connect the two countries when the railway was finally built. He owned substantial waterfront rights and share in the Penny Bridge, later to become the La Salle Causeway. He also proposed building the Wolfe Island Canal (now abandoned) to provide quick water transportation to and from Cape Vincent. Counter promoted the incorporation of Kingston as a town judging that it would bring increased business and improve property values. This ambition was realized when he signed the petition which finally brought incorporation in 1838.</s><s>Political career. He sought a council seat in the town\u2019s first election but was defeated. Later, in 1841, he was among the first to propose building a new town hall in 1841. Architect George Brown was selected to design the new town hall, and he travelled to England to borrow \u00a320,000 for its construction. In the same year he organized accommodations for government officials when Kingston became the home of the Parliament of the Province of Canada"}, {"title": "John Counter", "text": ", giving up his own home to the vice-chancellor, R.S. Jameson, and renting the new offices of the Marine Railway to the government. Upon incorporation in 1846, Counter was elected the city\u2019s first Mayor, and served an additional four terms due to his popularity and influence. He was instrumental in establishing the Board of Trade in 1839. He was among the people who donated their homes for the new government workers in 1841, and the people who donated the first clock in the City Hall Clock Tower. He supported the Wesleyan Methodists, and donated generously to the building fund for the Victoria Street chapel in 1847. He donated the land for Sydenham Street Church and laid the cornerstone on April 17, 1851. However, he had borrowed heavily to support his numerous interests and also to open the first subdivision in Kingston. He resigned from the office of mayor in June 1855 because his shares in the local gas company were considered to constitute a conflict of interest; and only a few months later, in October 1855, he could not meet a large mortgage payment and his financial obligations forced him into bankruptcy. His house was at Plymouth Square, at the corner of Ontario and Johnson Streets. It was torn down in 1973.</s>"}, {"title": "John Counter", "text": "<s>Official portrait. Counter\u2019s portrait was painted by American itinerant artist Alvah Bradish while he was visiting Kingston in 1842. Bradish was well known as a portrait painter in Rochester and Detroit, and is known to have undertaken commissions in Toronto and Montreal. Bradish advertised in the \"Kingston Chronicle\" in July 1842 that he was at Daley\u2019s Hotel and offering his \"professional services for a few weeks\". Town Council members asked Mayor Counter to sit for his portrait, which was delivered in September 1842 at a cost of \u00a317.10 and was paid for by the councilors personally, not from civic funds. He is depicted wearing a relatively simple Chain of Office and holding a scroll in left hand. It has been loaned to the Art Gallery of Ontario, where they made the existing slides of the painting that have been copied for archival institutions nationwide, and was stored at the City of Kingston facility at 19 Queen Street until it received restoration work in the late 1970s. It currently hangs in the John Counter meeting room at Kingston City Hall.</s><s>See also. - List of mayors of Kingston, Ontario</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "John Counter", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000118", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jeffrey Satinover.", "docs": [{"title": "Jeffrey Satinover", "text": "<s>Jeffrey Satinover Jeffrey Burke Satinover (September 4, 1947) is an American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and physicist. He is known for books on a number of controversial topics in physics and neuroscience, and on religion, but especially for his writing and public-policy efforts relating to homosexuality, same-sex marriage and the ex-gay movement.</s><s>Biography. Satinover was born in Chicago, Illinois, on September 4, 1947, to Joseph and Sena Satinover. He lived in and around Chicago until moving to California at the beginning of his high school years. Satinover won a National Merit Scholarship. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1971. He obtained a Master of Education degree in Clinical Psychology and Public Practice from Harvard University, a medical degree at the University of Texas, and a Master of Science in physics at Yale University. He received a diploma in analytical psychology from the C. G. Jung Institute of Z\u00fcrich, becoming their youngest graduate. He trained there and became an accredited Jungian analyst. He received a PhD in physics in the laboratory of Didier Sornette at the University of Nice in France, in 2009. He married for the second time in 1982"}, {"title": "Jeffrey Satinover", "text": ", having previously divorced and is the father of three daughters. According to two journalists, in September 1991, during the confirmation hearings for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, Satinover suggested during dinner conversation with President Bush's nephew that Anita Hill, if suffering from erotomania (a \"delusional disorder\"), might be entirely convinced that Thomas had sexually harassed her, even if he had not, just as a witness for Thomas, John Doggett, (now a conservative commentator) claimed had happened with him. She would even pass a lie detector test, as Hill had, convinced of the truth of what she was saying. Soon Satinover and another psychiatrist, Park Dietz were explaining this possibility to Thomas' Senate sponsor, John Danforth, and White House press secretary, Larry Thomas, though as psychiatrists neither would testify about a patient they had not examined. (Psychiatrists brought in by the Democrats similarly refused to testify.) Satinover was quoted as stating that once he saw the testimony of one of Hill's main critics, John Doggett, he concluded the idea was invalid. He has provided commentary for two documentary films, \"What the #$*! Do We (K)now!?\" (2004) and \"What the B"}, {"title": "Jeffrey Satinover", "text": "leep!?: Down the Rabbit Hole \" (2006). In 2008, he completed a Ph.D. \"summa cum laude\" in physics at the University of Nice, France. Satinover was distinguished visiting professor of Math and Science at King's College, New York City, a private Christian college affiliated with Campus Crusade for Christ. He also teaches at the C. G. Jung Institute in Z\u00fcrich. He is a visiting scientist at the Department of Management, Technology and Economics of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He is managing director of Quintium Analytics, LLC, a proprietary investment advisory company he founded in 2007. Satinover is a member of the scientific advisory committee of the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality. Satinover is Jewish, but says he has an eclectic worldview.</s><s>Writing and research. Satinover's book, \"Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth\" (1996), published by the evangelical Christian publisher Baker Books, debates the nature of homosexuality from psychological, religious and scientific perspectives, discussing homosexuality primarily in the context of being a condition that can or should be treated, contrary to the views of the mainstream psychiatric and psychological community. Satinover draws comparisons between homosexuality and various pathologies (\"e."}, {"title": "Jeffrey Satinover", "text": "g.,\" alcoholism, pedophilia) and argues that homosexuality involves compulsive impulses. He states that homosexuality \"is not a true illness, though it may be thought an illness in the spiritual sense of'soul sickness,' innate to fallen human nature.\" He also argues that \"gay activism distorts the truth and harms not only society, but homosexuals themselves\". Most of the book discusses whether homosexuality is biological and genetic and if it can be changed. About one fifth of the book discusses human sexuality from Jewish and Christian perspectives. In the book's introduction, Satinover states that \"[i]n the end the debate over homosexual behavior and its implications for public policy can only be decided conclusively on moral grounds, and moral grounds will ultimately mean religious grounds.\" In 1997, Satinover was called by the State of Florida as an expert witness in Amer v. Johnson, which challenged Florida's law prohibiting adoption by gays and lesbians. \"Surprisingly, Satinover said in his testimony that 'if two homosexuals wanted to adopt a child, I would have no objection to it if one of them was a man and one of them was a woman' [but] 'the 'needs' of a child includes having [both] a mother and a father'\". He said that"}, {"title": "Jeffrey Satinover", "text": " \"The state of Florida wanted me to argue that the reason the ban should be upheld was because homosexuals made bad parents and I refused to do that.\" After several years of additional court cases relating to the Florida's anti-gay adoption ban, \"\" resulted in the ban being declared unconstitutional in 2010. Satinover has frequently testified regarding his views on same sex marriage. In a hearing before the Massachusetts Judicial Committee in April 2003, he testified that homosexuality is not immutable and that the environment plays an important role in sexual orientation. Organizations that oppose the expansion of LGBT rights and protections have frequently cited his research in their position papers.</s><s>Selected works. - \"Feathers of the Skylark: Compulsion, Sin and Our Need for a Messiah\" (Hamewith Books, 1996) - \"The Empty Self: Gnostic & Jungian Foundations of Modern Identity\" (Grove Books, 1995), 28 pp. - also as \"The Empty Self: C.G. Jung and the Gnostic Transformation of Modern Identity\" (Grove Books, 1996) - \"Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth\" (Baker Books, 1996) - \"The Truth Behind the Bible Code\" (Sidgwich Jackson, 1997) - \"Cracking"}, {"title": "Jeffrey Satinover", "text": " the Bible Code\" (1997, New York: W. Morrow, ) - \"The Quantum Brain: The Search for Freedom and the Next Generation of Man\" (Wiley, 2002)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jeffrey Satinover", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000119", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of DeAnna Bennett.", "docs": [{"title": "DeAnna Bennett", "text": "<s>DeAnna Bennett DeAnna Danielle Bennett (born November 18, 1984) is an American mixed martial artist who competes in the Flyweight division in Bellator. As of December 13, 2022, she is #4 in the Bellator Women's Flyweight Rankings.</s><s>Background. Bennett wrestled and played water polo for American High School before graduating in 2002. Bennett briefly attended an art college, but dropped out. She credits her \"being a fat kid\" for motivating her to join a kickboxing gym to stay in shape, and eventually competing in Muay Thai kickboxing.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Early career. After a short amateur MMA career in 2011, Bennett made her professional MMA debut in February 2012 for Showdown Fights. She competed for the promotion four times over the next two years, winning all of her bouts. Notably beating stand outs Sharon Jacobson, Colleen Schneider and Julianna Pe\u00f1a respectively.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Invicta FC. Bennett made her Invicta FC debut on September 6, 2014, at, where she defeated Michelle Ould by TKO in the second round. In her second fight for the promotion, Bennett faced Jennifer Maia on December"}, {"title": "DeAnna Bennett", "text": " 5, 2014, at. She won the fight by unanimous decision. Bennett next faced Norma Rueda Center on February 27, 2015, at. She again won the fight by unanimous decision.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:The Ultimate Fighter. In August 2017, it was announced that Bennett would be one of the fighters featured on \"The Ultimate Fighter 26\", where the process to crown the UFC's inaugural 125-pound women's champion will take place. Bennett was selected seventh by coach Eddie Alvarez. She faced Karine Gevorgyan in the opening round and won via TKO in the first round. In the quarter finals Bennett faced Sijara Eubanks losing via first round knockout.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship. Bennett faced Melinda F\u00e1bi\u00e1n on December 1, 2017 at. The fight ended as a majority draw and Bennett was subsequently released from the promotion.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Return to Invicta. Bennett returned to Invicta to face Karina Rodr\u00edguez on March 24, 2018 at. She won the fight by split decision. Bennett then entered a flyweight tournament where she defeated Miranda Maverick by unanimous decision but lost in the final in a rematch against"}, {"title": "DeAnna Bennett", "text": " Karina Rodriguez.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Bellator. Bennett made her promotional debut against Liz Carmouche at Bellator 246 on September 12, 2020. She lost the bout via a rear-naked choke submission in the third round. Bennett was scheduled to face Alejandra Lara on July 31, 2021 at Bellator 263. The bout was rescheduled for unknown reasons to take place on August 20, 2021 at Bellator 265. On August 13, it was announced that the bout was moved once again, this time to Bellator 266. At the weigh-ins, Bennett missed weight for her bout. Bennett weighed in at 129.2 pounds, 3.2 pounds over the flyweight non-title fight limit. The bout proceeded at catchweight and Bennett was fined a percentage of her purse which went to Lara. Bennett won the bout in dominant fashion via unanimous decision. Bennett faced Justine Kish on February 19, 2022 at Bellator 274. She won the bout in dominant fashion via unanimous decision. Bennett rematched Justine Kish on August 12, 2022 at Bellator 284. At weigh ins, Kish came in at 128.4 lbs, 2.4 pounds over the weight limit, for the flyweight bout, resulting"}, {"title": "DeAnna Bennett", "text": " in her being a fined a percentage of her purse which went to Bennett and the bout proceeded at catchweight. Bennett won the bout again via unanimous decision. Bennett is scheduled to face Liz Carmouche for the Bellator Women's Flyweight World Championship on April 21, 2023 at Bellator 294.</s><s>See also. - List of female mixed martial artists - List of current Bellator MMA fighters</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "DeAnna Bennett", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000120", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Emcee N.I.C.E..", "docs": [{"title": "Emcee N.I.C.E.", "text": "<s>Emcee N.I.C.E. Aulsondro \"Novelist\" Hamilton, better known by his stage name Emcee N.I.C.E., is an American Christian hip hop recording artist. Five No. 1 hit records on the \"Billboard\" charts in \"I Got Angels\" claiming two positions along with \"Glory to God\" (ft. Fred Hammond) & Nielsen BDS including a No. 1 gospel album in \"Praise\".</s><s>History. In 2015, under his real name Aulsondro Hamilton, he voiced the character \"Novelist\" in a 3D animated music series entitled Da Jammies.</s><s>Productions, Releases and Guest Appearances. Albums | Singles | EP's</s><s>As a writer and performer A Lighter Shade of Brown.</s><s>As a writer and performer A Lighter Shade of Brown.:Charts (1994\u20131999). Peak positions</s><s>As a member and lead vocalist/rapper of KansasCali.</s><s>As a member and lead vocalist/rapper of KansasCali.:2002 to 2006.</s><s>As Emcee N.I.C.E. (Novelist Is Constantly Evolving"}, {"title": "Emcee N.I.C.E.", "text": ").</s><s>As Emcee N.I.C.E. (Novelist Is Constantly Evolving).:2015. Tonight feat. Suhana Machete peaked at No. 8 on the US Billboard Hot Single Sales Chart in 2014 (Billboard Albums)</s><s>Music Videos. A music video for \"Thugz Mansion\" was shot. The video was nominated at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Rap Video. - other music videos includes: - \"If U Wanna Groove\" with Lighter Shade of Brown - \"If I...\" with KansasCali - \"The Life\" with KansasCali - \"Life of The Party\" with Stacey Dash & Blake Smith - \"I Got Angels\" - \"This Is TBL\" with Lamontt Blackshire & DaLomonze - \"Precious Stones\" with Bryann Trejo</s><s>Awards and achievements.</s><s>Awards and achievements.:The Gospel Hip Hop Awards. The complete list of winners can be found here https://www.thegospelhiphopawards.com/team-4</s><s>Awards and achievements.:Kingdom Image Awards. Awards/Nominations - 2019: Stellar Awards Nomination, Rap/Hip Hop"}, {"title": "Emcee N.I.C.E.", "text": " CD of the Year \u2013 PRAISE - 2019: Stellar Awards Nomination, Internet Station of the Year \u2013 GH3 Radio (God's House of Hip Hop) \u2013 Curated by Emcee N.I.C.E. - 2019: Kingdom Image Awards Nomination, Producer of the Year \u2013 - 2019: The Spin Awards Nominees</s><s>Books. - \"50 Shades of L.O.V.E. \u2013 (Learning Our Various Emotions)\" (July 15, 2015) - \"Music Release University - The Indies' Guide to Releasing Music!\" (August 19, 2022) Note: (Music Release University - The Indies' Guide to Releasing Music! is an Amazon Books New Release Best Seller achieving No. 1 in the category of \"Music Recording & Sound\" and a Top 10 Best Seller in the category of \"Music Business\")</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Emcee N.I.C.E.", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000121", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Karyn Pugliese.", "docs": [{"title": "Karyn Pugliese", "text": "<s>Karyn Pugliese Karyn Pugliese (Pab\u00e0m\u00e0diz) is a Canadian broadcast journalist and communications specialist, of Algonquin and Italian descent. She is member of the Algonquins of Pikw\u00e0kanag\u00e0n First Nation in Ontario. She is a Nieman Fellow, Class of 2020, Harvard University and has been recognized by the Canadian Association of Journalists with a Charles Bury Award for her leadership supporting journalists and fighting for media rights. In 2018 the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television presented Pugliese with the organization's annual Gordon Sinclair Award for distinguished achievement in journalism at the 6th Canadian Screen Awards. In 2019 Pugliese received the Hyman Solomon Award for Public Policy Journalism  and was the co-recipient with journalist Justin Brake for the Native American Journalists Association (NAJA) 2019 Elias Boudinot Free Press Award. She was chosen for the twenty-fifth Martin Wise Goodman Canadian Nieman Fellowship at Harvard University. She won a National Newspaper Award for a series of columns written for the National Observer in 2021, where she is now editor-in-chief. She is a frequent commentator on CBC's Rosie Barton Live and the podcast Canadaland. Pugliese recently replaced the former host"}, {"title": "Karyn Pugliese", "text": " of the canadaLANDBACK series. The former host Ryan McMahon, left after some personal controversy and conflict with his producer. Pugliese is best known for her work as a journalist/Executive Director of news and current affairs at the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network,Karen Mccall, \"Indigenous First: Why APTN won't stop covering the kinds of stories mainstream Canadian media once regularly messed up or ignored\u2014and often still do Ryerson review of journalism https://medium.com/ryerson-review-of-journalism/indigenous-first-b5b2d3d7b344 and as the host of ichannel's #FAQMP. Pugliese was also the Managing Editor of CBC's Investigative unit, overseeing television programming for the Fifth Estate and Marketplace. She also worked at Vision TV and as a Communications Director for the Assembly of First Nations. Pugliese is president of the Canadian Association of Journalists (2018-2020) and previously sat on the CAJ Ethics Committee. Pugliese has acted as a co-chair for the Night for Rights Gala, an event which raises approximately $140,000 annually for rights-based journalism programming, and is organized by Journalist for Human Rights, JHR. Pugliese"}, {"title": "Karyn Pugliese", "text": " is an ambassador for Journalist for Human Rights, and works with them to train young indigenous journalists. She frequently speaks in support of the organization. She is also a board member for Canadian Journalists for Free Expression (CJFE).</s><s>Early life. Pugliese was born and raised in Ottawa, Ontario, but frequently visited Pikw\u00e0kanag\u00e0n in her youth. Most of her close family lived off-reserve in Ottawa. Pugliese dropped out of high school three times, eventually enrolling in an alternative high school where she earned her diploma. Although she was a bright student, Pugliese had no intention of attending university, and wanted to be a bartender, until a high school teacher coaxed her into applying to Carleton University's journalism program. She enrolled and graduated with a combined honours in Journalism and History in 1998. Pugliese was in journalism school during the years of the resistance, Ipperwash Crisis and standoff at Gustefsen Lake. She was so distressed by the way media covered these events, out of context and stereotyping Indigenous people \"as angry warriors threatening an otherwise peaceful Canada,\" that when she attended her graduation ceremony at Pikwakanagan she was embarrassed to admit she'd studied journalism and told her people she"}, {"title": "Karyn Pugliese", "text": " was thinking about becoming historian instead. After graduating Pugliese worked short-term contracts at CBC Radio Ottawa's \"Morning Show\", \"Sounds Like Canada\" and CTV television, Ottawa. As a single mother of a young child, Pugliese found it difficult to balance motherhood with the instability of a journalism career. For a time she left journalism and worked as a technical writer in the federal government. Around this time she returned to Carleton University to complete an M.A. in history. Her thesis \"'So, where are you from?' Glimpsing the history of Ottawa-Gatineau's urban Indian communities\" is a history of the off-reserve community she grew up in. Pugliese returned to journalism in 2000, after a professor put her in touch with the APTN. Pugliese became the APTN's first Parliamentary Correspondent. She credits the APTN's daycare policy and flexible hours for her ability to re-enter journalism and build a career. She says APTN was a place where she could \"write the truth about my people,\" turning her back toward a career in journalism. Her son Zackery Liberty is now an adult and a guitarist with the indie rock group Farewell Davidson.</s><s>Career."}, {"title": "Karyn Pugliese", "text": "</s><s>Career.:Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN). In 2000 Pugliese heard from a professor that the APTN was about to launch a weekly news magazine show called \"InVision\". It was later rebranded into the nightly APTN National News. From 2000 to 2006 Pugliese was a member of the Press Gallery and APTN's Parliamentary Reporter. She also travelled to many Indigenous communities, mostly in Ontario, Quebec and Nunavut. During her time at APTN Pugliese won 3 Native American Journalism Awards and was nominated for a Canadian Association of Broadcasters Gold Ribbon Award. Pugliese left APTN in 2006.</s><s>Career.:360 Vision, Vision TV. In 2006, Pugliese joined Vision TV's investigative and current affairs show 360 Vision then led by Sadia Zaman and John Scully. That year the series was a nominee for Best News and Information Series at the 2006 Gemini Awards. Pugliese left after one season.</s><s>Career.:Assembly of First Nations. Pugliese joined the Assembly of First Nations as a communications officer in 2007. In this role she also worked with the World Health Organization,Global STOP-TB Indigenous Experts Meeting Summary of Proceedings Toronto, Ontario, Canada November 12\u201314"}, {"title": "Karyn Pugliese", "text": ", 2008 p 57 http://www.kateniesresearch.com/papers/DRAFT%20Global%20Indigenous%20STOP%20TB%20Summary%20of%20Proceedings%20DEC.%201,%202008.pdf and the United Nations. A year later she was promoted to Communications Director. She left the AFN in 2010.</s><s>Career.:ichannel and #FAQMP. In 2010 Pugliese returned to journalism, hosting and producing @issue, ichannel's current affairs talk show. In 2011 Pugliese hosted and produced a new flagship program #FAQMP (Frequently Asked Questions for your Member of Parliament). The show was described as an experiment in democracy, and with its hyper-local focus it was favourably compared to a modern twist on Geoff Scott's 1968 Show \"Your Man on the Hill.\"  #FAQMP invited viewers to vote on a website and choose which MP they wanted to appear on the show. Viewers were then invited to submit their own interview questions and topics via social media. Among the MPs who appeared on the show were: Justin Trudeau, Jason Kenney, Dean Del Mastro, Elizabeth May, Bob Rae, Carolyn Bennett, Joy Smith, Pat Martin"}, {"title": "Karyn Pugliese", "text": ", and Senator Patrick Brazeau. Some controversial episodes included: PEI Liberal MP Sean Casey's admission that he did not support his own party's 2012 resolution on abortion that would penalize any province that restricted women's access to abortion (by cutting federal health transfer dollars). Green Party Leader Elizabeth May's assertion that political parties should be eliminated, and all MPs elected independently also caused a stir. The clip resurfaced and caused debate on reddit in 2014. The series garnered a nomination for Best Cross-Platform Project, Non-Fiction at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards. Pugliese left in 2012, returning to APTN. #FAQMP lasted for 1 more season under a new host, Kevin O'Keefe.</s><s>Career.:Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN). In 2012, Pugliese returned to the APTN to lead the news department as the executive director of News and Current Affairs. Since her arrival, new programming has been added to the News Department including: \"Nation to Nation\", a half hour political show, and the talk shows \"InFocus\" and \"The Laughing Drum\". During the 2015 federal election, for the first time, APTN National News secured interviews with 3 out of 4 of the national party leaders."}, {"title": "Karyn Pugliese", "text": " In 2017, Pugliese was awarded the Canadian Association of Journalists Charles Bury Award, by then CAJ President Nick Taylor-Vaisey. In particular Taylor-Vaisey noted Pugliese's contributions to fighting for press freedom. \"When it comes to supporting journalists and fighting for journalism, APTN punches above its weight,\" said Taylor-Vaisey. \"They fight for press freedom in the courts...\" In her acceptance speech Pugliese recounted some of the early struggles of setting up the \"first aboriginal broadcaster in the world\" adding: \"Yes. We punched above our weight, how could we not with so much at stake?\"</s><s>Career.:Managing Editor Investigative (CBC). As managing editor of investigative for the CBC from 2021, Pugliese oversaw \"The Fifth Estate\", an award-winning English-language Canadian news magazine television program airing on the national CBC Television network.</s><s>Career.:Executive Editor National Observer. Pugliese is currently the executive editor of Canada's National Observer, a daily online news service focused on climate change.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Karyn Pugliese", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000122", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Michael L. MacDonald.", "docs": [{"title": "Michael L. MacDonald", "text": "<s>Michael L. MacDonald Michael L. MacDonald (born May 4, 1955) is a Canadian politician and a Conservative member of the Canadian Senate. He was appointed on the advice of Stephen Harper to the Senate on January 2, 2009.</s><s>Early life and education. MacDonald was born in Louisbourg, the youngest of 10 children. In 1977, he graduated from University of King's College in Halifax with an Honours degree in political science.</s><s>Political career. MacDonald worked as a researcher for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada Research Office from 1978 to 1980. He then worked in the office of MLA Gerald Sheehy from 1980 to 1982 and then as Executive Assistant to Premier John Buchanan from 1982 to 1984. He was also Executive Assistant to Thomas McMillan from 1984 to 1985, and then to Stewart McInnes from 1985 to 1987. He has been the owner of the Fortress Inn in Louisbourg since 1988. In 1988, he ran for federal office in Cape Breton\u2014East Richmond, placing second with 7,173 votes. In 1993, he ran provincially for the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia in the riding of Dartmouth-Cole Harbour, placing second with 2,905 votes. He ran in Dartmouth-Cole Harbour again in 1998, placing third with"}, {"title": "Michael L. MacDonald", "text": " 2,084 votes. He ran federally in 2004 in the riding of Dartmouth\u2014Cole Harbour, placing third with 8,739 votes.</s><s>Controversy. On February 16, 2022, during the convoy protest in Ottawa, MacDonald was recorded in a video making derisive remarks about the city's residents, saying, \"I\u2019m so sick of the entitlement in this country and this f------ city. Everybody around this city, with their six-figure salaries and twenty-hour weeks.\" He also expressed support for the protesters, saying, \"...in Ottawa I don't want them to leave,\" and described his wife as \"a Karen\" for wanting the protest to end. MacDonald later read a statement in the Senate chamber to apologize for his remarks.</s><s>Personal life. MacDonald lives in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, with his wife Marilyn, and their two sons, Lauchlan and Liam.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Michael L. MacDonald", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000123", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ingo Titze.", "docs": [{"title": "Ingo Titze", "text": "<s>Ingo Titze Ingo R. Titze is a voice scientist and executive director of the National Center for Voice and Speech and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. He also teaches at the Summer Vocology Institute, also housed at the University of Utah. He is a Distinguished Professor at the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Iowa and has written several books relating to the human voice.</s><s>Education. Titze received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Utah, and then an M.S.E.E. in Electrical Engineering, with a minor in Physics from the University of Utah. He graduated with a Ph.D. in physics from Brigham Young University in 1972. In 1976 he went to Gallaudet University, where he received his first of many grants from the National Institutes of Health.</s><s>Career. Prior to his conjoint positions at the Universities of Utah and Iowa (for which he began in 2009 and 1990, respectively) he was the Chief Scientist and Executive Director for the National Center for Voice and Speech from 1994\u20132009, which was then housed at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts"}, {"title": "Ingo Titze", "text": ". From 1983\u20131994 he served as the Director of Research for the Recording and Research Center, also housed at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts, and from 1989\u20131994 he was adjunct professor in the Westminster Choir College at Princeton, New Jersey. Titze was a consultant to the Department of Linguistics/Speech Analysis at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, a visiting Lecturer at the Department of Hearing/Speech Science at the University of Maryland, and an associate professor for the Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology for the University of Iowa from 1979\u20131995. His early career positions included associate professor in the Department of Physics at the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, assistant professor for the Sensory Communication Research Laboratory at Gallaudet College from 1976\u20131979, lecturer in physics and electrical engineering at California State Polytechnic University, physics instructor at Pomona College from 1973\u20131974, and Brigham Young University from 1972\u20131973. Before accepting a position to work as a research engineer at the Boeing Company of Seattle from 1968\u20131969, he worked at the National Reactor Test Station (1965\u20131966) and as a research engineer at North American Aviation in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Titze began his career"}, {"title": "Ingo Titze", "text": " as a summer research engineer for Argonne National Laboratory in Arco, Idaho in 1963.</s><s>Vocology. Between the years of 1979\u20131981, Titze developed a new course entitled \"Principles of Voice Production\", which was taught jointly in the School of Music. During the 1980s he developed various university courses that included acoustics, biomechanics of speech, experimental phonetics, digital signal processing, voice therapy and vocal pedagogy, all of which culminated in him coining the phrase 'vocology', which he then proposed as a discipline parallel to audiology.</s><s>Research. Titze has been awarded multiple grants during his career from the National Institutes of Health, to study voice health and voice disorders. His research on the voice is prolific, with over 160 research articles listed at the NIH, alone.</s><s>Media. - 2015 Appeared in BBC Radio 3, BBC Proms, \"Singing Machines\" - 2013 Appeared in Reuters, BBC, Pacific Standard, Iowa Now, and AIP regarding his \u201cVoice Vote\u201d article - 1992 Featured on Television Documentary, NDR, Hamburg, Germany - 1986 Part of a documentary on Quantum, The Science Series, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, produced and directed by Peter Hiscock"}, {"title": "Ingo Titze", "text": " - 1985 Part of a nationally aired feature on Voice Research, Cable News Network (CNN), \"Science and Technology Today\" series, produced by Charles Crawford - 1985 Part of a documentary entitled \"Figures of Speech\" on the series Innovation, WNET (Public Television Network), produced by Duncan Scott</s><s>Awards. - 2012: Kay-Pentax Lecturer and Awards, American Speech Language Hearing Association - 2010: Honors of the Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association - 2009: Science Writing Award for Professional in Acoustics, The Acoustical Society of America - 2007: Silver Medal, the Acoustical Society of America - 2004: Wullstein Lecture and Award, German Ear, Nose, Throat Association - 2003: Karl Storz Lecture Award, American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology - 2002: Willard R. Zemlin Lecture Award, American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association - 1996: American Laryngological Association Award - 1996: Honored Alumnus, College of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Brigham Young Univ. - 1995: University of Iowa Regents Award - 1992: Fellow, American Speech Language Hearing Association - 1992: Editor's Award Speech Science, American Speech Language"}, {"title": "Ingo Titze", "text": " Hearing Association - 1990: Quintana Award, The Voice Foundation - 1989: Claude Pepper Award, National Institutes of Health - 1986: Part of a documentary on Quantum, a science series of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation - 1984: William and Harriott Gould Award for laryngeal physiology - 1984: Jacob Javits Neurosciences Investigation Award - 1983: Fellow, Acoustical Society of America - 1969: NDEA Graduate Fellow - 1959: Josephine Bean Scholarship</s><s>Bibliography.</s><s>Bibliography.:Books. - \"Fascinations with the Human Voice\". National Center for Voice and Speech. Translated into German, Japanese, Finnish, Spanish, Chinese, Italian, French. Titze, I.R. (2010). - \"Vocology: The Science and Practice of Voice Habilitation\". National Center for Voice and Speech, Salt Lake City, UT. Titze, I.R., & Verdolini, K. (2012). - \"The Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation\". Denver, CO 80204: National Center for Voice and Speech (2006). Titze, I.R. - \"Principles of Voice Productio\"n. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall ("}, {"title": "Ingo Titze", "text": "1994). Reprinted by the National Center for Voice and Speech, Denver, CO 80204 (2000). Translated into Chinese, German, Japanese and Portuguese. Titze, I.R. - \"Vocal Fold Physiology: Frontiers in Basic Science\". San Diego: Singular Publishing Group (1992). Titze, I.R. (Ed.). - \"Vocal Health and Science\". Jacksonville, FL: The National Association of Teachers of Singing (1991). Sataloff, R.T. & Titze, I.R. (Eds.). - \"Vocal Fold Physiology: Biomechanics, Acoustics, and Phonatory Contro\"l. Denver CO: Denver Center for the Performing Arts (1985). Titze, I.R. & Scherer, R.C. (Eds.).</s><s>See also. - Phonation - Place of articulation - Vocal folds - Vocology</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ingo Titze", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000124", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kathleen A. McGrath.", "docs": [{"title": "Kathleen A. McGrath", "text": "<s>Kathleen A. McGrath Kathleen Anne McGrath (June 4, 1952 \u2013 September 26, 2002) was the first woman to command a United States Navy warship.</s><s>Early life. On June 4, 1952, McGrath was born in Columbus, Ohio. McGrath's father is Colonel James H. McGrath. McGrath's mother is Martha McGrath.</s><s>Education. In 1975, McGrath earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental Science from California State University, Sacramento. McGrath attended Officer Candidate School in Rhode Island. In 1987, McGrath earned a Master of Arts degree in Educational Management from Stanford University.</s><s>Career. McGrath worked in the United States Forestry Service until 1980 when she joined the US Navy. McGrath was deployed to the Western Pacific, the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean and Caribbean seas. McGrath commanded the rescue and salvage ship USS Recovery in 1993 and 1994. She was the first woman to command was US Navy ship. In December 1998, Captain McGrath became commander of the frigate USS Jarrett. She was one of the group of five women, including Michelle J. Howard, Maureen Farren, Ann O'Connor, and Grace Mehl, chosen to be the first female combatant commanders in"}, {"title": "Kathleen A. McGrath", "text": " the United States Navy. In the spring of 2000, it was just six years after Congress revoked rules prohibiting women from serving on combat aircraft and warships. On March 31, 2000, McGrath commanded USS Jarrett and set to sea from San Diego, California with a destination of the Persian Gulf region. Its goal was to hunt boats suspected of smuggling Iraqi oil in violation of United Nations sanctions. In May 2002, McGrath was promoted to the rank of captain. Following her tour as commander of the \"Jarrett\", McGrath served at the Joint Advanced Warfighting Unit in Alexandria, Virginia. Captain McGrath died in September 2002 at the age of 50.</s><s>Awards. - Legion of Merit - Meritorious Service Medal with three gold stars (4 awards) - Navy Commendation Medal with 2 gold stars - Navy Achievement Medal - Joint Meritorious Unit Award - Meritorious Unit Citation - Navy E Ribbon - National Defense Service Medal with star - Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal - Southwest Asia Service Medal with star - Sea Service Deployment Ribbon - Navy Overseas Service Ribbon - Kuwait Liberation Medal</s><s>Personal life. McGrath's husband was Gregory H. Brandon. They have two children. On September 26, 2002, McGrath died from lung cancer at the National"}, {"title": "Kathleen A. McGrath", "text": " Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. She was 50 years old. McGrath is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kathleen A. McGrath", "frequency": "rare", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000125", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sergei Bodrov.", "docs": [{"title": "Sergei Bodrov", "text": "<s>Sergei Bodrov Sergei Vladimirovich Bodrov (; born June 28, 1948) is a Russian film director, screenwriter, and producer. In 2003 he was the President of the Jury at the 25th Moscow International Film Festival.</s><s>Life and career. Bodrov was born in Khabarovsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia). In the post-Soviet period he emigrated to the United States. His son, actor Sergei Bodrov, Jr. was killed in an avalanche in the mountains of the North Caucasus on September 20, 2002, while shooting a film titled \"The Messenger\". Bodrov's paternal grandmother was an ethnic Buryat, which influenced his decision to make the movie \"Mongol\". Bodrov currently has an apartment in Los Angeles and a ranch in Arizona. He is married to American film consultant Carolyn Cavallaro.</s><s>Awards. - \"Prisoner of the Mountains\" - Nika Award for Best Picture and Best Director. - Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film nomination. - \"Mongol\" - Nika Award for Best Picture and Best Director. - Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film nomination. - \"The Quickie\" - 23rd Moscow International Film Festival"}, {"title": "Sergei Bodrov", "text": " Golden St. George (nominated)</s><s>Filmography. - \"Freedom Is Paradise\" (1989) - \"Katala\" (1989) - \"White King, Red Queen\" (1992) - \"Prisoner of the Mountains\" (1996) - \"Running Free\" (2000) - \"The Quickie\" (2001) - \"Bear's Kiss\" (2002) - \"Shiza\" (2004) - \"Nomad\" (2005) - \"Mongol\" ( 2007) - \"A Yakuza's Daughter Never Cries\" (2010) - \"Seventh Son\" (2014) - \"Breathe Easy\" (2022)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sergei Bodrov", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000126", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Diana Ivanova.", "docs": [{"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": "<s>Diana Ivanova Diana Ivanova (Bulgarian \u0414\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430; born 19 March 1968 in Montana, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian journalist, author and documentary filmmaker. In her professional work she is interested in intercultural dialogue between people in Bulgaria and other countries, preferably Germany. As cultural manager and curator, she is committed to international understanding and cultural exchange and organizes every year in northwestern Bulgaria an international cultural festival. As a group analyst in Sofia and Bonn she deals with traumas that have been suffered due to the political situation in both countries in the time before the political change in Europe - in Germany primarily by citizens of the GDR.</s><s>Professional background. When Diana Ivanova went to school her birthplace still was wearing the name Mihajlovgrad. It was given up in 1993 in favor of the original name Montana. On the local German school, which maintained friendly relations with the Thuringian school in Schmalkalden as part of a twinning, she passed the Abitur. She lives and works in Bonn and Sofia. Ivanova studied Cultural anthropology and Mass communication at the University of Sofia, where she 1991 obtained a Master in Journalism. After that"}, {"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": " she worked as a journalist until 1995, including as reporter and moderator at Bulgarian National Television. She then until 2003 was Radio journalist at Radio Free Europe in Prague. That same year she completed her training as a cultural manager on \"International Centre for Culture and Management\" (ICCM) at Prof. Herwig Poeschl in Salzburg. In 2005, she was \"Milena Jesensk\u00e1 scholarship holder\" at the Institute of Human Sciences. 2014 she completed her training as a group analyst at the \"International Association for Group Analysis (IAG)\" in Altaussee. Her dissertation focuses on the relationship between elderly Italians and Bulgarian women who had to leave their villages in regions with hopeless labor market situation to make money with the care of the elderly in Italy, but by that lost contact with their homeland. Since 2003 she is a freelance journalist, among others, for \"n-ost\", \"Dnevnik\", \"Capital (Bulgaria)\", \"Abitare\" and \"Foreign Policy\". She is also manager of the \"New Culture Foundation\" and researched the film heritage of the Bulgarian secret services in Sofia, Berlin and Munich.</s><s>Work. Ivanova emphasizes \u201cslow journalism\u201d, as she calls it. Authenticity for"}, {"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": " her is essential. Journalism of this kind needs time and she is willing to take time. Against this background she is shaping her articles, her films and projects. Contentual focus of her work are the individual and collective traumas of the people in Bulgaria and Germany having been suffered by political circumstances. With her understanding of the trauma phrase she leans on the social psychologist Angela K\u00fchner and the sociologist Kai Erikson, who understands a collective trauma as a \u201cviolation of the social tissue and the connections between people\u201d. Cultural exchange and encounter groups are the chosen devices, by which she meets the traumas to prepare the ground for a better future. At the beginning of every project her look goes back to the past, which gives her information about the historical roots of the present and the actual experiences of the people. After her cycle \"Hello Melancholy\" was published in \"Capital weekly\", she was awarded on 16 August 2005 by the \"Austria Press Agency\" in Vienna with the prize \"Writing for Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)\" \u2013 for her text \"Mrs. Bulgarian, Ivan Milev and Gustav Klimt\". In December 2013 Ivanova was for the second time invited on a scholarship for one month in the \"K\u00fc"}, {"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": "nstlerhaus Villa Waldberta\" in Feldafing. Among other things, she there showed the \"Films of the Bulgarian Ministry of State Security\", which were presented in the \"Brotfabrik\" in Berlin too.</s><s>Projects (Choice).</s><s>Projects (Choice).:\"GOATMILK\". \"Goat Milk\" is the name of an international cultural festival, Ivanova, together with the team of the \"New Culture Foundation\" organizes every year since 2004 in May as \"Festival of memories\" in the village of Gorna Bela Rechka in northwestern Bulgaria. Involved are the almost one hundred more than seventy-years-old residents of the village and artists from different nations \u2013 people who otherwise would not meet. In this way, Bela Rechka becomes a place of encounter, where the participants in joint designing the festival share stories, experiences and memories. The project is based on the question whether the cultural differences do separate people fundamentally or whether commonality and understanding are possible. For the inhabitants of the village and the participating guests and artists of the \"Goatmilk Festival\" this question already found an answer. At the same time it comes through the festival to a revitalization of this"}, {"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": " by poverty and loneliness embossed region of the country. Every year the \"Goat Milk Festival\" is dedicated to a theme. 2008 was marked by the replacement of the bell. Although Bela Rechka never had a church, there was a bell in the village. And that was very important for the residents until it was stolen in the nineties of the last century. The \"Goatmilk Festival\" paved by help of many artists the way for its replacement. Supported by the Goethe-Institut in Sofia, Bela Rechka 2009 received a new bell. \"The bell of Bela Rechka\" was realized within the European program Culture 2000 by the \"New Culture Foundation\" in collaboration with the \"Borderland Foundation\" (Poland) and the \"Laundry Association\" (Birmingham, England). There were also donations and the participation of numerous volunteers.</s><s>Projects (Choice).:\"I lived Socialism\". From 2004 to 2006 Ivanova worked with the poet and writer Georgi Gospodinov and the psychiatrist Rumen Petrov. The focus of their joint project was the question of which traces socialism had left in the souls of men and what influence had these marks on their lifestyle and identity. 171"}, {"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": " stories of Bulgarians of different ages were collected. The website on which they were presented, no longer exists; yet they are preserved in a book bearing \u2013 in Bulgarian \u2013 the title of the project. An online article of The Sofia Echo provides some of the shortened stories.</s><s>Projects (Choice).:\"My street\". The project \"My street\" began with the waste crisis 2005 in Bulgaria. It was an opportunity to reflect on the importance of the road, in which people live and feel strange or at home. So Ivanova started initially in Bulgaria and later in Cuba bringing people together who wrote down their story with their street, took photos and then in personal encounter shared with each other. Although many at first did not know what to do with the offer, they developed step by step while participating in the project a new relationship with an environment in which they have always lived but previously had paid little attention.</s><s>Projects (Choice).:\"My street\".:\"My street Bulgaria\". Ivanova was invited along with Boris Deliradev by the \"British Council\" in Bulgaria, to develop a concept for workshops with young people on the topic \"The EU and ME\". From the desire to avoid general and superficial conversations on the subject, and under the influence of the"}, {"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": " then current waste crisis the idea for the project \"My street\" took shape. After \"My street Bulgaria\" having been successful, the project later in Cuba found its continuation.</s><s>Projects (Choice).:\"My street\".:\"My street Cuban Stories\". Since 1997 Ivanova traveled to Cuba. 2009 she gathered together with the Iranian-Canadian photographer Babak Salari stories and photos of people and their streets. As in all projects the identity of the people were in the focus and the question of how it is influenced by environment and experience. The result was 2010 a first book and 2012 a second one.</s><s>Projects (Choice).:\"Traumas and Miracles\". Together with Babak Salari Ivanova in 2008 began her research on the project \"Traumas and Miracles - Portraits from the Northwest of Bulgaria\" in one of the economically weakest and poorest regions of the country. Inspired by the conviction of the French sociologist and philosopher Maurice Halbwachs, \u201cthat all of us unconsciously are \u2018an echo\u2019 of events that happened before our time\u201d, the aim of the project was a documentation of the oldest inhabitants of the region and their often traumatic stories. With the intention to create a space \u201cfor words"}, {"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": ", phrases, images, faces that convey a sense of the area\u201d, a \u201ccollection of fragments\u201d emerged with portraits and stories of 50 inhabitants in eight villages. 2010 the project was presented to the public with an exhibition at the Institut f\u00fcr die Wissenschaften vom Menschen (IWM) in Vienna and in the National Art Gallery in Sofia. Other presentations followed, from 2016 also in Germany.</s><s>Projects (Choice).:Filmprojects. Ivanova participated in various film projects. For the 2009 released film \"The Town of Badante Women\" by Stephan Komandarev she wrote the script. Idea and interviews she contributed to the 2012 released film \"Father\" by Ivan Bogdanov, a Bulgarian-, Croat, German co-production. Moreover, she published several short documentaries. On 14 November 2014, after four years of preparation, her 76-minute documentary \"Listen\" premiered in Sofia. It reports about Radio Free Europe (RFE), which broadcast from Munich from 1949 to 1995 but was banned in Bulgaria before the change in Europe. From 1995 to 2003 Ivanova had worked there. In Germany the film found his audience, for example, on 11 June 2015, at the \"America House (Munich"}, {"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": ")\". Here, two former employees from \"Radio Free Europe\" (RFE) were invited: Luben Mutafoff, formerly journalist there, and Richard H. Cummings, former head of security \u2013 both after the film in an interview with the director. Also in June 2015, the movie was shown at Giessen University that thereafter provided an opportunity for discussion with Ivanova. Also in the \"naTo\" in Leipzig and in the \"Brotfabrik\" in Berlin the film was shown, as well as in the \"Filmmuseum Potsdam\", in \"Werkstattkino Munich\" and in \"Film Club 813\" in Cologne. Outside Germany, the film was presented in Kosovo and Luxembourg. The film historian Claus L\u00f6ser wrote about the film: \u201cDiana Ivanova succeeds in her debut documentary \u2018Listen\u2019 a small miracle. She manages retrospectively to soften the entrenched positions of the European postwar order, without playing down the historical and current conflicts.\u201d In the year of its formation Ivanova was awarded with the \"Best Director Award\" for \"LISTEN\" as best first film. The film was developed with the support of the \"Bulgarian National Film Center\". After completing this film works"}, {"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": ", Ivanova turned researching the film archive of the Bulgarian State Security to what she received a grant from the Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship.</s><s>Projects (Choice).:Self-Awareness-Groups. Since 2012 Ivanova organizes and since 2013 she conducts self-awareness-groups in Bonn and Sofia. As method she applies the technique of group analysis. Her interest in this context is it, to give a place to the suffering of people inflicted due to political circumstances on which it could be heard and may be alleviated.</s><s>Publications. - {{cite book |last1=Ivanova - {{cite book |last1=Salari - {{cite book |last1=Dietrich - {{cite book |last1=Ivanova - {{cite book |last1=Salari</s><s>Filmography. - 2014: \"LISTEN\" (76 Min.) - 2012: \"The Abandoned Northwest\" (22 Min.) - 2010: \"My Street Cuba\" (28 Min.) - 2010: \"Between Havana and Sofia\" (16 Min.)</s><s>Awards. - 2014: HostwriterPrize \"Collaboration"}, {"title": "Diana Ivanova", "text": " in Journalism\" (together with Dagmar Gester) - 2014: Prize for the best debut-film \"Golden Rhyton Festival Award\" - 2007: \"Robert Schumann Journalist Award\" - 2005: Journalistprize \"Writing for Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)\" - 1993: National Award for the best short TV news presentation</s><s>References and Remarks. {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web }} {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web {{cite journal }} {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web {{cite web</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Diana Ivanova", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000127", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Arthur Ewert.", "docs": [{"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": "<s>Arthur Ewert Arthur Ernest Ewert (30 November 1890 \u2013 3 July 1959) was a German communist political activist and functionary of the Communist International (Comintern). Ewert is best remembered as an official Comintern representative to the United States, China, Argentina, and Brazil during the late 1920s and 1930s. After being subjected to torture and sentenced to 13 years in prison for his political activity in Brazil, Ewert lost his sanity. He was granted amnesty in May 1945 and ultimately returned to East Germany, where he lived out the rest of his life in a series of medical facilities.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early years. Arthur Ernest Ewert was born November 13, 1890, in the town of Heinrichswalde, East Prussia (today's Slavsk, Russia). He was the son of a poor peasant family. Largely self-educated, Ewert completed only a primary school education in a one-room rural schoolhouse. Anxious to escape the drudgery of rural life, at the age of 14 Ewert accepted a position as an apprentice in an uncle's saddle-making factory in the urban center of Berlin. The growth of the automotive industry convinced the young Ewert"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": " that there was little future in saddle-making, however, so he left that trade to take a job as a worker in a Berlin steel works. Earning low wages to perform difficult and sometimes dangerous work in the steel plant proved to be a radicalizing experience for Ewert. Influenced by his older sister, Minna, who was an activist in the social democratic youth movement, Ewert himself joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP) in 1908 at the age of 18. In addition to socialist politics, Ewert's sister introduced him to a friend from work, the Polish-born Elise Saborovsky Ewert \u2014 known to her friends as \"Szabo\" \u2014 who was herself a committed Marxist. The pair began living together and would remain a couple for 25 years.</s><s>Biography.:Life in Canada. Early in 1914 Ewert and Szabowski moved to Canada, where they began to achieve fluency in the English language. At the time of Canada's entry into World War I in the summer of that year Ewert and Szabowski were required as citizens of an enemy power to report to the legal authorities for internment for the duration of the war. Instead the couple chose to disappear into the political"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": " underground, where they were aided by Canadian Marxist opponents of the war. The couple traveled extensively through Canada and the United States in this period, interacting with others of like political mind and joining the new Socialist Party of North America (SPNA), a small revolutionary socialist organization launched in Canada in 1915. During this period the couple used the party pseudonyms \"Gustav\" and \"Elsie\" and procured false identity documents under the names \"Arthur Brown\" and \"Annie Bancourt\" to better avoid law enforcement officers. Following the Russian Revolution of November 1917, Canadian authorities increased their scrutiny of domestic radicals and Ewert and Szabowski became persons of interest. An informer tipped off the authorities that the pair would be in Toronto for a party meeting on March 23, 1919, and plainclothes detectives picked up their trail from the gathering to a boarding house, where arrest and search warrants were served. According to the police communist propaganda and several handguns were found in the couple's room during the search. After an administrative hearing Ewert was deported to Germany a few months after his arrest, while Szabo was transported across Canada to an internment camp, pending her own deportation in February 1920 aboard a prisoner of war repatriation ship. The couple reunited in"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": " Berlin where they resumed their lives together anew.</s><s>Biography.:German revolutionary. Returning to Germany early in the summer of 1919, Ewert joined the fledgling Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and became active in its work preparing the ground for a revolutionary overthrow of the German government. To support himself he went to work in Berlin as a laborer at the giant electrical corporation AEG \"(Allgemeine Elektricit\u00e4ts-Gesellschaft),\" becoming one of the leading KPD activists among that company's workers. This period was marked by economic chaos, strikes, and streetfighting, in which the KPD frequently played the role of provocateur. Ewert was involved in this activity as a leading member of the loosely organized Greater Berlin Revolutionary Action Committee, established to organize urban workers into fighting groups to do battle with similar bands of ultra-nationalist demobilized soldiers. The leadership of Soviet Russia placed supreme importance on an early communist revolution in Germany to provide material support for the revolution in their own revolution backwards peasant nation. Substantial funds were funneled into Germany to support the organizing and propaganda efforts of the German communist movement. From 1920 onwards German-speaking veterans of the Soviet revolution and Russian Civil War were employed to establish paramilitary"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": " \"military-political organizations\" throughout Germany in preparation for armed insurrection. The leadership of the KPD was divided over the advisability of such preparations for armed struggle, with Hungarian Comintern plenipotentiaries Bela Kun and J\u00f3zsef Pog\u00e1ny dispatched to Germany early in 1921 in an effort to win support for the strategy from faltering party chiefs. These preparations for a planned insurrection were ultimately short-circuited by events in Soviet Russia, including the March 1 Kronstadt uprising in which Baltic sailors took up arms against the Soviet regime, prompting more than two weeks of violent and bloody conflict between these revolutionary forces. In need of a diversion, the Communist International (Comintern) pushed forward with its plans for German insurrection in events which were later to be known as the March Action. On March 22, 1921, Communist paramilitary units exploded bombs and attacked police stations and government buildings throughout Central Germany in an attempt to spark the overthrow of the Ebert government. The chaos and killing which resulted from this coordinated offensive resulted in a debacle for the Communists, alienating a broad section of the public against the KPD and provoking an immediate reaction by the authorities, which easily put down the uprising. The Communist Party of Germany was decimated in the aftermath of the failed"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": " March Action and party leader Paul Levi was expelled for afterwards publishing a pamphlet which sharply criticized the Comintern for its tactics and role. In April 1921 the KPD leadership dispatched Arthur Ewert to the city of Halle to attempt to rebuild the party organization there following its destruction in the March Action. After only a couple weeks Ewert was arrested for his organizing activity, however, and he was transferred to the prison facility at Frankfurt, where he was held for two months with other communist activists without formal charges being filed. The state was unable to produce evidence that Ewert was involved in fomenting armed insurrection, however, and he was subsequently released.</s><s>Biography.:Political rise. Ewert was elected to the governing National Committee (Zentrale) and its Politburo by the 8th Congress of the KPD in January 1923. Ewert was also elected as a KPD delegate to the 3rd Enlarged Plenum of Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI) in 1923. During this interval Ewert was one of the top party leaders in Western Germany involved in the planning of the Communist Party's failed November 1923 revolutionary uprising. This activity made Ewert a wanted man with the legal authorities of the We"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": "imar Republic and he was forced into hiding. Ewert was arrested in November 1926 but managed to escape and he returned to life in the underground until 1928. Ewert was voted off the Zentrale for factional reasons by the dominant party left wing at 9th Congress of the KPD, held in April 1924. Ewert and his co-thinkers Heinz Neumann and Gerhart Eisler were removed from the political scene for work in the Communist International in Moscow. Ewert was initially assigned to work in the Comintern's Balkan Commission, dealing with political affairs of the various Communist Parties of that region. Ewert was also put to work as a lecturer at the Comintern's International Lenin School, an institution established in 1925 for the intellectual and technical training of leading party cadres for life as \"professional revolutionaries.\" The fortunes of his \"center\" political faction soon improved in Germany, however, and Ewert was returned to his formerly held leading positions by the 10th Congress of the KPD in 1925 and re-elected by the 11th Congress in 1927. In 1926, Ewert was again selected as a delegate of the KPD to the 6th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI, at"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": " which he made use of his English-language skills as chair of the British Commission under the pseudonym \"Braun.\" Ewert was again elected to the 8th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI, held in Moscow in May 1927, where he chaired the American Commission, which attempted to resolve the ongoing factional war inside the Workers (Communist) Party of America. This was followed that same summer by his dispatch to the United States as the Comintern's Representative to the 5th Convention of the Workers (Communist) Party, during which time he used the pseudonym \"Grey.\" By 1928 Ewert was regarded as one of the top leaders of the KPD, reckoned by historian Patrick Major to have been the number two figure in the Communist Party of Germany after party leader Ernst Th\u00e4lmann. He entered the German parliament, the \"Reichstag,\" in May 1928. Later in 1928 Ewert was tapped as the KPD's representative to the Executive Committee of the Communist International following Th\u00e4lmann's apparent involvement in a corruption scandal.</s><s>Biography.:Condemnation as \"Conciliator\". Ewert returned from his Moscow posting to ECCI early in 1929 to resume work in the apparatus of the German"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": " Communist Party. He quickly found himself on the wrong side of a growing factional divide of the increasingly radical Third Period policies of the world communist movement as a leading member of the moderate \"Conciliator\" \"(Vers\u00f6hnler)\" faction. At the 10th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI, held in Moscow in 1929, Ewert came under fire from his factional opponents as a supporter of discredited Soviet leader Nikolai Bukharin, with KPD representative to ECCI Walter Ulbricht leading the attack of what he characterized as a \"Bukharin\u2013Humbert-Droz\u2013Ewert Group.\" This charge was echoed by Joseph Stalin's right-hand man, Vyacheslav Molotov, who singled out Ewert by name among those \"conciliators\" who lent de facto political support to the more moderate political line of Bukharin and his co-thinkers inside the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks). Ewert managed to salvage his political career by engaging in public self-criticism at the 12th Congress of the KPD, held in June 1929, followed by publication of an article entitled \"The Bankruptcy of the Conciliators\" in the"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": " official party newspaper. Despite this public reversal of previously held political positions, Ewert was removed from the top leadership of the German Communist Party and was thereafter no longer directly involved in German party affairs.</s><s>Biography.:Comintern functionary. Ewert's familiarity with the English language and with the affairs of the America Communist Party made him a useful agent to the US, to which he traveled a false passport on Comintern business in 1930. Of primary concern to the Comintern was obtaining an independent assessment of the solidity of the hold over the party apparatus by the faction headed by Earl Browder and William Z. Foster, which had recently assumed control from deposed party leader Jay Lovestone. The use of Ewert \u2014 a personal friend and former ideological ally of the expelled dissident Lovestone \u2014 for this task was doubtlessly a form of loyalty-testing and assessment of whether Ewert retained political usefulness to the Comintern. Ewert seems to have passed the test, avoiding contacts with the Lovestone political organization and gaining the confidence and respect of the new American party leadership. In the fall of 1930 Ewert was formally assigned to the Comintern's Latin American department and he traveled with his common-law wife Szabo to Buenos Aires,"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": " Argentina to take over affairs of the Comintern office there. The posting was not a desirable one, but was rather a form of banishment of the ideologically suspect Ewert from the decision-making centers of the Communist Party of Germany and the Comintern. Ewert worked closely with Comintern representative A. Guralsky to win popular expelled Brazilian political leader Lu\u00eds Carlos Prestes to the Communist cause, regarded as a top priority task. The pair were successful in formally bringing Prestes over to the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB) by May 1931, with Prestes capping his conversion with a trip to Moscow that fall. It is unclear whether Ewert accompanied Prestes to the Soviet Union, but he did turn up again in Moscow in the spring of 1931, his Argentine mission at an end. In 1932 Ewert and his wife were dispatched as Comintern Representatives to the Communist Party of China, where they would stay until recalled to Moscow in 1934. From Moscow Ewert and Szabo were first sent to the United States, with Ewert using the pseudonym \"Harry Berger\" during his brief stay. From there the pair proceeded to Brazil as Comintern Representative to the Communist Party of Brazil. Following an abortive insurrection against the regime of"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": " Get\u00falio Vargas in November 1935, Ewert was arrested in Rio de Janeiro and was subjected to severe torture by authorities seeking the whereabouts of opposition leader Prestes. His wife Szabo was also subjected to police torture, being stripped, forced to suffer electric shocks, beaten, and burned with cigarettes \u2014 all in the presence of Ewert. Despite the viciousness of the interrogation, neither Ewert nor Szabo betrayed their confidences under duress. Szabo was ultimately deported to Nazi Germany in September 1936, where she was incarcerated and would later die at the Ravensbr\u00fcck concentration camp in 1939. Ewert underwent protracted interrogation, during which time he lost his sanity. He was finally brought to trial in May 1937, where he was convicted and sentenced to 13 years and four months in prison.</s><s>Biography.:Later years. In May 1945 Ewert was granted an amnesty from prison. He returned by ship to the Soviet zone of control in Eastern Germany in August 1947 but the mental problems which followed his torture and imprisonment proved insurmountable and he was forced to be hospitalized in a sanatorium for the rest of his life.</s><s>Biography.:Death and legacy. Ewert died on July 3, 1959, in Eber"}, {"title": "Arthur Ewert", "text": "tswalde. In 1981 the government of the German Democratic Republic issued a postage stamp in Ewert's honor.</s><s>Further reading. - Robert J. Alexander, \"Communism in Latin America.\" New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957. - Ronald H. Chilcote, \"The Brazilian Communist Party: Conflict and Integration, 1922-72.\" London: Oxford University Press, 1974. - Theodore Draper, \"American Communism and Soviet Russia.\" New York: Viking Press, 1960. - David P. Hornstein, \"Arthur Ewert: A Life for the Comintern.\" Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Arthur Ewert", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000128", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sami Shalom Chetrit.", "docs": [{"title": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "text": "<s>Sami Shalom Chetrit Sami Shalom Chetrit (; born 1960) is a Moroccan-born Hebrew poet an inter-disciplinary scholar and teacher, and Israeli social and peace activist.</s><s>Biography. Sami Shalom Chetrit was born in Errachidia, Morocco. His family moved to Israel when he was 3 years old. He grew up in Ashdod. He received his BA (Literature), MA (political science) and PhD (political science) from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and his MA in International Affairs from Columbia University in New York. Chetrit lives in New York City. He teaches Hebrew language, literature and culture, and Middle Eastern studies at Queens College in Flushing, New York. Chetrit was a Mizrahi activist and one of the founders of Kedma, an alternative school system that advocated equal opportunities for all students and a multi-cultural curriculum. He was among the founders of \"HaKeshet HaDemokratit HaMizrakhit\" (Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow Coalition) for social justice and cultural freedom. Chetrit is the author of numerous articles and books on culture, society and politics in Israel, a novel and four books of"}, {"title": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "text": " poetry. He produced two documentary films. Chetrit is the founder of the democratic Mizrahi blog for social justice and peace in Israel-Palestine. Chetrit identifies as an Arab Jew.</s><s>Published works. - Intra-Jewish Conflict in Israel: White Jews, Black Jews. London and New York: Routledge. 2010. 298 pp. - \u201cRevisiting Bialik: A Radical Mizrahi Reading of the Jewish National Poet.\u201d Comparative Literature. Winter 2010. - \u201cMirror Mirror on the Wall, in this Land, am I the Greatest Victim of them All? - Comments Following a Journey along Route 181.\u201d (a documentary film by E. Sivan and M. Khleifi). In: Yael Munk and Eyal Sivan (editors) South Cinema Notebooks, # 2: On Destruction, Trauma & Cinema. Fall 2007. Israel: Sapir College Press & Pardes Publishing House. - \u201cWhy are SHAS and the Mizrahim supporters of the right?\u201c in : T. Honig-Parnas and T. Haddad (editors), Between the Lines \u2013 Readings on Israel, The Palestinians, and the U"}, {"title": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "text": ".S. \u2018War on Terror\u2019 Chicago : Haymarket Books, 2007. pp.\u00a0195\u2013203. - \u201cThe Ashkenazi-Zionist Problem : The Segregation in Education as a case study\u201c in: Y. Yona, Y. Naaman and D. Mahleb (editors), A rainbow of Opinions \u2013 A Mizrahi Agenda for Israel. Tel Aviv: November Books, 2007. pp.\u00a0221\u2013234. (Hebrew) - \u201cThe Neo-Mizrahim: The Mizrahi Radical Discourse and the Democratic Rainbow Coalition movement\u201c, in: G. Abutbul, L. Grinberg and P. Muzafi-Haler (editors). Mizrahi Voices: Toward a New Discourse on Israeli Society and Culture. Tel Aviv: Masada. 2005. pp.\u00a0131\u2013152. (Hebrew) - Hama\u00e1vak HaMizrahi Be\u2019Yisrael: Bein Dikui keshihrur, bein hizdahut lealternativa, 1948\u20132003. (The Mizrahi Struggle in Israel: Between Oppression and Liberation, Identification and Alternative,"}, {"title": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "text": " 1948\u20132003), Am-Oved / Ofakim Series, 2004 (Hebrew). - 1948-2003 (The Mizrahi Struggle in Israel: Between Oppression and Liberation, Identification and Alternative, 1948\u20132003). MADAR RamAllah, Palestine, 2005. (Arabic). - SHAS and the \u201cnew Mizrahim\u201d \u2013 Back to Back in Parallel Axles: Criticism of and Alternative to - European Zionism. Israel Studies Forum. Spring 2002. Volume 17, Number 2. pp.\u00a0107\u2013113. - Shas: Catch 17 \u2013 between ultra-orthodoxy and Mizrahiut. In: Shas \u2013 the challenge of Israeliness. (Hebrew) Editor: Yoav Peled. TAPUACH, Yediot Aharonot, 2001. Chapter 1, pp.\u00a021\u201351. - Mizrahi Politics In Israel: Between Integration And Alternative. Journal of Palestine Studies. University of California Press, Berkeley. Volume XXXIX/4 \u2013 Number 116. Summer 2000. pp.\u00a051\u201365. - The Tents Movement (Hebrew). In: Fifty to Forty-Eight, a special issue of Theory and Criticism Vol. 12-13 1999. Editor: Adi Ofir"}, {"title": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "text": ". Van Leer Jerusalem Institute.</s><s>Published works.:Literary publications. - \u201cTo Sing in Ashdodi\u201d, an interview with Ronit Hacham. In: Hebrew Writers on Writing, Edited by Peter Cole. Trinity University Press, 2008 - \u201cA Mural With no Wall. Kasida to Mahmud Darwish.\u201d A poem. Al-Adaab Literary Journal, Beirut, Lebanon. 2008. (Arabic) - Yehudim (Jews). Poetry book. Nahar books. Binyamina, Israel. 2008. (Hebrew) - Ein Habuba (Doll\u2019s Eye), a novel. Hargol-Am Oved publishers, Tel Aviv, Israel. 2007. (Hebrew) - Shirim Beashdodit (Poems in Ashdodian), poetry collection 1982-2002. Andalus Publishers, Tel Aviv Israel. 2003. (Hebrew) - Exclusive poetry contribution to: Frederic Brenner, Diaspora: Homeland in Exile. Volume 1: Photographs, volume 2: Voices. Harper Collins Publishers. New York. 2003. List of my poems (volume2, voices): \u201cwhere would we be today, Dr."}, {"title": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "text": " Horowitz?\u201d (page 23), \u201cOh black desert daughters\u201d (page 30), \u201cLook, a Bukharan Barber shop\u201d (page 42), \u201cThe Little Yemenites\u201d (Pages 54\u201355), \u201cin God we trust\u201d (page 80). - (Editor) Me\u2019aa Shanim, Me\u2019aa Yotzrim. Asufat Yetzirot Ivriyot BaMizrah BaMe\u2019aa HaEsrim. (A Century of Hebrew Writing. An Anthology of Modern Hebrew writing in the Middle East) Volumes A and B: prose, 1998. Volume C: Poetry, 1999. Bimat Kedem Publishing, Tel Aviv, Israel. (Hebrew). - Freha Shem Yafe (Freha is a beautiful name), poems (Hebrew). Nur publishing, Tel Aviv, 1995. - Ptiha (Opening). Poems. Eked publishing. Tel Aviv, 1988. - English translations of his poems from both books appeared in: Keys to the Garden. New Israeli Writing. Editor: Ammiel Alcalay. 1996. City Lights Books, San Francisco. pp.\u00a0357\u2013369. - Many of"}, {"title": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "text": " his poems were published throughout the years (in Hebrew and other languages) in numerous literary magazines, journals, periodicals, newspapers and anthologies.</s><s>Published works.:Documentary films. The Black Panthers (in Israel) Speak \u2013 a documentary film about the Israeli social-protest movement \u201cThe Black Panthers\u201d, in the early 1970s. research and script writing. co-production and co-directed with Eli Hamo. (53 min, Hebrew with English subtitles). 2003. Special Screening at the Tel Aviv Cinemateque, 2003. Special Screening at the Jerusalem Cinemateque, 2003. Official Selection The African Diaspora Film Festival, New York, 2004. Official Selection ArteEast Film Festival, New York, 2004. Official Selection for a Greek Alternative Film Festival, 2005. Official Selection for an Irish Alternative Film Festival, 2005. Az\u2019i Ayima (come mother) \u2013 a documentary film about Moroccan women of the first generation in Israel. Writing and directing. Produced by Haim Buzaglo. (77 minutes, Hebrew and Moroccan with English subtitles) 2009. DocAviv International Film Festival, Tel Aviv 2009. Official selection, special screening. Darom International Film Festival, Sderot 2009. Official selection."}, {"title": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "text": "</s><s>About Chetrit's books. Phreha Shem Yafe (Freha is a Beautiful Name (poems 1995) Haaratz Book Reviews, by Michael Glozman, April 23, 1997 Moznayim Literary Monthly, by Hertzle Hakak, 1996, #6 Mitsad Sheni Journal, by Tzukerman Moshe, 1996, #2 Mea Shanim Mea Yotzrim (anthology of Hebrew writing in the 20th century, 3 volumes. was approved by the Mainstay of Education in Israel) Haaretz Culture and Literature weekly, by Rami Kimhi, November 20, 1998 Yediot Aharonot Cultural weekly, bu Haya Hofman, November 27, 1998 Afikim (periodical), by Yosef Avidor, May 1999 Moznayim Literary Monthly, by Balfur Hakak, 1999 #8 Hamahapecha Haashkenazit Meta (the Ashkenazi revolution is dead, essays) Haaratz Book Reviews, by Amnon Raz-Krakotskin, June 30, 1999 Moznayiom Literary Monthly, by Rami Kimhi, 1999 #2 Shirim Beashdodit (Poems in Ashdod"}, {"title": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "text": "ian) Haaretz Book Review, by Gal Karniel, December 10, 2003 Hakivun Mizrah, by Ronit Hacham, Winter 2004, #8 Iton 77, Literary Journal, by Amos Levitan, 2003, #282 Afikim, by Meir Yosef, June 2005 Maariv, books and Literature, by Yoram Meltzer, August 22, 2003 Hamaavak Hamizrahi Beyisrael 1948-2003 (The Mizrahi Struggle in Israel, 1948\u20132003) Haaretz Literature and Culture weekly, by Yitzhak Laor, May 21, 2004 Haaretz Book Review, by David Hamo, June 9, 2004 Yisrael \u2013 a Journal for the Study of Zionism and Israel, by Leon Nisim, Fall 2004 Afikim, by Meir Yosef, June 2005 Moznayim Literary Monthly, by Rami Kimhi, 2004 #6 On Ein Habuba (Doll\u2019s Eye), a novel Haaretz Gallery, weekly supplement, by Reuven Miran. August 16, 2007. Page 6. Time Out tel Aviv, weekly journal. By Pe\u2019er Fridman. August 16, 2007. Ynet, Israeli daily online."}, {"title": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "text": " Book review supplement. By Ronny Scwartz. August 8, 2007. Kol Hazman, Jerusalem weekly. By Yaron Avituv. August 10, 2007. Ynet, Israeli daily online. Culture Supplement. July 11, 2007. Haaretz, Literature and Culture weekly. By Oren Kakon. August 16, 2007. Sabih, J. ( 2009) Politisk poesi: Sami, S. Chetrit og \"v\u00e6vet identitet\", in Naqd, pp.\u00a051\u201370</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sami Shalom Chetrit", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000129", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Robbie Horgan.", "docs": [{"title": "Robbie Horgan", "text": "<s>Robbie Horgan Robbie Horgan (born 7 June 1968) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.</s><s>Career. Born in Dublin, Horgan started his career at Shamrock Rovers, making his League of Ireland debut on 14 April 1987. He was the last goalkeeper to play for Shamrock Rovers at Glenmalure Park (Milltown) in a game that decided the League of Ireland B Division title in 1987. He then moved to Drogheda United in 1988 making his debut on 4 September in a 2\u20131 home win over Bray Wanderers. He kept 12 clean sheets in 26 league games as Drogheda won the League of Ireland First Division title in 1989. In the 1990/1991 season Horgan kept 15 clean sheets as Drogheda again won the First Division. After four and a half years at United Park he then moved to Shelbourne in November 1992. He then signed back for Rovers in July 1994 where he spent another eight years. Horgan played in 2 European games for Shamrock Rovers against Djurg\u00e5rdens IF in the 2002\u201303 UEFA Cup. He made his last League of Ireland appearance in the last game of the 2007 League of Ireland season. Horgan was"}, {"title": "Robbie Horgan", "text": " the goalkeeping coach at Sporting Fingal until they went out of business. Horgan made history in August 2009 when he became the only player to have played at Milltown and Tallaght Stadium. He went to Drogheda United in February 2011, as an assistant to Mick Cooke. Drogheda won the League of Ireland Cup in 2012. Cooke left Drogheda in November 2013 and Horgan was confirmed as his replacement shortly afterwards.</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:As a Player. - League of Ireland First Division: 2 - Drogheda United 1988/89, 1990/91 - Leinster Senior Cup (football) - Shamrock Rovers 1997</s><s>Honours.:As a Coach. - League of Ireland Cup: - Drogheda United 2012</s><s>Sources. \"Irish Football Handbook\" by Dave Galvin & Gerry Desmond ()</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Robbie Horgan", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000130", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Tanel Ingi.", "docs": [{"title": "Tanel Ingi", "text": "<s>Tanel Ingi Tanel Ingi (born 26 November 1976) is an Estonian stage and film actor who performs primarily at the Ugala theatre.</s><s>Early life. Tanel Ingi was born in Tallinn. In 1995, he began attending the Kopli-Tallinn Art School. He attended the Viljandi Culture Academy, graduating in 1999. He began appearing in stage roles while still a student.</s><s>Career. In 1998, he joined the Ugala theatre in Viljandi, where he still performs at present. He has performed in a variety of stage productions, including works by: William Shakespeare, A. A. Milne, Anton Chekhov, Leo Tolstoy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Mark Twain, August Gailit, Jules Verne, Tom Stoppard, Friedrich Schiller, Victor Hugo and Oskar Luts, among many others. In addition to his work in the theatre, Ingi has appeared in several film and television roles. He made his film debut in the 1999 Valentin Kuik directed drama \"Lurjus\" (English release title: \"An Affair of Honour\"), starring Taavi Eelmaa. One of his more notable performances was as T\ufffd"}, {"title": "Tanel Ingi", "text": "\ufffdnu in the 2005 Ilmar Raag directed ETV television film \"August 1991\"; a dramatization of the failed Soviet attempt to suppress the Singing Revolution independence movement in Estonia. He has also appeared on the ETV children's television seris \"N\u00f6binina\", the TV3 series \"K\u00e4ttemaksukontor\", the Kanal 2 crime series \"Kelgukoerad\" and the ETV political satire series \"Riigimehed\". In 2015, he joined the cast of the Kanal 2 television drama series \"Pilvene all\" as the character Andres Kroon. In 2017 he joined the cast of the ETV ten-part drama series \"Pank\" as the character Aivar, which follows the rise and subsequent misfortunes of a new bank that which emerges in Estonia in the 1990s. In 2020, he co-directed the comedy feature film \"Asjad, millest me ei r\u00e4\u00e4gi\" with Andrejs Ekis.</s><s>Personal life. Tanel Ingi resides in Viljandi with his wife K\u00e4tlin. The couple have a summer home in Koeru Parish near the village of Preedi in J\u00e4rva County"}, {"title": "Tanel Ingi", "text": ".</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Tanel Ingi", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000131", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Joseph Jaquet.", "docs": [{"title": "Joseph Jaquet", "text": "<s>Joseph Jaquet Joseph Jaquet, sometimes written Joseph Jacquet, (30 January 1822 - 9 June 1898) was a Belgian sculptor.</s><s>Biography. Joseph Jaquet, born in Antwerp in Belgium, was the son of a baker. He studied with Guillaume Geefs at the Brussels Acad\u00e9mie Royale des Beaux-Arts and was the friend of Peter Ludwig K\u00fchnen (1812\u20131877), a painter originating from Aachen, specialised in painting romantic landscapes. He called from Antwerp to Brussels his brother Jacques (1830 - 1898) who assisted him throughout his lifetime. Jacques actively took part in sculpture by his own productions for the Brussels art salons of 1843, 1854, 1860, 1866, 1872 and 1873. For the 1842 Brussels Art Salon, Joseph Jaquet exhibited a marble bust, three plaster busts, a \"Moses Saved from the Waters\" and a \"Meditating Saint Paul\" which brought him notoriety. His contribution for the 1845 Salon was more important and especially a model for a bronze statue of Froissart for Chimay but he acquired a definitive notoriety in 1854 with \"The Golden Age\". At that time, he"}, {"title": "Joseph Jaquet", "text": " lived in Goffard street then he moved for Charles Quint street. In 1864, he secured his first commission in Amsterdam: \"The Victory\" for the Paleis voor Volksvlijt, then a second commission for the decoration of the national monument in The Hague Willemspark. The equestrian statue of Baldwin I of Constantinople was created in 1868 in Mons, then the pediment and lions on the Brussels Stock Exchange in 1872. In 1879, Joseph Jaquet designed a statue of Louise of Orl\u00e9ans, first Queen of the Belgians: this statue was on the \"Place d'Armes\" in Philippeville then was moved to the old \"\u00c9cole moyenne\", Namur street. He was a professor at the Brussels Acad\u00e9mie Royale des Beaux-Arts and a master of Charles Samuel. He died in 1898 in Schaerbeek in the Brussels-Capital Region.</s><s>Honours. - Officer of the Order of Leopold - Officer of the Order of the Oak Crown - Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Joseph Jaquet", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000132", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Alen Omi\u0107.", "docs": [{"title": "Alen Omi\u0107", "text": "<s>Alen Omi\u0107 Alen Omi\u0107 (born 6 May 1992) is a Slovenian professional basketball player for Cedevita Olimpija of the ABA League.</s><s>Professional career. Omi\u0107 started playing professional basketball for Zlatorog La\u0161ko. In 2009, he signed with Zlatorog and stayed with the club for three seasons until 2012. On 30 August 2012, Omi\u0107 signed a four-year deal with Union Olimpija. In July 2014, Omi\u0107 joined the Brooklyn Nets for the 2014 NBA Summer League. He returned to the Summer League the following year, for the Denver Nuggets. On 1 August 2015, Omi\u0107 signed a two-year deal with Gran Canaria. He made a good impression with Gran Canaria right from the start, and was named to the season's All-EuroCup First Team. On 28 June 2016, Omi\u0107 signed a two-year deal with Turkish club Anadolu Efes. On 16 January 2017, he left Efes, and signed with Spanish club Unicaja, for the rest of the season. In April 2017, he won the EuroCup with Unicaja after beating Valencia Basket in the Finals. On 28 July"}, {"title": "Alen Omi\u0107", "text": " 2017, Omi\u0107 signed with Israeli club Hapoel Jerusalem for the 2017\u201318 season.{{Cite news|url=http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/eurocup/news/i/838nhmungxf34loq|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728180649/http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/eurocup/news/i/838nhmungxf34loq|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2017|title=Hapoel Jerusalem lands EuroCup champion Omic On 2 January 2019, he signed with Olimpia Milano for the rest of the season. On 24 June 2019, he signed with Joventut Badalona of the Liga ACB. Omi\u0107 averaged 11.1 points and 6.5 rebounds per game. On 11 September 2020, he signed with JL Bourg Basket of the LNB Pro A. Omi\u0107 averaged 11.4 points, 9.0 rebounds and 1.9 assists per game. On 23 November 2021, he signed with Cedevita Olimpija of the ABA League.</s><s>International career. Omi"}, {"title": "Alen Omi\u0107", "text": "\u0107 made his debut for the senior Slovenian national team at the 2014 FIBA World Cup. He also represented Slovenia at the EuroBasket 2015, where they were eliminated by Latvia in the tournament's eighth finals.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Alen Omi\u0107", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000133", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of James Theodore Bent.", "docs": [{"title": "James Theodore Bent", "text": "<s>James Theodore Bent James Theodore Bent (30 March 1852 \u2013 5 May 1897) was an English explorer, archaeologist, and author.</s><s>Biography. James Theodore Bent was born in Liverpool on 30 March 1852, the son of James (1807-1876) and Eleanor (n\u00e9e Lambert, c.1811-1873) Bent of Baildon House, Baildon, near Bradford, Yorkshire, where Bent lived in his boyhood. He was educated at Malvern Wells preparatory school, Repton School, and Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1875. His paternal grandparents were William (1769-1820) and Sarah (n\u00e9e Gorton) Bent; it was this William Bent who founded Bent's Breweries, a successful business which, in various guises, was still in existence into the 1970s, and which helped generate the family's wealth. One of Bent's uncles, Sir John Bent, the brewer, was Liverpool mayor in 1850\u201351. In 1877, Bent married Mabel Hall-Dare (1847-1929) who became his companion, photographer, and diarist on all his travels. From the time of their marriage, they went abroad nearly every"}, {"title": "James Theodore Bent", "text": " year, beginning with extended travels in Italy and Greece. In 1879, he published a book on the republic of San Marino, entitled \"A Freak of Freedom\", and was made a citizen of San Marino; in the following year appeared \"Genoa: How the Republic Rose and Fell\", and in 1881 a \"Life of Giuseppe Garibaldi\". The couple's researches in the Aegean archipelago over the winters of 1882/3 and 1883/4 culminated in Bent's \"The Cyclades; or, Life among the Insular Greeks\" (1885). At the time of Bent's death in 1897, the couple resided at 13 Great Cumberland Place, London, and Sutton Hall, outside Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.</s><s>Archaeological research. From this period Bent concentrated particularly on archaeological and ethnographic research. The years 1883-1888 were devoted to investigations in the Eastern Mediterranean and Anatolia, his discoveries and conclusions being communicated to the \"Journal of Hellenic Studies\" and other magazines and reviews; his investigations on the Cycladic island of Antiparos are of note. In 1889, he undertook excavations in the Bahrein Islands of the Persian Gulf, looking for evidence that they"}, {"title": "James Theodore Bent", "text": " had been a primitive home of the Phoenician civilization; he and his wife returned to England via Persia (Iran), being introduced to Shah Naser al-Din Shah Qajar along the way. After an expedition in 1890 to Cilicia Trachea, where he obtained a valuable collection of inscriptions, Bent spent a year in South Africa, with the object, by investigation of some of the ruins in Mashonaland, of throwing light on the vexed question of their origin and on the early history of East Africa. To this end, in 1891, he made, along with his wife and the Glaswegian surveyor Robert McNair Wilson Swan (1858-1904), a colleague from Bent's time on Antiparos in 1883/4, the first detailed examination of the Great Zimbabwe. Bent described his work in \"The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland\" (1892). In 1893, he investigated the ruins of Axum and other places in northern Ethiopia, which had previously been made known in part by the researches of Henry Salt and others. His book \"The Sacred City of the Ethiopians\" (1893) gives an account of this expedition. Bent now visited at considerable risk the almost unknown Hadramut"}, {"title": "James Theodore Bent", "text": " country (1893\u20131894), and during this and later journeys in southern Arabia he studied the ancient history of the country, its physical features and actual condition. On the Dhofar coast in 1894-1895, he visited ruins which he identified with the Abyssapolis of the frankincense merchants. In 1895-1896, he examined part of the African coast of the Red Sea, finding there the ruins of a very ancient gold-mine and traces of what he considered Sabaean influence. While on another journey in South Arabia and Socotra (1896\u20131897), Bent was seized with malarial fever, and died in London on 5 May 1897, a few days after his return. Mabel Bent, who had contributed by her skill as a photographer and in other ways to the success of her husband's journeys, published in 1900 \"Southern Arabia, Soudan and Sakotra\", which she recorded the results of their last expedition into those regions. The conclusions at which Bent arrived as to the Semitic origin of the ruins in Mashonaland have not been accepted by archaeologists.</s><s>Collections. The majority of Bent's collections (hundreds of artefacts but relatively few on display) is to be found in the British Museum"}, {"title": "James Theodore Bent", "text": ", London. Smaller collections are kept at: The Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, UK; The Victorian and Albert Museum, London, UK; Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London, UK; The Natural History Museum, London, UK; Sulgrave Manor, Banbury, UK; Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston, UK. Overseas: The Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece; The Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, Turkey; The South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa; The Great Zimbabwe Museum, Masvingo, Zimbabwe. Some manuscripts are archived at The Royal Geographical Society, London, UK; The Hellenic and Roman Library, Senate House, London, UK; The British Library, London, UK.</s><s>Legacy. The Natural History Museum, London, has small collections of shells and insects the Bents returned with in the 1890s. Some shells carry the Bent name today (e.g. \"Lithidion bentii\" and \"Buliminus bentii\"). Several plants and seeds the Bents brought back from Southern Arabia are now in the Herbarium at Kew Gardens; one such specimen being \"Echidnopsis Bentii\", collected on his last journey in 1897. Bent is also commemorated in"}, {"title": "James Theodore Bent", "text": " the scientific name of a species of Arabian lizard, \"Uromastyx benti\". Some of Bent\u2019s original notebooks held in the archive of the Hellenic Society, London, and unpublished, have now been digitized and are available on open access.</s><s>References. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "James Theodore Bent", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000134", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Karl Eliasberg.", "docs": [{"title": "Karl Eliasberg", "text": "<s>Karl Eliasberg Karl Ilitch Eliasberg (; ) (10 June 1907, in Minsk \u2013 12 February 1978, in Leningrad) was a Soviet conductor. Eliasberg graduated from the Leningrad Conservatory as a violinist in 1929, and was conductor of the Leningrad Theatre of Musical Comedy from 1929 to 1931 before joining Leningrad Radio as conductor.</s><s>The siege of Leningrad. Eliasberg was conductor of the Leningrad Radio Orchestra and only second conductor of the Leningrad Philharmonic but played a part in one key event in society and culture in Saint Petersburg during the siege of Leningrad when Dmitri Shostakovich dedicated his Seventh Symphony to the city as the \"Leningrad Symphony.\" The symphony had already been premiered in Kuibyshev on 5 March 1942 under Samuil Samosud, then performed in Moscow (29 March 1942), London (22 June 1942) and New York City (19 July 1942). When Eliasberg was asked to conduct the Leningrad premi\u00e8re, only 15 members of the orchestra were still available; the others had either starved to death or left to fight the enemy. During the days of the siege of Leningrad, Eliasberg saved many"}, {"title": "Karl Eliasberg", "text": " lives by getting musicians to rehearsals and to feeding stations. The concert was given on 9 August 1942 in the Leningrad Bolshoy Philharmonic Hall under the baton of Eliasberg, with artists he had gathered from the main orchestra, the reserve orchestra, and military bands. It was heard over the radio and lifted the spirits of the survivors. Eliasberg was recognised as a Meritorious Artist of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1944, but after the war Yevgeny Mravinsky returned and blocked Eliasberg's career in Leningrad, so he became a travelling provincial conductor. Between 1945 and 1975 Eliasberg headlined in Leningrad only three more times \u2013 each of them with the Seventh Symphony, each of them with the reserve orchestra. In 1961, he conducted the first movement only. In 1964, there was a reunion of Eliasberg and 22 of the original musicians before a performance in Shostakovich's presence on 27 January 1964; it was the first time they had been together in 22 years. The musicians played in their same seats. Eliasberg said the concert was dedicated to those who had performed then but died since, and the audience gave a standing ovation. Eliasberg later wrote: The third time was 9 May 1975"}, {"title": "Karl Eliasberg", "text": " three years before his death. In 1978 Eliasberg died, almost forgotten, and his ashes were buried in a small plot at the back of the Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery. After the fall of Communism, Yuri Temirkanov led a resurrection of Eliasberg's reputation and mayor Anatoly Sobchak arranged for Eliasberg's ashes to be moved to a more suitable grave among the \"Literatorskie Mostki\" at the Volkovo Cemetery.</s><s>Recordings. - Brahms: German Requiem (rec. 1960), Symphony No.3 (rec. 1948), Symphony No. 4 (live concert recording, May 9, 1960), Double Concerto (rec. 1951, with David Oistrakh and Sviatoslav Knushevitsky) - Mahler: Symphony No. 4 with soprano Natalya Rozhdestvenskaya USSR State Symphony Orchestra. Rec. Oct 19, 1954 - Shostakovich: Symphony No. 7 Leningrad Philharmonic. Live concert recording, Jan 27, 1964 - Sergei Taneyev: Symphonies No. 1 and No. 3 - J. S. Bach Mass in B minor. Live concert recording, April 24, 1957)</s><s>In"}, {"title": "Karl Eliasberg", "text": " popular culture. The Leningrad Radio Orchestra's performance of Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony conducted by Karl Eliasberg is the subject of the 2011 novel \"The Conductor\" by New Zealand author Sarah Quigley. The concert during the Leningrad siege was commemorated in the 1997 film \"\" and featured in the documentary \"Leningrad and the Orchestra that defied Hitler\", broadcast on BBC Two on 2 January 2016. Earlier radio broadcasts by the BBC on the same subject include \"Witness\" and \"Newshour\".</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Karl Eliasberg", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000135", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre.", "docs": [{"title": "F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre", "text": "<s>F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre Fergus (also Feargus) Gwynplaine MacIntyre (1948 \u2013 25 June 2010), also known as Froggy, was a New York City-based journalist, novelist, poet and illustrator. MacIntyre's writings include the science-fiction novel \"The Woman Between the Worlds\" and his anthology of verse and humour pieces \"MacIntyre's Improbable Bestiary\". As an uncredited \"ghost\" author, MacIntyre is known to have written or co-written several other books, including at least one novel in the Tom Swift IV series, \"The DNA Disaster\", published as by \"Victor Appleton\" (a house pseudonym) but with MacIntyre's name on the acknowledgements page. On 25 June 2010, MacIntyre set his Brooklyn apartment on fire and his body was later found there.</s><s>Background. Little is known about MacIntyre's background, early life or family. Throughout his life, he told various stories about his family, birthplace and childhood that remain unsubstantiated, and which, after his death, his brother confirmed to be fictional. MacIntyre often told people he was orphaned by a Scottish family and raised in an Australian orphan"}, {"title": "F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre", "text": "age and a child labour camp. He used the aliases Paul Grant Jeffery, Timothy/Tim C. Allen, Oleg V. Bredikhine, and the nickname Froggy. But a teenage acquaintance alleged that the young MacIntyre spoke then with a plain New York accent from Long Island or Queens, raising questions about his claims of foreign origin. Another acquaintance who knew MacIntyre in his twenties remembered that he still spoke with an American accent, and used the name Jeremy MacIntyre. An acquaintance remembers MacIntyre sharing the reason for the \"Gwynplaine\" in his name; it was, he said, from the film \"The Man Who Laughs\", based on the Victor Hugo novel, in which the title character, Gwynplaine, has had a permanent smile surgically carved on his face. MacIntyre stated that he identified with Gwynplaine and thus chose the name as part of his own.</s><s>Works. In the 1970s, MacIntyre worked for a Manhattan publisher of pornographic novels. Employees were paid $175 per week and expected to produce an entire pornographic novel in that time, as well as a chapter for a compilation-format pornographic book supposedly assembled from the cases of a Dr. Lamb. Although Mac"}, {"title": "F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre", "text": "Intyre professionally published many works of non-fiction and literature, he is best known as an author of genre fiction: specifically, science fiction, fantasy, horror and mystery stories. His short stories were published in \"Weird Tales\", \"Analog\", \"Asimov's Science Fiction\", \"Amazing Stories\", \"Absolute Magnitude\", \"Interzone\", \"The Strand Magazine\" and numerous anthologies, including Terry Carr's \"Best Science Fiction of the Year #10\", Michael Reaves and John Pelan's mystery/horror anthology \"Shadows Over Baker Street\", James Robert Smith and Stephen Mark Rainey's horror anthology \"Evermore\", and Stephen Jones's \"The Mammoth Book of Best New Horror\". For Mike Ashley's \"The Mammoth Book of Historical Detectives\" (1995), MacIntyre wrote \"Death in the Dawntime\", a locked room mystery (or rather, sealed cave mystery) set in Australia around 35,000 BC, which editor Mike Ashley suggests is the furthest in the past a historical whodunnit has been set. A characteristic of MacIntyre's writing (both fiction and non-fiction) is his penchant for coining new words and resurrecting obscure words. Language authority William Safire acknowledged MacInt"}, {"title": "F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre", "text": "yre's neologism of \"Clintonym\" and quoted his historical etymology research. In addition to publishing science fiction in \"Analog\", MacIntyre also contributed to that magazine as an artist, illustrating his own stories and one by Ron Goulart. MacIntyre wrote a considerable number of book reviews for \"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction\". In the July 2003 issue of that magazine, MacIntyre mentioned that he was related to the wife of Scottish author Eric Linklater. It is unclear whether this was one of the many fabrications about his life that MacIntyre's brother later confirmed to be untrue. MacIntyre had previously stated (in interviews and at science-fiction conventions) that he was estranged from his abusive family and did not acknowledge them. He had legally changed his name, officially filing a deed poll: \"Fergus MacIntyre\" was therefore his legal name but not his birth name. He had acknowledged that he took the name \"Gwynplaine\" from the protagonist of \"The Man Who Laughs\", a novel by Victor Hugo. MacIntyre claimed to have contributed substantial script material to a 2006 documentary about actress Theda Bara, \"The Woman with the Hungry Eyes\": he claimed his contributions included the film"}, {"title": "F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre", "text": "'s title and an interview he had conducted with author Fritz Leiber. He is only listed under the \"Special Thanks\" section of the credits; MacIntyre claimed to be contractually prevented from receiving a screenplay credit.</s><s>Legal issues. In 2000, MacIntyre was arrested after a neighbour said he duct-taped her to a chair, shaved her head, and spray-painted her black. He later plead guilty to third-degree misdemeanor assault.</s><s>Death. In the months leading up to his death, MacIntyre became increasingly depressed and despondent. He sent mass emails to friends where he spoke of being troubled by his childhood (he would describe his family as \"deeply evil people\") and referenced suicide. He had also lost his night job as a printer and claimed to have health problems including synaesthesia. One day before his death, MacIntyre posted a review of the silent German science fiction film \"Metropolis\" (1927), titled \"My favourite film, my last review\" on IMDb. On 24 June 2010, police were called to MacIntyre's Bensonhurst apartment after a friend received a mass email from MacIntyre that alluded to suicide. Six police officers forcibly removed MacIntyre from the apartment as he"}, {"title": "F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre", "text": " yelled that he wanted to die and take \"everyone in the building down with me\". He was taken to Coney Island Hospital for psychiatric evaluation and released hours later. MacIntyre returned to his apartment and sent off an angry mass email admonishing the person who called the police. At around 9:30\u00a0a.m. on 25 June, MacIntyre, who was a long time hoarder, lit the contents of his apartment on fire. The fire quickly engulfed the building and took sixty firefighters more than an hour to extinguish. MacIntyre's body was later found among the burned debris. He was the only fatality in the fire as the other residents were quickly evacuated. After his death, MacIntyre's brother came forward and stated that MacIntyre's life story was in fact fabricated, but did not provide any details about his real-life story- save that they did have Scottish ancestry- or the reasons for his fabrications and affectations.</s><s>Bibliography.</s><s>Bibliography.:Books. Novels and collections include: - \"The Woman Between the Worlds\" (1994, and 2000, ) - \"MacIntyre's Improbable Bestiary\" (2005, )</s><s>Bibliography.:Short stories. Short stories include:"}, {"title": "F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre", "text": " - \"Asimov's Science Fiction\": - \"For Cheddar or Worse\" (volume 4 number 11, November 1980) - \"Martian Walkabout\" (volume 5 number 13, December 1981) - \"Isle Be Seeing You\" (volume 6 number 4, April 1982) - \"Amazing Stories\": - \"The Man Who Split in Twain\" (May 1986) - \"Weird Tales\": - \"The Ones Who Turn Invisible\" (#293, 1988) - \"Beddy-Bye\" (Summer, 1998) - \"Absolute Magnitude\": - \"The Minds Who Jumped\" (Spring 1995) - \"Albedo One, (Ireland)\": - \"An Actor Prepares\" (#20, 1999) - \"Analog Science Fiction and Fact\": - \"OOPS!\" (March 1991) - \"Teeny-Tiny Techno-Tactics\" (March 1997) - \"Time Lines\" (June 1999) - \"A Real Bang-Up Job\" (July 2000) - \"'Put Back That Universe!'\" (October 2000) - \"Schr\u00f6dinger's Cat-Sitter\" (July 2001) - \"A Deadly Medley of Smedley\" (April 2003) - \"Annual Ann"}, {"title": "F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre", "text": "ular Annals\" (January 2004) - \"Interzone, (Britain)\": - \"Sundowner Sheila\" (February 2006) - \"The Strand Magazine\": - \"Down the Garden Path\" (February 2008) - \"Esli\", (Russia): - \"Random\" (July 2008) - \"Smart Fashions\" (June 2009; cover story) - \"Boarder Incidence\" (February 2010) - \"Space and Time\": - \"Another Fine Messiah\" (#110, Spring 2010) - \"SF Magajin\", (Japan): - \"The Adventure of Exham Priory\" (May 2010)</s><s>References. - F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre, entry at \"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction\", 3rd edition (draft) - Index to Science Fiction Anthologies and Collections</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000136", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Carl Braun (obstetrician).", "docs": [{"title": "Carl Braun (obstetrician)", "text": "<s>Carl Braun (obstetrician) Carl Braun (22 March 1822 \u2013 28 March 1891), sometimes Carl Rudolf Braun alternative spelling: Karl Braun, or Karl von Braun-Fernwald, name after knighthood Carl Ritter von Fernwald Braun was an Austrian obstetrician. He was born 22 March 1822 in Zistersdorf, Austria, son of the medical doctor Carl August Braun.</s><s>Career. Carl Braun studied in Vienna from 1841 and, in 1847, took the position of \"Sekundararzt\" (assistant doctor) in the Vienna General Hospital. In 1849 he succeeded Ignaz Semmelweis as assistant to professor Johann Klein at the hospital's first maternity clinic, a position he held until 1853. In 1853, after Braun became a Privatdozent, he was appointed ordinary professor of obstetrics in Trient and vice-director of the Tiroler Landes-Geb\u00e4r- und Findelanstalt. In November 1856 he was called to Vienna to succeed Johann Klein as professor of obstetrics. On Braun's recommendation, the hospital's first gynaecology clinic was created in 1858, under his direction. He"}, {"title": "Carl Braun (obstetrician)", "text": " is credited for establishing gynaecology as an independent field of study In 1867-1871 he was appointed dean of the medical faculty, and in the academic year 1868/69 was made rector of the University of Vienna. He was knighted in 1872 (cf. the title Ritter) and in 1877 became a Hofrat, a title reserved for very eminent professors. His name is associated with a disorder of pregnancy called the \"Braun-Fernwald sign\". This sign is described as an asymmetrical enlargement and softening of the uterine fundus at the site of implantation at 4\u20135 weeks.</s><s>Views on puerperal fever. In full harmony with his contemporaries, Braun identified 30 causes of childbed fever opposing Ignaz Semmelweis's thesis that 'cadaverous poisoning' was the only cause of childbed fever. Despite this scholar opposition, Braun maintained a relatively low mortality rate in the First Division, roughly consistent with the rate Semmelweis himself achieved, as historical mortality rates of puerperal fever in the period April 1849 to end 1953 show. These results suggest that Braun continued, assiduously, to require hand disinfection before attending women and did not let"}, {"title": "Carl Braun (obstetrician)", "text": " mortality return to the high levels before Semmelweis introduced the chlorine washings.</s><s>Works. - \"Klinik der Geburtshilfe und Gyn\u00e4kologie\" (im Verein mit Chiari und Spaeth, Erlangen 1855) ([The] Maternity and Gynaecology Clinik, together with Chiari and Spaeth, Erlangen 1855) - \"Lehrbuch der Geburtshilfe mit Ber\u00fccksichtigung der Puerperalprocesse und der Operationstechnik\" (Wien 1857) (Textbook of obstetrics [also] concerning the puerperal process and surgical technique). Google book search https://books.google.com/books?id=3OOCGAAACAAJ. - \"Lehrbuch der gesammten Gyn\u00e4kologie\" (2. Aufl., Ib. 1881) (Textbook of Gynaecology, 2nd ed. 1881). WorldCat entry: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8179918 - \"\u00dcber 12 F\u00e4lle von Kaiserschnitt und Hy"}, {"title": "Carl Braun (obstetrician)", "text": "sterectomie bei engem Becken (mit achtmaligem g\u00fcnstigem Ausgang)\" (On 12 cases of caesarean section and hysterectomy with narrow pelvis (with eight successful outcomes))</s><s>References. -  p92 footnote 15 - - \"Braun, Carl Ritter von Fernwald.\" Pagel: Biographisches Lexikon hervorragender \u00c4rzte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. Berlin, Wien 1901, Sp. 229-231. (in German) - Corroborated by source provided in Swedish wiki \"Nordisk familjebok, 1904\u20131926\" http://runeberg.org/nfbd/0035.html (in Swedish) - - \u00d6sterreich-Lexikon http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.b/b717161.htm, retrieved 28 Aug 2008,</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Carl Braun (obstetrician)", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000137", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Generoso Rossi.", "docs": [{"title": "Generoso Rossi", "text": "<s>Generoso Rossi Generoso Rossi (born 3 January 1979) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.</s><s>Club career. Rossi started his career at A.S. Bari. he was on loan to Serie C1 teams, and returned to Bari in summer 2000. He made his Serie A debut on 30 September 2000, against Verona. In January 2001, he transferred to Venezia, and then transferred to Palermo, as Maurizio Zamparini, owner of Venezia, bought Palermo. He was on loan to U.S. Lecce, and signed by A.C. Siena in summer 2003. He was banned from football due to betting scandal, he then signed an 18-month contract with Queens Park Rangers in January 2005. In summer 2005, he was signed by Triestina. In January 2008, he was on loan to Calcio Catania, with Babu moving in the opposite direction. Rossi became the third choice goalkeeper at Catania, behind Ciro Polito and Albano Bizarri, and was ahead of Raffaele Ioime. During 2008/2009 season, Rossi was transferred to Gallipoli in Lega Pro Pr"}, {"title": "Generoso Rossi", "text": "ima Divisione \u2013 B. Although the club won Serie B promotion, the team faced financial difficulty, Rossi did not stay at the club. In February 2010, Rossi was signed by Sorrento. Rossi spent the next two and a half seasons at Sorrento and became an integral member of the team that twice nearly gained promotion to Serie B. In summer 2012, after the resignation of Sorrento's president and much speculation as to whether the club would continue, Rossi left Sorrento to seek employment elsewhere. After spending a long period out of the game he was re-signed by Sorrento on a free contract in November 2012.</s><s>International career. Rossi was capped for Italy at youth level in 2000 in the Toulon Tournament and called up to the under 21 squad for the 2002 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.</s><s>Honours. Sorrento - Lega Pro Prima Divisione: 2009</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Generoso Rossi", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000138", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kathinka Pasveer.", "docs": [{"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": "<s>Kathinka Pasveer Kathinka Pasveer (born 11 June 1959) is a Dutch flautist.</s><s>Biography. Kathinka Pasveer was born in Zaandam, The Netherlands, daughter of the conductor Jan Pasveer, who also taught at the Amsterdam Conservatory. She studied with Frans Vester at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, where she received her performer's diploma, with the distinction of the Nicolai Prize in 1983. During her final year of studies she was the principal flutist of the Gewestelijk Orkest Zuid-Holland. In December 1982 Karlheinz Stockhausen was invited to the Royal Conservatory for a series of concerts, master classes, and lectures, at which time Pasveer worked with the composer and with Suzanne Stephens on his compositions \"Zeitma\u00dfe\", \"Amour\", and \"In Freundschaft\". Stockhausen invited her to work with him on a new work for flute and six percussionists, which was composed in February and March 1983 and premiered at the Donaueschinger Musiktage in October 1983. It took six months of rehearsals to prepare this work for performance. This was"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": " \"Kathinkas Gesang\", the second scene of the opera \"Samstag aus Licht\", which she also performed at the staged premiere of \"Samstag\" at La Scala in Milan in May 1984. The next year, Stockhausen made a new version of the piece, for flute and six-channel electronic music, and Pasveer likewise gave its premiere at Ircam in Paris in May 1985. As a result of this initial contact Stockhausen began featuring the flute in the \"Licht\" cycle. She worked with Stockhausen for twenty-five years, up until his death in December 2007. He composed many works especially for her, all of which she premiered, and many of which are dedicated to her. These included parts in the operas \"Montag aus Licht\" (La Scala 1988), \"Dienstag aus Licht\" (Leipzig Opera 1993), and \"Freitag aus Licht\" (Leipzig Opera 1996), as well as the concert premieres of \"Orchester-Finalisten\" (Carr\u00e9, Amsterdam, 1996), \"Michaelion\" from \"Mittwoch aus Licht\" (Prinzregententheater"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": ", Munich, 1998), and Pasveer performed as one of the 4 soloists in the world premi\u00e8re of \"Licht-Bilder\" (third scene of \"Sonntag aus Licht\" (Donaueschingen, 16 October 2004). After \"Licht\", Stockhausen composed for her the flute version of \"Harmonien\" (2006, premiered 13 July 2007 at the S\u00fclztalhalle in K\u00fcrten) and \"Paradies\" (2007, premiered on 24 August 2009 at the Laeiszhalle in Hamburg), components of the chamber-music cycle \"Klang\". In addition to her activities as a flautist, in 1989 she learned the solo dancer-mime part for Stockhausen's, which she performed for the first time on 27 May 1989 in the K\u00f6lner Philharmonie, with the G\u00fcrzenich Orchestra conducted by the composer. When pressed to name a favourite from all of Stockhausen's compositions, Pasveer named \"Inori\" as a \"very special\" piece that she privately \"performs\" almost every day, \"as it is my form of meditation\". She also performs from memory the 83-minute-long"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": " \"Vortrag \u00fcber HU\" (a sung and mimed lecture introducing \"Inori\"), in both German and English, and has made video recordings of both versions. She also performs the dancer-mime part in \"\" (act 3 scene 2 of \"Donnerstag aus Licht\"). Pasveer also has recorded as a soprano singer in a number of Stockhausen's works, including the electronic music for both \"Dienstag aus Licht\" (\"Oktophonie\") and \"Freitag aus Licht\", as well as \"Die sieben Lieder der Tage\" (extracted from \"Montag\"), \"Zwei Paare\" (made as soundtrack music for the 2000 short film \"In Absentia\" by the Quay Brothers), and \"Urantia\" (the Nineteenth Hour from \"Klang\"). From 1998 up to the present time, Pasveer has taught the interpretation of Stockhausen's works at the Stockhausen Courses for New Music held each summer in K\u00fcrten. Beginning in 1983, she assisted Stockhausen in the production of recordings and learned from him the techniques of sound projection used in most of his works. Since the composer"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": "\u2019s death, she has acted as sound projectionist in many live performances, and has produced and mixed down all the recordings in the Stockhausen Complete Edition. Stockhausen also entrusted her, together with Antonio P\u00e9rez-Abell\u00e1n, with the production of the sound loops in the 24 individual layers of his electronic work \"Cosmic Pulses\" in 2006. Together with Suzanne Stephens, she is in charge of Stockhausen's legacy as a director of the Stockhausen Foundation for Music. Harpist Marianne Smit is her niece.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Flautist. - 1985. \"Karlheinz Stockhausen dirigiert Haydn & Mozart\". Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Concerto for Flute and Orchestra in G Major, KV 313 (cadenzas by Karlheinz Stockhausen). Kathinka Pasveer, flute; Radio-Symphonie-Orchester Berlin; Karlheinz Stockhausen, cond. (Also with: Joseph Haydn: Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra in E-flat Major.) Acanta 43813. Hamburg: Fono Team GmbH. Also issued with the addition"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": " of Stockhausen, \"Oberlippentanz\", Acanta 40.23 543 DT (LP). 1986. Reissued as part of \"Stockhausen Conducts Haydn and Mozart\". Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 39 (2 CDs). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag, 1993. - 1985. Stockhausen, Karlheinz. \"Tierkreis: Trio Version\". Markus Stockhausen, trumpet and piano; Kathinka Pasveer, flute and piccolo; Suzanne Stephens, clarinet. Acanta 23531 (LP); also issued on Acanta 43201 (CD). Hamburg: Fono Team GmbH. - 1988. Karlheinz Stockhausen, \"Samstag aus Licht\", opera. (Kathinka Pasveer, flute and piccolo in scenes 2 & 3). Deutsche Grammophon 423 596-2 (4 CDs). Hamburg: Polydor International GmbH, 1988. Reissued on Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 34-ABCD (4 CDs). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag, 1992. - 1992. \"Michaels Reise um die Erde\" (Solisten-"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": "Version). ECM 1406 (CD). - 1992. Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 28 \"Music f\u00fcr Fl\u00f6te: Kathinka Pasveer spielt 9 Kompositionen\". (2 CDs). Includes Stockhausen, \"In Freundschaft\", for flute; \"Piccolo\" for piccolo flute, \"Amour\" for flute; \"Susanis Echo\", for alto flute; \"Xi\", for flute; \"Zungenspitzentanz\" for piccolo flute; \"Flautina\", for flute with piccolo flute and alto flute; \"Ypsilon\", for flute; \"Kathinkas Gesang\", for flute and electronic music. - 1992. Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 35 Stockhausen, \"Oberlippentanz\" for piccolo trumpet, 4 Horns and 2 percussionists \"Ave\" for basset-horn and alto flute. \"Tierkreis\", trio version, for clarinet, flute and piccolo flute, trumpet and piano [recorded 1991, different recording from Acanta 23531] - 1992. Stockhausen, \"Monday from Light\", opera. Stockhaus"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": "en Complete Edition CD 36-ABCDE (5 CDs). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 1994. Stockhausen, \"Musik f\u00fcr Klarinette, Ba\u00dfklarinette, Bassetthorn: Suzee Stephens spielt 15 Kompositionen\". Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 32 A\u2013C (3 CDs). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. Includes \"Bijou\" for alto flute, bass clarinet and tape, and \"Sukat\" for basset-horn and alto flute, both with Kathinka Pasveer. - 1996. Stockhausen, \"Dienstag aus Licht\", opera. Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 40 (2 CDs). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2003. Stockhausen, \"Freitag aus Licht\", opera. Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 50 A\u2013D (4 CDs). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 1997. Stockhausen, \"Orchester-Finalisten\" of \"Mittwoch aus Licht\" (with the Asko Ensemble). Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 52. K"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": "\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2000. \"Kathinka: Flute and Synthesizer\". Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 57 Stockhausen, \"Zungenspitzentanz\", for piccolo flute, euphonium, synthesizer player, and percussionist; \"Freia\" version for flute; \"Entf\u00fchrung\" for Piccolo Flute. \"Fl\u00f6te\" for flute and electronic music (from \"Orchester-Finalisten\"); \"Thinki\" for flute (from \"Michaelion\", of \"Mittwoch aus Licht\"). (Also with \"Klavierst\u00fcck XVI\" and \"Komet als Klavierst\u00fcck XVII\", with Kathinka Pasveer, soprano, on tape). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2002. Stockhausen, \"Die sieben Lieder der Tage\" (versions for flute and for soprano, extracted from \"Montag aus Licht\"), \"Der Kinderf\u00e4nger\", for alto flute with piccolo, two synthesizer players, percussionist, tape, and sound projectionist. (Also with"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": " \"Luzifers Zorn\"). Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 63. K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2002. Stockhausen, \"Europa-Gruss\" for winds and synthesizers (Kathinka Pasveer, flute); \"Two Couples\", for electronic and concrete music, and \"Electronic and Concrete Music for Komet\" (Kathinka Pasveer, soprano). (Also with \"Stop and Start\" for 6 instrumental groups, and \"Licht-Ruf\".) Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 64. K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2003. Stockhausen, Ten Scenes from \"Freitag aus Licht\". Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 65. K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2005. Stockhausen, \"Licht-Bilder\" (3rd Scene of \"Sonntag aus Licht\"), for tenor, ring-modulated flute, basset horn, and ring-modulated trumpet. Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 68. K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2007. Stockhausen, \"Quitt\" for alto fl"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": "ute, clarinet and piccolo trumpet. (Also with \"Michaels-Ruf\", \"Bassetsu\", \"Synthi-Fou (Klavierst\u00fcck XV)\", \"Komet\" version for percussionist, and \"Trumpetent\"). Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 82. K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2009. \"Paradies\" for flute and electronic music: Twenty-First Hour from \"Klang\", the 24 hours of the day. Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 99 K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2010. \"Harmonien\" and \"Sch\u00f6nheit\". Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 87. K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag.</s><s>Discography.:Soprano. - 1996. \"Electronic Music with Sound Scenes of Friday From Light\". Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 49 (2 CDs). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2000. Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 48. Stockhausen, \"Paare vom Freitag\", for soprano, bass, and electronic instruments. K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2002. \"Die sieben"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": " Lieder der Tage\" (versions for flute and for soprano), \"Der Kinderf\u00e4nger\", for alto flute with piccolo, two synthesizer players, percussionist, tape, and sound projectionist. (Also with \"Luzifers Zorn\"). Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 63. K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2009. \"Urantia\" for soprano and electronic music. Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 97. K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag.</s><s>Filmography. - 1985. \"Kathinkas Gesang de Karlheinz Stockhausen\". Colour film, 33'21\". French. Paris: I.R.C.A.M. - 1998. Stockhausen, \"Vortrag \u00fcber HU\" (German version). Colour film by Suzanne Stephens. 83 minutes. Live recording of the first integral performance in German with Kathinka Pasveer on 5 April 1998, at the Audimax of the Technical College in Darmstadt. (Archive No. 107 / 1). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag - 1998. INORI f\u00fcr 2 Solisten und"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": " Tonband. Colour film by Suzanne Stephens. 73 minutes. Live recording of a performance of INORI on 5 April 1998 at the Audimax of the Technical College in Darmstadt, with Kathinka Pasveer and Alain Louafi (dancer-mimes). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 1998. Stockhausen, \"Michaelion\", scene 4 from \"Mittwoch aus Licht\". Colour film by Suzanne Stephens. 59 minutes. (Archive No. 109 / 1). Live recording of the world premi\u00e8re on July 26, 1998 in Munich at the Prinzregenten Theatre with the choir of the South German Radio (conductor: Rupert Huber), Michael Vetter (short-wave singer), Kathinka Pasveer (flute), Suzanne Stephens (basset-horn), Marco Blaauw (trumpet), and Andrew Digby (trombone). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag. - 2003. Stockhausen, \"Lecture on HU\". Colour film by Suzanne Stephens. 83 minutes. Live recording of the integral performance in English with Kathinka Pasveer on August 17, 2003 at the S\u00fclztalhalle"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": " in K\u00fcrten during the Stockhausen Courses K\u00fcrten 2003. (Archive No. 149 / 2). K\u00fcrten: Stockhausen-Verlag.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Cited sources. - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - Abb\u00e9, Chloe l'. 2009. \"\"Ave\", pour cor de basset et fl\u00fbte\". \"Traversi\u00e8res Magazine\", no. 95 (Troisi\u00e8me trimestre): 15\u201318. - Bledsoe, Helen. 2011. \"In Media Res (Into the Middle of Things): Kathinka Pasveer, Stockhausen\u2019s Muse\". \"Flute\" 30 no. 1 (March): 21\u201325. - BPI (VK). 2009. \"Stockhausen, Karlheinz\". \"Lexikon der Fl\u00f6te: Fl\u00f6teninstrumente und ihre Baugeschichte\u2014Spielpraxis\u2014Komponisten und ihre Werke\u2014Interpreten\", edited by Andr\u00e1s Adorj\u00e1n and Lenz Meierott, 753\u201355. Laaber: Laaber-Verlag,. - D"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": "\u00e9raspe, Genevi\u00e8ve. 2009. \"\"Der Kinderf\u00e4nger\"\". \"Traversi\u00e8res Magazine\", no. 95 (Troisi\u00e8me trimestre): 11\u201313. - Duval, Fran\u00e7ois. 2009. \"\"Ave\", pour cor de basset et fl\u00fbte tir\u00e9 de Montag\". \"Traversi\u00e8res Magazine\", no. 95 (Troisi\u00e8me trimestre): 19\u201320. - Rondeau, Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne. 2009. \"\"Freia\"\". \"Traversi\u00e8res Magazine\", no. 95 (Troisi\u00e8me trimestre): 8\u201310.</s><s>Reviews. - Anon. 1993. \"Recent Recordings: \"Stockhausen 35\"\". \"Flute Talk\" 13 (November): 20. - Frisius, Rudolf. 1986. \"Schallplatten: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Fl\u00f6tenkonzert G-Dur, KV 313 (Kadenzen: Karlheinz Stockhausen); Joseph Haydn: Trompetenkonzert Es-Dur (Kadenzen: Karlheinz Stockhausen); Karlheinz Stockhausen,"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": " Oberlippentanz f\u00fcr Trompete solo. Kathinka Pasveer, Fl\u00f6te, Markus Stockhausen, Trompete, Radio-Symphobie-Orchester Berlin, Dirigent: Katlheinz Stockhausen. Acanta 40.23 543 DT\". \"Neue Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Musik\" 147, no. 11 (November): 66\u201367. - Hodges, Nicolas. 1993. \"Reviews: CDs\u2014\"Flute Music: In Freundschaft, Piccolo, Amour, Susanis Echo, Xi, Zungenspitzentanz, Flautina, Ypsilon, Kathinkas Gesang.\"\" \"The Musical Times\" 134 (March): 155. - Nordin, Ingvar Loco. n.d. \"Stockhausen Edition no. 28 (9 works for flute, piccolo & alto flute)\". Sonoloco Record Reviews. - Watkins, Glenn. 2003. \"Music of the European Avant-Garde: Karlheinz Stockhausen\u2019s \"Samstag aus Licht\": A Contemporary Report\". In \"The Wind Band and Its Repertoire: Two Dec"}, {"title": "Kathinka Pasveer", "text": "ades of Research as Published in the College Band Directors National Association Journal\", edited by Michael Votta, 171\u201373. The Donald Hunsberger Wind Library. Miami: Warner Brothers/Alfred Music Publishing..</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kathinka Pasveer", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000139", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Yordanka Donkova.", "docs": [{"title": "Yordanka Donkova", "text": "<s>Yordanka Donkova Yordanka Donkova () (born 28 September 1961) is a Bulgarian former hurdling athlete, notable for winning an Olympic gold medal and bronze medal as well as nine medals at European indoor and outdoor championships. Donkova set four 100 m hurdles world records in 1986. Her fifth world record, a time of 12.21 set in 1988, stood for almost 28 years until broken in 2016 by Kendra Harrison. In total, Donkova has 16 medals from major athletics tournaments.</s><s>Personal life. Donkova suffered a childhood accident, which resulted in her losing two fingers on her right hand. She has three children. In 1991 she gave birth to a son called Zhivko Atanasov - professional football player, currently playing for Levski Sofia; twin girls Daniela and Desislava followed in 1996. After the 1988 Seoul Olympics, Donkova received an offer to compete for the United States, but refused to change her national allegiance and continued to represent Bulgaria.</s><s>Major achievements. Five-time Bulgarian National Champion at 100 m hurdles, 1980, 82, 84, 86 & 94. CR = Championship Record</s><s>World records. Donkova set five world records for the 100 metres hurdles"}, {"title": "Yordanka Donkova", "text": ": - 12.36 sec - August 13, 1986 (equalling the record of Gra\u017cyna Rabsztyn) - 12.35 sec - August 17, 1986 - 12.29 sec - August 17, 1986 - 12.26 sec - September 7, 1986 - 12.21 sec - August 20, 1988 (the world record stood until July 22, 2016)</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - {{Cite book |last1=Kyoseva|first1=Tsvetana|year=2014</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Yordanka Donkova", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000140", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Arthur Wakefield.", "docs": [{"title": "Arthur Wakefield", "text": "<s>Arthur Wakefield Captain Arthur Wakefield (19 November 1799 \u2013 17 June 1843) served with the Royal Navy, before joining his brother, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, in founding the new settlement at Nelson, New Zealand.</s><s>Early life. Arthur Wakefield was born in Essex, a son of Edward Wakefield (1774\u20131854), a distinguished surveyor and land agent, and Susanna Crash (1767\u20131816). His grandmother, Priscilla Wakefield (1751\u20131832), was a popular author for the young, and one of the introducers of savings banks. He was the brother of Catherine Gurney Wakefield (1793-1873), Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796\u20131862), Daniel Bell Wakefield (1798\u20131858), William Hayward Wakefield (1801\u20131848), John Howard Wakefield (1803\u20131862), Felix Wakefield (1807\u20131875), Priscilla Susannah Wakefield (1809\u20131887), Percy Wakefield (1810\u20131832), and an unnamed child born in 1813.</s><s>Royal Navy. He joined the Royal Navy at age eleven. He saw action in the Dutch East Indies, and was"}, {"title": "Arthur Wakefield", "text": " part of the force that captured and burnt Washington, D.C. during the War of 1812. He took part in the bombardment of Algiers. In the post-Napoleonic period he was stationed off South America, involved in diplomatic duties during the various wars of independence. He then spent several years off the coast of West Africa as part of the flotilla engaged in the suppression of the slave trade. He also saw duty in the North Atlantic, the West Indies and the Mediterranean Sea. He was eventually given command of his own ship, the steam frigate. However, in 1837 he was passed over for promotion, so, recognising that his career was going nowhere, he resigned from the Navy in 1841.</s><s>New Zealand Company. Immediately after Arthur Wakefield left the Navy in 1841, his brother, Edward Gibbon Wakefield recruited him to join the New Zealand Company, tasking him to select settlers for a new settlement to be named Nelson, escort the party to New Zealand, and supervise the growth of the new town. Arthur Wakefield sailed from London on the \"Whitby\" in April 1841 and reached Wellington in September 1841. }} The first immigrant ships arrived in Nelson in February 1842. The settlement of"}, {"title": "Arthur Wakefield", "text": " Nelson got off to a good start. In the first two years, 18 ships transported more than 3,000 colonists. Captain Wakefield actively worked to promote the orderly development of the colony. Although he seems to have been rather paternal in his attitude to the settlers, he also seems to have been respected and admired. However, the new colony encountered serious difficulties in subsequent months. The biggest problem was the lack of arable land. The New Zealand Company, and particularly Wakefield's brother, had made extravagant promises to the settlers about the availability of land. Each settler family had been offered 1 acre (4,000 m\u00b2) of urban land, 50 acres (200,000 m\u00b2) of suburban land, and 150 acres (600,000 m\u00b2) of rural land. However, the company had nothing like that amount of land available and the existing owners \u2013 the native M\u0101ori \u2013 proved very reluctant to sell their land and not inclined to trust the New Zealand Company's promises. Furthermore, the newly established British government of William Hobson in Auckland was not at all sympathetic to their problems. One of the basic tenets of the Treaty of Waitangi (1840), between the British Crown and various M\u0101ori chiefs, was the understanding that the Crown would"}, {"title": "Arthur Wakefield", "text": " protect the M\u0101ori from attempts to defraud them of their land. On the other hand, some members of the New Zealand Company and many of the settlers saw the M\u0101ori as ignorant savages who had no right to stand in the way of honest British colonists. This was a period when the growing British Empire was very aware of what it saw as its manifest destiny, to rule the native peoples of the world. The British colonists believed they were owed the land, and resented the fact that their survival was dependent on the goodwill of the M\u0101ori, who held all the power. In summary, Arthur Wakefield found he had far more settlers than he had land for and they were not happy. For once, Edward Gibbon Wakefield urged caution, but he was in London and his brother Arthur was the man on the spot.</s><s>Death. The Chief Magistrate in Nelson, Henry Thompson, was a very hot-tempered, arrogant man who was not prepared to accept that the Nelson settlement did not own and control the Wairau Plains. Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeata visited Nelson and made it very clear that they would not allow the settlers to occupy the Wairau Plain. Despite that, Wakefield and"}, {"title": "Arthur Wakefield", "text": " Thompson sent out surveyors. The M\u0101ori very firmly, but without violence, escorted them off their land and burnt down their hut. Thompson immediately issued a warrant for the arrest of the two chiefs on a charge of arson. He and Wakefield then recruited a group of special constables and led them off to carry out the arrest. The result was the Wairau Affray, in which Arthur Wakefield and 21 other of the party were killed by the M\u0101ori. It is difficult to apportion the blame for this disaster. Henry Thompson appears to have been the driving force behind the attempt to arrest Te Rauparaha and he already had a reputation for headstrong, irrational impulses. But Wakefield was supposed to be in command of the settlement. His brother had told him that the claim to the land was invalid. It seems that he yielded to the pressures and expectations of the people around him and particularly to Thompson. It is still unknown as to what initiated the incident at Wairau yet Wakefield, Thompson and seven other settlers surrendered during the clash and were summarily executed on the orders of Chief Te Rangihaeata who was enraged and demanded utu (revenge) for the death of his wife Rongo, Te Raupar"}, {"title": "Arthur Wakefield", "text": "aha's daughter, who had been shot in the affray. It is claimed that his head was laid on a loaf of bread as a final insult, echoing his arrogant quote that he could buy the Maori with \"sugar and bread\". The subsequent government inquiry found the whole expedition had been illegal and exonerated the M\u0101ori. This did not sit well with the colonists, who immediately began a political campaign against Governor Robert FitzRoy that contributed to his early recall.</s><s>Commemoration. Nelson is now a thriving city. The community of Wakefield south of Nelson is not believed to be named after him, but it was renamed shortly before his death. The Wairau Affray is believed to have assisted in the new name becoming established. The Arthur Range in what is now Kahurangi National Park was explored by Arthur Dudley Dobson, and the range and Mount Arthur were named by Dobson after Arthur Wakefield.</s><s>References. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Arthur Wakefield", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000141", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Felician of Foligno.", "docs": [{"title": "Felician of Foligno", "text": "<s>Felician of Foligno Felician(us) of Foligno () (c. 160 \u2013 c. 250) is the patron saint of Foligno.</s><s>Biography. According to Christian tradition, he was born in \"Forum Flaminii\" (present-day San Giovanni Profiamma), on the Via Flaminia, of a Christian family, around 160. He was the spiritual student of Pope Eleuterus and evangelized in Foligno, Spello, Bevagna, Assisi, Perugia, Norcia, Plestia, Trevi, and Spoleto. He was later consecrated bishop of Foligno by Pope Victor I around 204 (he was the first bishop to receive the pallium as a symbol of his office). He ordained Valentine of Terni as a priest. His episcopate lasted for more than 50 years; he was one of the first Christian bishops of northern Italy. He was arrested at the age of 94 for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods during the persecutions of Decius. He was tortured and scourged, and died outside Foligno while being conveyed to Rome for his execution.</s><s>Biography.:Saint Messalina. Saint"}, {"title": "Felician of Foligno", "text": " Messalina was a consecrated virgin who had received the religious veil from Felician. She cared for him during his imprisonment, and for this she was also arrested and clubbed to death when she refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods.</s><s>Veneration. A church was built over his grave at Foligno. His relics were transferred to Metz on October 4, 970. In 965 some relics were translated to Minden in Germany; Felician was thus erroneously considered a bishop of that German city (and he had a separate feast day of October 20), an error that entered the \"Roman Martyrology\". Some of his relics were later returned to Foligno in 1673\u20134. Foligno Cathedral preserves a statue of the saint, of silver and bronze, made by the sculptor Giovanni Battista Maini.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Felician of Foligno", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000142", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Neil Sinclair.", "docs": [{"title": "Neil Sinclair", "text": "<s>Neil Sinclair Neil Sinclair (born 23 February 1974), is a Northern Irish former professional boxer who competed from 1995 to 2010. He challenged once for the WBO welterweight title in 2010. At regional level, he held the British welterweight title from 2001 to 2003 and challenged once for the EBU European Union title in 2008. As an amateur, he won a bronze medal representing Ireland at the 1992 Junior World Championships and gold while representing Northern Ireland at the 1994 Commonwealth Games.</s><s>Amateur career. Sinclair boxed for Ireland as an amateur and won a bronze medal at the World Junior Championships at Montreal in 1992 and also won a gold for Northern Ireland at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.</s><s>Professional career. Sinclair turned professional in April 1995, winning his first fight at the Ulster Hall, Belfast, in which he knocked out Marty Duke on a card that included Darren Corbett and the final fight in the career of Damien Denny. In June 2007, Sinclair announced his retirement although he decided to return to boxing within a couple of months. In May 2009, Sinclair won the Irish light-middleweight title with a stoppage victory over Henry Coyle at the Odyssey Arena, Belfast.</s><s>Writing. He used to write a regular column"}, {"title": "Neil Sinclair", "text": " for Irish-boxing.com, entitled \"Sinky Says\".</s><s>See also. - List of British welterweight boxing champions - Neil was classed as one of the hardest punchers and deceivingly clever boxer by Paci Collins, brother of former super middleweight champion, Steve Collins. - Neil is close friends with Anglo/Irish cruiserweight boxer Joseph Armstrong.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Neil Sinclair", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000143", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jake Tilson.", "docs": [{"title": "Jake Tilson", "text": "<s>Jake Tilson Jake Tilson (born 1958 in London) is an English artist, graphic designer, writer and publisher. Author and designer of \"A Tale of 12 Kitchens\" (2006), he published the arts magazines \"Cipher\" (1979\u20131981) and \"Atlas\" (1985\u20131993), taught in the Communication Design department at the Royal College of Art (1987\u20131999) and also works as a journalist. A retrospective exhibition of his art work was held at the Museo Internacional de Electrografia in Cuenca, Spain (1997), part funded by The British Council. He was an early adopter of the World Wide Web as a medium for art, using his website \"TheCooker\" (1994). As a graphic designer he has produced work for companies such as Paul Smith, Haworth Tompkins, Royal National Theatre and Warehouse plc. He is a trustee of the Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery. \"Rooted in everyday culture and a pervading sense of place, Tilson\u2019s practice spans publishing, cultural commentary, photography and audio work and often focuses on the unremarkable and the everyday whilst purposefully avoiding any sense of spectacle.\" \"Jake Tilson has always been one of the more"}, {"title": "Jake Tilson", "text": " original voices in graphic design, his playful, multilayered work defying both convention and easy description.\"</s><s>Early life and education. Jake Tilson was born in London, the son of Joe Tilson and Joslyn Tilson (n\u00e9e Morton). His grandfather was Alastair Morton, who ran his father's business the Edinburgh Weavers, commissioning artists such as Ben Nicholson and Barbara Hepworth. Jake studied painting at Chelsea School of Art from 1976\u201379, and at the Royal College of Art from 1980\u201383. He won the Royal of Art Major Travelling scholarship and spent a year working in Paris, where he had his first one-person exhibition at Galerie J et J Donguy.</s><s>Work. In 1979 he set up the small independent press, The Woolley Dale Press, which enabled him to publish limited edition book works and the arts/literary magazine \"Cipher\", helped by a grant from the Greater London Arts Association. After leaving college in 1983 he continued publishing, including the trilingual arts magazine, \"Atlas\", which sold in 15 countries. Atlas became the name of his next independent press in 1993 which published his audio works and books such as \"3 Found Fonts\" (2003). Throughout the 1990s Til"}, {"title": "Jake Tilson", "text": "son exhibited widely and had a commercial dealer, the Nigel Greenwood Gallery in London. During this time his work was primarily collage based wall pieces and sculptural dioramas. He was Erna Plachte artist in residence at the Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art, Oxford University (1994\u201395) where he developed his website \"TheCooker\" (1994) as well as designing websites for the Laboratory at the Ruskin (1994) he designed websites for the Royal Institute of International Affairs (1995) and the Royal College of Art (1996). His most recent exhibition was at the Venice Architecture Biennale 2012, commissioned by Haworth Tompkins Architects as part of the Common Ground exhibition.</s><s>Selected bibliography. No More Rules: Graphic Design and Postmodernism, Rick Poynor, 2013, Laurence King,. How To Survive Modern Art, Susie Hodge, Tate Publishing, 2009,. The Fundamentals of Graphic Design, Gavin Ambrose & Paul Harris, AVA Publishing, 2008,. The Designer and the Grid, Lucienne Roberts, Rotovision, 2005,. Influences: a Lexicon of Contemporary Graphic Design, Anna Gerber and Amy Lutz, Gestalten Verlag, 2006,"}, {"title": "Jake Tilson", "text": ". New Media Design, Tricia Austin and Richard Doust, Laurence King Publishers, 2005,. Elizabeth David \u2013 Her Life, Work and Influence, Eddie Cass, Portico Library Gallery, 2007, OCLC 747321710. All Messed Up \u2013 Unpredictable Graphics, Anna Gerber, Laurence King, 2004,. Restart: New Systems in Graphic Design, Christian K\u00fcsters and Emily King, Thames & Hudson, 2001,. Vision: 50 Years of British Creativity, a Celebration of Art, Architecture and Design (Cutting Edge), Melvyn Bragg, Thames & Hudson, 1999,. New Media in Late 20th-century Art (World of Art), Michael Rush, Thames & Hudson World Art series, 1999,.</s><s>Selected bookworks. \"Light & Dark\", Woolley Dale Press, 1979,. \"Exposure\", Woolley Dale Press, 1980,. \"8 Views of Paris\", Woolley Dale Press, 1980,. \"The V Agents\", Woolley Dale Press, 1981,. \"Excavator-Barcelona-Excavador\", Woolley Dale Press, 1986,. \"One World \u2013 A Guide\", Warehouse PLC, 1987, ASIN: B001OQ"}, {"title": "Jake Tilson", "text": "29O4. \"Breakfast Special\", 5 books, Woolley Dale Press, 1989,,,,,. \"The Terminator Line\", Woolley Dale Press, 1991,. \"3 Found Fonts\", Atlas, 2003,. \"A Tale of 12 Kitchens\", Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Artisan, 2006,,. \"In At The Deep End\" \u2013 cooking fish Tokyo to Venice, Quadrille,.</s><s>Selected audioworks. \"City Sounds of the Everyday\", podcasts, Atlas, 2012 \"City Picture Fiction\", audio CD, Atlas, 1996 \"Hungerford Bridge\", tide and trains, audio cassette, Atlas, 1998 \"Hannahsleeps\", audio cassette, Atlas 1998 \"Gate 23\", audio cassette, Atlas, 1993 \"Foundsounds\", audio CD, Atlas, 1993</s><s>Public collections. Tate Gallery Collection. Chase Manhattan Bank. Arthur Andersen & Co. BBC World Service. The Principal Financial Group, USA.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jake Tilson", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000144", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Neil Googe.", "docs": [{"title": "Neil Googe", "text": "<s>Neil Googe Neil Googe is a British comics artist.</s><s>Biography. Googe's early comics work include a \"Shotgun Mary\" mini-series and work on \"2000 AD\", including a number of \"Judge Dredd\" stories. In 1999, Googe was hired as the artist for a graphic novel adaptation of Konami's Silent Hill, which had been released in early 1999. The novel was scheduled for release in November 1999. Despite being completed, advertised, and even receiving an ISBN code, the novel never got published due to disputes with Konami and it's European branch, with only four screenshots of the novel remaining. Googe is said to have had a CD with the full, completed novel on it, but has since lost said CD. He was one of the co-founders of the British independent comic publisher Com.x in 2000, where he wrote and drew \"Bazooka Jules\" and although only three issues were published Googe says he still has ideas for many more. However, since then he had steady work in the American comic book market since and the opportunity has never arisen. In the American market he is known for his work on \"Welcome to Tranquility\" with Gail Simone for Wildstorm where he'd"}, {"title": "Neil Googe", "text": " previously worked on \"Majestic\". Following this he worked with Christos Gage on \"Wildcats: World's End\". and then with \"Mike Costa\" on the \"World of Warcraft\" hard back graphic novel Dark Riders which was released by \"DC Comics\" after the \"Wildstorm\" merge. After this Neil continued working with \"DC Comics\", lending his hand more to one shot issues like \"Rose and Thorn\", the recent Detective Comics \"Harley Quinn\" #1 issue, the Legends of the Dark Knight \"Harley Quinn\" issue and most recently \"The Flash\". Also returning to \"2000 AD\" to work on Survival Geeks written by \"Gordon Rennie\" and \"Emma Beeby\" Coming almost full circle, Neil is currently working on a creator owned project entitled Welcome to the Hood, to be launched as a pen and paper \"Role Playing Game\" and also an accompanying comic. As well as finally relaunching \"Bazooka Jules\" under the name of \"\", though he has said this will be as a world setting for existing \"Role Playing Games\" systems with supplementary short stories in comic format. He is also working on a number of other table top and \"RPG\" products, including an as yet unnamed 3"}, {"title": "Neil Googe", "text": "rd party \"Pathfinder\" supplement. He has said that he will still be doing regular comic work alongside his other projects.</s><s>Bibliography. Comics work includes: - \"Shotgun Mary: Blood Lore\" (pencils, with writer Herb Mallette and inks by Kelsey Shannon, 4-issue mini-series Antarctic Press, 1997) - \"Mercy Heights\" (with John Tomlinson): - \"Dead of Winter\" (in \"2000 AD\" #1124, 1998) - \"Mercy Heights Book 2\" (in \"2000 AD\" #1144-1148, 1999) - \"Pulp Sci-fi\": \"Coy's Big Score\" (with Dan Abnett, in \"2000 AD\" #1129, 1999) - \"Judge Dredd\": - \"Trial of Strength\" (with John Wagner, in \"2000 AD\" #1151-1152, 1999) - \"War Games\" (with John Wagner, in \"2000 AD\" #1153, 1999) - \"Mind Ripper\" (with Robbie Morrison, in \"Judge Dredd Megazine\" #272, 2008) - \"Bazooka Jules\" #1-3 (script and art, Com."}, {"title": "Neil Googe", "text": "x, 2001\u20132002) - \"Something in the Air\" (with Jamie Delano, in \"X-Men Unlimited\" #41, Marvel Comics, 2003) - \"Majestic\" #1-4, 6-8, 12-13, 15 (pencils, with author Dan Abnett/Andy Lanning, Wildstorm, 2005\u20132006) collected in: - \"While You Were Out\" (with inks by Trevor Scott, collects \"Majestic\" #1-7, 2005, ) - \"Volume 2\" (collects \"Majestic\" #8-12, 2006, ) - \"Volume 3: Final Cut\" (collects \"Majestic\" #13-17 and \"Wildstorm Winter Special\", January 2007, ) - \"Worldstorm\" (with Gail Simone, one-shot, Wildstorm, 2006) - \"Welcome to Tranquility\" (with Gail Simone, Wildstorm, 2007\u20132008) collected as: - \"Volume 1\" (collects \"Welcome to Tranquility\" #1-6, 160 pages, WildStorm, December 2007, ) - \"Volume 2\" (collects \"Welcome to Tranquility\" #7-12, 144"}, {"title": "Neil Googe", "text": " pages, WildStorm, May 2008, ) - \"Wildcats: World's End\": #1-4, 6- (with Christos Gage, Wildstorm, 2008-) collected as: - \"Wildcats: World's End\" (136 pages, August 2009, ) - \"Aiva's Story\" (with writers David Noonan/Ricardo Sanchez, one-shot, Wildstorm, 2009) - \"Hondo-City Justice\" (with Robbie Morrison, in \"Judge Dredd Megazine\" #300-303, August\u2013November 2010)</s><s>References. - Neil Googe at the Big Comic Book DataBase - Neil Googe at 2000 AD online</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Neil Googe", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000145", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Francis Nicholson (painter).", "docs": [{"title": "Francis Nicholson (painter)", "text": "<s>Francis Nicholson (painter) Francis Nicholson (14 November 1753 \u2013 6 March 1844) was a British artist. He worked in watercolour and oil, and is mainly known as a landscape artist.</s><s>Early life. Nicholson was born in Pickering, North Yorkshire.</s><s>Career. Nicholson studied with a local artist in Scarborough, before beginning his career in his native Pickering, producing sporting pictures and portraits for a variety of Yorkshire patrons. By the mid-1780s he was also making paintings of country houses, leading him to concentrate on landscapes in watercolour. From 1789, he contributed views of both Yorkshire and Scotland to exhibitions at the Royal Academy. He also supplied topographical views for the Copper Plate Magazine. He contributed \"Views of England\", in collaboration with the engraver Francis Jukes to \"The Beauties of England and Wales\", Author: Britton, John & Edward Wedlake Brayley - A book published in 18 volumes from 1801 to 1815. Although his market increasingly became London-based, Nicholson continued to live in Yorkshire - at Whitby, Knaresborough and Ripon. He did not move to London until about 1803. In 1804, he became a founder-member of the"}, {"title": "Francis Nicholson (painter)", "text": " Society of Painters in Watercolours, and was a regular and prolific contributor to its exhibitions.</s><s>Later life. He wrote a handbook, \"The practice of drawing and painting landscape from nature, in water colours\", which was published in 1820. It sold out and a second edition followed in 1823. Nicholson died in London and is buried there in Brompton Cemetery.</s><s>Legacy. His c. 1837 self-portrait is in the National Portrait Gallery. He is known as the Father of water colour painting and also as an early pioneer of lithography, and was much admired by Turner. In October 2012 Pickering and district Civic Society erected a Blue Plaque in his memory on 3 Hungate Pickering. His daughter Marianne Croker was an artist, poet and author, and married Thomas Crofton Croker.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Francis Nicholson (painter)", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000146", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Chris Duffield.", "docs": [{"title": "Chris Duffield", "text": "<s>Chris Duffield Christopher Paul Duffield (born 20 May 1952) is the former Town Clerk of London and Chief Executive of the Corporation of the City of London. He was succeeded by John Barradell in 2012.</s><s>Early life. Duffield was born on 20 May 1952, the son of Jack and Irene Duffield. He was educated at St Albans School, a then all-boys private school in Hertfordshire. He graduated from Newcastle University in 1973 with a Bachelor of Arts (BA Hons).</s><s>Career. He has served in local government for nearly 30 years and prior to joining the City of London was the Chief Executive of Bexley Council. He has also previously worked for the GLC, Redbridge and Essex.</s><s>Career.:Corporation of London. He joined the corporation by appointment to the Town Clerk and Chief Executive position City of London Corporation \u2013 See: http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Council_and_democracy/Council_departments/ in September 2003 and has previously worked as the Chief Executive of a London Borough and as the assistant director of finance at the Greater London Council He is also the chief executive of the Police"}, {"title": "Chris Duffield", "text": " Authority. His responsibility is to oversee all Police Authority staff. He works closely with the chairman to facilitate efficient and effective police service within the City of London. Sample duties of the Town Clerk and Chief Executive include, but are not limited to: - Efficient management and execution of City functions. - Primary advisor on policy and resources. - Servicing meetings of the Court of Common Council and designated committees. - Servicing meetings of the Court of Alderman and designated committees. - Investigating complaints against the city. - Electoral Registration Officer. - Overseer of public relations. - Overseer of economic development. - Overseer of human resources.</s><s>Associations. Duffield is a member of the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA).</s><s>Family. He is married and has three sons, including Joe Duffield. He also has four grandchildren, including Amelia Duffield.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Chris Duffield", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000147", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Aert van der Neer.", "docs": [{"title": "Aert van der Neer", "text": "<s>Aert van der Neer Aert van der Neer, or Aernout or Artus (c. 16039 November 1677), was a landscape painter of the Dutch Golden Age, specializing in small night scenes lit only by moonlight and fires, and snowy winter landscapes, both often looking down a canal or river. He was a contemporary of Aelbert Cuyp and Meindert Hobbema, and like the latter he lived and died in comparative obscurity.</s><s>Biography. Recent (2008) research by Ren\u00e9 van Dijk of the Gorinchem Regional Archive has established that Van Der Neer was born in Gorinchem. According to Arnold Houbraken, Van Der Neer lived in Gorinchem as a steward to the lords of Arkel, which would account for the absence of any pictures dating from his early years. He became an amateur painter possibly upon contact with the Amsterdam painters Rafael and Jochem Govertsz Camphuysen, whose sister Lysbeth he married in 1629. They had six children: Grietje (1629), Eglon(~1635), Cornelia (1642), Elisabeth (1645), Pieter (1648), and Alida ("}, {"title": "Aert van der Neer", "text": "1650). Five of the children were baptized in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam, not far from where he lived. His son Eglon later became a portrait painter himself. Van Der Neer was barely able to support his family by selling his landscapes, which were not highly valued. In 1659 it seemed necessary to supplement his income by keeping a wine tavern in the Kalverstraat, but two years later he went broke. He died in Amsterdam in abject poverty, and his art was so little esteemed that the pictures left by him were valued at about five shillings apiece.</s><s>Career. The earliest pictures in which Van Der Neer coupled his monogram of A.V. and D.N. interlaced with a date are a winter landscape in the Rijksmuseum at Amsterdam (dated 1639), and another in the Martins collection at Kiel (1642) immature works both, of poor quality. Far better is the \"Winter Landscape\" (1643), and the \"Moonlight Scene\" (1644) once in the d'Arenberg collection in Brussels. In 1652 Van Der Neer witnessed the fire which consumed the old town-hall of Amsterdam. He made this accident the"}, {"title": "Aert van der Neer", "text": " subject for two or three pictures, now in the galleries of Berlin and Copenhagen. Though Amsterdam appears to have been constantly Van Der Neer's domicile, his pictures tell that he was well acquainted with the canals and woods about Haarlem and Leiden, and with the reaches of the Meuse and Rhine. Dordrecht, the home of Aelbert Cuyp, is sometimes found in his pictures, and substantial evidence exists that there was friendship between the two men. At some period of their lives they laid their hands to the same canvases, on each of which they left their joint mark. On some it was the signature of the name, on others the more convincing signature of style. There are landscapes in the collections of the dukes of Bedford and Westminster, in which Cuyp has represented either the frozen Maes with fishermen packing herrings, or the moon reflecting its light on the river's placid waters. These are models after which Van Der Neer appears to have worked. The same feeling and similar subjects are found in Cuyp and Van Der Neer, before and after their partnership, but Cuyp was the leading genius. Van Der Neer got assistance from him; Cuyp expected none from Van Der Neer. He"}, {"title": "Aert van der Neer", "text": " carefully enlivened his friend's pictures, when asked to do so, with figures and cattle. It is in pictures jointly produced by them that we discover Van Der Neer's presence at Dordrecht. We are near Dordrecht in the landscape sunset of the Louvre, in which Cuyp evidently painted the foreground and cows. In the National Gallery, London picture Cuyp signs his name on the pail of a milkmaid, whose figure and red skirt he has painted with light effectiveness near the edge of Van Der Neer's landscape. Again, a couple of fishermen with a dog, and a sportsman creeping up to surprise some ducks, are Cuyp's in a capital Van Der Neer at the Staedel Institute in Frankfurt. Van Der Neer's favourite subjects were the rivers and watercourses of his native country either at sunset or after dark. His peculiar skill is shown in realizing translucence which allows objects even distant to appear in the darkness with varieties of warm brown and steel greys. Another of his fancies is to paint frozen water, and his daylight icescapes with golfers, sleighers, and fishermen are as numerous as his moonlights. But he always avoids the impression of frostiness,"}, {"title": "Aert van der Neer", "text": " which is one of his great gifts. His pictures are not scarce. They are less valuable in the market than those of Cuyp or Hobbema; but, possessing a charm peculiarly their own, they are much sought after by collectors. Out of about one hundred and fifty pictures accessible to the public, the choicest selection is in the Hermitage at Saint Petersburg. In England paintings from his brush are to be found at the National Gallery and Wallace Collection.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Aert van der Neer", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000148", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Michael Coulson (barrister).", "docs": [{"title": "Michael Coulson (barrister)", "text": "<s>Michael Coulson (barrister) (James) Michael Coulson (23 November 1927 \u2013 18 June 2002) was a British barrister and judge, who also had a five-year parliamentary career. He was also an enthusiastic horse rider, huntsman and farmer, and was known at the Bar for his outstanding memory.</s><s>Family. Coulson was from an East Riding of Yorkshire family in Driffield; his father was a wealthy wool merchant. He attended the independent Fulneck School in Leeds as a boarding pupil before going up to Merton College, Oxford. His national service was spent in the East Riding Yeomanry in the Wenlock's Horse.</s><s>Early career. In 1951 Coulson was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple, and joined the North Eastern Circuit, although he also participated in London cases. At the same time he became active in the Young Conservatives and did much to improve their organisation in the north of England, including drafting their constitution. He was an active member of the Territorial Army in the Queen's Own Yorkshire Yeomanry where he received a commission as a Major.</s><s>Marriage and farming. In 1955 he married Dilys Adair Jones, a marriage which also brought him a farm on the Jones estate"}, {"title": "Michael Coulson (barrister)", "text": " at Bolton Percy near Tadcaster, North Yorkshire. Coulson enjoyed farming and trained at the Royal Agricultural College in Cirencester, but suffered an embarrassing failure while attempting to farm turkeys in a cold winter. He was forced to herd them into the farmhouse airing cupboard to keep them warm, and eventually the stockman poisoned the entire flock in a dispute with Coulson's father-in-law. Coulson also enjoyed horse riding, including fox hunting, and acted as secretary to meetings of the Bramham Moor and York and Ainsty Point to Point Race.</s><s>Political advancement. Elected to Tadcaster Rural District Council, Coulson had higher ambitions and in 1958 was selected as Conservative Party candidate for Kingston upon Hull North, a seat the retiring Conservative MP, Austen Hudson held by a knife-edge majority of 590. After energetically campaigning, he won the seat at the 1959 general election with a majority which increased to 702. His maiden speech was regarded as outstandingly witty and was reported in \"Punch\".</s><s>Parliamentary career. Coulson was a loyal supporter of Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas-Home, but made his contribution by introducing a successful Private Member's Bill to abolish the farthing as legal"}, {"title": "Michael Coulson (barrister)", "text": " tender. In 1962 he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Solicitor General, Sir Peter Rawlinson. He also had an interest in Commonwealth affairs and served as a member of the executive committee of the Conservative Commonwealth Council.</s><s>Judge. Losing his seat at the 1964 general election, Coulson received a promotion in his legal career as Assistant Recorder of Sheffield in 1965. He was made Deputy Chairman of the Northern Agricultural Land Tribunal in 1967, and served there for six years; from 1968 he was a Regional Chairman of Industrial Tribunals. His marriage under strain, in the 1970s Coulson moved to the East Midlands to become a full-time chairman of Industrial Tribunals. He became a member of the Belvoir Hunt and in 1977, a hunting acquaintance twenty years his junior (Barbara Chambers) became his second wife. From 1981 he worked as a Recorder of the Crown Court, and from 1983 he was a Circuit Judge on the Midland and Oxford Circuit. In his home village of Wymondham, Leicestershire near Melton Mowbray he was known as the \"hunting Judge\". In 1990 Coulson received his final promotion as a Deputy Circuit Judge. A fourth similar precedent in the law reports of that"}, {"title": "Michael Coulson (barrister)", "text": " year was entered in Coulson's 1994 judgment, when on appeal, he awarded Trevor McAuley \u00a35,900 for unfair dismissal for racism after McAuley proved a case establishing that a certain additional level of damages can be awarded for having been a victim of a vicious and highly organised campaign of making fun of his Irish accent. Coulson retired in 1998 at the age of 70.</s><s>References. - \"His Honour Michael Coulson\" (Obituary), \"The Times\", 25 July 2002 - M. Stenton and S. Lees, \"Who's Who of British MPs\" Vol. IV (Harvester Press, 1981) - \"Who Was Who\", A & C Black</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Michael Coulson (barrister)", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000149", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ruth Fischer.", "docs": [{"title": "Ruth Fischer", "text": "<s>Ruth Fischer Ruth Fischer (11 December 1895 \u2013 13 March 1961) was an Austrian and German Communist, and a co-founder of the Austrian Communist Party (KP\u00d6) in 1918. Along with her partner Arkadi Maslow, she led the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) through both the May 1924 and December 1924 federal elections. After being removed from the KPD, she became involved with various anti-Stalinist left-wing groups, and would remain a staunch anti-Stalinist activist for the rest of her life.</s><s>Background. Fischer was born Elfriede Eisler in Leipzig in 1895, the daughter of Marie Edith Fischer and Rudolf Eisler, a professor of philosophy at Leipzig but of Austrian nationality. }} Her father was Jewish and her mother was Lutheran. She was the elder sister to noted film and concert composer Hanns Eisler and fellow communist activist Gerhart Eisler. She studied philosophy, economics and politics at University of Vienna, where her father was working. At an undisclosed time, before March 1921, she adopted her mother's maiden name as part of her writer's name, \"Ruth Fischer.\" According to later records of the British Security Service (MI5"}, {"title": "Ruth Fischer", "text": "), she also used the names of her partner Maslow and husband Pleuchot.</s><s>Communism. The Austrian Communist Party was founded on 4 November 1918 by Ruth Fischer and Paul Friedl\u00e4nder, a medical student she married in 1917, who later died in a Nazi prison or concentration camp. She claimed in her memoir, \"Stalin and German Communism\", that she was listed as member number one. Eight days later, she claimed, a crowd of rioters proclaimed her editor of Vienna's largest daily, the \"Neue Freie Presse\", and she was arrested and charged with treason, but released under amnesty. She opposed the failed attempt to seize power in Austria in June 1919 instigated by the Hungarian communist Erno Bettelheim, and during the recriminations that followed, she left her husband and moved to Berlin. She visited the Comintern representative Karl Radek many times while he was interned in Moabit prison, acting as his contact with the Communist Party of Germany. In a memoir of his year in Berlin, Radek commented: \"She gave the impression of being a lively, if uneducated female.. I saw that she could grasp ideas easily, but that they didn't sink in very far, and she could easily fall"}, {"title": "Ruth Fischer", "text": " under some other influence.\" In 1921, Fischer became leader of the Berlin branch of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), and she and Arkadi Maslow emerged as leaders of the left of the communist party, who blamed the party's over-cautious leadership for the failure of the March Action in 1921, and opposed the tactic of a 'united front' with the German Social Democratic Party. The German authorities tried to forcibly repatriate her to Austria. Thus she married the fellow communist Gustav Golke (1889\u20131937, executed in the Soviet Great Purge), in order to be naturalised as a German. Heinrich Brandler was the national leader of the Communist Party of Germany. In the early months of 1923, Ruth Fischer and urged Brandler to organize an uprising on the model provided by the Bolsheviks in 1917. Together they developed the \"theory of the offensive\". Fischer denounced the leadership for \"making concessions to social democracy\", for \"opportunism\" and for \"ideological liquidationism and theoretical revisionism\". Chris Harman, author of \"The Lost Revolution\" (1982) has pointed out: \"Articulate and energetic, they were able to gather around them many of the new workers who had joined the party.\" Although"}, {"title": "Ruth Fischer", "text": " she appeared to represent a minority view in the Communist Party of Germany at that time, Comintern ordered that she should be co-opted onto its Central Committee in April 1923. In 1923, Fischer appealed to a group of Nazi students, proclaiming that \"Those who call for a struggle against Jewish capital are already, gentlemen, class strugglers, even if they don\u2019t know it. You are against Jewish capital and want to fight the speculators. Very good. Throw down the Jewish capitalists, hang them from the lamp-post, stamp on them.\" Ruth Fischer argued that the Communist Party of Germany leaders were saying: \"In no circumstances must we proclaim the general strike. The bourgeoisie will discover our plans and destroy us before we have moved. On the contrary, we must calm the masses, hold back our people in the factories and the unemployed committees until the government thinks the moment of danger has passed.\" When the leaders of the Communist Party of Germany met leaders in Moscow in September 1923 to discuss the prospect of seizing power that autumn, Leon Trotsky was so disturbed by the antagonism between the different factions that, out of loyalty to Brandler, he proposed that Maslow and Fischer be ordered to stay in Moscow. In the event, it was agreed that Maslow would stay"}, {"title": "Ruth Fischer", "text": ", but Fischer could return to Germany. After the failure of the Hamburg Uprising, and Maslow's return to Germany, Fischer, Maslow and Ernst Th\u00e4lmann gained control of the KPD, at Brandler's expense. In April 1924, the 9th party convention elected her and Maslow co-chairpersons of the Communist Party of Germany. In May 1924, she travelled to the UK as a fraternal delegate to a sixth congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain, whom she accused of being too close to the Labour Party, and narrowly avoided being arrested in Manchester. She was elected to the Reichstag under her then legal name Elfriede Golke, and to the Prussian House of Representatives. In January 1925, she was arrested in Austria, after crossing the border illegally on a mission to revive the Austrian communist party. During the power struggle in the Soviet Union following the death of Lenin, the trio backed the Comintern chairman Grigory Zinoviev, who at that time was aligned with Joseph Stalin, against Trotsky and Radek. In June 1924, she led the German delegation to the Fifth Congress of Comintern, where she denounced Trotsky in public, in language not previously heard. At the sixth congress of the KPD"}, {"title": "Ruth Fischer", "text": ", in 1925, she went on to attack the two most famous martyrs of German communism, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht for having \"burdened us with great errors which we must eradicate.\" Writing in a party journal, she likened Luxemburg's influence to a syphilis bacillus. By August 1925, Zinoviev and other soviet leaders had decided that Fischer and Maslow were unreliable, and the executive of Comintern passed a resolution attacking them by name, without mentioning Th\u00e4lmann. She was ordered to stay in Moscow (while Maslow was in prison in Germany), and Th\u00e4lmann took over the leadership of the German party. When the rift between Zinoviev and Stalin became public, she began meeting Zinoviev to settle their past differences. In February 1926, she was summoned by Stalin, who told her she could return to Germany and be readmitted to the party leadership if she submitted to the party line, which she refused to do. When the executive of Comintern held a special session, private letters she had written, which had been intercepted by the censorship were read out, including one to Maslow, in which she wrote \"We are condemned to death, since terror reigns in Leningrad"}, {"title": "Ruth Fischer", "text": ".\" From then, she was publicly linked to the anti-Stalinist left, despite her previous clashes with Trotsky. On 19 August 1926, she and Maslow were expelled from the KPD.</s><s>Anti-Stalinism. In Germany, she and Maslow formed a splinter group to the left of the KPD. arguing that Stalin was the leader of a counter-revolution in the USSR, which was ruled by a new class of bureaucrats running a form of state capitalism. She lost her Reichstag seat in 1928, and fled to Paris in 1933 and in August the same year the Nazi government annulled her naturalisation of 1923. When Trotsky founded the Fourth International in 1938, he'set great store' by the accession of Fischer, who visited him frequently in France, though her opposition to Stalinism went further than his. In 1941, Fischer left France for the United States. In 1947, she testified before HUAC against her brothers Gerhart and Hanns. Her testimony against Hanns resulted in his blacklisting and deportation. She testified that Gerhart was an important Comintern agent. In 1948, she published her memoir \"Stalin and German Communism\" - but the accuracy of her account of events that had happened a quarter of"}, {"title": "Ruth Fischer", "text": " a century or more before she was writing has been challenged. Rosa Luxemburg's biographer, J.P.Nettl, described the book as \"generally unreliable; in places deliberately so.\" E.H.Carr looked into one of the claims made in the book and concluded that it was \"inaccurate in every particular that can be checked.\" Isaac Deutscher, a biographer of Trotsky and Stalin, described her as a \"young, trumpet-tongued woman, without any revolutionary experience or merit, yet idolized by the Communists of Berlin.\" In 1955, Fischer returned to Paris and published her books \"Stalin and German Communism\" and \"Die Umformung der Sowjetgesellschaft\".</s><s>Death and afterwards. Fischer died in Paris in 1961, aged 65, from undisclosed causes. She had one child, Friedrich Gerhart Friedl\u00e4nder (F.G. Friedlander), born in Vienna 1917, later a mathematician, who died in the United Kingdom in 2001. The International Institute of Social History has an archive of her papers.</s><s>See also. - Hanns Eisler - Gerhart Eisler - Arkadi Maslow</s><s>Further reading. - Ruth Fischer Papers, (International"}, {"title": "Ruth Fischer", "text": " Institute of Social History) - Deutscher, Isaac, \"The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921\u20131929\", Oxford University Press, 1980,</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ruth Fischer", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000150", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ameyaw Debrah.", "docs": [{"title": "Ameyaw Debrah", "text": "<s>Ameyaw Debrah Ameyaw Kissi Debrah, known professionally as Ameyaw Debrah, is a Ghanaian celebrity blogger, freelance journalist, and reporter. He founded AmeyawDebrah.com, an entertainment website and blog that primarily publishes news about Ghanaian celebrities. He graduated from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology with a bachelor's degree in publishing. While at KNUST, he won the Best Publishing Student award in 2005. He has made significant contributions to several pan-African websites, including Jamati.com, Orijin-ent.com, and ModernGhana.com. In 2008, he joined GhanaWeb.com as the entertainment editor and launched his own website that same year.</s><s>Early life and education. Debrah attended Adisadel College in Cape Coast, and became an editor for the school's magazine in 1999. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in publishing from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). After graduating from KNUST, Debrah completed his National Service Secretariat (NSS) programme at \"Ovation International Magazine\" in Accra.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early career. While at \"Ovation\","}, {"title": "Ameyaw Debrah", "text": " he primarily wrote about the Ghanaian entertainment industry. His writings were published for the publication's international audience. After completing his service with NSS, he became a columnist for \"Star\" newspaper. In 2007, he devoted his time contributing to the pan-African websites Jamati.com, Orijin-ent.com, and ModernGhana.com. Towards the end of 2007, he joined \"Voices of Africa\", a media project based in the Netherlands. During his time there, he submitted videos, photos and news from Ghana for Africanews.com. In 2008, he became the entertainment editor for GhanaWeb.com. Later that year, he fully launched his blog AmeyawDebrah.com. He left Ghanaweb in 2012 to pursue his blog full-time. He contributes to StarGist, an entertainment segment on Africa Magic, as a Skype correspondent. He also contributes to content on EbonyLife TV and \"Glitz Africa Magazine\". He was an ambassador for Malta Guinness' Africa Rising Campaign.</s><s>Career.:AmeyawDebrah.com. The formulation of AmeyawDebrah.com was a result of Debrah's friend hosting and helping him get the domain. Since its inception, the website has"}, {"title": "Ameyaw Debrah", "text": " found innovative ways to reach readers across the globe. In 2010, the website debuted its iPhone app with the help of MobBase, a web developer. In 2012, the website launched an internet-based talent hunt competition to discover and promote new musical talents in Ghana. In addition, Debrah launched the My Ghana Campaign, a platform that allows readers to record a one-minute video discussing relevant issues in Ghana.</s><s>Career.:Ringier Ghana and Yen.com.gh. In December 2014, Debrah joined Ringier Ghana to launch and manage pulse.com.gh. He left in August 2015 to join Genesis Technology and later launched Yen.com.gh. In September 2015, Debrah worked as the editor-in-chief of a newly established publication called Yen.com.gh. He left the role in September 2017.</s><s>Career.:Managing career. Coptic, a multi-platinum award-winning Ghanaian music producer, appointed Debrah as his manager in Ghana and Africa. Coptic released \"The Black Star Line Mixtape Vol 1\" (2011), a mixtape that seeks to bring American rappers back to Africa and close to their roots. The mixtape is also Coptic's introduction to the African market. In addition to"}, {"title": "Ameyaw Debrah", "text": " managing Coptic's interest in Ghana and Africa, Debrah is also in charge of scouting for new up and coming talents that can be signed to Rebel Musik, Coptic's African music production branch. In an interview posted on Peace FM Online, Debrah said he's grateful for the opportunity to work with Coptic and help advance the careers of other Ghanaian and African artists. Debrah also assumed management of multiple-award-winning rapper Pappy Kojo in 2014.</s><s>Ameyaw TV. In 2018, Debrah launched Ameyaw TV, a web portal for various web video formats. After holding auditions for several talented and young aspiring TV presenters, Ameyaw TV rolled out production of three formats currently streaming on tv.ameyawdebrah.com. The formats include Daily Buzz, News in One, and Trend Mill. Other formats such as Trending GH were later introduced and others are expected to be rolled out in 2019.</s><s>Personal life. Ameyaw Debrah married Elsie Darkoa at a wedding ceremony held on March 6, 2018. The couple have a son named Nathan.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ameyaw Debrah", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000151", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga.", "docs": [{"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": "<s>F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga was a Mexican conservative general and politician who played a key role in the outbreak of the Reform War in early 1860, a war which would see him elevated to the presidency of the nation. President Zuloaga was unrecognized by and fought against the liberals supporters of President Benito Juarez. Zuloaga\u2019s forces quickly gained control over the capital, and the central states of the nation, winning every major engagement during the first year of the war, and even temporarily capturing Juarez and his entire cabinet, but in the end, the liberals were not decisively defeated, still controlled large parts of the nation\u2019s periphery, and Juarez remained securely entrenched in the strategic port of Veracruz. In December 1858, a moderate faction of the conservatives overthrew Zuloaga, hoping to come to a compromise with Juarez. Manuel Robles Pezuela then ascended to the presidency. The liberal government rejected all offers of compromise, and the conservatives then elected Miguel Miramon as president. The ousted Zuloaga still clinging to his claims of the presidency, endorsed Miramon\u2019s election and officially passed the presidency on to him. Zuloaga remained"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": " somewhat active in Miramon\u2019s government but eventually retired from the scene. He emerged after the war ended to claim the presidency while conservative guerillas were still active in the countryside, but this came to nothing, and Zuloaga subsequently left the country. He would return during the Second Mexican Empire, but unlike many of his conservative colleagues played no political or military role within the Empire. After the fall of the Empire in 1867, Zuloaga was exiled to Cuba and returned to civilian life eventually returning to Mexico and living until 1895.</s><s>Early life. Felix Zuloaga was born on 31 March 1803 in \u00c1lamos, Sonora. On 8 October 1834, he received the rank of colonel of the national guard and was engaged in campaigns against Indians until 1837, when he left the department of Chihuahua, having previously been granted the rank of lieutenant of engineers. He defended the government during the Federalist Revolt of 1840, during which a group of militants seized the National Palace and took President Anastasio Bustamante hostage in order to try and overthrow the government and restore the Constitution of 1824. The following year he joined the Bases of Tacubaya which intended to revise the then current constitution, the S"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": "iete Leyes. He was promoted to captain on 5 November 1841 and fought in Yucatan as part of the Caste Wars, after which he moved to Tabasco and was granted the rank of lieutenant colonel. During the Mexican\u2013American War, he was in charge of fortifications in Monterey and in Saltillo, and in 1847 contributed to setting up the defenses on the route from Veracruz to Mexico City. In July 1848, he retired to Chihuahua where he was elected alderman in 1852 and remained in that post until March, 1853 when he returned to service in the military. In November he was promoted to colonel and was named president of the council of war for judging thieves at which post he remained for a few months. In the following two years he served the Santa Anna\u2019s campaign against the liberal revolutionaries of the south led by Juan Alvarez. He fell prisoner at the Hacienda de Nuzco, and the rebel commander Ignacio Comonfort protected him from being sent to a firing squad and actually recruited him to join the liberal cause. When the Plan of Ayutla triumphed, and Santa Anna\u2019s dictatorship was overthrown, Zuloaga was given command of"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": " Comonfort\u2019s forces and assigned to the campaign of Sierra de Queretaro.</s><s>La Reforma. Zuloaga\u2019s old commander Ignacio Comonfort ascended to the presidency in December, 1856, and proceeded to administer over one of the most eventful presidencies in 19th century Mexican history. A convention finished drafting a new constitution for the nation in early 1857, only to encounter extreme opposition from conservatives over its unprecedented reforms aimed against the army and the church. Most notable was the opposition to the constitutional codification of the Ley Lerdo, a law which forced collective entities to forcibly sell their properties, affecting both the Catholic Church, and Mexico\u2019s Indigenous communities, who had a tradition of farming on communal lands. Further controversy was inflamed when the government mandated that all civil servants swear an oath to the constitution or lose their jobs. Many Catholics did refuse the oath, but those who did not were excommunicated. Zuloaga was initially loyal to the moderate liberal government of Ignacio Comonfort. He helped command a government effort to put down a conservative rebellion in Puebla. As tensions over the constitution rose, Comonfort left the capital and temporarily resided in Tacubaya where his defenses were commanded"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": " by Zuloaga. However, by December, Zuloaga was among those being suspected of plotting against the government, and he was even indicted.</s><s>Plan of Tacubaya. The suspicion was well placed as Zuloaga was plotting with conservative conspirators. After coming to an arrangement with certain governors, the conspirators in a suburb of Mexico City declared the Plan of Tacubaya on the morning of December 17th to set aside the national constitution. The supreme control of the government was to be entrusted to Ignacio Comonfort who was to convoke within three months another constitutional congress for framing another constitution more in line with the national will, to be submitted to a national plebiscite and in the event of its non acceptance to be returned to the congress for an amendment. The president was tso rule with a consultative council composed of one representative from each state. On 17 December, congress made a solemn protest against the Plan of Tacubaya, and declared the Comonfort\u2019s authority had now come to an end. Zuloaga\u2019s brigade occupied the capital and dissolved the congress. Benito Juarez, president of the Supreme Court and Isidoro Olvera, president of the congress were arrested. The ayunt"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": "amiento of Mexico City was also dissolved. On 19 December, Comonfort officially announced that he had accepted the Plan of Tacubaya. He released a manifesto explaining his motives, expounding that he viewed the Plan of Tacubaya as an opportunity for a moderate compromise and viewing the alternative as anarchy. Seventy deputies reassembled in Queretaro and aired their protests. A council of state was installed on 25 December in which skeptical voices opined that it was impossible to bring about the reconciliating that Comonfort sought. On 30 December, the strategic state of Vera Cruz abandoned the Plan of Tacubaya, convincing Comonfor that his new government\u2019s position was precarious. Comonfort would resign, passing the presidency over to Benito Juarez whom Comonfort had also released. He gathered his loyal troops and engaged in skirmishes with the Zuloaga government, but most of the loyal garrison eventually abandoned Comonfort, leading him to flee the capital, and eventually the nation.</s><s>Presidency. After triumphing in the minor skirmish with Comonfort, Zuloaga on January 21, published a manifesto promising order in the capital. He then named the individuals who had been chosen to be a part of the"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": " junta that was meant to choose the new head of state according to the Plan of Tacubaya. On the 22nd the junta met in the senate chambers and Felix Zuloaga was chosen by twenty six votes, one vote going to Santa Anna, and one vote going to General Echeagaray. The junta then drafted an oath of office, which Zuloaga read the following day, promising to uphold and protect, independence, religion, and unity between all Mexicans, echoing the promises made in the Plan of Iguala. The newly established conservative government was recognized by the foreign diplomatic corps at the capital with the exception of the United States. On the 24th, Zuloaga named his ministers. Luis Gonazaga Cueva was made Minister of the Interior, Hilario Elguero was made Ministry of Government, Manuel Larrainzar was made Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs, and Jose de la Parra was made Minister of War, and Jose Hierro Maldonado was made Minister of Development. Zuloaga then named a council of government made up of two representatives from each state. On 28 January, a decree was published nullifying the Ley Lerdo, and calling for the property which had been seized by the church to be returned"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": ". Other decrees published on the same day restored to their former employment all civil servants who had lost their jobs in refusing to swear an oath to the constitution of 1857, and also nullified the Ley Juarez. On 31 January, President Zuloaga directed a letter to Pope Pius IX reaffirming his country\u2019s adherence to the Catholic faith. States were declaring their loyalty to either Juarez or Zuloaga and their respective armies were preparing for war. After hostilities broke out Zuloaga, knowing the strategic importance of Veracruz, tried to win over the governor of the state,, who however affirmed his support for the government of Juarez. In the meantime liberal forces in the north were being organized by Santiago Vidaurri while Manuel Doblado led a liberal coalition in the interior headquartered in the town of Celaya. On 10 March 1858, the liberals lost the Battle of Salamanca, which opened up the interior of the country to the conservatives. Juarez at this point was in Guadalajara, when part of the army there mutinied and imprisoned him, at one point threatening his life, until fellow liberal minister and prisoner Guillermo Prieto dissuaded the hostile soldiers from shooting Juarez. As rival factions struggled"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": " to control the city, Juarez and other liberal prisoners were released on agreement after which Guadalajara was fully captured by conservatives by the end of March. Juarez now made Santos Degollado the head of his armies, and then decided to head towards Veracruz, embarking from Manzanillo, crossing Panama, and arriving in Veracruz on May, 4 1858. On 24 July, Miramon captured Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi was captured by the conservatives on 12 September. Vidaurri was defeated at the Battle of Ahualulco on 29 September. By October the conservatives were at the height of their strength. The conservatives controlled the most populous cities of the republic, and the liberal capital of Vera Cruz was cut off from the interior of the country. The liberals however still had the loyalty of significant parts of the north and the south of the country. Juarez was determined to sustain the conflict, entrenched in the strategic port of Vera Cruz, which the conservatives did not have the forces to carry out a naval blockade of. Despite his significant victories in the first few months of the war, the Zuloaga government\u2019s position was far from entirely secure. An attempt to revive the unitary organization of the"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": " country by reducing the states to departments as they existed during the Centralist Republic of Mexico, proved to be unpopular. The conservatives were also divided into three factions: the Santanistas, named after supporters of Santa Anna, wanted a more authoritarian government as had exited during the dictatorship of Santa Anna from 1853 to 1855, the Zuloaguistas wanted to retain Zuloaga, and the Fusionists wanted to compromise with the liberals. The Zuloaga government was also struggling to find funds, the contributions of the clergy, forced loans, and increased tariffs not being sufficient to sustain government expenses. The seizure of property was irritating both citizens and foreigners. The Plan of Tacubaya had called for a congress to be summoned in order to draft a constitution, but this was proving to be impractical in the middle of the war. Zuloaga\u2019s cabinet drafted a provisional constitution. In July 1858, the failure of achieving a final victory over the liberals led to a shuffling of the cabinet. Joaquin Castillo y Lanzas was named Minister of Relations. Fernandez de Jauregui was made Minister of Government, Javier Miranda was made Minister of Justice, J. M. Garcia was made Minister of War, Pedro Jorrin was made Minister of the Treasury"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": ", and Jose M. Zaldivar was made Minister of Development. A law against conspirators was passed along with restrictions on the press. The conservatives kept achieving victory and on July 24th, Miramon captured Guanajuato. Some moderate liberals now wished to compromise with the conservatives. On 29 September, the conservatives won a significant victory at Ahuahulco against Santigo Vidaurri. By October, 1858, the conservatives were at the height of their strength. In early November, Zuloaga\u2019s minister of Government Jarequi offered to resign but it was not accepted. The liberals then took Guadalajara causing alarm in Mexico City. Zulaoga was holding frequent conferences with the British and French foreign representatives, and the two powers showed themselves disposed to help blockade Juarez. Juarez, however had long gained the good will of the United States, whose minister Forsyth had refused to recognize Zuloaga\u2019s government. On 20 December 1858, about a year since he first came to power, Zuloaga had to face a pronunciamiento against himself. Echeagaray pronounced at Ayutla with a plan to summon a congress to frame a constitution suitable for the nation. Zuloaga"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": " passed measures to put down the revolt, assuming personal command of the forces at the capital, and forbidding all interaction with the rebels. He passed a manifesto condemning Echeagaray who was stripped of his post in the army. Manuel Doblado was also arrested. A modified form of the Ayotla Plan was proclaimed by Manuel Robles Pezula on 23 December, and found some military support in the capital. Zuloaga offered to resign if the objection was to him personally, but would not assent if the plan was meant to overthrow his conservative principles. Miramon was offered command of the plan, but he rejected it. As loyal troops kept defecting, Zuloaga resigned before midnight and sought asylum with the British legation in spite of the insurgents promises to keep Zuloaga unharmed. The Plan of Ayotla was actually an offshoot of the aforementioned fusionist party, a moderate faction, which did not seek to abandon conservative principles, but did seek an end to the war by seeking compromise with the liberals. Manuel Robles Pezuela arrived at the national palace on the morning of 24 December, when he assumed the presidency. Robles Pezuela sent commissioners out to gain adherence to his plan, and began to assemble"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": " a junta of representatives ignoring, however the conservative hero Miguel Miramon, upsetting conservative hardliners. Robles, however eventually conceded in granting Miramon representation. The Junta assembled on 30 December 1858, and proceeded to elect a president. Miramon won with 50 votes against Robles\u2019 46, though the latter was authorized to act as provisional president until Miramon arrived in the capital. Meanwhile Zuloaga had taken back his previous resignation, but due to the circumstances, agreed to officially pass on the presidency to Miramon on 31 January 1859. To keep him from changing his mind, Miramon had him sent to the interior. Zuloaga then left the government. Miramon would go on to wage the war energetically and make two attempts to capture Juarez\u2019s capital at Vera Cruz. His second attempt in March 1860, would see his naval forces intercepted by the U.S. navy which was protecting Juarez. Liberal victories then accumulated until Juarez took back the capital on January 1861, though conservative guerilla\u2019s most notably Leonardo Marquez remained active in the countryside.</s><s>Later life. It was amidst this situation, with conservative forces still active, that Zuloaga once more publicly emerged in 1861, once more"}, {"title": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "text": " claiming the presidency, but to no effect. He left the country again the following year. He returned to Mexico in August 1864, during the Second Mexican Empire, but no longer played any role in politics. He survived the fall of the Empire but was exiled to Cuba, returning to his country after the death of Benito Juarez. Zuloaga became a tobacco merchant, living until 1895.</s><s>See also. - List of heads of state of Mexico</s><s>Further reading. - \"Zuloaga, F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda\", \"Enciclopedia de M\u00e9xico\", v. 14. Mexico City, 1996,. - Garc\u00eda Puron, Manuel, \"M\u00e9xico y sus gobernantes\", v. 2. Mexico City: Joaqu\u00edn Porr\u00faa, 1984. - Orozco Linares, Fernando, \"Gobernantes de M\u00e9xico\". Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985,.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "F\u00e9lix Mar\u00eda Zuloaga", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000152", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ahmed Mumin Warfa.", "docs": [{"title": "Ahmed Mumin Warfa", "text": "<s>Ahmed Mumin Warfa Ahmed Mumin Warfa (, ) was a Somali scientist specializing in botany, who with his colleague Mats Thulin discovered \"Cyclamen somalense\". He served as president (rector) of the Zamzam University of Science and Technology from 2020 until his death.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Somalia. Warfa was a professor at the Somali National University, where he taught biology and agriculture. He also regularly conducted research with colleagues in Somalia, where he jointly discovered several endemic species, notably in the northeastern Bari region. With the outbreak of the civil war in 1991 and the closure of the university, Ahmed became a peacemaker, working as a translator for the United Nations and setting up councils for the reconciliation process in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. His efforts brought him into conflict with several local militia leaders. In 1994, he narrowly escaped an assassination attempt. His children are Sumaya Mumin, Ismail Mumin, Daud Ahmed Mumin, Hibo Mumin, Farah Mumin, Mohamed Mumin, Aisha Mumin, Yusuf Mumin, Dahir Mumin, Halima Mumin, Fadumo Mumin, and Fadumo Mumin."}, {"title": "Ahmed Mumin Warfa", "text": "</s><s>Biography.:United States. Warfa subsequently left Somalia for Nairobi, Kenya, from where he then emigrated to the United States, where he taught biology at Salt Lake Community College and Brigham Young University in Utah. He continued to attend conferences on herbology as a keynote speaker or contributor. Warfa was also actively involved in the affairs of Somalia and the Somali diaspora, whether as a reconciliator working for the UN and the Somali President or as an activist raising funds for projects such as Hiiraan University.</s><s>Biography.:Back to Somalia. In 2020, Warfa returned to Mogadishu to serve as rector of the Zamzam University of Science and Technology. Professor Warfa died of complications from COVID-19 on 15 March 2021 in Mogadishu.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ahmed Mumin Warfa", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000153", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Geraldo de Barros.", "docs": [{"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": "<s>Geraldo de Barros Geraldo de Barros (February 27, 1923 \u2013 April 17, 1998) was a Brazilian painter and photographer who also worked in engraving, graphic arts, and industrial design. He was a leader of the concrete art movement in Brazil, co-founding Grupo Ruptura and was known for his trailblazing work in experimental abstract photography and modernism. According to \"The Guardian,\" De Barros was \"one of the most influential Brazilian artists of the 20th century.\" De Barros is best known for his \"Fotoformas\" (1946-1952), a series of photographs that used multiple exposures, rotated images, and abstracted forms to capture a phenomenological experience of Brazil's exponential urbanization in the mid-twentieth century.</s><s>Early life and education. De Barros was born in the city Chavantes, in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil. When he was 16 years old, De Barros began taking pictures using a homemade camera that he built himself. At the time he was interested in experimenting with scratching and manipulating the negatives and images. From 1945 to 1947, De Barros studied drawing and painting with Cl\u00f3vis Graciano, Collete Pujol"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": ", and Yoshioka Takaoka, with a focus on figurative and landscape painting. He moved into the world of abstraction and studied European abstract constructivism and art of the 1920s and 1930s. He was particularly influenced by Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg and the De Stijl movement. In 1946, De Barros began studying painting at the Associa\u00e7i\u00e3o Paulista de Belas Artes.</s><s>Career. For many years De Barros supported himself by working at Banco do Brasil. In 1946 and 1947, De Barros began to explore photography. In 1948, he co-founded Grupo XV, which was a collective of mostly Japanese painters interested in exploring post-impressionist art. In 1948, De Barros was introduced to the concepts of Gestalt theory, where he focused heavily on form, by the critic M\u00e1rio Pedrosa. He was also influenced at the time by Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, and the Bauhaus movement in relation to industrial design. In 1949, he started a photography lab with his friend Atha\u00edde de Barros and Thomaz Farkas, and, with the intention of deepening his knowledge, he joined the Foto Cine"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": " Clube Bandeirante in S\u00e3o Paulo, a group of artists who focused on pictorialism. Artists in this group included German Lorca, Jos\u00e9 Yalenti, Thomaz Farkas, among others. During this time, De Barros studied photographic experimental practices from Europe and United States in the work of Moholy-Nagy and Man Ray. In 1949, De Barros began teaching and organized the photography laboratory of the S\u00e3o Paulo Museum of Art (MASP). In 1950, De Barros held \"Fotoformas\" at the Museu de Arte de S\u00e3o Paulo, an exhibition which represented a new era in the process of photography in Brazil. The title was influenced by Gestalt theory. In 1951, received a scholarship from the French government, and taking a one-year leave from his job at Banco do Brasil, he went to Paris to study lithography at the National Superior School of Fine Arts and engraving at Stanley William Hayter's atelier. He went on to attend the Ulm School of Design in Ulm, Germany, where he studied graphic arts with Otl Aicher and met Max Bill. At this point he abandoned his work in photography to focus on concrete art. In"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": " 1952, De Barros co-founded Grupo Ruptura with Judith Lauand, Luiz Sacilotto, Lothar Charoux, Waldemar Cordeiro, among others. He was involved in writing the manifesto that outlined abstract and concrete art. De Barros founded the photography group called Escola Paulista. In 1954, De Barros founded with Frei Jo\u00e3o Batista a cooperative furniture design company called Unilabor, which was successful and allowed him to leave his job at Banco do Brasil. In 1964, De Barros went on to found in association with Alo\u00edsio Bione another furniture design company called Hobjeto. Both Unilabor and Hobjeto went bankrupt due to the political instability and economic hardship of the time. In the 1960s, De Barros worked with Nelson Leirner, putting on pop art events, often including outdoor advertisements that had been removed, re-worked, and replaced in the street. In 1966, De Barros, founded Galeria Rex with Carlos Fajardo, Frederico Nasser, Jos\u00e9 Rezende Filho, Nelson Leiner, and Wesley Duke Lee as an experiment in the art market and selling art. Although the gallery closed after a year, the Grupo"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": " Rex and the work of the group continued for over 12 years. In 1977, De Barros returned to geometric art and concepts of concrete art, using Formica as his base material in further exploring industrial design. Geraldo abandoned photography for over 30 years, devoting himself to focus on arts and design. In 1996, his daughter put together an exhibit of photographs from his archive that was held at Mus\u00e9e de l'Elys\u00e9e in Lausanne, Switzerland, which led to an interest in De Barros' early work in photography. In 1996, after suffering several brain ischemia and with his motor functions totally debilitated, he resumed working in photography, and with the help of his assistant, the photographer Ana Moraes, made a last series of 250 works called \"Sobras.\" It wasn't until 1998 that De Barros' work was exhibited in the United States, at Sicardi-Sanders Gallery in Houston, Texas.</s><s>Death. De Barros died on April 17, 1998, in S\u00e3o Paulo at the age of 75.</s><s>Legacy. Following his death, the legacy of De Barros' work led to an increased coverage and academic and art history-based awareness of his importance and impact as a central figure in"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": " Brazil's recent art history. Retrospectives were held in Europe and North America.</s><s>Documentary. In 1999, a documentary on De Barros directed by Michel Favre called \"Geraldo de Barros: Sobras em Obras\" was released. The film was produced by De Barros' daughter, Fabiana de Barros.</s><s>Awards. - 1952: Forth Centenary of the S\u00e3o Paulo City, Brazil, First Prize for Graphic Design - 1953: II Bienal de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, Acquisition Award - 1967: IX Bienal Internacional de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, Acquisition Award - 1991: XXI Bienal Internacional de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, Second Prize</s><s>Selected exhibitions.</s><s>Selected exhibitions.:Selected group exhibitions. - 1951: I Bienal Internacional de Arte de S\u00e3o Paulo (S\u00e3o Paulo) - 1953: II Bienal Internacional de Arte de S\u00e3o Paulo (S\u00e3o Paulo) - 1955: \"Incisioni e disegni Bras\u00edliani,\" Villa Ciani (Lugano) - 1956: XXVIII Biennale di Venezia (Venice) - 1960"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": ": \"konkrete kunst. 50 jahre entwicklung,\" Helmhaus (Zurich) \u2013 traveling exhibition - 1967: IX Bienal Internacional de Arte de S\u00e3o Paulo (S\u00e3o Paulo) - 1967: \"Nova objectividade brasileira,\" Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) - 1977: Projeto construtivo brasileiro na arte - 1950\u20131962: Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro); Pinacoteca do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (S\u00e3o Paulo) - 1979: XV Bienal Internacional de Arte de S\u00e3o Paulo (S\u00e3o Paulo) - 1986: XLII Biennale di Venezia (Venice) - 1991: XXI Bienal Internacional de Arte de S\u00e3o Paulo (S\u00e3o Paulo) - 1992: \"Brasilien. Entdeckung und Selbstentdeckung,\" Kunsthaus Z\u00fcrich (Zurich) - 1999: \"Brasilianische Fotografie 1946\u20131998. Labirinto e Identidades,\" Kunstmuseum"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": " Wolfsburg (Wolfsburg) - 2000: \"Heterotop\u00edas. Medio siglo sin lugar. 1918\u20131968,\" Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sof\u00eda (Madrid) - 2000: \"S\u00e9culo 20. Arte do Brasil,\" Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian, Centro de Arte Moderna Jos\u00e9 de Azeredo Perdig\u00e3o (Lisbon) - 2000\u20132002: \"Brasil 1920\u20131950. De la antropofagia a Bras\u00edlia,\" Institut Valenci\u00e0 d\u2019Art Modern, Centre Julio Gonz\u00e1lez (Valencia); Museu de Arte Brasileira (S\u00e3o Paulo) - 2002: \"Grupo Ruptura. Arte concreta paulista. Revisitando a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o inaugural,\" Centro Universit\u00e1rio Maria Antonia da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (S\u00e3o Paulo) - 2003: \"Cuasi-corpus. Arte concreto y neoconcreto de Brasil,\" Museo de Arte Contempor\u00e1neo Internacional Rufino Tamayo (Mexico City);"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": " Museo de Arte Contempor\u00e1neo (Monterrey) - 2006: \"Cruce de miradas. Visiones de Am\u00e9rica Latina. Colecci\u00f3n Patricia Phelps de Cisneros,\" Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Mexico City) - 2006: \"The Sites of Latin American Abstraction,\" Cisneros Fontanals Art Foundation (Miami, Florida) \u2013 traveling exhibition - 2007: \"Desenho construtivista brasileiro,\" Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) - 2007: \"The Geometry of Hope. Latin American Abstract Art from the Patricia Phelps de Cisneros Collection,\" Blanton Museum of Art, The University of Texas at Austin (Austin, Texas); Grey Art Gallery, New York University (New York) - 2007-08: \"New Perspectives in Latin American Art, 1930\u20132006: Selections from a Decade of Acquisitions,\" Museum of Modern Art (New York) \u2013 November 21, 2007 \u2013 February 25, 2008 - 2008: \"Di\u00e1logo concreto \u2013 Design e construtivismo no Brasil,\" Caixa Cultural (Rio de Janeiro) - 2009: \""}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": "Foto Cine Clube Bandeirante. 70 Anos,\" Centro Cultural S\u00e3o Paulo (S\u00e3o Paulo) - 2009: \"Experimentaciones. La experiencia concreta y neoconcreta en la fotograf\u00eda brasile\u00f1a,\" Museo de Arte Contempor\u00e1neo Parque Forestal y Espacio ArteAbierto de Fundaci\u00f3n Ita\u00fa (Santiago) \u2013 traveling exhibition - 2010: \"Moderna para sempre. Fotografia modernista brasileira na Cole\u00e7\u00e3o Ita\u00fa,\" Museu de Arte do Rio Grande do Sul Ado Malagoli (Porto Alegre) - 2010: \"Vibraci\u00f3n. Moderne Kunst aus Lateinamerika. The Ella Fontanals-Cisneros Collection,\" Bundeskunsthalle (Bonn) - 2010: \"Constructive Spirit. Abstract Art in South and North America, 1920s\u201350s,\" Newark Museum (Newark, New Jersey); Amon Carter Museum (Fort Worth, Texas)</s><s>Selected exhibitions.:Selected solo exhibitions. - 1950: \"Fotoformas,\" Museu de Arte de S\u00e3o Paulo Ass"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": "is Chateaubriand (S\u00e3o Paulo) - 1965: Museo de Arte Moderno (Buenos Aires) [catalogue] - 1976: \"12 anos de pintura, 1964 a 1976,\" Museu de Arte Moderna de Sao Paulo (S\u00e3o Paulo) [catalogue] - 1987: Tschudi Galerie (Glarus, Switzerland) [brochure] - 1993: \"Peintre et photographe,\" Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Elys\u00e9e (Lausanne) - 1994: \"Fot\u00f3grafo,\" Museu da Imagem e do Som (S\u00e3o Paulo) [catalogue] - 1996: \"Precursor,\" Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro) [catalogue] - 1999: MMA Collection, Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) [catalogue] - 1999\u20132000: \"Fotoformas,\" Museum Ludwig (Cologne); SESC Pomp\u00e9ia (S\u00e3o Paulo); Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Elys\u00e9e (Lausanne) [catalogue] - 2001: \"Geraldo de Barros and Lygia Pape,\" Americas Society ("}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": "New York) [catalogue] - 2005: \"Javier P\u00e9rez. Geraldo de Barros,\" Galerie Guy B\u00e4rtschi (Geneva) - 2006: \"Fotoformas. Fotograf\u00edas \u2013 Photographies,\" Museu da Imagem e do Som (S\u00e3o Paulo) [catalogue] - 2008: \"Free, Freed and Freeing,\" Sicardi Gallery (Houston, Texas) [catalogue] - 2013: \"Fotoformas\" / \"Sobras,\" The Photographers' Gallery (London)</s><s>Selected works. - (1949) - (1949) - (1949) - (1949) - \"Mouvement giratoire\" at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1949) - \"S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, Neg. 50\" at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1949) - (1948\u201350) - (1952) - \"Concreto\" at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1953) - \"Cartaz para o IV Centen\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Paulo\" at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1954)</s><s>Selected works and publications. -  \u2013 5"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": ". September bis 10. Oktober 1987, Galerie Tschudi, Glarus -  \u2013 Cat\u00e1logo de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o 25 de janeiro a 24 de mar\u00e7o de 1996 -  \u2013 Published on the occasion of the exhibition \"Geraldo de Barros: Fotoformas,\" held at Museum Ludwig, K\u00f6ln, (26.8.1999 - 25.1.2000); SESC Pompeia, Sao Paulo, (3.11.-3.12.1999); Mus\u00e9e de l'Elys\u00e9e, Lausanne (July-Sept. 2000) -  \u2013 Published in conjunction with an exhibition organized by the Americas Society as part of \"Forma: Brazil series\" held from March 20-May 6, 2001 - -  \u2013 Published on the occasion of the exhibition, \"Geraldo de Barros,\" which took place at the Sicard Gallery in Houston Texas from May 28-July 5, 2008 -  \u2013 Published on the occasion of the exhibition \"Geraldo de Barros: What Remains,\" held at the Photographers' Gallery, London, 17 January - 7 September 2013 -  \u2013 Published on the occasion of the exhibition \"Geraldo de Barros: J"}, {"title": "Geraldo de Barros", "text": "ogos de Dados e Sobras (1980-1990)\" held 11 July - 8 Sept., 2013 at Sesc Vila Mariana in S\u00e3o Paulo</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Geraldo de Barros", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000154", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Marcel Hern\u00e1ndez.", "docs": [{"title": "Marcel Hern\u00e1ndez", "text": "<s>Marcel Hern\u00e1ndez Marcel Hern\u00e1ndez Campanioni (born 11 July 1989) is a Cuban professional footballer who plays as a centre-forward for Costa Rican club Cartagin\u00e9s and the Cuba national team.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona Atl\u00e9tico. On 10 January 2017. Hern\u00e1ndez signed with the new champion team of Liga Dominicana de F\u00fatbol side Barcelona Atl\u00e9tico.</s><s>Club career.:Cibao. Before failing to join the Football Superleague of Kosovo side Trep\u00e7a'89, he joined Liga Dominicana de F\u00fatbol side Cibao.</s><s>Club career.:Cibao.:Failure to join with Trep\u00e7a'89. On 23 December 2017. Hern\u00e1ndez joined Football Superleague of Kosovo side Trep\u00e7a'89, but because of some bureaucratic problems it could not join with Trep\u00e7a'89 even though it is registered by Football Federation of Kosovo as Trep\u00e7a'89 player and it is expected that during the summer transfer window to join the team.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Under-23. On 25 June 2011. Hern\u00e1ndez making his debut with Cuba"}, {"title": "Marcel Hern\u00e1ndez", "text": " U23 in a 2012 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament qualification match against Aruba U23 after being named in the starting line-up and scoring two goals during a 7\u20130 home win.</s><s>International career.:Senior. On 10 November 2010. Hern\u00e1ndez made his debut with Cuba in a 2010 Caribbean Cup qualification match against Dominica after being named in the starting line-up and scoring one goal during a 4\u20132 home win. He represented his country in 4 FIFA World Cup qualification matches On 6 November 2013, he announced his retirement from international football after not was named as part of the Cuba squad for 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup.</s><s>Honours. Alajuelense - CONCACAF League: 2020 Cuba - Caribbean Cup: 2012 Individual - Liga FPD Top Scorer: Apertura 2020</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Marcel Hern\u00e1ndez", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000155", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Zewde Gebre-Sellassie.", "docs": [{"title": "Zewde Gebre-Sellassie", "text": "<s>Zewde Gebre-Sellassie \"Dejazmatch\" Zewde Gebre-Sellassie (12 October 1926 \u2013 15 December 2008) was a prominent nobleman, historian, and former deputy Prime Minister of Ethiopia. He was born in the village of Galdu, in the subdistrict of Mecca, to the north-west of Addis Ababa where his father was relegated.</s><s>Early life. Zewde's father was \"Dejazmatch\" Gebre Selassie Baria Gabr (governor of Adwa) and his mother was \"Leult\" Wolete Israel Seyoum. His sister was \"Leult\" Ijigayehou Asfa Wossen, his grandfather was \"Ras\" Seyum Mengesha, and his wife was \"Woizero\" Alem Tsehai Araya. He received his rudimentary education in Addis Ababa under a tutor, and went to school in Jerusalem and Cairo respectively where his mother stayed during the Fascist occupation of Ethiopia. After the liberation, he enrolled at the Haile Selassie I secondary school in Addis Ababa and subsequently joined the University of Exeter, England, where he"}, {"title": "Zewde Gebre-Sellassie", "text": " studied English literature. This was followed by legal training at St. Anthony's College, Oxford where he became a senior member of the college from 1963 to 1971, at the conclusion of which he was called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn, London. After a long interval, during which he held various public offices in Ethiopia, he returned to Oxford and earned his PhD in the composite field of history, politics and economics.</s><s>Career. After his return home in the early 1950s, he held various offices, including that of deputy prime minister. Under the imperial government he held the following positions: - Economic attache, later Head of Press, Information and Administration Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1951\u201353 - Director-General of Maritime Affairs, 1953\u201355 - Deputy Minister, Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Civil Aviation, 1955\u201357 - Mayor and Governor of Addis Ababa, 1957\u201359 - Ambassador to Somalia, 1959\u201360 - Minister of Justice, 1961\u201363 - Permanent Representative to the United Nations, 1972\u201374 - Minister of the Interior, March\u2013May 1974 - Minister of Foreign Affairs, May\u2013November 1974 In November 1974, the Provisional Military Administrative Council's (Derg) summary execution of high government officials of the previous"}, {"title": "Zewde Gebre-Sellassie", "text": " regime forced Zewde to go into exile. He eventually became vice-president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council, and subsequently worked for several years as advisor to the secretariat of the United Nations. Throughout his service, he received national honors from at least seven sovereign states, including the Federal Republic of Germany. Together with some other prominent Ethiopians, he attempted to mediate between Ethiopia and Eritrea in 1998.</s><s>Legacy. Scholars of African history often compare the passing away of a knowledgeable person to a library consumed by conflagration. That is precisely what happened when the Ethiopian luminary, Dr. \"Dejazmatch\" Zewde Gebre-Sellassie, died of illness in Addis Ababa on 15 December 2008. He harmoniously combined oral tradition with profound western education, readily availing of them to any academic who sought his assistance. His popularity among people from all walks of life was immense. His funeral, which took place at the patriotic cemetery of the Trinity Cathedral, was attended by a huge crowd of mourners. The lawyer \"Ato\" Tasoma Gebre Mariam, who delivered the eulogy, praised him for his contribution to the various Ethiopian codes of law. A week-long exhibition"}, {"title": "Zewde Gebre-Sellassie", "text": " of Zewde\u2019s works and photos, accompanied by speeches by scholars and family members, was held in his memory at the main campus of Addis Ababa University.</s><s>Publications. - - \"The Conflict of Ethiopia and Eritrea: Causes and Solutions\" (Amharic) - -</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Zewde Gebre-Sellassie", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000156", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mohamed Abdi Mohamed.", "docs": [{"title": "Mohamed Abdi Mohamed", "text": "<s>Mohamed Abdi Mohamed Mohamed Abdi Mohamed (Gandhi) (, ; 1949 \u2013 18 April 2021) was a Somali geologist, anthropologist, historian and politician. He was the former Minister of Defense of Somalia, and the former President of Azania (Jubbaland). In July 2014, Gandhi was appointed Somalia's Ambassador to Canada.</s><s>Biography. Professor Mohamed Abdi Xaji-Mohamed, nicknamed \"Gandhi\", was a candidate for Somali president 2021. He was a Somali politician, scholar, writer & double Ph.D., holder. He served as a Somali member of Parliament since 2009. Professor Gandhi previously served as a Defense Secretary and Minister of Air and Transportation in the Somali Transitional Federal Government. From childhood, Mohamed was a great student and managed to memorize the Koran at an early age. He excelled in his elementary schooling as well. He was accepted to the most prestigious high school at the time, Jamal Abdelnazer High School, in the Somali capital of Mogadishu, where he graduated as an honor student in 1970. He was one of the top students in his high school and the entire country for that year and was awarded a full scholarship to go to France for higher education. He arrived in"}, {"title": "Mohamed Abdi Mohamed", "text": " France in October 1972 to attend Besan\u00e7on University. There he majored in geology and graduated with a B. A. in September 1976. He continued to acquire his Master of Science in Geology in 1979. He obtained his Ph.D. in applied geology in June 1983. The title of his thesis was \"Study of Geology and Hydrogeology of the Central Somalia Basin (Somali Democratic Republic)\". After graduation, Gandhi started lecturing at the same university. Prof. Gandhi pursued another major (history and civilization of antiquity) and received his second Ph.D. in 1990. Through that decade, the professor continued lecturing at the University of Besan\u00e7on, France. Prof. Gandhi received his Certificate in Anthropology of Space, March 1992, at the University of New Lisbon, in Portugal under the Erasmus exchange. In addition to that, he received a Higher Degree in Research (HDR) from Besan\u00e7on University in Besan\u00e7on, France. Prof. Gandhi was awarded an International Baccalaureate Diploma from the French Academy, and served as a senior program advisor of UNDP Somalia in Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR). Prof. Mohamed Abdi"}, {"title": "Mohamed Abdi Mohamed", "text": " Gandhi was an active participant in the Somali peace process and was a Lead Consultant in Mapping the Somali Civil Society. He chaired the Technical Committee at the Arta Somali Peace process in Arta, Djibouti, and Somali Peace and Reconciliation Conference held in Kenya. Mohamed Abdi Mohamed was an accomplished author; he has published 12 books and more than 50 scientific articles in various academic journals. He has also edited three studies. Gandhi recently announced that he would be contesting the upcoming President Election 2021 in Somalia.</s><s>Biography.:Professional activities. During his studies in France, Prof. Gandhi returned every year in Somalia to teach and support as a Professor in the Departments of History and Geology at the University of Mogadishu. Since 1987 Professor was a consultant to the National Museum of Somalia (since 1988), which he had set the task of identifying and classifying ancient manuscripts (especially those held by the Sheikhs and clan leaders) to build a directory of literary (oral or written) and objects of art. Prof. Gandhi was the co-founding member of the Association Somali Peace Line, Paris, 1996. Prof. Gandhi worked as a consultant to \"Doctors Without Borders\" from Switzerland, Spain, and other international organizations between Jan 2006"}, {"title": "Mohamed Abdi Mohamed", "text": "-Feb 2007, where they built schools and training centers for nurses' clinics in Kulbiyoow, Lower Jubba, and the surrounding area where his beloved mother was born. Besides, Professor Gandhi built a mosque and education center for the midwife-nurse clinic to remember his beloved mother. Professor Gandhi worked as Consultant Expert to UNESCO between 1995 and 1998, where he wrote many books and articles, including: - Somali Translation of Poems for a Poetry of Anthology of African sub-Saharan Africa, published in 1995 under the direction of Bernard Magnier who was conducting an inventory of intellectuals and nongovernmental organizations Somali opening for peace in Somalia published 10/25/1995. - \"How to involve women in the Somali peace process,\" Program for Culture of Peace, UNESCO published 1998. - \"Women and the Somali Peace\" Program for Culture of Peace, UNESCO published 1998. - \"Dictionary of the People\", companies from Africa, America, Asia and Oceania, under the direction of Jean-Christophe Tamisier, and Larousse-Bordas, 1998. Professor Gandhi was an Associate Member of the Institute of Science and Techniques of the Ancient World (ISTA), CNRS, ESA 6048 (since 1992), he was"}, {"title": "Mohamed Abdi Mohamed", "text": " still a supervisor of the research. Prof. Gandhi worked as Research Officer 1st Class March 1999-February 2001 IRD: at the Institute of Development Research (formerly ORSTOM). Gandhi was the Technical Committee Chairman for the Conference for Peace held at Arta in Djibouti (Republic of Djibouti), from March to September 2000. - Consultant for UNOPS, Somali Civil Protection Program 2001 and consultant advisor to the UNDP. Senior Program Advisor, SCPP, UNDP, 2002. - Principal Consultant Mapping of Somali Civil Society Organizations, NOVIB, Somalia, 2002. - Representative of civil society in the peace process in El-Doret and Nairobi (Kenya), October 2002 to November 2004. Administrative activities: Creation of \"Somali Studies\" in France and Europe edition of collected works. Co-founding member of the French Association of Somali Studies (established 1986) and the European Association of Somali Studies (established 1990). To bring together researchers \"Somaliazation\" Europe, these associations have organized several seminars and cultural events. Professor Gandhi was responsible for preparing the following events: The first conference of Somali Studies, Paris, IMA, 11\u201313 July 1988 in collaboration with Mrs. Dani\u00e8le"}, {"title": "Mohamed Abdi Mohamed", "text": " Kintz and Mr. Osman Omar Rabah; Second Conference of Somali Studies, Besan\u00e7on, 8\u201311 October 1990 and accompanying exhibitions (Dole and Besan\u00e7on); Forum: \"The civil war in Somalia: When and How? Why?\", Paris, IMA, 7\u20138 April 1992; Forum: \"Peace and Reconciliation in Somalia,\" Paris, IMA, 15\u201317 April 1993; Congress of Somali Studies on the theme \"For a Culture of Peace in Somalia,\" Paris, 25\u201327 October 1995. During his time as a Defense Minister, Professor Gandhi organized and held a meeting in Washington, D.C. that he aimed to bring together former high-ranking officers from the military, police, custodial and intelligence services for in-depth discussions on both the historical background of the Somali security forces and on the re-establishment and the strengthening of the capacity of the security sector institutions in Somalia. He proposed a 36 thousand strong army led by former Somali senior military to revive the Somali nationhood.</s><s>Political career.</s><s>Political career.:Minister of Defense. On February 21, 2009, Gandhi was appointed Somalia's Minister of Defense by the nation's then head of government, Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid"}, {"title": "Mohamed Abdi Mohamed", "text": " Ali Sharmarke. He held the position until November 10, 2010.</s><s>Political career.:President of Azania. On April 3, 2011, the establishment of a new autonomous region in southern Somalia was announced. Referred to as \"Azania\" (formerly Jubaland), the nascent polity was led by Gandhi, who was serving as its first President. According to President Gandhi, \"Azania\" was selected as the name for the new administration because of its historical importance, as \"Azania was a name given to Somalia more than 2,500 years ago and it was given by Egyptian sailors who used to get a lot of food reserves from the Somali Coast[...] Its origin is [an] Arabic word meaning the land of plenty.\" Gandhi's first stated policy initiative was to remove the Al Shabaab group of militants from the territory. Gandhi held President of Jubaland's position until May 15, 2013, when Ahmed Mohamed Islam was elected to the office.</s><s>Political career.:Ambassador of Somalia to Canada. In July 2014, Gandhi was appointed Somalia's new Ambassador to Canada. The first such envoy in over two decades, he headed the Somali federal government's reopened embassy in Ottawa, Ontario.</s><s>References. - National Civic Forum Founders"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mohamed Abdi Mohamed", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000157", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Shaolin (humorist).", "docs": [{"title": "Shaolin (humorist)", "text": "<s>Shaolin (humorist) Francisco Jozenilton Veloso (8 May 1971 \u2013 14 January 2016), better known by his pseudonym and stage name Shaolin, was a Brazilian cartoonist, caricaturist, humorist, comedian and media presenter.</s><s>Biography. He was born in Coremas, Para\u00edba. He started his career at the \"Teatro Municipal Severino Cabral\" in Campina Grande. He also worked as a presenter on \"R\u00e1dio Campina Grande\" and drew cartoons for the newspapers \"A Palavra\", \"Jornal da Para\u00edba\" and \"Revista Nordeste\".</s><s>Shows. His best-known shows are \"Doming\u00e3o do Faust\u00e3o\", \"Show do Tom\"; and most recently \"Tudo \u00e8 Poss\u00edvel\" (\"All is possible\") with Ana Hickmann, in which he satirized Brazilian celebrities, for example Leonardo, Joelma (singer in the duo Banda Calypso) and.</s><s>Accident. On 19 January 2011, Shaolin was seriously injured in a traffic accident when his car collided with a truck in Campina Grande on the highway BR-230. Until May he remained in a coma in intensive"}, {"title": "Shaolin (humorist)", "text": " care, and then left hospital to go home although he had not recovered from his injuries. In September 2012 he began communicating again using movements of his eyelid helped by a machine.</s><s>Family. In December 1994 he married Laudiceia Veloso, with whom he had two children.</s><s>Death. On 14 January 2016, Shaolin died following a myocardial infarction.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Shaolin (humorist)", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000158", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jesse Chac\u00f3n.", "docs": [{"title": "Jesse Chac\u00f3n", "text": "<s>Jesse Chac\u00f3n Jesse Alonso Chac\u00f3n Escamillo (born 9 November 1965) is a Venezuelan politician, engineer, and former military officer. Chac\u00f3n participated in the November 1992 coup attempt the second attempted coup of that year, when he took part in the occupation of the station of the state television station channel Venezolana de Televisi\u00f3n (VTV), where several workers of the station were killed. Two years after the coup, he was pardoned by president Rafael Caldera. During Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's tenure, he served in many high ranking positions, such as minister of communications, minister of interior and justice and minister of electric power.</s><s>Education. Jesse Chac\u00f3n graduated from the Military Academy in 1987 obtaining a degree in Military Arts In 1996 he received his degree in systems engineering from the Polytechnic University of the National Armed Forces (UNEFA). He also completed a postgraduate study in Telematics at the National Institute of Telecommunications in France and the Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar University in Caracas. While holding the rank of lieutenant he participated in the coup d' etat on 27 November 1992 in Venezuela, which followed the coup in February 1992 earlier that year against the government of President Carlos Andr\u00e9s P\u00e9"}, {"title": "Jesse Chac\u00f3n", "text": "rez. He took part in the occupation of the station of the state television station channel Venezolana de Televisi\u00f3n (VTV), where several workers of the station were killed. A military tribunal sentenced him of 22 years of imprisonment, but two years after the coup president Rafael Caldera pardoned the soldiers involved.</s><s>Public functions. Chac\u00f3n was born on 9 November 1965 and studied Military Art and Sciences at the Military Academy of Venezuela (the 'Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de la Fuerza Armada Nacional', or Polytechnic Institute of the National Armed Forces). As a lieutenant in the military, he participated in the November 1992 attempted coup (the second attempted coup of that year), for which he spent time in jail. He participated in the occupation of the station of the state television station channel Venezolana de Televisi\u00f3n (VTV), where several workers of the station were killed. In 1999 Chac\u00f3n worked at the General Administration of Operations of the National Commission of Telecommunications (Conatel) coordinating the working teams that prepared the Organic Law on Telecommunications and the National Plan of Telecommunications. In May 2001 he was appointed General Director of Conatel..In July 2003 Jesse Chac\u00f3n was appointed as the"}, {"title": "Jesse Chac\u00f3n", "text": " first Minister of Communications. He was Director of Communications for the option of \u201cNo\u201d in the campaign for the recall referendum in 2004. Chacon acted as Minister of Interior and Justice between 2004  to January 2007, under the presidency of Hugo Ch\u00e1vez. While in this post he achieved the creation of the National Commission on Police Reform (CONAREPOL). On January 9, 2007 Chac\u00f3n was appointed as Minister of Telecommunications and Informatics. During his administration the Venezuelan State could nationalize the provider company of phone and internet services CANTV, He presided over the closure of television broadcaster RCTV. In January 2008 Jesse Chac\u00f3n was appointed Minister of the Secretariat of the Presidency, where he supported the administration of president Hugo Ch\u00e1vez. He held the post of Minister of Communications again between December 2008 and April 2009, which was named at the time Ministry of the People's Power for Communication and Information (MINCI). Chac\u00f3n was the head of Publicity and Propaganda of the Socialist United Party of Venezuela for the option \u201cYES\u201d in the campaign for the constitutional amendment. In April 2009 Chac\u00f3n is appointed as Minister for Science, Technology and Intermediate Industries until December 6, 2009. He submitted his resignation after the arrest"}, {"title": "Jesse Chac\u00f3n", "text": " of his brother Arn\u00e9 Chac\u00f3n for his alleged links with an investigation started after the intervention of seven financial institutions in Venezuela. In April 2013, Jesse Chac\u00f3n is appointed as Minister of Electric Power. By the end of 2015 President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro appointed Jesse Chac\u00f3n as ambassador in Austria.</s><s>See also. - Cabinet of Hugo Ch\u00e1vez</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jesse Chac\u00f3n", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000159", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan.", "docs": [{"title": "Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan", "text": "<s>Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan () (born January 1928, died 22 June 2022) was a veteran Sudanese politician who was a member of parliament, a government minister and diplomat.Hassan, Abdullahi. \"From Sea to Sea..But Any Goals?\" Saudi Research & Publishing Company (SRPC), 10 July 2003. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.aawsat.com/leader.asp%3Fsection%3D3%26article%3D180918%26issueno%3D8990&ei=LhbfTOacKYq4sAPZj6z5Cg&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBwQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25"}, {"title": "Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan", "text": "D9%2587%2B%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%2B%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%2B%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%2522%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DmLk%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26prmd%3Div. Originally in Arabic.</s><s>Biography. Abdullahi was born in 1928 in the town of Barah in the state of North Kurdufan in Sudan. His family later moved and settled in Al-Ubayyid. At an early age he was sent to a Koranic school () after which he followed the British education system in implementation by the British at the time. In 1947 he joined the newly established Hantoub Secondary School () and later went on to study at and graduate in May 1955 from the Faculty of"}, {"title": "Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan", "text": " Arts at the University College of Khartoum. After graduating he was posted as a history teacher in the town of Tonj in the south of Sudan. In August 1955 he was re-posted to as a history teacher at Khour Taqatt Secondary School () just weeks before the first uprising of the Anyanya Movement in the South. In August 1958 he resigned his post as a teacher and moved to Khartoum where he started his business in commercial advertisements and feasibility studies. At this time he also carried out some journalism work for the two biggest newspapers at the time (\"Al-Umma\" and \"Al-Nile\"). In 1958 he opposed the new military government of General Aboud who seized power in a coup d'\u00e9tat. He was politically intimidated by the new government in Khartoum and his newly formed business suffered as a result. An opportunity arose in 1959 when he was approached by a local committee from Al-Ubayyid requesting him to establish and run an intermediate level school. He moved to Al-Ubayyid and establish Kurdufan Ahliya Intermdiate School () and ran it as its headmaster. He was approached in 1961 by Alsayeed Sidique Abdulrahman Almahadi to take charge"}, {"title": "Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan", "text": " and run the Almahadi Intermediate School for Girls () in Omdurman. He took charge of the school the same year and overhauled it to become one of the most sought-after schools in the city. He resigned from the school in 1963 because of tensions with the head of the school board over the way financial funds were released by the board and over his strict discipline rules. After resigning he worked for the American Embassy until 1964 as their chief translator.</s><s>Political career. Abdullahi grew up in a Sudan that was under the occupation of the British Empire and from a young age joined in the sentiments of the youth that was disgruntled by the occupation, and was calling for the withdrawal of the British from Sudan. In March 1949 Babikir Karrar Al-Nour (), Mohammad Yousif Mohammad (), Mohammad Mohammad Ali (), Adam Fadl-Allah () and Yousif Hassan Said () established the Islamic Liberation Movement () at the University of Khartoum. The goal of the movement was to liberate Sudan from British occupation and to establish an Islamic state in the country. Babikr Karar Al-Nour was a former and a very active and popular student at Hantoob Secondary School. After the establishment of the movement, and in"}, {"title": "Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan", "text": " June 1949, Karrar visited Hantoob Secondary School to canvass for members for his movement. Abdullahi was one of the 30 students who joined the movement that day. Before the establishment of the Islamic Liberation Movement, the Communist Party had a strong hold on the student union at the university and among the secondary schools in Sudan. Abdullahi joined the university in 1951, in 1952 the Islamic Liberation Movement won the student union election. Abdudllahi was a major recruitment driver for the movement and managed to recruit Hassan Al-Turabi, Mohammad Suar Aldahab, Ibrahim Abou Hasaneen, and Abdalhameed Abdalmajid. In 1954, Sudan politics was at a crossroads between the union of Sudan with Egypt or complete independence. In 1954 two main political bodies were formed and later became a member of the Umma Party. Sudan officially achieved its independence in 1956; the first prime minister was Ismail al-Azhari and later on Abdallah Khalil. The democratic government was overthrown in a coup d'\u00e9tat by Ibrahim Abboud in 1958. Abdullahi joined the ranks of the opposition and in 1964 the students of the University of Khartoum, the civil servants and transport workers staged demonstrations and acts of"}, {"title": "Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan", "text": " civil disobedience that forced the government of Ibrahim Abboud to resign. Abdullahi was elected a second time as a Member of Parliament in the second Sudanese democracy under the leadership of al-Azhari, and the government of al-Azhari was overthrown in 1969 by Gaafar Nimeiry. Abdullahi again joined the opposition under the leadership of Sadiq al-Mahdi and was exiled to Saudi Arabia but later on moved to the United Kingdom. He returned to Sudan in 1979 after a National Reconciliation took place between the leaders of the opposition and Nimeiry. Upon his return to Sudan he was appointed in the newly established office that overlooked the affairs of the Ansar (). In 1984 Abdullahi was among the few politicians who Nimeiry arrested and imprisoned in Kober Prison until 6 April 1985 when Nimeiry was ousted by Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. Swar Al-Dahab called upon the political parties to reform and elections took place a year later in 1986. Abdullahi was elected for the third time as a Member of Parliament representing the Umma Party. In 1986 the Umma Party won the election but did not have the majority vote to have full control of the government. Sadiq al-Mahdi"}, {"title": "Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan", "text": " was elected the Prime Minister, after which he formed a coalition government. Abdullahi was appointed as Minister of Culture and Information and was the official spokesman for the government. Political turmoil brought the first reshuffle of the government and Abdullahi was appointed as Minister of Foreign Trade. The government was reshuffled a second time and he was appointed as Councilor and Advisor to the Prime Minister. The unstable coalition government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi was ousted by Omar Al-Bashir in a bloodless military coup on 30 June 1989. Abdullahi was arrested and imprisoned in Kober Prison but later released and was put under house arrest. Later he was appointed by Al-Bashir as Minister of Education, Culture and Information and the Official Government Spokesman and deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and later appointed as ambassador of the Sudan to Italy, Spain, Greece and San Marino. During his time as ambassador he continually disagreed with the government and in 1995 was instructed to return indefinitely to the Sudan. He chose to travel to the UK where he became a political observer, analyst, lecturer, author and columnist. He lives in London but often spends time in Sudan.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000160", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Roxana Miranda.", "docs": [{"title": "Roxana Miranda", "text": "<s>Roxana Miranda Roxana del Pilar Miranda Meneses (born 24 April 1967) is a Chilean activist and politician, candidate for President of Chile for the 2013 election, representing the Partido Igualdad.</s><s>Biography. Miranda was born in Buin on 24 April 1967, to Francisco Miranda Araya, municipal worker, and Orfilia de las Mercedes Meneses Roa, seamstress. Her father died when she was six years old. She completed her secondary studies at the Liceo Comercial de San Bernardo, where she also held positions as student leader in the school's \"student council\". She married Iv\u00e1n Luis Vargas Garc\u00eda in San Bernardo on 10 January 1994. The couple have four children.</s><s>Political career. Miranda has been involved with the Asociaci\u00f3n de Deudores Habitacionales (Association of House Debtors, ANDHA Chile), as national leader of the organization, which in recent times has been renamed ANDHA Chile a Luchar Democr\u00e1tico. In 2009 she ran for a deputy seat representing the District No. 30; however, she lost the election, ending up in the seventh place, with 4,332 votes (2.85 per cent)."}, {"title": "Roxana Miranda", "text": " Miranda was a candidate for mayor of San Bernardo in 2008, as an independent, but lost the election, by only getting 3,558 votes (4.24%) out of 83,825. She ran again for the same position in the 2012 election, but obtained fewer votes than the previous municipal election (1,831 \u20132.77%\u2013 out of 65,944 votes). Later, she became president of the Partido Igualdad (Equality Party). She was proclaimed presidential candidate representing the party for the 2013 president election, on 20 January of that year. By the end of May of that year, it became known that the candidacies of Miranda and Marcel Claude were negotiating to \"unify themselves\" into only one candidacy, however, Miranda ruled out she was resigning her candidacy before the election. On 29 May 2013, Miranda gave the Electoral Service of Chile the requested signatures to legalize the Partido Igualdad, and as a consequence, formalizing her candidacy. Miranda presented, the last presidential candidate to do so, on 5 November 2013, which was centered in four areas related to social reforms. The 125-page document was introduced by Miranda Meneses \"with proud (...) to begin, through the next four years, the profound"}, {"title": "Roxana Miranda", "text": " transformation of Chile,\" and described it as a \"plebeian program, of the people who wakes up and begins to organize itself to struggle for a better country\". The four main areas of Roxana Miranda's program were titled: \"Superaci\u00f3n del capitalismo\" (Overcoming capitalism), \"Que el pueblo mande\" (Let the people rule), \"Recuperaci\u00f3n de nuestros derechos\" (recovering our rights), and \"El buen vivir\" (Good living). She lost the election.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Roxana Miranda", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000161", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Chacho Gayt\u00e1n.", "docs": [{"title": "Chacho Gayt\u00e1n", "text": "<s>Chacho Gayt\u00e1n Gonzalo \"Chacho\" Gayt\u00e1n is a Mexican music composer, producer, musical arranger, musical director and conductor. He is best known for being the co-founder and keyboardist of the Mexican pop band Sentidos Opuestos, along with colleague Alessandra Rosaldo. He is also the brother of actress and singer Bibi Gaytan and brother-in-law of actor and singer Eduardo Capetillo.</s><s>Career. As a musical producer, he was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award in 2000 for Best Latin Children's Album for \"Ellas Cantan a Cri-Cri\". As musical director, he is best known for his musical direction in \"West Side Story\" and for his musical arrangement, orchestration and conducting of orchestras in Mexico, having presented his work at The Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City with the National Philharmonic Orchestra. He has worked with Fernando de la Mora, in concert with the Campeche Philharmonic Orchestra. Gayt\u00e1n is the founder of Mexican jazz band, Manzana Jazz Band. He is currently director of Azteca Music, a TV network in Mexico. He is also a co-founder and the musical producer and director"}, {"title": "Chacho Gayt\u00e1n", "text": " of \"MYST\".</s><s>Discography. - \"Un d\u00eda despu\u00e9s\" (2007)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Chacho Gayt\u00e1n", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000162", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Fernando da Costa Novaes.", "docs": [{"title": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "text": "<s>Fernando da Costa Novaes Fernando da Costa Novaes (April 6, 1927 \u2013 March 24, 2004) was a Brazilian ornithologist who worked on the Amazonian bird fauna.</s><s>Education. In 1971 he was granted his doctorate from the State University of S\u00e3o Paulo at Rio Claro, with the thesis \"Estudo ecol\u00f3gico das aves em uma \u00e1rea de vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria do baixo rio Amazonas, Estado do Par\u00e1\".</s><s>Career. Novaes was based at the Museu Paraense Em\u00edlio Goeldi, in Bel\u00e9m, where he assembled the second largest bird skin and skeleton collection in Brazil. This collection has been renamed in his honor. His major contributions were in defining the Amazon region's faunal boundaries and affinities, as well as clarifying taxonomic problems. In 1954, Novaes was granted a Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellowship to study in the US, at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, of the University of California at Berkeley, with the renowned ornithologist Alden H. Miller. Novaes's many publications are listed in the obituaries by O"}, {"title": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "text": "ren and Silva. He is commemorated in the name of the Alagoas foliage-gleaner, \"Philydor novaesi\".</s><s>Selected publications. - \"Acta Amazonica\" - 1976: \"As aves do rio Aripuan\u00e3, Estado de Mato Grosso e Amazonas,\" 6(4): 61-85. - 1981: \"\u00c1rea de Vertebrados do Museu Paraense Em\u00edlio Goeldi,\" 11(1): 183-188. - \"Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias\" - 1952: With J.M. Carvalho. \"A new species of Megninia from the roseate spoonbill (Analgesidae, Analgesinae),\" (1): 1-12. - 1961: \"Sobre Thamnophilus palliatus (Licht.), com especial refer\u00eancia ao leste do Brasil. (Formicariidae, Aves),\" 33(1): 111-117. - \"Anais da Sociedade Sul-Riograndense de Ornitologia\" - 1980: \"Observa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre Proc"}, {"title": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "text": "nias alba (Hermann), Araponga-branca,\" 1: 4-6. - 1981: \"Sobre algumas aves do litoral do Estado do Par\u00e1,\" 2: 5-8. - 1982: \"Observa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre o comportamento de Thamnophilus amazonicus Sclater (Passeriformes, Formicariidae),\" 3: 1-5. - \"Ararajuba\" - 1991: With M.F.C. Lima. \"Varia\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica e anota\u00e7\u00f5es sobre morfologia e biologia de Selenidera gouldii (Piciformes: Ramphastidae),\" 2: 59-63. - \"Arquivos de Zoologia\" - 1960: \"Sobre uma cole\u00e7\u00e3o de Aves do Sudeste do Estado do Par\u00e1,\" 11(6): 133-146. - \"The Auk\" - 1959: \"Quiscalus lugubris in Brasil,\" 76(2): 242. - \"Biological Conservation\" - 1986: With D.C. Oren."}, {"title": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "text": " \"Observations on the Golden Parakeet Aratinga guarouba in Northern Brazil,\" 36: 329-337. - \"Boletim do Museu Nacional Zoologia\" - 1952: \"Algumas adendas \u00e0 ornitologia de Goi\u00e1s, Brasil,\" (117): 1-7. - \"Boletim do Museu Paraense Em\u00edlio Goeldi\" - 1957: \"Notas sobre a ecologia do bacurau Hydropsalis climaco\u00accerca Tschudi (Caprimulgidae, Aves). Notas de ornitologia amaz\u00f4nica 1. G\u00eaneros Formicarius e Phlegopsis,\" (8): 1-9. - 1957: With J.M. Carvalho. \"Observa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a nidifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Glaucis hirsuta (Gmelin) (Trochilidae, Aves),\" (1): 1-12. - 1957: \"Contribui\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 ornitologia do noroeste do Acre,\" (9): 1-30. - 1958: \"As aves e as"}, {"title": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "text": " comunidades bi\u00f3ticas no alto rio Juru\u00e1, Territ\u00f3rio do Acre,\" (14): 1-13. - 1959: \"Varia\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica e o problema da esp\u00e9cie nas aves do grupo Ramphocelus carbo,\" (22): 1-63. - 1963: \"Uma nova subesp\u00e9cie de Turdus ignobilis Sclater no Estado do Par\u00e1 e sobre a ocorr\u00eancia de Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis na regi\u00e3o de Bel\u00e9m,\" (40): 1-4. - 1964: \"Uma nova ra\u00e7a geogr\u00e1fica de Piprites chloris (Temminck) do Estado do Par\u00e1 (Pipridae, Aves),\" (47): 1-5. - 1965: \"Notas sobre algumas aves da Serra Parima, Territ\u00f3rio de Roraima (Brasil),\" (54): 1-10. - 1967: \"Sobre algumas aves pouco conhecidas na Amaz\u00f4nia bras"}, {"title": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "text": "ileira,\" (64): 1-8. - 1969: \"An\u00e1lise ecol\u00f3gica de uma avifauna da regi\u00e3o do rio Acar\u00e1, Estado do Par\u00e1,\" (69): 1-52. - 1970: \"Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o ecol\u00f3gica e abund\u00e2ncia das aves em um trecho da mata do baixo rio Guam\u00e1 (Estado do Par\u00e1),\" (71): 1-54. - 1978: \"Sobre algumas aves pouco conhecidas da Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira II,\" (90): 1-15. - 1980: \"Observa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a avifauna do alto curso do rio Paru de Leste, Estado do Par\u00e1,\" (100): 1-58. - 1981: \"A estrutura da esp\u00e9cie nos periquitos do g\u00eanero Pionites Heine (Psittacidae, Aves),\" (106): 1-21. - \"Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club\" - 1985: With D.C. Oren. \""}, {"title": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "text": "A new subspecies of White Bellbird Procnias alba (Hermann) Southeastern Amazonia,\" 105(1): 23-25. - 1991: \"A new subspecies of Grey-cheeked Nunlet Nonnula ruficapilla from Brazilian Amazonia,\" 111(4): 187-188. - \"The Condor\" - 1959: \"Procellaria aequinoctialis on Amazon River in Brazil,\" 61(4): 299. - 1984: With P. Roth and D.C. Oren. \"The White Bellbird (Procnias alba) in the Serra dos Caraj\u00e1s, Southeastern Para, Brazil,\" 26: 343-344. - \"Goeldiana zoologia\" - 1992: \"Bird observations in the State of Piau\u00ed, Brazil,\" 17: 1-5. - \"Pap\u00e9is Avulsos de Zoologia\" - 1961: \"Sobre as ra\u00e7as geogr\u00e1ficas de Philydor rufus (Vieillot) no Brasil (Furnariidae, Aves),\" 14(24): 227-235. - \"Publica\u00e7\u00f5es Avulsas"}, {"title": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "text": " do Museu Paraense Em\u00edlio Goeldi\" - 1973: With T. Pimentel. \"Observa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a avifauna dos Campos de Bragan\u00e7a, Estado do Par\u00e1,\" 20: 229-246. - 1973: \"Aves de uma vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o secund\u00e1ria na foz do Amazonas,\" 21: 1-88. - 1974: \"Ornitologia do Territ\u00f3rio do Amap\u00e1 I,\" 25: 1-121. - 1978: \"Ornitologia do Territ\u00f3rio do Amap\u00e1 II,\" 29: 1-75. - \"Revista Brasileira de Biologia\" - 1949: \"Varia\u00e7\u00e3o nos tucanos brasileiros do g\u00eanero Ramphastos L. (Ramphastidae, Piciformes),\" 9(3): 285-296. - 1950: \"Sobre as aves de Sernambetiba,\" 10(2): 199-208. - 1952: \"Resultados ornitol\u00f3gicos da \"Expedi\u00e7\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Alberto\" \u00e0 ilha da Trindade,\" 12(2): 219-228."}, {"title": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "text": " - 1952: With J.M. Carvalho. \"A new genus and species of feather mite (Pterolichinae, Analgesidae),\" 24(3): 303-306. - 1953: \"Sobre a validade de Syndactyla mirandae (Snethlage, 1928) (Furnariidae, Aves),\" 14(1): 75-76. - 1953: \"A new species of Neumanniella from the tataupa tinamou (Sarcoptiformes, Analgesidae),\" 13(2): 203-204. - 1953: \"A new race of tody-tyrant from southeastern Brasil (Tyrannidae, Aves),\" 13(3): 235-236. - 1960: \"Sobre Ramphotrigon megacephala (Swainson) (Tyrannidae, Aves),\" 20(2): 217-221. - 1960: \"As ra\u00e7as geogr\u00e1ficas de Thamnophilus doliatus (Linnaeus) no Brasil. (Formicariidae, Aves),\" 20(4): 415-424. - 1961: \"Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o e"}, {"title": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "text": " diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica de Automolus leucopthalmus (Wied.) e Automolus infuscatus (Sclater) (Furnariidae, Aves),\" 21(2): 179-192. - 1968: \"Varia\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica em Platyrinchus saturatus Salvin & Godman (Aves, Tyrannidae),\" 28(2): 115-119. - \"Revista Brasileira de Zoologia\" - 1991: With M.F.C. Lima. \"As aves do rio Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Grosso, Brasil,\" 7(3): 351-381. - \"Revista Cient\u00edfica\" - 1950: \"Sobre alguns termos da sistem\u00e1tica zool\u00f3gica,\" 1(4): 10-14. - \"Summa Brasiliensis Biologiae\" - 1947: \"Notas sobre os Conopophagidae do Museu Nacional (Passeriformes, Aves),\" 1(13): 243-250.</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Fernando da Costa Novaes", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000163", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Fl\u00e1vio Rocha.", "docs": [{"title": "Fl\u00e1vio Rocha", "text": "<s>Fl\u00e1vio Rocha Fl\u00e1vio Gurgel Rocha (born 14 February 1958) is a Brazilian former federal deputy and businessman, current CEO and Chairman of Lojas Riachuelo, one of the largest retailers in the country.</s><s>Biography. Born on the 14th of February 1958, Fl\u00e1vio Rocha is the current CEO of apparel retailer Lojas Riachuelo and of its financial services subsidiary, Midway Financeira. His family also owns Confec\u00e7\u00f5es Guararapes, the group\u2019s industrial company, as well as Transportadora Casa Verde, the Group's logistics subsidiary. Riachuelo is one of 15 biggest employers of the country, with over 40,000 employees (2017). In 1986, was elected federal deputy for Rio Grande do Norte for the National Reconstruction Party (PRN), being reelected in 1990 for the Liberal Party (PL). In 1994, he attempted to run for The Presidency with the PL, but later formed a coalition to support the winning party, the PSDB, led by Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Rocha and his wife are members of the neo-Pentecostal church.</s><s>Political"}, {"title": "Fl\u00e1vio Rocha", "text": " profile. Rocha defends the free market as a natural vehicle to fight corruption, and is one of the main defenders of economic liberalism in Brazil. He defends a smaller and more efficient Government. In 2016, he received the Entrepreneur of the Year award from the magazine \"Isto \u00c9 Dinheiro\" in the Retail category. A former federal deputy between 1987 and 1995, Rocha was one of the first businessmen to support the \"impeachment\" of former president Dilma Rousseff and the candidacy of Jo\u00e3o Doria to become mayor of S\u00e3o Paulo. In January 2018, Rocha launched the manifest \"\"Brasil 200\"\", which defends a liberal economic agenda and conservatism in social values. The name is a reference to the 200 years of independence of Brazil.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Fl\u00e1vio Rocha", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000164", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Santiago Vergini.", "docs": [{"title": "Santiago Vergini", "text": "<s>Santiago Vergini Santiago Vergini (born 3 August 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a centre-back.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Born in M\u00e1ximo Paz, Constituci\u00f3n Department, Santa Fe, Vergini was a V\u00e9lez S\u00e1rsfield youth graduate, but only appeared with the reserves in the lower leagues. In June 2009 he signed a two-year deal with Paraguayan side Club Olimpia, and made his professional debut on 13 September, in a 0\u20132 home loss against Club Libertad. Vergini scored his first goal on 7 November, netting the second in a 2\u20131 home win against Sportivo Luque\u00f1o. He finished his first professional year with 12 appearances and one goal, as his side finished fifth. On 1 September 2010 Vergini was loaned to Lega Pro Prima Divisione team Verona, in a one-year deal. He appeared in 15 matches, scoring a goal against Bassano Virtus.</s><s>Club career.:Newell's Old Boys. On 26 July 2011 Vergini signed for Newell's Old Boys. He made his debut for the club on 2"}, {"title": "Santiago Vergini", "text": " September, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0\u20130 home draw against Col\u00f3n de Santa Fe. An undisputed starter for \"La Lepra\", Vergini appeared in 32 matches and scored three goals in 2011\u201312 (against Olimpo, Banfield and Uni\u00f3n Santa Fe). He was again ever-present in the following campaign, as his side reached the semi-finals of 2013 Copa Libertadores.</s><s>Club career.:Estudiantes. On 1 August 2013, after being linked to a possible move to FC Barcelona, Vergini joined Estudiantes de La Plata. He appeared in 17 matches, scoring one goal (against Godoy Cruz on 16 November).</s><s>Club career.:Sunderland. On 20 January 2014, Vergini secured a loan move to Premier League side Sunderland for the remainder of the 2013\u201314 season. He made his league debut on 8 February, replacing Fabio Borini in the first half against Hull City after the dismissal of regular centre-back Wes Brown. Vergini made his first start on 22 February away to Arsenal. He was also an unused substitute as Sunderland lost the 2014 Football League Cup Final 3\u20131 to Manchester City at the Wembley Stadium on 2 March."}, {"title": "Santiago Vergini", "text": " After several games playing in central defence, manager Gus Poyet slotted Vergini into the right back position due to injuries. He helped Sunderland avoid relegation to finish 14th in the Premier League. On 7 August 2014, he re-signed for Sunderland on a season-long loan for the 2014\u201315 campaign, with the deal becoming a permanent two-year contract after the Black Cats avoided relegation. In October 2014, Vergini scored an own goal during a Premier League game against Southampton, volleying from the edge of the penalty area past goalkeeper Vito Mannone. Luke Perry of the BBC described it as \"one of the Premier League's most spectacular own goals\". It was the first goal in an 8\u20130 away defeat for the Black Cats.</s><s>Club career.:Sunderland.:Getafe (loan). On 16 July 2015 Vergini was loaned to Spanish La Liga side Getafe CF in a season-long deal with a view to a permanent transfer.</s><s>Club career.:Boca Juniors. In June 2016, Vergini returned to his home country and signed with Boca Juniors, for an undisclosed fee.</s><s>Club career.:Bursaspor. On 28 August 2018 he has signed a two"}, {"title": "Santiago Vergini", "text": "-year deal with Bursaspor.</s><s>Club career.:San Lorenzo. Ahead of the 2019\u201320 season, Vergini returned to Argentina and signed a 3-year contract with San Lorenzo de Almagro.</s><s>International career. Vergini earned his first cap for Argentina in a 1\u20132 Supercl\u00e1sico de las Am\u00e9ricas loss at Brazil on 20 September 2012, after coming on as a 73rd-minute substitute for Lisandro L\u00f3pez. He returned to the team on 14 October 2014, playing the entirety of a 7\u20130 friendly away win against Hong Kong and again in November 2014, starting in a 2\u20131 success over Croatia at the Boleyn Ground.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Newell's Old Boys - Primera Divisi\u00f3n: Torneo Final 2013, Torneo Inicial 2013 Runner-up Sunderland - Football League Cup 2013\u201314 Runner-up</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Santiago Vergini", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000165", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Alexandre Hohagen.", "docs": [{"title": "Alexandre Hohagen", "text": "<s>Alexandre Hohagen Alexandre Hohagen is a Brazilian executive with over 20 years of experience managing F500 companies in Latin America (Dow Chemical, HBO, UOL, Google, Facebook). Hohagen was responsible for starting two global technology companies in Latin America and the US Hispanic markets. He started the operations of Google in the region in 2005 and then Facebook in 2011. In 2010, Hohagen became one of the first international VPs at Google, managing operations of the company in over 8 countries in the region. Hohagen is currently the CEO of Nobox, investor and partner at Ampfy, Botmaker, MarketUP, investor at Hyper, Busbud and Everypost, besides other investments VC funds and real estate in Brazil, US and Europe. Hohagen left the corporate world in 2015, after spending 5,5 years building Facebook in Latin America and US Hispanic markets. In his tenure, Hohagen was responsible to open and manage operations in more than 5 countries, with a team of 500 employees.</s><s>Education. Hohagen has a degree in communications from Faculdades Integradas Alcantara Machado, masters in people management from the University of S\u00e3o Paulo and post -graduate degrees in Business Administration"}, {"title": "Alexandre Hohagen", "text": " from the International Institute for Management Development (IMD, Switzerland) and IIHR in the Netherlands.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early career. He began his career managing public relations for Dow Chemical Brazil In 1995, he coordinated the Human Resources department for Boehringer Ingelheim and later the ABN Amro Bank. Beginning in 2000, he held several positions at UOL (Universo Online) including the Human Resources Director, Vice-President of advertising and e-commerce, and Director of Electronic Commerce. He then became General Manager of HBO Brazil and oversaw the operations of the HBO Premium Channel and the Warner Channel. In 2008, he was nominated as an \"Executivo de Valor\" (Top Executive) in the IT and service sectors by the major Brazilian business newspaper Valor Economico.</s><s>Career.:Google. In 2005, Hohagen joined Google as the General Manager for Brazil and held this position until August 2008. At this time, Google named Brazil as the location for Google's Latin American headquarters and Hohagen as the Managing Director of Google Latin America. Since becoming the Latin American Managing Director of Google, Hohagen has made several major business moves for Google Latin America. Not long after the promotion,"}, {"title": "Alexandre Hohagen", "text": " Hohagen signed a term of behavior adjustment with federal prosecutors to cooperatives in the Fight Against pedophilia on the Internet. Google's social network, Orkut, which was very popular at the time in Latin America, had quickly been overrun by child pornography. Hohagen's act of signing the Conduct Adjustment Term not only showed Google's commitment to Brazilian law, but also Hohagen's commitment to eradicating online pedophilia. The filter Hohagen and Google implemented on Google's Orkut social network, is said to have reduced child pornography on the site by over 70%. He oversaw the implementation of Google Public Transport for Rio de Janeiro on Google Maps in 2009. In 2010, he announced the \"Doodle for Google\" contest, in which children ages six to fifteen where invited to submit a remake of the Google logo inspired by the theme \"Brazil\u2019s Future\". For every entry Google received, the company planted a tree in a forest on the border of S\u00e3o Paulo and Paran\u00e1, Brazil. The winner of the contest received a laptop, a trip to the forest, and their design featured on Google for 24 hours.</s><s>Career.:Facebook. In 2011, Hohagen was hired as the first employee and Vice President of Facebook"}, {"title": "Alexandre Hohagen", "text": " for Latin America and US Hispanics.</s><s>References. - Facebook Launches Dedicated U.S. Hispanic Brand Offer - Alexandre Hohagen Moves to Miami Offices - Hispanicize Wire - November 7, 2013</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Alexandre Hohagen", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000166", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ivan Toms.", "docs": [{"title": "Ivan Toms", "text": "<s>Ivan Toms Ivan Toms (11 July 1952 \u2013 25 March 2008) was a South African physician, who battled the Apartheid era government as a prominent anti-Apartheid and anti-conscription activist. At the time of his death in 2008, Toms was serving as the Director of Health for the city of Cape Town, South Africa.</s><s>Early life. Ivan Toms was born in Cape Town on 11 July 1952. He received his medical degree from the University of Cape Town in 1976. He attended Glenwood High School in Durban from 1965 to 1969. He was deputy Head Prefect in 1969.</s><s>Conscription. Toms was drafted into the national service in the South African Defence Force (SADF), as a non-combatant doctor in 1978. He opposed the goals of the SADF, but refused to leave South Africa. He spent much of his six months as a doctor in Namibia, which was then known as South West Africa and was controlled by South Africa. Once he returned to Cape Town, Toms set up a medical clinic in the squatter settlement of Crossroads, which is located about 15\u00a0km outside of the city in the Cape Flats area. He was the only doctor who served the"}, {"title": "Ivan Toms", "text": " Crossroads' population of approximately 60,000 people. In September 1983, Toms witnessed a three-week-long confrontation between the Crossroads community and the South African police and security forces, who were trying to tear down \"illegal\" buildings in the settlement. After witnessing the violence and brutality of the raid, Toms vowed never to serve in the SADF again, even in a non-combatant capacity. He went public with his opinions on what he had witnessed and became a founding member of the End Conscription Campaign (ECC) in 1983. Toms' co-founders of the ECC included other prominent anti-conscription activists including Nan Cross. Toms went on a three-week-long hunger strike in February 1985 to protest the government's decision to bulldoze the Crossroads shanty town. The destruction of Crossroads resulted in violence and the deaths of several people as residents tried to resist the destruction. Toms commented during his hunger strike that, \"As a Christian, I am obliged to say no, to say never again will I put on that SADF uniform.\" The SADF officially took control of Toms' health clinic in 1986. The following year, in July 1987, Toms defied the SADF"}, {"title": "Ivan Toms", "text": " when he was called up for one month of compulsory service. He was sentenced to 21 months in prison in 1988 for defying the order and ultimately served nine months in Pollsmoor Prison.</s><s>Gay rights activism. Toms had been involved with gay rights activism in South Africa. He was a founding member of the Lesbians and Gays Against Oppression (LAGO) in 1987. Toms was also subject to homophobic attacks by his enemies.</s><s>Post-Apartheid. Ivan Toms became the national co-ordinator of the National Progressive Primary Healthcare Network in 1991 at the end of the Apartheid era. The AIDS virus was beginning to sweep through South Africa at the time. Toms, as the national co-ordinator, began to implement a series of programs to combat the spread of AIDS and HIV in the country. He was considered a pioneer in the advocacy of the use of antiretroviral drugs to fight the disease. He became director of the Students' Health and Welfare Centres Organisation in 1993, which is a non-governmental organization which runs medical clinics staffed by students in poor areas. He continued to work for non-governmental charities until 1996, when he became the Health Director in the City of Cape Town. His name is"}, {"title": "Ivan Toms", "text": " remembered in the Ivan Toms Centre for Men's Health (Cape Town) in Greenpoint, Cape Town, which works in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. South African President Thabo Mbeki awarded Ivan Toms with the Order of the Baobab in 2006 for his stance against Apartheid and his public service for South Africans in need.</s><s>Death. Ivan Toms died unexpectedly of meningitis at his home in Mowbray on 25 March 2008, at the age of 55. He was honored by prominent South African political figures, including Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu and the Mayor of Cape Town, Helen Zille. Archbishop Tutu described himself as \"devastated\" by the news of Toms' death and paid tribute to him saying, \"I thank God that I knew him. Knowing him makes (one) feel proud. This is a prime example of someone who had ubuntu. He was utterly selfless.\" His funeral, which was attended by hundreds of people including Archbishop Tutu, was held at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ivan Toms", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000167", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Abdul Halik Hudu.", "docs": [{"title": "Abdul Halik Hudu", "text": "<s>Abdul Halik Hudu Abdul Halik Hudu (born 19 March 2000), commonly known as Rooney, is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Swedish club AFC Eskilstuna.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Allies. Halik Hudu started his professional football career with Inter Allies in the Ghana Premier League, getting promoted from their feeder club Accra Youth FC. During his debut season in 2016, Halik Hudu played 19 games and soon established himself as a starter. At the end of the season, he was crowned \"Most Promising Player of the Year\" in the Ghanaian Premier League, and also got voted as the \"Fans' Player of the Season\" at Inter Allies. In early 2017, Halik Hudu went on a two month-trial with Hammarby IF, appearing in friendlies for the Swedish club. He returned to Inter Allies before the start of the season in March, and went on to win the prize as \"Man of the Match\" in three league games throughout the year. In total, he made 37 competitive appearances for Inter Allies across two full seasons, scoring twice.</s><s>Club career.:Hammarby IF. In early January 2018, Halik Hudu"}, {"title": "Abdul Halik Hudu", "text": " returned to Hammarby IF for a second trial.{{cite web|url=http://www.hammarbyfotboll.se/aktuellt/nyheter/odilon-och-rooney-tillbaka-i-hammarby/|title=Odilon och \"Rooney\" tillbaka i Hammarby In 2019, Halik Hudu went on a season-long loan to IK Frej in Superettan. He played 26 games and scored twice as the club was relegated from the Swedish second division. On 28 July 2020, Halik Hudu was loaned out to GIF Sundsvall for the remainder of the season, and also signed a one-year extension of his contract with Hammarby. On 30 May 2021, Halik Hudu won the 2020\u201321 Svenska Cupen, the main domestic cup, with Hammarby IF through a 5\u20134 win on penalties (0\u20130 after full-time) against BK H\u00e4cken in the final.</s><s>Club career.:Lyngby. On 16 July 2021, Halik Hudu signed a two-year contract with Lyngby in the second-tier Danish 1"}, {"title": "Abdul Halik Hudu", "text": "st Division. He made his debut for the club on 30 July as a late substitute for Rasmus Thellufsen in a 2\u20131 away win over Jammerbugt.</s><s>Club career.:AFC Eskilstuna. On 28 March 2022, Halik Hudu signed a two-year contract with AFC Eskilstuna in Sweden.</s><s>International career. Halik Hudu has been capped by the Ghana national under-17 team. He also captained his country in an 8\u20130 victory against Namibia in March 2016. In 2018, Halik Hudu was called up to the Ghana national under-20 team ahead of an Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Algeria on 11 May.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Club. Hammarby - Svenska Cupen: 2020\u201321</s><s>Honours.:Individual. - Most Promising Player of the Year in the Ghanaian Premier League: 2016</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Abdul Halik Hudu", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000168", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo.", "docs": [{"title": "Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo", "text": "<s>Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo (1927 \u2013 December 26, 2000) was a Mexican painter and muralist best known for carrying on the traditions of Mexican muralism in the latter 20th century. He created over 160 murals in Mexico and the United States, with most of his work, especially after 1970, containing strong political messages. Many of these messages have been unpopular in Mexico, which has made the artist somewhat obscure and some of his murals have been destroyed. Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo's main recognition is membership in the Sal\u00f3n de la Pl\u00e1stica Mexicana honor society, but his home state has made effort to rescue and promote his life and work.</s><s>Life. Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo was born in Tepeapulco in the Mexican state of Hidalgo, the son of a poor rural farm worker. He grew up working on farms, road construction, in a greenhouse and making furniture. In 1945, he traveled to Mexico City and studied painting and architectural drawing at the workshop of Antonio Navarrete Tejero. To survive during this time, he made money by creating portraits. After the first"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo", "text": " individual exhibition of his work, he decided to pursue advanced training, attending the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado \"La Esmeralda\" from 1955 to 1960. According to his autobiography, at this time he met Pablo O'Higgins which inspired him to continue the ideals of Mexican muralism. In addition to his art career, he was also very politically active. He believed that popular organization in neighborhoods, unions and schools was necessary to exert non-violent pressure against the government. From 1980 to 1983 he wrote a weekly column for the Exc\u00e9lsior newspaper, which allowed him to write to present an alternate point of view and appear more neutral. In 1985, he stood for the Partido Mexicano de Trabajadores in the 38th electoral district, covering the Magdalena Contreras area and part of Alvaro Obregon. He was a pre candidate for president with the PRD in 1987, but the party chose Cuauht\u00e9moc C\u00e1rdenas. The artist then worked for the C\u00e1rdenas campaign creating murals. Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo died in 2000, leaving behind his wife, Beatriz Zamora and three children"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo", "text": ", Beatriz, Myriam and Francisco.</s><s>Career. Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo's first exhibition of his easel work was in 1954 in Mexico City. He returned to school afterwards but when he finished his studied, he won recognition at two biennials, the II Bienal Interamericana in Mexico and the II Biennale de Paris for his expressionistic painting called Hombres (1961). This success earned him a grant to Paris from the French government. From 1963 to 1965 he lived in the country, exhibiting his work in Nice, Lyon, Marseille, Le Havre and Bordeaux as well as in the Reflets Gallery in Brussels and the Biosca Gallery in Madrid. The Mus\u00e9e d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris bought one of his works as well. He had another important individual exhibition in Beverly Hills in 1967. However, most of the artist's career was dedicated to muralism, creating over 160 of them, twenty of which are on university campuses in Mexico. His first mural was painted at the Escuela Primaria Belisario Dominguez in 1959. In 1969, he was named director of arte for the Centro Residencial Morelos,"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo", "text": " a housing project in Mexico City. He and students created forty murals, the largest of which consists of fifteen floors of abstract panels places among the windows. In the center of the small plaza between the apartment buildings, he created a monument highly critical of the social order, which put his career at risk. In 1973, he created the first of his militant murals. His main support was with student organizations, which invited him to paint in universities, technical schools and teachers\u2019 colleges in various parts of the country. The artist created the designs and usually the students did the actual painting, using simple colors. Many times, the mural was done in a day, with the students using the occasion to also present musical productions, and discussion groups. From 1973 to 1976, he worked on posters which featured large powerful figures in basic colors, based on the designed for murals in also done at this time in Mexico City, Toluca, Xalapa, Pachuca, Fresnillo, Zacatepec de Hidalgo, Tepic and the teachers\u2019 colleges in Tuxtla Guti\u00e9rrez. In 1975 he created a mural in the medical conference center of the former Hacienda de Cort\u00e9s in Cuernavaca. He created his first mural"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo", "text": " in the United States in 1981 in San Fernando, California, sponsored by a Chicano organization. He returned in 1989 to create several works for the agricultural school of University of California, Davis, a Latino social service organization in San Jos\u00e9 and the mayor's office in Watsonville. In the 1990s he created one of his major works called El Hombre Nuevo Hacia el Futuro. Many of Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo's murals are in urgent need of restoration with a number already lost, either due to deterioration or because they were destroyed because of their political messages. In 2013 an effort was begun Pachuca to rescue and restore his murals in that city, which include Contradicciones y lucha en Hidalgo at the Jard\u00edn del Arte and Por la democracia, el trabajo y la soberan\u00eda nacional at the Miguel Alem\u00e1n primary school. Other activities during his career include sculpture, receiving commissions between 1959 and 1960, and illustrating medical books in 1963 and 1972. In 1997 he organized the first competition of murals and public art called the Jornada Mundial del Arte P\u00fablico y Muralismo, at the Palacio de Bellas Artes"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo", "text": ". His main recognition was membership in the Sal\u00f3n de la Pl\u00e1stica Mexicana (SPM), an honor society for Mexican artists, serving on its executive committee in the 1970s. After his death, the SPM established the Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo Prize in categories such as painting, print making, sculpture, photography and art objects and held a retrospective of his work in 2009. The Efr\u00e9n Rebolledo Cultural Center in Pachuca has a gallery named after him. However, his work has become obscure, mostly because they espouse unpopular and radical political ideas. There was no biography written about him until 2008, when Hidalgo writer Guillermo Furlong Franco published a book called Muros de Insomnio, about the life and work of the artist. It was sponsored by the Fondo Estatal para la Cultura y las Artes of Hidalgo.</s><s>Artistry. Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo was an artist and activist in the tradition of Diego Rivera, Jos\u00e9 Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros, with his work more closely related to the second state of Mexican muralism rather than his contemporary Generaci\u00f3n de la Rupt"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo", "text": "ura. This was particularly true after the 1968 student uprising in Mexico, which inspired the artist to incorporate its ideology to reinvigorate Mexico's traditions of murals with social and political messages. In 1975, he described himself as one of the few artists still \u201cfighting for Mexico.\u201d He stated that it was \u201c\u2026 very risky to do political art now. You put your subsistence and liberty at stake.\u201d He also stated \u201cAfter 1970, I conceived most of my visual work in line with popular struggles, in books, periodicals, posters, films and murals; this side of my work is predictably ignored by the educated public, and negated and attacked even by critics who purport to be revolutionaries.\u201d He worked in oil, acrylics, mixed media, print and poster making and some sculptures in bronze. His style was mostly expressionistic, often denouncing acts of violence. Some murals, such as those done at university campuses rely on simple, basic colors but others more nuanced used of color, such as shades of reds and ochre are used to express anger at social injustices. Justino Fernandez wrote \u201cIn the works of Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo, we find a definite sense of"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo", "text": " the monumental and certain underlying classicism combined with personal expressionism. This may seem contradictory, but is not, thanks to the synthesis to which he brings both tendencies.\u201d \u201cHis giants \u2013 images of men and women, entire or fragmented nudes with extraordinarily expressive heads large or small, their features barely insinuated, their eyes tiny \u2013 betray his humanist leanings.\u201d Similar to the artists of the Mexican muralism movement, he used indigenous cultural expression to highlight the country's heritage, its abilities as well as how it has been exploited. Many of his figures have a primeval quality, as if they sprang from the earth.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jos\u00e9 Hern\u00e1ndez Delgadillo", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000169", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of David Oyite-Ojok.", "docs": [{"title": "David Oyite-Ojok", "text": "<s>David Oyite-Ojok David Oyite Ojok (15 April 1940 \u2013 2 December 1983) was a Ugandan military commander who held one of the leadership positions in the coalition between Uganda National Liberation Army and Tanzania People's Defence Force which removed strongman Idi Amin in 1979 and, until his death in a helicopter crash, served as the national army chief of staff with the rank of major general.</s><s>Military career before 1979. An ethnic Lango, Oyite Ojok was born in Lira District on 15 April 1940. Although there are few documented details regarding David Oyite Ojok's early years, he was initially noted in his late twenties as a junior army officer serving during the 1966\u201371 period of President Milton Obote's first government. Oyite-Ojok joined the Uganda Army in 1963. By 1965, he was teaching at a training course for officer cadets in Jinja. He was transferred from 1st Battalion to 4th Battalion on 7 February 1966 at Shaban Opolot's orders. However at the end of February 1966 he was transferred to Army Headquarters and made Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General. In September 1970, while Idi Amin was out of the country serving as the Ug"}, {"title": "David Oyite-Ojok", "text": "andan representative at the funeral of President Nasser of Egypt, Obote appointed a new Chief of Defence Staff (Brigadier Suleman Hussein). Oyite-Ojok was one of President Obote's most important followers in the military, and was described by Omara-Otunnu as 'Obote's principal military confidant' was appointed to the '..newly created post of Assistant Military Secretary in the Ministry of Defence,' serving as a Major. His duties included '..planning, all policy matters, and control of Establishment.' At some point, he was sent for training to Great Britain. By 1971, Oyite-Ojok served as lieutenant colonel, but was forced to flee his home country when Idi Amin overthrew Obote in a coup. Relocating to Tanzania, Oyite-Ojok joined the guerrilla army Obote was organizing to regain power. While operating in exile, Oyite-Ojok gradually gained a \"legendary\" reputation in Uganda. Rumours circulated about him sneaking into the Ugandan capital where he would party with locals at popular nightspots and ask that the bills be sent to President Amin. The latter allegedly responded by putting a $70,000 bounty on Oyite-O"}, {"title": "David Oyite-Ojok", "text": "jok's head. In 1972, Oyite-Ojok took part in a rebel invasion of Uganda which aimed at restoring Obote to presidency. Striking from their exile in Tanzania, the rebels attacked in two columns, with Oyite-Ojok reportedly leading the group targeting Masaka. However, the operation resulted in a major rebel defeat. After this failure, Obote reorganized his remaining forces; he mobilized a \"navy\" of six boats on Lake Victoria which would conduct smuggling operations to finance the rebels as well as set up an underground network in Uganda. Oyite-Ojok was entrusted with command of Obote's \"navy\". The Uganda Army invaded Tanzania in late 1978, resulting in the Uganda\u2013Tanzania War's outbreak. Oyite-Ojok assumed a key role in the grouping of military exiles who, with the backing of Tanzanian troops, led the counteroffensive which resulted in the overthrow of Amin. At first, he served as field commander for Obote's private army Kikosi Maalum, and was appointed head of a Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) battalion in March 1979. With the latter unit, he fought alongside the Tanzanians in central and eastern Uganda. Oyite-"}, {"title": "David Oyite-Ojok", "text": "Ojok proved to be tactically adept during this conflict. He eventually rose to chief of staff for the entire UNLA. Oyite-Ojok's reputation grew immensely during the Uganda\u2013Tanzania War. Some people, including Tito Okello, attributed the Tanzanian victories in the Battle of Lukaya and the Fall of Kampala to his leadership.</s><s>Transition period. Oyite Ojok became a member, along with Yoweri Museveni, Paulo Muwanga and Tito Okello, of the Military Commission, a powerful sub-committee of the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) which ruled the country after Idi Amin's overthrow. Like most people in power after the fall of Amin, Oyite-Ojok illegally amassed a great amount of wealth. One of his most successful business ventures was coffee export, and he became chairman of the Coffee Making Board. He remained loyal to Obote who was preparing to return from exile. The alliance of political forces in the UNLF under President Yusuf Lule soon began to unravel. Of significant importance was the emergence of tribal rivalry. On the one side were those from the North who made up the bulk of the new national army, and"}, {"title": "David Oyite-Ojok", "text": " on the other those from the South (particularly those from the Buganda tribe) who for the first time since 1964 had significant political and military influence. As chief of staff of the UNLA in its new role as Uganda's national army, Oyite Ojok was supposed to stay neutral and above the political disputes. Instead of doing so, Oyite Ojok fully backed Obote. He ensured that the national army under his command was overwhelmingly made up of Northerners, such as himself. The political symbol for most of those from Northern Uganda was the Uganda Peoples Congress party and Obote, who was still in Tanzanian exile. Obote's possible return was opposed by many within the UNLF, particularly those from Buganda who recalled that it was Obote who had dethroned their King (the Kabaka of Buganda) and forced him into exile in 1966. It is widely believed that it was this opposition to Obote's return and the growing influence of the northern dominated army that led to the removal of Yusuf Lule from the Presidency after only 2 months in office. Lule had also tried to extend his very limited presidential powers in the UNLF. Lule was replaced by another Muganda, Godfrey Binaisa"}, {"title": "David Oyite-Ojok", "text": " who was seen as more of a figurehead. Real power now lay with Oyite Ojok and the Military Commission. The UNLF became more militaristic in appearance as army officers like Ojok became actively involved in politics, and the quasi-legislative National Commission and government ministers became less significant. On the ground the army became more brutal, particularly in Buganda and other areas of Southern Uganda. Most significantly, the Uganda Peoples Congress with its military allies began to actively organise and call for the return of Obote. In May 1980, Oyite Ojok gained greater power when \"figurehead president\" Binaisa dismissed him as army chief in an attempt to reduce the power of the Military Commission. In response the Military Commission removed Binaisa from office and declared the country would be ruled by a Presidential Commission which included Muwanga, Museveni, Oyite Ojok and Okello. Although as chairman, Muwanga presented the face of the Commission, real power was held by Oyite Ojok. Meanwhile, Oyite-Ojok also organized his personal death squad led by his trusted follower Captain Patrick Ageta. This 30-strong squad roamed Kampala in two jeeps, and murdered several political"}, {"title": "David Oyite-Ojok", "text": " opponents of the chief of staff.</s><s>Return of Milton Obote. The Presidential Commission now paved the way for the return of Obote and organised what an general election in December 1980. Oyite-Ojok campaigned on behalf of Obote, using his status as \"legendary commander\" to rally northerners to his cause. Firmly rooted in tribalist ideas, the officer believed that the elections would decide which ethnic group controlled Uganda's wealth. Researcher Opiyo Oloya argued that this \"was the game as [Oyite-Ojok] saw and played it\". Despite being an ethnic Lango, Oyite Ojok managed to gain the support of many traditionally marginalised Acholi people. The 1980 elections resulted in \"victory\" for Obote's Uganda Peoples Congress and Obote became president for the second time, confirming Oyite-Ojok as Army Chief of Staff. Museveni, who had formed a rival political party, the Uganda Patriotic Front, disputed the result and started a guerrilla war against the government. As Army Chief of Staff, Oyite-Ojok was responsible for attempting to defeat the guerrilla armies of Museveni's National Resistance Movement (NRA) and Andrew Kayiira"}, {"title": "David Oyite-Ojok", "text": "'s Uganda Freedom Movement (UFM) which were fighting to overthrow Obote's government. With his military experience during the struggle to overthrow Idi Amin, Oyite Ojok proved very effective against these groups. However this was done with both military tact and brutality against the population in areas where the guerrilla forces operated. This was most prevalent in the Luwero District where the NRA was active and in the capital city, Kampala where the UFM was based. In Luwero, thousands of civilians were killed by the army \u2013 especially in an area called the 'Luwero Triangle'. In Kampala, the army and secret police carried out numerous random arrests which often involved arresting hundreds of people and loading them onto trucks which were then driven to army barracks. This phenomenon was called \"Panda Gari\" (\"Climb the Truck\") and it instilled widespread fear in the capital as many of those taken to army barracks were beaten or killed. By 1983, the UNLA under Oyite-Ojok had effectively defeated the NRA and UFM. However, tensions increasingly emerged in the military, as a rivalry developed between the two northern tribes that dominated the army -the Langi (Obote and Oyite Ojok's tribe) and the Ach"}, {"title": "David Oyite-Ojok", "text": "oli (Tito Okello \u2013 the Army Commander's tribe). The majority of the army foot soldiers were Acholi and it was they who suffered most casualties in the war, and it is rumoured that they wanted to engage in peace talks with the guerrillas. Meanwhile, the elite Special Forces and most of the officers closest to Obote were Langi \u2013 and were fiercely opposed to any negotiations with the NRA. A rift also emerged between Oyite-Ojok and Obote, as the former seized properties of the Coffee Marketing Board and began to amass a fortune by smuggling coffee out of Uganda. At one point, the army commander and President engaged in a fierce dispute over this issue, with Oyite-Ojok reportedly telling his superior that \"it was because of him and the army that he (Obote) was still in power\". On 2 December 1983, Oyite-Ojok died in a helicopter crash. The NRA claimed that it had shot down his Bell 412, whereas Obote's government claimed that the crash had been the result of a technical failure. Soon, conspiracy theories emerged, alleging that Obote had arranged the death of his army commander as the latter had grown too powerful.</s><s>Aftermath. In the decades following"}, {"title": "David Oyite-Ojok", "text": " the helicopter crash which ended David Oyite Ojok's life at the age of 43, documented details have not been made public. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Obote, nevertheless, appointed a junior Langi officer, Smith Apon-Achak. This further alienated the Acholi officers who overthrew Obote's government two years later. Despite having fought against Museveni, Oyite-Ojok has been honored by the latter's government as a national hero.</s><s>References. - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "David Oyite-Ojok", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000170", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Stephanus Swart.", "docs": [{"title": "Stephanus Swart", "text": "<s>Stephanus Swart Stephanus Andries Johannes Swart (21 July 1888 \u2013 6 May 1927) was a South African farmer and one of the first spree killers who killed at least 8 people and wounded 3 others in Charlestown, South Africa on 6 May 1927, before killing himself.</s><s>Timeline. Stephanus Swart was born on 21 July 1888 in Ladismith in Cape Colony. He arrived in Charlestown in 1920. Little is known about him before this time. It is thought he had been a Horse Trader.</s><s>Timeline.:Marriage. On 1 December 1921 Swart aged 33 married a wealthy 64-year-old widow, Anna Eksteen. She owned the farm Potters hill west of Charlestown which Swart farmed and made productive again.</s><s>Timeline.:Imprisonment. A few years later Swart seriously assaulted Willie Knight, the husband of his stepdaughter Fannie Knight. They lived on a nearby farm Shorstcliff. Swart served 18 months imprisonment for the assault with a horse stirrup.</s><s>Timeline.:Incest charges. After his time in prison Swart had been in a love affair with his 14-year-old niece Sarie Alberts and he"}, {"title": "Stephanus Swart", "text": " brought her to come and live with him on his farm. His estranged wife Annie had left the farm to live with relatives in Potchefstroom and Charlestown. On 1 May 1927 Swart was served with a summons on charges of incest. On 3 May Swart fired shots at his neighbour Roets. He went looking for Willie Knight on whose assault charges he had served prison for, but Knight had fled. On 4 May Swart summoned his lawyer Maasdorp from Volksrust to draw up a 28 page final Will and testament that was also a suicide statement. The police had asked the lawyer to convince his client to hand himself in, but Swart refused. He had declared he would not be captured and made threats of killing as many as he could and saving his last bullet for himself. His lawyer had notified the police of the violent mental state of his client and said his client was in a state of mental crisis. Swart failed to appear court in Newcastle on the 5th of May as accused for incest. An arrest for contempt of court was issued.</s><s>Timeline.:Killing spree. On Friday 6 May 1927 a team of 10 policemen led by Captain Gerald Ashman arrived at daylight to arrest Swart at his farm Potters Hill."}, {"title": "Stephanus Swart", "text": " In the misty low visibility conditions Swart shot and killed 5 policemen including Ashman and wounded 1. Swart fled on horseback towards Charlestown. On the road he happened to come across his stepdaughter Fannie Knight and farm manager Cornelis Roets in a horse cart. He shot and killed them both on the road. They had both previously testified against him. From there he went to find his estranged wife in Charlestown where he found her in her brothers house, where he shot and killed her. On the same day it is believed he also killed a black African man, but history has not recorded his identity. From there he was heading in the direction of Volkrust and fired on a car wounding 2 people. At this point police all over the district had been notified and had formed a posse of local farmers along with police to hunt him down. The group caught up to him on the road between Charlestown and Volkrust and fired shots at him. Swart was spotted diving into a ditch where he shot and killed himself using the gun he had stolen from Ashman. Swart was buried in the grounds of the Charlestown police station in a coffin that was too short for him.</s><s>Victims.</s><s>Vict"}, {"title": "Stephanus Swart", "text": "ims.:Policemen. - Inspector Gerald C. Ashman - Constable William H. Crossman - Sergeant J.A. Grove - Head Constable William Charles Mitchell - Sergeant Annes van Wyk</s><s>Victims.:Witnesses at previous trial. - Fannie Knight (step daughter) - Cornelis Roets</s><s>Victims.:Estranged wife. - Annie Swart</s><s>Victims.:Uncertain. - It is possible there was an unidentified African man also part of the killing spree.</s><s>Memorials. A memorial was erected in the Charlestown cemetery for the 5 slain policemen. Another memorial on the location of the murder of Fanny Knight reads \"Hierdie Gedenkteken is opgerigt ter gedagtenis aan Fannie Knight -nee Eksteen- en C. Roets, wat deur S. Swart geskiet was op die 6de Mei 1927, terwyl hy van die polisie ontsnap het to Potters Hill\" (This memorial is erected in memory of Fanny Knight -nee Eksteen- and C. Roets. Who was shot by S. Swart on 6 May 1927 while he had escaped from the police at Potter"}, {"title": "Stephanus Swart", "text": "'s Hill).</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Stephanus Swart", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000171", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Amr Shabana.", "docs": [{"title": "Amr Shabana", "text": "<s>Amr Shabana Amr Shabana (; born 20 July 1979 in Cairo) is a former professional squash player from Egypt. He won the World Open in 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2009, and reached the World No. 1 ranking in 2006. He represented the winning Egyptian team in the 1999 Men's World Team Squash Championships held in Cairo and the 2009 Men's World Team Squash Championships held in Denmark. Shabana's accomplishments in professional squash lead many to regard him as one of the greatest players of all time.</s><s>Career overview. The talented left-hander from Cairo first showed his promise when he was the runner-up (to compatriot Ahmed Faizy) in the British Under-14 Open in January 1993. Four years later he reached the final of the British Under-19 Open, where he again lost to Faizy. A PSA member since 1995, Amr claimed his first Tour title with the help of Bryan \"Griffin\" Knight in July 1999, winning the Puebla Open in Mexico. Seven days later he grabbed his second, the Mexico Open, again by beating Australia's Craig Rowland in the final. Amr Shabana crowned a remarkable year in 2003 when, as ninth seed,"}, {"title": "Amr Shabana", "text": " he forced his way through a star-studded field in the World Open in Pakistan. He dispatched title-holder David Palmer, the third seed, in five games in the third round. He then went on to take out Palmer's Australian teammate Anthony Ricketts in the last eight. After defeating Karim Darwish (the Egyptian No 1) in a four-game semi-final, Shabana clinched the historic title by beating Thierry Lincou in the final 15\u201314, 9\u201315, 15\u201311, 15\u20137, to become Egypt's first winner of the sport's premier title. But after a disappointing following year, in which his only final appearance was in the British Open Squash Championship in England, losing to David Palmer in four games 10\u201311 (4\u20136), 11\u20137, 11\u201310 (3\u20131), 11\u20137, Shabana stormed back to the top of his game in 2005. Over a short period, he acquired a new coach, Ahmed Tahir; a new manager, the former Egyptian international Omar Elborolossy; and a wife, Nadjla. \"\"All I have to worry about now is playing my matches \u2013 everything else is looked after for me now"}, {"title": "Amr Shabana", "text": "\"\", said Shabana. And the effect was plain to see as a week after winning the Heliopolis Open in his home town Cairo, the seventh-seeded Shabana beat David Palmer and James Willstrop, before defeating Anthony Ricketts in the final to claim the St Louis Open crown in the United States. The next event saw the in-form Egyptian brush aside all opposition in the Hungarian Open in Budapest, winning his third title in as many weeks after beating Gr\u00e9gory Gaultier in the final. But the World Open in Hong Kong confirmed his renaissance beyond doubt. Seeded five, Amr crushed fourth seed Lee Beachill in the quarters, Peter Nicol in the semis, and, in his third successive straight games victory, powered past David Palmer 11\u20136 11\u20137 11\u20138 in the final to become the first player since the heyday of the Khans to win the World Open title for the second time. The new year brought continuing rewards for Shabana with victories in the Canadian Classic in January, followed by the Tournament of Champions in New York in March, and the Bermuda PSA Masters in April \u2013 bringing his PSA Tour title tally to 12, and then in April 2006, Shabana became the first"}, {"title": "Amr Shabana", "text": " Egyptian player to reach the world number 1 ranking. In 2007, Shabana was crowned world champion for the third time in five years at the World Open in Bermuda and later in January 2009, Shabana's 33-month reign as World No. 1 was ended by his countryman Karim Darwish. In 2014, Shabana became the oldest professional to win a World Series title by defeating Gr\u00e9gory Gaultier in the finals of Tournament of Champions. On the 27th of August 2015, Shabana announced his retirement from competitive professional squash.</s><s>Career statistics. Listed below.</s><s>Career statistics.:PSA Titles (30). All Results for Amr Shabana in PSA World's Tour tournament Note: (ret) = retired, min = minutes, h = hours</s><s>Career statistics.:Singles performance timeline. \"To prevent confusion and double counting, information in this table is updated only once a tournament or the player's participation in the tournament has concluded.\" Note: NA = Not Available</s><s>See also. - Official Men's Squash World Ranking</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Amr Shabana", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000172", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vanda Pignato.", "docs": [{"title": "Vanda Pignato", "text": "<s>Vanda Pignato Vanda Guiomar Pignato (born 16 February 1963) is a Brazilian-born Salvadoran lawyer, human rights activist, politician, women's rights activist, and former First Lady of El Salvador from 2009 until 2014. Pignato became First Lady of El Salvador on 1 June 2009, the same day that her husband, President Mauricio Funes appointed her as the country's Secretary of Social Inclusion from 2009 to 2014. The appointment made Pignato the first sitting First Lady in El Salvador's history to hold a political position. Funes's successor, President Salvador S\u00e1nchez Cer\u00e9n, reappointed Pignato as Secretary of Social Inclusion when he took office in June 2014. In 2011, Pignato established Ciudad Mujer (\"Women City\"), to aid victims of violence against women, as well provide access to women's healthcare services, financial advice, and career training. The five Ciudad Mujer centers, located throughout the country, offer services from 15 Salvadoran government agencies in one location. These include job training and financial loans to offer a chance for economic independence. Ciudad Mujer also provides healthcare services, including forensic laboratories and legal aid for victims of sexual assault, reproductive services,"}, {"title": "Vanda Pignato", "text": " neonatal care and breast cancer prevention. An estimated 603,000 women have utilized Ciudad Mujer, as of November 2014. Pignato's Ciudad Mujer initiative has received international support and recognition, including from the Inter-American Development Bank and the United Nations. In January 2015, the Brazilian government announced plans to launch its own \"Women's House\" project, modeled on Pignato's Ciudad Mujer program in El Salvador. The first \"Women's House\" in Pignato's native Brazil is slated for Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Guatemala, Colombia and Mexico have also expressed interest in implementing Pignato's programs.</s><s>Biography. Pignato was born in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. She became an activist in the Workers' Party (PT) and served as an adviser to Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva, who would later serve as President of Brazil from 2003 to 2011. She reportedly remains close to both Lula da Silva and his successor, President Dilma Rousseff. She began documenting human rights abuses in El Salvador during the Salvadoran Civil War, which was ended by the Chapultepec Peace Accords. Pignato moved from Brazil to El Salvador"}, {"title": "Vanda Pignato", "text": " in 1992, where she represented the Workers' Party in Central America. She also became the Director of the Center for Brazilian Studies at the Embassy of Brazil in San Salvador in 1992. She later married Mauricio Funes, a Salvadoran journalist and FMLN politician, with whom she had one son, Gabriel.</s><s>First Lady and Secretary of Social Inclusion. Pignato has promoted women's rights and gender equality during her tenures as First Lady and Secretary of Social Inclusion. Pignato's Department of Social Inclusion oversees issues related to human rights and family affairs in El Salvador. Pignato was first appointed as Secretary on 1 June 2009, by her husband, President Mauricio Funes. She was reappointed to the post in 2014 by President Salvador S\u00e1nchez Cer\u00e9n, who asked her to stay on as his Secretary of Social Inclusion. Pignato has acknowledged the challenges facing Salvadoran women, who have higher high school dropout rates and lower literacy rates than men. They tend to be economically dependent on male partners or family members, making it more difficult to leave an abusive relationship. In 2012, President Mauricio Funes gave a speech calling \"Violence against women is violence against society,\" which was one of the first times that"}, {"title": "Vanda Pignato", "text": " women's issues and gender-based violence had reached the forefront of political debate in El Salvador. In a 2014 interview with the Thomson Reuters Foundation, Vignato praised her now-estranged husband's efforts and his 2012 speech, noting \"Before that speech women didn't exist in government policies. They were invisible. At Women City, women are now visible, in a place that's just for them. When women come here they get a hug from a female official who doesn't judge or ignore them.\" Her signature initiative has been Ciudad Mujer, which were established in 2011. Five the centers have been opened to low income areas across El Salvador. She overcame opposition against the plan from several sectors of Salvadoran society, which included politicians, evangelical Christian groups, and the Roman Catholic Church, to launch Ciudad Mujer. Ciudad Mujer, which had provided healthcare, legal and healthcare services to 603,000 women by November 2014, have won praise both within El Salvador and internationally. Brazil has announced plans to open its own Ciudad Mujer initiative, while Guatemala, Colombia and Mexico have expressed interest in adopting Pignato's initiative as well. Pignato simultaneously served as the Salvadorian Institute for Women Development. Additionally, she was appointed"}, {"title": "Vanda Pignato", "text": " as the first President Salvadorian National Council for the Youth. In October 2011, ten days of heavy rain led to severe flooding which affected 70% of El Salvador and damaged approximately 80% of the country's roads. The floods, which impacted 300,000 residents, killed 105 people and destroyed of 250,000 of agricultural land and crops. Then President Mauricio Funes estimated that damages totaled $840 million, equal to 4% of El Salvador's gross domestic product (GDP). Pignato, as both Secretary of Social Inclusion and First Lady, traveled to Washington D.C. in November 2011 to lobby for humanitarian aid from the United States Congress and the U.S. State Department. She also met with United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, former U.S. President Bill Clinton, the Salvadoran American community and representatives for the corporate sector. The National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations (NECO) awarded Pignato the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in May 2012, citing her cooperation with the Salvadoran American community and her initiatives to support women's rights. In October 2014, Mauricio Funes publicly confirmed that he and Pignato had separated. In July 2015, Secretary Vanda Pignato announced that she had been diagnosed with cancer."}, {"title": "Vanda Pignato", "text": " She took a temporary leave of absence from the Department of Social Inclusion to undergo treatment for the disease. On 12 May 2017 Mr. Joao Santana, a Brazilian marketing consultant reveleaded under oath the money applied to Mr. Mauricio Funes first presidential campaign was financed by Brazilian company Odebrecht with dirt money, the command to Odebrecht to give money to Mr. Funes campaign committee came from former Brazilian President, Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva. A Warrant has been issued for Vanda Pignato arrest. This was decided on the afternoon of Monday, 12 June 2018 by the Fifth Peace Court of San Salvador. Pignato is part of the case against former President Mauricio Funes for the crimes of embezzlement, and money and asset laundering. Jorge Cortez, head of the Financial Unit of the Attorney General of the Republic (FGR), explained that they had requested that Pignato only pay a bond to be processed in freedom as a consideration for her health condition. However, the judge decided to issue a warrant for her arrest since he believes Mrs. Pignato poses a flight risk.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vanda Pignato", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000173", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lou Briel.", "docs": [{"title": "Lou Briel", "text": "<s>Lou Briel Lou Briel (born October 19, 1954, Santurce, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican singer, composer, comedian, record producer, pianist, and host, among other things.</s><s>Musical career.</s><s>Musical career.:Early years with Anexo 3. Lou Briel started his career at a very young age as a singer, director and member of a pop musical group called \"Anexo 3\". Together they recorded four albums, the first two produced by Alfred D. Herger, and reached popularity with songs such as: \"Oh, Cuanto te Amo\" (\"Oh, how much I love you\"), \"Contigo\" (With you), & \"Por eso estoy Preso\", (That's why I'm a prisoner), among others. For two consecutive years, \"Anexo 3\" won the second prize of the local OTI Festival in Telemundo with the songs: \"Tengo Vida\" (\"I'm full of life\"), and \"M\u00e1s All\u00e1 de mis Canciones\" (\"Beyond my songs\"). Both songs were written by Lou Briel and his group partner, Julio Ortiz-Teissonniere. They produced and hosted a television"}, {"title": "Lou Briel", "text": " variety show titled \"Contigo... Anexo 3\", (\"With you... Anexo 3\") broadcast by Rikavisi\u00f3n (Channel 7). \"See:Anexo 3\" Anexo 3 also recorded a commercial for Datsun which was very popular on Puerto Rican television at the time. In it, Briel appeared driving a Datsun car while singing the jingle, \"Mirame, en esta via, Datsun es perfecto para mi\" (\"Look at me, in this driveway, Datsun is perfect for me\")</s><s>Musical career.:As a solo artist. \"Anexo 3\" broke up and Lou Briel started working on his solo career. In 1984, Briel reached popularity with the song: \"Yo puedo\" (\"I Can\"), a song written specially for Puerto Rico's Diva Yolandita an inspirational song about perseverance. He toured throughout Latin American countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Santo Domingo, and also toured the United States. He also reached one of the first places, in the song festival called \"Festi-Buga\" in Buga, Colombia, with this song. Lou Briel has represented Puerto Rico four times at the"}, {"title": "Lou Briel", "text": " International OTI Festival as a composer: - In 1983, with \"Navegar\u00e9\", (\"Staying Afloat\") sung by Edgardo Huertas in Washington, D.C. - In 1984, with \"Todo llega\", (\"Everything comes around\"), sung by himself in Mexico City - In 1985, with \"Represento\", (\"I Represent\"), sung by Juan Manuel Lebr\u00f3n in Sevilla, Spain \"See Lou Briel video singing \"Represento\":\" - In 1990, with \"La Mujer que Sue\u00f1o Ser\", (\"The Woman I long to be\"), sung by his niece Ivonne Briel (now known as \"Arana\") in Las Vegas, Nevada. Lou Briel also wrote several songs that participated in other song festivals, such as the 1981 \"Festival de la Canci\u00f3n de Trujillo\" (\"Trujillo's Song Festival\") in Per\u00fa, and the 1992 \"Festival de la Voz y la Canci\u00f3n de M\u00e9rida\" (\"M\u00e9ridas's Voice & Song Festival\") in Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico. Many international Latin singers have recorded Lou Briel's compositions, such as, Yolandita Monge, Gilberto Santa Rosa, Juan"}, {"title": "Lou Briel", "text": " Manuel Lebr\u00f3n, Zeny & Zory, Jose Feliciano, Tony Vega, Johanna Rosaly, Los Chicos, Pedro Brull, Sophy, Johnny Rivera, and Grupo Marfil (band) (from Costa Rica).</s><s>Musical career.:Television composer. Lou Briel has also created works for television programs and telenovelas, as opening & title songs. - De Fiesta con Nydia Nydia Caro (1980s), Telemundo \"-Opening and closing title song-\" - Estudio Alegre Awilda Carbia, Juan Manuel Lebr\u00f3n, Otilio Warrington (1980s), Telemundo \"-Opening and closing song-\" - El Amor Nuestro de Cada D\u00eda Johanna Rosaly 1980, WAPA-TV \"-Soap opera title theme song-\" - Y Esto Qu\u00e9 Es Rafael Jose (1990s), \"Tele Isla\" \"Opening and closing title song\" - Ave de Paso Yolandita Monge, (1989), Tele-Once, \"soap opera theme song: Nunca Te Dir\u00e9 Adi\u00f3s\" among many other variety shows, mini series, TV station promotions, movie soundtracks, television commercials, and so forth.</s>"}, {"title": "Lou Briel", "text": "<s>Acting career.</s><s>Acting career.:Television. In 1985, Lou Briel starred, hosted and was the script-writer of a television musical-comedy show in Telemundo called \"En Broma y en Serio\", (\"Joking & Seriously\") together with Puerto Rican comedian and singer Dagmar, produced by Paquito Cordero. He also produced, wrote and hosted a children's television series called: Teatrimundo, broadcast by Telemundo alongside Sandra Zaiter. He characterized himself as \"Lubrielito\", a 7-year-old child, whose best pal and \"puppy love\" was \"Dagmarita\", a fellow child role, portrayed by Dagmar. In 1991, he played the leading role as an actor-comedian in the TV sitcom called \"Cara o Cruz\", (\"Heads or Tails\"), broadcast by WAPA-TV, opposite singer & actor, \"Edgardo Huertas\", (\"whose first daughter Ambar, is Lou Briel's goddaughter\"). This show was written and directed by Spanish comedian, Joaqu\u00edn Monserrat (\"Pacheco\").</s><s>Acting career.:Voces en Funci\u00f3n. From 1995 to"}, {"title": "Lou Briel", "text": " 2001, Lou Briel produced and hosted his own variety show titled Voces en Funci\u00f3n, (\"Voices in Performance\") where he presented guest stars and young new talents. The show was taped in Mayag\u00fcez, Puerto Rico at the Teatro Yag\u00fcez and broadcast by WIPR-TV. {\"See:VEF\"}</s><s>Acting career.:Theatre. As an actor-comedian, Lou Briel has starred in various Zarzuelas & Operettas in Centro de Bellas Artes in Santurce. Some of them are: - \"La Viuda Alegre\" (\"The Merry Widow\") - \"La del Soto del Parral\", (The Grapevine Thicket) - \"Las Leandras\", (The Leanders) - \"El Huesped del Sevillano\", (The Guest of the Sevillian) - \"El Conde de Luxemburgo, (\"The Count of Luxembourg\") - \"La Duquesa del Tabar\u00edn\" (\"The Duchess of the Small Tavern\") - \"Amalia Batista\", (Amalia Batter), among others. He has also interpreted Sancho Panza from \"Don Quixote\" for different theater companies. Lou B"}, {"title": "Lou Briel", "text": "riel has also starred in various children's musicals like: - \"Jack y la Mata de Guisantes\" (\"Jack and the Beanstalk\") - \"Los Pitufos\" (\"The Smurfs\") - \"Sue\u00f1os de Ni\u00f1o\" (\"Child Dreams\") - \"Las Aventuras de Lubrielito\" (\"The Adventures of Lubrielito\") - \"La Bella Durmiente\" (\"Sleeping Beauty\") - \"Los Lobos Malos\" (\"The Bad Wolves\") - \"Tarz\u00e1n, el Defensor de la Naturaleza\" (\"Tarzan, Defender of Nature\"), among others.</s><s>Recent years. In 2004, Lou Briel reprised his role of \"Lubrielito\" as the leading actor in the family oriented TV film \"Yo Creo en Santa Claus\" (\"I Believe in Santa Claus\"). The film was produced by Leo Fern\u00e1ndez III and also starred Lorel Crespo in her child role as \"Luc\u00eda\". The film was broadcast by Televicentro and WAPA-America. He was also the main director and composer, performing also on the soundtrack and title song of the movie. In 2005, he directed and performed in the inspirational video clip \""}, {"title": "Lou Briel", "text": "Dios Alumbra a Puerto Rico\" (\"God Enlightens Puerto Rico\"). It was the first time that 40 Latin pop and Christian gospel music celebrities joined for a laudable purpose, the eradication of child abuse. In 2006, Lou Briel carried out a nine-month engagement at the \"Show Time\" nightspot, with his club act, \"Bohemia Live\". As of 2007, Lou Briel has been performing in \"Solo para Hombres.. y para Mujeres tambien\", in New York City, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo, as a singer, pianist, and musical director alongside, Nancy Alvarez, host of \"\u00bfQui\u00e9n Tiene La Raz\u00f3n?\", broadcast by Telefutura. Briel's presently featured as an MC and singer in the \"Puerto Rican Folkloric Revue\", (designed for tourists), and including native folkloric music and dance, for English-speaking audiences. This spectacle is staged throughout the island and it also has a Spanish version. This performance is produced by \"Entertainment Concepts Inc\". As of 2008, Briel is featured, along Yoyo Boing, Shorty Castro, Dreuxilla Divine, Jose Miguel Class, and"}, {"title": "Lou Briel", "text": " Francisco Rosa, at the \"La Receta de la Abuela Tour\" (Grandma's Recipe Tour), throughout the island of P.R., sponsored by MCS Classic Care, and produced & MC'd, by Luisito Vigoreaux.</s><s>Discography. - \"Solo Por Fin\" (1981, CBS) - \"Yo Puedo\" (1984, Global-K-Tel) - \"Olas\" (1987, Velvet) - \"En Broma y en Serio en la Navidad con Dagmar\" (1986, TeleCumbre) - \"Reflejos\" (1988, LBM) - \"Sigamos Brindando con Ivonne Briel\" (1988, LBM) - \"En Otra Frecuencia\" (1991, LBM) - \"Edici\u00f3n Especial\" (1996, LBM) - \"Aplauso \u00e0 la Bachata con Pascual\" (2004, GOGO) - \"Lou Briel con La Maphia Boba... Adondequiera\" (2008, JODIBA)http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=49886805477</s><s>See also."}, {"title": "Lou Briel", "text": " - Voces en Funci\u00f3n - Teatrimundo - List of singer-songwriters - List of notable residents of San Juan, Puerto Rico - List of TV theme song composers - List of composers by nationality - Puerto Rican Songwriters</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lou Briel", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000174", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Diego Suarez (garden designer).", "docs": [{"title": "Diego Suarez (garden designer)", "text": "<s>Diego Suarez (garden designer) Diego Suarez (1888 in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia \u2013 14 September 1974 in New York City, New York) was a garden designer best known for his work at James Deering's Villa Vizcaya in Miami, Florida. He also served as a press attach\u00e9 and minister counselor for Chile in Washington, D.C. from 1948 until 1952 and counselor to the Colombian delegation to the United Nations.</s><s>Family background. A son of Roberto Suarez, a Colombian diplomat and historian, and his Italian wife, the former Maria Costa (1870\u20131949), Suarez and his sisters, Camelia and Lucia, and brother, Roberto, spent their childhood in their mother's native country after the death of their father. Suarez took courses as an architectural designer at the Accademia delle Belle Arti in Florence. There the young man was taken up by Arthur Acton of the well-known English expatriate family, who was engaged in restoring the gardens of the Acton villa outside Florence, Villa La Pietra, where the formal terraced plan had been swept away in the early nineteenth century by the fashion for English landscape gardens in the naturalistic manner. Acton passed to Suarez, who went four or five"}, {"title": "Diego Suarez (garden designer)", "text": " days a week to the villa, some of the formal Renaissance garden ideals that were being revived in the late nineteenth century by designers such as Achille Duch\u00eane. Through Acton, whose wife was an American heiress, Suarez was introduced into the Anglo-American community of Florence, where he began to lay out gardens, notably, he remembered years later, one at Villa Schifanoia for Lewis Einstein and another for Charles Loeser, one of the first collectors of Paul C\u00e9zanne.</s><s>Career as garden designer.</s><s>Career as garden designer.:Villa Vizcaya. In May 1914, when James Deering, the International Harvester heir, and his travelling companion and long-term artistic advisor Paul Chalfin, a decorative painter and interior decorator who once worked for Elsie de Wolfe, were lent one of the smaller casinas at La Pietra, Acton commissioned Suarez to take them around and show them some villas they would not otherwise have had access to. Among the Anglo-Americans in Florence was Lady Sybil Cutting, who had the Villa Medici in Fiesole, and who suggested that Suarez accompany her to America. The outbreak of war marooned Suarez in New York, where he"}, {"title": "Diego Suarez (garden designer)", "text": " met a likable young Italian with whom he roomed cheaply in Brooklyn but kept up his connections. Thus it was lunching at the Ritz with Mrs. Albert Gallatin that he ran into Deering and Chalfin, and through the old connection he was invited to design the garden for Villa Vizcaya. Aside from the straight landward approach avenue, less commonly used then than now, the gardens at Villa Vizcaya are centered on two of the fa\u00e7ades. One is the boat basin facing Biscayne Bay; its central island is in the form of a boat, railed by balustrades that are punctuated by obelisks, with central landing stairs shoreside and bayside, and bosquets of trees at bow and stern. The main extent of the gardens faces south, with a central axis that rises to a casino, and radiating side axes that offer glimpses of the lake beyond their ends. The main garden element, which had been purchased on one of Deering and Chalfin's trips before the villa was laid out, was the fountain from the main piazza of Bassano di Sutri, near Viterbo, which Deering and Chalfin were convinced was by Vignola."}, {"title": "Diego Suarez (garden designer)", "text": " Rather than displaying it in the central axis, Suarez sited it at the end of its own cross-axis, not to be discovered until the visitor had penetrated deep into the plan. The design was richly patterned on the ground, with \"parterres en broderie\" in the French baroque taste, contrasts of sun and shade, and many slight changes of level to enliven the essentially flat site.</s><s>Career as garden designer.:Suarez House. In 1952, in collaboration with the architect Frederic Rhinelander King, Suarez completed a neoclassical house with extensive gardens at Brookville, New York.</s><s>Marriage. In 1937, in Monterey, California, Diego Suarez married Evelyn Marshall Field (1888\u20131979), the daughter of Charles Henry Marshall and first wife of department-store heir Marshall Field III. Evelyn was a sister-in-law of the future Brooke Astor. By that marriage, Suarez had three stepchildren: Barbara Field, Bettine Field, and Marshall Field IV.</s><s>Burial. He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.</s><s>References. - James T. Maher, \"Twilight of Splendor: Chronicles of the"}, {"title": "Diego Suarez (garden designer)", "text": " Age of American Palaces\" (Boston: Little, Brown) 1975</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Diego Suarez (garden designer)", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000175", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Haruto Takahashi.", "docs": [{"title": "Haruto Takahashi", "text": "<s>Haruto Takahashi is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who currently plays for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball.</s><s>Early baseball career. Influenced by his older brother, Haruto played softball at an early age, then played little league baseball for the Nishina Shonen Baseball Club in his hometown in Shizuoka.\u3002 He entered Tokoha University Tachibana Integrated High, where doubling as a pitcher and right fielder, he helped his school win the national junior high softball tournament. In his 2nd year in high school, he pitched as a reliever in the 2012 Summer Koshien, but his team lost in the 1st round. The next year, despite declaring his intentions to become a professional baseball player after graduation, none of the teams drafted him, so he entered Asia University in Tokyo instead. He became a regular starter as his team participated in the Tohto University Baseball League, and even made it all the way to the 2016 Japan National Collegiate Baseball Championship Tournament where he was awarded Best 8. He finished with 5 wins, 7 losses and a 3.57 ERA in 31 league appearances.</s><s>Hanshin Tigers. He was the Tiger's 2nd round pick during the 2017 NPB draft. He"}, {"title": "Haruto Takahashi", "text": " signed a 70 million yen contract with Hanshin, for an estimated annual salary of 12 million yen. He was assigned jersey number 29. 2018 The coaches made him undergo strength training during spring camp to improve his weak pitching arm as they've seen its potential. Shortly into the season, he was given the opportunity to debut as the starter for the April 11 match against the Carps. He pitched seven shutout innings and allowed only 2 hits and no runs, earning him his first career win. This victory made him the first Hanshin rookie pitcher in 6 decades to win his debut match in Koshien Stadium (since Minoru Murayama won against the Swallows in April 1959). Despite his starts having wider rest intervals than the team's other starting pitchers due to his weak arm, his continuous starts took its toll in June, prompting the coaches to stop him from pitching any further before his arm gets worse. His season ended with a 2\u20133 win loss record, and a 3.63 ERA. He received a 1 million raise in November, bringing his total annual salary to 13 million yen. 2019 He spent the first few months in the farm to give his arm more time to heal. His first start came on May 5 against the Baystars, but he failed to secure"}, {"title": "Haruto Takahashi", "text": " a win after giving up 5 runs in 4 innings. He also lost his next start, but redeemed himself on May 30 when he pitched 7 solid innings against the Giants and won the game. This was his first official win in more than a year. He continued to pitch well afterwards and was even in the running for the July MVP of the month after giving up at most 2 runs in 6 consecutive starts, but he kept failing to secure a win due to lack of run support. His continued starts took its toll on his arm once more however, and he went into a slump later in the season, losing 3 out of his 4 matches in September. He also pitched in relief during Randy Messenger's retirement game on September 29, and recorded his first career hold after pitching 2 scoreless innings. He finished the season with 3 wins, 9 losses, 1 hold and a 3.78 ERA in 19 game appearances. After Hanshin finished 3rd in the overall rankings, he started 2 games during the post-season Climax Series and helped his team beat the Baystars to reach the final stage. His improved performance earned him a 9 million pay raise, bringing his total annual salary to 22 million yen. 2020 Despite seeing less playtime in 2020 as the NPB season was shortened due"}, {"title": "Haruto Takahashi", "text": " to the Covid-19 pandemic, Takahashi brought his A-game early on. He held the Giants scoreless during his first start on August 6 and fanned a career first of 11. He gave away only 2 runs in his next 2 starts and finished August with 0.82 ERA. His early success against the Giants prompted the team to schedule most of his starts against them, and the gamble paid off as he notched a 2.03 ERA and gave away only 1 home run in all of his 6 starts against them. He was particularly effective against Giants prolific hitter Hayato Sakamoto who only managed 2 hits out of 16 at-bats (0.125). In contrast, he wasn't as effective against the Baystars where he recorded 4.91 ERA and 3 home runs in 2 starts. On October 5, he struck out a career-high of 14 and went the distance on 113 pitches to record his first career complete win. He finished the season with 5-4 in 12 starts, and a personal best ERA of 2.49 - second among the team's starters, behind Yuki Nishi's 2.26. 4 of his 5 wins were earned at their home stadium Koshien where he recorded a 1.47 ERA out of"}, {"title": "Haruto Takahashi", "text": " 5 starts there. This earned him a 7 million pay raise to bring his annual salary to 29 million yen. His success during this season was partly attributed to forming his batteries with Seishiro Sakamoto instead of the team's mainstay catcher Umeno. After observing each batter, Sakamoto was able to set a good tempo for his throws and cleverly mixed the fastballs with the breaking pitches to confuse the opponent. Sakamoto also tends to direct Takahashi's pitches towards the edges of the strikezone</s><s>Pitching Style. A 5'11 southpaw pitcher with three quarters delivery, he throws a four-seam fastball as his main pitch, coupled with a cutter, a two-seamer, and an occasional curveball and slider. Despite his weak arm, his fastest pitch was clocked at. His fastballs average around while his breaking balls were clocked around the range.</s><s>Career Statistics. - NPB Statistics</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Haruto Takahashi", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000176", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Karni Liddell.", "docs": [{"title": "Karni Liddell", "text": "<s>Karni Liddell Karni Liddell (born 1 March 1979) is a Paralympic swimming competitor from Australia.</s><s>Personal. Liddell was born on 1 March 1979 in Rockhampton, Queensland.  She is a radio presenter for 4BC. At twelve months old, Liddell was diagnosed with Spinal Muscular Atrophy a rare neuromuscular wasting disease. Karni was misdiagnosed for 40 years and has recently been diagnosed with Congenital Titinopathy which is also a neuromuscular wasting disease. Karni was diagnosed via a whole genome sequencing test performed in Europe in 2019 and Karni and her family had been looking for a diagnosis for the past 12 years and this has been a lengthy, traumatic and expensive process for her family. Her parents were told by doctors that she would never be able to walk and that she would not live past her teens. Liddell, alongside Branka Pupovac, Hamish MacDonald and Charmaine Dalli, was one of eighteen Australian Paralympians photographed by Emma Hack for a nude calendar. Liddell's photography depicts her wearing sunglasses and a covered in body paint made to look like a polka-dotted bikini. In 2008,"}, {"title": "Karni Liddell", "text": " she was one of several Queenslanders to have their images painted by Ludmila Clark to have the picture go on display at the Customs House in Rockhampton.</s><s>Swimming. By the age of 14, Liddell had broken a swimming world record. She has competed at two Paralympic Games: 1996 and 2000. She won medals at both Games and was the Australian Swimming Team Captain at the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Karni Liddell", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000177", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Douglas Wood (engineer).", "docs": [{"title": "Douglas Wood (engineer)", "text": "<s>Douglas Wood (engineer) Douglas Wood (30 June 1941 \u2013 31 December 2019), was an Australian construction engineer who had worked with the American military, and was held hostage in Iraq for six weeks between May and June 2005, before being rescued.</s><s>Early life. Wood was born in Whyalla, South Australia in 1941. He moved to Geelong where he attended the Geelong College and the Gordon Institute of TAFE, graduating as a mechanical engineer. In 1973 he left Australia to work in the United States, moving to Alamo, California, where he lived with his American wife and daughter, and employed by construction company Bechtel Corporation for 25 years. He later formed his own company and moved from his Californian home to Iraq. His work involved project management, and building nuclear plants; including the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating station in Arizona.</s><s>Kidnapping. In 2005, Wood was kidnapped along with two Iraqi business associates and forced into a cell, while at a home in Baghdad, Iraq where he was organising a business deal. On 2 May 2005, Arabic television network al-Jazeera broadcast footage of Wood being held by armed captors, identified as the \"Shura Council\" of the \"Mujahideen of Iraq"}, {"title": "Douglas Wood (engineer)", "text": "\". Wood is shown pleading for his life, and urges Australia and the United States to withdraw their troops from the country. On 4 May 2005, Al-Jazeera broadcast an appeal by Foreign Minister Alexander Downer and Wood's brothers for the insurgents to free Wood. By 7 May 2005, new footage emerged showing Wood, having sustained injuries, with machine guns held to his head. In the video, he read aloud an order to withdraw troops from Iraq within 72 hours. In response, Imam Sheik Alhilali flew to Iraq on 9 May 2005 to attempt to assist with Wood's release. It is during this time that Alhilali claims to have seen Wood, confirming that he was still alive. In response to suggestions that the Australian government or Wood's family might make payments to the kidnappers, Prime Minister John Howard stated that Australia will neither pull troops out, nor pay any ransom that might be demanded. Downer added that any concession to demands could encourage further kidnappings. Wood's family conducted a public relations campaign in both Australia and Iraq, to convince Mr Wood's captors that he was a family man who sympathises with their cause. On 10 May 2005, the deadline given by the kidnappers expired at 5pm Australian time, however there was no"}, {"title": "Douglas Wood (engineer)", "text": " indication that Wood had been killed. Six weeks after his capture, Wood was found and rescued by Iraqi army troops from a house in Ghazaliya, with assistance from U.S. forces. The Iraqi troops were performing a routine raid of a suspected weapons cache at the house, before finding Wood. Brigadier General Jaleel Khalaf Shewi, commander of the Iraqi brigade which rescued Wood, said a brief firefight had taken place during the operation, but there were no casualties on either side. It was revealed that Wood's Iraqi business associates were killed a month earlier. On 15 June 2005, news of the rescue was relayed to senior Australian diplomat in Baghdad, Nick Warner. Footage was aired in Australia by CNN showing Wood talking to soldiers and sitting up in bed in a medical facility in Baghdad. Prime Minister John Howard subsequently acknowledged the efforts of Australia's Muslim community and senior cleric Sheikh Taj al-Din al-Hilali, while also confirming that no ransom had been paid. On 20 June, Muslim Sheik Taj Aldin Alhilali returned to Australia, claiming that Douglas Wood would have been killed if it had not been for his intervention. Wood has, however, denied that he ever spoke to Alhilali during his capture.</s>"}, {"title": "Douglas Wood (engineer)", "text": "<s>Aftermath and political position. In 2009, Wood contacted Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, claiming that seven of the ten Iraqi soldiers who rescued Wood in 2005 have been systematically murdered. He argues that they were targeted after giving evidence against his kidnappers. In response, two Iraqi service personnel were granted permanent refugee visas under Australia's humanitarian program, after an assessment of their applications found they were in grave and imminent danger. Wood had previously worked on the failed feasibility study for the Jervis Bay Nuclear Power Plant, and in response to John Howard's plan for nuclear power production in Australia, Wood stated that he would happily live next door to a nuclear power plant, and would assist in development of an Australian nuclear energy industry. However, he stated his concerns that Australia's engineers and industrial suppliers are under-qualified to build a local plant.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Douglas Wood (engineer)", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000178", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Aditya Kalyanpur.", "docs": [{"title": "Aditya Kalyanpur", "text": "<s>Aditya Kalyanpur Aditya Kalyanpur (born 21 July 1978) is an Indian Tabla Maestro. He belongs to the Punjab gharana.</s><s>Early life and background. Aditya Kalyanpur was born in Mumbai, India. He began his studies at the age of five under the guidance of Tabla Maestro late Alla Rakha Khan and his son Zakir Hussain. He is a commerce graduate from Mithibai College.</s><s>Performing career. Aditya Kalyanpur was initially known for his debut performance with his guru Zakir Hussain for the Wah Taj! commercial when he was 11 years old. His style consists of bold and clear execution of syllables, pinpoint precision in rhythm coupled with a colossal repertoire of compositions and improvisational technique. He has accompanied artists including Shivkumar Sharma, Amjad Ali Khan, Prabha Atre, N. Rajam, Sultan Khan, Shahid Parvez, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, Satish Vyas, Shujaat Khan, and Nayan Ghosh. He has also accompanied Carnatic performers including T. N. Krishnan, N. Ramani, U. Shrinivas, and Lalgudi Krish"}, {"title": "Aditya Kalyanpur", "text": "nan. Kalyanput went on tour with A.R. Rahman for his JAI HO World Tour! He can be heard on Katy Perry's \"Legendary Lovers\" from her album \"Prism,\" has recorded with Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones.</s><s>Awards. - \"TOP\" Grade Artist of All India Radio - 'Taal \u2013 Mani' by Sur Singar Samiti - Vidyasagar Award, ITC - Sangeet Visharad - National Scholarship for Advanced Training, Government of India - Awardee of Pandit Jasraj Competition, Vedic Heritage Center, Long Island, New York</s><s>Performances. - Orient Arts Festival, Estonia - Edinburgh festival, Scotland (2003) - Earagal Arts Festival, Ireland - Jazz Yatra, Mumbai - Great Lakes Folk Festival, Lansing, Michigan - Saptak Festival</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Aditya Kalyanpur", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000179", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of D. B. Nihalsinghe.", "docs": [{"title": "D. B. Nihalsinghe", "text": "<s>D. B. Nihalsinghe Dr. Diongu Badaturuge Nihalsingha (known as \"D. B. Nihalsinghe\", 27 May 1939 \u2013 21 April 2016) was an accomplished Sri Lankan film director, cinematographer, editor, producer. He was noted for his versatility : as a film cameraman, as a film director, as a (pioneering) television director, as an administrator, and as a teacher. He is a pioneer who introduced professional television production to Sri Lanka (in 1979), commencing with Sri Lanka's and South Asia's first color teledrama, \"Dimuthu Muthu\". He was the founding Chief Executive Officer and General Manager of Sri Lanka's National Film Corporation and a distinguished alumni of the then University of Ceylon, Peradeniya (presently University of Peradeniya). He is the only Sri Lankan who has been conferred Life Fellowship of the Society of Motion picture and Television Engineers USA, the oldest film organisation in the world, established in 1915. The Society determines film and television standards worldwide. His best known work is \"Welikathara\", Sri Lanka's first and South Asia's second Cinemascope film, included as among the ten best"}, {"title": "D. B. Nihalsinghe", "text": " Sri Lankan films awarded the Sri Lanka Presidential award, while \"Maldeniye Simiyon\" is also noted for the award for its actress Anoja Weerasinghe as Best Actress at the 16th New Delhi International Film Festival. Two more of his films, \"Ridei Nimanaya\" and \"Kelimadala\" are also noteworthy, with the latter winning the highest number of national awards at that time. He is also notable for being the pioneer with first ever degree for TV and cinema degree from the University of Kelaniya.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life. Nihalsinghe was an accomplished student leader as Head Prefect and as Sergeant of the cadet platoon at Ananda college and originally hoped to join the army. By the time he left school he had become more interested in film. As a present for completing the SSC examination, Nihalsinghe's father veteran journalist D.B Dhanapala presented him with a 16mm Bolex cine camera. Nihalsingha entered the University of Ceylon at Peradeniya and read for a degree in Economics. While at the University he did the camera work for the first documentary to be made by University"}, {"title": "D. B. Nihalsinghe", "text": " students, \"Niyanada Rata\", directed by a student K.K.L de Silva. After leaving the University, Nihalsingha got an opportunity to enter the film field when a friend of his father offered him a job as a cameraman for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Colombo which he took. In 1965 he was offered a post with Hearst Metrotone News on the weekly newsreel, \"Metro News\" for the Military Assistance Command in Vietnam.</s><s>Biography.:Film career. On his return to Sri Lanka, Nihalsinghe was asked to be cameraman and editor of \"Sath Samudura\". He brought to the film a fluid newsreel look, (a total departure from the Indian studio style camera work) hand-holding the 35mm Arriflex film camera- a point which was noted by reviewers. He is famous for the first teledrama in Sri Lanka, Dimuthu muthu. Nihalsingha received the Cardiff Commonwealth Film Festival award for his first film \"Bakhti\". In 1971, he made the groundbreaking \"Welikathara\" in cinemascope. \"Welikathara\" was South Asia's second CinemaScope film and"}, {"title": "D. B. Nihalsinghe", "text": " Sri Lanka's first. \"Maldeniye Simiyon\" (1986) won star Anoja Weerasinghe the 'Silver Peacock' as the Best Actress at the 11th Delhi International Film Festival, 1987. \"Kelimadala\" (1992) won a dozen awards at the Sarasaviya film festival. \"Ridi Nimnaya\" (1982) starred Sanath Gunatileke.</s><s>Biography.:Industry work. After graduating from the University of Ceylon with a degree in Economics, Nihalsingha began his career, winning the Most Promising Filmmaker award for his documentary \"Bhakthi\" at the Cardiff International Film Festival in 1965. He then began as a newsreel cameraman for Hearst Metrotone News, the US-based weekly global newsreel, in 1965. He was sent to Vietnam attached to the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MAC-V) to cover war-related work for the \"NEWS of the DAY\" weekly global newsreel. Returning to Sri Lanka, he began a career in film encompassing documentary and feature films beginning as cameraman and editor of \"Sath Samudura\", (Nuwan Nayanajith in N"}, {"title": "D. B. Nihalsinghe", "text": "ihalsingha:The Pioneering Third Eye) as a milestone in Sri Lankan cinema. His fluid camera work in this film, originating from his newsreel experience, was widely recognised  as fresh in an industry where massive Mitchell Indian-style immobile camera work was the norm. At the age of 29, Nihalsingha became the youngest person to hold the post of Director of the Ceylon Government Film Unit, succeeding George Wicremasinghe (who was its first Sri Lankan Director). The Government Film Unit is the one institution with continuity whose productions have won the highest number of international awards for its documentaries. Besides invigorating documentary film production, he was instrumental in introducing 35 mm still film to Sri Lanka to replace 120 film when he was asked to oversee the photographic aspects of the National Identity Card project. Using Practica cameras gifted by the (then) East Germany and amid much opposition of photographers, he managed to win them over and thereby establish 35\u00a0mm still film as the staple of Sri Lankan still photography until that was overtaken by digital photography. Nihalsingha's skill as film administrator was best seen in the work he did as founding CEO and general manager of the State Film Corporation from 1972 to 1978. To offset"}, {"title": "D. B. Nihalsinghe", "text": " foreign domination of Sri Lankan theatres (80 percent), Nihalsingha launched a series of initiatives which unleashed the suppressed demand for domestically produced films. The initiatives resulted in audience surging from 30 million a year in annual attendances in 1971 to an unprecedented 74.4 million by 1979. The domestic film share of screen time went up from 20% in 1971 to 58% in 1979.( Committee of Inquiry Report, 1985; Committee Report 1997)</s><s>Awards. Nihalsingha was awarded the Sri Lankan national honour of \"KalaKeerthi\" for his lifetime contribution to Sri Lankan film and television while the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers of America (SMPTE) made him a Fellow and later, Life Fellow in 2004 for \"achieving outstanding rank among engineers and administrators in motion pictures and television by proficiency and contributions.\" He was the only Fellow of the SMPTE in Sri Lanka and South Asia. SMPTE is the oldest film and television body in the world, formed in 1915 in New York. It determines motion picture and television standards. British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society also made him a Fellow of the society in recognition of lifetime services to film and television in Sri Lanka and South Asia for \""}, {"title": "D. B. Nihalsinghe", "text": "the development of film and television production techniques\" which included pioneering professional color television production in South Asia in 1979. In 1979, Nihalsingha left the State Film Corporation and formed the Tele-Cine Limited with the help of Hemasiri Premawarne and Chandra Seneviratne. Tele-Cine Ltd was South Asia's and Sri Lanka's pioneer in professional color television production of television drama, commercials, musicals and documentary. As CEO of Tele-Cine for 16 years, Nihalsingha directed and pioneered the first television drama series in South Asia, \"Dimuthu Muthu\", starring Devika Mihirani and Amarasiri Kanlansooriya. He later went on to direct several pioneering tele-drama series, creating the template for tele-drama production and training and introducing technical personnel in a context where there were none. This is a legacy which lasts to this day in Sri Lanka. In 1995, Nihalsingha resigned from TCL in 1994 when he was invited to join Television Broadcast (Overseas) Limited in Hong Kong. He was sent to Malaysia's ASTRO as its general manager of Film and Television Production and later, in 2003, as its Executive Director of Feature Film"}, {"title": "D. B. Nihalsinghe", "text": " Production. In Kuala Lumpur, Nihalsingha trained several hundred Malaysian young people in all facets of film and television production. He returned to Sri Lanka in early 2006 and was active in migration of film to digital and television migration to digital. Besides a BA in Economics from the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, Nihalsingha has an MA in Film Studies from the Norwich University, Vermont, USA and a PhD in Public Enterprises from the University of South Australia in Adelaide.</s><s>References. \"Public Enterprise in Film Development-Success and Failure in Sri Lanka\", by Trafford Publishing, British Columbia, Canada.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "D. B. Nihalsinghe", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000180", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Yehuda Lindell.", "docs": [{"title": "Yehuda Lindell", "text": "<s>Yehuda Lindell Yehuda Lindell (born 24 February 1971) is a professor in the Department of Computer Science at Bar-Ilan University where he conducts research on cryptography with a focus on the theory of secure computation and its application in practice. Lindell currently leads the cryptography team at Coinbase.</s><s>Education and academic positions. Lindell received a BSc and Msc degree in computer science from Bar-Ilan University. He then obtained a PhD in computer science from the Weizmann Institute of Science in 2002. Lindell received a Raviv Fellowship and spent two years at IBM's cryptography research group at the T.J. Watson Research Center. In 2004, he returned to Israel to take up an academic position at Bar-Ilan University. Lindell's work on secure computation was recognized by the award of an ERC starting grant in 2009 and an ERC consolidators grant in 2014. Lindell was appointed as an IACR Fellow in 2021.</s><s>Industry experience. Lindell worked from 2004 to 2014 as a permanent cryptographic consultant to Safenet, formally Aladdin. He co-founded the company Unbound Security, and served as its Chief Scientist from 2014 to 2018. In early 2019, he took over the role"}, {"title": "Yehuda Lindell", "text": " of CEO of Unbound Security, taking leave from Bar-Ilan University. In January 2022, Unbound Security was acquired by Coinbase, and Lindell now leads their cryptography team.</s><s>Research. Lindell's main contributions are in the field of secure multiparty computation. Lindell's research initially focused on theoretical feasibility, and in particular in the area of protocol composition. Lindell has carried out extensive research on efficient two-party secure computation via the Yao garbled circuit construction, and on efficient multiparty computation for the multiparty honest-majority setting based on Secret sharing. His most cited work is a joint paper with Benny Pinkas on privacy preserving data mining in which the use of secure computation was proposed for performing data mining algorithms; in particular the ID3 algorithm. Lindell provided the first proof of security for the basic Yao protocol, and the first proof of security for the BGW protocol. Lindell has also worked on the design of two-party protocols which are secure against active adversaries, the introduction of the concept of covert adversarial models, and much more. Lindell won the IBM Pat Goldberg Memorial Best Paper Award in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Math in 2006 for his work on the composition of Authenticated Byzantine Agreement, and the best paper award at"}, {"title": "Yehuda Lindell", "text": " ACM CCS 2016 for work on high-throughput MPC protocols. In 2021, Lindell published a review article on secure multiparty computation in the Communications of the ACM. Lindell is also the co-inventor of the AES-GCM-SIV mode of operation for symmetric encryption, standardized by the IETF Crypto Forum Research Group in RFC 8452. He received the best paper award at ACM CCS 2017 for the research paper behind AES-GCM-SIV. Lindell is also the author of a textbook with Jonathan Katz on modern cryptography. This textbook is utilized in many universities around the world as a standard reference work.</s><s>Books. - {{cite book | author = Yehuda Lindell - {{cite book | author = Jonathan Katz and Yehuda Lindell - {{cite book | author = Carmit Hazay and Yehuda Lindell - {{cite book | editor = Yehuda Lindell - {{cite book | author = Jonathan Katz and Yehuda Lindell - {{cite book | editor = Yehuda Lindell - {{cite book | author = Jonathan Katz and Yehuda Lindell</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Yehuda Lindell", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000181", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ted Mack (politician).", "docs": [{"title": "Ted Mack (politician)", "text": "<s>Ted Mack (politician) Edward Carrington Mack (20 December 1933 \u2013 6 November 2018) was an architect and Australian politician. He is the only person ever to have been elected and re-elected as an independent to local, state, and federal government in Australia, and is often referred to as the \"father of the independents\". He chose to serve for only two terms in both the New South Wales state seat of North Shore and the federal seat of North Sydney to avoid receiving a parliamentary pension.</s><s>Early life. Mack was born in the Sydney suburb of Paddington and educated at Sydney Boys High School, finishing in 1950. He completed national service in the RAAF in 1951\u20131952 at Albury. At the University of New South Wales, he trained as an architect, graduating with a Bachelor of Architecture in 1958. Following graduation, he married Wendy, with whom he has two daughters, one of whom is consumer activist Jenni Mack, and two sons. He and his wife travelled to Europe and worked in London 1958\u201361. Returning to Australia he worked as an architect mainly on hospitals and public housing until 1974 and in private practice until 1980. He supervised the construction of the Port Kembla district hospital (1961\u201363) and was later"}, {"title": "Ted Mack (politician)", "text": " appointed as Architect-in-charge of Hospital design and construction at the NSW Public Works Department in 1966. In 1972 he was appointed as Assistant Chief Architect at the NSW Housing Commission. In 1975, he was appointed to a committee chaired by H.C. Coombs (former Governor of both the Commonwealth and Reserve Banks) to monitor and advise on Aboriginal housing in remote areas of Australia. Between 1974 and 1980, Mack was also employed as a part-time tutor at UNSW in architecture.</s><s>Political career. Mack began to take an interest in politics in 1970 after the North Sydney Municipal Council approved construction of a 17-storey office block near his residence. He subsequently ran for election to the council in 1974 and was successful. He was re-elected as an Alderman in 1977 and 1980. He was elected by the council as mayor in 1980, 1981, and 1982. He was re-elected by popular vote in 1983 and 1987. He began his term as mayor by selling the mayoral Mercedes-Benz car to help buy community buses. For the next eight years he used his 1951 Citroen as the mayoral car at no cost to the ratepayers. He relinquished his private architectural practice on becoming mayor. He introduced open government policies making all council meetings, committees"}, {"title": "Ted Mack (politician)", "text": " and council files open to the public. There were no meetings of any sort from which the public or press were excluded while he was mayor. Public participation in decision making was created through the establishment of some 24 precinct committees, some 3000 public meetings and 36 referendums over his eight years as mayor. Under Mack's leadership the council decided all decision making is ultimately the right of the public not aldermen \u2013 irrespective of the merits of the public decision. He initiated a policy of raising funds from sources other than rates, with the result that rates fell from 66% of council's income in 1980 to 38% in 1987. In that year North Sydney was named as the top Sydney council in an independent financial analysis. This enabled the council to establish a large public works program without using rates or loans to fund it. The works program consisted of several new and renovated parks, four multi-storey car parks, four new childcare facilities, four renovated community centres and one major new community centre, four new tennis centres, two renovated public swimming pools, major library extensions, major renovations to North Sydney Oval, over one hundred new public housing dwellings (funded by the State Government), major streetscape improvements throughout the municipality, seats, signs, footpaths, lighting, forty bus shelters,"}, {"title": "Ted Mack (politician)", "text": " some 50,000 street trees and a substantial number of commercial and retail establishments providing an income stream for council. Mack ensured that his name was not on any of the opening plaques for these facilities. He received a 90% vote at the 1987 mayoral election. In 1981, he decided to run as an independent for the newly created New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of North Shore, based in North Sydney. On paper, it was a comfortably safe Liberal seat; the North Shore has been the power base for the Liberals (and their predecessors) in Sydney for over a century. Mack nominated for North Shore after noticing that its new boundaries were virtually coextensive with the boundaries of the Municipality of North Sydney. Mack considered that being both mayor and state member for electorates that covered nearly identical boundaries would make both positions more effective. His opponent was state opposition leader Bruce McDonald. After the first count on election night he pushed the Labor candidate into third place, and ultimately defeated McDonald on Labor preferences\u2014one of the few times a major-party leader has been defeated at any level in Australia. Mack did not accept a mayoral allowance for the next seven years. He was returned by comfortable margins in 1984 and 1988, the latter election coming as the Coalition won government in a landslide. Shortly"}, {"title": "Ted Mack (politician)", "text": " after his 1988 victory, he abruptly retired from all of his offices. He did so just two days short of serving seven years in parliament, which would have made him eligible for parliamentary pension entitlements in excess of $1,000,000. Mack had always taken a dim view of what he perceived as the excesses of public political office, and decided to retire in protest. His retirement from both local and state government resulted in three by-elections for North Sydney ward alderman, North Sydney mayor and state member for North Shore. All three people he recommended for these positions were elected. Despite living nearby, for a time, he refused to travel across the Sydney Harbour Bridge or through the Sydney Harbour Tunnel in protest at the secret contract and awarding of all tolls to Kumagai Transfield for 30 years.</s><s>Federal politics. After 18 months out of politics, mainly spent camping in the outback, Mack achieved even broader fame by winning the federal seat of North Sydney in 1990. The seat had long been regarded as a blue-ribbon Liberal seat; it had been held by the Liberals or their predecessors since Federation. However, Mack defeated incumbent Liberal MP and Shadow Foreign Minister John Spender on a large swing. Mack led on the primary vote, while"}, {"title": "Ted Mack (politician)", "text": " Spender lost over 18 percent of his primary vote from 1987. He was elected on the fourth count after Democrat and Labor preferences flowed overwhelmingly to him. Mack was narrowly re-elected in 1993.{{cite web Mack chose to retire from federal parliament at the 1996 election for the same reason he had previously chosen to retire from state parliament \u2212 to avoid receiving a parliamentary pension. When the Liberals held their preselection contest for the seat, they did not know at the time that Mack would not renominate, and Joe Hockey won the nomination with very little opposition. It is widely believed that Hockey would have faced a more rigorous preselection contest had it been known that Mack was retiring. North Sydney had always been a comfortably safe Liberal seat on a \"traditional\" two-party preferred basis, and it had been an almost foregone conclusion that it would revert to the Liberals once Mack retired. As expected, Hockey easily won the seat, and later went on to serve in various ministerial roles including Treasurer.</s><s>Post-political life. Mack was elected as an independent Republican delegate to the Australian Constitutional Convention. He opposed the model favoured by the Australian Republican Movement. Along with Clem Jones, he was a director of Real Republic and was appointed to the official ten person \"no\""}, {"title": "Ted Mack (politician)", "text": " committee for the 1999 referendum. In 1997, Ted Mack was elected as one of the one hundred \"National Living Treasures\", organised by the National Trust of Australia. After his retirement from federal parliament he was an occasional media political commentator, and was chosen to deliver the 2013 Sir Henry Parkes Oration entitled \"The State of the Federation\" at.</s><s>Post-political life.:2015 North Sydney by-election. Ahead of the 2015 North Sydney by-election held on 5 December, Mack re-entered the federal political arena by announcing he would steer the campaign of independent candidate Stephen Ruff, which had the support of some disgruntled Liberal supporters. A senior orthopaedic surgeon at Royal North Shore Hospital, Ruff was a late entrant into the 2015 New South Wales state election for the North Shore state seat, and despite little financial resources and facing veteran Liberal incumbent Jillian Skinner, Ruff still managed a vote in excess of 10 percent. Regarding the North Sydney by-election, Mack stated \"I've never seen an election where a Liberal candidate is so disliked by such a lot of Liberal members and Liberal voters\". Leaked emails showed potential voters were sent registration forms at 7:30 pm on a Thursday and asked to signal their availability, with the cut-off for rep"}, {"title": "Ted Mack (politician)", "text": "lying by noon the next day, and additionally, advance notice of the email and cut-off was provided to Liberal candidate Trent Zimmerman's backers. It was claimed up to 550 Liberal branch members were unable to vote after the Liberal state executive pushed through a shortened pre-selection process to select Zimmerman, who was also head of the body that sets the rules for Liberal pre-selections, which has been claimed as a \"complete conflict of interest\". Mack also claimed that much of the electorate was angered that the outgoing Joe Hockey, who penned the \"age of entitlement\" speech, had forced a $1-million by-election within a year of the 2016 federal election, with the expectation of becoming the next Ambassador of Australia to the United States. Ruff was ultimately unsuccessful, coming second to Zimmerman with a 19 percent primary and 40 percent two-candidate vote. It was only the second time in the seat's history that the successful Liberal candidate did not obtain a majority of the primary vote, having to rely on preferences after a larger than predicted double-digit primary vote swing.</s><s>Post-political life.:Health and death. In 2016 it was reported that Mack had commenced treatment for brain cancers following the discovery of multiple small tumours in his brain. Mack informed the media that"}, {"title": "Ted Mack (politician)", "text": " the diagnosis was terminal. The inaugural Ted Mack Oration was hosted by North Sydney Council and delivered in March 2017 by Elizabeth Farrelly, a \"Sydney Morning Herald\" columnist and architecture academic at the University of New South Wales. Mack died after a stroke on 6 November 2018. On the first anniversary of his death on 6 November 2019, the Mayor of North Sydney, Jilly Gibson, officially renamed the park next to North Sydney Council Chambers as \"Ted Mack Civic Park\".</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ted Mack (politician)", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000182", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Phillip Gillespie.", "docs": [{"title": "Phillip Gillespie", "text": "<s>Phillip Gillespie Phillip J. Gillespie (born 23 October 1975) is an Australian cricket umpire. A member of the Australian National Umpire Panel, Gillespie has umpired 6 Women's One Day International cricket matches, 10 first-class matches, 9 List A matches, 10 Twenty20 matches and 9 Women's Twenty20 matches.</s><s>Career. He began his career in umpiring after suffering injuries to his Achilles tendon, jaw and knee whilst playing for Rowville Cricket Club in Melbourne. Wanting to stay in the game, he began umpiring in the Victorian Premier Cricket competition in 2009. Making his List A debut in the fixture between the England Lions and Victoria during the February 2013 tour, he has officiated in eight Matador BBQs One-Day Cup matches. Gillespie has also umpired two Women's National Cricket League matches including the semi final between New South Wales and Victoria in 2015. Gillespie umpired six matches during the 2015\u201316 Big Bash League season and a further four the following season. In women's Twenty20, he umpired his first match during the 2012\u201313 Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup. He has also stood in Women's Big Bash League matches including the second semi final of the 2016\u201317 season"}, {"title": "Phillip Gillespie", "text": " where the Sydney Sixers defeated the Hobart Hurricanes at the Gabba. He made his first-class debut on 15 February 2015 in the Sheffield Shield in the round 7 match between New South Wales and Victoria at Robertson Oval in Wagga Wagga where Doug Bollinger took a hat-trick from his end. He has since umpired a further nine matches with the latest the clash between Tasmania and Queensland at Bellerive Oval in March 2017. Gillespie made his international umpiring debut during the West Indies women's cricket team tour of Australia in 2014, standing in all four WODI matches. Most recently, he umpired the final two WODIs of the South Africa in Australia WODI series in November 2016 at the Coffs Harbour International Stadium. In February 2017, he umpired three matches in the 2016\u201317 ICC World Cricket League East Asia\u2013Pacific Region Qualifiers \u2013 Fiji versus the Philippines at the Queen Elizabeth Oval in Bendigo; the Philippines against Vanuatu at Canterbury Park in Eaglehawk and Fiji against Vanuatu at Dower Park in Kangaroo Flat. Gillespie was accepted into the 2015 intake of the Australian Sports Commission National Officiating Scholarship program where he will undertake professional development and identified training activities to be able to officiate the"}, {"title": "Phillip Gillespie", "text": " elite level. In May 2015, he replaced Damien Mealey on the 2015\u201316 National Umpire Panel. On 7 October 2022, he stood in his first Twenty20 International (T20I) match, between Australia and West Indies.</s><s>Personal life. Gillespie was born 23 October 1975 in Frankston, an outer-suburb of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. A supporter of the Richmond Tigers in the Australian Football League, his day job is a police officer in the Victorian Police Force.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Phillip Gillespie", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000183", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Shigeru Fukudome.", "docs": [{"title": "Shigeru Fukudome", "text": "<s>Shigeru Fukudome</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life and career. Born in Yonago, Tottori prefecture, Fukudome graduated from the 40th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1913, ranked 8 out of 144 cadets. As a midshipman, he served on the cruisers \"Soya\" and \"Izumo\" and battleship \"Satsuma\". After his promotion to ensign, he was assigned to the battleship \"Hizen\" and cruiser \"Kashima\". After attending torpedo school and naval artillery school, he served on the patrol boat \"Manshu\", followed by the cruiser \"Chitose\" and was promoted to lieutenant in 1918. After attending navigational training, he was assigned as chief navigator to the destroyer \"Sakura\", and cruiser \"Niitaka\". He was then appointed executive officer on the oiler \"Kamoi\", on its voyage to the United States from 1921\u20131922. After his return to Japan, he was assigned a number of staff positions. He then graduated from the Naval War College with honors in 1924, and was promoted to lieutenant commander. After a tour as chief navigator on the cruiser \"Iwate\","}, {"title": "Shigeru Fukudome", "text": " he joined the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff and was promoted to commander in 1929. He continued to hold a number of staff positions through the 1930s. He was promoted to captain in 1933, and was captain of the battleship \"Nagato\" from 1938\u20131939. He was promoted to rear admiral on 15 November 1939.</s><s>Biography.:Pacific War. Fukudome was first assigned to the Combined Fleet in 1940 to April 1941 (where he conducted aerial torpedo exercises with Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto in early 1940 in contemplation of the proposed attack on Pearl Harbor), which was then under discussion. After his promotion to vice admiral in 1942, he again served as Chief of Staff under Admiral Yamamoto's successor Admiral Mineichi Koga from May 1943 to March 1944, On 31 March 1944, while traveling by air from Palau to deliver plans for the Japanese counterattack in defense of the Marianas Islands (code named \"Z plan\") to Japanese headquarters at Davao near British North Borneo, Fukudome became the first flag officer in Japanese history to be captured by the enemy (Filipino guerrillas commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James M. Cushing) after his plane crash landed in a typhoon near Cebu. (Ad"}, {"title": "Shigeru Fukudome", "text": "miral Mineichi Koga, who had been traveling in a separate plane, was killed the same night). He was released to stop reprisals against civilians, costing the lives of numbers of Filipinos and burning dozens of villages by Japanese forces searching for the Admiral and the documents but the battle plans fell into the American hands. After Koga's death in March 1944, Fukudome became commander-in-chief of the 6th Air Base and 2nd Air Fleet, based in the Ky\u016bsh\u016b-Okinawa-Formosa district. He later noted that this appointment was out of convenience, arguing that since he had no experience with naval aviation, his assignment to a newly formed air unit must be because of the immediate need for an officer of flag rank. On 10 October 1944, the headquarters of the 2nd Air Fleet moved from Katori in Chiba Prefecture to Taiwan; at the same time as the headquarters move, the 200 Imperial Japanese Army aircraft present in Taiwan were assigned to him to bolster his 100-aircraft fleet, with additional reinforcements coming in later in smaller quantities over time. In late October 1944, because of the heavy losses of Japanese air units in the Philippines, Fukudome's responsibility was expanded to cover the Philippines as well"}, {"title": "Shigeru Fukudome", "text": ". He moved his headquarters to Manila on 22 October. Another 450 aircraft reached Clark Field over the next two days to join the approximately 100 aircraft that were already there under Vice Admiral Takijir\u014d \u014cnishi, who became his chief of staff. In January 1945, the 2nd Air Fleet was dissolved and merged with the 1st Air Fleet. With the merger of the two air fleets in the Philippines, Fukudome was transferred to Singapore to command the IJN 10th Area Fleet, which at the time consisted mainly of the 13th Air Fleet with 450 aircraft (mostly trainers) and the IJN 1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet (2 operational cruisers and other smaller ships). He arrived in Singapore and took over command on 16 January 1945, and remained in this role until the end of the war. Because of the American control of air and sea after the Philippines campaign, he was effectively stranded in Singapore without the ability to affect the outcome of the war in a significant way. After the war, Fukudome was interrogated in Tokyo between 9\u201312 December 1945 by Rear Admiral Ralph A. Ofstie of the United States Navy. In addition to the cooperative interrogation with the Americans, Fukudome was also entrusted by the British to take charge of"}, {"title": "Shigeru Fukudome", "text": " repatriating Japanese nationals from the Singapore area. Once the task of repatriation was accomplished, Fukudome was arrested at the instigation of American prosecutors and accused of war crimes; he was tried by a military tribunal in Singapore in connection with the execution of two downed American airmen during his tenure in Singapore, and found guilty of negligence in the performance of his duties. Following his release in 1950, Fukudome became a member of a 12-man commission to advise the Japanese government on the organization of the Japanese Self-Defense Force before his death in 1971. His grave is at the Tama Cemetery in Fuchu, outside of Tokyo.</s><s>Notable positions held. - Equipping Officer, CVS \"Kamoi\" \u2013 1 December 1921 \u2013 12 September 1922 - Chief Navigator, CVS \"Kamoi\" \u2013 12 September 1922 \u2013 10 December 1922 - Staff Officer, 1st Fleet \u2013 8 January 1924 \u2013 15 October 1924 - Staff Officer, Combined Fleet \u2013 8 January 1924 \u2013 15 October 1924 - Staff Officer, Combined Fleet \u2013 16 November 1933 \u2013 15 November 1934 - Staff Officer, 1st Fleet \u2013 16 November 1933 \u2013 15 November 1934 - Vice-Chief-of-Staff, China Area Fleet \u2013 25 April 1938 \u2013 15 December 1938 - Staff"}, {"title": "Shigeru Fukudome", "text": " Officer, 3rd Fleet \u2013 25 April 1938 \u2013 15 December 1938 - Commanding Officer, \"Nagato\" \u2013 15 December 1938 \u2013 5 November 1939 - Chief-of-Staff, 1st Fleet \u2013 15 November 1939 \u2013 10 April 1941 - Chief-of-Staff, Combined Fleet \u2013 1942 \u2013 31 March 1944 - Commander-in-Chief, 2nd Air Fleet \u2013 15 June 1944 \u2013 8 January 1945 - Commander-in-Chief, 13th Air Fleet \u2013 13 January 1945 \u2013 15 August 1945</s><s>Dates of Promotions. - Midshipman \u2013 17 July 1912 - Ensign \u2013 1 December 1913 - Sublieutenant \u2013 13 December 1915 - Lieutenant \u2013 1 December 1918 - Lieutenant Commander \u2013 1 December 1924 - Commander \u2013 30 November 1929 - Captain \u2013 15 November 1933 - Rear Admiral \u2013 15 November 1939 - Vice Admiral \u2013 1 November 1942</s><s>Portrayal in films. Fukudome was one of the characters that appeared in the 1970 American/Japanese war film \"Tora! Tora! Tora!\", where he was portrayed by the Japanese actor Koji Kawamura.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Books. - Barreveld, Dirk Jan (2015). \"Cushing's Coup\", Casemate Publ. - {{c"}, {"title": "Shigeru Fukudome", "text": "ite book | last = Dupuy - {{cite book | last = Parrish - {{cite book | last = Van Der Vat</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Shigeru Fukudome", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000184", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Akbar Hossain.", "docs": [{"title": "Akbar Hossain", "text": "<s>Akbar Hossain Bir Protik Akbar Hossain (18 January 1941 \u2013 25 June 2006) was a Bangladeshi politician of Bangladesh National Party. He served as the minister of Minister for Shipping, Minister for the Environment and Forests and Minister for Petroleum and Mineral Resources.</s><s>Biography. Hossain was born in Kashari Patty on 18 January 1941, in Comilla District.</s><s>Military career. Hossain joined the army at Kakul Military Academy in Pakistan in May 1966, after his commission, he was posted to the 31 Baluch Regiment. While serving, he studied for his bachelor's at the University of Dhaka, receiving the degree in 1969. Hossain joined the War of Independence in 1971 first under Khaled Musharraf and then with the Z force headed by Ziaur Rahman. He was decorated for gallantry, receiving the 'Bir Protik' for his role in the War. After independence was won, he took voluntary retirement from the Bangladesh Army at the end of December 1973, after attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel.</s><s>Political career. Hossain then became actively involved in politics and helped form the United People's Party (UPP) in January 1974. He went on to become"}, {"title": "Akbar Hossain", "text": " the Vice-President of the UPP. In 1977, the UPP merged with the Jatiyatabadi Front, Hossain left and joined Bangladesh National Party (BNP) and played a crucial role in its founding. He was first made Special Secretary and then held the position of Joint Secretary General and was one of the Vice-Presidents of the BNP up until his death. In 1978, Hossain was appointed as the minister for Petroleum and Mineral Resources under the government of President Ziaur Rahman. Hossain was first elected a Member of the Bangladesh Parliament in 1979, he represented the Comilla 8th constituency in the 2nd Jatiyo Sangshad elections, a seat he was re-elected to four times. During the military dictatorship of General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, Akbar Hossain was jailed on five separate occasions for coming into conflict with the regime. After the ending of the military dictatorship and the election of Khaleda Zia, the country's first female Prime Minister. Hossain returned to government as Minister for the Environment and Forests in October 1993. In October 2001, Hossain was appointed Minister for Shipping after the BNP led four-party alliance won the 8th Jati"}, {"title": "Akbar Hossain", "text": "yo Sangshad elections, with a two-thirds majority and Khaleda Zia became the Prime Minister of Bangladesh for the third time. He died in Dhaka in 2006 following a massive heart attack.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Akbar Hossain", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000185", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Zhang Yaokun.", "docs": [{"title": "Zhang Yaokun", "text": "<s>Zhang Yaokun Zhang Yaokun (; born 17 April 1981) is a retired Chinese footballer.</s><s>Club career. Zhang Yaokun started his football career in 1998 with Dalian Shide; however, due to an ankle fracture, he struggled to establish himself within the team and it was only once he overcame his long term injury did he start to become a regular. He later became an integral member of the defense and helped Dalian in their dominance within Chinese football by winning league titles in the 2001 season and the 2002 season as well as the Chinese FA Cup in 2001. After Dalian had a disappointing 2004 season, Vladimir Petrovi\u0107 came in as the new manager and would loan out Zhang to Sichuan Guancheng during the 2005 season where he quickly established himself as a key member of the club. He returned to Dalian the following season where he continued to be a key member of the squad and would go on to become their captain. On 18 December 2012, Zhang transferred to fellow Chinese Super League side Guangzhou R&F. He made his debut for the club on 9 March 2013 in a 4-2 loss against Liaoning Whowin. On 26 February 2017, Zhang transferred to League One side Wuhan Zall."}, {"title": "Zhang Yaokun", "text": " On 12 November 2018, Zhang Yaokun publicly announced his retirement from professional football right after Wuhan Zall successfully promoted to Chinese Super League.</s><s>International career. Zhang was called-up to the Chinese national team for the 2004 AFC Asian Cup where he made several appearances coming on as a substitute and playing in numerous positions in defence. He continued to be a regular for the squad that qualified for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup and he and Li Weifeng were the first-choice centre back pairing during the tournament.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club statistics.</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Club. Dalian Shide - Chinese Jia-A League: 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002 - Chinese FA Cup: 2001 - Chinese FA Super Cup: 2000, 2002 Wuhan Zall - China League One: 2018</s><s>Honours.:International. - China PR national football team - East Asian Football Championship: 2005</s><s>Honours.:Individual. - Chinese Super League Team of the Year: 2004</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Zhang Yaokun", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000186", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Steve Cummins.", "docs": [{"title": "Steve Cummins", "text": "<s>Steve Cummins Steven Cummins (born 29 March 1992) is an Australian professional rugby union player, currently signed with Melbourne-based Super Rugby side, the. He was previously a member of Welsh Pro 14 team Scarlets. His regular position is lock and he also plays at blind-side flanker.</s><s>Early life and rugby. Cummins was born in Sydney and attended The Hills Sports High, captaining their first XV in 2010. He was also named captain of the New South Wales All Schools team in the same year, as well as the Australian Schoolboy team. In 2011, Cummins captained the Australia Under-19 side and he was a member of the Australia Under-20 team that played at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship. Cummins played in the Shute Shield competition with Eastwood, impressing coach John Manenti, who said: Steve Cummins has established himself as a real hard worker with huge involvements at the tackle and breakdown areas. In 2013, Cummins played for the Sydney-based Super Rugby franchise side the'emerging side, Gen Blue in the Pacific Rugby Cup.</s><s>Rugby career.</s><s>Rugby career.:Eastern Province Kings. On 3 June 2014, the announced Cummins as one"}, {"title": "Steve Cummins", "text": " of three new signings prior to the 2014 Currie Cup Premier Division season. He joined them on a short-term contract for the remainder of 2014. Two days later, Cummins was selected on the bench for the side to face during a tour match during a 2014 incoming tour. He came on as a late substitute, playing the last six minutes as the Kings suffered a 12\u201334 defeat. Cummins started the opening match of the Currie Cup season, but was on the losing side as secured a 35\u201316 victory. He played in the first three matches of the season, as well as in the final four matches, including their match against the in the final round of the competition, where the Kings secured their only victory after nine successive defeats, beating the 26\u201325. Cummins made a total of eight appearances in Eastern Province Kings colours during his short spell in Port Elizabeth.</s><s>Rugby career.:Melbourne Rebels. On the same day that Cummins was announced as an EP Kings player, the also announced that Cummins signed a contract to join them as an Extended Playing Squad (EPS) member for the 2015 Super Rugby season. In early 2015, it was announced that Cummins had re-signed with the Melbourne Rebels for a further two years"}, {"title": "Steve Cummins", "text": "</s><s>Rugby career.:Scarlets. Cummins signed with Welsh team Scarlets in November 2017.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Steve Cummins", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000187", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kubota Beisen.", "docs": [{"title": "Kubota Beisen", "text": "<s>Kubota Beisen Although his style remained recognisably Japanese, his knowledge of Western principles and methods is also reflected in his work. Beisen trained under Suzuki Hyakunen (1825\u20131891). The way in which he integrated Western perspective and techniques in his work was a self-taught skill.</s><s>Biography. Kubota was a teacher at the Kyoto Prefectural School of Painting, which was founded in 1878 by Kubota and others. Among his colleagues in establishing the school was the artist K\u014dno Bairei (1844\u201395). - 1886: Kubota was ordered to decorate the ceiling and doors of one of the rooms in the Imperial palace, which was then newly constructed in Tokyo. - 1889: Kubota visited Paris, where he made a study of European masters. - 1890: Kubota began working for the \"Kokumin Shimbun\", which was among the daily newspapers in Tokio. - 1893: Kubota was sent to the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago by a newspaper, \"Kokumin Shimbun\"; and his drawings were published for its subscribers in Tokyo and elsewhere in Japan Kubota's paintings were collected in a multivolume set of soft cover books"}, {"title": "Kubota Beisen", "text": " in Japan that same year under the title \"\" (\u95a3\u9f8d\u4e16\u754c\u535a\u89a7\u7f8e\u8853\u54c1\u753b\u8b5c) by Okurashoten. \u3000The illustration to the right appears in volume one, available for free download as a PDF through Getty Images, the Internet Archive, and Hathi Trust. - 1897: A painting by Kubota was amongst the gifts from Japan which were presented to Queen Victoria on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee. As war artist for \"Kokumin Shimbun\", he accompanied the Japanese army at the time of the war with China in 1894 through 1895. His vivid illustrations of battlefield scenes of the First Sino-Japanese War were widely distributed in the Japanese population. When Kubota returned from the front, he was summoned to General Headquarters where he was ordered to create drawings in the presence of the Emperor. Kubota's artwork was published in \"Nisshin Sentou Gahou\" (\"A Pictorial Record of the Sino-Japanese War\"). The eleven volumes were published at irregular intervals between October 1894 and June 1895. The volumes are a visual chronicle of the war, beginning with the outbreak of hostilities in the summer of 1894. Kub"}, {"title": "Kubota Beisen", "text": "ota created images of Japan's sea-victories. He also published a visual account of Japan's advance into Manchuria. The peace treaty signed between Japan and China was also illustrated as part of this series of drawings. Amongst the honours he received are the Paris Exposition, Gold Medal, 1889. and at the Columbian Exposition, First Class Medal, 1893.</s><s>Works. Kubota's published work in Japanese is encompassed in 24 works in 25 publications in 53 library holdings. His one work in English was published in six editions and is found in 84 libraries worldwide. - 1921 \u2014 \u6d17\u5f35\u6d6e\u4e16\u6a21\u6f3e \"(\") OCLC 029340693 - 1905 \u2014 OCLC 037632804 - 1901 \u2014 \u7c73\u50ca\u756b\u8ac7 (\"). OCLC 037418923 - 1895 \u2014 - 1894 \u2014 \u5716\u6848\u670d\u7d17\u5408 (\") OCLC 027754896</s><s>See also. - War artist</s><s>Further reading. - Di\u00f3sy, Arthur. (1900). \"The New Far East.\" London: Cassell. OCLC 1368973 - Okamoto, Shum"}, {"title": "Kubota Beisen", "text": "pei and Donald Keene. (1983). \"Impressions of the front: woodcuts of the Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95.\" Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art. OCLC 179964815 - Tokutomi Ichiro and Y. Fukai. (1896). \"The Far East: an Exponent of Japanese Thoughts and Affairs,\" Vol. 1. Tokyo: Office of the \"Kokumin-no-tomo\". OCLC 17255487</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kubota Beisen", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000188", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Marty Mayberry.", "docs": [{"title": "Marty Mayberry", "text": "<s>Marty Mayberry Marty Mayberry (born 9 February 1986) is a double leg amputee LW3 classified Paralympic alpine skier from Australia. Mayberry lost both legs after contracting meningococcal disease when he was sixteen years old. This experiences led him to study medicine, and he attended Griffith University and the University of Sydney where Mayberry pursued health science courses. Beyond the classroom, he has written a paper on meningococcal disease, worked part-time on research about the disease, and talked about his experiences at a conference. Having started out as an able-bodied skier, Mayberry took up the disability sport. He made his national team debut in 2005, and went on to represent Australia at the 2006 Winter Paralympics the following year, when he did not medal. With the aid of a prosthesis, adjustments were made to his skiing legs, and he competed in several skiing competitions during 2007, 2008 and 2009. He was selected for the Australian 2010 Winter Paralympics team at a ceremony in Canberra in November 2009. Between then and the start of the Games, he participated in a few more competitions, including one where he picked up a gold medal, and participated in a national team training camp. He was selected as"}, {"title": "Marty Mayberry", "text": " Australia's flag bearer for the opening ceremony. In competition, he earned a silver medal in the men's downhill standing event, finished 24th in the Super-G, was disqualified from the slalom, and failed to finish in the giant slalom. Following the games, he retired from skiing.</s><s>Personal. Mayberry was born on 9 February 1986, and grew up in Byron Bay, New South Wales, where he attended Byron Bay High School. By 2009, he resided in Queensland, and was living in Yeerongpilly, Queensland by 2010. In June 2010, he married a woman he met at a music festival. Following a high school ski trip when he was in year 11, Mayberry contracted meningococcal disease at the age of 16, and this resulted in double below the knee amputations. He was in a coma for two weeks as a result of the disease, and, when he woke up at Byron Bay Hospital, learned his legs had been amputated. One of the things that motivated him to keep going during rehabilitation was the opportunity for sports. Mayberry studied health sciences at Griffith University, and medicine at the University of Sydney. He went into medicine partly because of his illness during high school. He relocated to Sydney with"}, {"title": "Marty Mayberry", "text": " his fianc\u00e9 to do so not long before the start of the 2009\u20142010 ski season. In August 2010, he was the opening speaker at the Amanda Young Foundation Meningococcal Conference, and in 2010 and 2011, worked part-time at the Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, where he was in contact with \"Robert Booy in his research on the psycho-social impact of meningococcal B on families.\" He wrote up his experiences in dealing with meningococcal infection in the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. He lives by Gandhi's quote \"Be the change you want to see in the world\".</s><s>Skiing. Mayberry is an LW3 classified skier who competes in standing events using a pair of artificial legs. Prior to contracting meningococcal, he was involved with skiing. He was back to competing at it on the disability side by 2004. When fully kitted out, he looks like an able-bodied skier, and is capable of skiing faster than. He received support for his skiing from the Australian Institute of Sport, New South Wales Institute of Sport and the Australian Government Sports Training Grants program. Mayberry has won medals at IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup events"}, {"title": "Marty Mayberry", "text": " and the Paralympic Games. He made his Australian national team debut in 2005 at the European Cup Finals, and went on to represent Australia the following year at the 2006 Torino Games where he failed to medal in the four men's standing events he competed in. He finished 33rd in the downhill, 21st in the Giant Slalom, 19th in the Slalom and did not finish in the Super G. Mayberry attributed his poor performance at the 2006 Games to his prosthetic legs, which \"just didn't feel right during the speed events in Italy.\" Following those Games, he worked with prosthetist Peter Farrand to develop new legs that would address the problems in Italy. Continuing to ski following the 2006 Games, he earned a gold medal at a World Cup event in 2007 in Slalom, and earned a bronze medal in slalom event at a 2008 World Cup competition. During Australia's 2009\u20142010 summer, Mayberry was based in Europe and North America for training. At the 2009 World Championships, he had a pair of sixth places finished in the Super G and downhill events. That year, at a Spanish hosted IPC World Cup, he crashed in the giant slalom event and did not score a time. He was"}, {"title": "Marty Mayberry", "text": " officially named to the Australian 2010 Winter Paralympics team in November 2009. A ceremony was held in Canberra with Australian Paralympic Committee president Greg Hartung and Minister for Sport Kate Ellis making the announcement. Mayberry was selected to the largest Winter Paralympics team that Australia had ever sent to the Games. In 2010, he was the only elite skier with his type of disability in his classification. At the second to last World Cup event before the 2010 Games, on a course in Vancouver, Canada, he won a silver medal in the downhill with a time of 1:16.02. In Aspen, Colorado, at the last World Cup event before the 2010 Games, he won a gold medal in the downhill event. Prior to the start of the Games, he participated in a national team training camp in Vail, Colorado before the Aspen hosted World Cup. He and the rest of Australia's para-alpine team arrived in the Paralympic village on 9 March 2010. As a 24-year-old, Mayberry competed in five events in the 2010 Paralympic games: downhill, super G, super combined, giant slalom, and slalom. His parents were in Vancouver to watch him compete. Mayberry won a silver medal"}, {"title": "Marty Mayberry", "text": " in the men's standing downhill event where he tied with another skier, and had a combined time of 1:22.78 He finished 24th in the Super-G, was disqualified from the slalom event after missing a gate, and did not finish in the Giant Slalom. Following the Games, he returned with the team to Sydney, where he attended a press conference at Sydney International Airport. He won an Australian Institute of Sport Sport Achievement Award in 2010. By September 2010, he had retired from elite skiing, one of several 2010 Winter Paralympic skiers to retire following the games. Others who retired at the same time he did included Shannon Dallas and Bart Bunting.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Marty Mayberry", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000189", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Thirayuth Boonmee.", "docs": [{"title": "Thirayuth Boonmee", "text": "<s>Thirayuth Boonmee Thirayuth Boonmee (, ; born 10 January 1950) is a Thai public intellectual and a former student activist.</s><s>Student leader. While a student at Chulalongkorn University in 1973, Thirayuth led the National Student Center of Thailand (NSCT) in coordinating political activism against the military dictatorship of Thanom Kittikachorn and Praphas Charusathien. The NSCT led tens of thousands in public protests against the regime. One of the earlier activities of the NSCT had been a 10-day boycott against Japanese products, in protest against Japanese investments in Thailand. On 6 October 1973, Thirayuth and 12 other student activists were arrested by the Praphas government for sedition after they distributed leaflets demanding a new constitution. Rumors spread that they had been killed, which sparked massive anti-government protests. The demonstrations reached their peak on 13 October, when about 400,000 protesters gathered in front of the Democracy Monument and the parliament building. That afternoon, Thirayuth and the other students were released, and the king approved plans to draft a new constitution within 12 months. Thirayuth also played a role in exposing the Internal Security Operations Command"}, {"title": "Thirayuth Boonmee", "text": "'s role in a massacre of villagers at Ban Na Sai village in the northeast. After the student massacre at Thammasat University on 6 October 1976, Thirayuth, as well as many other students and intellectuals fled from the cities to take refuge with the Communist Party of Thailand (CPT) in its jungle strongholds. Thirayuth increasingly became critical of the king, noting in a broadcast on 1 April 1977 that the monarchy was \"obsolete and deteriorating\", and that \"I think that if our people were to destroy it, there would be no adverse effects\". After the CPT dissolved itself in the early-1980s, Thirayuth returned to the mainstream of Thai intellectual life, renouncing socialism and rejecting his anti-monarchical statements.</s><s>Contemporary activism. Thirayuth earned a PhD in political science in the US, then returned to Thailand. For many years he has taught in the Faculty of Sociology of Thammasat University. In 1997, he was named one of Thailand's ten most influential public intellectuals.</s><s>Further reading. - Paul M. Handley, \"The King Never Smiles\" Yale University Press: 2006,</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Thirayuth Boonmee", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000190", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Bir Hambir.", "docs": [{"title": "Bir Hambir", "text": "<s>Bir Hambir Hambir Malla Dev (also known as Bir Hambir, Beera Hambeera, and Veer Hambir) was the forty-ninth king of Mallabhum. He ruled from 1565 to 1620 AD.</s><s>Personal life. Hambir was the 49th ruler of the Malla dynasty who flourished around 1586 AD and ruled in 16th-17th century, and was a contemporary of the Mughal emperor Akbar. He fought on the side of Akbar against the Afghans and paid an annual tribute to the Mughal governors of Bengal and thus acknowledged their suzerainty. Bir Hambir was a pious man who started following Vaishnavism. A story in two Vaishnava works (Prem-vilasa of Nityananda Das (alias Balaram Das) and Bhakti Ratnakara of Narahari Chakrabarti) recounts the manner in which Srinivasa and other devotees were robbed by Bir Hambir while travelling from Vrindavan to Gaur with a number of Vaishanava manuscripts. However, Bir Hambir was so moved by Srinivasa\u2019s reading of Bhagavata that he converted to Vaishnav"}, {"title": "Bir Hambir", "text": "ism and gave Srinivasa a rich endowment of land and money. He introduced the worship of Madan Mohan to Bishnupur.</s><s>Personal life.:Dev Title. During his regime (1565 to 1620), Dev title was suffixed after title Malla and Mallabhum was very safe and secured.</s><s>Battle of Mundamala Ghat. During the Pathan rule of Soleiman Karrani in Gaur, the kingdom of Bishnupur stood in a unique glory in the Rarh region of Bengal. His reckless son Daud Khan Karrani dreamed of seizing the whole of Bengal. In this situation, in 1575 AD, Daud Khan attacked Bishnupur with a large number of Pathan troops. Revered Fakir Narayan Karmakar Mahasaya writes - \"Dawood Khan suddenly came and encamped at a village called Ranisagar near Bishnupur with more than one lakh soldiers and similar ammunition.\" The people of Ranisagar were embarrassed by the sudden attack of Dawood Khan's army of lakhs. The Bishnupur army was still not ready for battle. At this moment, the heroic prince of Bishn"}, {"title": "Bir Hambir", "text": "upur, Hambir Malla, started the war by arming the army. The army of Bishnupur, intoxicated with the dream of victory, proceeded to subdue the enemy by worshiping the Maa Mrinmayee, the kuladevi of Mallabhum. The state of Bishnupur had total twelve forts, one of which was the Mundmal fort. Near this Mundmal Garh, the Mallabhum army attacked the Pathan forces. After a fierce battle between the two sides, Hambir Malla defeated the Pathan forces in such a tragic manner that the battlefield at the eastern gate of the fort was filled with the corpses of Pathan soldiers. The defeated Dawood Khan was taken prisoner. He waited for death in a state of siege. But the noble Hambir arranged for his release and reached a safe place. \"There were so many corpses of the dead Nawab's soldiers at the eastern gate of the fort that it was called\" Mundmalaghat \". It is said that Hambir Malla cut off the heads of the invading Pathan soldiers, made a garland (mundamala) and offered it as a gift to the demon-destroying Maa Mrinmayidevi. He"}, {"title": "Bir Hambir", "text": " was awarded the title of \"Bir Hambir\" for accomplishing that difficult task.1) \"Mallabhum Bishnupur\" - Manoranjan Chandra.</s><s>Rashmancha. The Rashmancha is a historical building located at Bishnupur. It was commissioned by Malla king Bir Hambir in 1600 CE. During the Vaishnava Ras festival, all the Radha Krishna idols of Bishnupur town used to be brought here to be worshipped by the citizens.</s><s>Dal Madal Kaman (Cannon). During the reign of Bir Hambir the Dal Madal, one of the largest-bored cannons even made, was founded, demonstrating the skill of artisans of that time. Dal Madal was made by Jagannath Karmakar. \"Dal Madal\" means \"destruction of enemy\". Another,\u00a0eminent historian Maniklal Sinha writes, the well-known Dalmadal of the Malla Rajas. There are distinct critiques regarding the name of the cannon. Common people think that Dal and Madal are two cannons. The concept of Sanskrit-educated people is Dalmadal, came from Sanskrit name Dalmardan. However,"}, {"title": "Bir Hambir", "text": " each of the above thoughts is incorrect. Actually, Mallabhum, kingdom of Malla Rajas was dominated by Dharmathakura and a Dharamshila is known as Dalmadal. His study also suggests that the ancestor of the Karmakar family, Jagannath Karmakar who built the Dalmadal cannon and named the cannon as Dalmadal</s><s>See also. - History of Bankura district</s><s>Sources. - website on Bankura - Kumkum Chatterjee. \"Cultural flows and cosmopolitanism in Mughal India : The Bishnupur Kingdom\" in \"Indian Economic and Social History Review\" Vol. 46 (2009), p.\u00a0147-182. - - O\u2019Malley, L.S.S., ICS, Bankura, Bengal District Gazetteers, pp.\u00a021\u201346(25), 1995 reprint, first published 1908, Government of West Bengal</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Bir Hambir", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000191", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad.", "docs": [{"title": "Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad", "text": "<s>Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad (15 September 1955 \u2013 25 January 2016) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India where he represented the Junagadh constituency of Gujarat. He was a former Cabinet Minister of water resources and irrigation of Gujarat state. He played a vital role in the development of Narmada and Ukai Dam Projects. He served his fourth term as member of legislative assembly representing Talala Gir Constituency of Gujarat until 2016.</s><s>Early life. He hailed from Yadav/Ahir community. His family was a native of Badalpara village near Veraval. Jashubhai was also known as lion of saurastra and lion of sorath(Sorath no savaj) \u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0aa8\u0ac0\u0aa4\u0abf \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe \u0aac\u0abe\u0aa6 \u0aaa\u0acb\u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0abe\u0ab2\u0abe\ufffd"}, {"title": "Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad", "text": "\ufffd\u0abe \u0aa4\u0abe\u0ab2\u0ac1\u0a95\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a98\u0ac1\u0ab8\u0ac0\u0a82\u0aaf\u0abe \u0a97\u0abe\u0aae\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ac2\u0ab2 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac7\u0ab2\u0ac0 \u0a9b\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab0\u0ab9\u0ac7\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa6 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abe \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0abe.</s><s>Career. He was elected to Lok Sabha in 2004 Indian general election and represented Junagadh. He was twice elected to Gujarat legislative assembly in 1990 and 1995 from Somnath constituency and"}, {"title": "Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad", "text": " became Cabinet Minister for water resources and irrigation. He was also twice elected to Gujarat legislative assembly in 1998 and in 2012 from Talala Gir constituency. He died on 25 January 2016 at Ahmedabad following brain tumour. After his death, his brother Bhagvanjibhai Barad was elected with 31,000 margin against BJP candidate Govindbhai Parmar.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000192", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Namita Gokhale.", "docs": [{"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": "<s>Namita Gokhale Namita Gokhale (born 1956) is an Indian writer, editor, festival director, and publisher. Her debut novel, \"Paro: Dreams of Passion\" was released in 1984, and she has since written fiction and nonfiction, and edited nonfiction collections. She conceptualized and hosted the Doordarshan show \"Kitaabnama: Books and Beyond\" and is a founder and co-director of the Jaipur Literature Festival. She won the 2021 Sahitya Akademi Award.</s><s>Early life and education. Gokhale was born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in 1956. She was raised in Nainital by her aunts and her grandmother Shakuntala Pande. She studied English literature Jesus and Mary College at Delhi University, and at age 18 married Rajiv Gokhale and had two daughters while she was a student. She refused to attend a course about the writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, and was dismissed from university by age 26. By age forty, she had survived cancer and her husband had died.</s><s>Career. While a student, at age 17, Gokhale began editing and managing the 1970s-era film magazine \"Super"}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": "\", and continued publishing the magazine for seven years, until it closed in the early 1980s. After \"Super\" closed, she began writing the story that became her debut novel. In addition to her writing career, Gokhale hosted a hundred episodes of \"Kitaabnama: Books and Beyond\", a multilingual book-show she conceptualized for Doordarshan. According to Raksha Kumar, writing for \"The Hindu\" in 2013, \"\"Kitaabnama\" tries to showcase the multilingual diversity of Indian literature by inviting laureates from different languages to talk about their work. It reminds one of the times when book stores were not overwhelmed by technical writing and self-help books; when literature and quality writing were not considered a waste of time; when the pleasure of reading was experienced by many.\" Gokhale is also a founder and co-director of the Jaipur Literature Festival, along with William Dalrymple and Sanjoy K Roy. She was also an advisor to the 'Mountain Echoes' literary festival in Bhutan. She conceptualised the 'International Festival of Indian Literature-Neemrana' 2002, and 'The Africa Asia Literary Conference', 2006. Gokhale also advises The Himalayan Echo"}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": " Kumaon Festival for Arts and Literature or the Abbotsford Literary Weekend. From 2010 through 2012, she traveled and conducted administrative work as a committee member of Indian Literature Abroad (ILA), an initiative by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, for a project intended to translate contemporary literature from Indian languages into the eight UNESCO languages, but after funding was not provided by the government, she shifted her efforts to work with Jaipur Bookmark, the publishing imprint of the Jaipur Literature Festival. She is also the co-founder-director of Yatra Books, established in 2005 with Neeta Gupta, a multilingual publishing company specialising in creative writing and translations in English, Hindi and Indian regional languages.</s><s>Influences. In a 2017 interview with R Krithika of \"The Hindu\", Gokhale described the influences on her writing as \"very insidious things. Books and ideas can trigger responses that take a long time to come to fruition.\" She named \"The Tale of Genji \" as a major influence, and listed \"Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Muriel Spark, Kalidasa.\" In 1998, Nalini Ganguly writes for \"India Today\", \"All of her work seems to be stuck"}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": " with her personality as a Kumaoni Brahmin girl,\" and quotes Gokhale, \"My way of looking at the world remains trapped in that primary identity; once you start loving the hills they hold on to you.\" In 2010, Nita Sathyendran writes for \"The Hindu\", \"The author is also \"deeply fascinated\" by Indian mythology, with a lot of her books inspired by its tales and characters. It has also led her to writing books such as \"The Book of Shiva\" (on Shaivaite philosophy) and an illustrated version of the Mahabharata for children.\"</s><s>Critical reception. According to \"Harmony\" Magazine, Gokhale \"burst upon the literary scene in 1984 with a rather unconventional but sparkling social satire, \"Paro: Dreams of Passion\", which swirled around the cocktail circuit of Delhi, capturing the shenanigans of Page 3 celebs, long before the term was even coined.\" Somak Ghoshal, writing for \"Mint\" in 2014, described the novel as \"A chronicle of the debauched existence of the rich and famous in Bombay (now Mumbai) and Delhi,\" that \"invoked horror and outrage when it first appeared in India. Few seemed to have got"}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": " its uproarious humour,\" and \"If Indian parents forbade their children to touch the book, the reaction in the West was quite the opposite, where it was received as a work of literary, rather than pulp, fiction.\" According to the \"Press Trust of India\" in 2020, it \"has remained a cult classic.\" It was later re-issued as the double edition \"Double Bill: Priya and Paro\" in 2018, with the 2011 sequel \"Priya: In Incredible Indyaa\", described by Paro Anand, writing for \"Outlook\" in 2011, as a \"racy read\" and by Somak Ghoshal, writing for \"Mint\" in 2014, as \"not as well received\" as \"Paro\". A review of \"Priya\" by Kishwar Desai for \"India Today\" states, \"Written in the same sparkling Hinglish style which had lent Paro its appeal, Priya's escapades are probably not as scandalous as her baate noire's were. But Gokhale's acerbic touch has not deserted her.\" In a 2011 review for \"The Hindu\", Sravasti Datta writes \"Priya\" \"intrigues but doesn't shock"}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": ". Why? Because sexual frankness is everywhere, be it in books or films.\" In 1994, Gokhale published \"Gods Graves and Grandmother\", described by Subhash K Jha of \"India Today\" as \"remarkable on two counts. First, its structure of a modern fable held aloft by the gauziest of irony. And second, its searching scan of life in the downwardly mobile class of the Indian metropolises migrants who, by emotional and pecuniary manipulation, get rich quick, breaching the bastion of the bourgeois class as a casual enterprise.\" It was later adapted into a musical play. In 1998, Gokhale published the nonfiction \"Mountain Echoes: Reminiscences of Kumaoni Women\", a book of oral biography, that explores the Kumaoni way of life through the lives of four women: her aunt Shivani, the Hindi novelist, her grandmother Shakuntala Pande, Tara Pande and Jeeya (Laxmi Pande), which was one of several of her works described by Nita Sathyendran, writing for \"The Hindu\" in 2010, that \"narrate tales of strong women.\" Gokhale edited the 2014 book \""}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": "Travelling In, Travelling Out\", described by Danielle Pagani in \"The Hindu\" as an essay collection that \"take the reader from Asia to America and Europe, discovering situations and different ways to travel. Every author shares his or her personal experience and the stories are very different from each other \u2014 from unusual encounters with Maoist guerrillas in the jungle to Western cities and difficulties encountered there by immigrants,\" and \"Although rich in detail, some of the stories are short, leaving the readers wanting more.\" Her novel \"Things to Leave Behind\" was published in November 2016. Shahnaz Siganporia writes for \"Vogue India\", \"Veteran publisher, prolific author, founder-director of the Jaipur Literary Festival and advisor to Mountain Echoes in Bhutan\u2014Namita Gokhale's latest novel is considered her most ambitious yet.\" Rakhshanda Jalil writes for \"Scroll.in\", \"\"Things To Leave Behind\" is the third in her trilogy of books on the Himalayas, coming after \"The Book of Shadows\" and \"A Himalayan Love Story\". As in the previous books, once again she demonstrates her strength in painting the most vivid pictures of the hills and dales in and around Naineetal and"}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": " Almora. Her eye for the small details coupled with her near-photographic memory for the sights and sounds she imbibed as a child and the stories she heard from her grandmother and grand-aunts help in creating a virtual tableau before the reader\u2019s inward eye.\" In a review by Ravi Shankar Etteth of \"The New Indian Express\", Gokhale is described as writing with \"chutzpah, imagination and leaps of faith taken in the ordinary pursuit of the extraordinary.\" Shreya Roy Chowdhury writes for \"The Times of India\" that the novel is the \"third in a series set in the Kumaon hills between 1840 and 1912,\" and that the \"experiences of Gokhale\u2019s own family, especially its women members, have informed her stories.\" In a review for \"Kitaab\", Dr. Pallavi Narayan writes, \"the author seems to be pointing to the patriarchal functioning of much of society\u2014documenting the histories of men while conveniently absenting the women, or portraying them as shadow figures. But what the novel is primarily about is the tussle of women with their dependence on men, and how this frames a woman\u2019s identity within that of the"}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": " man \u201ctaking care\u201d of her at the moment.\" Annie Zaidi writes in a review for \"Mint\", \"The novel moves at a brisk trot, with the result that the drama inherent in the lives of these characters is rather underplayed. [...] Gokhale\u2019s light touch also masks her more serious musings upon the painful clamp of caste and religion, the lack of education and independent property, and how these negative forces narrowed lives in ways that could break a woman\u2019s spirit, or declaw a spirited one.\" Her first YA fiction book \"Lost in Time\" was published in 2017, and described by R Krithika of \"The Hindu\" as \"a lovely tale of time travel, friendship, loss and love.\" Gokhale edited the 2017 anthology of prose and poetry \"The Himalayan Arc: Journeys East of South-east\", featuring work by 28 authors from the region Gokhale described as \"the bend of the Himalayas, the East of South-east, including Nepal, Bhutan, north-east India, and Myanmar.\" In a review published in \"The News Lens\", Omair Ahmad writes, \"These histories have largely been forgotten in favor of the lines drawn"}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": " on the map by the British Empire and its successors, but they have re-emerged, and have to be understood, if we are to understand the complex political geography of the region.\" Her 2020 novel \"Jaipur Journals\" features the Jaipur Literature Festival. Aishwarya Sahasrabudhe writes for \"Firstpost\", \"we are taken in five days through the lives of some interesting characters who are in one capacity or another part of what is often referred to as the \"Kumbh Mela of Literature\", the Jaipur Literature Festival.\" Pragya Tiwari writes in a review for \"Scroll.in\", \"Gokhale achieves the impossible by going beyond approximating the alchemy of the festival and leading us to its beating heart. The point of the festival is to keep asking repeatedly, like the heart beats \u2013 what does it mean to be a writer?\"</s><s>Works.</s><s>Works.:Fiction. - \"Paro: Dreams of Passion\", 1984 - \"Gods, Graves, and Grandmother\", 1994 - \"A Himalayan Love Story\", 1996 - \"The Book of Shadows\", 1999 - \"Shakuntala: The Play of Memory\", 2005 - \"Priya: In Incredible Indya"}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": "a\", 2011 - \"The Habit of Love\", 2012 - \"Things to Leave Behind\", 2016 - \"Lost in Time: Ghatotkacha and the Game of Illusions\", 2017 - \"Betrayed by Hope : A Play on the Life of Michael Madhusudan Dutt\" (co-authored with Malashri Lal), 2020 - \"The Blind Matriarch\", published in 2021</s><s>Works.:Non-fiction. - \"Mountain Echoes \u2013 Reminiscences of Kumaoni Women\", 1994 - \"The Book of Shiva\", 2000 - \"The Puffin Mahabharata\", 2009 - \"In Search of Sita\"(co-edited with Malashri Lal), 2009 - \"Travelling In, Travelling Out\" (edited), 2014 - \"Himalaya: Adventures, Meditations, Life\"(co-edited with Ruskin Bond), 2016 - \"The Himalayan Arc: Journeys East of South-east\" (edited), 2018 - \"Finding Radha: The Quest for Love\", 2018</s><s>Honors and awards. - 2017 Centenary National Award for Literature from the Asam Sahitya Sabha - 2017 Valley of Words Book Award, Best English Fiction (\"Things to Leave Behind\") - 2018"}, {"title": "Namita Gokhale", "text": " International Dublin Literary Award long list (\"Things to Leave Behind\") - 2019 Sushila Devi Literature Award, 'Best Book of Fiction Written by a Woman Author' (\"Things to Leave Behind\") - 2021 7th Yamin Hazarika Woman of Substance Award - 2021 Sahitya Akademi Award for \"Things to Leave Behind\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Namita Gokhale", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000193", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Nonzee Nimibutr.", "docs": [{"title": "Nonzee Nimibutr", "text": "<s>Nonzee Nimibutr Nonzee Nimibutr (, ; born in 1962 in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand) is a Thai film director, film producer and screenwriter. Best known for his ghost thriller, \"Nang Nak\", he is generally credited as the leader among a \"New Wave\" of Thai filmmakers that also includes Pen-Ek Ratanaruang, Wisit Sasanatieng and Apichatpong Weerasethakul.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Education. Nonzee is a relative of Lieutenant General Phachoen Nimitbutr (\u0e40\u0e1c\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e0d \u0e19\u0e34\u0e21\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e15\u0e23), Director of the Signal Department of the Royal Thai Army and the founder of Thailand's first television station, Army TV Channel 5. Nonzee graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in visual communication design from the Faculty of Decorative Arts at Silpakorn University in 1987. Classmates included Wisit Sasanatieng and production designer Ek Iemchuen. He started his career as a director of television commercials and music videos.</s><s>Biography.:First films. He made his feature-film debut with"}, {"title": "Nonzee Nimibutr", "text": " 1997's \"Dang Bireley's and Young Gangsters\", with a screenplay by Wisit Sasanatieng. The story was set in 1956 in Bangkok and follows the adventures of a gang of young criminals, with the action showing the influence of John Woo films. It was named best picture at the Thailand National Film Awards and was nominated for a Dragons and Tigers Award at the Vancouver International Film Festival. His next film was \"Nang Nak\", a thriller based on a popular Thai ghost story, also scripted by Wisit. A famous ghost story that has been depicted in many Thai films and television series, the story is about a husband comes home from war and takes up living with his wife and newborn son who, unbeknownst to him, have died while he was away. The moodily framed horror film won numerous awards, including best picture at the Thailand National Film Awards. Both \"Young Gangsters\" and \"Nang Nak\" were hits at the box office and were credited with reinvigorating the Thai film industry.</s><s>Biography.:Pan-Asian production. With his third film, \"Jan Dara\", Nonzee began a trend of pan-Asian film production in the Thai industry, bringing in Hong Kong actress Christy Chung to star in"}, {"title": "Nonzee Nimibutr", "text": " the erotic drama. He also sought funding from studios outside Thailand. Ahead of its release, \"Jan Dara\" was controversial because its sexual subject matter, involving incest, rape and abortion, tested the bounds of Thailand's 1930 Censorship Code. The film was released with the board's cuts for the film's commercial run in Thailand, but it was available uncut for film festivals. Nonzee also became quite active as a producer, putting his name on such films as \"Bangkok Dangerous\" by the Pang Brothers; \"Tears of the Black Tiger\" by Wisit Sasanatieng; the historical battle epic, \"Bangrajan\" by Thanit Jitnukul and Pen-Ek Ratanaruang's \"Monrak Transistor\". He co-founded his own production company, Cinemasia, with his production partner, Duangkamol Limcharoen. She died in 2003. Continuing on his path of pan-Asian production, Nonzee initiated the horror trilogy, \"Three\", in which he and two other directors, Hong Kong's Peter Chan and Korean director Kim Ji-Woon, each directed a segment.</s><s>Biography.:Recent work. While keeping busy as a producer, he directed 2003's \"OK Bay"}, {"title": "Nonzee Nimibutr", "text": "tong\", a topical, contemporary drama about a young man who must leave the Buddhist monkhood and go to Muslim-dominated southern Thailand to attend to the affairs of his sister, who was killed in a train bombing. In 2005, he directed a short film, \"The Ceiling\" for the Asian Film Academy, in conjunction with the Pusan International Film Festival. The 18-minute, English-language film starred South Korean actors is the story of a young writer who climbs into the crawlspace above her apartment and spies on the woman living next door. His next film, \"Queens of Langkasuka\", is an epic historical-fantasy involving pirates and three princesses who must protect their realm, Langkasuka. The film was originally to be called \"Queens of Pattani\", but the name was changed to avoid possible political overtones stemming from the South Thailand insurgency and Pattani separatism. Shooting began in August 2006. The film stars Jarunee Suksawat, Ananda Everingham from \"Shutter\", Dan Chupong from \"Kerd ma lui\", Jesdaporn Pholdee, Winai Kraibutr and Sorapong Chatree. Another film mentioned as being in development by Nonzee is"}, {"title": "Nonzee Nimibutr", "text": " a ghost thriller, \"Toyol\", a Singaporean co-production about a pair of Hong Kong children who move with their father to Bangkok and are introduced to a stepmother they do not like, in a house that has some problems, namely, the toyol. He's also produced \"\", a live-action adaptation of the popular Thai comic book (or manga) by Padung Kraisri, about a plucky Isan woman who works as a maid in a middle class urban Thai home. In 2008, Nonzee became the fifth filmmaker to be honored with the Thailand Culture Ministry's Silpathorn Award, an honor previously bestowed on Pen-ek Ratanaruang, Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Wisit Sasanatieng and Thunska Pansittivorakul.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Director. - \"Dang Bireley's and Young Gangsters\" (\"2499 Antapan Krong Muang\") (1997) - \"Nang Nak\" (1999) - \"Jan Dara\" (2001) - \"Three\", segment \"San Geng\" (\"The Wheel\") (2002) - \"OK Baytong\" (2003) - \"The Ceiling"}, {"title": "Nonzee Nimibutr", "text": "\" (2005) (short film) - \"Queens of Langkasuka\" (2008) - \"Distortion\" (2012) - \"Timeline\" 2015 - \"The Gift\" 2017</s><s>Filmography.:Producer. - \"Bangkok Dangerous\" (1999) - \"Tears of the Black Tiger\" (\"Fah Talai Jone\") (2000) (producer) - \"Bang Rajan\" (2000) - \"Jan Dara\" (2001) - \"Monrak Transistor\" (\"Transistor Love Story\") (2001) - \"Three\", segment \"San Geng\" (\"The Wheel\") (2002) - \"Last Life in the Universe\" (\"Ruang Rak Noi Nid Mahasan\" (2003) - \"\" (\"Jod Mai Rak\") (2004) - \"The Overture\" (\"Hom Rong\") (2004) - \"The Eye 2\" (\"Jian Gui 2\" (2004) - \"\" (2006) - \"Queen of Langkasuka\" (2008) - \"Pro May\" (\"Atchariyah Tong Sang)\" (2019) - \"Nemesis\" (\"Kuen Yuttitum\") (2020)</s><s>References. - Interview (2001). \"Nonz"}, {"title": "Nonzee Nimibutr", "text": "ee Nimibutr - Interview\". \"Movieseer\". Retrieved December 29, 2005.</s><s>References.:Notes.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Nonzee Nimibutr", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000194", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mamunul Islam.", "docs": [{"title": "Mamunul Islam", "text": "<s>Mamunul Islam Mamunul Islam Mamun() (born 12 December 1988) is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who last played as a midfielder for Bangladesh Premier League side Fortis FC and also played for the Bangladesh national football team during 2009-2020. He has won five league titles with three clubs. Mamunul started his career at Brothers Union as a central midfielder. After spending a season, he moved to Abahani Limited Dhaka in 2008\u201309 season and became league champion with Sky Blue Brigade. He joined Mohammedan SC Dhaka the following season. For 2010\u201311 season, Mamunul moved to Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club and won his second league title. Leaving Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club after 2011\u201312 season, he played the next season for Muktijoddha Sangsad KC. Then he joined Sheikh Russel KC and won his third league title. Again in 2013\u201314 season he returned to Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club and won two more league titles in 2013-14 and 2014\u201315 season. In the middle of this quest, Atletico de Kolkata signed Mamunul on loan from Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club to play the inaugural season of Indian Super League. After"}, {"title": "Mamunul Islam", "text": " returning to Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club, later he joined his hometown club Chittagong Abahani Limited for a record transfer fee in 2016. After spending two seasons there, the midfielder returned to Abahani Limited Dhaka in 2018. On 6 September 2020, he announced his retirement from international football.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Brothers Union. Mamunul started his career in Brothers Union as a central midfielder in 2007\u201308 season.</s><s>Career.:Abahani Limited Dhaka. Mamunul moved to Abahani Limited Dhaka in 2008\u201309 season and became the league champion in that season.</s><s>Career.:Mohammedan SC. After winning league title with Abahani he moved to their arch-rival Mohammedan SC in 2009\u201310 season and won Federation Cup and Super Cup with them.</s><s>Career.:Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club. Mamunul moved to Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club from Dhaka Mohammedan SC in 2010\u201311 season. In his first season with Sheikh Jamal DC he became the league champion.</s><s>Career.:Muktijoddha Sangsad KC. Mamunul played 2011\u201312 season for Mukt"}, {"title": "Mamunul Islam", "text": "ijoddha Sangsad KC.</s><s>Career.:Sheikh Russel KC. Mamunul went to Sheikh Russel KC from Muktijoddha Sangsad KC. And won the league, Federation Cup and Independence Cup in 2012\u201313 season.</s><s>Career.:Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club. 2013\u201314 season Mamunul returned to Sheikh Jamal DC. The club became the league champion under Mamunul's captaincy. His success at the club continued as they went on to win the league again in 2014\u201315 season.</s><s>Career.:Chittagong Abahani Limited. Ending his stint at Sheikh Jamal DC Mamunul Islam joined his hometown club, Chittagong Abahani on a national record fee of taka 65 lakh. He played two seasons there. And he captained the team in his first season.</s><s>Career.:Abahani Limited Dhaka. After ten long years at several clubs, Mamunul finally returned to Sky Blue Brigade in 2018. He played a veteran role in the team and helped them with his vast experience.</s><s>Career.:Mohammedan SC. On 17 November 2021, Mamunul returned to Dhaka Mohammedan SC after"}, {"title": "Mamunul Islam", "text": " 11 years.</s><s>Career.:Rahmatganj MFS. On 17 April 2022, Mamunul joined relegation fighting Rahmatganj MFS.</s><s>Indian Super League. Mamunul played in the first season of Indian Super League for Atl\u00e9tico de Kolkata, he went to the club on a 3 months loan from Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club. He is the only South Asian player outside India who was signed in the first season of the league. He impressed Indian football fans in 2014 IFA Shield by taking Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club(one of three foreign clubs participating in the tournament) to the finals. But Mamunul didn't get a chance to start for Atl\u00e9tico de Kolkata in \"ISL\".</s><s>Honours. Abahani Limited - Bangladesh Premier League: 2008\u201309 - Federation Cup: 2018 Mohammedan Sporting Club - Federation Cup: 2009 - Super Cup: 2009 Sheikh Russel KC - Bangladesh Premier League: 2012\u201313 - Federation Cup:2012 - Independence Cup: 2012\u201313 Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club - Bangladesh Premier League: 2010\u201311, 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315 - Federation Cup: 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315 Chittagong Ab"}, {"title": "Mamunul Islam", "text": "ahani Limited - Independence Cup: 2016 - Indian Super League: 2014 Bangladesh U-23 - South Asian Games Gold medal: 2010</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mamunul Islam", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000195", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Khalid Mahmood Mithu.", "docs": [{"title": "Khalid Mahmood Mithu", "text": "<s>Khalid Mahmood Mithu Khalid Mahmood Mithu (1960 \u2013 March 7, 2016) was a Bangladeshi film director and painter. He won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Director for his direction of the film \"Gohine Shobdo\" (2010).</s><s>Background and career. Mithu was born in Dhaka in 1960. His mother, Begum Momtaz Hossain Mithu, was a \"scriptwriter\". He was the nephew of the film director Alamgir Kabir. Mithu completed his Master of Fine Arts (MFA) degree from Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka in 1986. He directed his play, \"Dhusor Album\", in 1993. In 2010, he directed the film, \"Gohine Shobdo\", which earned him the national film award. His second film, \"Jonakir Alo\", was selected as the Bangladeshi entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2014, but was not nominated. Mithu was also a painter and by 2004, his work had been featured in 11 solo exhibitions.</s><s>Personal life. Mithu was married to painter Kanak Chanpa Chakma and together they had one son, Arjo Srestha and"}, {"title": "Khalid Mahmood Mithu", "text": " one daughter, Shiropa Purna. Mithu died when a road side tree fell on top of the rickshaw he was travelling on on March 7, 2016, in Dhanmondi Thana, Dhaka.</s><s>Works. - \"Gohine Shobdo\" (2010) - \"Jonakir Alo\" (2014)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Khalid Mahmood Mithu", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000196", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ahsee Tuala.", "docs": [{"title": "Ahsee Tuala", "text": "<s>Ahsee Tuala Ahsee Tuala (born 23 August 1989) is a Samoan rugby union player who plays as a fullback for Aviva Premiership side Northampton Saints.</s><s>Early career. Tuala was born in Samoa, but moved to New Zealand with his family aged 2 years old and grew up in South Auckland.</s><s>Club career. Tuala began his senior rugby career in New Zealand with the Counties Manukau Steelers, debuting during the 2009 Air New Zealand Cup season while only 20 years old. His ability to play in several positions across the backline saw him become an integral part of the Steelers squad and earn over 50 ITM Cup caps. He was also involved in the Chiefs Development squads in both 2010 and 2011. On 3 February 2015, Tuala signed for English club Northampton Saints in the Aviva Premiership until the end of the 2014-15 season. However, he signed a new deal with Northampton, making his move permanent at Franklin's Gardens. It could be said that while Tuala has been at Saints for two season now, his breakthrough year was this past season (2016/17). The full back secured his place within the starting lineup on a weekly basis while George North was away on international duty and retained that on"}, {"title": "Ahsee Tuala", "text": " the wing's return, crossing the whitewash five times that season for Saints. Teaming up with the rest of Saints' backline to form a formidable force when firing, Tuala was awarded Saints' Supporter' Breakthrough Player of the Year award at the 2016/17 End of Season Awards, pipping newcomers Nic Groom and Juan Pablo Estelles to the post. Most recently Tuala helped Saints secure a place in European Rugby Champions Cup, scoring the match winning try as Saints beat Stade Francais by one point to clinch the final top-tier European spot.</s><s>International career. Despite being born in Samoa, Tuala's early international experience came with New Zealand. He was a member of the New Zealand Under-20 wider squad in 2009 and the New Zealand sevens wider training group in 2012. However, in January 2012 it was announced that Tuala had withdrawn from the New Zealand sevens squad to focus on gaining international recognition with his native Samoa. His ambitions were realized 2 years later when he was named in the Samoan squad for the 2014 end-of-year rugby union tests and made his international debut on 14 November 2014 in a 23-13 victory over in Vannes, France. Most recently Tuala was called up,"}, {"title": "Ahsee Tuala", "text": " alongside fellow Saint Ken Pisi, to the Samoan squad for the 2017 internationals.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ahsee Tuala", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000197", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay.", "docs": [{"title": "Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay", "text": "<s>Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay (born 8 March 1956) is a Bengali writer from India. He has written novels and short stories for both adults and children.</s><s>Life. Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay was born in Calcutta His father was Ramangamohan Mukhopadhyay and mother Kanaklata Mukhopadhyay. He graduated from Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandir (a residential college) at Belur before taking a Masters in English from The University of Calcutta. He did his Ph.D from Jadavpur University. Mukhopadhyay started his career as Regional Secretary, East India, of Sahitya Akademi. Formerly he was Convener of the Bengali Advisory Board of the Sahitya Akademi. He was also President of the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad. He has retired as the Director of the Publishing Department, Visva-Bharati. He is associated with a number of Bengali Little Magazines.</s><s>Works. His first collection of 14 short stories entitled \"Madale Natun Bol\" (The New Beats on the Drum) published from Calcutta"}, {"title": "Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay", "text": " in 1984. His first novel \"Charane Prantare\" (At the Grazing Ground, at the Horizon) was published from Calcutta in 1993.</s><s>Awards. - Somenchandra Award of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi (2000) - Galpamela Puraskar (2004) - Katha Award (New Delhi, 2005) - Bankimchandra Smriti Puraskar of the Department of Higher Education, Govt. of West Bengal (2006) - Saratchandra Smriti Puraskar (Bhagalpur, 2007) - Sis Puraskar (2008) - Gajendra Kumar Mitra Birth Centenary Award 2009 - Ananda Puraskar of the Ananda Bazar Patrika and Desh (2013) - D.L.Ray Award (2014) - Kusumanjali Award (New Delhi, 2014) - Krititwa Samagra Puraskar of Bharatiya Bhasha Parisad (2016)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000198", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Alf Garland.", "docs": [{"title": "Alf Garland", "text": "<s>Alf Garland Brigadier Alfred Barrett Garland, AM (19 March 1932 \u2013 9 March 2002) was an Australian Army officer, and National President of the Returned and Services League of Australia (RSL) from 1988 to 1993. Garland had a distinguished military career, and attracted media attention by being outspoken on many controversial social issues, often antagonising the Keating government at the time.</s><s>Military career. Garland's army career spanned 35 years. In 1965, he commanded the 1st Special Air Service squadron against Indonesian forces in Borneo. During the Vietnam War, he was second-in-command of the 7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, and was appointed Australia's chief liaison officer to US forces.</s><s>National Presidency of the RSL and activism. Garland was President of the Australian Capital Territory branch of the RSL, before becoming the RSL National President in 1988. Garland was elected as the Australian Monarchist League delegate from New South Wales at the 1998 Australian Constitutional Convention. He joined Bruce Ruxton in campaigning against the notion of Australia becoming a republic. The two sat next to each other, angering republican delegates by opposing them on almost every point. In one attempt to filibuster debate, Garland recounted his family's loyalty to the Crown beginning in"}, {"title": "Alf Garland", "text": " medieval times. Garland was Chairman of both the Australian Monarchist League NSW and ACT branches. Garland also opposed the construction of the Japanese funded technology city known as the Multifunction Polis (MFP). Garland was also opposed to Asian immigration, saying in 1988 Australia must alter the selection of immigrants to ensure Australia remained \"predominantly European\".\"We want to retain Australia for Australians,\". Garland died at age 69, after a long battle with motor neurone disease.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Alf Garland", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000199", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Don Beard.", "docs": [{"title": "Don Beard", "text": "<s>Don Beard Donald Derek Beard (14 January 1920 \u2013 15 July 1982) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in four Tests from 1952 to 1956.</s><s>Early life and career. Don Beard grew up in the country near Palmerston North, cycling 15 miles a day to attend Palmerston North Boys' High School. After teacher training in Auckland, he attended Victoria University in Wellington, from where he completed a Diploma in Education in 1946 and a Master of Arts in 1948. His thesis was on the history of physical education in New Zealand primary schools. An accurate fast-medium bowler and useful lower-order batsman, Beard was selected to make his first-class debut for Wellington in the first round of Plunket Shield matches after the Second World War in December 1945, but he had not fully recovered from burns he had received while fighting a fire, and was replaced by Ray Buchan. He made his first-class debut a few weeks later in a friendly match against Auckland. He did not play Plunket Shield cricket until 1950\u201351, when he played for Central Districts in their inaugural match.</s><s>International career. In the 1951\u201352 Plunket Shield season, Beard took 16 wickets at 27.25 and was selected for"}, {"title": "Don Beard", "text": " the two Tests against the touring West Indies side, taking four wickets. He was a stalwart of the Central Districts team until 1960\u201361, taking 15 wickets and scoring 255 runs at 51.00 in 1953\u201354 when Central Districts won the Plunket Shield for the first time. He hit his top first-class score of 81 not out against Wellington during the season. Dick Brittenden said Beard specialised in the sweep shot, and \"would have made more runs in his colourful career had he not expended so much of his patience on bowling\". Beard topped the bowling averages in the Plunket Shield in 1955\u201356 with 28 wickets at 10.64, \"and 110 of his 217 overs were maidens\". After the visiting West Indies side won the first two Tests by an innings, they played Central Districts at Wanganui, where Beard top-scored in each innings, making 25 and 67, and took 3 for 52 and 2 for 59 (match figures of 50.1\u201320\u2013111\u20135). He returned to the Test team for the last two Tests, and played an important role in New Zealand's first-ever Test victory in the Fourth Test, making 31 and 6 not out and taking 1 for 20"}, {"title": "Don Beard", "text": " and 3 for 22. But that was his last Test.</s><s>Later career. Beard's best innings and match figures came in 1956\u201357 against Otago in Dunedin, when he took 7 for 56 and 4 for 43 (match figures of 61.4\u201326\u201399\u201311) in a match that Otago nevertheless won. In 1961 he became principal of Te Aroha College in Waikato, and played a few games for Northern Districts. In 1961\u201362 he took 5 for 70 and 6 for 71 against Auckland, and 5 for 60 and 3 for 36 in the next match against Wellington. He played his last game in the 1964\u201365 season, just after turning 45. Beard also played Hawke Cup cricket for Wanganui, Manawatu and Thames Valley. He stood nearly six feet three inches tall. He played basketball for New Zealand, was a notable amateur golfer, and played rugby union for Wellington, Wanganui (as captain) and North Island. Beard died in 1982 while on holiday in England after retiring as principal of Te Aroha College. His son Derek also played first-class cricket in New Zealand.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Don Beard", "frequency": "rare", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000200", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Edgar Bennett.", "docs": [{"title": "Edgar Bennett", "text": "<s>Edgar Bennett Edgar Bennett III (born February 15, 1969) is an American football coach and former running back who is the wide receivers coach for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). Bennett played college football at Florida State and was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the 4th round of the 1992 NFL Draft. He also played for the Chicago Bears.</s><s>Early years. Bennett attended Robert E. Lee High School in Jacksonville, Florida and won varsity letters in football, basketball, and track. Influenced by football coach Corky Rogers, he was a Class 4A All-State running back, and was a SuperPrep All-Dixie selection.</s><s>Playing career.</s><s>Playing career.:College. Bennett attended Florida State University. He lined up primarily at fullback in a backfield that included future NFL running backs Amp Lee, Marquette Smith, William Floyd, Zach Crockett and Sean Jackson. When Lee was suspended for the Cotton Bowl, Bennett started at halfback. Bennett is considered one of the most versatile fullbacks in FSU history. His career all-purpose yardage totaled more than 2,300 on 389 touches, good for 20 touchdowns. He was an all-around player who ran a 4.5 40 and"}, {"title": "Edgar Bennett", "text": " caught 93 passes for over 1,000 yards.</s><s>Playing career.:National Football League.</s><s>Playing career.:National Football League.:Green Bay Packers. Bennett was drafted in the 4th round (103rd overall) by the Packers in the 1992 NFL Draft. Bennett started his Packer career as a fullback, but he became the starting running back in 1995 and gained 1,067 yards rushing. As both a fullback and a running back, Bennett excelled as a receiver leading the Packers in receptions. He continued as the starting running back throughout the 1996 season, but in the latter half, Dorsey Levens was receiving significant playing time at running back. Bennett's career as a Packer culminated in their Super Bowl XXXI victory. He ruptured his Achilles tendon in the 1997 preseason and did not play that year.</s><s>Playing career.:National Football League.:Chicago Bears. Bennett played with the Chicago Bears in 1998 and 1999 before retiring after the 1999 season.</s><s>Coaching career.</s><s>Coaching career.:Green Bay Packers. Bennett rejoined the Packer organization in 2001 as director of player development. He later served as running backs coach for six seasons. In February 2011, Bennett was named wide receivers coach. In February 2015, Packers head"}, {"title": "Edgar Bennett", "text": " coach Mike McCarthy promoted Bennett to offensive coordinator.</s><s>Coaching career.:Oakland / Las Vegas Raiders. On January 13, 2018, Bennett was hired by the Oakland Raiders as their wide receivers coach under head coach Jon Gruden. On February 2 2022, the team announced it would retain Bennett under new head coach Josh McDaniels.</s><s>Personal life. Edgar's daughter Elyse Bennett was the seventh overall pick in the 2022 NWSL Draft to KC Current.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Edgar Bennett", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000201", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Matt Hunter (singer).", "docs": [{"title": "Matt Hunter (singer)", "text": "<s>Matt Hunter (singer) Matthew Alexander Hunter Correa (born February 20, 1998), better known as Matt Hunter, is an American singer, songwriter and voice actor of Colombian-Italian descent.</s><s>Early life and education. Hunter was born in New York City, and raised in Paramus, New Jersey. His mother is Colombian, and his father is Italian.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Music. Hunter worked in voice acting from ages 9 to 12, at which point he began posting YouTube videos of himself playing the guitar and singing various covers, occasionally in Spanish. His videos went viral and he traveled around Latin America building his fan base in a grass roots fashion. Around this time, he was dubbed the \"Latino Justin Bieber\". Marc Anthony later called Hunter \"the future\" of music. At 13, Hunter released his first single, \"Mi Amor\". He released follow-up singles in English and Spanish, \"Right Here, Right Now\" and \"Mi Senorita\", in 2012, and then his EP \"Right Here, Right Now\". For the 2014 FIFA World Cup, he released the songs \"Minha Mina Ta Loca\" and \"Mi Chica Esta Loca\" with Pitbull, in both"}, {"title": "Matt Hunter (singer)", "text": " Portuguese and Spanish versions. By 2016 he had amassed 200,000 subscribers on his YouTube channel and over 500,000 Twitter followers. Hunter splits his time between New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and Latin America.</s><s>Career.:Television. As a voice actor, Hunter played the singing role of Diego M\u00e1rquez in the final two seasons of The Nickelodeon animated television series \"Go, Diego, Go!\" and played the same character in \"Dora the Explorer\". He auditioned for the role when he was 10, recording the voice of Diego until he was 12. He also released his weekly comedy webisode series \"Fuego Fridays\".</s><s>Career.:Performances. Hunter has performed live in the United States, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Spain, Chile, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Argentina, Costa Rica and Ecuador. In May 2013, he headlined and sold out Chile's 12,000 seat Movistar Arena.</s><s>Awards and nominations. Hunter was nominated for Favorite Pop Artist at the 2013 Premios Juventud, presented by Univision (which did actually carry Spanish dubs of both Dora the Explorer and Go, Diego, Go! as part of its Planeta U block from 2008 to 2014)."}, {"title": "Matt Hunter (singer)", "text": "</s><s>Discography. - EPs - Singles - \"Home for the Holidays\" (2011) - \"Mi Se\u00f1orita\" (2012) - \"Mi Amor\" (2012) - \"Right Here, Right Now\" (2013) - \"Te Vi\" (2014) - \"Mi Chica Est\u00e1 Loca\" (2014) - \"Mi Chica Est\u00e1 Loca\" (2014) - \"Mas Que Tu Amigo\" (2015) - \"Te Necesito\" (2016) - \"Amor Real\" (2017) - \"Dicen\" (2018) - \"Lista De Espera\" (2018) - \"Una Vez M\u00e1s\" (2019) - \"Cazador\" (2019) - \"Problemas\" (2019) - \"Entera\" (2020) - \"Suave\" (2020) - \"Error\" (2020) - Covers - \"All of Me\" (2014) - \"Todo Cambiara\" (2015) - Featured in - \"Fiesta\" (2014)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Matt Hunter (singer)", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000202", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Naz Mitrou-Long.", "docs": [{"title": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "text": "<s>Naz Mitrou-Long Nazareth Jersey Mitrou-Long is a Greek-Canadian professional basketball player for Olimpia Milano of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) and the EuroLeague. He played college basketball for the Iowa State Cyclones. Born in Mississauga, Ontario, he played high school basketball at Father Michael Goetz in his hometown. In 2012, he started playing college basketball for Iowa State. He played in the 2017 NBA Summer League for the Sacramento Kings. He later played a total of 20 regular-season games with the Utah Jazz and the Indiana Pacers.</s><s>High school career. One of the top prospects out of Canada, Long was ranked as the 7th-best player in Canada according to North Pole Hoops. He participated in the 2011 All-Canada Classic, a showcase of the best Canadian basketball players and played for the CIA Bounce AAU program, the top AAU summer circuit in Canada. He played with NBA players Tristan Thompson and Cory Joseph, and future Cyclone teammate Melvin Ejim while competing for REDA Red in the National Prep School Athletic Association in 2011\u201312. Naz played for Findlay Prep in Las Vegas, Nev., during the 2010\u201311 season, helping the Prep Pil"}, {"title": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "text": "ots to a 28\u20134 record and their third-straight ESPN Rise National High School Invitational appearance where he was teammates with Texas' Myck Kabongo. He prepped at Montrose Christian (Rockville, Md) in 2009\u201310, teaming with Duke's Josh Hairston During his recruitment he received offers from Rice, Dayton, Creighton, and Miami, eventually committing to the Iowa State Cyclones.</s><s>College career.</s><s>College career.:Freshman season. Naz saw action in 18 games as a freshman, averaging 1.4 points and 1.0 assists. He tallied seven points vs. Southern and handed out seven assists vs. Alabama A&M.</s><s>College career.:Sophomore season. Long played in all 36 games, making seven starts and establishing himself as a clutch 3-point threat. He averaged 7.1 points per game and shot 40 percent from behind the arc, finishing fourth in the Big 12 in 3-point field goal percentage (40.0) and seventh in 3-pointers made (1.8). His 64 3-pointers ranks as the 17th-most by a Cyclone in a single season. He made at least four 3-pointers in seven games. He hit a 30-foot"}, {"title": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "text": " three at the buzzer to send the Cyclones to overtime against Oklahoma State and in ISU's game at Oklahoma State earlier in the season, Long drilled a three to send the game to triple-OT. He earned Phillips 66 Big 12 Player of the Week honors after hitting 8-of-11 3-pointers in the Cyclones' season-opening win against UNC Wilmington and finishing with a career-high 26 points in the game. He went 4-of-6 from long range to score 16 points in the Cyclones' win against No. 7 Michigan. Long played a key role in ISU's Big 12 Tournament run, making 7-of-10 threes and averaging 10 points and going 4-of-6 from behind the arc in the championship game against Baylor. In the third round of the NCAA Tournament, Long hit three 3-pointers in the final 5:10, including one that tied the game at 81, as ISU rallied to defeat North Carolina. He averaged 7.1 points per game and shot 40 percent from behind the arc, finishing fourth in the Big 12 in 3-point field goal percentage (40.0) and seventh in 3-pointers made (1.8). His 64 3-pointers ranks as the 17th-"}, {"title": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "text": "most by a Cyclone in a single season.</s><s>College career.:Junior season. Long saw action in all 34 games, making 33 starts and hit four or more threes in a game six times. He scored a team-high 20 points in Iowa State's regular season win against Kansas and connected on 5-of-9 threes to lead Iowa State with 21 points in win at Iowa. He drilled 7-of-10 threes and scored a season-high 24 points against Mississippi Valley State. Naz grabbed a career-high seven boards in win against Texas. He averaged 10.1 points, 2.9 rebounds, and 2.0 assists. He hit a team-high 77 three-pointers, the eighth most in a single season by a Cyclone. He was second in the Big 12 averaging 2.3 three-pointers made per game and finished the season tied for fifth in the league shooting 39.1 percent behind the arc. Naz had ISU's third-longest streak of games with a three-pointer come to an end at 21 games. He shot 44.9 percent from the field despite 77.5 percent of his shots coming from three-point range and is tied for fifth all-time at Iowa State with 146 three"}, {"title": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "text": "-pointers made. Long suffered a labral tears in both of his hips during the season. In the offseason he had separate surgeries to repair each tear.</s><s>College career.:Senior season. Naz played in the first eight games this season for the fifth-ranked Cyclones, averaging 12.0 points in 31.6 minutes. He got a rest against Arkansas\u2013Pine Bluff, with coach Steve Prohm commenting that his situation would be re-evaluated every week. On 15 December 2015, he decided to sit out the rest of the season due to persistent pain from his hip surgeries. Mitrou-Long commented on his decision: \"I feel the need to take time off to allow myself to rehab with our training staff to get back to where I can perform at my peak level on the basketball court\". Iowa State coach Prohm supported Mitrou-Long's decision to sit out to rehabilitate, while adding his belief that the team could react in a positive manner. Naz was awarded a medical redshirt by the Big 12, thus becoming eligible for the 2016-2017 season.</s><s>College career.:Redshirt senior season. Going into his redshirt senior season, Long was named in the preseason All-Big 12 Second-Team, receiving praise from coach"}, {"title": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "text": " Prohm for his work ethic, maturity and leadership. Former teammate Jameel McKay commented before the season that Mitrou-Long looked in the best shape of his life, also stating that he could end up Big 12's leading scorer for the season. He started the season strong, posting his first career double-double against the Savannah State Tigers with 18 points and a career best 10 rebounds. Versus Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers, Mitrou-Long played against his younger brother Elijah Long, a sophomore for the Mountaineers; Mitrou-Long said after the game: \"\"Part of me wanted to cheer for him. Part of me was keeping it competitive. It was a little weird, but man it was a good time\"\". Against the Drake Bulldogs, Mitrou-Long set a new career-high in scoring with 37 points on 8 of 12 three-pointers. At the end of his redshirted senior season, Mitrou-Long would be named for the official All-Big 12 Second Team for the work he put in that year for Iowa State.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:Salt Lake City Stars (2017). After going undrafted in the 2017 NBA draft, Mitrou-Long played for the Sacramento Kings in the 2017"}, {"title": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "text": " NBA Summer League. He later signed with the Utah Jazz for their training camp squad. After getting cut from the team, he was assigned to the Salt Lake City Stars in the NBA G League.</s><s>Professional career.:Utah Jazz (2017\u20132019). After showing promising results for his playing in Salt Lake City Stars, on December 22, 2017, Mitrou-Long signed a two-way contract with the Utah Jazz, taking the spot that was originally held by Nate Wolters. This move saw him split playing time between the Jazz and the Stars for the rest of the length of his contract. Mitrou-Long made his NBA debut four days later, recording a three-pointer in a blowout 107\u201383 loss to the Denver Nuggets. However, on January 13, 2018, Mitrou-Long was waived from the Jazz in order to sign former college teammate Georges Niang. He was re-signed by the Jazz on February 11, 2018 to a 10-day contract. After his first 10-day contract expired on February 21, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Jazz three days later.</s><s>Professional career.:Salt Lake City Stars (2018\u20132019). On January 16, 2018, Mitrou-Long was reacquired by the"}, {"title": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "text": " Salt Lake City Stars. He returned to Salt Lake City once again on February 21, 2018, after his 10-day contract expired. Mitrou-Long left Salt Lake City once again for his second 10-day contract with the Utah Jazz, and returned to Salt Lake City after the second 10-day contract expired. He averaged 18.0 points, 6.1 rebounds, and 4.6 assists per game with Salt Lake City. In July 2019, Mitrou-Long joined the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2019 NBA Summer League.</s><s>Professional career.:Indiana Pacers (2019\u20132020). On July 31, 2019, Mitrou-Long signed a two-way contract with the Indiana Pacers. On November 18, 2019, Mitrou-Long scored a career-high 12 points while getting three rebounds, three assists and one steal in a 115\u201386 win against the Brooklyn Nets. In the G League, he averaged 13.7 points, 6.1 assists and 5.9 rebounds per game. On December 19, Mitrou-Long was waived by the Pacers.</s><s>Professional career.:Fort Wayne Mad Ants (2021). On January 11, 2021, Mitrou-Long signed with the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA G League as an affiliate"}, {"title": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "text": " player. He averaged 13.2 points, 4.7 rebounds, 6.0 assists and 1.1 steals per game.</s><s>Professional career.:Basket Brescia Leonessa (2021\u20132022). On July 30, 2021, Mitrou-Long signed with Basket Brescia Leonessa of the Lega Basket Serie A. He averaged 17.5 points, 4.3 rebounds and 5 assists per game, leading the team to the 3rd place in the domestic league regular season standings.</s><s>Professional career.:Olimpia Milano (2022\u2013present). On June 27, 2022, Mitrou-Long signed a two-year contract with Italian champions Olimpia Milano.</s><s>Personal life. Mitrou-Long was born on August 3, 1993, in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, to Jersey Long and Georgia Mitrou. His father is of Trinidadian descent while his mother is a Greek Canadian. His mother Georgia was born in Sparta, Greece and immigrated to Canada along with her family when she was a child. Mitrou-Long has three siblings and six half-siblings. His brother, Elijah Mitrou-Long, previously played college basketball for Mount St. Mary's"}, {"title": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "text": " University before transferring to the University of Texas in his junior year. After one year with the Longhorns, he transferred to the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. In summer 2015, Mitrou-Long decided to display his full last name on his jersey to honor his mother; up to that point his jersey had only his father's name on it.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Naz Mitrou-Long", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000203", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jeff Long (athletic director).", "docs": [{"title": "Jeff Long (athletic director)", "text": "<s>Jeff Long (athletic director) Jeffrey Paul Long (born September 21, 1959) is an American athletics director, most recently at the University of Kansas. He is the former Vice Chancellor and Director of Athletics at the University of Arkansas and joined the University in 2008 after holding the same position at the University of Pittsburgh. Long's career in administration includes positions at the University of Oklahoma, University of Michigan, Virginia Tech, and Eastern Kentucky University.</s><s>Career. Long came to Arkansas as the successor of longtime athletic director Frank Broyles, who retired at the beginning of 2008. Prior to his term at Arkansas, Long was hired as Pittsburgh's athletic director after Steve Pederson left the University of Pittsburgh to take the same position at the University of Nebraska. Long hired controversial football coach Bobby Petrino in 2008, but fired him in April 2012 after it emerged he was carrying on an extramarital affair with former Arkansas volleyball player Jessica Dorrell, whom Long and Petrino had agreed to hire to a staff position within the football program. The affair came to light after Petrino attempted to cover up the fact that he had been riding with his mistress when he was involved in a motorcycle accident in April 2012. Long concluded that he could not allow Petrino to remain at"}, {"title": "Jeff Long (athletic director)", "text": " Arkansas because Petrino had deceived both him and the public about the accident and his relationship with Dorrell. He was also angered that Petrino had secretly given Dorrell $20,000 as a Christmas present, which could have potentially exposed Arkansas to a sexual harassment suit had Petrino been retained. In his formal termination letter to Petrino, Long told him that he would have never greenlighted the hiring of Dorrell had Petrino disclosed their relationship. The firing of Bobby Petrino led to the subsequent tumultuous hiring of John L. Smith as interim head coach in 2012 and then the hiring of Bret Bielema the following year. In October 2013, Long was announced as the first chairman of the College Football Playoff selection committee, along with twelve other members. On November 15, 2017, the University of Arkansas announced that it had parted ways with Long effective immediately, with the school's chancellor saying Long had \"lost the support of many of our fans, alumni, key supporters, and members of the university leadership.\" In 2018, Long became athletic director at the University of Kansas, and vowed to break the cycle of losing football at the school, as the Jayhawks had not had a winning season since 2008. Long fired KU coach David Beaty and replaced him with former LSU"}, {"title": "Jeff Long (athletic director)", "text": " coach Les Miles. The two had been friends since the late 1980s, when Miles was an assistant coach at Michigan and Long was an assistant athletic director. Miles led KU to a 3\u201318 record over two seasons before being forced out due to a sexual harassment scandal dating back to his time at LSU. At a press conference on March 9, 2021\u2013hours after Kansas and Miles agreed to part ways\u2013 Long said that Miles had assured him that there was nothing in his past \"that could potentially embarrass the university or himself or our program.\" Long added that in February, he and other school officials had been alerted about \"a legal dispute in Louisiana,\" but Miles had again assured him there was nothing to worry about. He claimed to have only learned about the allegations from the media. While Long was \"beyond disappointed\" that he had been forced to push Miles out, he believed it was \"the right decision\" under the circumstances.\" The following day, it was announced that Long was leaving KU as well. Chancellor Douglas Girod said that he and Long had met on the previous night, and the two agreed that it was in the school's best interest for Long to step down. He had been roundly criticized for how he'd vetted Miles before hiring him."}, {"title": "Jeff Long (athletic director)", "text": " Long told CBS Sports' Dennis Dodd hours after meeting with Girod that his departure was not entirely voluntary, and confirmed he had been \"relieved of his duties.\"</s><s>Personal life. Long is married to the former Fanny Gellrich of Ann Arbor, Michigan and the couple have two daughters, Stephanie and Christina.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jeff Long (athletic director)", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000204", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lennie Hayton.", "docs": [{"title": "Lennie Hayton", "text": "<s>Lennie Hayton Leonard George Hayton (February 14, 1908 \u2013 April 24, 1971) was an American musician, composer, conductor and arranger. Hayton's trademark was a captain's hat, which he always wore at a rakish angle.</s><s>Early life. Hayton was born in New York City, New York, to a Jewish family. The son of a Manhattan restaurateur, he developed a penchant for the piano when six years old, showing unusual interest in the early classics from the rolls of the family player piano. Although neither of his parents was a tutored musician, both were keen followers of the concert hall. Hayton attended many concerts with them. His parents disliked \"Jazz\" and it was not until Hayton was 16 that he really discovered it. He left high school to become pianist with the Broadway Hotel Orchestra of Cass Hagen, a boyhood friend.</s><s>Career. While playing at the Park Central, Hayton was heard by Paul Whiteman and immediately engaged by him in April 1928 as second pianist, playing piano and celeste as well as acting as a part-time arranger. Whilst with the Paul Whiteman orchestra, he played with musicians such as Frankie Trumbauer, Bix"}, {"title": "Lennie Hayton", "text": " Beiderbecke, Red Nichols and Joe Venuti. He also became friendly with Bing Crosby, then a member of The Rhythm Boys. In May 1930, Whiteman had to thin down his orchestra as theatre audiences fell due to the economic problems of the day and because of the impact of radio. Hayton and Eddie Lang were amongst the ten members of the band released. Hayton then joined the Charles Previn Orchestra which had a weekly assignment on radio in the Camel Pleasure Hour. The chance came to re-join Bing Crosby who by late 1931 had enjoyed tremendous success on record, radio and the stage. Starting in April 1932, Crosby embarked on a tour of Paramount-Publix theatres, working across the country to Hollywood where he was to make the film \"The Big Broadcast\". At each location, he continued to broadcast his radio show until he reached the West Coast. Lennie Hayton and Eddie Lang provided the musical support to Crosby on his theatre appearances and on his radio shows. In Chicago in May 1932, Hayton led an orchestra for his first recordings with the singer. \"Cabin in the Cotton\", \"Love Me Tonight\" and \"Some of These Days\" were all hits. In September 1932, Crosby again went on tour with Hayton accompanying"}, {"title": "Lennie Hayton", "text": " him on piano. In New York on October 25, 1932, Hayton led the orchestra for one of Bing Crosby's most famous recordings, \"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?\" which went to the top of the charts of the day. In January 1933, Hayton became the musical director for the Chesterfield radio series \"Music That Satisfies\" which again featured Crosby and ran for 13 weeks. Hayton's involvement with Bing Crosby continued and he was made musical director for the singer's film \"Going Hollywood\" (1933) which was a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer production. This was to be the start of a major career for Hayton in Hollywood. He continued to work with Crosby on radio (Bing Crosby Entertains) and record for a while but in 1940 he became a musical director for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and guided it through its prime years as foremost producer of movie musicals. Up until his retirement from the post in 1953, he racked up four Oscar nominations: for the Judy Garland musicals \"The Harvey Girls\" (1946) and \"The Pirate\" (1948). Hayton won the Academy Award for music for \"On the Town\" with Roger Edens in 1950. Lennie Hayton also"}, {"title": "Lennie Hayton", "text": " arranged the music for \"Singin' in the Rain\" in 1952. Hayton notched up two more nominations\u2014one in 1968 for the unsuccessful Julie Andrews musical \"Star!\" and his last the following year for the Barbra Streisand vehicle \"Hello, Dolly!\" co-composed with Lionel Newman, which brought him his second and final Oscar. In 1970, Hayton arranged Frank Sinatra's first attempt at the George Harrison composition \"Something\". However, Sinatra later began using a Nelson Riddle arrangement of the song in concert performances and, in 1979, he put the Riddle version on record. Hayton composed \"Apple Blossoms\" with Joe Venuti, Frankie Trumbauer, and Eddie Lang. His other compositions included \"Flying Fingers\", \"The Stage is Set\", \"Mood Hollywood\" with Jimmy Dorsey, and \"Midnight Mood\". Hayton also co-arranged the Hoagy Carmichael composition \"Stardust\" with Artie Shaw, for Shaw's recording of it in 1940, for Bluebird Records.</s><s>Personal life and death. Hayton's first marriage was to Helen Maude Gifford, also named Bubs Gelderman, who died in 1943. Lennie Hayton met Lena"}, {"title": "Lennie Hayton", "text": " Horne when both were under contract to MGM and married her in December 1947 in Paris. Throughout the marriage, Hayton also acted as Horne's music director. Facing the stresses and pressures of an interracial relationship, which was still relatively rare in that time period, Hayton and Horne had a tumultuous marriage. She later admitted in a 1980 \"Ebony\" interview she had married Hayton primarily to advance her career, and cross the \"color-line\" in show business, but had learned to love him very much. Horne and Hayton were separated for most of the 1960s. Always a heavy drinker and smoker, Hayton died of a heart attack while separated from Horne, in Palm Springs, California in 1971. He was buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lennie Hayton", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000205", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Marli Renfro.", "docs": [{"title": "Marli Renfro", "text": "<s>Marli Renfro Marli Renfro (born April 3, 1938 in Los Angeles, California) is an American former showgirl, model, Playboy cover girl and actress. She was the body double for Janet Leigh in the shower scene of the 1960 film \"Psycho\".</s><s>Early career. Renfro, described as a free spirit with a lifelong commitment to nudism, appeared in many men's magazines including \"Ace\", \"Adam\", \"Beau\", \"Dude\", \"Escapade\", \"Follies\", \"Gala\" and \"Modern Man\". She also appeared on the cover of the September 1960 edition of \"Playboy\". Renfro spent some time working as a showgirl in Las Vegas, and also worked as a Playboy Bunny.</s><s>Film career. Unperturbed by working nude, Renfro was hired as the body double for the actress Janet Leigh in Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film \"Psycho\". She was paid $500. The shower scene in \"Psycho\" is considered one of the most famous scenes in cinema history. It features more than 50 camera cuts in three minutes and took six days to film. Although nudity is implied in the rapid cuts, none is seen. Hitchcock and Leigh initially"}, {"title": "Marli Renfro", "text": " maintained that only Leigh appeared in the shower. Only later did Hitchcock acknowledge that when Leigh's face is seen it is her, otherwise it is Renfro. Although Leigh's account of the shower scene says all the actual shower footage in the film was of her and the only time Renfro was used was in an overhead shot that was eventually cut due to censors' concerns Renfro subsequently appeared in Francis Ford Coppola's 1962 film \"Tonight for Sure\". Decades later, Renfro was interviewed and featured in \"78/52\", director Alexandre O. Philippe's 2017 documentary film that examines \"Psycho\" and the shower scene.</s><s>Confusion regarding death. During the filming of \"Psycho\", Janet Leigh also had a stand-in to check lighting. Her name was Myra Davis, also known as Myra Jones. In 1988 Davis was raped and murdered by her neighbor and handyman Kenneth Dean Hunt. Possibly due to fascination with the shower scene, sections of the media confused Davis's role and published that she had been Leigh's body double. The BBC went further and not only asserted that Davis was Leigh's body double, but also that Davis was the voice of Norman Bates' mother, although this character had been voiced by Virginia"}, {"title": "Marli Renfro", "text": " Gregg and Jeanette Nolan. In his 2002 book \"Body Double\", author Don Lasseter compounded the confusion and wrote that Davis and Renfro were the same person, meaning that Renfro was dead. Author Robert Graysmith, who had a lifelong fascination with Renfro, noted a comment by Davis's granddaughter that Davis would never have done nude work. He set out to find Renfro and discovered that she was living in California. He subsequently wrote a book, \"The Girl in Alfred Hitchcock's Shower\" (2010), about Renfro's role in \"Psycho\" and the confusion over Davis's death.</s><s>Personal life. Renfro married and is known as Marli Renfro Peterson. She has lived in the Mojave Desert since 1970.</s><s>Further reading. - Graysmith, Robert (2010), \"The Girl in Alfred Hitchcock's Shower\" - Rebello, Stephen (1990), \"Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Marli Renfro", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000206", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Charmion King.", "docs": [{"title": "Charmion King", "text": "<s>Charmion King Charmion King (July 25, 1925 \u2013 January 6, 2007) was a Canadian actress. Born in Toronto, Ontario, she was part of the country's burgeoning theatre and television industry in the decade of the 1950s. Fresh out of the University of Toronto's Hart House, she quickly became known for her fresh beauty and roles at the new Crest Theatre and their Straw Hat Players summer circuit in the Muskoka Lake district. She went on to the Stratford Festival appearing in productions of \"The Winter's Tale\", \"Three Sisters\" and \"Uncle Vanya\", and appeared on Broadway in Tyrone Guthrie's production of \"Love and Libel\". She also acted in notable television films, including \"Anne of Green Gables\" (as Josephine Barry) and \"Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot\" (as Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy). She also starred in the Canadian television series \"Wind at My Back\" and \"House of Pride\". In 1988 she appeared in the film \"Shadow Dancing\".</s><s>Family. She was married to actor Gordon Pinsent for 44 years. Their daughter, Leah Pinsent, is also a noted Canadian television actress.</s><s>Death. King died, aged 81, in"}, {"title": "Charmion King", "text": " Toronto, reportedly from complications of emphysema.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Charmion King", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000207", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Imbolo Mbue.", "docs": [{"title": "Imbolo Mbue", "text": "<s>Imbolo Mbue Imbolo Mbue (born 1981) is a Cameroonian-American novelist and short-story writer based in New York City. She is known for her debut novel \"Behold the Dreamers\" (2016), which has garnered her the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction and the Blue Metropolis Words to Change Award. Her works draw from her own experiences as an immigrant, as well as the experiences of other immigrants.</s><s>Early life and education. Mbue was born in 1981 in Limbe, Cameroon, in the English speaking region of the country, where she was raised until the family sponsored her higher education studies in the United States. After completing her undergraduate and graduate studies, she began a job in marketing for a media company, which she lost during the recession. During this period of time, Mbue observed the difference in classes while walking through New York City, where she observed cab drivers who were predominantly black, waiting to drive executives. This formed the basis of her novel \"Behold the Dreamers\" (2016). Mbue's writing, particularly \"Behold the Dreamers\", seeks to explore topics regarding the complexity of American immigration policies and achievements, and overall, the pursuance of the American Dream."}, {"title": "Imbolo Mbue", "text": " According to Mbue, the novel connects the characters' experiences and feelings with those of her own: financial struggles, hopelessness, reevaluation of one's goals, and struggles as an immigrant. She has stressed the importance of literature providing empathy, which she feels is lacked in immigration policies and overall politics. Her 2020 novel \"How Beautiful We Were\" takes on the environmental crisis in Africa, caused by corporate greed. Mbue became an American citizen in 2014, and currently lives in New York City with her husband and children.</s><s>Career and \"Behold the Dreamers\". Mbue came to the United States in 1998 to study business management as an undergraduate student at Rutgers University. After graduating in 2002, she went on to complete her M.A. from Columbia University, in 2006. She began to work in the corporate sector in New York City, but lost her job as did millions of Americans during the Great Recession. In 2014, she signed a million-dollar deal with Random House for her debut book \"Behold the Dreamers\", which was published in 2016. The novel garnered critical acclaim for, according to NPR, the way it \"depicts a country both blessed and doomed, on top of the world, but always at risk of losing its balance"}, {"title": "Imbolo Mbue", "text": ". It is, in other words, quintessentially American.\" According to the \"Washington Post\"s Ron Charles, as the book's release coincided with the 2016 presidential election, paired with the \"anti-immigrant\" rhetoric that was brought to light by candidates and their supporters, the novel brought to light the \"vast bureaucracy designed to wall off the American Dream from outsiders\". In 2017, the novel was selected by Oprah Winfrey for her book club. Mbue is a contributor to the anthology \"New Daughters of Africa\" (edited by Margaret Busby, 2019).</s><s>Bibliography.</s><s>Bibliography.:Novels. - \"Behold the Dreamers\", 2016, - \"Voici venir les r\u00eaveurs\" (French translation), 2016, - \"Das getr\u00e4umte Land\" (German translation), 2017, - \"How Beautiful We Were\", 2021, - \"Puissions-nous vivre longtemps\", (French translation Catherine Gilbert), \u00c9ditions Belfond, 2021</s><s>Bibliography.:Short fiction. - Stories</s><s>See also. - Nsah Mala - John Nkemngong Nkengasong</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Imbolo Mbue", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000208", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Virginia Christine.", "docs": [{"title": "Virginia Christine", "text": "<s>Virginia Christine Virginia Christine (born Virginia Christine Ricketts; March 5, 1920 \u2013 July 24, 1996) was an American stage, radio, film, television, and voice actress. Though Christine had a long career as a character actress in film and television, she is probably best remembered as \"Mrs. Olson\" (or the \"Folgers Coffee Woman\") in a string of television commercials for Folgers Coffee during the 1960s and 1970s.</s><s>Early life. Christine was born in Stanton in Montgomery County in southwestern Iowa. She was of Swedish descent. Upon her mother's remarriage, she changed her last name to \"Kraft\". The family later moved to Des Moines in Polk County, where Virginia attended Elmwood Elementary School. The family relocated again to Des Moines County in southeastern Iowa, not to be confused with the state capital in central Iowa. There Christine attended Mediapolis High School, where she aspired to be a concert pianist. Her family later moved to California, where she enrolled at UCLA.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Radio and films. Christine began working in radio during college. Later, she appeared several times in the radio version of \"Gunsmoke\", including the December 4, 1954 episode \"Chol"}, {"title": "Virginia Christine", "text": "era\", the February 19, 1955 episode \"Poor Pearl\", the September 3, 1955 episode \"Change of Heart\", the October 8, 1955 episode \"Good Girl, Bad Company\", the December 4, 1955 episode \"Sunny Afternoon\", the May 13, 1956 episode \"Cows and Cribs\", the September 9, 1956 episode \"Belle's Back\", the October 28, 1956 episode \"Dirty Bill's Girl\", the November 23, 1957 episode \"Fingered\", the October 5, 1958 episode \"Tag You're It\", the September 6, 1959 episode \"Matt's Decision\", the December 6, 1959 episode \"Big Chugg Wilson\", the January 24, 1960 episode \"Bless Me 'Till I Die\", the February 7, 1960 episode \"Delia's Father\", the February 28, 1960 episode \"Prescribed Killing\", the April 17, 1960 episode \"Solomon River\", the July 17, 1960 episode \"Busted Up Guns\", the August 28, 1960 episode \"Tumbleweed\", the September 18, 1960 episode \"Two Mothers\", the November 6, 1960 episode \"Jedro's Woman\", the December 4, 1960 episode \"Kitty's Good Neighboring\", the February 5, 1961 episode \"Love of Money\", and the"}, {"title": "Virginia Christine", "text": " May 7, 1961 episode \"Ma's Justice\". She began training for a theatrical career with actor/director Fritz Feld, whom she married in 1940. In 1942, she made her stage debut in the Los Angeles production of \"Hedda Gabler\". While performing in the play, she was spotted by an agent from Warner Bros., who signed her to a film contract with the studio. Her first film for Warner was \"Edge of Darkness\" (1943), in which she played a Norwegian peasant girl. She was dropped by Warner Bros. in 1943 and signed with Universal Pictures in 1944. That year, Christine had a supporting role in \"The Mummy's Curse\" and \"The Wife of Monte Cristo\", with her husband Fritz Feld (the two went go on to appear together in the Western \"4 for Texas\" in 1963). In 1946, she appeared in \"The Scarlet Horseman\", a 13-chapter film serial playing Carla Marquette, or Matosca, followed by a supporting role in the mystery film \"The Inner Circle\". Christine's next film for Universal was the film noir classic \"The Killers\". She initially tested for the lead role of \"femme fatale\" Kitty Collins, but lost out to Ava Gardner. The"}, {"title": "Virginia Christine", "text": " film's producer, Mark Hellinger, was impressed with her test and cast her as Lilly Harmon Lubinsky, the wife of Lt. Sam Lubinsky (Sam Levene). Christine also portrayed Miss Watston in the 1964 remake of the film, starring Lee Marvin and Angie Dickinson. In 1950, she played an uncredited supporting role in \"The Men\". Although the part was small and the film was not a commercial success, her performance impressed the film's producer, Stanley Kramer. She became a favorite of his, and went on to appear in a number of his films, including \"Cyrano de Bergerac\" (1950) and \"High Noon\" (1952). Kramer later cast her in the 1955 drama \"Not as a Stranger\", where she played a countrywoman. She also coached the film's star Olivia de Havilland on her Swedish accent. The following year, she co-starred in the horror film \"Invasion of the Body Snatchers\". In 1961, Kramer cast her again as a German housekeeper in \"Judgment at Nuremberg\". One of her most notable roles was as Hilary St. George, the bigoted co-worker of Katharine Hepburn's character in the 1967 film \"Guess Who"}, {"title": "Virginia Christine", "text": "'s Coming to Dinner\".</s><s>Career.:Television. In addition to her work in films, Christine also appeared in numerous television series. In the 1950s, she appeared in multiple guest roles on \"The Abbott and Costello Show\", \"Four Star Playhouse\", \"Dragnet\", \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\", \"The Ford Television Theatre\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"Science Fiction Theatre\", \"Matinee Theatre\", \"Father Knows Best\", \"Trackdown\", \"State Trooper\", \"\", \"The Rifleman\", \"Letter to Loretta\", \"Superman\", and \"General Electric Theater\". In November 1959, Christine co-starred as the wife of a verbally abusive hypochondriac in the first-season episode of \"The Twilight Zone\" entitled \"Escape Clause\". In 1960 and 1961, Christine guest-starred on episodes of \"Coronado 9\", \"Rawhide\", and \"The Untouchables\". From 1961 to 1962, Christine had a recurring role as widow Ovie Swenson in the Western series \"Tales of Wells Fargo\". She made four guest appearances on \"Perry Mason\", including the role of defendant Beth Sandover in the season-six, 1962 episode, \"The Case of the Double-Entry"}, {"title": "Virginia Christine", "text": " Mind\", and murderer Edith Summers in the season-seven, 1963 episode, \"The Case of the Devious Delinquent\". For the remainder of the decade, she continued with guest-starring roles in such shows as \"77 Sunset Strip\", \"Ben Casey\", \"Bonanza\", \"The Fugitive\", \"Hazel\", \"Wagon Train\", \"The Virginian\", \"Going My Way\", \"The F.B.I.\", and \"Daniel Boone\". In 1969, Christine co-starred in the ABC television movie \"Daughter of the Mind\". Her greatest fame came in 1965 when she began her 21-year stint as the matronly Mrs. Olson, who had comforting words for young married couples while pouring Folgers coffee in television commercials. They became a popular staple on television, whereupon the character began to be parodied by comedians and entertainers, including Carol Burnett, Johnny Carson, Bob Hope, Ann-Margret, and Jackie Gleason. She went on to appear in over 100 commercials for Folgers. In 1971, Christine's hometown of Stanton, Iowa, honored her by transforming the city water tower to resemble a giant coffee pot. During the 1970s, Christine continued to work primarily in television. Her last role was on"}, {"title": "Virginia Christine", "text": " the 1979 animated series \"Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo\", in which she provided additional voices.</s><s>Career.:Later years. Christine retired from acting in 1979. After her retirement, she did volunteer work at Planned Parenthood, and served as a judge at the American College Theatre Festival. She was later appointed the honorary mayor of Brentwood, Los Angeles, where she and her husband resided for many years.</s><s>Personal life. In November 1940, Christine married character actor Fritz Feld. The couple had two sons, Steven and Danny. Christine and Feld remained married until his death in 1993.</s><s>Death. On July 24, 1996, Christine died at her Brentwood home of cardiovascular disease. Her interment was at the Jewish Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills section of Los Angeles.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Virginia Christine", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000209", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sada Thompson.", "docs": [{"title": "Sada Thompson", "text": "<s>Sada Thompson Sada Carolyn Thompson (September 27, 1927 \u2013 May 4, 2011) was an American stage, film, and television actress. She was known to television audiences as Kate Lawrence in \"Family\" (1976-1980).</s><s>Life and career. She was born Sada Carolyn Thompson in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1927 to Hugh Woodruff Thompson and his wife Corlyss (n\u00e9e Gibson). The family moved to Fanwood, New Jersey a few years later. where she attended Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School, graduating in the class of 1945. Thompson earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theatre at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now known as Carnegie Mellon University), after which she worked steadily in regional theatre in such plays as \"The Seagull\", \"Pygmalion\", \"Our Town\", \"Arms and the Man\", and \"Blithe Spirit\". She received training at Pittsburgh Playhouse, where she appeared in numerous productions. She made her Off-Broadway debut in a 1955 production of \"Under Milkwood\", and the following year she appeared on television in a \"Goodyear Television Playhouse\" production. She made her Broadway debut in the 1959 musical \"Juno\". Her additional New York City stage-credits include \""}, {"title": "Sada Thompson", "text": "The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds\", \"Tartuffe\", and \"Twigs\". Her stage performances won her an Obie Award, a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play (for \"Twigs\"), three Drama Desk Awards and two Sarah Siddons Awards (the last presented for outstanding performances in Chicago theatre). She was elected to the American Theater Hall of Fame in 2005. On the strength of her success in \"Twigs\", Thompson was signed to play neighbor Irene Lorenzo on \"All in the Family\". After taping her first episode, however, she was replaced by Betty Garrett, when it became obvious that she and producer Norman Lear had different opinions about how the character should be played. She was subsequently cast as matriarch Kate Lawrence on \"Family\". Thompson's portrayal of Kate was lauded for its realism. She won the 1978 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for the role, which also garnered three nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series Drama. She was nominated for the Emmy Award nine times, including a nomination for her portrayal of Carla's mother on \"Cheers\". Thompson's additional television credits included \"\", \"The Love Boat"}, {"title": "Sada Thompson", "text": "\", \"Father Dowling Mysteries\", \"Andre's Mother\", \"\", \"ER\" and \"Law & Order\". Her feature films included \"The Pursuit of Happiness\", \"Desperate Characters\", and \"Pollock\".</s><s>Personal life. Thompson was married to Donald E. Stewart from December 18, 1949, until her death. She and her husband lived in Southbury, Connecticut. Their daughter, Liza Stewart, is a costume designer.</s><s>Death. Thompson died on May 4, 2011, in Danbury, Connecticut, of lung disease, aged 83.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sada Thompson", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000210", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jean Muir (actress).", "docs": [{"title": "Jean Muir (actress)", "text": "<s>Jean Muir (actress) Jean Muir (born Jean Muir Fullarton; February 13, 1911 \u2013 July 23, 1996) was an American stage and film actress and educator. She was the first performer to be blacklisted after her name appeared in the anti-Communist 1950 pamphlet \"Red Channels\".</s><s>Early years. An only child, Muir was born in Suffern, New York as Jean Muir Fullarton; her father was a certified public accountant, and her mother was a substitute teacher. She attended the Dwight School in Englewood, New Jersey.</s><s>Career. Muir's Broadway debut came in \"The Truth Game\" (1930) at age 19. She was a model for the Walter Thornton Model Agency in New York during the early 1930s. She was signed by Warner Bros. in 1933 and made 14 films in her first three years there. She played opposite several famous actors including Warren William, Paul Muni, Richard Barthelmess and Franchot Tone, but she returned to Broadway in 1937 because she was unsatisfied with the roles. She appeared occasionally in films through 1943. She was also one of the candidates for the role of Melanie in \"Gone with the Wind\". Muir incurred the dis"}, {"title": "Jean Muir (actress)", "text": "favor of studio executives because of her involvement in formation of the Screen Actors Guild, her tendency to question the way the film business operated, and her resistance to posing for publicity photographs.</s><s>Blacklist. In 1950 Muir was named as a Communist sympathizer by the notorious pamphlet \"Red Channels,\" and immediately removed from the cast of the television sitcom \"The Aldrich Family\", in which she had been cast as Mrs. Aldrich. NBC had received between 20 and 30 phone calls protesting her being in the show. General Foods, the sponsor, said that it would not sponsor programs in which \"controversial persons\" were featured. Though the company later received thousands of calls protesting the decision, it was not reversed. Muir was the first performer to be deprived of employment because of a listing in \"Red Channels\". The apparent cause of the accusation was her six-month membership in the Congress of American Women, which federal authorities considered a subversive group.</s><s>Later years. Muir resumed acting in 1958, appearing in an episode of \"Matinee Theater\" on NBC-TV. After teaching drama and directing plays at two community centers in New York, Muir moved to Missouri in 1968 and became the Master Acting Teacher at Stephens College, in addition"}, {"title": "Jean Muir (actress)", "text": " to directing several productions there. She also completed her college degree at Stephens in 1977. Reaching Stephens' mandatory retirement age forced her to stop teaching there, and in 1981 she had a one-year appointment to teach at the University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City.</s><s>Personal life. On December 20, 1940, Muir married entertainment attorney, and later television producer, Henry Jaffe in New York. They had three children. In the mid-1950s she reportedly suffered from alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver.</s><s>Death. Muir died in a nursing home in Mesa, Arizona on July 23, 1996 at the age of 85.</s><s>Recognition. Muir has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6280 Hollywood Blvd.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jean Muir (actress)", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000211", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Cierre Wood.", "docs": [{"title": "Cierre Wood", "text": "<s>Cierre Wood Cierre Marcelle Wood (born February 21, 1991) is a former American football running back. He played college football at Notre Dame. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Houston Texans in 2013.</s><s>High school career. Wood attended Santa Clara High School in Oxnard, California. He rushed for 1,632 yards and 20 touchdowns and caught eight passes for 182 yards and four touchdowns as a senior. During his junior year, he had 2,612 yards rushing with 34 touchdowns. Wood was a \"USA Today\" All-American in 2008. He was also selected to play in the 2009 U.S. Army All-American Bowl in San Antonio, Texas. Considered a four-star recruit by \"Rivals.com\", Wood was listed as the No. 8 running back in the nation. He chose to attend Notre Dame over USC, UCLA, and California.</s><s>College career. After redshirting in the 2009 season, Wood emerged on the depth chart as the No. 2 running back in 2010. He was used sparingly over the first few games, but after an injury to starter Armando Allen, he started the final six games where he recorded 603 yards on 119 carries and three touchdowns, and"}, {"title": "Cierre Wood", "text": " 20 receptions for 170 yards and 2 touchdowns. In his junior year, he took over the starting role. He recorded 1,102 yards on 217 carries (5.1 AVG) and 9 touchdowns, and 27 receptions for 187 yards. In 2012, Wood had been suspended for the opening two games, against Navy and Purdue, for violating team rules. In the final 11 games, he rushed for 742 yards on 114 carries (6.5 avg) and four touchdowns after splitting carries with classmate Theo Riddick.</s><s>Professional career. In January 2013, Wood decided to forgo his final year of eligibility, entering the 2013 NFL Draft. He went undrafted and was signed as a free agent with the Houston Texans hours after the draft.</s><s>Professional career.:Houston Texans. The Texans released Wood, along with two others players, on October 21, 2013, for unspecified violations of team rules prior to a game in Kansas City.</s><s>Professional career.:New England Patriots. The New England Patriots signed Wood to their practice squad on November 5, 2013. He was released on December 26, 2013.</s><s>Professional career.:Baltimore Ravens. He was signed by the Ravens to a reserve-future deal on January 15, 2014. The Ravens released Wood on August 25,"}, {"title": "Cierre Wood", "text": " 2014.</s><s>Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks. Wood was signed by the Seahawks to their practice squad on November 12, 2014.</s><s>Professional career.:Buffalo Bills. The Buffalo Bills signed Wood to their roster on August 19, 2015. On September 4, 2015, he was released by the Bills. On September 6, 2015, the Bills signed Wood to their practice squad. Wood was promoted to the Bills active roster on Friday October 2. However, in Week 5, Wood tore his ACL, ending his season.</s><s>Professional career.:Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Wood signed with the Canadian football team, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on March 9, 2017.</s><s>Professional career.:Montreal Alouettes. On May 1, 2017, Wood was traded to the Montreal Alouettes along with defensive end Denzell Perine, in exchange for defensive back Khalid Wooten. He was released on May 1, 2018.</s><s>Personal life. Wood and his girlfriend were arrested on April 10, 2019 by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department on charges of first-degree homicide and child abuse, after the death of the girlfriend's five year-old daughter, who was found with extreme bruising and trauma. Wood was additionally accused of forcing the child to"}, {"title": "Cierre Wood", "text": " participate in extreme exercise routines as a punishment for being overweight. Wood is currently in the custody of Clark County, Nevada without any bond.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Cierre Wood", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000212", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jan-Michael Gambill.", "docs": [{"title": "Jan-Michael Gambill", "text": "<s>Jan-Michael Gambill Jan-Michael Charles Gambill (born June 3, 1977) is an American former professional tennis player who made his professional debut in 1996. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 14, which he achieved on June 18, 2001. Best known for his unusual double-handed forehand, Gambill reached the quarterfinals of the 2000 Wimbledon Championships, the final of the 2001 Miami Masters, and won three singles titles.</s><s>Early life. Gambill spent the early years of his life in the countryside of Spokane, Washington. He currently resides in both Los Angeles, California and Kailua-Kona, Hawaii with his partner, architect and developer Malek Alqadi. While Jan-Michael has been sponsored by car manufacturer Jaguar, he also supports real-life Jaguars and tigers through Cat Tales Zoological Park, an organization dedicated to saving the lives of big cats. Gambill has also raised money for his long-time friend Sir Elton John's charity, the Elton John AIDS Foundation. Gambill's high-profile career as a professional athlete has evolved into coaching world-class tennis players as well as being an international analyst for BeIn sports. Gambill was also sponsored by Prince for both his racquets"}, {"title": "Jan-Michael Gambill", "text": " and apparel.</s><s>Tennis career.</s><s>Tennis career.:1996\u20132005. Gambill began playing tennis at the age of five, looking up to multiple Grand Slam singles titlists Jimmy Connors and John McEnroe. He has defeated, amongst other top players, former World No. 1s, Roger Federer, Carlos Moy\u00e1, Lleyton Hewitt, Gustavo Kuerten, Marcelo Rios, Jim Courier, Pete Sampras, and Andre Agassi, as well as Grand Slam champions Michael Chang, Thomas Johansson, Sergi Bruguera, and Gast\u00f3n Gaudio. His best performances at Grand Slams have been reaching the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 2000 and the fourth round of the US Open in 2002. His run at Wimbledon in 2000 saw him beat Lleyton Hewitt, Fabrice Santoro, Paul Goldstein and Thomas Enqvist before losing to eventual champion Pete Sampras. His run to the final of the 2001 Miami Masters included wins over Hewitt, Gaudio, and Thomas Enqvist. He was coached by his father Chuck Gambill (1947\u20132020), who coached Jan-Michael's younger brother Torrey, who was also pro tennis player. Throughout his career, Gamb"}, {"title": "Jan-Michael Gambill", "text": "ill was hampered by numerous injuries. Most prominently, while still in the world's top 40, he suffered a recurring shin condition, which severely limited him on the ATP Tour after 2004. He also started serving harder to try and compensate for lack of movement, which resulted in a shoulder injury.</s><s>Tennis career.:Post\u20132005. Gambill played for the Boston Lobsters in the World Team Tennis league from 2008 on, alongside other successful American players such as Andre Agassi, John Isner, and Robby Ginepri. In September 2009, Gambill reached the semifinals of the USA F23 Futures tournament (losing to second seed Michael McClune) in his first pro match of the year. He competed in three Challenger events in 2010, and reached the quarterfinals of the USA F25 Futures in Irvine, California. Since October 2010, Gambill has not competed on the pro tour. Since July 2011, he has coached top 10 player Coco Vandeweghe, his former Boston Lobsters teammate, on the WTA Tour. In 2017, he coached top 50 player Jared Donaldson on the ATP Tour. As of 2020, he is currently in broadcasting and television as a Sports Analyst on the Tennis Channel.</s><s>Personal life. Gambill"}, {"title": "Jan-Michael Gambill", "text": " is in a relationship with architectural designer and developer Malek Alqadi.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jan-Michael Gambill", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000213", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ryan Brasier.", "docs": [{"title": "Ryan Brasier", "text": "<s>Ryan Brasier Ryan David Brasier (born August 26, 1987) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). Listed at and, he both throws and bats right-handed. Brasier previously played for the Los Angeles Angels of MLB, and for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).</s><s>Career. Brasier attended Rider High School in Wichita Falls, Texas, and Weatherford College in Weatherford, Texas.</s><s>Career.:Los Angeles Angels. The Angels selected him in the sixth round of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft. From 2007 through 2013, Brasier pitched for various Angels farm teams, starting with the Rookie League Orem Owlz and reaching the Triple-A Salt Lake Bees. He made a career-high 55 appearances (all in relief) with the Bees in 2012, recording 13 saves along with a 7\u20133 record, 54 strikeouts, and 24 walks in innings pitched. The Angels promoted Brasier to the major leagues for the first time on May 1, 2013. He made his MLB debut the next day, pitching an inning of relief against the Baltimore Orioles, allowing two runs on two hits. After making one additional appearance in May,"}, {"title": "Ryan Brasier", "text": " he returned to the minors and was recalled in September when the major league rosters expanded; he made five appearances during the month. Overall, with the 2013 Angels, Brasier made seven appearances, striking out seven and walking four in nine innings pitched with a 2.00 ERA. Brasier was outrighted off of the Angels 40-man roster on October 28, 2014.</s><s>Career.:Oakland Athletics. On July 7, 2015, Brasier signed a minor league deal with the Oakland Athletics. He spent 2015 and 2016 in Oakland's farm system, including 46 relief appearances with the Triple-A Nashville Sounds in 2016, recording a 3.56 ERA in innings.</s><s>Career.:Hiroshima Toyo Carp. The Athletics sold his contract to the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball on December 14, 2016. With the Carp in 2017, Brasier made 26 relief appearances; in 30 innings of work he struck out 19, walked eight, and had a 3.00 ERA.</s><s>Career.:Boston Red Sox. On March 4, 2018, Brasier signed a minor-league contract with the Boston Red Sox. Pitching for the Pawtucket Red Sox of the Triple-A International League, he was"}, {"title": "Ryan Brasier", "text": " selected to appear in the Triple-A All-Star Game. The Red Sox promoted Brasier to the major leagues on July 8; he made his Boston debut the next day, pitching one inning against the Texas Rangers and retiring the side in order. On August 30, Brasier recorded his first MLB win, pitching an inning of scoreless relief in a come-from-behind victory over the Chicago White Sox. Brasier proved to be a consistent reliever down the stretch, finishing with a 1.60 ERA in 34 appearances, and was the recipient of the Red Sox' Lou Gorman Award. Brasier was included on Boston's postseason roster, making a total of nine appearances and allowing one earned run in innings, as Boston went on to win the World Series. Brasier was included on Boston's Opening Day roster to start the 2019 season. On April 3, Brasier recorded his first major league save in closing out a 6\u20133 win over the Athletics. He was placed on the bereavement/family medical emergency list on June 11, and re-activated on June 17. Brasier was optioned to Pawtucket on July 16, and recalled to Boston on August 17. Overall with the 2019 Red Sox, Brasier appeared in 62 games, compiling a 2"}, {"title": "Ryan Brasier", "text": "\u20134 record with seven saves, along with a 4.85 ERA and 61 strikeouts in innings. With the 2020 Red Sox, Brasier appeared in 25 games (one start), compiling a 1\u20130 record with 3.96 ERA and 30 strikeouts in 25 innings pitched. In early December 2020, Brasier and the Red Sox reached a one-year deal for the 2021 season. Before appearing in a 2021 game, Brasier was placed on the 60-day injured list with a calf injury on May 3. On June 3, he was hospitalized after being hit in the head by a line drive during a simulated game at Boston's training complex in Fort Myers, Florida. Brasier returned to the Red Sox on September 1, was optioned to the Triple-A Worcester Red Sox on September 17, and recalled on September 21. Overall during the 2021 regular season, Brasier made 13 appearances with Boston, all in relief, compiling a 1.50 ERA and 1\u20131 record while striking out nine batters in 12 innings. He also made seven relief appearances in the postseason, as the Red Sox advanced to the American League Championship Series. On November 30, the Red Sox agreed to terms with Brasier on a one-year contract for 2022, reportedly worth $1.4"}, {"title": "Ryan Brasier", "text": " million. Brasier began the 2022 season as a member of Boston's bullpen. On May 20, with a 6.28 ERA in 18 appearances, he was optioned to Triple-A Worcester. He was recalled to Boston on May 28. In 68 relief appearances with the Red Sox, Brasier posted an 0\u20133 record with a 5.78 ERA and one save while striking out 64 batters in innings. On January 13, 2023, the Red Sox and Brasier reached agreement on a one-year contract, avoiding salary arbitration.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ryan Brasier", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000214", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mark Murphy (singer).", "docs": [{"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": "<s>Mark Murphy (singer) Mark Howe Murphy (March 14, 1932 \u2013 October 22, 2015) was an American jazz singer based at various times in New York City, Los Angeles, London, and San Francisco. He recorded 51 albums under his own name during his lifetime and was principally known for his innovative vocal improvisations. He was the recipient of the 1996, 1997, 2000, and 2001 \"Down Beat\" magazine readers' jazz poll for Best Male Vocalist and was also nominated five times for the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Jazz Performance. He wrote lyrics to the jazz tunes \"Stolen Moments\" and \"Red Clay\".</s><s>Early life. Born in Syracuse, New York, in 1932, Murphy was raised in a musical family, his parents having met when his father was appointed director of the local Methodist Church choir. He grew up in the nearby small town of Fulton, New York, where his grandmother and then his aunt were the church organists. Opera was also a presence in the Murphy home. He started piano lessons at the age of seven. In his teens, Murphy joined his brother Dwight's jazz dance band as the singer (and occasional pianist), influenced by Peggy Lee, Nat \"King\" Cole, June Christy, Anita O'Day"}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": ", and Ella Fitzgerald. The Jazz pianist Art Tatum was another early influence. Murphy graduated from Syracuse University in 1953, having majored in Music and Drama. Whilst there he was spotted singing at the Embassy Club by Sammy Davis Jr, who invited him to perform a guest spot at his own gig shortly afterwards, and put him in touch with TV host Steve Allen. The following year Murphy moved to New York City, taking part-time jobs as he looked for work as an actor and singer. He appeared in productions for the Gilbert and Sullivan Light Opera Company and a musical version for television of \"Casey at the Bat\". He also twice took second place at Apollo Theatre amateur singing contests.</s><s>The first albums. Murphy was eventually introduced to record producer Milt Gabler, who was an artist and repertoire director (A&R) for Decca. His resulting debut recording was \"Meet Mark Murphy\" (1956), followed closely by \"Let Yourself Go\" (1957). After disappointing album sales, in 1958 Murphy moved to Los Angeles, where he recorded three albums for Capitol Records, and had a minor hit single with \"This Could Be the Start of Something\". But this was not enough for him to be retained by Capitol, so he returned to New"}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": " York in the early '60s. Here he recorded two albums for Riverside Records: the album \"Rah\" (1961) included \"Angel Eyes\", a version of Horace Silver's \"Doodlin'\", and \"Green Dolphin Street\", featuring Bill Evans, Clark Terry, Urbie Green, Blue Mitchell and Wynton Kelly as accompanists. His favorite recording to date, \"That's How I Love the Blues\", soon followed. In 1963, Murphy hit the charts across the country with his single of \"Fly Me to the Moon\" and was voted New Star of the Year in \"Down Beat\" Magazine's Reader's Poll. Around this time he fell under the spell of Miles Davis, and for the rest of his career maintained that he tried as far as possible to sing like Miles played.</s><s>London. In 1963 Murphy moved to London, England, where he quickly found acceptance and played frequently at Ronnie Scott's Club, as well as making regular appearances on BBC Radio. He recorded three more albums in London, and one in Germany that is amongst his best - \"Midnight Mood\" (1968). From London he made frequent trips to Holland, where he worked on Dutch radio, mainly with producer Joop de Roo. Between 1964 and 1972 he acted"}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": " in a number of drama productions for TV and radio, and appeared as a singer in the 1967 British comedy film \"Just Like a Woman.\" Meanwhile he continued to cultivate his jazz audiences in Europe, singing in clubs and on radio. It was in London that Murphy, who was gay, met his long-time partner Eddie O'Sullivan.</s><s>The Muse years. He returned to the States in 1972 and began recording an average of an album per year for more than 14 years on the Muse label. These included the Grammy-nominated albums \"Satisfaction Guaranteed, Bop for Kerouac\" and \"Nat's Choice: Nat King Cole Songbook Vol. II.\" Murphy's other highly regarded Muse recordings include \"Bridging a Gap\" (featuring Ron Carter, Jimmy Madison, Randy Brecker and Michael Brecker), \"Mark Murphy Sings\" (again featuring the Brecker Brothers along with David Sanborn)\",\" \"Living Room\", \"Beauty And the Beast\" and \"Stolen Moments. Bop for Kerouac\" (1981), with Richie Cole and Bill Mays, was a result of Murphy's enthusiasm for the writing of Jack Kerouac, whom Murphy regarded as a soul-mate. It included readings from the author"}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": "'s books \"On the Road\" and \"The Subterraneans\". Murphy followed it up with \"Kerouac Then And Now\", released in 1989. Having been a fan of Brazilian music since the late 1950s, in 1984 together with the band Viva Brasil he recorded the album \"Brazil Song\" (\"Canc\u00f5es do Brasil\"), which featured work by Antonio Carlos Jobim and Milton Nascimento. He wrote lyrics for the title track, by Oliver Nelson, of his \"Stolen Moments\" album, and it quickly became a radio favourite, remaining one of his most popular recordings.</s><s>New directions. In 1987, Murphy continued his explorations of Brazilian music by recording \"Night Mood\", an album of songs by composer Ivan Lins, followed by the Grammy-nominated \"September Ballads\" - both on Milestone Records. In the UK Murphy's recorded output gained a new lease of life in the mid-Eighties during the acid jazz dance craze. DJ's, principally Gilles Peterson, played his bop and latin recordings at club nights, creating a new generation of Mark Murphy fans. He continued to work extensively in Europe, recording in Germany, Holland, Austria, England, Italy, France, Sweden"}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": ", Denmark and Slovenia, often as a guest artist. Murphy also appeared on UFO's last two releases (for Polydor Records), in which he wrote and rapped lyrics on songs composed with the group. This collaboration opened up further new audiences in the acid-jazz and hip-hop genres, demonstrating jazz's timelessness while transcending generations and styles. In August 1997, BMG/RCA Victor released \"Song For The Geese\", for which he received his fifth and final Grammy nomination. In that same month, the 32 Records label released a double CD anthology \"Stolen and Other Moments\", which features some of his recordings for the now defunct Muse label. The CD features material from the two \"Kerouac\" albums and a selection of \"the best of Mark Murphy\". It was followed by three further anthologies. After Muse boss Joe Fields sold the label and set up HighNote Records in its place, Murphy recorded five more albums for the new label, including \"Some Time Ago\" (2000), \"Links\" (2001) and \"Memories of You\" (2003). Murphy's release \"Once to Every Heart\" (2005) on Verve, features sensuous ballads, where the listener can hear him singing at the top of his"}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": " form, with an orchestra arranged by Nan Schwartz. It was one of the best-selling albums of Murphy's career. In 2007 Verve released \"Love is What Stays\". Both albums were produced by German trumpeter Till Br\u00f6nner. Murphy also collaborated with Tenth & Parker, a modern UK electronica/acid jazz group on their \"Twenty:Twelve\" (2001) album; plus the Five Corners Quintet, a modern Finnish jazz band, appearing on their albums \"Chasin' the Jazz Gone By\" (2005) and \"Hot Corner\" (2008). In 2010 he released the independently produced CD, \"Never Let Me Go\", accompanied by pianist Misha Piatigorsky, bassist Danton Boller and drummer Chris Wabich. The CD contains all songs he selected, mostly ballads, and was the first time he recorded Bill Evans' \"Turn Out The Stars\". Murphy also participated as a guest on \"The Royal Bopsters Project\" by Amy London, Darmon Meader, Dylan Pramuk, and Holli Ross, recorded in 2012 and released in 2015 by Motema Music. His final recording was a limited edition EP/MP3, \"A Beautiful Friendship: Remembering Shirley Horn\" on Gear"}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": "box Records, released in 2013. Murphy continued to tour internationally into his 80s, appearing at festivals and concerts, in jazz clubs and on television programs, throughout the U.S., Europe, Australia and Japan and elsewhere. John Bush at AllMusic.com described Murphy as \"a major name in vocal jazz.\" A longtime resident of the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey, he died there on October 22, 2015.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:As leader. - 1956 \"Meet Mark Murphy\" (Decca) - 1957 \"Let Yourself Go\" (Decca) - 1959 \"This Could Be the Start of Something\" (Capitol) - 1960 \"Mark Murphy's Hip Parade\" (Capitol) - 1960 \"Playing the Field\" (Capitol) - 1961 \"Rah\" (Riverside) - 1962 \"That's How I Love the Blues!\" (Riverside) - 1965 \"Swingin' Singin' Affair\" (Fontana) - 1966 \"Who Can I Turn To & 11 Other Great Standards\" (Immediate) - 1968 \"Midnight Mood\" (Saba) - 1970 \"This Must Be Earth\" (Phoenix) - 1972 \"Bridging a Gap"}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": "\" (Muse) - 1973 \"Mark II\" (Muse) - 1975 \"Mark Murphy Sings...On the Red Clay, Naima and Other Great Songs\" (Muse) - 1977 \"Mark Murphy Sings Mostly Dorothy Fields & Cy Coleman\" (Audiophile) - 1978 \"Stolen Moments\" (Muse) - 1979 \"Satisfaction Guaranteed\" (Muse) - 1981 \"Bop for Kerouac\" (Muse) - 1982 \"The Artistry of Mark Murphy\" (Muse) - 1983 \"Brazil Song (Canc\u00f5es Do Brasil)\" (Muse) - 1983 \"Mark Murphy Sings the Nat King Cole Songbook, Volume One\" (Muse) - 1983 \"Mark Murphy Sings Nat's Choice: The Nat King Cole Songbook, Volume Two\" (Muse) - 1984 \"Living Room\" (Muse) - 1986 \"Beauty and the Beast\" (Muse) - 1986 \"Kerouac, Then and Now\" (Muse) - 1987 \"Night Mood: The Music of Ivan Lins\" (Milestone) - 1988 \"September Ballads\" (Milestone) - 1990 \"What a Way to Go\" (Muse)"}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": " - 1991 \"I'll Close My Eyes\" (Muse) - 1991 \"One for Junior\" (Muse) - 1993 \"Very Early\" (West and East Music) - 1993 \"Just Jazz\" (Jazzette) - 1995 \"The Dream\" (Jive) - 1996 \"Shadows\" (TCB Music) - 1996 \"North Sea Jazz Sessions, Volume 5\" (Jazz World) - 1997 \"Song for the Geese\" (RCA Victor) - 1999 \"Some Time Ago\" (HighNote) - 2000 \"The Latin Porter\" (Go Jazz) - 2000 \"Links\" (HighNote) - 2001 \"Lucky to Be Me\" (HighNote) - 2003 \"Memories of You: Remembering Joe Williams\" (HighNote) - 2004 \"Bop for Miles\" (HighNote) - 2004 \"Dim the Lights\" (Millennium) - 2005 \"Once to Every Heart\" (Verve) - 2006 \"Love Is What Stays\" (Verve) - 2010 \"Never Let Me Go\" (Mark Murphy Productions) - 2013 \"A Beautiful Friendship: Remembering Shirley Horn\" (Gearbox) - 2013 \"Another Vision\" (Edel) - 2016 \"Live In Athens, Greece\""}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": " (Harbinger) - 2016 \"Live In Italy 2001\" (Splasch) - 2017 \"Wild And Free: Live at the Keystone Korner\" (HighNote)</s><s>Guest appearances. With Madeline Eastman - 1991 \"You're the Dangerous Type\" \u2013 from \"Mad About Madeline!\" (Mad Kat) With Till Br\u00f6nner - 2002 \"Dim the Lights\" \u2013 from \"Blue Eyed Soul\" (Universal) With Gill Manly - 2009 \"I Keep Goin' Back to Joe's\" \u2013 from \"With a Song in My Heart\" (Linn) With Guillaume de Chassy and Daniel Yvinec - 2009 \"I'll Walk Alone\"/\"Then I'll Be Tired of You\"/\"Taking a Chance on Love\"/\"I Wish You Love\" \u2013 from \"Songs from the Last Century\" (Bee Jazz) With The Five Corners Quintet - 2005 \"This Could Be the Start of Something\"/\"Before We Say Goodbye\"/\"Jamming (with Mr. Hoagland)\" - from \"Chasin' the Jazz Gone By\" (Ricky-Tick Records) - 2008 \"Kerouac Days in Montana\"/\"Come and Get Me\"/\"Layers of Layers\""}, {"title": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "text": " \u2013 from \"Hot Corner\" (Ricky-Tick Records)</s><s>Guest appearances.:Videos. - 2008 \"Mark Murphy: Murphy's Mood\" \u2013 with Pete Candoli and Conte Candoli</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mark Murphy (singer)", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000215", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jennifer Paz.", "docs": [{"title": "Jennifer Paz", "text": "<s>Jennifer Paz Jennifer Paz-Fedorov (born April 23, 1974) is an American actress. She is mostly known for her recurring role as Lapis Lazuli in \"Steven Universe\" and \"Steven Universe Future\".</s><s>Career. The youngest of four children, Paz moved with her family at the age of 5 from the Philippines to Seattle, where her mother's brother was living at the time. After completing her freshman year at the University of Washington in Seattle, Paz - then at the age of 21 - played the alternate of the lead role of Kim in the 1st National \"Miss Saigon\" US Tour. Since this professional debut, Paz has received multi-award nominations and wins including a 2008 LA Stage Alliance Ovation Award for Best Lead Actress. In 2013, Paz returned to playing the lead role of Kim in Miss Saigon at the Casa Ma\u00f1ana theatre. Paz is known for providing the voice of Lapis Lazuli and part of the voice of Malachite on the Cartoon Network television series, \"Steven Universe\".</s><s>Personal life. Paz became engaged to boyfriend Anthony Fedorov on December 25, 2012. Their son, Julian Paz Fedorov, was born on April 1"}, {"title": "Jennifer Paz", "text": ", 2013.</s><s>Recordings. - The Lost Chords: Cinderella - \"I Lost My Heart At the Ball\", \"The Face That I See in the Night\" - Walt Disney Records The Legacy Collection: Cinderella - \"I Lost My Heart At the Ball\", \"The Face That I See in the Night\" - Awakening - Featured Vocals{{cite news|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01L68AV7G/|title=Awakening |accessdate=2019-06-04 | work=Amazon.com}} - The Lost Chords: The Rescuers - \"The Need to Be Loved\" - Steven Universe, Vol. 2 (Original Soundtrack) - \"That Distant Shore\" - Steven Universe the Movie (Original Soundtrack) - \"Happily Ever After\", \"Who We Are\", \"Finale\" - Steven Universe Future (Original Soundtrack) - \u201cShining Through\u201d</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jennifer Paz", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000216", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Bobby Thomson.", "docs": [{"title": "Bobby Thomson", "text": "<s>Bobby Thomson Robert Brown Thomson (October 25, 1923 \u2013 August 16, 2010) was a Scottish-born American professional baseball player, nicknamed the \"Staten Island Scot\". He was an outfielder and right-handed batter for the New York Giants (1946\u201353, 1957), Milwaukee Braves (1954\u201357), Chicago Cubs (1958\u201359), Boston Red Sox (1960), and Baltimore Orioles (1960). His pennant-winning three-run home run for the Giants in 1951 is popularly known as the \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\", and is one of the most famous moments in baseball history. It overshadowed his other accomplishments, including eight 20-home-run seasons and three All-Star selections. \"It was the best thing that ever happened to me\", he said. \"It may have been the best thing that ever happened to anybody.\"</s><s>Early life. Thomson was born in the Townhead area of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom. He was the youngest of six children born to parents James and Elizabeth. He arrived in the United States two years later. James, a cabinet maker, had moved to New York City shortly before Bobby's birth and sent for his family in 1925. Thomson grew up on Staten Island in New York"}, {"title": "Bobby Thomson", "text": " City and signed with the New York Giants for a $100 bonus right out of Curtis High School in 1942. On December 5, 1942, he joined the United States Army Air Forces and trained as a bombardier. His entire service was within the continental United States. He played semiprofessional baseball in the summer of 1945 while awaiting his discharge.</s><s>Early baseball career. Thomson batted.283 with 29 home runs and 82 runs batted in (RBIs) in his rookie year, 1947. The following season, he batted.248 with 16 home runs. In 1949, Thomson had career bests in RBIs (109) and batting average (.309). His batting average dropped to.252 in 1950. He then hit a career-high 32 home runs in 1951, the fifth-best total in the major leagues; he also had the fourth-highest slugging average in baseball that year.</s><s>The \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\". Thomson became a celebrity for his walk-off home run off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca to win the 1951 National League pennant. The home run, nicknamed the \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\", was dramatic, as until 1969, league pennants were only decided by a playoff when the teams involved finished"}, {"title": "Bobby Thomson", "text": " the regular season in a tie. Prior to 1951, playoffs had only been necessary in 1946 (NL) and 1948 (AL). Although in mid-August, the Giants were games behind the league-leading Dodgers, they won 37 of their final 44 games to tie Brooklyn on the final day of the regular season, forcing a three-game playoff. The Giants won the first game 3\u20131 as a result of a two-run home run by Thomson (off Branca). Brooklyn's Clem Labine shut out the Giants in the second game, 10\u20130. The decisive contest, played on October 3 at the Polo Grounds, was the first major sporting event televised coast-to-coast in the United States. The Dodgers took a 4\u20131 lead into the bottom of the ninth inning, but Giants shortstop Alvin Dark singled, advanced to third on a single by Don Mueller, and scored on a double by Whitey Lockman. With Lockman on second and pinch runner Clint Hartung at third, Thomson's walk-off home run turned looming defeat into a 5\u20134 victory. The moment was immortalized by Giants play-by-play announcer Russ Hodges's excited multiple repetitions: \"The Giants win the pennant! The Giants win the penn"}, {"title": "Bobby Thomson", "text": "ant!\" Waiting in the on-deck circle to hit behind Thomson was rookie Willie Mays. The Giants' season ended, however, at the 1951 World Series; the Yankees swept the last three games to win the best-of-seven series, four games to two. Thomson batted.238 in the series with no home runs. The bat from the \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\" is in the collection of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. The uniform worn by Thomson on that day is apparently a part of a large private collection owned by Dan Scheinman, a member of the San Francisco Giants ownership group.</s><s>The \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\".:Sign stealing. Longstanding rumors that the Giants engaged in systematic sign stealing during the second half of the 1951 season were confirmed in 2001. Several players told \"The Wall Street Journal\" that beginning on July 20, coach Herman Franks used a telescope positioned in the Giants clubhouse behind center field to steal the finger signals of opposing catchers. Stolen signs were relayed to the Giants dugout via a buzzer wire. Joshua Prager, the author of the \"Journal\" article, outlined the evidence in greater detail in a 2008 book. Although Thomson always insisted that"}, {"title": "Bobby Thomson", "text": " he had no foreknowledge of Branca's pitch, Sal Yvars told Prager that he relayed Rube Walker's fastball sign to Thomson. Branca was privately skeptical of Thomson's denials, but made no public comment at the time. Later, he told \"The New York Times\", \"I didn't want to diminish a legendary moment in baseball. And even if Bobby knew what was coming, he had to hit it... Knowing the pitch doesn't always help.\" Whether the telescope-and-buzzer system contributed significantly to the Giants' late-season 37\u20137 win streak remains a subject of debate. Prager notes in his book that sign stealing was not specifically forbidden by MLB rules at the time and, moral issues aside, \"...has been a part of baseball since its inception\". Sign stealing using optical or other mechanical aids was outlawed by MLB in 1961.</s><s>Later years. In 1952, Thomson led the National League with 14 triples while batting.271 with 25 home runs and 109 RBIs for the Giants. In his final season with the Giants in 1953, Thomson hit 26 home runs and 106 RBIs, and a.288 average. That winter, he was sent to the Milwaukee Braves in a multiplayer deal. During his first spring training"}, {"title": "Bobby Thomson", "text": " with the Braves in 1954, he suffered a broken ankle, which allowed rookie Hank Aaron to earn a place in the Milwaukee lineup. Thomson batted a career-low.232 in 1954. The Braves traded Thomson back to the Giants during the 1957 season, and he was in the lineup for the club's final game at the Polo Grounds. The Giants moved to San Francisco for the 1958 season, but Thomson was gone, traded to the Cubs. He spent two seasons in Chicago before closing out his major-league career in the American League with the Red Sox and Orioles. He played one final season in 1963 with the Yomiuri Giants in Japan. Thomson was a career.270 hitter with 264 home runs and 1,026 RBIs in 1,779 games. He was selected an All-Star in 1948, 1949, and 1952. In the 1990s, over 40 years after his famous home run, Thomson received a letter from a Marine who had been stationed in Korea in 1951: After baseball, Thomson became a sales executive at a New York City paper-products company. He lived in Watchung, New Jersey, until 2006, when he moved to Savannah, Georgia, to be near his daughter Nancy and his grandchildren. He died August 16, 2010, at his home in"}, {"title": "Bobby Thomson", "text": " The Marshes of Skidaway Island, a continuing care facility in Savannah.</s><s>Honors. Scottish baseball team Edinburgh Diamond Devils named their home Bobby Thomson Field. It was opened by Thomson himself in 2003, while he was in Scotland to be inducted into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame. The UK Chapter of The Society for American Baseball Research is named the Bobby Thomson Chapter. The Curtis High School Field in Staten Island was renamed Bobby Thomson Field in 2007. Thomson was inducted into the Staten Island Sports Hall of Fame in the class of 1995.</s><s>See also. - List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders - List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders - List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Bobby Thomson", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000217", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jefferson Thomas.", "docs": [{"title": "Jefferson Thomas", "text": "<s>Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Allison Thomas (September 19, 1942 \u2013 September 5, 2010) was one of the Little Rock Nine, a group of African-American students who, in 1957, were the first black students ever to attend classes at Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. In 1999, Thomas and the other students of the Little Rock Nine were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal by President Bill Clinton.</s><s>Early life and education. Jefferson Thomas, the youngest of seven children, was born in Little Rock to Mr. and Mrs. Ellis Thomas. His parents named him after Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States. Thomas first attended Horace Mann High School, a segregated all-black school, where he was a track athlete. In 1957, he volunteered to be among the first group of black students to integrate all-white Little Rock Central High School for the 1957\u201358 school year as a sophomore. On September 4, 1957, the Little Rock Nine made an unsuccessful attempt to enter Central High School, which had been segregated. The Arkansas National Guard, under orders from the governor, and an angry mob of about 400 surrounded the school and prevented them from going in. On September 23, 1957, a mob of about 1000 people surrounded the school again as the"}, {"title": "Jefferson Thomas", "text": " students attempted to enter. The following day, President Dwight D. Eisenhower took control of the Arkansas National Guard from the governor and sent federal troops to accompany the students to school for protection. Both federal troops and federalized National Guard soldiers were deployed at the school for the entirety of the school year.</s><s>Career. Despite the harassment, Thomas graduated from Central High School in May 1960, and entered Wayne State University, Detroit. In mid-1961, he relocated to Los Angeles, California. He served as Treasurer of the NAACP Youth Council and State President of the Progressive Baptist Youth Convention. He also attended Los Angeles State College, joined the Student Government, and was elected President of the Associated Engineers. He obtained a bachelor's degree in Business Administration. Thomas also served in the U.S. Army's 9th Infantry Division as an infantryman during the Vietnam War.</s><s>Later life. Thomas narrated the United States Information Agency's 1964 film \"Nine from Little Rock\". In the film Thomas said, \"If Little Rock taught us nothing more, it taught us that problems can make us better. Much better.\" The goal of this government film, in the context of the Cold War, was to show, to countries concerned about American racism, the progress the United States had"}, {"title": "Jefferson Thomas", "text": " made with respect to civil rights. It achieved this goal at least in part as the film received wide acclaim (including an Academy Award) and was distributed to 97 countries. Thomas resided in Columbus, Ohio with his wife, Mary. He served as a volunteer mentor in the Village to Child Program co-sponsored by Ohio Dominican University, where he received his Honorary Degree, \"Doctor of Humane Letters\", on May 13, 2001, for his lifelong efforts in human rights and equality advancement. Thomas was a frequent speaker at numerous high schools, colleges and universities throughout the country. He was the recipient of numerous awards from local and federal governmental agencies which include the Congressional Gold Medal awarded to the Little Rock Nine by President Bill Clinton in 1999. Also, in 1999, he and the other members of the Little Rock Nine received the NAACP's prestigious Spingarn Award \"for their bravery and heroism throughout Central High's first year of integration\". In August 2005, the State of Arkansas honored the Little Rock Nine with statues of their likeness on the Capitol grounds. After more than 27 years as a civil servant, Thomas retired on September 30, 2004, from the Defense Finance and Accounting Service in Columbus, Ohio. In his later years, he served on the board of directors for the City of Refuge Learning"}, {"title": "Jefferson Thomas", "text": " Academy at the First Church of God. Thomas died from pancreatic cancer in Columbus, Ohio, two weeks before his 68th birthday. He was the first and, as of 2023, the only member of the Little Rock Nine to have died. After a funeral in Columbus, he was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.</s><s>Media portrayals. In 1993, actor Tico Wells portrayed Thomas in the Disney Channel movie \"The Ernest Green Story\".</s><s>See also. - \"Nine from Little Rock\" Jefferson Thomas of the Little Rock Nine</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jefferson Thomas", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000218", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mike Melvill.", "docs": [{"title": "Mike Melvill", "text": "<s>Mike Melvill Michael Winston Melvill (born November 30, 1940 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a world-record-breaking pilot and one of the test pilots for SpaceShipOne, the experimental spaceplane developed by Scaled Composites. Melvill piloted SpaceShipOne on its first flight past the edge of space, flight 15P on June 21, 2004, thus becoming the first commercial astronaut, and the 435th person to go into space. He was also the pilot on SpaceShipOne's flight 16P, the first competitive flight in the Ansari X Prize competition.</s><s>Life and career. In 1978, Melvill met aerospace designer and Scaled Composites founder Burt Rutan when he flew to California to show Rutan the VariViggen he had built at his home. Rutan then hired him on the spot. In 1982, he was named Rutan's lead test pilot. In 1997, Melvill and Dick Rutan, Burt's brother, flew two Long-Eze aircraft that they built side-by-side around the world. This \"around the world in 80 nights\" flight was called The Spirit of EAA Friendship World Tour, and some legs of it lasted for over 14 hours. His famous 2004"}, {"title": "Mike Melvill", "text": " flights in SpaceshipOne earned him and the entire project team the Ansari X Prize of $10 million and helped spur the beginning of the global private space race. Later in his career, he became Vice President/General Manager at Scaled Composites. Mike Melvill holds FAA Commercial certificate, ASEL, AMEL, instrument airplane, rotorcraft-helicopter, glider and now astronaut.</s><s>Awards and achievements. As of January, 2020, Melvill is the sole or joint holder of ten FAI aviation world records in various categories. He was awarded the Iven C. Kincheloe Award in 1999 for high altitude, developmental flight-testing of the model 281 Proteus aircraft. Through SpaceShipOne flight 15P in 2004, he is known as the first privately funded human spaceflight mission pilot to reach space.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mike Melvill", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000219", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of George Eacker.", "docs": [{"title": "George Eacker", "text": "<s>George Eacker George I. Eacker ( 1774 \u2013 January 4, 1804) was a New York lawyer. He is best known for having fatally shot Philip Hamilton, the eldest son of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, in a duel on November 23, 1801, in Weehawken, New Jersey.</s><s>Early life and education. Eacker was born in Palatine, New York. He was the son of Jacob Eacker, who fought in the American Revolution and served as a county judge and a member of the New York State Assembly, and Anna Margaret Finck, daughter of Andreas Finck. He had one younger brother, Jacob I., and four sisters. He attended a preparatory school in Schenectady, New York, and graduated from Columbia College in 1793. He then studied law under Henry Brockholst Livingston, a future Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.</s><s>Career. Eacker was admitted to the New York bar at 21. He soon built his practice in Manhattan into a lucrative business, which allowed him to take a house on Wall Street and to employ a married couple as his valet and housekeeper. He gained popularity in New York City's well-to-"}, {"title": "George Eacker", "text": "do social circles as a lawyer, Freemason, cavalry captain, and fire brigade inspector. For an unknown offense in 1798, which the historian Eric Henry Monkkonen interprets as an earlier duel or conflict, Eacker appeared in court and paid a recognizance, likely as a bond for good behavior. In 1801, Eacker was appointed as a master in the New York Court of Chancery, which was the highest court in the state.</s><s>Duels with Price and Philip Hamilton. Eacker was selected in 1801 to deliver the Fourth of July oration at an Independence Day celebration held in New York City by a brigade of the New York State Militia, the Tammany Society, and two of the city's labor organizations: the Mechanics' Society and Coopers' Society. The Tammany Society, better known as Tammany Hall, was a Democratic-Republican Party political organization that Aaron Burr had built into a political machine. In politics, Eacker was known to be aligned with Burr. According to a supporter, the speech that Eacker delivered was commended by \"nearly everybody\" except for partisans who were \"blinded... to every virtue\" by \"party spirit, which at that time was very bitter.\" Some accounts questioned whether the"}, {"title": "George Eacker", "text": " speech was critical of Alexander Hamilton, as was later characterized. According to a 19th-century historian who relied on Eacker's younger brother as a source, the speech was entirely patriotic and did not name or allude to Hamilton. On November 20, 1801, a Friday night, Eacker attended a play at the Park Theatre with his fianc\u00e9e Harriet Livingston, a daughter of Walter Livingston and Cornelia Schuyler. Philip Hamilton, the eldest son of Alexander Hamilton, and Stephen Price approached or entered Eacker's box together and loudly ridiculed him. Eacker called them \"damned rascals.\" In response to that insult, as was then common, both challenged Eacker to a duel. Price faced the 27-year-old Eacker in a duel in Weehawken, New Jersey, on November 22. Four shots were exchanged, but neither party was injured. At the same location on the following day, Eacker fatally shot the 19-year-old Hamilton in a second duel. Hamilton refused to raise his pistol to fire after he and Eacker had counted ten paces and faced each other. Hamilton followed his father's instructions to reserve his fire. Eacker, determined to fire second, did not shoot. After a minute, E"}, {"title": "George Eacker", "text": "acker finally raised his pistol, and Hamilton did the same. Eacker shot and struck Philip above his right hip. The bullet went through his body and lodged in his left arm. In what may have been an involuntary spasm, Hamilton fired his pistol in the air. In a letter to Rufus King, Robert Troup wrote of Alexander Hamilton, \"Never did I see a man so completely overwhelmed with grief as Hamilton had been.\" Nevertheless, he was said to be civil and professional in his later relationship with Eacker. Hamilton would die in a duel with Aaron Burr only a few years later, on July 11, 1804, on the same dueling ground in Weehawken.</s><s>Death and legacy. Eacker died on January 4, 1804. His death was attributed to consumption, or tuberculosis. According to Eacker's brother, the prolonged illness began in January 1802 on a bitterly cold night when Eacker fought a raging fire with his brigade and contracted a severe cold that \"settled upon his lungs\" until his death. His remains were interred at St. Paul's Chapel with military honors, and his funeral procession included members of the military, fire brigade, and the Howard Lodge of Freemasons. Eacker and his fianc\u00e9e"}, {"title": "George Eacker", "text": " never married. In January 1808, Harriet Livingston married the steamboat inventor Robert Fulton with whom she had four children.</s><s>In popular culture. Eacker appears as a minor character in the 2015 Broadway musical \"Hamilton\" in which the musical number \"Blow Us All Away\" dramatizes his duel with Philip Hamilton. The role of Eacker originated on Broadway by a member of the show's ensemble, Ephraim M. Sykes, who also appears as Eacker on the original cast recording.</s><s>See also. - List of people killed in duels</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "George Eacker", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000220", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jeff Beukeboom.", "docs": [{"title": "Jeff Beukeboom", "text": "<s>Jeff Beukeboom Jeffrey Scott Beukeboom (born March 28, 1965) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played as a defenceman for the Edmonton Oilers and New York Rangers between 1986 and 1999</s><s>Playing career. Beukeboom played junior hockey for the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (1982\u20131985). After being selected in the first round (19th overall) of the 1983 NHL Entry Draft by the Edmonton Oilers, he played in juniors for two more years before joining the Oilers. While playing for the Oilers, he won three Stanley Cups, and was known as a hard-hitting defenceman. Beukeboom was traded from the Edmonton Oilers to the New York Rangers on November 12, 1991. At the time, neither the Rangers nor Oilers made any announcement to indicate that Beukeboom was part of the Mark Messier trade. He played on the top defensive pairing with Brian Leetch, and was an alternate captain. Beukeboom's stay-at-home play allowed Leetch to lead the rush and kept opposing players out of the goal crease. He led the team in penalty minutes three times (1992\u201393, 1993\u201394"}, {"title": "Jeff Beukeboom", "text": ", 1995\u201396) and won his last Stanley Cup with the Rangers in 1994. He was also known for his philanthropy, including Ice Hockey in Harlem. Beukeboom won the Rangers' Crumb Bum Award, given for service to local youngsters, in 1996. While with the Rangers, Beukeboom also appeared in a memorable \"This is Sportscenter\" spot in which he assaults ESPN's Steve Levy after being told Levy had referred to Beukeboom as \"Puke-a-boom.\" Due to his physical play, Beukeboom suffered multiple concussions, the most devastating of which came as a result of a sucker punch by Matt Johnson of the Los Angeles Kings in November 1998. Johnson received a 12-game suspension for intent to injure. While Beukeboom returned after a few games off, he bumped his head again in a minor collision with Martin Gelinas in February 1999 and he was forced to miss the rest of the season. Afterward, Beukeboom was left with recurrent headaches, memory loss, nausea, and mental fogginess that lasted for months. He was diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome, and ordered to never play hockey again. Beukeboom officially retired in July 1999 with a total"}, {"title": "Jeff Beukeboom", "text": " of 1,890 NHL penalty minutes in 804 games played, and is currently second all-time on the Rangers' penalty minutes list. After retiring, he continued to suffer post-concussion symptoms for almost two years before recovering.</s><s>Post-NHL career. Beukeboom returned to hockey as an assistant coach for the Toronto Roadrunners American Hockey League (AHL) for the 2003\u201304 season. In 2005, he became the president and part owner of the Lindsay Muskies of the Ontario Provincial Junior \"A\" Hockey League, and in 2008, Beukeboom became an assistant coach for the Barrie Colts of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) and worked in both teams. In June 2009, Beukeboom was named the assistant coach of the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League. That same year, he served as a coach for Team Canada Red at the World Jewish Hockey Tournament. In 2012, he returned to the AHL as an assistant coach for the Connecticut Whale who would later be renamed to Hartford Wolf Pack. On July 1, 2016, he was hired as an assistant coach for the New York Rangers.</s><s>Personal life. Beukeboom was born in Ajax, Ontario, but grew up in Lindsay, Ontario"}, {"title": "Jeff Beukeboom", "text": ". His son, Brock, played for the UPEI Panthers. Brock was drafted by the Tampa Bay Lightning in the third round (63rd pick) of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He was traded to the Blues in February 2011, along with a third round draft pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft, in exchange for Eric Brewer. However, the Blues did not sign him and he decided to attend the New York Rangers' prospect camp in 2013. In 2018, he signed overseas with Feh\u00e9rv\u00e1ri Tit\u00e1nok in the Erste Liga. His daughter, Tyson, played college rugby for St. Francis Xavier University. In 2012, she was named the CIS Female Athlete of the Year. In 2014, she was named to Canadian national team. Beukeboom is the brother of former Ontario Hockey League players John and Brian Beukeboom, the cousin of fellow former NHL player Joe Nieuwendyk, the nephew of the late Ed Kea, and the second cousin of Adam Beukeboom. He is the uncle of Johnny and Scott McGuire. Johnny played in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), American Hockey League (AHL), and ECHL, while Scott spent two seasons in the Central Ontario Junior C Hockey League"}, {"title": "Jeff Beukeboom", "text": ".</s><s>Awards and honors. - Four-time Stanley Cup champion (1987, 1988, 1990, 1994). - NY Rangers Crumb Bum Award - service to local youngsters (1996). - OHL All-Star First Team (1984\u201385) - In the 2009 book \"100 Ranger Greats\", was ranked No. 50 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jeff Beukeboom", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000221", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mindy Smith.", "docs": [{"title": "Mindy Smith", "text": "<s>Mindy Smith Melinda Leigh Smith (born June 1, 1972, Long Island, New York) is an American singer-songwriter. Her first record deal came after she sang a cover version of the song \"Jolene\" by Dolly Parton.</s><s>Music career. Smith was adopted at birth by a non-denominational Protestant minister and his wife, who was choir director at the church. She grew up on Long Island, New York. After her mother died of cancer in 1991, Smith attended Cincinnati Bible College for two years. Smith and her father moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, where she began listening to folk and bluegrass music, Alison Krauss, and the Cox Family. In 1998, she moved to Nashville to pursue a career in music. Two years later, she reached the finals of a contest at the Kerrville Folk Festival. This led to a contract with Big Yellow Dog Music. Smith attracted attention in 2003 when she sang a cover version of \"Jolene\" by Dolly Parton for the tribute album \"\". Soon after, she signed a contract with Vanguard Records, who released her debut album, \"One Moment More\" in 2004. In addition to Dolly Parton, she has expressed admiration for John Prine"}, {"title": "Mindy Smith", "text": ", Alison Krauss, Patty Griffin, Shania Twain, Kris Kristofferson, Buddy Miller, and Bill Gaither. \"Come to Jesus\" was her biggest hit, receiving airplay on country, Christian, adult album alternative (AAA), and adult contemporary radio. The song charted at No. 32 on the Adult Top 40 chart of \"Billboard\" magazine. In 2004 Smith appeared at the Cambridge Folk Festival in the U.K., which was broadcast nationally on BBC Radio. In October 2006, Smith released \"Out Loud\", the first single from her second album \"Long Island Shores\". The song was well received by AAA rock radio and Country Music Television (CMT). On January 10, 2007, she performed \"Please Stay\" on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\". In October 2007, Smith released a Christmas album, \"My Holiday\". She wrote six original songs, including \"I Know the Reason\" with Thad Cockrell. In August 2009, Smith released her fourth studio album, \"Stupid Love\". She appeared on \"The Early Show\" on August 15, 2009, to perform the first single, \"Highs and Lows\". On September 29, 2009, while promoting the album on the syndicated radio show \"World Cafe\","}, {"title": "Mindy Smith", "text": " she disclosed that she had obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. In June 2012, Smith released an independent studio album, \"Mindy Smith\" on her own Giant Leap label in conjunction with TVX. In October of the same year Vanguard Records released a compilation album of her songs entitled \"The Essential Mindy Smith\". On October 29, 2013, Smith released a Christmas EP entitled \"Snowed In\" on the Giant Leap/TVX label. This release contained original material and covers of Christmas songs.</s><s>Charity. In March 2013, Smith worked with Anthropologie during an in-store performance to raise money and awareness for the Captain Planet Foundation, a non-profit organization. Anthropologie donated fifteen percent of sales made in the first hour after Smith's performance to CPF.</s><s>Awards and honors. - Best New/Emerging Artist of the Year, Americana Music Association, 2004</s><s>Special appearances. - \"\" (2003) - Track: \"Jolene\" - \"\" (2005) - Track: \"A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square\" - \"This Bird Has Flown \u2013 A 40th Anniversary Tribute to the Beatles' Rubber Soul\" (2005) - Track: \"The Word\" - \"Stronger Than Before\""}, {"title": "Mindy Smith", "text": " by Olivia Newton-John (2005) - Track: \"Phenomenal Woman\" - \"Those Were The Days\" by Dolly Parton (2005) - Track: \"The Cruel War\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mindy Smith", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000222", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Deitrick Haddon.", "docs": [{"title": "Deitrick Haddon", "text": "<s>Deitrick Haddon Deitrick Vaughn Haddon (born May 17, 1973) is an American gospel singer, songwriter, pianist, arranger, record producer, pastor, and actor. He is best known for progressive gospel, and contemporary styles of music. He is also one of the cast members in Oxygen's reality television show \"Preachers of L.A.\"</s><s>Early years. Haddon launched his solo career as a Christian R&B vocalist with the \"Lost & Found\" on Tyscot/Verity in 2002. The set peaked at No. 1 on Billboard's Top Gospel Charts and received wide critical acclaim and spawned the hit \"Sinner's Prayer\" which was played extensively on gospel and mainstream R&B radio stations. The 1970s-leaning \"Crossroads\" followed in 2004, led off by the upbeat single \"God is Good\". In an uncharacteristic move for marketing a gospel album, Haddon made an appearance on the long-running syndicated series \"Soul Train\" performing the single and the title track from the album. Haddon appeared to be pushing his Gospel artistry further into the ranks of mainstream venues with \"7 Days\", released October 10, 2006. \"7 Days\" was produced"}, {"title": "Deitrick Haddon", "text": " almost entirely by R&B producers Tim & Bob Balancing out the contemporary bulk of the album is the traditional gospel-flavored lead single \"Heaven Knows\" which Haddon produced himself. Haddon and his brother Gerald also produced the comeback album \"Brand New Day\" for veteran gospel vocalist Vanessa Bell Armstrong. Deitrick Haddon & Voices of Unity's \"Live the Life\" won Gospel Music Workshop of America Excellence Awards for \"New Artist of the Year\u2014Urban Contemporary\" and \"Album of the Year\u2014Urban Contemporary\". On September 2, 2008, Haddon released an album called \"Revealed\". This album includes the popular single, \"Love Him Like I Do\" (featuring Mary Mary and Ruben Studdard). On July 27, 2010 Haddon made his film debut in a movie released directly to DVD called \"Blessed and Cursed\". On January 25, 2012, Haddon released \"Church on the Moon\", his fifth album with Verity Records. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboards Top Gospel charts and No. 65 on the Billboard 200. Haddon is part of the cast of the reality television show \"Preachers of L.A.\", which chronicles the lives of six Los Angeles preachers"}, {"title": "Deitrick Haddon", "text": ", including Haddon. The show began airing on October 9, 2013 and airs on the Oxygen network in the United States.</s><s>Television. In 2019, Deitrick Haddon starred as Clarence Burnett in the TV One original summer movie \"Sins of the Father\".</s><s>Personal life. In 1996, Haddon married Damita Chandler. They pastored together the church that Deitrick's father founded: Kingdom Culture Church of Detroit. They remained together for 15 years before a divorce in 2011. Haddon is now married to his second wife, Dominique Haddon (n\u00e9e McTyer). The couple have two daughters, Destin and Denver, and one son, Deitrick II. Haddon and his wife are now the Founders/Senior Pastors of Hill City Church in Los Angeles, where Haddon is founder/senior pastor and Dominique is executive pastor.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Deitrick Haddon", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000223", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Joe McGinniss.", "docs": [{"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": "<s>Joe McGinniss Joseph Ralph McGinniss Sr. (December 9, 1942 \u2013 March 10, 2014) was an American non-fiction writer and novelist. The author of twelve books, he first came to prominence with the best-selling \"The Selling of the President 1968\" which described the marketing of then-presidential candidate Richard Nixon. He is popularly known for his trilogy of bestselling true crime books\u2014\"Fatal Vision\", \"Blind Faith\" and \"Cruel Doubt\"\u2014which were adapted into TV miniseries in the 1980s and 90s. His last book was \"The Rogue: Searching for the Real Sarah Palin\", an account of Sarah Palin, the former governor of Alaska who was the 2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee.</s><s>Early life and family. McGinniss was born in Manhattan, the only child of travel agent Joseph A. McGinniss and Mary (nee Leonard), a secretary at CBS. He was raised in Forest Hills, Queens, and Rye, New York. In his youth he was given a chance to pick a middle name and chose Ralph, after the baseball player Ralph Kiner. McGinniss attended Archbishop Stepinac High School in White Plains and graduated in 1964 from the College of the Holy Cross"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": " in Worcester, Massachusetts. After his application to the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism was rejected, something he later pointed to with pride, he became a general assignment reporter at the \"Worcester Telegram\". He left within a year to become a sportswriter for the \"Philadelphia Bulletin\" before joining \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\" as a general interest columnist. In 1979, he became a writer-in-residence at the \"Los Angeles Herald Examiner\". From 1982 to 1985, he taught creative writing at Bennington College in Vermont. While at Bennington, his students included Donna Tartt and Bret Easton Ellis. At the time of his death, \"The New York Times\" described him as a \"gregarious man who was generous with other writers.\"</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:\"The Selling of the President\". McGinniss's first book, \"The Selling of the President 1968\", landed on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list when he was 26 years old, making him the youngest living writer with that achievement. The book was on \"The New York Times\" non-fiction bestseller list for 31 weeks from October 1969 to May 1970. The book described the marketing of Richard Nixon during the 1968 presidential campaign. The idea"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": " for the book came to McGinniss almost serendipitously: [He] stumbled across his book's topic while taking a train to New York. A fellow commuter had just landed the Hubert Humphrey account and was boasting that 'in six weeks we'll have him looking better than Abraham Lincoln.' McGinniss tried to get access to Humphrey's campaign first, but they turned him down. So he called up Nixon's, and they said yes. The book was well received by critics and has been recognized as a \"classic of campaign reporting that first introduced many readers to the stage-managed world of political theater.\" Fox News chairman and CEO Roger Ailes, who served as a Richard Nixon campaign adviser and featured prominently in the book, said in a statement that McGinniss \"changed political writing forever in 1968.\" It \"spent more than six months on best-sellers lists... and McGinniss sold a lot of those books through television, appearing on the titular shows of Merv Griffin, David Frost, and Dick Cavett, among others.\" Conservative writer William F. Buckley, Jr., \"assumed McGinniss had relied on 'an elaborate deception which has brought joy and hope to the Nixon-haters.' But even Buckley liked"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": " the book.\" After the success of his book in 1968, McGinniss left the \"Inquirer\" to write books full-time. He next wrote a novel, \"The Dream Team\". It was followed by \"Heroes\" and \"Going to Extremes\", a nonfiction account of his year exploring Alaska.</s><s>Career.:True crime.</s><s>Career.:True crime.:\"Fatal Vision\". In the 1980s and early '90s, McGinniss wrote a trilogy of bestselling true crime books, \"Fatal Vision\", \"Blind Faith\" and \"Cruel Doubt\". All three books were made into television miniseries, with \"Fatal Vision\" (1984) and \"Blind Faith\" (1990) receiving Emmy Award nominations. His 1983 account of the Jeffrey MacDonald murder case, \"Fatal Vision\", became a sensation and has never been out of print. MacDonald sued McGinniss in 1984, alleging that McGinniss pretended to believe MacDonald innocent after he had already come to the conclusion that MacDonald was guilty, in order to continue MacDonald's cooperation with him. After a six-week civil trial in 1987 that resulted in a hung jury, his publisher's insurance company chose to settle out of court with MacDonald for"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": " a reported $325,000. In her 1990 book \"The Journalist and the Murderer\", based on her two-part 1989 \"The New Yorker\" piece, Janet Malcolm used the McGinniss-MacDonald trial to explore the problematic relationship between journalists and their subjects. McGinniss responded to Malcolm in an epilogue included in later editions of \"Fatal Vision\" and on his website. In 1995, Jerry Allen Potter and Fred Bost published \"Fatal Justice: Reinvestigating the MacDonald Murders\", arguing against the jury's guilty verdict of triple murder against MacDonald. After more than 20 years of silence on the subject of the MacDonald murders, McGinniss testified under subpoena, in a 2012 North Carolina hearing, on whether MacDonald should be granted a new trial. He then wrote and published \"Final Vision\", revisiting the case, with the online journalism site Byliner.com. (MacDonald's appeal was denied on July 24, 2014, as McGinniss had predicted.)</s><s>Career.:True crime.:\"Blind Faith\" and \"Cruel Doubt\". \"Blind Faith\" (published by G.P. Putnam's Sons in 1989) is based on the 1984 Marshall murder case in which American businessman Robert O"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": ". Marshall was charged with (and later convicted of) the contract killing of his wife, Maria. Described as \"suspenseful and engrossing reading, with a courtroom drama that is cathartic as well as gripping\" by Anne Rice in \"The New York Times\", it was followed by \"Cruel Doubt\" (published by Simon and Schuster in 1991). \"Cruel Doubt\" documents the 1988 murder of Lieth Von Stein and the attempted murder of his wife. Bonnie, by his stepson, Chris Pritchard, and two of Pritchard's friends. In its review of \"Cruel Doubt\", \"The Boston Globe\" remarked, \"McGinniss is the Alfred Hitchcock of the true-crime genre, a genre he often transcends.\"</s><s>Career.:\"The Last Brother\". McGinniss's book \"The Last Brother: The Rise and Fall of Teddy Kennedy\" was published in 1993. The volume was widely panned for its skimpy sourcing, lack of attribution, wild suppositions, lack of footnotes, possible plagiarism and prurient outlook. In \"The New York Times\", Christopher Lehmann-Haupt called it \"half-baked\" and added, \"The"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": " book isn't bad; it's awful\". \"It is, by a wide margin, the worst book I have reviewed in nearly three decades; quite simply, there is not an honest page in it,\" wrote Jonathan Yardley in \"The Washington Post.\" Yardley called it \"a genuinely, unrelievedly rotten book, one without a single redeeming virtue, an embarrassment that should bring nothing except shame to everyone associated with it.\" He also characterized it as \"slimy, meretricious and cynical.\" Also in the \"Post\", Richard Cohen wrote, \"This is not biography; this is pornography.\" \"McGinniss concludes that the Kennedys are all-American frauds,\" wrote \"Publishers Weekly\". \"The reader will wonder if McGinniss isn't one also.\" James Atlas wrote that the book was, \"even by the standards of celebrity journalism, a sordid spectacle.\" In \"The New Republic\", Joe Klein called it an \"odiography.\" McGinniss suggested to the \"Los Angeles Times\" that Kennedy himself had orchestrated a smear campaign against him. \"This has been a practice of theirs [the Kennedy family] for years,\" he said and quoted a \"Boston Globe\" reporter who recently wrote that the family \"'only"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": " had two approaches to journalists, either buying or demonizing them.\" McGinnis declared, \"They didn't buy me.\" He added, \"They want to... mutilate the body so badly that no other messenger is ever going to come down the pike.\" Sales of the book were ultimately \"disappointing,\" reported \"The Baltimore Sun\".</s><s>Career.:\"The Rogue: Searching for the Real Sarah Palin\". McGinniss returned to the subject of Alaska in 2008 to research an article for Conde Nast's business magazine \"Portfolio\" about then Governor Palin's promotion of a $26 billion plan to construct a natural gas pipeline from the North Slope of Alaska to a pipeline hub in Canada. In 2009, McGinniss signed a contract to write an unauthorized biography about Palin and began research which took him to Alaska that fall and again in the spring of 2010. In late May he rented a house next door to Palin's home on Lake Lucille in Wasilla. On her Facebook page, Palin warned him to stay away from her children and mused: \"Wonder what kind of material he'll gather while overlooking Piper's bedroom, my little garden, and the family's swimming hole?\" causing a brief media frenzy and, according to"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": " \"The Washington Post\", \"fury from Palin fans\". McGinniss responded that there was no view of anyone's bedroom from the rental house and suggested that Palin should have simply come over with a plate of cookies and had a civil discussion with him. McGinniss left Alaska in September 2010 to write his book on the Palin phenomenon. Broadway Books, a division of Random House, published \"The Rogue: Searching for the Real Sarah Palin\" on September 20, 2011. According to advance reviews, the book alleges premarital sex and drug use, allegedly including conjecture that Sarah Palin is not the biological mother of her son, Trig Palin. Early reviews by the \"Los Angeles Times\" and \"The New York Times\" criticized \"The Rogue\" for its use of unnamed sources and for its tone. On September 26, 2011, ABC News reported that Palin's attorney John Tiemessen had written a letter to the book's author and publisher saying that Palin might sue them \"for knowingly publishing false statements.\" No such lawsuit was ever filed. In \"The Washington Post\", Gene Weingarten called \"The Rogue\" \"thin and crappy and lazy, filled with poorly sourced innuendo.\"</s><s>Career.:Other works. In 1995, McGinniss was"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": " awarded a $1 million advance as well as a media seat at the O. J. Simpson murder case, expecting to write a book about it. But after sitting through the entire protracted trial, McGinniss decided that he couldn't write any book about the case and he returned the entire $1 million advance to his publisher. After Simpson was acquitted, McGinniss stated that the trial had been \"a farce.\" His next book was the critically acclaimed \"The Miracle of Castel di Sangro\". Published in 1999, the book followed the fortunes of an Italian soccer team from a tiny town during one dramatic season in the big leagues. \"The Big Horse\" was published in 2004. In his next book, \"Never Enough\" (2007), McGinniss returned to his study of the dark side of the American family with a nonfiction account of the murder of investment banker Robert Kissel by his wife Nancy in Hong Kong, that is called the milkshake murder.</s><s>Later life and death. In his later years, as his career waned, McGinniss struggled with alcoholism and depression. He was described by his son, novelist Joe McGinniss Jr., as a sometimes neglectful father who nonetheless encouraged his son's writing career. Lloyd Grove wrote"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": " that \"in good times and bad, he threw himself headlong into an unforgiving, brutal but seductively rewarding line of work.\" On January 24, 2013, he confirmed the diagnosis of terminal prostate cancer which had been revealed online in May 2012. McGinniss died March 10, 2014, at UMass Memorial Medical Center in Worcester from the disease at the age of 71. A private memorial was held in New York in May 2014. Guests such as Roger Ailes, Andrew Sullivan, Gene Weingarten, and Ray Hudson spoke. As news of McGinniss' death spread, several tributes and obituaries were published in publications such as \"The New York Times\", Associated Press, \"The Washington Post\", The Dish, and others. \"The New York Times\" Public Editor Margaret Sullivan wrote:</s><s>Bibliography. - \"Death Stalks a Grieving Father\" (1967) in \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\" - \"The Selling of the President 1968\" (1969),, Penguin, 272 pages. - \"The Dream Team\" (1972),, Penguin Books, 160 pages. - \"Heroes\" (1976),, Touchstone Books, 176 pages. - \"Going to Extremes\" (1980),, Epicenter Press, 320"}, {"title": "Joe McGinniss", "text": " pages. - \"Fatal Vision\" (1983),, Putnam Adult, 663 pages. - \"Blind Faith\" (1989),, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 381 pages. - \"Cruel Doubt\" (1991),, Simon & Schuster, 464 pages. - \"The Last Brother: The Rise and Fall of Teddy Kennedy\" (1993),, Simon & Schuster, 624 pages. - \"The Miracle of Castel di Sangro\" (1999),, Little Brown and Company; 407 pages. - \"The Big Horse\" (2004),, Simon & Schuster, 272 pages. - \"Never Enough\" (2007),, Simon & Schuster, 368 pages. - \"The Rogue: Searching for the Real Sarah Palin\" (2011),, Crown, 336 pages</s><s>See also. - \"Fatal Vision\" - 1984 television miniseries - \"Blind Faith\" - 1990 television miniseries - \"Cruel Doubt\" - 1992 television miniseries</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Joe McGinniss", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000224", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ted Thompson.", "docs": [{"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": "<s>Ted Thompson Ted Thompson (January 17, 1953 \u2013 January 20, 2021) was an American professional football player and executive in the National Football League (NFL). He was the general manager of the Green Bay Packers from 2005 to 2017. Thompson had a 10-year playing career in the NFL as a linebacker and special teams player with the Houston Oilers from 1975 to 1984. Thompson first worked for the Packers organization from 1992 to 1999, first as assistant director of pro personnel, then their director of pro personnel from 1993 to 1997 and their director of player personnel from 1997 to 1999. He then served with the Seattle Seahawks as their vice president of operations from 2000 to 2004. He returned to Green Bay as their general manager in 2005. Over his career, Thompson won two Super Bowl titles, XXXI in 1997 and XLV in 2011. In May 2019, Thompson revealed that he had been suffering from an autonomic disorder.</s><s>Career as a player. Thompson played college football at Southern Methodist University, starting three years at linebacker and intercepting seven passes during his career. During his senior year, he served as a team captain and was also the team's placekicker. As an undrafted free agent in 1975, Thompson was signed by the Houston Oilers. The Oilers' general manager"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": " and coach was Bum Phillips, who had briefly coached Thompson at Southern Methodist. Thompson won a spot as a backup linebacker and special teams player and held this position for 10 years. He started nine games during his career, but he proved durable, playing in 146 of 147 games. In a 1980 game against the New York Jets, Thompson successfully converted four extra-point attempts as the emergency kicker.</s><s>Front office.</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (scout). In 1992, Thompson was hired by Ron Wolf as a scout for the Green Bay Packers. Thompson worked for the Packers through the 1999 season when former Packers' head coach Mike Holmgren recruited Thompson to join the Seattle Seahawks. During Thompson's time with the Packers as a scout, the Packers advanced to the playoffs six times, participating in two Super Bowls and winning Super Bowl XXXI.</s><s>Front office.:Seattle Seahawks. Thompson worked for the Seattle Seahawks as Vice President of Football Operations, also heading Seattle's scouting department and running the draft boards. He worked alongside former Packers and Seahawks coach Mike Holmgren, who was Seattle's GM at the time. During Thompson's tenure in Seattle, the Seahawks advanced to the playoffs twice. In 2005, following Thompson's departure to the Packers, the"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": " Seahawks had one of their best success in team history, reaching the Super Bowl. Many of the players on Seattle's Super Bowl team were acquired under Thompson's direction, including HB Shaun Alexander, WR Darrell Jackson, OG Steve Hutchinson, CB Marcus Trufant, K Josh Brown and OT Sean Locklear. In an interview with Mike Holmgren in 2009, Holmgren noted that \"Once Ted Thompson came on board and we settled down a little bit, we started making good decisions.\"</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (general manager).</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (general manager).:2005. Thompson replaced Mike Sherman as general manager of the Packers in 2005. When Thompson was hired the Packers were over the salary cap for the upcoming 2005 season. Some of Thompson's first decisions included declining to re-sign starting guard Marco Rivera and releasing starting guard Mike Wahle and starting safety Darren Sharper, three key components of the team's three-time NFC North division championship team. Thompson's first draft netted a quarterback in first round pick Aaron Rodgers, as well as defensive starters in safety Nick Collins and linebacker Brady Poppinga. The drafting of Rodgers was especially notable in that he had been expected to be selected much earlier in the draft but wound up falling"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": " to the late first round. In free agency following the draft, Thompson signed low-priced players, picking up guards Matt O'Dwyer and Adrian Klemm to make up for the losses of Wahle and Rivera. However, O'Dwyer was cut during training camp, and Klemm was benched towards the end of the season. Thompson acquired several free agents during the season that proved more successful, including running back Samkon Gado, tight end Donald Lee and wide receiver Rod Gardner. Still, the team struggled to overcome injuries at numerous offensive skill positions, most notably season-ending injuries to #1 running back Ahman Green, #2 RB Najeh Davenport and #1 wide receiver Javon Walker, and Green Bay finished the season with a 4\u201312 record, the worst record for the franchise since 1991.</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (general manager).:2006. Thompson's first action during the 2006 offseason was the firing of head coach Mike Sherman, stating \"This was more thinking in terms of where we are and where we need to get to.\" Sherman was replaced on January 12, 2006, by Mike McCarthy, who came to the Packers after previously serving in the role of offensive coordinator for both the San Francisco 49"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": "ers' 32nd-ranked offense and New Orleans Saints. McCarthy also served as quarterback coach for the Packers in 1999, giving him hands-on experience with franchise quarterback Brett Favre and some familiarity with Thompson. The hiring was considered a surprise to many in NFL circles, as McCarthy was not considered a prime head coaching candidate despite the number of head coaching vacancies. The Packers entered the offseason with a league best $32 million available under the salary cap. However, Thompson elected not to retain several veterans including kicker Ryan Longwell, center Mike Flanagan, or linebacker Na'il Diggs. Thompson retained several other veterans, as the team re-signed Pro Bowl defensive end Aaron Kampman, running back Ahman Green, guard Kevin Barry and fullback William Henderson to new contracts. Thompson also was more active in free agency than he was in 2005, focusing mostly on defense by signing cornerback Charles Woodson from the Oakland Raiders, safety Marquand Manuel from the Seattle Seahawks, defensive tackle Ryan Pickett from the St. Louis Rams, and linebacker Ben Taylor from the Cleveland Browns. In the 2006 NFL Draft, Thompson amassed 12 picks and continued his restructuring on the defensive side of the football. With the fifth overall pick in the draft, Thompson selected linebacker A. J. Hawk from Ohio State"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": ". Thompson later added another Big Ten linebacker, Abdul Hodge from Iowa. Thompson also nabbed eventual starter Johnny Jolly with a 6th round pick. Thompson also addressed offensive deficiencies during the draft by nabbing wide receiver Greg Jennings, guard Jason Spitz and guard Daryn Colledge. Several of these draft picks contributed almost immediately to the Packers' lineup. Jennings, Colledge, Spitz, and Hawk started the entire year and a 5th round pick, Tony Moll, started 10 games in his rookie season while other offensive linemen were out with injuries. Jennings, Hawk, and Colledge were also selected to NFL's official all-rookie team.</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (general manager).:2007. The 2007 season was a successful one for Thompson and the Packers. With a league-best $21 million available below the salary cap, the Packers' lone free agent signing in the offseason was former NY Giants cornerback Frank Walker. There were rumors indicating that the team was interested in trading for Oakland Raiders wide receiver Randy Moss, but Moss was instead dealt to the New England Patriots. Most notably, in September Thompson traded a 6th round pick in the 2008 NFL Draft for New York Giants' running back Ryan Grant, who was starting by game eight"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": " and went on to have an outstanding season. In the 2007 NFL Draft, Thompson selected University of Tennessee defensive tackle Justin Harrell with the #16 overall selection in the first round. This move was a surprise selection to many fans because Harrell was not a widely known player, had a long history of injury, and many felt the team had more pressing needs. Fans and draft prognosticators also widely panned Thompson's selection of James Jones in the third round. Despite heavy criticism, Jones, and several of Thompson's other 2007 draft picks, played significant roles for the Packers during the 2007 season. Although Harrell was recovering from a college biceps injury, he played in the Packers' final five games. Harrell played in seven games in 2007, starting in two. James Jones served as the Packers' third receiver and finished third among rookies in receiving (47 receptions for 676 yards). Other notable members of the Packers' 2007 draft class include running backs Brandon Jackson and DeShawn Wynn, who were early season starters for the Packers, Korey Hall, who served as the team's starting fullback, safety Aaron Rouse, who tallied two interceptions while filling in for injured players, and kicker Mason Crosby, who led the NFL in scoring in 2007. Despite the offseason criticism"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": " preceding the 2007 season, Thompson and the Packers were the surprise team of the NFL through the 2007 season, as they finished the regular season with a 13\u20133 record. The Packers made it to the NFC Championship game, losing to eventual Super Bowl champions the New York Giants, 23\u201320 in overtime. Thompson was voted Sporting News NFL Executive of the Year for his 2007 work on March 25, 2008.</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (general manager).:2008. The 2008 off-season and training camp was a rather rocky one for Thompson. While free agency was quiet, with the team's lone signing being linebacker Brandon Chillar, Thompson was at the center of a controversy surrounding quarterback Brett Favre's desire to unretire for the 2008 season. Favre, who announced his retirement on March 6, announce his desire to unretire after the 2008 draft in which the Packers selected two quarterbacks. Thompson, along with Packers' management and head coach Mike McCarthy, were adamant about their desire to move on with Aaron Rodgers as the team's new starting quarterback, with McCarthy stating \"The football team has moved forward, the train has left the station\". Favre, meanwhile, expressed frustration with Thompson regarding hiring and personnel decisions stating that he was only \"guilty"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": " of retiring early\". As a result, on July 11, 2008, Favre asked for his unconditional release from the Green Bay Packers. Thompson had repeatedly stated that the team would not release him and at the time were engaged in a standoff with Favre that could have ended with Favre taking up to a $25 million buyout to remain retired and participate in a marketing and merchandising role with the team. On August 6, 2008, Thompson and Favre agreed on a trade and he was sent to the New York Jets for a conditional 4th round pick. The pick was to become a third-round pick if Favre took the majority of the team's snaps at quarterback, a second-round pick if he took 70 percent of the snaps and the team made the playoffs, and a first-round pick if Favre took 80 percent of the snaps at quarterback and the Jets reached Super Bowl XLIII. The Jets failed to make the playoffs but Favre took the majority of the team's snaps; so the 4th round pick became a 3rd round pick. Favre made the AFC Pro Bowl and led the Jets to a 9\u20137 record, while the Packers fell to 6\u201310 including losing 5 of their last 6 games of the season. Besides the"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": " obvious controversy concerning the Brett Favre unretirement and trade, Thompson was considerably criticized by his decision in the 2008 offseason to waive punter Jon Ryan. After an excellent season, Thompson chose to waive the punter. The punter was quickly picked up by Seattle and had another impressive season while the Packers filtered though punters Derrick Frost and Jeremy Kapinos. Ultimately the loss of a good punter contributed to several momentum shifts during games due to poor punts aiding the Packers in achieving a 6\u201310 season.</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (general manager).:2009. In the 2009 offseason, Thompson continued to uphold his philosophy to build through the draft, selecting NT B. J. Raji with the 9th overall pick. and then trading several picks to move up and select OLB Clay Matthews with the 26th overall pick. Later picks include eventual starters OG T.J. Lang, DE Jarius Wynn, and OLB Brad Jones. Raji, Matthews, and Jones made an immediate impact and all wound up as starters their rookie year. Matthews, Raji, and Lang have developed into Pro Bowl players.</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (general manager).:2010. In the 2010 NFL Draft, the Packers selected offensive tackle"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": " Bryan Bulaga in the first round. The Packers also drafted eventual starters safety Morgan Burnett, offensive tackle Marshall Newhouse, and running back James Starks. Important rotational players drafted include tight end Andrew Quarless and defensive end C. J. Wilson. The Packers also signed several notable free agents including rookie undrafted free agents cornerback Sam Shields, linebacker Frank Zombo, punter Tim Masthay, tight end Tom Crabtree and center Evan Dietrich-Smith. Other notable free agents include safety Charlie Peprah and outside linebacker Erik Walden. The Packers went on to defeat the Pittsburgh Steelers 31\u201325 to win Super Bowl XLV. They became the first #6 seed from the NFC to win the Super Bowl, and second #6 seed to win the Super Bowl since the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2005. On February 11, 2011, Thompson was re-signed to a multiyear contract extension.</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (general manager).:2011. In the 2011 NFL Draft, Thompson selected offensive tackle Derek Sherrod with the 32nd overall pick. Although several rookies, including Sherrod, received playing time their rookie year, only second round pick Randall Cobb (wide receiver and returner) made a significant impact. Linebacker D.J. Smith and"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": " running back Brandon Saine made smaller contributions as injury fill ins and special teams players. During the season, the Packers gave wide receiver Jordy Nelson a new contract. The Packers allowed defensive end Cullen Jenkins to sign as a free agent with the Philadelphia Eagles. The Packers went on to have a successful 15\u20131 regular season, but lost their first playoff game to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (general manager).:2012. After the Packers had a historically bad year on defense, allowing over 400 yards per game, the Packers went on to dedicate the offseason to improve their defense. After resigning tight end Jermichael Finley and cornerback Jarrett Bush they signed former New Orleans Saints Anthony Hargrove, former Miami Dolphins Phillip Merling and former Colt Daniel Muir. They also resigned linebacker Erik Walden. Thompson decided to let Pro Bowl center Scott Wells depart and brought in former Indianapolis Colts center Jeff Saturday. Backup quarterback Matt Flynn went to the Seahawks and backup cornerback Patrick Lee went to the Oakland Raiders. After Pro Bowl Safety Nick Collins went down during the season and was not cleared to play again the Packers decided to release him. They also released their longtime starter at offensive tackle Chad Clifton after he missed more than"}, {"title": "Ted Thompson", "text": " half of the games in 2011 and failed a physical before the Draft. The replacement safety Charlie Peprah was also cut at the beginning of training camp.</s><s>Front office.:Green Bay Packers (general manager).:2017-2021. On January 1, 2018, it was reported that Thompson would no longer be the general manager of the Packers but would remain with the team in an advisory role. On January 2, it was announced that Thompson's new position would be the senior advisor to football operations. On November 6, 2018, the Packers announced that Ted Thompson would be inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.</s><s>Diagnosis with autonomic disorder. On May 8, 2019, Thompson announced that he was diagnosed with autonomic disorder. He cited this reason for his resignation. Thompson died at his home in Atlanta, Texas on January 20, 2021, three days after his 68th birthday.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ted Thompson", "frequency": "medium", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000225", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Roman \u0160ebrle.", "docs": [{"title": "Roman \u0160ebrle", "text": "<s>Roman \u0160ebrle Roman \u0160ebrle (; born 26 November 1974) is a retired decathlete from the Czech Republic. He is considered to be one of the best decathlon athletes of all time. Originally a high jumper, he later switched to the combined events and is a former world record holder in the decathlon. In 2001 in G\u00f6tzis he became the first decathlete ever to achieve over 9,000 points, setting the record at 9,026 points, succeeding his compatriot, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, who had scored 8,994 points two years earlier. After placing second in the decathlon during the 2000 Summer Olympics, \u0160ebrle won the gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Tradition dictates the winner of the decathlon holds the title of \"World's Greatest Athlete\". A panel of experts convened by the \"Wall Street Journal\" in 2008 also ranked \u0160ebrle as the world's greatest athlete. That very same year, \u0160ebrle finished 6th in the decathlon in the Beijing Olympics.</s><s>Private life. \u0160ebrle was born in Lan\u0161kroun, Czechoslovakia. He studied at \"Gymn\u00e1"}, {"title": "Roman \u0160ebrle", "text": "zium Franti\u0161ka Martina Pelcla\" () in Rychnov nad Kn\u011b\u017enou and at Gymn\u00e1zium Pardubice. Then he studied an extension course of Information Science and Computer Technology. On 14 October 2000 \u0160ebrle married Eva Kasalov\u00e1, a former Czech athlete who competed on the track in the 400 and 800 metres. Their son, \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1n, was born on 4 September 2002 and their daughter Kate\u0159ina on 30 January 2006.</s><s>Sporting career.</s><s>Sporting career.:Beginning. When Roman \u0160ebrle was six years old, he started playing football, but also occasionally took part in athletics competitions. In 1987 he broke his calf bone and shin bone on one leg in a collision with the opponent goalkeeper during a football match. After this incident he had his leg in plaster for 2 months and spent one year learning to walk. He competed in his first decathlon competition in 1991 in T\u00fdni\u0161t\u011b nad Orlic\u00ed, reaching 5,187 points. Then he met coach Ji\u0159\u00ed \u010cech\u00e1k who convinced him to change school from Rychnov nad Kn\u011b"}, {"title": "Roman \u0160ebrle", "text": "\u017enou to Pardubice, where he joined the Track and Field Club in 1992. He improved his decathlon personal best to 7642 points, although he did just light training.</s><s>Sporting career.:TJ Dukla Praha. In 1995 he started his two-year compulsory military service in the Czech Armed Forces. He joined the army sports club Dukla Prague and its group of decathletes led by coach Zden\u011bk V\u00e1\u0148a, and has stayed a member since that time. Thus he is still automatically a soldier of the Czech army, although in fact he does not take part in any military operations or, with a few exceptions, in any military training.</s><s>Sporting career.:Achievements. In 1996 \u0160ebrle achieved a score of over 8,000 points for the first time, reaching 8,210 points at a meeting in Prague. His first big success came in 1997, when he won the World University Games in Sicily and came ninth at the World Championships in Athens. In 1999 he was successful at the World Indoor Championships in Maebashi, where he won bronze in the heptathlon, and one year later at the European Indoor Athletics Championships in Ghent"}, {"title": "Roman \u0160ebrle", "text": ", where he took silver. By the end of the discus discipline at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, after Estonian Erki Nool was red-flagged three times by the discus judge, it seemed that Roman \u0160ebrle was on course for the gold medal. However, the competition referee overruled the decision and \u0160ebrle finally took silver. In March 2001 he won the first major tournament\u00a0\u2013 the World Indoor Championships in Lisbon\u00a0\u2013 and in May he shocked the world with a new world record of 9,026 points, marking the first time a decathlete has ever broken the illustrious 9,000 point barrier. However, due to an injury he couldn't do himself justice and finished a disappointed 10th in the World Championships in Edmonton. \u0160ebrle then left the V\u00e1\u0148a's group and started to train with coach Dalibor Kupka in the same club. In 2002 he won both European Indoor Championships in Vienna and European Championships in Munich. In 2004 in Athens he finally won the Olympic Games, reaching 8,893 points and thus beating the 20-year-old Olympic record set by the British decathlete Daley Thompson in the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. After the"}, {"title": "Roman \u0160ebrle", "text": " victory in Athens, the Czech minister of defence promoted him to the rank of major. \u0160ebrle's best World Championships results were gold in 2007 (Osaka) and silver in 2003 (Paris) and 2005 (Helsinki). He was also successful at the World Indoor Championships in heptathlon, taking gold in 2001 (Lisbon) and 2004 (Budapest, beating the European record with 6,438 points), and bronze in 1999 (Maebashi), 2003 (Birmingham) and 2006 (Moscow). In 2005 he won the European Indoor Championships in heptathlon (Madrid), in 2006 the European Championships in decathlon for the second time (Gothenburg) and in 2007 he got his third European indoor gold (Birmingham). The sum of his personal bests in individual disciplines is 9,326 points (the third ever best after Dan O'Brien and Mike Smith). He is the only decathlete who finished 40 decathlon competitions with the score over 8,000 points and 20 competitions with the score over 8,500 points (). \u0160ebrle was also voted the Best Czech Athlete of the Year five times in a row (2002\u20132006), and in 2004 he received the title of the Czech Sports"}, {"title": "Roman \u0160ebrle", "text": "man of the Year. In 2002 he received the Guth-Jarkovsk\u00fd Trophy for his world record, which is awarded by the Czech Olympic Committee for the best performance by a Czech athlete achieved during the previous year.</s><s>Sporting career.:Javelin injury. On 22 January 2007, \u0160ebrle was hurt by a javelin thrown by a South African female javelin thrower, Sunette Viljoen, from a distance of 55\u00a0metres while training in South Africa. The javelin pierced the edge of his right shoulder from the front, 12\u00a0cm deep. Shocked, \u0160ebrle ripped the javelin out immediately, which could have caused even more damage. It did not cause any serious injury however, because it slipped between a muscle and his skin. He was taken to a hospital, but left soon with just eleven stitches. However, he was limited in training for some time, especially in the pole vault. Later he stated that he was only 20\u00a0cm away from being killed and 1\u00a0cm from an injury that would have ended his career.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Roman \u0160ebrle", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000226", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Giorgi Papunashvili.", "docs": [{"title": "Giorgi Papunashvili", "text": "<s>Giorgi Papunashvili Giorgi Papunashvili (, ; born 2 September 1995), commonly known as Papu, is a Georgian professional footballer who plays for Radni\u010dki Ni\u0161 and Georgian national team as a winger.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Dinamo Tbilisi. Papunashvili started his career in his hometown club Dinamo Tbilisi. In 2013, after having spent a single season with the reserve side of the Georgian club, Papunashvili was promoted to the first team and in November he made his debut in Erovnuli Liga against Tskhinvali. During the 2014\u201315 season, Papunashvili became the key figure at Dinamo, scoring 16 goals in all tournaments with the club, including his first career hat-trick against Tskhinvali in October 2014. Dinamo won Georgian Cup at the end of the season as well, with Papunashvili scoring two goals in the final against Samtredia. In summer 2015, Papunashvili signed a season-long loan deal with Werder Bremen. He joined the reserve side of the club and played in 3. Liga. The"}, {"title": "Giorgi Papunashvili", "text": " loan spell was unsuccessful, as Papunashvili missed 12 games due to injury and was only able to make 20 appearances for the club, scoring two goals.</s><s>Club career.:Real Zaragoza. In June 2017, Papunashvili signed four-year deal with Real Zaragoza. He made his debut for the Spanish club against Granada CF on 28 August, replacing Oliver Buff. On 12 January 2020, Papunashvili joined fellow second division side Racing de Santander on loan until the end of the season.</s><s>Club career.:Apollon Limassol. On 24 December 2020, Zaragoza announced the transfer of Papunashvili to Cypriot club Apollon Limassol FC.</s><s>International career. Papunashvili made his debut for the national team in a 1\u20130 friendly loss against the United Arab Emirates on 3 June 2014. He also represented Georgia national under-17 football team in the 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Slovenia.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Honours. Dinamo Tbilisi - Umaglesi Liga: 2013\u201314 - Georgian Cup: 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315 - Georgian Super"}, {"title": "Giorgi Papunashvili", "text": " Cup: 2014</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Giorgi Papunashvili", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000227", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre.", "docs": [{"title": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre", "text": "<s>Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre (; 12 March 1613 \u2013 15 September 1700), originally rendered as Andr\u00e9 Le Nostre, was a French landscape architect and the principal gardener of King Louis XIV of France. He was the landscape architect who designed the gardens of the Palace of Versailles; his work represents the height of the French formal garden style, or \"jardin \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise\". Prior to working on Versailles, Le N\u00f4tre collaborated with Louis Le Vau and Charles Le Brun on the park at Vaux-le-Vicomte. His other works include the design of gardens and parks at Chantilly, Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud and Saint-Germain. His contribution to planning was also significant: at the Tuileries he extended the westward vista, which later became the avenue of the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es and comprise the \"Axe historique\".</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life. Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre was born in Paris, into a family of gardeners. Pierre Le N\u00f4tre, who was in charge of the gardens of the Palais des Tuileries in 1572"}, {"title": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre", "text": ", may have been his grandfather. Andr\u00e9's father Jean Le N\u00f4tre was also responsible for sections of the Tuileries gardens, initially under Claude Mollet, and later as head gardener, during the reign of Louis XIII. Andr\u00e9 was born on 12 March 1613, and was baptised at the \u00c9glise Saint-Roch. His godfather at the ceremony was an administrator of the royal gardens, and his godmother was the wife of Claude Mollet. The family lived in a house within the Tuilieries, and Andr\u00e9 thus grew up surrounded by gardening, and quickly acquired both practical and theoretical knowledge. The location also allowed him to study in the nearby Palais du Louvre, part of which was then used as an academy of the arts. He learned mathematics, painting and architecture, and entered the \"atelier\" of Simon Vouet, painter to Louis XIII, where he met and befriended the painter Charles Le Brun. He learned classical art and perspective, and studied for several years under the architect Fran\u00e7ois Mansart, a friend of Le Brun.</s><s>Biography.:Career. In 1635, Le N\u00f4tre was named the principal gardener of the king's brother Gaston, duc d'"}, {"title": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre", "text": "Orl\u00e9ans. On 26 June 1637, Le N\u00f4tre was appointed head gardener at the Tuileries, taking over his father's position. He had primary responsibility for the areas of the garden closest to the palace, including the orangery built by Simon Bouchard. In 1643 he was appointed \"draughtsman of plants and terraces\" for Anne of Austria, the queen mother, and from 1645 to 1646 he worked on the modernisation of the gardens of the Ch\u00e2teau de Fontainebleau. He was later put in charge of all the royal gardens of France, and in 1657 he was further appointed Controller-General of the Royal Buildings. There are few direct references to Le N\u00f4tre in the royal accounts, and Le N\u00f4tre himself seldom wrote down his ideas or approach to gardening. He expressed himself purely through his gardens. He became a trusted advisor to Louis XIV, and in 1675 he was ennobled by the King. He and Le Brun even accompanied the court at the siege of Cambrai in 1677. In 1640, he married Fran\u00e7oise Langlois. They had three children, although none survived to adulthood.</s><s>Biography.:Career.:Vaux"}, {"title": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre", "text": "-le-Vicomte. Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre's first major garden design was undertaken for Nicolas Fouquet, Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances. Fouquet began work on the Ch\u00e2teau de Vaux-le-Vicomte in 1657, employing the architect Louis Le Vau, the painter Charles Le Brun, and Le N\u00f4tre. The three designers worked in partnership, with Le N\u00f4tre laying out a grand, symmetrical arrangement of parterres, pools and gravel walks. Le Vau and Le N\u00f4tre exploited the changing levels across the site, so that the canal is invisible from the house, and employed forced perspective to make the grotto appear closer than it really is. The gardens were complete by 1661, when Fouquet held a grand entertainment for the king. But only three weeks later, on 10 September 1661, Fouquet was arrested for embezzling state funds, and his artists and craftsmen were taken into the king's service.</s><s>Biography.:Career.:Versailles. From 1661, Le N\u00f4tre was working for Louis XIV to build and enhance the garden and parks of the Ch\u00e2teau de Versailles. Louis extended the existing hunting"}, {"title": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre", "text": " lodge, eventually making it his primary residence and seat of power. Le N\u00f4tre also laid out the radiating city plan of Versailles, which included the largest avenue yet seen in Europe, the Avenue de Paris. In the following century, the Versailles design influenced Pierre Charles L'Enfant's master plan for Washington, D.C. See, L'Enfant Plan.</s><s>Biography.:Other gardens.</s><s>Biography.:Other gardens.:France. In 1661, Le N\u00f4tre was also working on the gardens at the Palace of Fontainebleau. In 1663 he was engaged at Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-Cloud, residence of Philippe d'Orl\u00e9ans, where he would oversee works for many years. Also from 1663, Le N\u00f4tre was engaged at Ch\u00e2teau de Chantilly, property of the Prince de Cond\u00e9, where he worked with his brother-in-law Pierre Desgots until the 1680s. From 1664 he was rebuilding the gardens of the Tuileries, at the behest of Colbert, Louis's chief minister, who still hoped the king would remain in"}, {"title": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre", "text": " Paris. In 1667 Le N\u00f4tre extended the main axis of the gardens westward, creating the avenue which would become the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es. Colbert commissioned Le N\u00f4tre in 1670, to alter the gardens of his own ch\u00e2teau de Sceaux, which was ongoing until 1683.</s><s>Biography.:Other gardens.:Abroad. In 1662, he provided designs for Greenwich Park in London, for Charles II of England. In 1670 Le N\u00f4tre conceived a project for the Castle of Racconigi in Italy, and between 1674 and 1698 he remodelled the gardens of Venaria Reale, near Turin. In 1679, he visited Italy. His later advice was provided for Charlottenburg Palace and ch\u00e2teau de Cassel in Germany, and with plans for Windsor Castle.</s><s>Biography.:Other gardens.:Final works. Between 1679 and 1682, he was involved in the planning of the gardens of Ch\u00e2teau de Meudon for Fran\u00e7ois-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, and in 1691 redid the garden of the H\u00f4tel de Saint-Aignan in Paris. His work has often been favorably compared"}, {"title": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre", "text": " and contrasted (\"the antithesis\") to the \u0153uvre of Lancelot \"Capability\" Brown, the English landscape architect.</s><s>List of principal gardens by Le N\u00f4tre. - Gardens of Versailles, city plan of Versailles - Gardens of Vaux-le-Vicomte - Gardens of Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye - Gardens of Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-Cloud (the ch\u00e2teau no longer stands but the gardens still exist) - Gardens of Palais des Tuileries - Gardens of Ch\u00e2teau de Sceaux - Gardens of Ch\u00e2teau de Fontainebleau - Gardens of Ch\u00e2teau de Chantilly - Gardens of Ch\u00e2teau de Bercy (demolished), Charenton-le-Pont - Gardens of Ch\u00e2teau de Braine (demolished, Braine, (Aisne) - Gardens of - Gardens of Ch\u00e2teau d'Issy (demolished) - Gardens of Ch\u00e2teau de Chenailles</s><s>In popular culture. Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre was played by Matthias Schoenaerts in the 2014 film \"A Little Chaos"}, {"title": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre", "text": "\".</s><s>See also. - 17th-century French art - Baroque architecture - Gardens of the French Renaissance - French formal garden - French landscape garden</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - Gady, Alexandre (2008). \"Les H\u00f4tels particuliers de Paris du Moyen \u00c2ge \u00e0 la Belle \u00c9poque\". Paris: Parigramme.. - - - Hazlehurst, F. Hamilton (1980). \"Gardens of Illusion: The Genius of Andr\u00e9 Le Nostre\". Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press.. - Hazlehurst, F. Hamilton (1996). \"Le N\u00f4tre, Andr\u00e9\", vol. 19, pp. 162\u2013164, in \"The Dictionary of Art\", edited by Jane Turner. London: Macmillan. -</s><s>Further reading. - Thompson, Ian. \"The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles\". London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ). - Reviewed by Peter Parker in the \"Telegraph\", 1 October 2006. - Reviewed by John Adamson in the \"Telegraph\", 2006.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000228", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Roman Pavlyuchenko.", "docs": [{"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": "<s>Roman Pavlyuchenko Roman Anatolyevich Pavlyuchenko (; born 15 December 1981) is a Russian former footballer who played as a striker. He started his career at Dynamo Stavropol, and Rotor Volgograd, before transferring to Spartak Moscow in 2003. His performances there earned him a \u00a313.7 million transfer to Tottenham Hotspur of the English Premier League in 2008, where he spent three full seasons before returning to Russia to play for Lokomotiv Moscow. After another full 3 seasons he moved in July 2015, to Kuban Krasnodar. A full international for a decade following his debut in 2003, Pavlyuchenko earned 51 caps for Russia, and scored 21 international goals. He was named in the Team of the Tournament at Euro 2008, with Russia reaching the semi-finals, and was also in their squad for Euro 2012.</s><s>Early career. Pavlyuchenko was born in the village of Mostovskoy, Krasnodar Krai. Pavlyuchenko was raised by his father Anatoly A. V. Pavlyuchenko and his mother Lyubov Vladimirovna. Pavlyuchenko has a sister. A few days after Pavly"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": "uchenko was born, the family moved to Karachay-Cherkessia, the city of Ust-Dzheguta. Pavlyuchenko began his football career when he joined Victory Sports School and stayed there for seven years before joining another youth club, Dynamo Stavropol.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Dynamo Stavropol. Pavlyuchenko started his football career at Dynamo Stavropol. Under the guidance of coach Vladimir Tokarev and Vladimir Kitin, Pavlyuchenko did not stand out among the rest of the Dynamo players. But under Fyodor Gagloyev, he was first invited to join pre-season tour with the club. Pavlyuchenko made his debut for the club, coming on as a substitute, in a 1\u20130 loss against Moscow on 5 April 1999. On 15 May 1999, Pavlyuchenko provided a double assist in a 2\u20131 win over Chita. In his first season, Pavlyuchenko made 31 appearances and scoring 11 goals. However, the club played was still relegated to the Second Division after the club was last place. Despite this, Pavlyuchenko was named 'Team of the top' junior"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": " division for the first version of the newspaper Sport Express.</s><s>Club career.:Rotor Volgograd. Pavlyuchenko moved to Rotor Volgograd in 2000, although the move was made in the summer of 1999, despite president Rochus Shohu rejecting the offer. In his first match, Pavlyuchenko made his debut for the club against Elista where he received a red card after he punched an opponent player in the face. On 8 July 2000, Pavlyuchenko scored his first goal against Rostov where in his first season, he made 16 appearances and scored 5 goals. The club finished 11th in the league. In his second season, Pavlyuchenko made 28 appearances and scored 5 goals while the club finished 10th in the league. In his third season, Pavlyuchenko made 21 appearances and scored 4 times.</s><s>Club career.:Spartak Moscow. Pavlyuchenko moved to Spartak Moscow in the spring of 2003 for \u20ac700,000 where the deal between the two clubs was agreed. He was a replacement for Vladimir Beschastnykh, who left for Turkish side Fenerbah\u00e7e S.K. On 15 March 2003, Pavlyuchenko made his debut for"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": " the club against Moscow. The next game on 22 March 2003, Pavlyuchenko scored his first goal for the club in a 2\u20131 loss against Alania Vladikavkaz. In his first season, Pavlyuchenko scored 10, making him the best scorer in the team. Also the club placed in 10th place and achieved winning the Russian Cup in a 1\u20130 win with Pavlyuchenko played for 87 minutes before being substituted. Also, Pavlyuchenko scored in the second leg on 15 October 2003 in a 1\u20131 draw against Esbjerg of the UEFA Cup which he made his debut in the competition on 24 September 2003. In his second season, Pavlyuchenko made 26 appearances and scored 10 goals which once again he was the most effective player on the team, which took eighth place in the league. In his third season, Pavlyuchenko made 25 appearances and scored 11. In his fourth season, Pavlyuchenko was the top scorer in the league with 18 goals and the first player to do so at Spartak Moscow. This also became the first player in the history of Spartak, who was tournament top scorer after the creation of the Russian Federation in 1992. The club was also close to winning the league"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": " but lost out to CSKA Moscow having the same points but with an inferior goal difference. In his fifth season, Pavlyuchenko became a top scorer with 14 goals along with Roman Adamov. With Spartak Moscow he qualified for the UEFA Champions League. Pavlyuchenko was the hero when he scored the winning goal and provided an assist for Mozart in a 2\u20131 win over Slovan Liberec in the second leg of Champions League Qualification following a first leg 0\u20130 draw. That win would secure the club Champions League status as Spartak Moscow would play in the Group Stage and were drawn against Sporting Clube de Portugal, Bayern Munich and Inter Milan. On 18 October 2006, Pavlyuchenko scored the only goal in a 2\u20131 loss against Inter Milan Matchday 3. On 5 December 2006 Matchday 6, Pavlyuchenko scored the first goal in the game as Spartak Moscow win 3\u20131 over Sporting Lisbon. This win ensured Spartak Moscow would go to the UEFA Cup after becoming third in the group stage. The following season Spartak faced Celtic in their UEFA Champions League qualifier. The first leg finished 1-1, with Pavlyuchenko scoring Spartak's goal.{{cite web During his time at Spart"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": "ak, Pavlyuchenko was the club's most prolific goalscorer, scoring 69 goals in 141 games. His goalscoring, together with his loyalty to the \"rhombik\" (the club's emblem), earned him much respect and appreciation from the \"Army of Red-White Fans\".</s><s>Club career.:Tottenham Hotspur. In September 2008, Pavlyuchenko signed for Tottenham Hotspur for a fee of \u00a313.7\u00a0million. Pavlyuchenko made his debut for Spurs on 15 September against Aston Villa. He scored his first goal on 24 September 2008, in the 2\u20131 League Cup 3rd round win against Newcastle United. Pavlyuchenko went on to score his first league goal for the club in the 2\u20130 victory against Bolton Wanderers on 26 October 2008. On 16 May 2009 in a 2\u20131 win over Manchester City, Pavlyuchenko was substituted 15 minutes before full-time for Fraizer Campbell. Unhappy at coming off, Pavlyuchenko stormed down the tunnel rather joining his teammates on the bench. His actions were criticised by Harry Redknapp, saying that he let the players and fans down. He has scored in every English domestic cup competition game he has played in, except for"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": " the 2009 Football League Cup Final. In the 2009\u201310 season, Pavlyuchenko was fourth-choice striker for Tottenham, with Harry Redknapp preferring Robbie Keane, Peter Crouch and Jermain Defoe to the Russian which Pavlyuchenko was linked a move away from the club. Pavlyuchenko has been linked with clubs like Lokomotiv Moscow, Zenit Saint Petersburg, Roma, A.C. Milan, Hertha BSC, Birmingham City, West Ham United and Spartak Moscow. However, Pavlyuchenko says that he cannot understand why the club didn't let him leave the club, without any explanation. Pavlyuchenko came on as a substitute on 21 February against Wigan Athletic and scored his first league goal of the season, a close-range finish to make the score 2\u20130. He also added a second from a very tight angle during injury time to make it 3\u20130. Harry Redknapp acknowledged the importance of his performance and remarked on Pavlyuchenko's popularity with the fans in his post-match interview. He made his second start of the season three days later in the FA Cup fifth-round replay against Bolton Wanderers and scored twice, a match Tottenham won 4\u20130. Redkn"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": "app has since gone on to say that the Russian striker has taken his opportunity and may well see further first team action. Pavlyuchenko continued his good form with another goal against Everton on 28 February, and another two goals against Blackburn Rovers on 13 March. He also scored a goal in the quarter-final replay against Fulham at White Hart Lane on 24 March. On 17 August, he scored a vital away goal against BSC Young Boys in the Champions League play-off round first leg. Tottenham were losing 3\u20130 until a S\u00e9bastien Bassong header pulled it back to 3\u20131 and Pavlyuchenko later made it 3\u20132. In the second leg, Spurs won 4\u20130 at home, meaning that they would progress into the Champions League group stages. Pavlyuchenko's promising form in this tournament continued with two second-half penalty strikes against FC Twente in Tottenham's second group match, followed by a decisive third goal as Spurs beat cup holders Inter Milan on Matchday 4. On 4 November, Pavlyuchenko scored with a volley in a 4\u20132 defeat to Bolton Wanderers. The following weekend, he scored again in a home win against Blackburn Rovers. On 6 March 2011, he scored a goal"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": " against Wolves. He scored the first goal against West Bromwich Albion on 2\u20132 draw on April. Pavlyuchenko scored a goal in a London derby against Chelsea in a 1\u20131 draw. On 22 May, the final day of the season, Pavlyuchenko scored two stunning long-range goals in a 2\u20131 win against Birmingham City to ensure that Tottenham finished fifth in the Premier League and qualified for the 2011\u201312 UEFA Europa League. The win also relegated Birmingham to the Championship. The Russian's Tottenham career up until this point had consisted of constantly being down the pecking order in the 2009\u201310 season despite having a better goals per minute ratio than all of his fellow strike partners in Jermain Defoe, Peter Crouch and Robbie Keane. The same went for the 2010\u201311 season when in March Pavlyuchenko had a minutes per goals ratio of 151 compared to competitors Jermain Defoe who had 208, Peter Crouch had 243 and Rafael van der Vaart had 161. On 22 May 2011, Pavlyuchenko scored a brace against Birmingham City, to relegate them to the EFL Championship, on the 38th Match Day. In December of the 2011\u201312 season, the striker had been restricted to just 18 minutes of"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": " Premier League football, until he came on against Sunderland and went on to score the only goal of the game in the 61st minute. This was his third goal of the season having scored against Shamrock Rovers and Rubin Kazan in the Europa League earlier in the season.</s><s>Club career.:Lokomotiv Moscow. In early 2012, Tottenham unilaterally invoked an option to extend Pavlyuchenko's contract until the end of next season. Reports claim that Pavlyuchenko had been involved in a training ground bust-up with Spurs coach Kevin Bond which led him to leave the club in the January transfer window. This was later refuted by his agent. On the transfer deadline, Pavlyuchenko signed a deal with Lokomotiv Moscow for a fee of \u00a38 million with Louis Saha as his replacement. On 3 March 2012, Pavlyuchenko made his debut in his first match back at Russia since 2008 against Kuban Krasnodar in a 2\u20130 win. On 24 March 2012, Pavlyuchenko scored his first goal in over four years in Russia in a 2\u20130 win over CSKA Moscow and provided an assist for Felipe Caicedo. After starting first 6 games of the 2012\u201313 season under the"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": " new manager Slaven Bili\u0107, he lost his spot in the starting lineup and was intermittently used as a substitute for the rest of the season. In the 2013\u201314 season, there was again a change of manager in Lokomotiv, but Pavlyuchenko was still used as a substitute by Leonid Kuchuk.</s><s>Club career.:Kuban Krasnodar. On 16 July 2015, Kuban Krasnodar announced the signing of Pavlyuchenko. He reunited with former Russia teammate Andrei Arshavin.</s><s>Club career.:Ural Yekaterinburg. On 25 June 2016, following Kuban's relegation, he signed a one-year deal with FC Ural Yekaterinburg.</s><s>Club career.:Ararat Moscow. On 30 May 2017, he signed with FC Ararat Moscow and played with the new club in the Russian Professional Football League (third-level). On 17 November 2017, his Ararat contract was dissolved by mutual consent.</s><s>Club career.:Znamya Noginsk. On 31 August 2018, he joined the fourth-tier Russian Amateur Football League side FC Znamya Noginsk. He announced he will be with the team on part"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": "-time basis and play only in home games. He then returned to Ararat for 3 months in 2019 and then back to Znamya, both at amateur fourth-tier. As Znamya was promoted to Russian Professional Football League for the 2020\u201321 season, he returned to professional-level football at the age of 38. He was joined at Znamya by former Russian internationals Aleksandr Samedov, Renat Yanbayev and Aleksandr Sheshukov. On 21 August 2021, he scored 4 goals in a 5\u20133 victory over FC Kolomna which was the first time he scored 4 goals in a competitive game in his career. On 19 October 2022 in a game against FC Kosmos Dolgoprudny, Pavlyuchenko was sent off after trying to fight an opponent and swearing at him. Russian Football Union banned him for 8 games for his conduct. Following that, Pavlyuchenko announced his retirement from playing.</s><s>International career. Pavlyuchenko made his debut for the Russian national team on 20 August 2003, replacing Dmitriy Sychev at half-time of a 3\u20131 friendly loss to Israel at Lokomotiv Stadium in Moscow. He did not play again until 3"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": " September 2005, when he started in a 2\u20130 home win over Liechtenstein in World Cup qualification. He scored his first goal on his third cap on 8 October, the third in a 5\u20131 win over Luxembourg in World Cup qualification, four minutes after coming on for Andrey Arshavin.</s><s>International career.:Euro 2008. Roman Pavlyuchenko was in the spotlight when he scored both goals in Russia's 2\u20131 victory in a crucial Euro 2008 qualification match against England. He was named in Guus Hiddink's 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2008, and scored in warm-up victories against Serbia and Lithuania. He scored a late consolation goal in Russia's loss to Spain in their opening match of the campaign and the first goal in Russia's third match of the tournament against Sweden to send Russia through at Sweden's expense. He was declared man of the match after the 1\u20130 game with Greece, although he did not score in the game, and then scored the first goal of the match in Russia's 3\u20131 quarter final victory over the Netherlands. After the tournament ended, he was named in the 23-man Team of the Tournament.</s><s>International career.:Euro 2012. Pavlyuchenko scored his first international"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": " hat-trick on 4 June 2011 in a European qualifier against Armenia in Saint Petersburg. He was confirmed for the finalized UEFA Euro 2012 squad on 25 May 2012. In their opening match against the Czech Republic on 8 June in Wroclaw, he came off the bench in the 73rd minute and set up his teammate Alan Dzagoev for Russia's third goal. Minutes later he scored Russia's fourth goal, and Russia went on to win 4\u20131.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18137693 Pavlyuchenko come on as a substitute against Poland (1-1) and Greece (0-1), which caused the team to be eliminated from the group.</s><s>International career.:Retirement. On 24 July 2013, Pavlyuchenko announced his retirement from international duty.</s><s>Personal life. Pavlyuchenko has Ukrainian ancestry and he is married to Larisa and has a young daughter named Kristina. In Russia, Pavlyuchenko is a local \"Duma\" (city council) deputy in Stavropol, representing the ruling Vladimir Putin-led United Russia party, although \"because of my profession it won't be easy for"}, {"title": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "text": " me to take part directly in the workings of the city council \u2013 but I am ready to help with advice and with a concrete contribution to the development possibilities for exercise and sport\".</s><s>Honours. Spartak Moscow - Russian Cup: 2002\u201303 Lokomotiv Moscow - Russian Cup: 2014\u201315 Russia - UEFA European Championship bronze medalist: 2008 Individual - Russian Premier League top goalscorer: 2006 (18 goals in 27 matches), 2007 (14 goals in 22 matches)* - UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 2008 - Football League Cup top goalscorer: 2008\u201309</s><s>References. - Bibliography - Marc Bennetts, 'Football Dynamo \u2013 Modern Russia and the People's Game,' Virgin Books, (15 May 2008), 0753513196</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Roman Pavlyuchenko", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000229", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Alice Torriani.", "docs": [{"title": "Alice Torriani", "text": "<s>Alice Torriani Alice Torriani (born 25 March 1984) is an Italian film actor, author and screenwriter. She is notable for her portrayal of Andreina in \"Il Paradiso delle Signore\" (\"Ladies' Paradise\") directed by Monica Vullo and as the author of the novel \"L'altra Sete\" (\"A Different Thirst\").</s><s>Early life. Alice graduated from The Paolo Grassi Drama School in Milan in 2007 and started theatrical tours in Italy and Europe with Romeo Castellucci, Alvis Hermanis, Massimo Castri, Gabriele Lavia and Franca Valeri among others. Alice graduated from Paolo Grassi Drama School in Milan in 2007, after three years of intense studies. Upon receiving the sought after diploma, Massimo Castri, the critically acclaimed Italian director, cast her as the female lead in Chekhov's \"Three Sisters\". This life-changing part took Alice on a one-year tour, as she performed in some of the most celebrated theatres across Italy. When the Italian tour came to an end, it was now renowned director Gabriele Lavia who took a bow, as he too cast Alice for the female lead part in Dostoyevsky"}, {"title": "Alice Torriani", "text": "'s \"Memoirs from the House of The Dead\". The Russian writer's imagination, coupled with Lavia's vision, fueled Alice's quixotic spirit, and just a few months later she landed in Moscow, for the shooting of the film \"Ten Winters\", which went on to win the 2010 David di Donatello prize for Best Debut, as well as the Silver Ribbon for Best First Work at the Venice Film Festival. During that same year Alice started working on the European Project \"Prospero\", under the guiding hand of Latvian director Alvis Hermanis. Together, they brought \"The Young Ladies of Wilko\", Hermanis's first work with Italian actors, to the stages of Milan, Paris, Venice, Berlin, Lisbon, Moscow, Rennes, Liege, Lotz, and Tampere, in a production spanning two fulfilling years.</s><s>Actor. In cinema she made her appearance in \"Ten Winters\" by Valerio Mieli (2010 David di Donatello prize for Best Debut), the commercially successful \"E'nata una star\" directed by Lucio Pellegrini and based on the novel \"Not a Star\" by Nick Hornby, \"D.A.D.\""}, {"title": "Alice Torriani", "text": " by Marco Maccaferri and \"Them Who?\" by Francesco Miccich\u00e8 and Fabio Bonifaci. In an effort to ever improve her acting skills she has visited the Margie Haber Studio in Los Angeles and Jordan Bayne's in New York numerous time and she is always working on her skills. She has participated in many 'acting for the stage' workshops with Luca Ronconi, Antonio Latella, and other international directors at the Venice Biennale of Theatre. In the five-year period encompassing 2009 through 2013 Alice work as part of the lead cast for various television shows, and in 2013/2014, in the remarkable company of some of Italy's most illustrious actors, she performed the play \"Visita al padre\", which Carmelo Rifici directed, at the celebrated Piccolo Teatro di Milano. She has guest-starred in one episode of \"Montalbano\", \"A voice of the night\" which aired in Italy in 2013. In 2014, Romeo Castellucci (whose Dante's \"Divine Comedy\" the French newspaper \"Le Monde\" called \"the best play, and one of the ten most influential cultural events in the world for the decade 2000\u20132010\") cast Alice"}, {"title": "Alice Torriani", "text": " for the show \"The Four Season Restaurant\", which was performed in Philadelphia in September 2014. In 2015, Alice took the second female lead in the Italian TV serial adaptation of \"The Paradise\" based on the French novel \"Au Bonheur des Dames\" by Emile Zola. The Italian series, produced by RAI, are named \"Il Paradiso delle Signore\" and Torriani's role was of Andreina Mandelli, the daughter of an influential banker in Milan. Just a few months later, Alice brought her skills to the aid of Franca Valeri, one of Italy's most sought after comedians, as they took the stage together in the play \"Il cambio dei cavalli\", which Valeri penned herself. Furthermore, in 2016, Torriani took on one of the main roles in the TV series \"Un Paso dal Ciello\", season 4, as Cristina Fabricetti, in a total of 18 episodes.</s><s>Author. Torriani's first novel, \"L'Altra Sete\", was published by Fandango Libri in 2015. In 2016 \"L'Altra Sete\" was chosen to represent Italy at the Festival Europ\u00e9en du Premier Roman, in Germany"}, {"title": "Alice Torriani", "text": ". In November, 2018, the novel \"Una Vita a Posto\", authored by Torriani, was published by Fandango Libri.</s><s>Screenwriter. In 2015, with Giampiero Judica, she wrote her first screenplay for the TV series \"Cleaning your Shit\", which was filmed in 2017. Alice played the main role.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Alice Torriani", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000230", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Michael Goleniewski.", "docs": [{"title": "Michael Goleniewski", "text": "<s>Michael Goleniewski Micha\u0142 Franciszek Goleniewski a.k.a. 'SNIPER', 'LAVINIA', (16 August 1922 \u2013 12 July 1993), was a Polish officer in the People's Republic of Poland's Ministry of Public Security, the deputy head of military counterintelligence GZI WP, later head of the technical and scientific section of the Polish intelligence, and a spy for the Soviet government during the 1950s. In 1959, he became a triple-agent, giving Polish and Soviet secrets to the Central Intelligence Agency, which directly caused the exposure of George Blake and Harry Houghton. Goleniewski defected to the United States in 1961. He later made unsubstantiated claims to be Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia.</s><s>Early life and espionage career. Goleniewski was born in 1922 in Nie\u015bwie\u017c, then in Poland, now Belarus. He enlisted in the Polish Army in 1945 and was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the Polish Army in 1955. He studied law at the University of Poznan and received a master's degree in political science from the University of Warsaw in 1956. He said he was head of the Technical and Scientific Department of the Polish"}, {"title": "Michael Goleniewski", "text": " Secret Service from 1957 to 1960. At the same time, he was spying on Polish intelligence operations for the Soviet Union. In early 1959, Goleniewski became a triple-agent, anonymously sending Polish and Soviet secrets addressed to the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) by letter. He insisted on communicating with the FBI, knowing that all other agencies had been penetrated by Soviet bloc intelligence. His letters were actually intercepted by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), who did not inform the FBI. According to Tim Tate, author of the 2021 book \"The Spy Who Was Left Out in the Cold\", Goleniewski's motive, unlike most defectors who sought a better life outside the Soviet Union, was that he \"realised that the communist system was wrong. And that he needed,... to counter it, and to start working for the west and democracy\". The US CIA gave him the code-name 'SNIPER', UK's MI5 gave him 'LAVINIA'. In April 1959, the CIA informed MI5 that SNIPER (his real name was still unknown) had said the Polish S\u0142u\u017cba Bezpiecze\u0144stwa (UB) had a British informant inside the Royal Navy. This person was later"}, {"title": "Michael Goleniewski", "text": " found to be Harry Houghton. The CIA also told MI5 that Goleniewski had received top secret documents originating from a Soviet mole inside MI6. The mole himself (who later turned out to be George Blake) heard the news that the CIA had a top-level informant in Poland, and sent word back to the KGB, who passed it to the UB. Goleniewski heard the news from the KGB, and immediately escaped. He also provided information that led to the arrests of American diplomat Irvin C. Scarbeck, Swedish Air Force officer Stig Wennerstr\u00f6m, as well as Heinz Felfe and Hans Clemens, who penetrated the West German BND for the KGB. Goleniewski also claimed that there was a Soviet-controlled organisation of former Nazis - which he nicknamed 'Hacke' - that was active in postwar West Germany. He defected to the United States in January 1961, which led to the imprisonment of Soviet agents in Britain including the Portland Spy Ring and George Blake. Goleniewski went to work for the CIA, and a Polish court sentenced him to death in absentia. A private bill, H.R. 5507, was introduced in the U.S. Congress in July"}, {"title": "Michael Goleniewski", "text": " 1963 to make Goleniewski a US citizen. The legislation was passed by both the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. According to Tate, who used freedom of information requests to obtain CIA files on Goleniewski which had never been made public before, Goleniewski had identified more spies than any other defector or agent. Tate has also written a background article on him  However, when Anatoliy Golitsyn defected to the US, he convinced the CIA's head of counter-intelligence that only he, Golitsyn, was a true defector, all others being bogus. From 1964 the CIA started to renege on its contract with Goleniewski and brief other government departments that he had lost his mind. This caused Goleniewski much financial and emotional distress, and he lost his grip on reality, becoming paranoid, and ultimately completely insane, according to Tate. Although CIA records were obtained, Britain's MI5 file on Goleniewski was not released, with MI5 claiming \"continuing sensitivity\".</s><s>Claim that he was Tsarevich Alexei. Goleniewski later made the claim that he was Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, who is now known to have been killed"}, {"title": "Michael Goleniewski", "text": " with his family by Bolsheviks at Ekaterinburg, Russia on 17 July 1918. Goleniewski claimed that Yakov Yurovsky, one of the assassins, saved the family and helped them to escape. The whole family supposedly traveled to Poland via Turkey, Greece, and Austria. According to his story, the family lived in hiding in Poland. As author Guy Richards (one of Goleniewski's supporters) has pointed out, he was not the first Tsarevich Alexei claimant to emerge from Poland; several decades earlier, in 1927, a pretender named Eugene Nicolaievich Ivanoff had appeared from the same part of that country and generated a brief flurry of publicity in Europe and North America. Tsarevich Alexei, who was born in August 1904, was a haemophiliac. Goleniewski, whose identity card gave his date of birth as 1922, making him eighteen years younger than the Tsarevich, claimed that the haemophilia made him appear younger than he really was and he had been \"twice a child.\" He claimed that his haemophilia had been confirmed by Alexander S. Wiener, who had co-discovered the Rh factor in human blood. This claim was never confirmed."}, {"title": "Michael Goleniewski", "text": " He met one of the Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia claimants, Eugenia Smith, in 1963. The meeting was covered by \"Life\" magazine. Goleniewski claimed that Smith was his sister Anastasia. Smith also recognized Goleniewski as her brother Alexei, even though she had claimed in her book that she had been the sole survivor at Ekaterinburg. Goleniewski's claim was an embarrassment to the CIA. He was put on a pension and his employment with the agency was ended in 1964. Goleniewski also claimed to have detailed information about alleged Tsarist money. His claims are detailed in the books \"Lost Fortune of the Tsars\" by William Clarke, and \"Hunt for the Czar\" by Guy Richards.</s><s>Marriage. Goleniewski married his pregnant girlfriend, Ingrid Kampf, on 30 September 1964, using the name Alexei Romanov. Their daughter, Tatiana, was born a few hours later. The marriage later broke up.</s><s>Later life. Goleniewski lived the remainder of his life in Queens, New York, still claiming that he was Tsarevich Alexei. He leveled accusations against the government and the Russian Orthodox Church for mist"}, {"title": "Michael Goleniewski", "text": "reating him. Few believed his claim.</s><s>See also. - Ryszard Kuklinski - Romuald Spasowski - J\u00f3zef \u015awiat\u0142o - Romanov impostors - List of Eastern Bloc defectors</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Michael Goleniewski", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000231", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of James Tyrrell.", "docs": [{"title": "James Tyrrell", "text": "<s>James Tyrrell Sir James Tyrrell (c. 1455 \u2013 6 May 1502) was an English knight, a trusted servant of king Richard III of England. He is known for allegedly confessing to the murders of the Princes in the Tower under Richard's orders. William Shakespeare portrays Tyrrell as the man who organises the princes' murder in his 1593 play \"Richard III\".</s><s>Family. James Tyrrell was the eldest son of William Tyrrell of Gipping in Suffolk, and Margaret Darcy, the daughter of Robert Darcy of Maldon, and the grandson of Sir John Tyrrell.</s><s>Career. Tyrrell's father was beheaded on Tower Hill on 23 February 1462, together with Sir Thomas Tuddenham and John Montgomery. John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, and his eldest son and heir, Aubrey, were beheaded on 26 February and 20 February, respectively, after the discovery of an alleged plot to murder Edward IV. No records of the trials of the alleged conspirators have survived to shed light on what part, if any, Tyrrell's father played in the alleged conspiracy. He was not attainted, and his eldest son and heir's wardship and the custody of his lands were"}, {"title": "James Tyrrell", "text": " granted to Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, who sold them to William Tyrrell's widow in March 1463 for \u00a350. James Tyrrell fought on the Yorkist side at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471, and was knighted there by Edward IV. A few months later he entered the service of the future Richard III, then Duke of Gloucester. After Richard III assumed power, he was appointed High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1484. He was in France in 1485, and played no part in the Battle of Bosworth Field which signalled the end of the Yorkists and the start of the Tudor dynasty. He returned to England in 1486 and was pardoned by King Henry VII on 16 June, and was pardoned again on 16 July. Sir Clements Markham considers that it was between these dates that the murder of the princes took place. Henry VII reappointed him governor of Gu\u00eenes (in the English possession of Calais) in 1486. However, in 1501, Tyrrell lent his support to Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, now the leading Yorkist claimant to the English throne, who was in voluntary exile. In the spring of 1501 Henry VII sent Thomas Lovell"}, {"title": "James Tyrrell", "text": " to Gu\u00eenes to arrest Tyrrell and others, including Tyrrell's son, Thomas. Tyrrell was charged with treason. Some years after his execution, Sir Thomas More in his \"History of King Richard III\" wrote that during his examination Tyrrell confessed to the murders of King Edward V of England and his brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. According to More, he also implicated John Dighton as a perpetrator, and Dighton when questioned corroborated Tyrell's account. But he was unable to say where the bodies were, claiming that they had been moved. The original document of Tyrrell's alleged confession was never produced. However, other contemporary accounts, notably that of Polydore Vergil, make no mention of the confession. Tyrrell was tried and convicted of treason at the Guildhall in London on 2 May 1502 and executed four days later, on 6 May, together with one of his accomplices in aiding Suffolk, Sir John Wyndham. Tyrrell was buried at the church of the Austin Friars, London. He was attainted on 25 January 1504; however the attainder was reversed three years later, on 19 April 1507.</s><s>Marriage and issue. In 1469, Tyrrell married Anne"}, {"title": "James Tyrrell", "text": " Arundel, the daughter of John Arundel of Lanherne, by his first wife, Elizabeth Morley, daughter of Thomas, Lord Morley, by whom he had three sons and a daughter: - Sir Thomas Tyrrell (d. 1551) of Gipping, who married firstly Margaret Willoughby, daughter of Christopher Willoughby, 10th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, by whom he had a son, Sir John Tyrrell (d. 1574), who married Elizabeth Munday, the daughter of Sir John Munday (d. 1537), Lord Mayor of London, and a daughter, Anne Tyrrell, who married Sir John Clere of Ormesby. - James Tyrrell (d. 1539) of Columbine Hall in Stowupland, who married Anne Hotoft. - William Tyrrell. - Anne Tyrrell, who married Sir Richard Wentworth (d. 1528) of Nettlestead, by whom she was the mother of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth.</s><s>Further discussion. In a television programme first broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK on 21 March 2015, the historian David Starkey announced his discovery in royal records that both Henry"}, {"title": "James Tyrrell", "text": " VII and his wife Elizabeth, the sister of Edward V and Richard Duke of York, were present throughout Tyrrell's trial. However, contemporary documents originally retrieved by scholar Rosemary Horrox record that the king and queen were lodged in the Royal Apartments at the Tower during Tyrrell's trial, which was not held at the Tower itself.</s><s>References. - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "James Tyrrell", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000232", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of John Atkinson Grimshaw.", "docs": [{"title": "John Atkinson Grimshaw", "text": "<s>John Atkinson Grimshaw John Atkinson Grimshaw (6 September 1836 \u2013 13 October 1893) was an English Victorian-era artist best known for his nocturnal scenes of urban landscapes. He was called a \"remarkable and imaginative painter\" by the critic and historian Christopher Wood in \"Victorian Painting\" (1999). Grimshaw's love for realism stemmed from a passion for photography, which would eventually lend itself to the creative process. Though entirely self-taught, he is known to have used a camera obscura or lenses to project scenes onto canvas, which made up for his shortcomings as a draughtsman and his imperfect knowledge of perspective. This technique, which Caravaggio and Vermeer may also have used, was condemned by a number of his contemporaries who believed it demonstrated less skill than painting by eye, with some claiming that his paintings appeared to \"show no marks of handling or brushwork\", while others \"were doubtful whether they could be accepted as paintings at all\". However, many recognised his mastery of colour, lighting and shadow, as well as his unique ability to provoke strong emotional responses in the viewer. James McNeill Whistler, who Grimshaw worked with in his Chelsea studios, stated, \"I considered myself the inventor of no"}, {"title": "John Atkinson Grimshaw", "text": "cturnes until I saw Grimmy's moonlit pictures.\" His early paintings were signed \"JAG\", \"J. A. Grimshaw\", or \"John Atkinson Grimshaw\", though he finally settled on \"Atkinson Grimshaw\".</s><s>Life. He was born on 6 September 1836 in a back-to-back house in Park Street, Leeds to Mary and David Grimshaw. In 1856 he married his cousin Frances Hubbard (1835\u20131917). In 1861, at the age of 24, to the dismay of his parents, he left his job as a clerk for the Great Northern Railway to become a painter. He first exhibited in 1862, mostly paintings of birds, fruit, and blossom, under the patronage of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. He and his wife moved in 1866 to a semi-detached villa, which is now numbered 56 Cliff Road in Headingley and has a Leeds Civic Trust blue plaque, and in 1870 to Knostrop Old Hall. Grid Reference: SE 32125 32100. He became successful in the 1870s and rented a second home, Castle-by-the-Sea in Scarborough. Scarborough became a favourite subject. He died on 13 October 1893 of tuberculosis and is buried in Wood"}, {"title": "John Atkinson Grimshaw", "text": "house Cemetery, now called St George's Fields, in Leeds. Four of his children, Arthur E. Grimshaw (1864\u20131913), Louis H. Grimshaw (1870\u20131944), Wilfred Grimshaw (1871\u20131937), and Elaine Grimshaw (1877\u20131970) also became painters.</s><s>Work. Grimshaw's primary influence was the Pre-Raphaelites. True to the Pre-Raphaelite style, he created landscapes of accurate colour and lighting, vivid detail and realism, often typifying seasons or a type of weather. Moonlit views of city and suburban streets and of the docks in London, Hull, Liverpool, and Glasgow also figured largely in his art. His careful painting and his skill in lighting effects meant that he captured both the appearance and the mood of a scene in minute detail. His \"paintings of dampened gas-lit streets and misty waterfronts conveyed an eerie warmth as well as alienation in the urban scene.\" \"Dulce Domum\" (1885), on whose reverse Grimshaw wrote, \"mostly painted under great difficulties\", captures the music portrayed in the piano-player, entices the eye to meander through the richly decorated room, and to consider the"}, {"title": "John Atkinson Grimshaw", "text": " still and silent young lady who is listening. Grimshaw painted more interior scenes, especially in the 1870s, when he worked under the influence of James Tissot and the Aesthetic Movement. \"On Hampstead Hill\" is considered one of Grimshaw's finest works, exemplifying his skill with a variety of light sources, in capturing the mood of the passing of twilight into night. In his later career his urban scenes under twilight or yellow streetlighting were popular with his middle-class patrons. His later work included imagined scenes from the Greek and Roman empires, and he painted literary subjects from Longfellow and Tennyson \u2014 pictures including \"Elaine\" and \"The Lady of Shalott\". Grimshaw named his children after characters in Tennyson's poems. In the 1880s, Grimshaw maintained a London studio in Chelsea, not far from the studio of James Abbott McNeill Whistler. After visiting Grimshaw, Whistler remarked that \"I considered myself the inventor of Nocturnes until I saw Grimmy's moonlit pictures.\" Unlike Whistler's Impressionistic night scenes, Grimshaw worked in a realistic vein: \"sharply focused, almost photographic\", his pictures innovated in applying the tradition of rural moonlight images to the Victorian city"}, {"title": "John Atkinson Grimshaw", "text": ", recording \"the rain and mist, the puddles and smoky fog of late Victorian industrial England with great poetry.\" Grimshaw's paintings depicted the contemporary world but eschewed the dirty and depressing aspects of industrial towns. \"Shipping on the Clyde\", a depiction of Glasgow's Victorian docks, is a lyrically beautiful evocation of the industrial era. Grimshaw transcribed the fog and mist so accurately as to capture the chill in the damp air, and the moisture penetrating the heavy clothes of the few figures awake in the misty early morning.</s><s>Reputation and legacy. Grimshaw left behind no letters, journals, or papers. His reputation rested on, and his legacy is based on, his townscapes. There was a revival of interest in Grimshaw's work in the second half of the 20th century, with several important exhibitions devoted to it. A retrospective exhibition \"Atkinson Grimshaw \u2013 Painter of Moonlight\" ran from 16 April \u2013 4 September 2011 at Mercer Art Gallery in Harrogate and subsequently in the Guildhall Art Gallery, London.</s><s>Further reading. - Alexander Robertson, \"Atkinson Grimshaw\", London, Phaidon Press, 1996 - Yorkshire Art Journal \"John Atkinson Grimshaw\", York, 2014 - Historical Feature</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "John Atkinson Grimshaw", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000233", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Cel\u00e2l Bayar.", "docs": [{"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": "<s>Cel\u00e2l Bayar Mahmud Cel\u00e2leddin \"Cel\u00e2l\" Bayar (16 May 1883 \u2013 22 August 1986) was a Turkish economist and politician who was the third President of Turkey from 1950 to 1960; previously he was Prime Minister of Turkey from 1937 to 1939. Bayar began his career in the Committee of Union and Progress, establishing its Izmir and Bursa branches. Following the declaration of the Republic, he founded much of Turkey's early financial institutions, including the country's first bank, \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131. An advocate of liberal economic policies, Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk appointed Bayar prime minister in 1937 to liberalize the economy, until he resigned in 1939 under Atat\u00fcrk's successor, \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc. Until 1945, he was a member of Republican People's Party (CHP) which was the sole legal party. In 1946, he founded the Democrat Party along with Adnan Menderes, Fuat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc and Refik Koraltan beginning Turkey's multiparty period, which still goes on to this day. A peaceful transfer of power from the CHP to DP happened in the 1950 elections, after which Bayar as"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " elected Turkey's third president. He was subsequently re-elected in 1954 and 1957, serving for 10 years as president. In that period, Menderes was his prime minister. He was overthrown and incarcerated after the 1960 coup d'etat, and advocated for the restoration of rights of former politicians associated with the Democrat Party following his release. He is considered to be the longest-lived former head of state and was the longest-lived state leader until 8 December 2008 (when he was surpassed by Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum). Cel\u00e2l Bayar died on 22 August 1986 at the age of 103 after a brief illness.</s><s>Early years. Mahmud Cel\u00e2leddin (Bayar after 1934) was born on 16 May 1883 at Umurbey, a village of Gemlik, Bursa, the third son of Abdullah Fehmi Efendi, religious leader and teacher who migrated from Lom, Ottoman Bulgaria as a muhacir, after the Bulgarians ethnically cleansed the Muslim population there during the 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish war. His older brothers were Behzat and As\u0131m. Bayar worked as a clerk after school, first in a court in Gemlik and then in Ziraat"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " Bank. In 1906, he was employed in the Deutsche Orientbank in Bursa.</s><s>In the CUP. In 1907, Bayar joined an unofficial branch of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) in Bursa. After the Second Constitutional Era was proclaimed following the Young Turk Revolution, he served as the secretary-general of a newly founded local branch of the organization, with instructions to organize Unionist infrastructure in Anatolia. Bayar formed a Unionist militia in Bursa with the intention to join up with Mahmud \u015eevket Pasha's Action Army during the 31 March Incident. He got as far as Mudanya but by then the revolt was crushed. He then founded the \u0130zmir branch of Union and Progress in 1911. Bayar established an organization and CUP mouthpiece known as \"Halk\u0131n Do\u011fru\" (True to the People), where he wrote pro-CUP articles under the pseudonym Turgut Alp. He was a participant of the 1913 Ottoman coup d'\u00e9tat, and witnessed the murder of the Minister of War Naz\u0131m Pasha. Well connected with financial circles, Bayar played an important role in Unionist \"Mill\u00ee \u0130ktisat\" (National"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " Economy) policies. He was a member of the Special Organization and worked alongside in killing and robbing Ottoman Greeks in order to coerce them to emigrate in 1914. He initiated the opening of, the \u015eimendifer Vocational School in, and a library in \u0130zmir. Bayar also played an important role in the creation of the \u0130zmir based sports club Altay S.K.</s><s>War of Independence. Following the Armistice of Mudros, which ended World War I for the Ottomans, he was tried and acquitted as a war criminal at the \u0130zmir Martial Law Court. However when the allied powers continued advancing into Ottoman territory despite the armistice, various nationalist organizations known as Defence of National Rights Associations started to be founded. Bayar created the (\"\u0130zmir Redd-i \u0130lhak Cemiyeti\") and the (\"\u0130zmir M\u00fcd\u00e2faa-i Hukuku Osmaniye Cemiyeti\"). Bayar fled into the mountains after hearing rumors of an impending allied occupation of \u0130zmir and finding out his name was on an arrest list from the Freedom and Accord government in Constantinople. Once \u0130zmir was occupied,"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " he cooperated with the national resistance fighters in the S\u00f6ke region. On the side of the resistance, he participated in the Battle of Ayd\u0131n against the Greeks. With the decision of the, he was appointed to the command of the Akhisar front regiment. Bayar was elected to the Ottoman Parliament as deputy of Saruhan (today Manisa) in the 1919 election, where he gave speeches denouncing the palace's indifference to allied occupation. Following the occupation of Constantinople, he fled to Ankara to join Mustafa Kemal (Atat\u00fcrk) Pasha and the Turkish Independence Movement. While on the road the Anzavur rebellion threatened Bursa, so Mustafa Kemal asked Bayar to stay in Bursa to fend the rebels off. He was briefly a member of the and the Turkish Communist Party, a foax communist party set up by Mustafa Kemal to counter the influence of the Communist Party of Turkey. He became the deputy of Bursa in the newly established Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The same year, he served as deputy minister of the economy and \u0131n 1921 he was appointed as the minister of the economy. He led the negotiation commission during \u00c7erkes Ethem's uprising. In 1922"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": ", Bayar was a member of the Turkish delegation during the Lausanne Peace Conference as an advisor to \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc.</s><s>One-party period. Bayar was elected as a member of the Association for the Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia (ADNRAR) in the 1923 election, serving as a deputy of \u0130zmir in the Parliament. ADNRAR soon renamed itself Republican People's Party (CHP) and continued a one party state started by the CUP in 1913. On 6 March 1924 Cel\u00e2l Bayar was appointed Minister of Exchange Construction and Settlement (until 7 July 1924). Bayar was influential in determining the economic policy of the regime as a result of being in Mustafa Kemal's close circle during this period. A policy of a modern and state supported capitalism was pursued. On 26 August 1924, Atat\u00fcrk commissioned Bayar to found a national bank, which resulted in the foundation of \u0130\u015fbank in Ankara by using as capital the gold bullion sent by the Muslims in India to support the Turkish War of Independence. The A\u015far tax was abolished, land was distributed, the \"Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi Kanunu\" (Industry"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " Incentive Law) was enacted, railway construction was accelerated, and the Central Bank was established. The effects of the Great Depression caused this more \"liberal\" policy to be replaced by statism. During his teneurship as economic minister (between 1932-1937), Bayar became one of the leading advocates of statism. Bayar understood statism as an effective tool in the creation of a nationalist and capitalist economy. Bayar's term as economic minister saw an increase in regulatory interventions in the economy by the state, and high levels of industrialization. For this purpose, the First Five-Year Industry Plan was enacted. Institutions such as S\u00fcmerbank and Etibank were established to finance industrialization. Nationalizations, protectionist economic policies, and many state monopolies were created. However \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc was in favor of an even stricter etatism, and could not fully agree with his economic policies. On 1 November 1937 Atat\u00fcrk appointed Bayar as Prime Minister of the 9th Government of Turkey after \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc left the government. During the Bayar government, the Denizbank Law, which continued the statist approach, was enacted and several nationalizations were made. However there was no significant"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " change in the composition of the government nor a significant change in economic policy. He continued to serve as prime minister when Atat\u00fcrk died and \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc became president in 1938 (10th government of Turkey). Differences of opinion with \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc led him to resign from the premiership on 25 January 1939. The rivalry between \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc and Bayar became one of the most significant rivalries in Turkish history.</s><s>Creation of the Democrat Party. During the Second World War, Bayar's political activity was limited; though he was re-elected as a member of parliament, he shunned from the cabinet. After 1943, he took a moderate opposition to the government. The end of World War II brought about a global wave of democracy, which resumed the power struggle in the one-party regime between the two versions of statism espoused by \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc and Bayar. Opposition to the CHP administration surfaced during the voting of the 1945 Budget Law; Bayar, Adnan Menderes, Fuat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, Refik Koraltan, and Emin Sazak voted against the bill in the voting held for the seven-month budget of the \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": "\u011flu government. The division within the party became more evident on 7 June, 1945, when Bayar, Menderes, Koraltan and K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc submitted a motion to the chairmanship of the CHP Parliamentary Group asking for \"amendments to the Party's statute and some laws\", known as the \"motion with four signatures\". The motion demanded political liberalization in the country and in the party, but was soundly rejected by the members of the CHP Central Council. On 21 September, 1945, the CHP Council unanimously expelled K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc and Menderes from the party, and after a short time Koraltan. Bayar resigned from his parliamentary position in September 1945 and from the CHP in December 1945. On January 7, 1946, the four founded the Democrat Party (DP) and Bayar was elected as the leader of the party. The party program of the DP featured Bayar style approaches to economic policy, political democratization, decreasing the power of the bureaucracy, and encouraging private initiative while maintaining the principle of statism. DP achieved relative success against CHP in 1946 election and elected 62 deputies. Bayar was also elected as a deputy from \u0130stanbul. Between 1946 and 1950, as the"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " leader of the opposition, he led a sometimes hardened opposition to his former party. At the first congress of the DP in January 1947, Bayar demanded that the Election Law be amended, so that the same person cannot be both president and party chairman, and that other antidemocratic laws should be abolished. Although the DP was supported by religious circles who were dissatisfied with the effective secularism policy of the one-party period, Bayar's Kemalist background was seen as an assurance of the party's commitment to secularism. But he was among the moderates in the DP regarding the opposition to the CHP. The \"extremists\" later left the party and founded the Nation Party (which would be closed in 1953).</s><s>Presidency. In the first free elections in Turkish history, the Democrats won the 1950 general election with a 53% popular mandate. Though Bayar didn't aspire to become president, parliament elected him as president of Turkey on 22 May 1950. He subsequently resigned from the DP leadership, though regularly discussed policy with his prime minister and DP leader successor, Menderes. He was the first president of the Republic without a military background. He was also the first to do away with a non-partisan appearance, participating in election rallies and walking with a"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " cane with an engraving of the DP logo. He was and, serving for 10 years as president. During Bayar's presidency relations with the Western bloc improved and after the Turkish Straits Crisis, Turkey joined the Korean War in 1951 and then NATO in February 1952. Bayar became the first president of Turkey to make an official visit to the United States in 1954. In a speech at a DP rally in \u0130stanbul before the 1957 election, he announced that \"Turkey will become a \"Little America\" in 30 years. During ten-years of Democrat rule, Turkish society went through deep transformations. An inflationary economic policy encouraging private enterprise was followed, though the role of the state was not reduced. Political participation increased, leading to a large cadre of Anatolians entering politics and business. Although secularism was not abandoned, the explicitly secularist policy of the one-party regime was abandoned. In the second half of the 1950s, with the impact of the economic depression, the DP pursued increasingly authoritarian policies and put heavy pressure on the opposition. It was under his presidency that the \u0130stanbul Pogrom took place on 6\u20137 September 1955. Bayar also had a decisive influence in encouraging authoritarianism by the Democrats.</s><s>1960 coup and imprisonment"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": ". On 27 May 1960 the armed forces staged a \"coup d'etat\". Bayar first tried to resist the officers who came to arrest him at \u00c7ankaya Mansion on the morning of the coup and then tried to commit suicide by holding the pistol in his jacket pocket to his temple. However the soldiers were more agile than the 77-year-old Bayar and managed to take the gun from him. Bayar was arrested along with other Democrats, and was tried at the High Court of Justice in Yass\u0131ada on charges of \"treason\" and \"violating the constitution\". He tried to commit suicide aga\u0131n with a waist belt while he was imprisoned in Yass\u0131ada but failed. He was sentenced to death on 15 September, 1961. The National Unity Committee approved the death sentence for Menderes, Zorlu and Polatkan, but the punishment for Bayar and other twelve party members was commuted to life imprisonment. Bayar was transferred from Yass\u0131ada to Kayseri Prison but he was released on 7 November 1964 due to ill health. Due to ill health he was brought to Ankara for treatment on 14 February, 1962 and was taken back to prison in Kayseri five days later. Under pressure"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " from ex-DP supporters, Bayar's sentence was suspended by the government for a period of six months due to his health issues and he was released on 22 March 1963. Bayar came to Ankara the next day, and was greeted by a large convoy and crowd. This enthusiastic welcome caused chaos in the streets, with protests going so far as vandalizing the headquarters of the successor of the DP, the Justice Party, Bayar's house, and the newspaper headquarters of \"Yeni \u0130stanbul\". Concerns arose that the Justice Party would be shut down.The decision was eventually made to postpone Bayar's release from prison on 28 March. After being under surveillance in Ankara Hospital for 6 months, he was sent back to Kayseri Prison (5 October, 1963), although there was no change in his health status. He remained in Kayseri Prison until 8 November 1964, when he was again released due to health reasons. He was pardoned again by president Cevdet Sunay on July 8, 1966. With a new amnesty law enacted by the Justice Party government on 8 August 1966, all former DP members, including those sentenced to life imprisonment, were freed.</s><s>Later years and death. Restoring ex-Democrats full political rights was a divisive issue"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " in Turkey during the 1960s. After being pardoned, Bayar worked to restore the political rights of former DP members. In 1968, he founded a club called \"Bizim Ev\" (Our Home), which aimed to bring together ex-Democrats who lost their political rights. He held a historic meeting with his political rival \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc on 14 May 1969 that lead to CHP passing a constitutional amendment which returned suspended rights to former DP members. This amendment offended Sunay and the army, and also divided the Justice Party, resulting in the birth of the Democratic Party in 1970 (which Bayar supported). Full political rights were restored to Bayar in 1974, but he declined an invitation to become a life member of the Senate, on the grounds that one can represent the people only if elected. When a large group of Democratic Party members returned to the Justice Party after the amnesty was granted, Bayar also supported the Justice Party in the 1975 Senate partial elections; He took to the podium together with S\u00fcleyman Demirel and spoke at the Justice Party rally held in Bursa. He supported the 1980 military junta and the 1982 Constitution. He turned 100 on 16 May 1983. He died on 22 August 1986 in Istanbul at the age of 103"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " after a brief illness. There was debate over burying Bayar in An\u0131tkabir like his old rival \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc was, this was advocated by Motherland (ANAP) party leader T\u00fcrg\u00fct \u00d6zal and SHP leader Erdal \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, \u0130smet's son. However President Kenan Evren objected and Bayar was buried in his hometown of Umurbey after a state ceremony in Ankara, at which Evren was in attendance. From 24 April 1978, when former Paraguayan President Federico Ch\u00e1vez died, until his own death; Bayar was the world's oldest living former head of state.</s><s>Later years and death.:Awards and legacy. In 1954, Bayar was awarded the Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (\"Sonderstufe des Gro\u00dfkreuzes des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland\"). 27 January 1954 Bayar received the Legion of Merit Award from the President of the United States, as a result of Turkey's participation in the Korean War. He also received the Order of the Yugoslav Star. In 1954, Bayar was awarded an honorary"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " doctorate by the University of Belgrade. In 1958, the Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin (Free University Berlin) awarded him an honorary doctorate. The Celal Bayar University, which was established in 1992 in Manisa, is named after him.</s><s>Later years and death.:Family. Celal Bayar married Re\u015fide in 1904 when he was 21 and she 18 years old. They had three children: Refii (1904-1940), Turgut (1911-1983), and Nil\u00fcfer G\u00fcrsoy (1921-). Refii Bayar was the General Manager of \"Milli Reasurans,\" a reinsurance company, from 1929 to 1939, was the founder of \"Halk Evleri\", an educational government entity in Istanbul, and was a journalist and published the \"Halk\" newspaper between 1939 and 1941 with Cemal Kutay. Nil\u00fcfer G\u00fcrsoy married Ahmet \u0130hsan G\u00fcrsoy (1913\u20132008), who was the K\u00fctahya deputy for the Democratic Party between 1946-60, the Bursa deputy for the Justice Party between 1965-69 and \u0130stanbul deputy for the Democratic Party between 1973-75 and then"}, {"title": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "text": " for the Justice Party between 1975-80.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Cel\u00e2l Bayar", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000234", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jan Zamoyski.", "docs": [{"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": "<s>Jan Zamoyski Jan Sariusz Zamoyski (; 19 March 1542 \u2013 3 June 1605) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, and the 1st \"ordynat\" of Zamo\u015b\u0107. He served as the Royal Secretary from 1565, Deputy Chancellor from 1576, Grand Chancellor of the Crown from 1578, and Great Hetman of the Crown from 1581. Zamoyski was the General Starost of the city of Krak\u00f3w from 1580 to 1585, Starost of Be\u0142z, Mi\u0119dzyrzecz, Krzesz\u00f3w, Knyszyn and Tartu. An important advisor to Kings Sigismund II Augustus and Stephen B\u00e1thory, he was one of the major opponents of Bathory's successor, Sigismund III Vasa, and one of the most skilled diplomats, politicians and statesmen of his time, standing as a major figure in the politics of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth throughout his life.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Childhood and education. Jan Zamoyski was born on 19 March 1542 to Stanis\u0142aw Zamoyski and Anna Herburt in Skok\u00f3"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": "wka. He started his education in a school in Krasnystaw but when he was thirteen years old he was sent to study abroad; from 1555 to 1559 he was a page at the royal court in Paris. Already at this young age he attended lectures at the Sorbonne University and Coll\u00e8ge de France. In 1559 he briefly visited Poland, then attended the University of Strasbourg; after a few months there he moved to University of Padua, where from 1561 he studied law and received a doctorate in 1564. During his years abroad he converted from Calvinism to Roman Catholicism. During his education, he became active in university politics, and in 1563 he was elected the rector of the law department. Around that time he also wrote \"De senatu Romano\", a brochure about Ancient Rome government. He returned to the Commonwealth in 1565, and was the first person to receive a commendation letter from the senate of the Republic of Venice.</s><s>Biography.:Early career. After returning to Poland, he was appointed to the Royal Chancellery, and soon became a favorite secretary to King Sigismund II. In 1567 he commanded a royal task force, sent to remove the noble family of Star"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": "zechowscy from the royal lands they were decreed to hold illegally. Another major task he completed at that time was the reorganization of the Chancellery archive. In 1571 he married Anna Ossoli\u0144ska; his wife and their young son died shortly afterwards, in 1572. After the extinction of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1572 during the election sejm (special session of the Commonwealth parliament) he used his influence to enforce the \"viritim election\" (meaning all nobles had the right to vote for the new king during the upcoming 1573 Polish\u2013Lithuanian royal election). However, his proposal for majority voting did not pass, which opened the process for abuses of \"liberum veto\" in the future. He was a colleague of Miko\u0142aj Sienicki and Hieronim Ossolinski, and with them he was one of the leaders of a faction of the lesser and middle nobility (szlachta) in the Commonwealth, whose goal was the reform the country \u2013 the execution movement \u2013 preserving the unique constitutional and parliamentary government of the Commonwealth with the dominant role of poorer nobility (Golden Freedom). He was so influential and popular among the lesser nobility that he was known as the \"first tribune"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": " of nobility\" or \"Polish Gracchus.\"</s><s>Biography.:Chancellor and Hetman. In that first election he was in favour of Henry de Valois (later, Henry III of France). Subsequently, he was part of the diplomatic mission that traveled to France to finish formalities with the newly elected king. He also published a pamphlet praising the new king, and thus suffered a loss of face when Henryk secretly abandoned Poland and returned to France. During the following 1575 election he was a vocal enemy of the Habsburg dynasty and its candidate, and this anti-Habsburg stance, resounding among the lesser nobility, helped him regain his popularity. For the king, Zamoyski championed the case of a Polish candidate, which ended up in the marriage of Anna Jagiellon with the anti-Habsburg Stephen Bathory of Transylvania. Bathory thanked Zamoyski by granting him the office of Deputy Chancellor on 16 May 1576. He participated on Batory's side in the quelling of the Danzig rebellion in 1576\u20131577, sponsoring a chor\u0105giew of pancerni (cavalry unit) and participating in close combat on several occasions. In 1577 he"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": " married again, this time marrying Krystyna Radziwi\u0142\u0142, daughter of magnate Miko\u0142aj Radziwi\u0142\u0142 Czarny; this made him a close ally of the Radziwi\u0142\u0142 family, the most powerful family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1578 he received the post of the Grand Crown Chancellor. That year poet Jan Kochanowski dedicated his \"Odprawa Pos\u0142\u00f3w Greckich\", the first Polish tragedy, to him. He took part in the preparation for a war against Muscovy in 1579\u20131581, where he contributed a group of 400 or 600 mercenaries. Through he had little prior military background nor experience, he was interested in mastering the military art, and proved to be an adept learner. With Batory's support, he began filling in for some of the roles of Grand Crown Hetman Miko\u0142aj Mielecki, particularly when Mielecki was not present. While not campaigning, he was also instrumental in ensuring that the ongoing political support for the war. In 1580 he was hit by another personal tragedy, as his wife died in labor, together with their child; entering a short period of depression. Later that year"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": ", in August, he captured Velizh in September he participated in the siege of Velikiye Luki, and then took Zavoloc. On 11 August 1581 he received the nomination for the post of Grand Crown Hetman; this nomination, although uncontroversial at that time, was technically illegal. Following that he participated in the long and inconclusive Siege of Pskov, which ended with the Peace of Yam-Zapolsky in 1582. Though Zamoyski failed to capture Pskov, he drained the Russian resources, and the ongoing siege was a major reason for the final treaty, which was highly favorable to Poland. In June 1583 Zamoyski took his third wife, Gryzelda Bathory, a relative of king Bathory himself. In May 1584 Zamoyski's men captured Samuel Zborowski, a noble whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly a decade; shortly afterwards with Bathory's consent Zborowski was executed. This political conflict between B\u00e1thory, Zamoyski and the Zborowski family, framed as the clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years, beginning with a major dispute at the Se"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": "jm of 1585.</s><s>Biography.:Later years. After the death of Batory in 1586, Zamoyski helped Sigismund III Vasa gain the Polish throne, fighting in the brief civil war against the forces supporting Habsburg archduke Maximilian III of Austria. The camp supporting Sigismund was rallied around Zamoyski, whereas Maximilian was supported by the Zborowski family. Zamoyski defended Krak\u00f3w and defeated Maximilian's forces in the Battle of Byczyna in 1588. In that battle, which S\u0142awomir Le\u015bniewski describes as \"one of the most important in Polish history, and the most important in Zamoyski's military career\", Maximilian was taken prisoner and in the resulting Treaty of Bytom and B\u0119dzin of 1589 had to give up all pretenses to the Polish crown. Later that year Zamoyski proposed a reform of the royal elections, which failed to pass the Sejm. Zamoyski presented to this Sejm a project that in case the present King should die without issue none but a candidate of some Slav stock should henceforth be eligible to the Polish throne. This was a project which"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": " could even imagine the possibility of some kind of union between Catholic Poland, Orthodox Moscovy and semi-Protestant Bohemia. In fact, it was a circuitous and clumsy counter-proposal against pro-Habsburg policy. From 1589 Zamoyski, in his role as the hetman, tried to prevent the intensifying Tatar incursions along the Commonwealth south-eastern border, but with little success. In order to deal with the recurring disturbances in that region Zamoyski developed a plan to turn Moldavia into a buffer zone between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire; this would lead to a lengthy campaign.</s><s>Biography.:In opposition to the throne. Meanwhile, in internal Commonwealth politics, early on in Sigismund III's reign, Zamoyski, who was once a staunch supporter of the Commonwealth kings, begun to distance himself from the King. Sigismund had quickly allied himself with the Habsburgs, much to chancellors dissatisfaction. Zamoyski was dissatisfied with Sigismund's early plans to use Poland as a stepping stone to gaining the Swedish crown, as Sigismund was plotting to cede the Polish crown to the Habsburgs in exchange for their support of his right to the Swedish"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": " throne. The new King feared the chancellor's power, but due to Commonwealth laws he was unable to dismiss him from his posts. He offered him a prestigious voivode of Krak\u00f3w office, but Zamoyski declined, as if he was to accept, the law would require him to resign from his slightly less prestigious but more influential chancellorship. By 1590\u20131591 Zamoyski was seen as one of the king's staunchest opponents. Open quarrel between king and chancellor broke out during the Sejm of 1591, culminating in a heated exchange of words and the king storming out of the chamber. Despite their tensed relations, neither the king nor the chancellor wanted a civil war; soon after their quarrel Zamoyski would issue a public apology to the king and their uneasy relationship would continue until Zamoyski's death. In 1594 Zamoyski once again failed to stop a Tatar incursion in the southern borders. The next year was much more successful, as in Moldavia in 1595 he was victorious in the Battle of Cecora, and helped hospodar Ieremia Movil\u0103 (Jeremi Mohy\u0142a) gain the throne. In 1600 he fought against Michael the Brave (Micha\u0142"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": " Waleczny, Mihai Viteazul), hospodar of Wallachia and the new Prince of Transylvania, who had conquered Moldavia a few months earlier. He defeated him on the Bukova (Bucovu) and restored Ieremia to the throne. He also helped his brother, Simion Movil\u0103 to become brief ruler of Wallachia, thus spreading the influence of the Commonwealth to the Central Danube. In 1600 and 1601 Zamoyski took part in the war against Sweden commanding the Commonwealth forces in Livonia (Inflanty). At the same time he was a vocal opponent of that war on the political scene. In 1600 he recaptured several strongholds from the Swedes and a year later captured Wolmar on 19 December 1601 Fellin on 16 May 1602, and Bialy Kamien on 30 September 1602. The rigours of the campaign, however, placed a strain on his health, and he resigned the command. At the Sejm of 1603 Zamoyski led opposition to the governance reforms proposed by Sigismund; seeing in them intentions of transforming the Commonwealth into an absolute monarchy. Later, he also opposed Sigismund's plans to intervene in the"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": " civil war plaguing Muscovy (the Time of Troubles and the Dymitriads). He clashed with Sigismund for the final time during the Sejm of January 1605. Zamoyski died suddenly on 3 June 1605, due to a stroke. His fortune was inherited by his single son, Tomasz Zamoyski.</s><s>Assessment and legacy.</s><s>Assessment and legacy.:Remembrance. The fame of Zamoyski, significance in life, endured after his death. He was praised by artists such as Szymon Starowolski and Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, and historians, including Stanis\u0142aw Staszic, Stanis\u0142aw Tarnowski and Artur \u015aliwi\u0144ski. There were also those critical of him: Hugo Ko\u0142\u0142\u0105taj, J\u00f3zef Szujski, Micha\u0142 Bobrzy\u0144ski. Nonetheless, Polish historiography and culture treatment of Zamoyski is mostly positive, and historian Janusz Tazbir remarked that Zamoyski's posthumous career was even more magnificent than his real one. Le\u015bniewski, ending his recent biography of Zamoyski,"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": " concludes that he is a significant, if controversial, figure of Polish Renaissance. Zamoyski was the subject of several paintings and drawings. Most notably, he is one of the characters in two large paintings by Jan Matejko, featured on the \"Skarga's Sermon\" and \"Batory at Pskov\".</s><s>Assessment and legacy.:Political and military leader. Having control of both the Chancellorship and the Grand Hetman office, Zamoyski was one of the most powerful people in the country, having obtained both the power of Grand Hetman (commander in chief of the armed forces) and that of chancellor, combined for the first time in the hands of one person. He was responsible for much of the Polish internal and foreign policies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent statesmen in Polish history. Even though his military career begun almost as an afterthought, or by accident, Zamoyski is also remembered as one of the most accomplished Polish military commanders. In his tactics, he favored sieges, flanking maneuvers, conserving his forces, and the new Western art of fortification and artillery. The war with Muscovy shown him to be a skilled commander in sieges, and latter"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": " events would prove him to be an equally able leader in the open field.</s><s>Assessment and legacy.:Wealth and cultural patronage. Zamoyski gathered a significant fortune; his estates generated a revenue of over 200,000 zlotys in the early 17th century. His personal lands covered, and included eleven towns and over 200 villages. He was a royal caretaker of another dozen or so cities and over 600 villages. Totaled, his personal and leased lands covered over, with 23 towns and cities and 816 villages. In 1589 he succeeded in establishing the Zamoyski Family Fee Tail (\"ordynacja zamojska\"), a \"de facto\" duchy. Zamoyski supported economical development of his lands, investing in colonization of frontiers, and the development of industry, both small (sawmills, breweries, mills and such) and large (his lands had four iron mills and four glass factories). His most prized creation was the capital of his Fee Tail, the city of Zamo\u015b\u0107, founded in 1580, built and designed as a Renaissance \"\" or \"ideal city\" by the Italian architect Bernardo Morando. In the city, in 1595 he founded the Akademia Zamojska"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": ", the third university in the history of education in Poland. In addition to Zamo\u015b\u0107, he also funded four other towns: Szarogr\u00f3d, Skinderpol, Busza and Jasnogr\u00f3d. Zamoyski collected a significant library, and was a patron of numerous artists in his Fee Tail. Artists under his patronage included the poets Jan Kochanowski and Szymon Szymonowic, and the writer and historian Joachim Bielski.</s><s>Assessment and legacy.:Personality. Zamoyski was not a deeply religious person, and his conversion from Protestantism to Catholicism was primarily pragmatic. Le\u015bniewski notes that Zamoyski was often motivated by greed, for example during the Danzig Rebellion, when he supported lenient treatment of the rebels, and during the 1577\u20131578 negotiations with, when he favored the solution of George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach; in both cases his decision was likely influenced by bribes or favors. In another example, Le\u015bniewski describes how Zamoyski openly demanded rewards following his victory at Byczyna, and tried to include an article favoring him in the Bytom and B\u0119dzin"}, {"title": "Jan Zamoyski", "text": " treaty. He further notes, critically, that with raising power and political success Zamoyski begun displaying negative qualities, such as egoism and arrogance. Zamoyski was ruthless to those weaker than him. At the same time, he was respected by his opponents, widely recognized as highly intelligent, a cunning strategist and tactician in matters political and military, and a popular political leader. He valued the good of the country at least as high as his own, and although he could have become the king after a victorious civil war against Sigismund, he preferred to act within the limits of law instead, avoiding a war that could devastate the country, and thus curbing his own ambitions.</s><s>See also. - Army of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jan Zamoyski", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000235", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ki Fitzgerald.", "docs": [{"title": "Ki Fitzgerald", "text": "<s>Ki Fitzgerald Ki Fitzgerald (born Ki McPhail), also known as Azteck, is an English DJ, musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. He has written/produced and vocalist on several top 10 singles and albums and was a founding member of the English pop rock band Busted from 2000 to 2001. KiFi is also the feature vocalist on Don Diablo's single \"The Same Way\", Hardwell/Wildstylez's single \"Shine a Light\" and Armin van Buuren's \"Turn It Up\".</s><s>Early life. Fitzgerald was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands to British parents but moved at six years old and grew up in Kent, England. His father is the singer Scott Fitzgerald, who had an international hit with \"If I Had Words\" and also represented the United Kingdom at the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest. In 2000, Ki Fitzgerald was an original member of pop punk band Busted.</s><s>Career. Fitzgerald later formed the band Eyes Wide Open and signed a publishing deal with Music Copyright Solutions. The band toured the UK after making their debut at the GWR Fiesta to an audience of 40,000 people. The band members consisted of: Ki (vocals and guitar), Tom Warner (lead"}, {"title": "Ki Fitzgerald", "text": " guitar), TK (bass guitar) and Pat Garvery (drums) and Will Farquarson (Guitar) who went on to become a member of Band \"Bastille\". The band made many appearances at festivals performing tracks \"\"Bitter Sweet\"\" and \"\"By Your Side\"\" receiving praise from BBC Radio Kent who said that Eyes Wide Open's \"\"songs and production are really strong\"\" and were considered to be \"\"far more the real Ki...than his original Busted material\"\". The band broke up whilst in the process of recording their debut album with producer Steve Lironi (Bon Jovi) and Grammy award-winning mixer Simon Gogerly. In 2015 he signed an artist deal with producer RedOne and his label 2101/capital records to develop his own album and to Join RedOne's writing group Team Red. The first release with Dutch DJ duo Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano was the song \"Come Follow\" with vocals from KiFi. It was released through Spinnin' Records in February 2015. Fitzgerald has been featured Vocalist on many EDM songs, including the single \"Shine a Light\" by Hardwell and Wildstylez, \"Steal the moon\" by DubVision, \"Best part"}, {"title": "Ki Fitzgerald", "text": " of me\" by Firebeatz and DubVision, the Headhunterz single \"Into the Sunset\" which was featured on Ellen DeGeneres, Dancing with the Stars and upcoming releases with Armin van Buuren, Dash Berlin and many more. KiFi has streamed well over 100 million streams just on Spotify with his feature vocals.</s><s>Songwriting and music production. In October 2011, Fitzgerald signed with Global Talent Publishing to focus on songwriting for other artists. Since then Fitzgerald has fast become a successful songwriter and producer for a diverse group of artists such as Galantis, Lawson, The Wanted, Jonas Brothers, B.o.B, Alex Hepburn, and Pitbull. He is credited with having written 4 top 10 singles with UK band Lawson, including the releases \"When She Was Mine\" (UK No.4) \"Standing in the Dark\" (UK No.6) \"Broken Hearted\" featuring USA rapper B.o.B (Uk No.6) and final single \"Roads\". Fitzgerald also contributed to the album tracks \"Stolen\" and \"Everywhere You Go\", \"Die for You\", \"Getting Nowhere\", \"Hurts Like You\", \"Are You Ready\", and \"Back to Life\", which featured"}, {"title": "Ki Fitzgerald", "text": " on Lawson's top 10 debut album \"Chapman Square\" and \"Chapman Square \u2013 Special Edition (Chapter II)\". Fitzgerald worked on the third and final album from The Wanted, \"Word of Mouth\", which featured two co-writes, \"Summer Alive\" and \"Heart Break Story\". He co-wrote the debut single by Sophia Del Carmen featuring Pitbull \"Lipstick\" with RedOne. On Lawson's follow-up album \"Perspective\", Fitzgerald co-wrote 11 songs including the singles \"Money\" and \"Under the Sun\". The album was released in June 2016. He co-wrote and co-produced the single \"Hunter\" for Galantis and Madcon's \"Got a Little Drunk\". More recently he co-wrote the Galantis single \"San Francisco\" featuring Sofia Carson. Fitzgerald wrote the single from Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike featuring Wiz Khalifa, \"When I Grow Up\". He also collaborated on the single from Sweater Beats and Icona Pop, \"Faded\". He co-wrote \"Monsters\" for Saara Aalto for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018, where she represented Finland. Fitzgerald attended the Eurovision contest in Lisbon with Ms Aalto. He co-wrote and gave"}, {"title": "Ki Fitzgerald", "text": " the vocals on Armin van Buuren's single \"Turn It Up\" released in March 2019.</s><s>External Links. - List of song credits at AllMusic</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ki Fitzgerald", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000236", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Witold Gombrowicz.", "docs": [{"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": "<s>Witold Gombrowicz Witold Marian Gombrowicz (August 4, 1904 \u2013 July 24, 1969) was a Polish writer and playwright. His works are characterised by deep psychological analysis, a certain sense of paradox and absurd, anti-nationalist flavor. In 1937 he published his first novel, \"Ferdydurke\", which presented many of his usual themes: problems of immaturity and youth, creation of identity in interactions with others, and an ironic, critical examination of class roles in Polish society and culture. He gained fame only during the last years of his life, but is now considered one of the foremost figures of Polish literature. His diaries were published in 1969 and are, according to the \"Paris Review\", \"widely considered his masterpiece\", while \"Cosmos\" is considered, according to \"The New Yorker\", \"his most accomplished novel\". He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times, from 1966 to 1969.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Polish years. Gombrowicz was born in Ma\u0142oszyce near Opat\u00f3w, then in Radom Governorate, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, to a wealthy gentry family. He was the youngest of"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " four children of Jan and Antonina (n\u00e9e \u015acibor-Kotkowska of the Clan of Ostoja). In an autobiographical piece, \"A Kind of Testament\", he wrote that his family had lived for 400 years in Lithuania on an estate between Vilnius and Kaunas but were displaced after his grandfather was accused of participating in the January Uprising of 1863. He later described his family origins and social status as early instances of a lifelong sense of being \"between\" (\"entre\"). In 1911 his family moved to Warsaw. After completing his education at Saint Stanislaus Kostka's Gymnasium in 1922, Gombrowicz studied law at Warsaw University, earning a MJur in 1927. He spent a year in Paris, where he studied at the Institute of Higher International Studies (French: \"Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales\"). He was less than diligent in his studies, but his time in France brought him in constant contact with other young intellectuals. He also visited the Mediterranean. When Gombrowicz returned to Poland he began applying for legal positions with little success. In the 1920s he started writing. He soon rejected the legendary novel, whose form and subject matter were supposed to manifest his"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " \"worse\" and darker side of nature. Similarly, his attempt to write a popular novel in collaboration with Tadeusz K\u0119pi\u0144ski was a failure. At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s Gombrowicz began to write short stories, later printed under the title \"Memoirs of a Time of Immaturity\", edited by Gombrowicz and published under the name \"Bacacay\", the street where he lived during his exile in Argentina. From the moment of this literary debut, his reviews and columns began appearing in the press, mainly the \"Kurier Poranny\" (\"Morning Courier\"). Gombrowicz met with other young writers and intellectuals, forming an artistic caf\u00e9 society in Zodiak and Ziemia\u0144ska, both in Warsaw. The publication of \"Ferdydurke\", his first novel, brought him acclaim in literary circles.</s><s>Biography.:Exile in Argentina. Just before the outbreak of the Second World War, Gombrowicz took part in the maiden voyage of the Polish transatlantic liner MS Chrobry, to South America. When he learned of the outbreak of war in Europe, he decided to wait in Buenos Aires until it was over; he"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " reported to the Polish legation in 1941 but was considered unfit for military duties. He stayed in Argentina until 1963\u2014often, especially during the war, in poverty. At the end of the 1940s Gombrowicz was trying to gain a position in Argentine literary circles by publishing articles, giving lectures at the Fray Mocho caf\u00e9, and, finally, by publishing in 1947 a Spanish translation of \"Ferdydurke\", with the help of friends including Virgilio Pi\u00f1era. This version of the novel is now considered a significant event in the history of Argentine literature, but at the time of its publication it did not bring Gombrowicz any great renown, nor did the 1948 publication of his drama \"\u015alub\" in Spanish (\"The Marriage\", \"El Casamiento\"). From December 1947 to May 1955 Gombrowicz worked as a bank clerk in Banco Polaco, the Argentine branch of Bank Pekao, and formed a friendship with Zofia Ch\u0105dzy\u0144ska, who introduced him to Buenos Aires's political and cultural elite. In 1950 he started exchanging letters with Jerzy Giedroyc, and in 1951 he began to publish work in the Parisian journal \"Culture\", in"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " which fragments of \"Dziennik\" (\"Diaries\") appeared in 1953. In the same year he published a volume of work that included \"\u015alub\" and the novel \"Trans-Atlantyk\", in which the subject of national identity on emigration was controversially raised. After October 1956 four of Gombrowicz's books appeared in Poland and brought him great renown, even though the authorities did not allow the publication of \"Dziennik\" (\"Diary\"). Gombrowicz had affairs with both men and women. In his later serialised \"Diary\" (1953\u201369) he wrote about his adventures in the homosexual underworld of Buenos Aires, particularly his experiences with young men from the lower class, a theme he picked up again when interviewed by Dominique de Roux in \"A Kind of Testament\" (1973).</s><s>Biography.:Last years in Europe. In the 1960s Gombrowicz became recognised globally, and many of his works were translated, including \"Pornografia\" (\"Pornography\") and \"Kosmos\" (\"Cosmos\"). His dramas were staged in theatres around the world, especially in France, Germany and Sweden. Having received a scholarship from the Ford Foundation,"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " Gombrowicz returned to Europe in 1963. In April 1963 he embarked on an Italian ship, landing at Cannes and then taking a train to Paris. A record of the journey can be found in his diary. Gombrowicz stayed for a year in West Berlin, where he endured a slanderous campaign organised by the Polish authorities. His health deteriorated during this stay, and he was unable to return to Argentina. He went back to France in 1964 and spent three months in Royaumont Abbey, near Paris, where he met Rita Labrosse, a Canadian from Montreal who studied contemporary literature. In 1964 he moved to the C\u00f4te d'Azur in the south of France with Labrosse, whom he employed as his secretary. He spent the rest of his life in Vence, near Nice. Gombrowicz's health prevented him from thoroughly benefiting from his late renown. It worsened notably in spring 1964; he became bedridden and was unable to write. In May 1967 he was awarded the Prix International. The following year, on December 28, he married Labrosse. On the initiative of his friend Dominique de Roux, who hoped to cheer him up, he gave a series of 13 lectures on the history of philosophy to de Roux and Lab"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": "rosse, ironically titled \"Guide to Philosophy in Six Hours and Fifteen Minutes\", which de Roux transcribed. The lectures began with Kant and ended with existentialism. The series ended before Gombrowicz could deliver the last part, interrupted by his death on July 24, 1969. He was buried in the cemetery in Vence.</s><s>Writing. Gombrowicz wrote in Polish, but he did not allow his works to be published in Poland until the authorities lifted the ban on the unabridged version of \"Dziennik\", his diary, in which he described their attacks on him. Because he refused publication in Poland he remained largely unknown to the general reading public until the first half of the 1970s. Still, his works were printed in Polish by the Paris Literary Institute of Jerzy Giedroy\u0107 and translated into more than 30 languages. Moreover, his dramas were repeatedly staged around the world by prominent directors such as Jorge Lavelli, Alf Sj\u00f6berg, Ingmar Bergman, and Jerzy Jarocki and Jerzy Grzegorzewski in Poland. The salient characteristics of Gombrowicz's writing include incisive descriptions of characters' psychological entanglement with others, an acute awareness of conflicts that arise when"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " traditional cultural values clash with contemporary values, and an exasperated yet comedic sense of the absurd. Gombrowicz's clear and precise descriptions criticise Polish Romanticism, and he once claimed he wrote in defiance of Adam Mickiewicz (especially in \"Trans-Atlantic\"). Gombrowicz's work has links with existentialism and structuralism. It is also known for its playful allusions and satire, as in a section of \"Trans-Atlantic\" written in the form of a stylised 19th-century diary, followed by a parody of a traditional fable. For many critics and theorists, the most engaging aspects of Gombrowicz's work are the connections with European thought in the second half of the 20th century, which link him with the intellectual heritage of Foucault, Barthes, Deleuze, Lacan, and Sartre. As Gombrowicz said, \"\"Ferdydurke\" was published in 1937 before Sartre formulated his theory of the \"regard d'autrui\". But it is owing to the popularization of Sartrean concepts that this aspect of my book has been better understood and assimilated.\"{{Citation Gombrowicz uses first-person narrative in his novels, except"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " \"Op\u0119tani\". The language includes many neologisms. Moreover, he created \"keywords\" that shed their symbolic light on the sense covered under the ironic form (e.g. \"g\u0119ba\", \"pupa\" in \"Ferdydurke\"). In the story \"Pami\u0119tnik z okresu dojrzewania\" Gombrowicz engages in paradoxes that control the entrance of the individual into the social world and the repressed passions that rule human behaviour. In \"Ferdydurke\" he discusses form as a universal category that was understood in philosophical, sociological, and aesthetic senses, and is a means of enslavement of the individual by other people and society as a whole. Certain turns of phrase in the novel became common usage in Polish, such as \"upupienie\" (imposing on the individual the role of somebody inferior and immature) and \"g\u0119ba\" (a personality or an authentic role imposed on somebody). \"Ferdydurke\" can be read as a satire of various Polish communities: progressive bourgeoisie, rustic, conservative. The satire presents the human either as a member of a society or an individual who struggles with himself and"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " the world. Adaptations of \"Ferdydurke\" and other works of Gombrowicz were presented by many theatres, especially before 1986, when the first nine volumes of his works were published. It was the only official way to gain access to his work. Gombrowicz's first dramatic text was \"Iwona, ksi\u0119\u017cniczka Burgunda\" (\"Ivona, Princess of Burgundia\", 1938), a tragicomedy. It describes what the enslavement of form, custom, and ceremony brings. In 1939 he published in installments in two daily newspapers the popular novel \"Op\u0119tani\", in which he interlaced the form of the Gothic novel with that of sensational modern romance. In \"\u015alub\", written just after the war, Gombrowicz used the form of Shakespeare's and Calder\u00f3n\u2019s theatre. He also critically undertook the theme of the romantic theatre (Zygmunt Krasi\u0144ski, Juliusz S\u0142owacki) and portrayed a new concept of power and a human being created by other people. In \"Trans-Atlantyk\" Gombrowicz juxtaposes the traditional vision of a human who serves values with a new"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " vision according to which an individual frees oneself of this service and fulfills oneself. The representative of this model of humanity is the eccentric millionaire Gonzalo. The novel \"Pornografia\" shows Poland in wartime, when the eternal order traditional culture, based on faith in God, collapsed. In its place appears a new reality where the elderly and the young cooperate to realise their cruel fascinations streaked with eroticism. \"Kosmos\" is Gombrowicz's most complex and ambiguous work. In it he portrays how human beings create a vision of the world, what forces, symbolic order and passion take part in this process and how the novel form organises itself in the process of creating sense. \"Operetka\", Gombrowicz's last play, uses operetta form to grotesquely present 20th-century totalitarianism. At the same time, he expresses a tentative faith in rebirth through youth. According to many scholars his most outstanding work is \"Dziennik\" (\"Diaries\"), not only as a literary work but also philosophical: \"The affectingly cool critic of European tradition, the diagnostician of the disease afflicting contemporary thought, the great artist and moralist. If I were to designate a worthy"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " successor to the \"Joyful science\" of Nietzschean criticism and poetry in twentieth century literature, I would answer: Gombrowicz in his \"Diary\"\" (Wojciech Karpi\u0144ski). \"Dziennik\" was published in serial form in \"Kultura\" from 1953 to 1969. It is not only Gombrowicz's record of life but also a philosophical essay, polemic, collection of auto-reflection on folk poetry, views on politics, national culture, religion, tradition, and many other themes. He writes in ostensibly casual anecdotes and uses a wide range of literary devices. Three of Gombrowicz's novels were adapted for film: \"Ferdydurke\" (1991) directed by Jerzy Skolimowski., \"Pornografia\" (2003) directed by Jan Jakub Kolski, and \"Cosmos\" (2015) directed by Andrzej \u017bu\u0142awski. 2004, the centenary of his birth, was declared the Year of Gombrowicz. Gombrowicz's last extensive work, \"Kronos\", was published in Poland by Wydawnictwo Literackie on May 23, 2013.</s><s>"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": "Style. Gombrowicz's works are characterised by deep psychological analysis, a certain sense of paradox and an absurd, anti-nationalist flavor. \"Ferdydurke\" presents many themes explored in his later work: the problems of immaturity and youth, the masks people wear, and an ironic, critical examination of class roles in Polish society and culture, specifically the nobility and provincials. It provoked sharp critical reactions and immediately divided Gombrowicz's audience into worshipers and sworn enemies. In his work, Gombrowicz struggled with Polish traditions and the country's difficult history. This battle was the starting point for his stories, which were deeply rooted in this tradition and history. Gombrowicz is remembered by scholars and admirers as a writer and a man unwilling to sacrifice his imagination or his originality for any price, person, god, society, or doctrine.</s><s>Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations. Gombrowicz's novels and plays have been translated into 35 languages. - \"Bacacay\" (short stories, 1933); original title \"Pami\u0119tnik z okresu dojrzewania\", later retitled \"Bakakaj\" - \"B"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": "acacay\", tr. Bill Johnston, Archipelago Books, 2004,. - \"Ivona, Princess of Burgundia\" (play, 1935); \"Iwona, ksi\u0119\u017cniczka Burgunda\" - \"Ferdydurke\" (novel, 1937) - \"Ferdydurke\", tr. Danuta Borchardt, Yale University Press, 2000,. - \"Possessed\" (novel, 1939); \"Op\u0119tani\" - \"Possessed: The Secret of Myslotch: A Gothic Novel\", tr. J.A. Underwood (Marion Boyars, 1980),. - \"Possessed\", tr. Antonia Lloyd-Jones (Fitzcarraldo Editions, 2023) - \"The Marriage\" (play, 1948); \"\u015alub\" - \"Trans-Atlantyk\" (novel, 1953) - \"Trans-Atlantyk\", tr. Carolyn French and Nina Karsov, Yale University Press (reprint), 1995,. - \"Trans-Atlantyk: An Alternate Translation\", tr. Danuta Borchardt, Yale University Press, 2014,. - \"Pornograf"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": "ia\" (novel, 1960) - \"Pornografia\", Danuta Borchardt translator, Grove Press, 2009,. - \"Cosmos\" (novel, 1965); \"Kosmos\" - \"Cosmos and Pornografia: Two Novels\", tr. Eric Mosbacher and Alastair Hamilton, Grove Press (reissue edition), 1994,. - \"Cosmos\", tr. Danuta Borchardt, Yale University Press, 2005,. - \"Operetta\" (play, 1966); \"Operetka\" - \"Diaries, 1953\u20131969\" (diary, 1969); \"Dzienniki\" - \"Diary Volumes 1\u20133\", tr. Lillian Vallee, introductory essay: Wojciech Karpi\u0144ski, Northwestern University Press, 1988,.</s><s>Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations.:Other translations. - \"A Guide to Philosophy in Six Hours and Fifteen Minutes\", Benjamin Ivry translator, Yale University Press, 2004,. - \"Polish Memories\", tr. Bill Johnston, Yale University Press, 2004,. - \"A Kind of Testament\", tr. Alastair Hamilton, Dalkey Archive"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": " Press (reprint), 2007,.</s><s>Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations.:Film adaptations. - \"Ferdydurke\" (1991) in Polish, directed by Jerzy Skolimowski. Also known as \"30 Door Key\". - \"Pornografia\" (2003) in Polish, directed by Jan Jakub Kolski. Also known as \"Pornography\". - \"Cosmos\" (2015) in French, directed by Andrzej \u017bu\u0142awski. Won award for directing in Locarno, 2015. The documentary filmmaker Nicolas Philibert made a documentary set in the radical French psychiatric clinic La Borde entitled \"Every Little Thing\" (French \"\"); released in 1997, the film follows the patients and staff as they stage a production of Gombrowicz's \"Operette\".</s><s>Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations.:Opera adaptations. - \"Yvonne, Prinzessin von Burgund\" (1973), composed by Boris Blacher, in four acts, premiered in Wuppertal - \"Die Trauung\" (\"The Marriage\") by Volker David Kirchner, premiered on 27 April 1975 at the Hessis"}, {"title": "Witold Gombrowicz", "text": "ches Staatstheater Wiesbaden, conducted by Siegfried K\u00f6hler - \"Op\u00e9rette\" (2002), composed by Oscar Strasnoy, premiered in 2003 at Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Reims, France - \"Geschichte/History\" (2003), a cappella opera composed by Oscar Strasnoy, premiered in 2004 at Theaterhaus de Stuttgart - \"Die Besessenen\" (\"The Possessed\") (2008\u20132009), composed by Johannes Kalitzke, premiered in 2010 at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna, Austria, on 19 February - \"Yvonne, princesse de Bourgogne\" (2009), composed by Philippe Boesmans, premiered at the Paris Opera</s><s>See also. - List of Polish-language authors - List of Poles</s><s>Further reading. - Ewa M. Thompson, \"Witold Gombrowicz\" (Boston: Hall, 1979), - William Whiteford, \"Witold Gombrowicz: A Biography\" (West Columbia, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017,</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Witold Gombrowicz", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000237", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Andreea Marin.", "docs": [{"title": "Andreea Marin", "text": "<s>Andreea Marin Andreea Violeta Marin (born 22 December 1974, in Roman, Neam\u021b County) is a Romanian television presenter and TV personality.</s><s>Early life and career. She majored in Journalism, Public Relations & Advertisement, Computer Programming and Mathematics & Physics during her college years. She debuted in 1994 at TVR Ia\u0219i as emcee. Her involvement within the Romanian media seems to have directly contributed to her selection as the most successful female media person in the country. On 2 December 2006, Marin hosted the 2006 Junior Eurovision Song Contest. She also presented the Romanian votes at the 2000, 2004, 2006, and 2007 Eurovision Song Contest finals. Since 1999, she has hosted and directed \"Surprize, Surprize\" (\"Surprises, Surprises\"), a long-running show about life stories involving disabled people, people without money, and people with relatives gone away, broadcast on TVR1. Marin is the communications director of Madrid-based Prime Time World Broadcast, and the editorial director of the Romanian version of \"Business Woman Magazine\".</s><s>Personal life. Married to \u0218tefan B\u0103nic\u0103 Jr. in 2006, she was subsequently known as Andreea Marin"}, {"title": "Andreea Marin", "text": " B\u0103nic\u0103. They have a daughter, Ana Violeta B\u0103nic\u0103 (b. 15 December 2007). The couple divorced in 2013. She married physician Tuncay \u00d6zt\u00fcrk in 2014. In October 2016, they announced the end of their marriage. Their marriage was officially ended on 13 February 2017. Andreea Marin is the only Romanian UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Andreea Marin", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000238", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Phil Vickery (rugby union).", "docs": [{"title": "Phil Vickery (rugby union)", "text": "<s>Phil Vickery (rugby union) Philip John Vickery MBE DL (born 14 March 1976) is a former English rugby union tighthead prop and member of the England squad. He was a member of England's World Cup winning squad in 2003, playing in all seven matches in the tournament, and is a former England captain. Vickery ended his club rugby career at London Wasps, joining the London side in 2006 after eleven years with Gloucester Rugby. Given the nickname \"Raging Bull\", he played in three Rugby World Cups, including as England captain in the 2007 tournament, and toured Australia and South Africa with the British & Irish Lions. Made his debut for Bolingey Barbarians Sunday 25th Sept 2022 vs Bude vets.</s><s>Early years. The son of a dairy farmer, Vickery was born to Cornish parents in Barnstaple, Devon, England and says he is proud to be a Cornishman and an Englishman. Educated at Budehaven School, his interest in sport developed as a youngster, and by age 12 he started playing rugby. By the age of 16 he gained his first National Representative honour, being picked for the England Schools U16s group. Vickery left school age 16 and worked as a herds"}, {"title": "Phil Vickery (rugby union)", "text": "man on his parents' farm. He remains a qualified cattle inseminator. Vickery has an Oriental tattoo on his left shoulder which roughly translates to \"\"I'll fight you to the death\"\", and a bulldog tattoo on his right.</s><s>Career. He started with the Cornish club Bude, then moved to Redruth, during which time he first appeared in an England Colts side. In 1995, England 'A' coach Richard Hill persuaded the 19-year-old Vickery to join Gloucester Rugby, where he became known as \"The Raging Bull\". Whilst at Gloucester he started in the 2002 Zurich Championship Final (the year before winning the play-offs constituted winning the English title) in which Gloucester defeated Bristol Rugby. The following year he missed their 2003 Powergen Cup Final triumph through injury. His representative career went from strength to strength, with appearances for England U21s and Colts in the 1996\u201397 season. In April 2006 he announced he was quitting Gloucester Rugby after 11 years and signed for Wasps in a 3-year deal. Vickery made his Wasps debut in their 23 \u2013 13 win over London Irish on 8 October 2006. With Wasps he won both the Heineken Cup in 2007 and"}, {"title": "Phil Vickery (rugby union)", "text": " the 2008 Guinness Premiership title. On 28 October 2010, Vickery was forced to retire from rugby after suffering from several neck injuries. He played his last game at Kingsholm against Gloucester on 25 September, which is where he started his career. On 28 May 2012 Worcester Warriors announced that Vickery would join the Club as their new Assistant Forwards (Scrum) coach for the forthcoming 2012-2013 season. After an unsuccessful season, Worcester made wholesale changes in the coaching staff, from head coach through the assistants, and Vickery was one of the casualties.</s><s>Representative career. Vickery made his England debut against Wales aged 21 on 21 February 1998, coming off the bench to replace Darren Garforth against Wales at Twickenham in the Five Nations tournament, a match England won 60\u201326. It was the completion of a rapid rise through the England set-up, after only 34 first team games for his club and just 81 days after his England A debut. The Tour from Hell Summer 1998 saw Vickery taking part in the tour of the Southern Hemisphere, part of an England squad which had been severely weakened by injury and player unavailability. In the space of a month, England were soundly defeated by Australia (76\u20130 in Brisbane on 6 June),"}, {"title": "Phil Vickery (rugby union)", "text": " twice by New Zealand (64\u201322 in Dunedin on 20 June and 40\u201310 in Auckland on 27 June) and finally by South Africa (18\u20130 in Cape Town on 4 July). There were also losses to New Zealand 'A', New Zealand Rugby Academy, and New Zealand M\u0101ori. The tour had benefits for some players, bringing through future stars of the England side such as Vickery himself, Jonny Wilkinson, Danny Grewcock, Graham Rowntree, Austin Healey, Matt Dawson and Matt Perry, others effectively had their international careers ended. Steve Ravenscroft, Rob Fidler, Jos Baxendell, Spencer Brown and Tom Beim each gained two caps on the tour \u2013 and have not played for England since. Richard Pool-Jones, Scott Benton, Dominic Chapman and Stuart Potter only played once for England, on the Tour From Hell. Vickery recovered from a neck injury in April 1999 and played in that year\u2019s Rugby World Cup. A shoulder injury, however, kept him out of the 2000 South Africa tour. Vickery toured Australia with the British & Irish Lions in 2001 and played in all three tests. Vickery was appointed captain of the England squad that toured Argentina in 2002. With many of"}, {"title": "Phil Vickery (rugby union)", "text": " the top players rested, Vickery led the side to victory against The Pumas in Buenos Aires. Vickery missed the 2003 Six Nations tournament because of a back injury, but having returned to the team he did well for England on the road to the 2003 World Cup. He played in all seven games in the tournament, which was won by England, and captained the side against Uruguay. He scored his first international try when he came off the bench against Samoa in England\u2019s third game of the tournament. A rib injury prevented him from captaining the non-capped match against the New Zealand Barbarians in December 2003. Although he took a full part in the 2004 Six Nations, another back operation in May ruled him out of the summer tour to New Zealand and Australia. He returned to rugby only in late October 2004. Making his international comeback, he came on as a replacement against South Africa for the first Autumn Test between the two sides on 18 November 2006. After playing well, he drove over to score the winning try, which was converted by Andy Goode, and England won their first game since February that year. He was selected on 2 January by new England Head Coach Brian Ashton to captain the side during the 2007 Six Nations and 2007 Rugby World Cup."}, {"title": "Phil Vickery (rugby union)", "text": " He was one of only four players to have started both the 2003 and 2007 RWC Finals, the other three being Jonny Wilkinson, Jason Robinson and Ben Kay. Also, on 8 January 2008 he was selected in the squad for the 2008 Six Nations Championship by Brian Ashton. He played every game except for the 23\u201319 win over Italy which he missed through injury. He was selected to tour South Africa with the 2009 British & Irish Lions, starting the first and third test. He took a merciless pounding from Tendai Mtawarira in the first test in particular, probably the worst of his career. To his credit, he performed admirably in the third test when he replaced the injured Adam Jones to start.</s><s>Personal life. He was a co-commentator for ITV's coverage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Vickery won the 2011 series of Celebrity Masterchef beating Kirsty Wark and Nick Pickard in the final. He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire in 2015.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Phil Vickery (rugby union)", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000239", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Frank Middlemass.", "docs": [{"title": "Frank Middlemass", "text": "<s>Frank Middlemass Francis George Middlemass (28 May 1919 \u2013 8 September 2006) was an English actor, who even in his early career played older roles. He is best remembered for his television roles as Rocky Hardcastle in \"As Time Goes By\", Algy Herries in \"To Serve Them All My Days\" and Dr. Alex Ferrenby in 20 episodes of \"Heartbeat.\" Middlemass was also active in the Royal Shakespeare Company and was the fourth and final actor to play Dan Archer in \"The Archers\".</s><s>Early life. Middlemass was born in Eaglescliffe, County Durham, the son of a shipping company director. He was brought up in Newcastle upon Tyne, and educated in Stockton-on-Tees. He entered the army at the age of nineteen and was wounded in the Dunkirk retreat. He left the army when he was thirty and was by then a lieutenant colonel. Middlemass started his acting career in rep in Penzance, Cornwall and then went on to join the Old Vic Company. While with them he toured North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, Lebanon, Russia, Poland and the Far East, and performed in \"Twelfth Night\" opposite Vivien Leigh. During the 1960s, he"}, {"title": "Frank Middlemass", "text": " toured with Ian McKellen's Actors' Company and performed at the Nottingham Playhouse. He performed opposite Peter O'Toole in \"Waiting for Godot\". His first television role was in 1958, in \"Dixon of Dock Green\". His other early television appearances included \"Z-Cars\", \"Softly, Softly\", \"The Avengers\" and \"Jackanory\". During the 1970s and 1980s he appeared in \"Doctor at Large\", \"War and Peace\" (a memorable performance as Mikhail Kutuzov), \"Crown Court\", \"Last of the Summer Wine\", \"Ripping Yarns\" (Murder at Moorstone's Manor), \"Upstairs, Downstairs\", \"Poldark\" (1975), \"Fall of Eagles\" (as Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin), \"The Sweeney\" and \"Emmerdale Farm\". He played Sir Charles Lyndon in Stanley Kubrick's \"Barry Lyndon\" (1975).</s><s>Television. Middlemass played the philandering butcher Mr. Lyon in the final episode of the third series of \"Upstairs, Downstairs\" in 1973, but it was not until 1980, when he appeared in the post-World War I drama \"To Serve Them All My Days"}, {"title": "Frank Middlemass", "text": "\", that he first took a leading role in a British series. He followed this up with a notable performance in the BBC Television Shakespeare production as The Fool to Michael Hordern's \"King Lear\", as Henry Baker in \"The Blue Carbuncle\" episode of \"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\" in 1984 and Brezhnev in Tom Stoppard's \"Squaring the Circle\". He went on to play minor characters in \"Yes Minister\", \"\" (as Lord Derby), \"Juliet Bravo\", \"Only When I Laugh\", \"All in Good Faith\", \"Yes, Prime Minister\", \"Oliver Twist\" (as Mr. Brownlow), \"Sherlock Holmes and the Leading Lady\", and \"Miss Marple\", in the 1989 episode \"A Caribbean Mystery\" (as Major Palgrave). In 1989 he recorded a role as a choirmaster (similar to his role in the Children's Film Unit's \"A Swarm in May\", listed below) for the Christmas ghost story \"Haunting Harmony\"; this was a co-production made chiefly for export and shown in Canada and Ireland at Christmas 1990, but not transmitted in Britain until 1993 in a late-night slot. From 1992 to 1993, he appeared in twenty episodes of the police drama \"Heartbeat\" as Dr"}, {"title": "Frank Middlemass", "text": ". Alex Ferrenby. Following that in 1993, Middlemass first appeared in the sitcom \"As Time Goes By\" as Rocky Hardcastle, a role that continued regularly until 2002, and then also in the 2005 two-part reunion specials, his final television appearance. He appeared in both British TV adaptations of \"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\", \"The Blue Carbuncle\" playing Peterson in the BBC adaptation and Henry Baker on the Granada TV series.</s><s>Other work. Middlemass also appeared on radio, most notably playing patriarch Dan Archer, the fourth actor to play the role, in the long-running radio soap opera \"The Archers\". He played this role from 1982 until 1986, when the character was killed off. Other voice work includes the albums and radio plays: Carol and the Advent Calendar, \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\" and \"Hordes of the Things\". Frank also made the BBC Radio appeal for Headway, the National Head Injuries Association. He raised a substantial amount of money; letters from admirers came along with some of the cheques. He also appeared in films, including roles in \"Otley\" (1968), \"Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed\" (1969), \"Say Hello to Yesterday\" (1970"}, {"title": "Frank Middlemass", "text": "), \"Madame Sin\" (1972), \"Barry Lyndon\" (1975), \"The Island\" (1980), as the voice of the Caterpillar in \"Dreamchild\" (1985), and \"Mrs Caldicot's Cabbage War\" (2002). He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1984 and his Shakespearean roles included Friar Lawrence in \"Romeo and Juliet\", Quince in \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" and Holofernes in \"Love's Labour's Lost\". Middlemass also appeared widely in classic plays such as \"Rosmersholm\", \"Heartbreak House\" and \"You Never Can Tell\".</s><s>Later years. Even in his eighties, Frank Middlemass was still performing on stage, notably in \"The Importance of Being Earnest\" and toured with a one-man show called \"Frankly Speaking\". In his final years, he made appearances in \"Kavanagh QC\", \"Casualty\", \"The 10th Kingdom\", \"Doctors\" and \"Midsomer Murders\" (\"Midsomer Rhapsody\", 2005). \"As Time Goes By\" returned for two reunion specials, aired at Christmas 2005, and they were his final television appearances. Middlemass never married, and for forty years"}, {"title": "Frank Middlemass", "text": " he had a room in the house of his close friend, actor Geoffrey Toone, who died in 2005 after spending some time resident at Denville Hall. \"To their general amusement\", they were often mistaken to be lovers, but in fact were not. Middlemass died, aged 87, in Northwood, London.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Frank Middlemass", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000240", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Andreas Ivanschitz.", "docs": [{"title": "Andreas Ivanschitz", "text": "<s>Andreas Ivanschitz Andreas Ivanschitz (; born 15 October 1983) is an Austrian retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. During the career, Ivanschitz played for Rapid Wien, Red Bull Salzburg, Panathinaikos, 1.FSV Mainz 05, Levante, Seattle Sounders FC and Viktoria Plzen. A full international since 2003, he represented Austria at Euro 2008.</s><s>Club career. Born in Eisenstadt, Ivanschitz began his football career as a youth in his town's local team called ASK Baumgarten, where he spent nine years. Soon, Rapid Wien scouts found out about his talent and in 1998, he signed his first professional contract with the Austrian champions. He was only 16 years old when he wore his team's shirt during an Austrian Cup match against Ranshofen on 26 October 1999. His first official League match was in 2000 against W\u00fcstenrot Salzburg. In 177 games for Rapid Wien, Ivanschitz scored 27 times, winning the Austrian Championship title in 2004\u201305. In 2003, he was elected \"Austrian Footballer of the Year.\" In January 2006, Ivanschitz transferred to Red Bull"}, {"title": "Andreas Ivanschitz", "text": " Salzburg and then to Greek Super League club Panathinaikos in August 2006 on a two-year loan. On 20 June 2008, Ivanschitz agreed on a permanent deal with Panathinaikos. After three years in Greece with Panathinaikos he agreed on 18 July 2009 on a two-year loan with 1. FSV Mainz 05 with the view to a two-year permanent contract in the summer of 2011. Mainz took advantage of this contract option prematurely, and signed Ivanschitz permanently in January 2011. On 10 June 2013, Ivanschitz left Mainz for Levante UD. He scored his first goal in La Liga on 31 August, the winner with the last kick of a 2\u20131 home win over Rayo Vallecano. He finished his first season in Spain with three goals from 29 games, the last being in a 2\u20130 win over city rivals Valencia CF on 10 May. On 4 August 2015, he signed with Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer. After suffering from an injury his debut was postponed to 13 September where he assisted a late Obafemi Martins goal to tie up the game against San Jose Earthquakes. Ivanschitz converted Seattle's second kick from the"}, {"title": "Andreas Ivanschitz", "text": " spot in the 2016 MLS Cup penalty shootout, which the Sounders eventually won after six rounds, securing their first MLS Cup Title.</s><s>International career. Ivanschitz made his debut for Austria in a February 2003 friendly match against Greece, coming on as a substitute for Markus Weissenberger. He was also a participant at the UEFA Euro 2008. He has earned 69 caps for Austria and has scored 12 goals.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club statistics. - 1.Includes Super League playoffs and MLS Cup playoffs.</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Club. Rapid Wien - Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2005 Seattle Sounders FC - MLS Cup: 2016</s><s>Honours.:Individual. - Austrian Footballer of the Year: 2003</s><s>Personal life. Ivanschitz comes from a musical family and plays various musical instruments in his spare time. He is a part of the Burgenland Croat community.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Andreas Ivanschitz", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000241", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort.", "docs": [{"title": "Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort", "text": "<s>Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort Tracy Louise Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (n\u00e9e Ward; born 22 December 1958) is a British duchess, environmental activist, and former actress. She is usually known as Tracy Worcester, the married style that she often used before 2017, and as an actress was credited as Tracy-Louise Ward. She was previously married to Henry Somerset, 12th Duke of Beaufort.</s><s>Life and work. Born in Kensington, Tracy Louise Ward is a daughter of the Hon. Peter Alistair Ward, a younger son of William Ward, 3rd Earl of Dudley. Her father became chairman of the family business, Baggeridge Brick. His first wife, Clare Leonora Baring, was the only child of the gentleman cricketer Giles Baring. Tracy Beaufort is the sister of the actress Rachel Ward. She also has one brother and two half-brothers. Her great-grandfather William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley, was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the early 20th century, and then Governor-General of Australia. The son of William Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley, and Georgina, Countess of Dudley, he owned nearly 30,000 acres in Staffordshire and Wor"}, {"title": "Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort", "text": "cestershire, two hundred coal and iron mines, and several iron works, including the Round Oak Steelworks. Tracy Ward grew up on her father's estate at Cornwell, Oxfordshire. After gaining three 'A'-levels, she went to Paris as a model, and then to work at Christie's in London, before working in art galleries in New York City. In her early twenties, she trained for an acting career at the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, London, and the London Drama School. As an actress, she is best remembered for her role as Tessa Robinson in the television detective series \"C.A.T.S. Eyes\" (1986\u20131987). She also appeared in the film \"Dance with a Stranger\" and the \"Doctor Who\" serial \"Timelash\", both in 1985, and played the first Miss Scarlett in the television drama game show \"Cluedo\" (1990). Her theatre credits include: \"Our Day Out\" (Nottingham Playhouse) and \"Intimacy\" (Cafe Theatre). On 13 June 1987, she married Henry, Marquess of Worcester, known to his friends as Bunter Worcester, a farmer and chartered surveyor who was son and heir of David Somerset, 11"}, {"title": "Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort", "text": "th Duke of Beaufort. Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales, both attended the wedding. They were divorced in 2018, after he had succeeded his father as Duke of Beaufort. They have three children: - Henry Robert FitzRoy Somerset, Marquess of Worcester (born 1989) - Lady Isabella Somerset (born 1991) - Lord Alexander Somerset (born 1993)</s><s>Campaigner. In 1989, Tracy Worcester began working with Friends of the Earth. Since then, she has been active in green politics as Associate Director of the International Society for Ecology and Culture, a trustee of The Gaia Foundation, the Trustee of The Schumacher Society and the Bath Environment Centre, on the Council of the UK's Soil Association, and a member of the International Forum on Globalisation. She was a member of the Referendum Party, which opposed Britain's involvement in the European Union. Since 1989, Tracy has been networking, fund raising, writing, making documentaries and public speaking to promote a more local food economy. Her feature length films include \"Is Small Still Beautiful in India\", and \"The Politics of Happiness in Bhutan\". Most recently, she produced a documentary film called Pig Business, highlighting the environmental and health impacts of the intensive factory farming"}, {"title": "Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort", "text": " of low quality pork. She founded and directs a campaign organisation called Farms Not Factories, which makes films and online content intended to encourage viewers to only buy meat with a high welfare label. In 2013, she was signatory to a campaign for women to be able to inherit all peerages and entailed estates. During the campaign for the 2015 general election, she was one of several public figures who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000242", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Elizabeth Inglis.", "docs": [{"title": "Elizabeth Inglis", "text": "<s>Elizabeth Inglis Elizabeth Inglis (born Desiree Mary Lucy Hawkins, July 10, 1913 \u2013 August 25, 2007), also known as Elizabeth Earl, was an English actress, known for her role in \"The Letter\".</s><s>Early life. Inglis was born Desiree Mary Lucy Hawkins in Colchester, Essex, the daughter of Margaret Inglis (n\u00e9e Hunt) and Alan George Hawkins.</s><s>Career. Her screen debut was in the 1934 film, \"Borrowed Clothes\". She then had a small part in Alfred Hitchcock's \"The 39 Steps\" (1935) as Hilary Jordan. She played the role of the young maid Nancy in the original British production of Patrick Hamilton's Victorian stage thriller \"Gas Light\", which premiered December 5, 1938, and closed June 10, 1939, after a total of 141 performances. Inglis and the rest of the cast recreated their stage roles for a 1939 television presentation performed live on BBC Television. In Hollywood, Inglis played the role of Adele Ainsworth in William Wyler's 1940 film \"The Letter\". By this time she was credited as Elizabeth Earl.</s><s>Personal life. In 1942, she married Pat Weaver (1908\u20132002), an"}, {"title": "Elizabeth Inglis", "text": " American broadcasting executive; he was president of NBC television between 1953 and 1955. After marrying, Inglis retired from acting. The couple had two children, one of whom, Susan, became actress Sigourney Weaver. A photograph of Inglis was seen in a deleted scene in \"Aliens\" as Weaver's character's elderly grown daughter, Amanda Ripley. Inglis died on August 25, 2007, in Santa Barbara, California, aged 94.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Elizabeth Inglis", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000243", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mihai Eminescu.", "docs": [{"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": "<s>Mihai Eminescu Mihai Eminescu (; born Mihail Eminovici; 15 January 1850 \u2013 15 June 1889) was a Romanian Romantic poet from Moldavia, novelist, and journalist, generally regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet. Eminescu was an active member of the Junimea literary society and worked as an editor for the newspaper \"Timpul\" (\"The Time\"), the official newspaper of the Conservative Party (1880\u20131918). His poetry was first published when he was 16 and he went to Vienna, Austria to study when he was 19. The poet's manuscripts, containing 46 volumes and approximately 14,000 pages, were offered by Titu Maiorescu as a gift to the Romanian Academy during the meeting that was held on 25 January 1902. Notable works include \"Luceaf\u0103rul\" (\"The Vesper/The Evening Star/The Lucifer/The Daystar\"), \"Od\u0103 \u00een metru antic\" (\"Ode in Ancient Meter\"), and the five \"Letters\" (\"Epistles/Satires\"). In his poems, he frequently used metaphysical, mythological and historical subjects. His father was Gheorghe Eminovici, an arist"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": "ocrat from Bukovina, which was then part of the Austrian Empire (while his grandfather came from Banat). He crossed the border into Moldavia, settling in Ipote\u0219ti, near the town of Boto\u0219ani. He married Raluca Iura\u0219cu, an heiress of an old noble family. In a Junimea register, Eminescu wrote down his birthday date as 22 December 1849, while in the documents of Cern\u0103u\u021bi Gymnasium, where Eminescu studied, his birth date is 15 January 1850. Nevertheless, Titu Maiorescu, in his work \"Eminescu and His Poems\" (1889) quoted N. D. Giurescu's research and adopted his conclusion regarding the date and place of Mihai Eminescu's birth, as being 15 January 1850, in Boto\u0219ani. This date resulted from several sources, among which there was a file of notes on christenings from the archives of the Uspenia (Princely) Church of Boto\u0219ani; inside this file, the date of birth was \"15 January 1850\" and the date of christening was the 21st of the"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " same month. The date of his birth was confirmed by the poet's elder sister, Aglae Drogli, who affirmed that the place of birth was the village of Ipote\u0219ti, Boto\u0219ani County.</s><s>Life.</s><s>Life.:Early years. Mihail (as he appears in baptismal records) or Mihai (the more common form of the name that he used) was born in Boto\u0219ani, Moldavia. He spent his early childhood in Boto\u0219ani and Ipote\u0219ti, in his parents family home. From 1858 to 1866 he attended school in Cern\u0103u\u021bi. He finished 4th grade as the 5th of 82 students, after which he attended two years of \"gymnasium\". The first evidence of Eminescu as a writer is in 1866. In January of that year Romanian teacher Aron Pumnul died and his students in Cern\u0103u\u0163i published a pamphlet, \"L\u0103cr\u0103mioarele \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103ceilor gimnazia\u0219ti\" (\"The Tears of the Gymnasium Students\")"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " in which a poem entitled \"La morm\u00e2ntul lui Aron Pumnul\" (\"At the Grave of Aron Pumnul\") appears, signed \"M. Eminovici\". On 25 February his poem \"De-a\u0219 avea\" (\"If I Had\") was published in Iosif Vulcan's literary magazine \"Familia\" in Pest. This began a steady series of published poems (and the occasional translation from German). Also, it was Iosif Vulcan, who disliked the Slavic source suffix \"\"-ici\"\" of the young poet's last name, that chose for him the more apparent Romanian \"nom de plume\" \"Mihai Eminescu\". In 1867, he joined Iorgu Caragiale's troupe as a clerk and prompter; the next year he transferred to Mihai Pascaly's troupe. Both of these were among the leading Romanian theatrical troupes of their day, the latter including Matei Millo and. He soon settled in Bucharest, where at the end of November he became a clerk and copyist for the National Theater. Throughout this period, he continued to write and publish poems. He also paid his rent by translating hundreds of"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " pages of a book by Heinrich Theodor R\u00f6tscher, although this never resulted in a completed work. Also at this time he began his novel \"Geniu pustiu\" (\"Wasted Genius\"), published posthumously in 1904 in an unfinished form. On 1 April 1869, he was one of the co-founders of the \"Orient\" literary circle, whose interests included the gathering of Romanian folklore and documents relating to Romanian literary history. On 29 June, various members of the \"Orient\" group were commissioned to go to different provinces. Eminescu was assigned Moldavia. That summer, he quite by chance ran into his brother Iorgu, a military officer, in Ci\u0219migiu Gardens, but firmly rebuffed Iorgu's attempt to get him to renew his ties to his family. Still in the summer of 1869, he left Pascaly's troupe and traveled to Cern\u0103u\u0163i and Ia\u015fi. He renewed ties to his family; his father promised him a regular allowance to pursue studies in Vienna in the fall. As always, he continued to write and publish poetry; notably, on the occasion of the death of the former ruler of Wallachia, Barb"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": "u Dimitrie \u0218tirbei, he published a leaflet, \"La moartea principelui \u0218tirbei\" (\"On the Death of Prince \u0218tirbei\").</s><s>Life.:1870s. From October 1869 to 1872 Eminescu studied at the University of Vienna. Not fulfilling the requirements to become a university student (as he did not have a baccalaureate degree), he attended lectures as a so-called \"extraordinary auditor\" at the Faculty of Philosophy and Law. He was active in student life, befriended Ioan Slavici, and came to know Vienna through Veronica Micle; he became a contributor to \"Convorbiri Literare\" (\"Literary Conversations\"), edited by \"Junimea\" (\"The Youth\"). The leaders of this cultural organisation, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti, Iacob Negruzzi and Titu Maiorescu, exercised their political and cultural influence over Eminescu for the rest of his life. Impressed by one of Eminescu's poems, \"Venere \u015fi Madon\u0103\" (\"Venus and Madonna\"), Iacob"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " Negruzzi, the editor of \"Convorbiri Literare\", traveled to Vienna to meet him. Negruzzi would later write how he could pick Eminescu out of a crowd of young people in a Viennese caf\u00e9 by his \"romantic\" appearance: long hair and gaze lost in thoughts. In 1870 Eminescu wrote three articles under the pseudonym \"Varro\" in \"Federa\u0163iunea\" in Pest, on the situation of Romanians and other minorities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He then became a journalist for the newspaper \"Albina\" (\"The Bee\") in Pest. From 1872 to 1874 he continued as a student in Berlin, thanks to a stipend offered by \"Junimea\". From 1874 to 1877, he worked as director of the Central Library in Ia\u0219i, substitute teacher, school inspector for the counties of Ia\u0219i and Vaslui, and editor of the newspaper \"Curierul de Ia\u0219i\" (\"The Courier of Ia\u015fi\"), all thanks to his friendship with Titu Maiorescu, the leader of Junimea and rector of the University of Ia\u0219i."}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " He continued to publish in \"Convorbiri Literare\". He also was a good friend of Ion Creang\u0103, a writer, whom he convinced to become a writer and introduced to the \"Junimea\" literary club. In 1877 he moved to Bucharest, where until 1883 he was first journalist, then (1880) editor-in-chief of the newspaper \"Timpul\" (\"The Time\"). During this time he wrote \"Scrisorile\", \"Luceaf\u0103rul\", \"Od\u0103 \u00een metru antic\" etc. Most of his notable editorial pieces belong to this period, when Romania was fighting the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u20131878 and throughout the diplomatic race that eventually brought about the international recognition of Romanian independence, but under the condition of bestowing Romanian citizenship to all subjects of Jewish faith. Eminescu opposed this and another clause of the Treaty of Berlin: Romania's having to give southern Bessarabia to Russia in exchange for Northern Dobruja, a former Ottoman province on the Black Sea.</s><s>Life.:Later life and death. The 1880s were a time of crisis and deterioration in the poet's life, culminating with his"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " death in 1889. The details of this are still debated. From 1883 \u2013 when Eminescu's personal crisis and his more problematic health issues became evident \u2013 until 1886, the poet was treated in Austria and Italy, by specialists that managed to get him on his feet, as testified by his good friend, writer Ioan Slavici. In 1886, Eminescu suffered a nervous breakdown and was treated by Romanian doctors, in particular Julian Bogdan and Panait Zosin. Immediately diagnosed with syphilis, after being hospitalized in a nervous diseases hospice within the Neam\u021b Monastery, the poet was treated with mercury. Firstly, massages in Boto\u0219ani, applied by Dr. Itszak, and then in Bucharest at Dr. Alexandru A. Su\u021bu's sanatorium, where between February\u2013June 1889 he was injected with mercuric chloride. Professor Doctor Irinel Popescu, corresponding member of the Romanian Academy and president of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Romania, states that Eminescu died because of mercury poisoning. He also says that the poet was \"treated\" by a group of incompetent doctors and held in misery, which also shortened his life. Mercury was prohibited as treatment of syphilis in Western"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " Europe in the 19th century, because of its adverse effects. Mihai Eminescu died at 4\u00a0am, on 15 June 1889 at the Caritas Institute, a sanatorium run by Dr. Su\u021bu and located on Plantelor Street Sector 2, Bucharest. Eminescu's last wish was a glass of milk, which the attending doctor slipped through the metallic peephole of the \"cell\" where he spent the last hours of his life. In response to this favor he was said to have whispered, \"I'm crumbled\". The next day, on 16 June 1889 he was officially declared deceased and legal papers to that effect were prepared by doctors Su\u021bu and Petrescu, who submitted the official report. This paperwork is seen as ambiguous, because the poet's cause of death is not clearly stated and there was no indication of any other underlying condition that may have so suddenly resulted in his death. In fact both the poet's medical file and autopsy report indicate symptoms of a mental and not physical disorder. Moreover, at the autopsy performed by Dr. Tomescu and then by Dr. Marinescu from the laboratory at Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, the brain could not be studied, because a nurse inadvertently forgot"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " it on an open window, where it quickly decomposed. One of the first hypotheses that disagreed with the post mortem findings for Eminescu's cause of death was printed on 28 June 1926 in an article from the newspaper \"Universul\". This article forwards the hypothesis that Eminescu died after another patient, Petre Poenaru, former headmaster in Craiova, hit him in the head with a board. Dr. Vine\u0219, the physician assigned to Eminescu at Caritas argued at that time that the poet's death was the result of an infection secondary to his head injury. Specifically, he says that the head wound was infected, turning into an erysipelas, which then spread to the face, neck, upper limbs, thorax, and abdomen. In the same report, cited by Nicolae Georgescu in his work, \"Eminescu t\u00e2rziu\", Vine\u0219 states that \"\"Eminescu's death was not due to head trauma occurred 25 days earlier and which had healed completely, but was the consequence of an older endocarditis (diagnosed by late professor N. Tomescu)\"\". Contemporary specialists, primarily physicians who have dealt with the Eminescu case, reject both"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " hypotheses on the cause of death of the poet. According to them, the poet died of cardio-respiratory arrest caused by mercury poisoning. Eminescu was wrongly diagnosed and treated, aiming his removal from public life, as some eminescologists claim. Eminescu was diagnosed since 1886 by Dr. Julian Bogdan from Ia\u0219i as syphilitic, paralytic and on the verge of dementia due to alcohol abuse and syphilitic gummas emerged on the brain. The same diagnosis is given by Dr. Panait Zosin, who consulted Eminescu on 6 November 1886 and wrote that patient Eminescu suffered from a \"mental alienation\", caused by the emergence of syphilis and worsened by alcoholism. Further research showed that the poet was not suffering from syphilis.</s><s>Works. Nicolae Iorga, the Romanian historian, considers Eminescu the godfather of the modern Romanian language, in the same way that Shakespeare is seen to have directly influenced the English language. He is unanimously celebrated as the greatest and most representative Romanian poet. \"Poems and Prose of Mihai Eminescu\" (editor:, publisher: The Center for Romanian Studies, Ia\u0219i, Oxford, and"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " Portland, 2000, ) contains a selection of English-language renditions of Eminescu's poems and prose.</s><s>Works.:Poetry. His poems span a large range of themes, from nature and love to hate and social commentary. His childhood years were evoked in his later poetry with deep nostalgia. Eminescu's poems have been translated in over 60 languages. His life, work and poetry strongly influenced the Romanian culture and his poems are widely studied in Romanian public schools. His most notable poems are: - \"\", first poem of Mihai Eminescu - \"Ce-\u021bi doresc eu \u021bie, dulce Rom\u00e2nie\" - \"Somnoroase p\u0103s\u0103rele\" - \"Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 plopii f\u0103r\u0103 so\u021b\" - \"Doina\" (the name is a traditional type of Romanian song), 1884 - \"Lacul\" (\"The Lake\"), 1876 - \"Luceaf\u0103rul\" (\"The Vesper\"), 1883 - \"Floare albastr\u0103\" (\"Blue Flower\"), 1884 - \"Dorin\u021ba\" (\"Desire\"), 1884"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " - \"Sara pe deal\" (\"Evening on the Hill\"), 1885 - \"O, r\u0103mai\" (\"Oh, Linger On\"), 1884 - \"Epigonii\" (\"Epigones\"), 1884 - \"Scrisori\" (\"Letters\" or \"Epistles-Satires\") - \"\u0218i dac\u0103\" (\"And if...\"), 1883 - \"Od\u0103 \u00een metru antic\" (\"Ode in Ancient Meter\"), 1883 - \"Mai am un singur dor\" (\"I Have Yet One Desire\"), 1883 - \"Gloss\u0103\" (\"Gloss\"), 1883 - \"La Steaua\" (\"To The Star\"), 1886 - \"Memento mori\", 1872 - \"Povestea magului c\u0103l\u0103tor \u00een stele\"</s><s>Works.:Prose. - \"Sarmanul Dionis\" (\"Poor Dionis\"), 1872 - \"Cezara\", 1876 - \"Avatarii Faraonului Tla\", postum - \"Geniu pustiu\" (\"Deserted genius\"), novel, posthumous</s><s>Works.:Presence in"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " English language anthologies. - \"Testament \u2013 Anthology of Modern Romanian Verse / Testament \u2013 Antologie de Poezie Rom\u00e2n\u0103 Modern\u0103 \u2013 Bilingual Edition English & Romanian\" \u2013 Daniel Ioni\u021b\u0103 (editor and translator) with Eva Foster and Daniel Reynaud \u2013 Minerva Publishing 2012 and 2015 (second edition) \u2013 - \"Testament \u2013 Anthology of Romanian Verse \u2013 American Edition -\" monolingual English language edition \u2013 Daniel Ioni\u021b\u0103 (editor and principal translator) with Eva Foster, Daniel Reynaud and Rochelle Bews \u2013 Australian-Romanian Academy for Culture \u2013 2017 \u2013 - \"The Bessarabia of My Soul / Basarabia Sufletului Meu -\" a collection of poetry from the Republic of Moldova \u2013 bilingual English/Romanian \u2013 Daniel Ioni\u021b\u0103 and Maria Tonu (editors), with Eva Foster, Daniel Reynaud and Rochelle Bews \u2013 MediaTon, Toronto, Canada \u2013 2018 \u2013 - T\"estment \u2013 400 Years of Romanian Poetry \u2013 400 de ani de poezie rom\u00e2neasc\u0103\" \u2013 bilingual edition \u2013 Daniel Ioni\u021b\u0103 (editor and principal translator) with Daniel"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " Reynaud, Adriana Paul & Eva Foster \u2013 Editura Minerva, 2019 \u2013 - \"Romanian Poetry from its Origins to the Present\" \u2013 bilingual edition English/Romanian \u2013 Daniel Ioni\u021b\u0103 (editor and principal translator) with Daniel Reynaud, Adriana Paul and Eva Foster \u2013 Australian-Romanian Academy Publishing \u2013 2020 \u2013 ;</s><s>Romanian culture. Eminescu was only 20 when Titu Maiorescu, the top literary critic in Romania, dubbed him \"a real poet\", in an essay where only a handful of the Romanian poets of the time were spared Maiorescu's harsh criticism. In the following decade, Eminescu's notability as a poet grew continually thanks to (1) the way he managed to enrich the literary language with words and phrases from all Romanian regions, from old texts, and with new words that he coined from his wide philosophical readings; (2) the use of bold metaphors, much too rare in earlier Romanian poetry; (3) last but not least, he was arguably the first Romanian writer who published in all Romanian provinces and was constantly interested in the problems of Romanians everywhere. He defined himself as a Romantic, in a poem addressed \"To My Critics\" (\"Criticil"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": "or mei\"), and this designation, his untimely death as well as his bohemian lifestyle (he never pursued a degree, a position, a wife or fortune) had him associated with the Romantic figure of the genius. As early as the late 1880s, Eminescu had a group of faithful followers. His 1883 poem \"Luceaf\u0103rul\" was so notable that a new literary review took its name after it. The most realistic psychological analysis of Eminescu was written by I. L. Caragiale, who, after the poet's death published three short articles on this subject: \"In Nirvana\", \"Irony\" and \"Two notes\". Caragiale stated that Eminescu's characteristic feature was the fact that \"he had an excessively unique nature\". Eminescu's life was a continuous oscillation between introvert and extrovert attitudes. The portrait that Titu Maiorescu made in the study \"Eminescu and poems\" emphasizes Eminescu's introvert dominant traits. Titu Maiorescu promoted the image of a dreamer who was far away from reality, who did not suffer because of the material conditions that he lived in, regardless of all the ironies and eul"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": "ogies of his neighbour, his main characteristic was \"abstract serenity\". In reality, just as one can discover from his poems and letters and just as Caragiale remembered, Eminescu was seldom influenced by boisterous subconscious motivations. Eminescu's life was but an overlap of different-sized cycles, made of sudden bursts that were nurtured by dreams and crises due to the impact with reality. The cycles could last from a few hours or days to weeks or months, depending on the importance of events, or could even last longer, when they were linked to the events that significantly marked his life, such as his relation with Veronica, his political activity during his years as a student, or the fact that he attended the gatherings at the \"Junimea\" society or the articles he published in the newspaper \"Timpul\". He used to have a unique manner of describing his own crisis of jealousy.</s><s>Romanian culture.:National poet. Eminescu was soon proclaimed Romania's national poet, not because he wrote in an age of national revival, but rather because he was received as an author of paramount significance by Romanians in all provinces. Even today, he is considered the national poet of Romania, Moldova, and of the"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " Romanians who live in Bukovina ().</s><s>Romanian culture.:Iconography. Eminescu is omnipresent in today's Romania. His statues are everywhere; his face was on the 1000-lei banknotes issued in 1991, 1992, and 1998, and is on the 500-lei banknote issued in 2005 as the highest-denominated Romanian banknote (see Romanian leu); Eminescu's Linden Tree is one of the country's most famous natural landmarks, while many schools and other institutions are named after him. The anniversaries of his birth and death are celebrated each year in many Romanian cities, and they became national celebrations in 1989 (the centennial of his death) and 2000 (150 years after his birth, proclaimed Eminescu's Year in Romania). Several young Romanian writers provoked a huge scandal when they wrote about \"their\" demystified idea of Eminescu and went so far as to reject the \"official\" interpretation of his work.</s><s>Romanian culture.:International legacy. A monument jointly dedicated to Eminescu and Allama Iqbal was erected in Islamabad, Pakistan on 15 January 2004, commemorating Pakistani-Romanian ties, as well as the dialogue between civilizations which is possible through the"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": " cross-cultural appreciation of their poetic legacies. Composer Rodica Sutzu used Eminescu's text for her song \u201cGazel, opus 15.\u201d In 2004, the Mihai Eminescu Statue was erected in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. On April 8, 2008, a crater on the planet Mercury was named for him. A boulevard passing by the Romanian embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria is named after Eminescu. In 2021, the Dutch artist Kasper Peters performs a theater show entitled \"Eminescu\", dedicated to the poet. On January 15, 2023, the first monument in Spain in honor of Mihai Eminescu was erected in the city of Rivas-Vaciamadrid. A memorial bench is located in front of the library. Federico Garcia Lorca at the city's Constitution Square.</s><s>Political views. Due to his conservative nationalistic views, Eminescu was easily adopted as an icon by the Romanian right. After a decade when Eminescu's works were criticized as \"mystic\" and \"bourgeois\", Romanian Communists ended by adopting Eminescu as \"the\" major Romanian poet. What opened the door for this thaw was the poem \"\u00ce"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": "mp\u0103rat \u0219i proletar\" (\"Emperor and proletarian\") that Eminescu wrote under the influence of the 1870\u20131871 events in France, and which ended in a Schopenhauerian critique of human life. An expurgated version only showed the stanzas that could present Eminescu as a poet interested in the fate of proletarians. It has also been revealed that Eminescu demanded strong anti-Jewish legislation on the German model, saying, among other things, that \"the Jew does not deserve any rights anywhere in Europe because he is not working.\" This was not, however, an unusual stance to take in the cultural and literary milieu of his age.</s><s>See also. - Mihai Eminescu National Theater</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - George C\u0103linescu, \"La vie d'Eminescu\", Bucarest: Univers, 1989, 439 p. - Marin Bucur (ed.), \"Caietele Mihai Eminescu\", Bucure\u0219ti, Editura Eminescu, 1972 - Mur\u0103ra\u0219u, Dumitru (1983), \"Mihai Eminescu. Via\u021b"}, {"title": "Mihai Eminescu", "text": "a \u0219i Opera\", Bucharest: Eminescu. - Petrescu, Ioana Em. (1972), \"Eminescu. Modele cosmologice \u0219i viziune poetic\u0103\", Bucharest: Minerva. - Dumitrescu-Bu\u0219ulenga, Zoe (1986), \"Eminescu \u0219i romantismul german\", Bucharest: Eminescu. - Bhose, Amita (1978), \"Eminescu \u015fi India\", Ia\u0219i: Junimea. - I\u021bu, Mircia (1995), \"Indianismul lui Eminescu\", Bra\u0219ov: Orientul Latin. - Vianu, Tudor (1930), \"Poezia lui Eminescu\", Bucharest: Cartea Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103. - Negoi\u021bescu, Ion (1970), \"Poezia lui Eminescu\", Ia\u0219i: Junimea. - Simion, Eugen (1964), \"Proza lui Eminescu\", Bucharest: Editura pentru literatur\u0103.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mihai Eminescu", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000244", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vujadin Savi\u0107.", "docs": [{"title": "Vujadin Savi\u0107", "text": "<s>Vujadin Savi\u0107 Vujadin Savi\u0107 (; born 1 July 1990) is a retired Serbian footballer.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Savi\u0107 was eight years old when he began training for the Red Star Belgrade, where he passed all age categories. Between 2007 and 2009 he played for Rad before returning to Red Star where he would play in the first squad until 2010 when he moved to France and signed with Bordeaux. In January 2012, he went on loan to Dynamo Dresden for the rest of the 2011\u201312 season.</s><s>Club career.:Watford. On 23 January 2015 Savi\u0107 signed for English Championship club Watford until the end of the season. However, he was one of three released by Watford following their promotion to the Premier League in 2015, and left without making an appearance for the club.</s><s>Club career.:Sheriff Tiraspol. In 2015, Savi\u0107 joined Sheriff Tiraspol, where he made a total of 40 appearances and 4 goals in all competitions over two seasons. He scored a bicycle kick in a league match against Zaria B\u0103l\u021bi on 19 September 2015.</s><s>Club career.:Return to Red Star Bel"}, {"title": "Vujadin Savi\u0107", "text": "grade. In June 2017, Savi\u0107 returned to his home club, Red Star Belgrade, on a two-year contract. In his first season back in Belgrade, Red Star became the first team in history to make it to the 2018 Europa League knockout phase from the first qualifying round. It was also Red Star's first season surviving the group stage of a UEFA competition in 26 years. During the 2017 season, coach Vladan Milojevi\u0107 played Savi\u0107 in reputable defensive partnerships with Sr\u0111an Babi\u0107 and Damien Le Tallec. With Savi\u0107, Red Star conceded only two goals in the 2017 Europa League group stage; it was the second best defense in the Europa League group stage behind eventual semi-finalists Red Bull Salzburg. In May 2018, Savi\u0107 was elected in the best 11 players for the 2017\u201318 Serbian SuperLiga season, by clubs captains' and managers' choice. The following season, Savi\u0107 managed to guide Red Star to their first ever UEFA Champions League appearance. During the qualifying rounds, playing mostly in tandem with Milo\u0161 Degenek, Red Star managed to concede only three goals. In absence of club captain Nenad Milija\u0161, Savi\u0107 capt"}, {"title": "Vujadin Savi\u0107", "text": "ained Red Star in all four of the games he featured in. In two out of those four games, both home against Napoli and Liverpool, Red Star managed to keep a clean sheet. He played the first half against Liverpool at Anfield but was substituted at half-time due to injury. He missed the remaining two games against Napoli in Naples and Paris Saint-Germain in Belgrade also because of injury. On 25 January 2019, Savi\u0107 extended his contract with Red Star until summer 2022.</s><s>Club career.:APOEL. On 14 July 2019, Cypriot club APOEL officially announced Savi\u0107's signing. Savi\u0107 joined APOEL from Red Star on a free transfer, with a provision that Red Star be paid half of the sum of his next transfer. He signed a three-year contract. In late August 2019, he underwent surgery for a groin injury. On 15 February 2021, Savi\u0107 was loaned to Slovenian PrvaLiga side Olimpija Ljubljana for the remainder of the 2020\u201321 Slovenian PrvaLiga season.</s><s>International career. Savi\u0107 represented Serbia at the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. In March 2018, Savi"}, {"title": "Vujadin Savi\u0107", "text": "\u0107 got a first call to the Serbia national football team under coach Mladen Krstaji\u0107, for friendly games against Morocco and Nigeria. He failed to make a debut due to injury.</s><s>Personal life. Vujadin is a son of Serbian former professional footballer Du\u0161an Savi\u0107. He has four children with unmarried spouse Mirka Vasiljevi\u0107, who is an actress. Savi\u0107 was named after Serbian coach and former player Vujadin Bo\u0161kov. He is also nicknamed \"Gi\u0161ka\" after his relative \u0110or\u0111e Bo\u017eovi\u0107.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Club. Red Star Belgrade - Serbian SuperLiga: 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319 - Serbian Cup: 2009\u201310 Sheriff - National Division: 2015\u201316, 2016\u201317 - Moldovan Cup: 2016\u201317 - Moldovan Super Cup: 2016 APOEL - Cyprus Super Cup: 2019 Olimpija Ljubljana - Slovenian Cup: 2020\u201321</s><s>Honours.:Individual. - Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season: 2017\u201318</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vujadin Savi\u0107", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000245", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Gubby Allen.", "docs": [{"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": "<s>Gubby Allen Sir George Oswald Browning \"Gubby\" Allen CBE (31 July 190229 November 1989) was a cricketer who captained England in eleven Test matches. In first-class matches, he played for Middlesex and Cambridge University. A fast bowler and hard-hitting lower-order batsman, Allen later became an influential cricket administrator who held key positions in the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), which effectively ruled English cricket at the time; he also served as chairman of the England selectors. Allen was born in Australia and grew up in England from the age of six. After playing cricket for Eton College, he went to Cambridge University where he established a reputation as a fast bowler, albeit one who was often injured. After leaving university, Allen played mainly for Middlesex. He improved as a batsman in the following seasons until work commitments forced him to play less regularly. A change of career allowed him to play more cricket, and by the late 1920s he was on the verge of the England Test team. He made his debut in 1930, and remained in contention for a place, when he was available to play, for the rest of the decade. During the controversial Bodyline tour of 1932\u201333, Allen"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " was very successful for England but refused to use the intimidatory tactics employed by his teammates. From 1933, Allen worked in the London Stock Exchange, which limited the amount of cricket he could play. Even so, he was appointed England captain in 1936 and led the team during the 1936\u201337 tour of Australia, when the home team won 3\u20132 having lost the first two matches. He continued to play irregularly for Middlesex until 1939; after the Second World War, in which he worked in military intelligence, he played occasionally for Middlesex and other teams into the 1950s. He captained England in a final Test series in the West Indies in 1947\u201348. As a cricketer, Allen was affected by his lack of regular play and was at his most effective during his two tours of Australia when he was able to build up his form. At other times, his bowling was often erratic but occasionally devastating. An orthodox batsman, he often scored runs when his team were under pressure. As Allen's first-class career came to a close, he moved into administration and held considerable influence in English and world cricket. He was instrumental in the creation of a MCC coaching manual, and worked hard to eliminate illegal bowling actions. As chairman of selectors from 1955"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " to 1961, he presided over a period of great success for English cricket, during which he worked closely with the Test captain Peter May. In 1963, he became MCC president, and was made the club's treasurer the following year. In this role, he was deeply involved in the D'Oliveira affair, a controversy over the potential selection of Basil D'Oliveira to tour South Africa. After Allen's gradual retirement from his administrative roles, he was knighted in 1986 and spent his later years in a flat close to Lord's, where he died, aged 87, in 1989.</s><s>Early life. Allen was born on 31 July 1902 in Bellevue Hill, Sydney, Australia, the second of three children to Walter Allen, a lawyer, and his wife Marguerite (Pearl), \"n\u00e9e\" Lamb, the daughter of Edward Lamb, a Queensland government minister. Later rumours suggested that Allen's real father may have been the Middlesex cricketer Pelham Warner, who supported Allen in his cricket career. Both of Allen's parents had roots in England as well as Australia. In 1909, when Allen was six years old, his family moved to London\u2014hoping that the children would benefit from an English education\u2014where they initially lived"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " in a flat before moving to various country villages. Finding that they enjoyed England, the family abandoned plans to return to Australia. After being educated by a governess, Allen joined Summer Fields School in Oxford in 1912. He began to play cricket seriously at school; by his second year, he reached the school second team, from where he progressed to the first team then the captaincy. His ability attracted the attention of Eton College, where a friend of Allen's father, C. M. Wells, was a housemaster. The family had planned to send Allen to Haileybury, but Wells persuaded Allen senior to send his son to Eton instead, although it was a considerable financial burden on the family. Allen, although not initially keen on the prospect, started there in the winter of 1915\u201316. At Eton, Allen played many sports, but his academic performance was no more than respectable, and he later admitted to laziness. In cricket, Allen played for his school house team and had reasonable success with bat and ball; by 1918 he was house cricket captain. After a trial match, and a spell in the school second team, he progressed to the Eton first team in 1919. The effects of a rib injury limited his bowling, and he achieved little"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " with the bat. Even so, he was chosen to play in the prestigious match against Harrow School, played annually at Lord's in London. In his second innings, he scored 69 runs, the highest individual score of the game, and Eton won the match. His rib injury continued to trouble him in 1920, and caused him such pain that he considered abandoning bowling altogether. The new Eton coach George Hirst persuaded him to continue, and a few weeks later Allen took nine for 19 (nine wickets while conceding 19 runs) in an innings against Winchester. But other than this performance, Allen was ineffective. More successful in 1921, he opened the batting for a time; he also opened the bowling, topping the Eton bowling averages. He had some success at Lord's against Harrow and a particularly fast bowling spell in this match was seen by Hubert Ashton, who was to captain the Cambridge University team the following year\u2014Allen had already been approved for a place at Trinity College, Cambridge beginning later that year. He was chosen to play in the annual matches at Lord's in which two teams representing the best public schoolboys opposed each other, but was forced to withdraw with sunstroke. Towards the end of the 1921 season, Allen was invited to play first"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": "-class cricket as an amateur for Middlesex, for whom he qualified by residence. Allen believed that Pelham Warner, who often supported young Middlesex cricketers, encouraged his selection by the club, despite the potential risks to the team's position in the County Championship from playing an inexperienced cricketer. Allen made his first-class debut against Somerset on 21 August 1921 and made one other appearance that season without achieving much in either match.</s><s>First-class cricketer.</s><s>First-class cricketer.:Cambridge University. Allen played for Cambridge in 1922. He was left out of the team's first game; as the university was playing Middlesex, he played for the opposition instead and took six for 13. Around this time, he began to bowl fast for the first time. After success in the following games\u2014including ten wickets in the game against Sussex\u2014Allen was awarded his blue by being selected for the University Match against Oxford at Lord's. In that game, he had match figures of nine for 78 in a comfortable Cambridge victory. This was Cambridge's last game of the season\u2014Allen had taken 49 first-class wickets at an average of 15. There were suggestions in the press at the time that Allen illegally threw, rather"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " than bowled, the ball. In his biography of Allen, E. W. Swanton writes that these rumours were neither widespread nor repeated later in Allen's career, and that they may have resulted from a one-off lapse. Towards the end of the season, Allen returned to the Middlesex team and his 15 wickets placed him at the top of the county's bowling averages. Allen played rugby for the Trinity team before resuming cricket for the 1923 season. He began well, reaching fifty in a first-class match for the first time against Middlesex, in which he shared a stand of 120 for the ninth wicket with Ralph Huband, and taking six for 89 in the same game. Further bowling success followed but before the University Match, he once more injured his rib muscles. Persuaded to play anyway, Allen could only bowl short spells which lacked incisiveness and Cambridge lost heavily. Several critics, including some teammates, believed he did not try. During the match, Allen consulted a specialist over his frequent rib injuries; the specialist's treatment and a period of rest cured the problem for the remainder of his career. Allen's Cambridge season was further marred by differences with his captain, Claude Ashton, over team selections and tactics. The 1923 University Match"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " was his final game for Cambridge as Trinity, unhappy with his lack of academic work, rusticated him in the summer. Later in the 1923 season, Allen was recalled by Middlesex and played five games for the county. At the end of the season, he was chosen in two Scarborough Festival games; one of these was the prestigious Gentlemen v Players match, in which he appeared for the amateur \"Gentlemen\". This was the first of Allen's 11 appearances for the Gentlemen in this fixture between 1923 and 1938. In the whole season, he took 66 wickets at 19.50 and scored 528 runs at an average of 24.00.</s><s>First-class cricketer.:Middlesex. In late 1923, having decided not to return to Cambridge, Allen took a job in the City (London's financial district) working for the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation as an underwriter. Not particularly well-off financially, he had to work full-time and throughout his career could not afford to take too much time away from business. He played cricket as often as he could in the summer; when unable to play for Middlesex, he played weekend club cricket\u2014including for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC)\u2014and country house cricket."}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " Allen was free to play regularly for Middlesex in 1924. The team was involved in a close race for the County Championship with Yorkshire, and Allen had several successful matches. He ended the season with 568 runs at 21.84 and 50 wickets at 17.48. Playing less often in 1925, he scored 392 runs, took 39 wickets, and scored his maiden first-class century in the Gentlemen v Players match at the Oval. He was also chosen for the first time to represent the Gentlemen against the Players at Lord's, where he scored 52, and his reputation grew steadily. By the beginning of the 1926 season, he and fellow fast bowler Harold Larwood were tipped in the press to be chosen for the England team against Australia that summer. Allen began well for Middlesex but was less successful in a trial match to help choose the England team. Larwood was chosen for the Test series; Allen was not. In county cricket, Allen scored his first century for Middlesex, and began to open the bowling occasionally, having been the third or fourth bowler in previous seasons. Overall, he scored 771 runs, the highest seasonal aggregate of his career, at an average of 29.65 and took 44 wickets at 28.27. During"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " the northern winter of 1926\u201327, Allen toured Argentina to play first-class cricket with an MCC team. When he returned to England, he played eight matches before the end of June, including a game for the MCC against the touring New Zealand team in which he scored a century and took ten wickets. In total, he scored 482 runs at an average of 43.81 and took 19 wickets; this was his last regular cricket until 1929. He declined an invitation to tour South Africa with an MCC team, and work limited him to two first-class games for Middlesex in 1928. Through Vivian Hugh Smith, the father of some old school-mates, Allen had the opportunity to work in France. He moved to Lyons for 18 months to work for a silk company. During his time there, Allen became aware that the firm's finances were unsound; he warned Hugh Smith, who after some enquiries, withdrew from the business, along with his fellow investor Sir Frederick Richmond. The latter subsequently offered Allen work at Debenhams, of which he was chairman. Allen worked at Debenhams until 1933, initially as first assistant to the Works Department manager, then as the assistant to the assistant general manager. While at Deben"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": "hams, Allen was allowed leave to play cricket. During his first appearance of the 1929 season he performed well but suffered a strain in his next game, which reinforced an impression in the press\u2014articulated by Pelham Warner among others\u2014that he was injury-prone and inclined to hypochondria. His next appearance came a fortnight later, at Lord's against Lancashire; that team had won the County Championship every year since 1926. Owing to work commitments, Allen arrived by prior agreement around 20 minutes after play started. He took the first three wickets, but Lancashire were batting comfortably at 215 for three wickets. Around the tea interval, Allen took the last seven wickets in 69 deliveries while conceding 13 runs from his bowling, including the last four wickets in five balls. In total, he took all ten wickets at a cost of 40 runs, to become only the second man to take all ten wickets in a first-class match at Lord's since 1874, and the last to date. He was praised in the press, although the \"Manchester Guardian\" correspondent suggested that a weak batting performance helped him, and \"Wisden\" merely described this as one of several good performances in the game. Despite his success"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": ", the England selectors preferred Larwood in the Test team against South Africa; even when Larwood was injured, Allen was passed over. Swanton suggests that Allen's bowling was inconsistent throughout the season; he finished with 31 wickets at 25.87 and scored 544 at 45.33.</s><s>Test match career.</s><s>Test match career.:Debut. During 1930, Allen again had leave in which he could play cricket, and was among the front-runners for a place in the England team. His first appearance of the season was for the MCC against the Australian touring team. Although he took four for 28 on the last day, his rivals for an England place were also successful. Playing for Middlesex against the Australians, Allen took six for 77 but was overlooked for the first Test at Trent Bridge, Nottingham. England won the match during the course of which Larwood, the incumbent fast bowler in the team, fell ill. Allen opted to play for Middlesex against Northamptonshire while the team for the second Test was being chosen, and took six for 77. His subsequent inclusion in the squad of 13 for that game was not particularly well received by the press. On the morning of the match, Larwood was unfit and Allen played"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": ". England batted first, and Allen scored three runs before being dismissed on the first afternoon. On the second morning, an article in the \"Daily Express\" by Trevor Wignall, a popular journalist who wrote sensational sports stories, suggested that the crowd's enjoyment of the day was marred by Allen's inclusion on the grounds of his Australian birth. Wignall claimed that the public felt Allen should have been omitted, and that the selectors were rumoured to be ignorant of his birthplace. That day, Allen opened the bowling for England; after a slow start, the Australian openers added 162 runs before the first wicket fell. Like the other bowlers, Allen then rapidly conceded runs to Donald Bradman, who scored 254 runs. Australia scored 729 for six declared in reply to England's 425, and Allen returned bowling figures of none for 115 from 34 overs. England lost early wickets in their second innings, and when Allen came in to bat, the score was 147 for five wickets, still 167 behind the Australians. He scored 57 and shared a partnership of 125 with his captain, Percy Chapman, to take England into the lead but Australia won the match by seven wickets. In contrast to the reaction to his bowling, Allen's innings was praised in"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " the press. This was his only Test of the series. Allen was unsuccessful in the Gentlemen v Players game, but performed effectively with the ball for Middlesex. He continued to struggle when batting, and his highest innings of the year was 77 runs scored in the end-of-season Scarborough Festival. In total, he scored 281 runs at 17.56 and took 42 wickets at 22.19. He was not invited on the MCC tour of South Africa.</s><s>Test match career.:Success. Allen's cricket remained limited in 1931. Despite all-round success in several early games for Middlesex, he was initially omitted from the team for the first Test against the New Zealand team. When Larwood withdrew with an ankle injury, Allen was added to the team; according to Anthony Meredith, writing in \"The Cricketer\" in 2002, Pelham Warner made this decision himself without consulting his fellow selectors, to their considerable annoyance. Allen did not have a particularly good match as a bowler, but was successful with the bat. When he started his innings at the beginning of the second day, England had scored 190 for seven wickets in reply to New Zealand's 224. He scored 98 in the 150-minute first session, and went on to"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " score 122; with Les Ames, he added 246 for the eighth wicket. This was a record partnership in Test matches for the eighth wicket until 1996, and an England record for that wicket until 2010. England scored 454, but New Zealand replied with 469 and the match was drawn on the third and final day. This was Allen's only innings of the series. After a gap of three weeks with no cricket, Allen took six wickets in his first match back. Meanwhile, Larwood was ruled out of the England team after an injury in a car crash; Allen played in the second Test and took five for 14 in New Zealand's first innings. England won that game, and the next was drawn after rain washed out the first two days; Allen neither batted nor bowled. In the series, he took eight wickets at an average of 16.12. He ended the season with 401 first-class runs at 30.84 and 40 wickets at 18.77. Allen played less frequently in 1932, even though he wanted to secure a place in the MCC team to tour Australia during the 1932\u201333 season. He played four times for Middlesex and played in two Test trial games, but did not play in the season's only Test"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " match. His most important game of the season was the Gentlemen v Players match, in which many of those involved were potential selections for the touring team; he took eight wickets in the game, and after the second trial was named in the MCC team. The press reaction to his inclusion was mixed, and there were several who criticised the selectors. He was low in the national batting and bowling averages; critics pointed out his infrequent appearances in first-class cricket and questioned his stamina for a long tour. Having been named in the team, Allen did not play again in the season. In eight first-class matches, he scored 113 runs at 11.30 and took 25 wickets at 25.36.</s><s>Test match career.:Bodyline series. The MCC tour of Australia during the 1932\u201333 season was highly controversial owing to the England team's use of what came to be known as Bodyline bowling. The tactic involved bowling at leg stump or just outside it, pitching the ball short so that it reared at the batsman's body and with a ring of fielders ranged on the leg side to catch any defensive deflections from the bat. Bodyline bowling was intimidatory, and was largely designed and implemented by Douglas Jardine,"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " the MCC captain, in an attempt to curb the prolific scoring of Bradman. Allen was one of four fast bowlers chosen for the tour, but did not go along with Jardine's instructions to \"hate\" the opposition. Nevertheless, the two men got along, and Allen later claimed to be Jardine's \"best friend\" on the tour. Allen also wrote home that Jardine was \"the stupidest man I know\", claimed to be terrified of him and suggested that at times he felt like killing him. Jardine did not initially plan to include Allen in the Test team, but the latter's bowling in the opening tour matches brought him into the frame. In his first game, he unsettled and dismissed Bradman with his pace; in later years Jack Hobbs, who reported on the game, suggested that Bradman was intimidated by Allen, and Jack Fingleton, who played in the team with Bradman, claimed that he refused to face Allen's bowling. Allen later wrote to his father that Bradman was a \"terrible little coward of fast bowling\"; the two men later became friends, and Bradman was never made aware of what Allen wrote. Allen played in England's victory in the first Test but took only one w"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": "icket. He retained his place as part of a four-man pace attack in the second Test, took four wickets and was one of the most successful English batsmen in the match. Australia levelled the series after Bradman scored a century, but England won the remaining three matches of the series. In the third game, Allen opened the bowling and took four wickets in each innings. His performance was praised by critics and enhanced his reputation. As Voce missed the fourth Test with injury, Allen bowled more in that game and took five wickets, but suffered a side-strain in the second innings. The injury prevented Allen bowling at full pace in the final Test; he played despite his own reservations and struggled throughout. In total, Allen took 21 Test wickets at an average of 28.23 and scored 163 runs at 23.28. In his review of the tour for \"Wisden\", Sydney Southerton wrote: \"G. O. Allen, about whose selection many hard things were at the time said, fully justified his choice\u00a0... He accomplished great work, often getting rid of batsmen likely to be dangerous; his fielding close in on the leg side was uniformly good and he played several excellent innings. Altogether a most useful man"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " in the team.\" Jardine praised his contribution after the tour, both to Allen's family and in his official report. In all first-class matches, Allen scored 397 runs at 24.81 and took 39 wickets at 23.05. In his biography of Jardine, Christopher Douglas suggests: \"[Allen] thrived on the intensive programme of matches and was able to build up his form and consistency to a standard that he hardly ever matched in England.\" Throughout the series, Allen refused to use Bodyline tactics, and openly said so within the team. His attitude made him popular with Australian spectators. Jardine twice tried to force the issue. Before the first Test, he asked Allen to bowl more bouncers with fielders on the leg side; Allen refused, saying he did not want to play cricket like that and that Jardine should leave him out if he was not happy. Prior to the second Test, Jardine again approached Allen and said that Larwood and Voce wanted him to bowl short, and believed that he only refused because he wanted to maintain his popularity. Allen wrote home: \"Well, I burst and said a good deal about swollen-headed, gutless, uneducated miners.\" Allen threatened not to play, and"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " to go home to relate the events of the tour to the press. Jardine did not pursue the matter. Others in the team also opposed Bodyline. The Nawab of Pataudi refused to field in the \"leg trap\"\u2014the ring of fielders positioned on the leg side to catch deflections from short deliveries\u2014during the first Test. Allen had no compunction fielding there; at short leg he held five catches from Larwood's bowling in the series. Upon his return to England, Allen continued to oppose Bodyline tactics, making his opinion known to senior figures in the MCC, and leading a debate among county representatives which resulted in legislation to ban the tactic after the 1934 season.</s><s>Test match career.:Change of career. During the Bodyline tour, his first visit to Australia since the age of six, Allen spent time visiting friends and family. Before returning to England, the MCC played two Tests in New Zealand. Allen played in both, but batted just once and, still feeling the effects of his injury, took only two wickets. The team returned to England via Canada, but Allen parted company in Vancouver to meet friends in Los Angeles. During his trip, he met several Hollywood stars and passed through Chicago and New York on his way"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " back to England. In New York, he met and fell in love with Norah Grace, the daughter of a shipping magnate. She travelled to England in 1934, and the pair wrote frequently to each other, but Grace died from Bright's disease in 1935. Allen did not feel suited to working in a department store, and on his return home took a job with the stockbroking company David Bevan and Co. Consequently, he played little cricket in 1933. He planned to be unavailable for the Test matches against the West Indies, but Larwood was injured and Voce out of form, so he was persuaded to play in the first Test. He played little thereafter that season and declined an invitation to tour India with an MCC team. In three games that season, he scored 199 runs and took 13 wickets. That December, he was elected as a member of the Stock Exchange. As the 1934 season began, Allen was recovering from an operation to repair a rupture and played only once before that summer's Ashes series, in which Bob Wyatt captained England. Injury ruled him out of the second Test, but he was fit for the third. In a drawn game, he scored 61 runs but took no wickets; troubled by uneven footholds, he bowled"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " three wides and four no-balls during his first over, which lasted for 13 deliveries. He was selected for the fourth Test but, unhappy with his fitness, withdrew to play for Middlesex. He was successful in several games preceding the final, deciding Test, and was included in the team. Australia won comfortably after scoring 701 in their first innings; Allen took four for 170 and was wicketless in the second innings. In two Tests, he took five wickets at an average in excess of 70 and scored 106 runs at 35.33. In all first-class games that season he scored 438 runs at 25.76 and took 51 wickets at 27.49. Amid growing speculation that Allen would be chosen as the next England captain, Warner arranged for him to captain a low-key tour to Gibraltar in early 1935. During the return journey, Allen pulled a muscle when his ship pitched unexpectedly; the injury limited his cricket during 1935. He played twice before withdrawing from the rest of the season on medical advice. Off the field, Allen was elected to the MCC Committee at the unusually young age of 32.</s><s>England captain.</s><s>England captain.:Selection as captain. Prior to the 1936 season, Allen was the leading contender to replace Wyatt"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " as England captain; under Wyatt's leadership, the team had lost three successive Test series. Although still unable to appear regularly, Allen played 16 first-class matches, his most in a season since 1926; he scored 598 runs at an average of 35.17, and took 81 wickets, his best return in a season. When selected to lead one of the teams in a Test trial match, he was effective enough for the selectors to name him as England captain for the series against India. England won the first Test by eight wickets. Allen took five for 35 in his first innings as captain and a further five wickets in the second innings, making this the only Test in which he took ten wickets. The selectors at this time set about choosing a captain and team for the MCC tour of Australia in the 1936\u201337 season. At least one selector favoured Claude Ashton, who played first-class cricket infrequently; Allen informed the selectors that, were Ashton to be made captain, he would not take part in the tour. Soon after the first Test, Allen was chosen to captain the Gentlemen against the Players, the only time he did so, and the MCC announced that he would captain the MCC in Australia. Allen believed that"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " Warner was influential in securing his appointment, but that his Australian background was also important given that the tour had to repair tensions left over from 1932 to 1933. Allen captained England in the remaining two Tests against India. The second game was drawn but England won the third and Allen took seven for 80, his best figures in Test matches. In the Tests, Allen scored 27 runs in three innings, and took 20 wickets at 16.50. His good form for Middlesex continued throughout the season and he performed well against some of the strongest opposition; he topped the county's batting averages and came second in bowling. The MCC team for Australia was chosen in several stages with input from Allen. Larwood was not considered; he had spoken out in the press against Australia and opponents of Bodyline, and like Voce, had not played a Test since the 1932\u201333 series. The selectors wished to include Voce but Allen at first threatened to resign were he to be included. He met Voce to discuss matters and the latter agreed to sign a statement in which he apologised for the past and in effect promised not to bowl Bodyline. He was therefore named in the touring team.</s><s>England captain.:Tour of Australia, 1936\u201337. The inexperience of"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " the tour manager, Rupert Howard, and Allen's vice-captain, Walter Robins, left Allen with a heavy workload for the 1936\u201337 tour; he later suggested to the MCC that this affected his form. In the early part of the tour, Allen selected the team by himself, but later used Robins, Bob Wyatt, Wally Hammond and Maurice Leyland as a selection committee. The team was hampered throughout by injuries\u2014at one point, seven of the sixteen players were unfit\u2014and the absence of senior players meant that Allen had to play more matches. He played well in the early games, but the team's results were poor as players struggled to adapt to the Australian pitches. When the Test series began, Australia were clear favourites. In the first Test, in reply to England's first innings of 358, Australia were bowled out for 234. When England batted again, Allen top-scored with 68, an innings he later rated the best of his career. England made 256 and, on a pitch affected by rain, Allen took five for 36 as Australia were bowled out for 58 to lose by 322 runs. Allen's team also won the second Test. England scored 426 for six on the first two days before rain prompted Allen to declare. On"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " a damaged pitch, he took four for 10; Australia were bowled out for 80 and eventually lost by an innings. During the second Australian innings, Bradman, the Australian captain, who went on to score 82, was at one point dropped by Robins. The latter apologised, but Allen replied: \"Oh, forget it, old boy, it's probably cost us the rubber, but what the hell!\" Rain affected the third Test; on the second day, Australia declared having scored 200 for nine in their first innings. In reply, England lost regular wickets as the effects of rain made the pitch almost impossible to bat on. Several critics, including members of his own team, suggested Allen should have declared to force Australia to bat when the pitch remained very difficult. Allen considered the risk to be too great and did not declare until the score had reached 76 for nine. Bradman then reversed his batting order to protect his main batsmen until the conditions eased; the tactic worked, as he and Jack Fingleton shared a partnership of 346 for the sixth wicket. Bradman scored 270 and England were defeated by 365 runs. In the fourth Test, Australia were bowled out for 288 in their first innings, when several of Allen's tactical moves worked well. England"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " replied with 330, and Australia scored 433 in the second innings. Needing to score 392 to win, England were bowled out for 243, and the series was level at 2\u20132. Complaining of exhaustion, and struggling with an injury, Allen rested from the MCC's next tour games. He was criticised for this, by Warner among others, particularly when the team lost in his absence. Allen proposed that he miss the final Test, but the other selectors insisted he play. For the game, Australia chose a fast bowler, Laurie Nash, who had returned to first-class cricket after a three-year absence to play for Victoria against the MCC. Allen, concerned over the possible use of Bodyline by Nash, who had bowled short against the MCC, spoke to Bradman before the game. Bradman replied that an opposing captain could not veto members of his team, at which Allen went to the umpires and threatened to bring his team off the field if Bodyline was used. Struggling with a leg injury, Allen was below his best. Australia won the toss, scored 604 and, assisted by rain, bowled England out for 239 and 165 to win the match and series; Nash did not bowl too short,"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " although the occasional one did \"nip up\" to hit the batsman. The series was watched by over 900,000 people in total; the MCC took home a larger profit than on any previous tour. Allen was treated sympathetically by press and public. The \"Wisden\" review of the tour suggested: \"It would be churlish to criticise Allen's captaincy. During the first two Tests, almost every one of his moves succeeded instantly\u00a0... No doubt, Allen had studied his opponents carefully and knew their weaknesses, and if his tactics were not always dictated by accepted principles they certainly proved very successful. Those who attributed so much of the England captain's success to good luck were inclined to overlook the many stratagems exploited by him\". In the Test series, he scored 150 runs at 18.75 and took 17 wickets at 30.94. During the tour, Allen struck up a friendship with Bradman and encouraged his team to fraternise with the Australian team. He clashed over tactics with one of his team, Joe Hardstaff; the pair never got along thereafter. The team played three games in New Zealand before returning home via America; Allen left the team early and spent time in Hollywood. In all first-class games,"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " he scored 380 runs at 25.33 and took 38 wickets at 26.23.</s><s>Later career.</s><s>Later career.:Before the war. A combination of fatigue from the Australian tour and his need to return to work reduced the amount of cricket Allen played in 1937, and he announced his unavailability for the summer's Test series against New Zealand. He played just four first-class games that season, scored 161 runs and took 15 wickets. When the following season began, he remained in contention for the England captaincy for the 1938 Ashes series. Wally Hammond, formerly a professional, became an amateur before the season, immediately making him another candidate. Allen played several times in the early season for Middlesex and performed well with bat and ball, but injured his back. Even so, he was selected to captain \"the Rest\" against England in a Test trial, but was annoyed that Hammond was preferred as captain of the England team, particularly as Warner had not discussed the matter with him. In the event, Allen withdrew on the grounds of fitness, and did not play again for over a month. When he returned, his form was good but a succession of injuries plagued him for the rest of the season. In 13 first-class games, Allen scored 4"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": "31 runs, with a highest score of 64, at an average of 26.93. He also took 23 wickets at 25.00. In July 1938, Allen was commissioned into the Territorial Army as a second lieutenant. He joined the City of London Yeomanry along with several friends and colleagues, and this took up much of his time in 1938 and 1939. He had time for five first-class games in 1939, scoring 164 runs and taking 16 wickets, before he was called up to the regular army on 24 August 1939.</s><s>Later career.:War service. Allen's regiment was part of the Royal Artillery; he quickly became involved with Anti-Aircraft Command and began to associate with Royal Air Force (RAF) officers. In 1940, he was appointed as an Anti-Aircraft (AA) liaison officer to RAF Hawkinge, part of an initiative to share intelligence on German AA operations with bomber groups; these posts were controlled by a branch of Military Intelligence, MI14E. Later that year, Allen's brother Geoffrey was killed fighting in France. In June 1940, Allen was appointed as a flak liaison officer to Five Group, an RAF Bomber Command group responsible for distributing intelligence on German air defences collated by MI14 to bomber"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " stations. Through this position, Allen became friends with Arthur \"Bomber\" Harris, who commanded Five Group at the time. As part of his work there, Allen accompanied one bombing mission to the Ruhr, to gain first hand experience of AA defences. In December, Allen was appointed to lead the MI14E section which collated AA intelligence; aside from appointing flak liaison officers, Allen received sensitive intelligence data from a variety of sources on German air defences. He remained in this position for the rest of the war, being promoted to lieutenant colonel when MI14E became MI15. Throughout the war, he also found time to play regular charity cricket matches. Allen left the army in July 1945.</s><s>Later career.:Last years as a cricketer. After the war, Allen dedicated most of his time to stockbroking and was made a partner by David Bevan and Co. He had little time for cricket, although he appeared twice for Middlesex in 1946. The following season, he played once for Middlesex, and captained their second team. He also played twice for the Free Foresters, a club of wandering amateurs, in first-class games. Late in the 1947 season, Allen was asked to captain and manage an MCC"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " team which was to tour the West Indies that winter. The young and experimental team suffered badly with injuries; Allen missed several matches himself through strains. In first-class games on the tour he scored 262 runs and took six wickets, but writing in \"Wisden\", Norman Preston judged: \"Allen was too old.\" Allen also clashed with several members of his team; he did not get along with Ken Cranston, his vice-captain, nor Joe Hardstaff, his senior professional. When Allen tried to impose discipline on the team to prevent his players staying out late to drink alcohol, neither Cranston nor Hardstaff backed him. With many players indisposed and his options limited, Allen requested reinforcements and the MCC sent out Len Hutton in time for the third Test; in the meantime, Allen asked S. C. Griffith, not a highly regarded batsman, to open the batting for England in the second Test. Griffith responded by batting the entire first day and scoring 140 runs in total, his maiden century in first-class cricket. The West Indies won the last two Tests (the first two having been drawn) to win the series; the MCC team did not win a single match on the tour. Allen later regretted accepting the invitation to lead the"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " team. In three Tests, he scored 94 runs and took five wickets. Allen did not play any more Test cricket; in 25 matches, he scored 750 runs at an average of 24.19 and took 81 wickets at 29.37. Although Allen appeared four times for Middlesex in 1948, most of his remaining cricket was played for the Free Foresters against Cambridge University. On very good batting pitches, the matches lacked a competitive edge, but in 12 games between 1948 and his retirement, he scored four centuries and averaged over 80 with the bat. In 1948, he scored 180 in the fixture, the highest score of his career; in combination with his success in Middlesex matches, he finished on top of the English batting averages that season. He played his final Middlesex games in 1950, captaining the team in four matches in the absence of the regular captain, and made his final first-class appearance for the Free Foresters in 1954. In all first-class cricket, he scored 9,233 runs at an average of 28.67 and took 788 wickets at 22.23.</s><s>Cricketing technique. Allen was capable of bowling unusually quickly. Critics judged him to have an excellent bowling action, through which he achieved his pace. He"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " bowled from sideways on, and according to his \"Wisden\" obituary, had \"a rhythmical run-up and full follow-through\". R. C. Robertson-Glasgow described Allen in 1943: \"Of no more than medium height, he has a solid yet elastic strength, every unit of which is used in the delivery and in a follow-through which is the finest I have ever seen.\" Robertson-Glasgow continued: \"His bowling, though it varies from piercing accuracy to almost ludicrous irrelevance, has often touched greatness.\" Although opposed to Bodyline tactics in Australia, Allen often bowled short to intimidate batsmen in county cricket\u2014for example, he once struck Wyatt over the heart with a fast ball. During the early part of his career, Allen was often in competition with Larwood. Swanton suggests that, had he played regularly, Allen may have matched the achievements of Larwood. Other critics had reservations. Alan Gibson, in his study of England captains, wrote that Allen \"was a fast bowler, not quite of the highest class\"; he noted that Allen became more accurate as he got older, but this was offset by a loss of pace. Robertson-Glasgow believed that Allen suffered from not bowling"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " regularly. When called upon to play while lacking practice, he often \"bowled wildly or inconsistently\". But Woodcock and Robertson-Glasgow believed that, in this period, only Larwood was capable of more devastating spells of fast bowling among Englishmen. As a batsman, Allen was technically sound. Robertson-Glasgow described him as a \"correct, strong and courageous\" batsman who was at his best when his team most needed runs. Gibson called him as a \"hard-hitting batsman in the middle of the order\". In later years, his understanding of batting technique enabled him to co-write the MCC coaching book. Gibson described Allen as an unlucky captain, affected by injuries and poor selection, who had little opportunity to lead teams. He judged him to be an orthodox tactician, possibly influenced by the fact that his two predecessors, Jardine and Wyatt, often used highly unusual tactics. Gibson stated that Allen was popular with his teams and that his influence during the potentially difficult Australia tour of 1936\u201337 was crucial. Wyatt rated him as a good captain, and stated: \"As a captain, he was a disciplinarian but was always most considerate to the members of his side\".</s><s>Administrative career. Allen's"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " \"Wisden\" obituary stated: \"[He] had a stronger influence on the welfare and development of cricket than anyone since Lord Harris [who died in 1932] over a period of more than 50 years.\" Gibson, writing in 1979, described Allen as \"a patriarchal, though not aloof, figure at Lord's\". Ian Peebles, a teammate of Allen's at Middlesex and later a journalist, said of him: \"Allen's impact [as an administrator at Lord's] was immediate and it was the foundation of a remarkable career in the course of which he was to initiate and sponsor measures which affected every possible aspect of the game.\"</s><s>Administrative career.:After the Second World War. In the final stages of his playing career, Allen became increasingly influential off the field. After the war, he rejoined the MCC Committee. One of his first actions, prompted by a conversation with Hutton on the West Indies tour, was to secure honorary membership of the club for prominent retired professional cricketers. Allen was heavily involved in an MCC drive to improve youth cricket in the early 1950s. Unlike many of the cricketing Establishment, who saw improved public school and amateur cricket as a priority, Allen wanted the MCC to focus on"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " state schools and boys who did not have access to top-class facilities. In 1951, the club formed the MCC Youth Cricket Association, of which Allen was a member. Another part of the process was the compilation of the MCC coaching book in 1951, which aimed to improve coaching standards throughout the country. Allen worked in collaboration with Harry Altham; Allen was responsible for the technical aspects of the publication. In later years, Allen judged this work to improve youth cricket as one of his proudest achievements as an administrator. In his survey of English cricket in the 1950s, Tim Quelch states that the coaching drive, and other similar initiatives at the time, achieved little owing to the limited resources available and because the boys coached had little opportunity to play cricket.</s><s>Administrative career.:Test selector. In July 1954, Allen was involved in the selection of the MCC team to tour Australia in 1954\u201355, as the MCC's representative. That winter, he travelled to Australia to expand his business contacts and was present when England won three Test matches, which ensured victory in the series. Before the 1955 season, he was nominated as the Chairman of Selectors, and as his senior partner at David Bevan had no objection, he accepted. The workload"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " of the post brought his playing days to an end. Allen served as chairman from 1955 to 1961; under him were three other selectors, who varied throughout his period as chairman, and the serving England captain. Among Allen's priorities were to promote attacking batsmanship, good fielding, and for the team to bowl overs more quickly. While looking for new batting talent, Allen often promoted young amateur batsmen; several emerged in this period, including Ted Dexter and Colin Cowdrey, who had successful careers and were part of a strong English batting line-up. At least one member of the England team, Jim Laker, resented the preference of amateurs, whom he believed were paid more for playing than the professionals. Many professional cricketers thought that Allen was a snob who preferred to keep them in their place; critics believed that he deliberately restricted the career of Les Jackson for reasons of class. Allen also played the role of disciplinarian. Several of the England players enjoyed a hectic social life; it was often left to Allen to issue warnings when they transgressed. He played an active role in home Test matches, generally attending at least three of the five days of every game, discussing tactics with the captain, and speaking to the press. In his"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " first season, Allen was involved in the appointment of a new captain; Len Hutton, the serving captain, retired from the team with injury. In his place, the selectors appointed May, who served until 1959 and again in 1961; he and Allen established a good working relationship. When May was absent from the team with illness during parts of 1960 and 1961, Cowdrey replaced him. Allen and May's first series in control resulted in a 3\u20132 win over South Africa. In 1956, the Australians toured England. The home team won the five-match series 2\u20131. The selectors made several important decisions throughout the series. In the third Test, Allen pushed for the inclusion of Cyril Washbrook, who was then 41 years old and had not played a Test for five years. The decision was controversial, and Quelch suggests that, with the series in the balance after England lost the second Test, Allen was feeling the pressure. He was also criticised in the press by Bill Bowes, a former England teammate, for forcing one of the England team, Fred Trueman, to bowl at a handkerchief during practice before the match, in an attempt to improve his accuracy. The incident took place before a large crowd; although Trueman kept"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " his counsel at the time, he felt humiliated and believed that Allen and the Establishment intended to keep him in his place. Washbrook scored 98, and England won the match. In the fourth game, David Sheppard, who had barely played in 1956, was selected and scored a century, and in the final Test Denis Compton was recalled after a long-term injury and scored 94. The \"Wisden\" editor Norman Preston judged the selectors to have done a good job that season, making choices with which critics disagreed. He wrote: \"I think it is appropriate, therefore, that tribute be paid to [the selectors] for the time and patience they devoted to their task last summer. Nothing was too much trouble for them.\" Allen was involved in one controversial episode, when the Australians accused him and other selectors of arranging for the pitches during the Test matches to give a lot of assistance to spin bowlers, which led to Laker's extraordinary success in the series. Allen denied any involvement. During the winter, Allen was part of an advisory group which looked for ways to revitalise county cricket. England won the 1957 Test series against the West Indies 3\u20130 and the 1958 series against New Zealand 4\u20130. But despite having what was regarded as a"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " strong team, England lost 4\u20130 in Australia in 1958\u201359. The team was more successful afterwards, beating India 5\u20130 in 1959, defeating West Indies 1\u20130 in 1959\u201360 and South Africa 3\u20130 in 1960. Allen's final series as chairman was against Australia in 1961; England lost after making tactical mistakes in the fourth Test.</s><s>Administrative career.:Influence behind the scenes. In 1956, Allen became chairman of the MCC's Cricket Committee. The committee looked at ways to improve cricket, for example analysing whether reducing the size of the ball would help bowlers. Allen also began to pursue bowlers with illegal bowling actions; commentators were aware that this was a growing issue but no action had been taken, and Allen took the lead. Three English bowlers were no-balled for throwing in 1959 and another five in 1960. Geoff Griffin, a bowler who toured England with the South African team in 1960, was perceived to have a suspect action; when the bowler was no-balled for throwing in a Test match, the South African press suggested that Allen had played a prominent part. Later that year, Allen met Bradman, Australia's representative at the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC); the pair wanted to ensure"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " that bowling actions would be fair in future, and the ICC agreed to take action. When Australia toured England in 1961, no bowlers whose actions had been questioned were included in either team. Allen later took the lead in re-drafting the law on throwing. When the MCC abolished amateur status in cricket in 1963, making all cricketers paid professionals, Allen opposed the change. In 1963, he was appointed as MCC President. When his one-year term of office ended in late 1964, he was appointed to the influential role of MCC Treasurer, a position he filled until 1976. During this period, Allen instituted several reforms, including limiting the terms of office of key positions. He streamlined the MCC administration and recruited new people to key positions. Less successfully, he opposed the relaxation of eligibility rules for the County Championship to allow overseas players from 1968. He was heavily involved in a change in the relationship between the MCC and English cricket in 1968. The newly formed Sports Council required that, to receive financial support from the government, cricket be more democratically organised and not run by a private members' club. Allen and S. C. Griffith, the MCC secretary, liaised with the Minister of Sport to set up a new Cricket Council, comprising representatives"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " from the MCC, the new Test and County Cricket Board and the National Cricket Association. This move significantly reduced the influence of the MCC, and at Allen's suggestion, the club's influence within the Cricket Council was further reduced in 1974. Allen was prosperous by this stage of his life. An inheritance from his mother, his earnings on the Stock Exchange and the success of investments he had made in Australia left him affluent\u2014his knowledge of Australian markets was respected in the City. In 1965, Allen underwent the first of four hip operations spread over the following 14 years; he believed that his fast bowling may have brought about his hip problems.</s><s>Administrative career.:D'Oliveira affair. In 1968, the MCC was involved in controversy over the non-selection of the mixed-race cricketer Basil D'Oliveira to tour South Africa, which was then under apartheid. The South African government did not want D'Oliveira, himself South African-born, in the England team because of his colour. The MCC were aware that there was opposition to a tour taking place, and that D'Oliveira's place in the team would be an issue, but wanted the tour to go ahead. The Shadow Foreign Secretary and former M"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": "CC President Sir Alec Douglas-Home visited South Africa in January 1968 and met the South African Prime Minister B. J. Vorster, who privately did not want D'Oliveira to come to South Africa under any circumstances. Vorster suggested to Douglas-Home that the MCC should not explicitly ask whether D'Oliveira's selection would be acceptable, but that it was likely no protest would be made. Douglas-Home passed this information to the MCC and advised them not to push for an answer. They had earlier written to the South African Cricket Association to establish whether they had a free hand in choosing a team, but their change of strategy meant that when the official reply arrived Allen refused to take receipt of it. In his biography of D'Oliveira, Peter Oborne writes that Allen and the MCC secretary Billy Griffith wished to hide any South African reply from the full MCC Committee to avoid raising awkward questions over Vorster's intentions. In March 1968, Lord Cobham, an MCC member who wanted the tour to go ahead, met Vorster, who told him that D'Oliveira would not be an acceptable selection to the South African government. Cobham communicated this information to an MCC Committee member, whose identity has never been"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " made public, by private letter. Other than the recipient, only Allen, Griffith and the then-President Arthur Gilligan were aware of the letter, but they chose to keep its contents from the rest of the committee. Allen's justification was that Douglas-Home, a statesman and former Prime Minister, had given advice which contradicted this; also, other Committee members were Test selectors and Allen believed that the information would place non-cricketing pressures on their choices for the England team. Oborne suggests that Douglas-Home's advice was made redundant by Cobham's letter, and that Allen's supposed desire to protect the other selectors was \"preposterous\" as the tour would have been cancelled. When the English selectors met to choose the team, Allen, Griffith and Gilligan were present to represent the MCC; they had no official say in the selection, but Oborne suggests that Allen made it clear that he considered D'Oliveira unworthy of a place on the team on cricketing grounds. D'Oliveira was eventually left out, to considerable anger and controversy. When he was later added to the team following an injury to another player, Vorster said that the MCC would not be welcome and the tour was cancelled. Some of"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " the events leading up to D'Oliveira's exclusion became public knowledge the following year; the MCC came under heavy public pressure, and the press called for Allen to resign. Oborne suggests that Allen, although not a supporter of apartheid, wished to maintain the traditional links between England and South Africa; he regarded opponents of apartheid as enemies of the MCC and the Establishment. In 1970, the proposed visit of a South African team to England was subject of widespread public opposition. The MCC was no longer solely responsible for any decisions, being only a part of the Cricket Council, but Allen pressed the government to intervene and decide whether the tour should go ahead. He believed it was a political matter outside the scope of cricket authorities; the government eventually became involved and the tour was cancelled.</s><s>Administrative career.:Final years. Allen retired from the Stock Exchange in 1972, resigned as MCC Treasurer in 1976 and left the Cricket Council in 1982. He was appointed a CBE in 1962 and knighted in 1986. In 1968, Allen moved to a flat directly behind the Pavilion at Lord's, where he lived until his death. Following his retirement, he spent much of his time in the MCC Committee room, watching cricket at Lord's. He never married,"}, {"title": "Gubby Allen", "text": " and died at home on 29 November 1989, suffering from the effects of a stomach operation earlier in the year. He is buried at Brookwood Cemetery in Brookwood, Surrey, England.</s><s>Bibliography. - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Gubby Allen", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000246", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Bobo Bald\u00e9.", "docs": [{"title": "Bobo Bald\u00e9", "text": "<s>Bobo Bald\u00e9 Dianbobo \"Bobo\" Bald\u00e9 (born 5 October 1975) is a former professional footballer who played as a defender and is the current manager of Guinea U20. He played for Mulhouse, AS Cannes, Toulouse, Celtic, Valenciennes and Arles-Avignon. Born in France, Bald\u00e9 was also a Guinean international and represented them 52 times scoring two goals.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Bald\u00e9 started his career in 1995 at centre back for Marseille, where he stayed until 1997 but could not make the first-team breakthrough, so he had to leave his hometown club to join second division outfit FC Mulhouse for the 1997\u201398 season, staying only that year. When Mulhouse were relegated he joined AS Cannes on loan in 1998 where he had little success, in the league making 29 appearances and scoring 4 goals. He left Marseille, moving to Toulouse, whom he helped to promotion during the 1999\u201300 season. In total he made 52 league appearances for Toulouse, scoring one goal.</s><s>Club career.:Celtic. Bald\u00e9 signed for Celtic on 21 July 2001 and became a regular player in Celtic's team."}, {"title": "Bobo Bald\u00e9", "text": " Bald\u00e9 made 232 appearances (51 as a sub) during his spell as a Hoops' player. He made his debut on 8 September in a 3\u20131 win at home to Dunfermline Athletic. Four SPL games later he scored his first Celtic goal on 20 October 2001 against Dundee United at Celtic Park. In that entire season Bald\u00e9 scored a total of 6 goals including one in the Scottish Cup final against Rangers when he rose above Lorenzo Amoruso to score from a Neil Lennon free kick from six yards, on the 50th minute. Celtic lost that game 3\u20132. Bald\u00e9 also scored in the League Cup semi-final defeat to Rangers. Bald\u00e9 scored his first goal of the 2002\u201303 season on 1 September 2002 against Livingston. He was booked in the first Old Firm game of the season which ended 3\u20133 but at the end of the season Bald\u00e9 was subsequently voted the Celtic Player of The Year for 2003 by the Celtic fans in which 40,000 Celtic fans voted. He was the inaugural winner of that award. In his acceptance speech he paid tribute to his teammates and manager Martin O'Neill. Speaking just after winning the award, Bald\u00e9 said \"It means a lot to win this award. Its good to know the fans"}, {"title": "Bobo Bald\u00e9", "text": " are behind you and they are happy with what you do for them\". He also won the Player of The Month Award for April. He played in 12 of Celtic's 13 UEFA Cup games in that season, where Celtic got to the final. In the final they played against FC Porto at the Olympic Stadium in Seville. During the final, Bald\u00e9 was sent off in the 95th minute after picking up his second booking. Celtic lost that final 3\u20132 with Henrik Larsson getting both of Celtic's goals. In the 2003\u201304 season, Bald\u00e9's first goal came against Dundee in the fifth SPL game of the season. In the next game, he received a red card in the 70th minute. Throughout that season received seven yellow cards and one red card. He scored two goals that season, both against Dundee. At the end of the season, Bald\u00e9 added a League Championship and a Scottish Cup medal to his collection. A Dundee fan was convicted of racially abusing Bald\u00e9 during a match at Dens Park in March 2004. Business man, Russell Smith, was banned for life from Kilmarnock's home ground Rugby Park after shouting racial abuse at Bald\u00e9 from the directors box in October 2004, while Motherwell supporters had targeted Bald"}, {"title": "Bobo Bald\u00e9", "text": "\u00e9 in October 2001. Bald\u00e9 started the 2004\u201305 season one yellow card in the first six games of the season (all competitions) and a goal in the 38th minute in the 8\u20131 defeat of Falkirk in the first League Cup game of the season. Within his first ten games of the season, he had received two yellow cards. In Europe, Celtic lost the first three games of the season. His next achievement that season was scoring 2 goals in a 3\u20130 win at home to Dundee on 2 March 2005. At the end of that season he added a Scottish Cup medal to his tally after Celtic beat Dundee United 1\u20130 in the final. His fifth season and first season under new manager Gordon Strachan started with criticism in a pre-season match against Leicester City, for a challenge on 17-year-old James Wesolowski described as \"..disgraceful, it was disgusting, it was malicious and it was intentional\" by then Leicester manager Craig Levein. In the first competitive game, Celtic lost 5\u20130 to Artmedia Bratislava in the first leg of a Champions League qualifier, with Bald\u00e9 getting booked. He was heavily criticised for his performance and dropped for Celtic's next game, a"}, {"title": "Bobo Bald\u00e9", "text": " league match away at Motherwell. He returned for the second leg of the Champions League qualifier; Celtic won 4\u20130 but went out on aggregate. Bald\u00e9 kept his place in the side and scored a header from a Shunsuke Nakamura cross in Celtic's 3\u20130 win over Rangers in November 2005. He finished the season with two further honours; the League Cup and the Scottish Premier League. Over the course of the season he scored one goal and received seven yellow cards. Bald\u00e9 missed the start of the 2006\u201307 season after discovering he required surgery for a persistent stomach muscle problem. He returned to the first team in November, only to suffer a broken leg in a match on Boxing Day. The Guinea international was carried off in the first half during the 2\u20132 draw with Dundee United. He was ruled out for several months. In July 2007, before the start of the new season, Roy Keane, manager of Sunderland, showed interest in Bald\u00e9. Keane was reported to have made a \u00a31.5m offer for his former Celtic teammate. \"I love the club, I am very settled in Glasgow with my girlfriend and I would be happy to fulfil my current contract\", said Bald\u00e9. In October 2007, Bald\u00e9 expressed a desire"}, {"title": "Bobo Bald\u00e9", "text": " to leave Celtic stating \"I don't want to be at a club where I am not wanted, but I want to make clear it is rubbish to say I am just taking the money... I have been told that I am not in the top two defenders and that I am down to sixth on the list. The manager and Peter (Lawwell, Chief Executive) told me this\" Bald\u00e9 was now completely out of contention for a first team place and only made his first start of the 2007\u201308 season on 26 December 2007, exactly a year after his last appearance, in a 2\u20130 away win to Dundee United. His presence also helped Celtic to their first away clean sheet in almost 15 months  and he was awarded Man Of The Match. Bald\u00e9 dropped out of the first team again after that, then got injured in early when playing for Guinea at the Africa Cup of Nations. Bald\u00e9 was on the bench against Rangers on 29 March 2008, the first time since Christmas he had been selected after recovering from the injury he sustained at the Africa Cup of Nations. He then started a few days later replacing the suspended Gary Caldwell to make his first appearance since December 2007, with a man of the match performance in the 1\u20130 win over Aberdeen in the SPL,"}, {"title": "Bobo Bald\u00e9", "text": " Georgios Samaras scored the only goal of the game. At the start of the 2008\u201309 season it was announced that Bald\u00e9 would be allowed to leave Celtic on a free transfer provided that he could find a club that would meet his salary demands. In the pre-season matches before the 2008\u201309 season Bald\u00e9 played in the matches playing the last 13 minutes against Southampton, the last 30 minutes against Middlesbrough in the Algarve Challenge Cup. He made his first full appearance in Celtic's second Algarve Challenge Cup match against Cardiff City which was the first meeting of the two teams in 81 years. He also took part in Celtic's 1\u20130 pre-season friendly win over Porto in which he played the last 22 minutes. Bald\u00e9 remained at Celtic until the summer of 2009, seeing out his contract in full, but did not play in any competitive games. During his time at Celtic he won five League Titles, three Scottish Cups and two Scottish League Cups and was part of the Celtic squad which reached the 2003 UEFA Cup Final. Looking back on his Celtic career he said, \"Celtic was a great adventure for me in my career. We reached the UEFA Cup Final, were league champions five times and won several Scottish and League Cups"}, {"title": "Bobo Bald\u00e9", "text": ", There were a lot of great matches in the Champions League and I'm very happy with the experience I had at such a fantastic club and stadium.\" On 8 September 2013, Bald\u00e9 returned to Celtic to play for the \"Celtic XI\" during their Stiliyan Petrov charity match.</s><s>Club career.:Valenciennes. In October 2009, Bald\u00e9 signed up with French Ligue 1 club, Valenciennes.</s><s>Club career.:Arles. On 11 January 2011, it was announced that the remainder of Bald\u00e9's contract with Valenciennes was to be cancelled to allow him to join AC Arles-Avignon, playing in Ligue 2.</s><s>International career. Born in Marseille, Bald\u00e9 was called up to the Guinea national team for the 2002 African Cup of Nations. He was also part of their 2004 Cup of nations team, who finished second in their group in the first round of competition, before losing in the quarter-finals to Mali, and was a regular in 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying. With Bald\u00e9 on board, Guinea have also made it to the last eight in the 2004, 2006 and 2008 Africa Cup of Nations.</s><s>Coaching and later career. His first job off the"}, {"title": "Bobo Bald\u00e9", "text": " pitch started in April 2013, where Bald\u00e9 was hired as a sports coordinator for the national team of Guinea. In July 2014, Bald\u00e9 returned to football, signing with his former youth club CA Gombertois as a playing assistant manager. He left the position in September 2019, where he was appointed manager of Guinea's national U20 team.</s><s>Personal life. Bald\u00e9 younger half-brother, Yasser, is also a professional footballer in France.</s><s>Honours. Celtic - Scottish Premier League: 2001\u201302, 2003\u201304, 2005\u201306, 2006\u201307, 2007\u201308 - Scottish Cup: 2003\u201304, 2004\u201305, 2006\u201307 - Scottish League Cup: 2005\u201306, 2008\u201309 - UEFA Cup runner-up: 2002\u201303 Guinea - Am\u00edlcar Cabral Cup: 2005 Individual - Celtic Player of the Year: 2002\u201303 - SPL Player of the Month: April 2003</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Bobo Bald\u00e9", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000247", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Julian Jarrold.", "docs": [{"title": "Julian Jarrold", "text": "<s>Julian Jarrold Julian Edward Peter Jarrold (born 15 May 1960 in Norwich, Norfolk) is a BAFTA Award-nominated English film and television director.</s><s>Early life. Jarrold was born into the family which founded Jarrolds of Norwich in 1823. He was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and Trinity & All Saints College.</s><s>Career. Jarrold directed \"Great Expectations\", starring Ioan Gruffudd, in 1999. \"The Boston Globe\" felt that Jarrold helped distinguish it from the many other adaptations by \"keeping the reins in on his characters, emotionally and morally. They are unromanticized and low-key performances that only rarely spill over into the maudlin and righteous.\" In 2006, Jarrold directed \"Kinky Boots\". The \"Chicago Tribune\" called the film \"quite enjoyable, effortlessly well-done on every level, even moving at times, but relatively lightweight.\" In 2007, \"Becoming Jane\" was released. \"The Washington Times\" stated that Jarrold's direction \"has made a witty, beautiful film. His technical achievement is no small matter, with nice, long tracking shots and clever focus tricks.\" The following year,"}, {"title": "Julian Jarrold", "text": " Jarrold directed the first film adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's iconic story \"Brideshead Revisited\", \"one of the great English novels which has never been filmed,\" according to producer Kevin Loader. It starred Hayley Atwell, Matthew Goode, Emma Thompson, and Michael Gambon. About the novel's status as an unchangeable classic, Jarrold stated that \"there are people who are obsessive and obviously that's going to be daunting when they come and judge us. I've had a few people who have said, 'Why are you doing it?' But I think there is a generation who know nothing about \"Brideshead Revisited\", who haven't read the book or who are only dimly aware of the TV series because it's been repeated on ITV4 or something.\" \"The Daily Telegraph\" felt that Jarrold's \"scenes are filled with grand period detail \u2013 huge Rolls-Royces, ice sculptures, vast fireplaces of sculptured marble \u2013 but he stops it from becoming an overblown, glossy spectacle by making the world around the characters feel like a dream.\" Jarrold directed the HBO film \"The Girl\" in 2013. The director received his first Emmy nomination for his work in the film. Mandalay Vision"}, {"title": "Julian Jarrold", "text": " has hired Jarrold to direct the serial killer film \"Exit 147\", with a script written by Travis Milloy. Producer Cathy Schulman and Matthew Rhodes are producing the film for Mandalay. In February 2013, Taylor Kitsch joined the film to play lead as a sadistic sheriff. Most recently Jarrold directed \"A Royal Night Out\" for Ecosse Films. The movie was released in May 2015. In 2016, Jarrold became a judge at the Norwich Film Festival, while in 2017, he became a patron of the festival.</s><s>Filmography as director. - \"Dramarama\" (1983) TV Series (episodes) - \"Children's Ward\", TV Series (1990\u2013) - \"Fighting for Gemma\" (1993) - \"Cracker\": The Big Crunch (1994) TV Episode - \"Medics: All in the Mind\" (1994) TV Episode - \"Medics: Changing Faces\" (1994) TV Episode - \"Some Kind of Life\" (1995) - \"Silent Witness\" (1996) TV Series (episodes) - \"Touching Evil: Deadly Web\", TV Episode - \"Touching Evil: Through the Clouds\", TV Episode - \"Painted Lady\" (1997) -"}, {"title": "Julian Jarrold", "text": " \"All the King's Men\" (1999) - \"Great Expectations\" (1999) - \"Never Never\" (2000) - \"White Teeth\" (2002) - \" Crime and Punishment\" (2002) TV Film - \"The Canterbury Tales: The Man of Law's Tale\" (2003) - \"Anonymous Rex\" (2004) - \"Kinky Boots\" (2005) - \"Becoming Jane\" (2007) - \"Brideshead Revisited\" (2008) - \"Red Riding '1974'\" (2009) - \"The Girl\" (2012) - \"The Great Train Robbery\" (2013) - \"A Royal Night Out\" (2015) - \"The Crown\" (2016) TV series (2 episodes) - \"Sulphur and White\" (2020) - \"The Good Mothers\" (2023) TV series (6 episodes)</s><s>Filmography as producer. - \"The Other Side of Midnight\" (1988), TV mini-series presented by Tony Wilson</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Julian Jarrold", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000248", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vasily Chuikov.", "docs": [{"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": "<s>Vasily Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov (; ; \u00a0\u2013 18 March 1982) was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union. He is best known for commanding the 62nd Army which saw heavy combat during the Battle of Stalingrad in the Second World War. Born to a peasant family near Tula, Chuikov earned his living as a factory worker from the age of 12. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, he joined the Red Army and distinguished himself during the Russian Civil War. After graduating from the Frunze Military Academy, Chuikov worked as a military attach\u00e9 and intelligence officer in China and the Russian Far East. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Chuikov commanded the 4th Army during the Soviet invasion of Poland, and the 9th Army during the Winter War against Finland. In December 1940, he was again appointed military attach\u00e9 to China in support of Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists in the war against Japan. In March 1942, Chuikov was recalled from China to defend against the German invasion of the Soviet Union. By September, he was assigned command of the 62nd Army in defense of Stalingrad. Tasked with holding the city at all"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " costs, Chuikov adopted keeping the Soviet front-line positions as close to the Germans as physically possible. This served as an effective countermeasure against the Wehrmacht's combined-arms tactics, but by mid-November 1942 the Germans had captured most of the city after months of slow advance. In late November Chuikov's 62nd Army joined the rest of the Soviet forces in a counter-offensive, which led to the surrender of the German 6th Army in early 1943. After Stalingrad, Chuikov led his forces into Poland during Operation Bagration and the Vistula\u2013Oder Offensive before advancing on Berlin. He personally accepted the unconditional surrender of German forces in Berlin on 2 May 1945. After the war, Chuikov served as Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (1949\u201353), commander of the Kiev Military District (1953\u201360), Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces and Deputy Minister of Defense (1960\u201364), and head of the Soviet Civil Defense Forces (1961\u201372). Chuikov was twice awarded the titles Hero of the Soviet Union (1944 and 1945) and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by the United States for his actions during the Battle of Stalingrad. In"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " 1955, he was named a Marshal of the Soviet Union. Following his death in 1982, Chuikov was interred at the Stalingrad memorial at Mamayev Kurgan, which had been the site of heavy fighting.</s><s>Early life. Born into a peasant family in the village of Serebryanye Prudy in the Tula region south of Moscow, Chuikov was the eighth of 12 children and the fifth of eight sons. At the age of 12, he left school and his family home to earn his living in a factory in Saint Petersburg, turning out spurs for cavalry officers. Chuikov and all his brothers became soldiers and fought in the Russian Civil War.</s><s>Russian Revolution and Civil War. During the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Chuikov became unemployed. Later the same year, an older brother arranged for Chuikov to be recruited into the Red Guards. The year after, in 1918, he joined the Red Army. In October 1918, Chuikov saw active service when he was sent to the Southern Front as a deputy company commander to fight against the White Army. In the spring of 1919, he became commander of the 40th Regiment (later renamed the 43rd), part of the 5th Army"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " under Tukhachevsky facing the White Army under Kolchak in Siberia. Chuikov's record of service during the Civil War was distinguished. In the fighting from 1919 to 1920 he received two awards of the Order of the Red Banner for bravery and heroism. He was wounded four times\u2014one, in Poland in 1920, left a fragment in his left arm that could not be operated on. It led to partial paralysis and caused him to lose use of his arm temporarily. Chuikov carried this war wound for the rest of his life, and it eventually led to septicaemia breaking out in 1981, causing a nine-month illness and finally his death.</s><s>Inter-war period. He left his regiment in 1921 to continue his studies at the Frunze Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1925. On account of his excellent academic performance, Chuikov was invited to stay at the Frunze Military Academy for another year to study Chinese language and history in the Orient Studies Department. In the fall of 1926, Chuikov joined a Soviet diplomatic delegation that toured Harbin, Changchun, Port Arthur, Dalian, Tianjin and Beijing, cities in northeastern and northern China. After completing his studies in the fall of 1927"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": ", Chuikov was dispatched to China as a military attach\u00e9. Chuikov traveled extensively in southern China and Sichuan, became fluent in Chinese, and gained a deeper understanding of Chinese politics and culture. In 1929, during the China Eastern Railway Incident, Chuikov was forced to leave China after the Soviet Union broke diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on 13 July. Chuikov was assigned to the newly formed Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army in Khabarovsk and worked on military intelligence, reporting to Vasily Blyukher, the commander of the Far Eastern Army. The Soviet Far Eastern Army defeated the Northeastern Army of Zhang Xueliang, and Chuikov participated in negotiations that restored Soviet control of the China Eastern Railway.</s><s>Early Second World War, Finnish War and China (1939\u20131942). Chuikov commanded the 4th Army in the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. He commanded the 9th Army in the Russo-Finnish War of 1940. In December 1940, Chuikov was appointed the chief Soviet military representative to the Republic of China and adviser to Chiang Kai-shek, the Nationalist leader, in Chongqing. Prior to his departure for China, he was summoned to meet"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " Joseph Stalin and Semyon Timoshenko, who instructed him to ensure that China remain engaged in the war with Japan so Japan could not challenge the Soviet Union in the Far East and allow the Soviet Union to focus on the German threat from the West. Stalin told Chuikov to prioritize support for Nationalists over the Chinese Communists so as to ensure Chinese unity against Japan. Chuikov arrived in China with a large supply of Soviet armaments for the Nationalist Army, including tanks, artillery, fighter and bomber aircraft, and trucks. In January 1941 when the Nationalists attacked the Communists in the Southern Anhui Incident in breach of their nominal alliance, Chuikov was criticized by Mao Zedong for failing to stop Chiang's aggression against the Chinese Communists. Chuikov insisted that the Nationalists could not use Soviet weaponry against the Communists, met with Communist leaders Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying, but in keeping with Stalin's directives, continued to support the Nationalist war effort against Japan, even after the signing of the Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. In the Second Battle of Changsha in September 1941, he advised Chiang to relieve the Japanese siege on Changsha by attacking the strategic city of Yichang some 400\u00a0km to the"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " north, and the strategy succeeded. In March 1942, he was recalled to the USSR, which by then was at war with Germany.</s><s>Stalingrad (1942\u20131943). On 11 September 1942, General Chuikov was summoned to South Western Front Headquarters to discuss the defense of Stalingrad. In a meeting with South Western Front Commander Lieutenant General Andrey Yeryomenko and Commissar Nikita Khrushchev, Chuikov was appointed as commander of 62nd Army and charged with the defense of the city of Stalingrad itself, directly on the western bank of the Volga River. Chuikov would later recount this in a 1943 interview: \"\u2026 I was told that I was to take command of 62nd Army. My mission: defend Stalingrad. \u2026After Nikita Sergeyevich told me to go to Stalingrad, he asked me: \u201cWhat are your thoughts?\u201d Yeryomenko also wanted to know. He\u2019s known me a long time. Well, what could I say? I said: \u201cI understand my orders just fine, and I\u2019ll carry them out. I\u2019ll do what I can. I\u2019ll either keep them out of St"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": "alingrad or die trying.\u201d There were no more questions after that. They offered me tea, but I declined, got in my car, and drove to Stalingrad.\" Chuikov arrived in Stalingrad on 11 September 1942 and occupied Hill 102.24 where he set up his command post, and immediately set about preparing the defense of Stalingrad proper. The 62nd Army in Stalingrad faced threat of envelopment by fast-moving panzer and motorized infantry elements of German 6th Army. In the north, a German strike-force advanced out of the west via Kalach on the Don to a point located just north of Spartakovka and Rynok, and in the south a second strike-force advanced from out of the west toward the Tsimlyanskaya and Kotelnikovo axes. Along the front from Kuporosnoye and Orlovka to Rynok, General Chuikov defended against a German main thrust advancing from the northwest and directed at both Gumrak Airfield as well also the train station in the center of the town, and a second additional German strike-force advancing from the southwest directed against Olshanka and the grain elevator. General Chuikov enacted Joseph Stalin's order no"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": ". 227 \"not one step back\" and immediately stabilized the threatened 62nd Army. \"When I got to army headquarters I was in a vile mood. I only saw three people: comrade Gurov, Chief of Staff Krylov, and Chief of Artillery Pozharsky. Three of my deputies had fled to the east bank. But the main thing was that we had no dependable combat units, and we needed to hold out for three or four days. The divisions had their respective headquarters on the Volga, and we were still forward on this hill. We were in this tunnel alongside the Tsaritsa River, while all the command posts were farther back. This turned out to be the right decision. And then there\u2019s one thing that went well, if we can use such a word. We immediately began to take the harshest possible actions against cowardice. On the 14th (September) I shot the commander and commissar of one regiment, and a short while later I shot two brigade commanders and their commissars. This caught everyone off guard. We made sure news of this got to the men, especially the officers. If you go down to the Volga, they said, then you\u2019ll find Army HQ"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " right ahead of you. And so they went back to their places. If I\u2019d gone across the Volga myself, they\u2019d have shot me when I got ashore, and they\u2019d have been right. The needs of the day determine what needs to be done.\" The determination that Chuikov instilled in his men enabled the 62nd Army to defend the city against all odds. \"Stalingrad will decide the fate of the motherland. The men understood this. The men were in such a mood that if they\u2019d been wounded, even with a broken spine, they had tears in their eyes as they were being taken to the east bank. They\u2019d say to their comrades who had brought them out: I don\u2019t want to go. Better to be buried here. They considered it shameful to go wounded to the other bank. This echoed comrade Stalin's order.\" Chuikov was concerned about maintaining communications with his troops. \"We moved to another command post closer to where the enemy would be attacking. And we stayed there. We knew that every extra meter of telephone wires increased the risk of our communications being broken. The most criminal, most dangerous thing for a commander, especially a senior commander, is when"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " you lose control and communications. Most of all, we were afraid of losing control of our troops. I may not be able to send one of my commanders any reinforcements, but it\u2019s enough for me to grab the phone and say the right thing, that\u2019s all he needs.\" It was at Stalingrad that Chuikov developed the important tactic of \"hugging the enemy\", by which Soviet soldiers kept the German army so close to them as to minimize the airpower enjoyed by the Wehrmacht. Chuikov had witnessed firsthand the blitzkrieg tactics the Wehrmacht had used to sweep across the Russian steppe, so he used the Germans' carpet-bombing of the city to draw panzer units into the rubble and chaos, where their progress was impeded. Here they could be destroyed with Molotov cocktails, antitank rifles, and Soviet artillery operating at close range. This tactic also rendered the Luftwaffe ineffective, since Stuka dive-bombers could not attack Red Army positions without endangering their own forces. \"Our soldiers knew that the closer they were to the enemy, the better. They stopped being afraid of tanks. The infantrymen would get in a trench, ravine, or"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " building, and start shooting the enemy infantry who were advancing behind the tanks. The tanks would move through, and we\u2019d leave them to our artillery, which was two to three hundred meters back from the front lines and would fire when they came within twenty to fifty meters. And we didn\u2019t let their infantry through. The Germans would think that this area was already cleared, that it was dead ground. But that dead ground came back to life. And we had our Katyushas and artillery.\" The fierce defense of Stalingrad by the 62nd Army slowed the German advance and forced Axis forces to pull units from the flanks outside the city to reinforce the urban assault. By mid-November, German forces had taken most of the city and pinned Chuikov and the remaining defenders in several small pockets against the Volga River. In interviews in 1943, Chuikov said he was not informed of the Operation Uranus counter-offensive but could sense one was being planned. \"We had sensed that our high command was preparing a major attack, but we didn\u2019t know where exactly. We had sensed this from the very beginning of November. We were being given less and less help. We\u2019d been used to talking to people from front"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " HQ every day, but now they\u2019d all vanished. Khrushchev wasn\u2019t here, and Yeryomenko came only once...\" On 19 November 1942, Soviet forces launched a massive double pincer attack to the north and south of Stalingrad, exploiting the weakened Axis flanks and encircling the German Sixth Army, part of the Fourth Army and the Romanian Third and Fourth Armies in a vast pocket stretching nearly 80\u00a0km from Stalingrad to Kalach-on-Don. On 22 November, Chuikov's 62nd Army switched to an offensive posture, counter-attacking to recapture neighborhoods and preventing German forces from leaving the city to fight elsewhere in the pocket. The German Sixth Army surrendered on 31 January 1943.</s><s>Later Second World War (Poland and Germany 1943\u20131945). After the victory at Stalingrad, the 62nd Army was redesignated the Soviet 8th Guards Army. Chuikov then commanded the 8th Guards as part of 1st Belorussian Front and led its advance through Poland. During the Vistula\u2013Oder offensive, the troops of the 8th Guards under Chuikov participated in breaking the enemy's defense in depth, and liberated Majdanek concentration camp on"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " the outskirts of the Polish city of Lublin. The 8th Guards liberated the city of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, seized the fortress city of Poznan by storm, seized a bridgehead on the left bank of the Oder River and fought for two months to maintain and expand the bridgehead in the Kustrin area, before finally heading the Soviet offensive which conquered Berlin while the Western Allied forces were wiping out what was left in Southern and Western Germany in April/May 1945. Chuikov's advance through Poland was characterized by massive advances across difficult terrain [on several occasions, the 8th Guards Army advanced over in a single day]. On 1 May 1945, Chuikov, who commanded his army operating in central Berlin, was the first Allied officer to learn about Adolf Hitler's suicide, being informed by General Hans Krebs who had come to Chuikov's headquarters under a white flag. Krebs, under orders from Goebbels, sought conditions for surrender more favorable to the Germans, which Chuikov had no authority to grant and so rejected any terms. On 2 May, he accepted the unconditional surrender of Berlin's forces from General Helmuth Weidling who had taken command, with the suicide that morning by Gen. Krebs. Chu"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": "ikov appeared in the documentary film \"Berlin\" (1945), directed by Yuli Raizman.</s><s>Later life. After the war, Chuikov continued to command the 8th Guards Army in Germany, later serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany from 1949 until 1953, when he was made commander of the Kiev Military District. While serving at that post, on 11 March 1955 he was promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union. From 1960 to 1964, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces. He also served as the Chief of the Civil Defense from 1961 until his retirement in 1972. From 1961 until his death, he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1969, Chuikov led the Soviet delegation attending the funeral of Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was a major consultant for the design of The Motherland Calls memorial commemorating Stalingrad battle on Mamayev Kurgan, and was buried there after his death on 18 March 1982, at the age of 82. After Chuikov's death a piece of paper with handwritten prayer was found among his belongings: \"Oh, the One who can turn night into day and earth into a flower"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " garden. Make every difficult thing easy for me. And help me\".</s><s>Memoirs in translation. - \"The Beginning of the Road: The Story of the Battle for Stalingrad\", London, 1963. - -</s><s>In popular culture. - Soviet epic war film \"The Battle of Stalingrad\" (1949), played by Nikolay Simonov - Soviet epic war film \"The Fall of Berlin\" (1949), played by Boris Tenin - Soviet-Polish-East German-Italian-Yugoslav epic war film series \"Liberation\" (1970\u20131971), played by Ivan Pereverzev - Soviet-East German-Czechoslovak-American epic war film \"Stalingrad\" (1989), played by Powers Boothe - Russian biopic/docudrama \"The Great Commander Georgy Zhukov\" (1995), played by Mikhail Ulyanov - Chuikov was briefly featured in the 2004 German-Austrian movie \"Downfall\" (\"Der Untergang\"), dealing with the fall of Berlin in 1945. He was portrayed by Aleksandr Slastin - Russian 16-part film series \"\" (2012), played by</s><s>Honours and awards. Soviet Union Foreign</s><s>See"}, {"title": "Vasily Chuikov", "text": " also. - Battle of Berezina - German\u2013Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk</s><s>Bibliography. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vasily Chuikov", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000249", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Henryk Wieniawski.", "docs": [{"title": "Henryk Wieniawski", "text": "<s>Henryk Wieniawski Henryk Wieniawski (; 10 July 183531 March 1880) was a Polish virtuoso violinist, composer and pedagogue who is regarded amongst the greatest violinists in history. His younger brother J\u00f3zef Wieniawski and nephew were also accomplished musicians, as was his daughter R\u00e9gine, who became a naturalised British subject upon marrying into the peerage and wrote music under the name Poldowski.</s><s>Life. Henryk Wieniawski was born in Lublin, in present-day Poland. His father, Tobiasz Pietruszka n\u00e9 Wolf Helman, was the son of a Jewish barber named Herschel Meyer Helman, from Lublin's Jewish neighborhood of Wieniawa. Wolf Helman later changed his name to Tadeusz Wieniawski, taking on the name of his neighborhood to blend into the Polish environment. Prior to obtaining his medical degree, he had converted to Catholicism. He married Regina Wolff, the daughter of a noted Jewish physician from Warsaw, and out of this marriage, Henryk was born. Henryk's talent for playing the violin was recognized early, and in 1843 he was accepted by"}, {"title": "Henryk Wieniawski", "text": " the Paris Conservatoire taught by Lambert Massart, where special exceptions were made to admit him, as he wasn't French and was only eight years old. He attended the Conservatoire from 1843 to 1846 and returned for another year in 1849. After graduation, he toured extensively and gave many recitals, where he was often accompanied by his brother J\u00f3zef on piano. In 1847, he published his first opus, a \"Grand Caprice Fantastique\", the start of a catalogue of 24 opus numbers. When his engagement to Isabella Hampton was opposed by her parents, Wieniawski wrote \"L\u00e9gende\", Op.\u00a017; this work helped her parents change their mind, and the couple married in 1860. At the invitation of Anton Rubinstein, Wieniawski moved to St. Petersburg, where he lived from 1860 to 1872, taught many violin students and led the Russian Musical Society's orchestra and string quartet. From 1872 to 1874, Wieniawski toured the United States with Rubinstein. Wieniawski replaced Henri Vieuxtemps as violin professor at the Conservatoire Royal de Bruxelles in 1875. During his residence in"}, {"title": "Henryk Wieniawski", "text": " Brussels, Wieniawski's health declined, and he often had to stop in the middle of his concerts. He started a tour of Russia in 1879 but was unable to complete it, and was taken to a hospital in Odessa after a concert. On 14 February 1880, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's patroness Nadezhda von Meck took him into her home and provided him with medical attention. His friends also arranged a benefit concert to help provide for his family. He died in Moscow a few weeks later from a heart attack and was interred in the Pow\u0105zki Cemetery in Warsaw. His daughter R\u00e9gine Wieniawski, born in Brussels the year before his death, also became a composer. She published her early works as \"Ir\u00e8ne Wieniawska\", but after marrying Sir Aubrey Dean Paul and becoming a British subject, she used the pseudonym \"Poldowski\". Another daughter, Henriette, would go on to marry Joseph Holland Loring in 1904, who was among the victims of the Titanic disaster. Wieniawski was a player in the Beethoven Quartet Society in London, where he also performed on viola.</s><s>Works. Henryk W"}, {"title": "Henryk Wieniawski", "text": "ieniawski was considered a violinist of great ability and wrote some very important works in the violin repertoire, including two technically demanding violin concertos, the second of which (in D minor, 1862) is more often performed than the first (in F-sharp minor, 1853). His \"L'\u00c9cole moderne: 10 \u00c9tudes-caprices\" is a very well known work for aspiring violinists, being the oldest set of etudes still performed which exceed the difficulty of the Paganini Caprices. His \"Polonaise Brillante\", Op.\u00a04, \"Scherzo-Tarantelle\", Op.\u00a016 and \"L\u00e9gende\", Op.\u00a017 are also frequently performed works. He also wrote several mazurkas for violin with the piano accompaniment (including the popular \"Obertass\" in G major), using techniques such as left-hand pizzicato, harmonics, large leaps, and double stops.</s><s>Legacy. Wieniawski was given a number of posthumous honors. His portrait appeared on a postage stamp of Poland in 1952 and again in 1957. A 100 zloty coin was issued in 1979 bearing his image. What is commonly called the \""}, {"title": "Henryk Wieniawski", "text": "Russian bow hold\" is sometimes called the \"Wieniawski bow hold\", as Wieniawski taught his students his own kind of very rigid bowing technique (like the Russian bow hold) that allowed him to play what he called a \"devil's staccato\" with ease. This \"devil's staccato\" was used to discipline students' technique. The first violin competition named after Wieniawski took place in Warsaw in 1935. Ginette Neveu took first prize, David Oistrakh second, and Henri Temianka third. The International Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition has been held every five years since 1952.</s><s>Compositions. Published works, with opus numbers - \"Grand caprice fantastique\", Op. 1 - Allegro de Sonate, Op. 2 - \"Souvenir de Posen\", Op. 3 - Polonaise de Concert No. 1, Op. 4 (sometimes known as \"Polonaise brillante\") - \"Adagio \u00e9l\u00e9giaque\", Op. 5 - \"Souvenir de Moscow\", 2 Russian Romances, Op. 6 (in this work he quoted Alexander Egorovich Varlam"}, {"title": "Henryk Wieniawski", "text": "ov's song \"The Red Sarafan\") - \"Capriccio-Valse\", Op. 7 - \"Grand duo polonais\", for violin and piano, Op. 8 - \"Romance sans paroles et rondo elegant\", Op. 9 - \"L'\u00c9cole moderne, 10 \u00c9tudes-Caprices\", for violin solo, Op. 10 - \"Le Carnaval Russe\", Improvisations and Variations, Op. 11 - 2 Mazurkas de Salon: \"Sielanka\" et \"Piesn Polska (Chanson polonaise)\", Op. 12 - \"Fantasie pastorale\", Op. 13 (Lost) - Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 14 - \"Th\u00e8me original vari\u00e9\", Op. 15 - \"Scherzo-Tarantelle\", Op. 16 - \"L\u00e9gende\", Op. 17 - \"8 \u00c9tudes-Caprices\", for 2 violins, Op. 18 - \"2 Mazurkas caract\u00e9ristiques\": \"Obertass\" et \"Dudziarz (Le M\u00e9n\u00e9trier)\", Op. 19 (NB.: no 2 is known as both \"The Bagpipe"}, {"title": "Henryk Wieniawski", "text": " Player\" [ABRSM Vln Gr VIII Syllabus] and \"The Village Fiddler\" [Naxos Records]) - \"Fantaisie brillante sur Faust de Gounod\", Op. 20 - \"Polonaise brillante\", Op. 21 - Concerto No. 2 in D minor, Op. 22 - Gigue in E minor, Op. 23 - \"Fantasie orientale\", Op. 24 Unpublished works, and works without opus numbers - \"Wariacje na Temat W\u0142asnego Mazurka\" () - Aria with Variations in E major (before 1848) - Fantasia and Variations in E major (1848) - Nocturne for solo violin (1848) - \"Romance\" () - Rondo Alla Polacca in E minor (1848) - Duo Concertant on themes from Donizetti's \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" () - Duo Concertant na Temat Hymnu Rosyjskiego A. Lwowa () - Duo Concertant na Temat Rosyjskiej Melodii Ludowej () - Fantasia on themes from Meyerbeer's \"Le proph\u00e8te"}, {"title": "Henryk Wieniawski", "text": "\" (oc. 1850) - \"Mazur Wiejski\" () - Fantasia on themes from Gr\u00e9try's \"Richard Coeur-de-lion\" () - Duet on themes from Finnish songs () - Two Mazurkas (1851) - March (1851) - Kujawiak in A minor (1853) - Variations on the Russian hymn () - Variations on Polish folk song \"Jecha\u0142 Kozak Zza Dunaju\" () - Variations on the Austrian Hymn (1853) - \"Rozumiem\", pie\u015b\u0144 na g\u0142os z fortepianem (1854) - \"Souvenir de Lublin\", concert polka () - Fantasia on themes from Bellini's \"La sonnambula\" () - \"Reminiscences of San Francisco\" () - Kujawiak in C major - \"Polonaise triomphale\" - \"R\u00eaverie\" in F sharp minor, for viola and piano - Violin Concerto No. 3 in A minor? (1878, unpublished, disappeared? Premiered in Moscow, 27 December 1878)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Henryk Wieniawski", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000250", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rory Byrne.", "docs": [{"title": "Rory Byrne", "text": "<s>Rory Byrne Rory Byrne (born 10 January 1944) is a South African semi-retired engineer and car designer, most famous for being the chief designer at the Benetton and Scuderia Ferrari teams of Formula One. Byrne-designed cars have won ninety-nine Grands Prix, seven constructors' titles and seven drivers' titles. This makes Byrne the third most successful Formula One designer, behind rival Adrian Newey and Colin Chapman.</s><s>Early career. Byrne became interested in motor racing at Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg, South Africa, firstly as a competitor and later the technical aspects of the sport. After graduating in 1964 Byrne began working as a chemist but retained his fascination for racing until by the late 1960s he, with three friends Dave Collier, Ronny and Dougie Bennett, set up a company importing performance car parts called Auto Drag and Speed Den situated in Jules Street, Malvern, Johannesburg and later Voortrekker Road in Alberton. It was in this period that he first began to design racing cars, putting to use his mathematical knowledge even though he lacked formal engineering training. His first car, a Formula Ford racer, was competitive and finished well in the 1972 championship. Following his success in 1972 Byrne"}, {"title": "Rory Byrne", "text": " relocated to England to pursue a career in racing car design. Purchasing an ageing Royale Formula Ford car he began putting together the skills required to improve the design and received a lucky break in 1973 when Royale founder Bob King decided to sell the team. The new owner needed an engineer to replace King, who had also been the cars' designer, and offered the job to Rory Byrne, who spent the next four years designing a variety of cars for Royale and its customers. An introduction to Ted Toleman in 1977 offered the next opportunity for the thirty-three-year-old who was by now an established figure in British motor racing. Toleman was owner of a Formula 2 team and hired the South African as its designer. Several seasons of increasingly respectable results culminated in first and second place in the 1980 European Formula 2 championship. The team with Rory Byrne as its chief designer was now ready to make the jump into Formula One.</s><s>Formula One.</s><s>Formula One.:Toleman/Benetton. The first Byrne-designed car to appear at a grand prix was the Hart-powered TG181. Lacking the finances to reach the first three long-haul races Toleman entered Formula One at the San Marino Grand Prix. Two seasons passed"}, {"title": "Rory Byrne", "text": " before the fledgling team began to score points, but by the conclusion of the 1983 season Derek Warwick and Bruno Giacomelli had collected a very respectable 10 points \u2013 enough for the team to finish ninth in the constructors' championship, and enough to earn Byrne credibility in the pit-lane. It was in the off-season of 1983/84 that Toleman signed Ayrton Senna \u2013 a move that almost made Byrne, Senna and the team first time winners at that year's Monaco Grand Prix. The team's steady progress towards the front of the grid was given a boost in 1985 when the Benetton family announced plans to purchase Toleman. With more money, more resources and the most powerful engine available in the form of the inline-four turbocharged BMW, it took only until October 1986 for Gerhard Berger to secure the first win for himself, for the team and for a Byrne-designed car at the Mexican Grand Prix. Over the following five seasons Rory Byrne\u2013designed cars took four more race wins but the Benetton team was never in a position to truly challenge the likes of Ferrari, Williams and McLaren, with most victories being taken on days when the competition faltered. After a brief spell with the abortive Reynard F1"}, {"title": "Rory Byrne", "text": " project in 1991 Byrne returned to Benetton that fall. What he found was a changed team now firmly under the control of Flavio Briatore and with hotshot Michael Schumacher installed as number one driver. Byrne's B193 car was a substantial technical advancement on the previous season's car, incorporating a semi-automatic gearbox, four-wheel steering, active suspension and traction control. The car took a single win in the hands of Schumacher, but everything was now in place for a title challenge in 1994. It was immediately obvious at the first race of 1994 that Byrne's B194 chassis would be the car to beat. Critics suggested that the team's domination was more a result of an uncharacteristic slump by Williams star designer Adrian Newey and accusations of cheating dogged the team for the entire season. A late-season charge by Williams robbed Byrne of his first constructors' title, but with his motto of \"\"Evolution Not Revolution\"\", everything seemed set for more success in 1995. With the accusations of cheating behind them, the Benetton team secured both titles before the season was finished \u2013 finally Byrne had what he wanted most. His car had won the Formula One constructors' crown. With the hugely influential Schumacher leaving Benet"}, {"title": "Rory Byrne", "text": "ton for Ferrari at the end of the season, the team began to fragment. Byrne announced that he would retire in 1996.</s><s>Formula One.:Ferrari. By the conclusion of the 1996 season Michael Schumacher was being given free rein at Ferrari to build a team of engineers capable of returning the team to the top of the sport after years of underperforming. Benetton technical director Ross Brawn was hired and Ferrari approached Rory Byrne to replace the team's existing chief designer John Barnard who refused to re-locate to Italy. After long negotiations Byrne was lured from his retirement in Thailand back to Europe where he began building a design office at Ferrari's Maranello headquarters. Ferrari were immediately competitive once again, taking the title fight to the final race of the season in both 1997 and 1998. Continuing to build momentum in the following seasons, Ferrari won the constructors' championship in 1999, their first in 17 years. By the end of the 2004 season, Byrne-designed Ferraris had secured 71 race victories, six consecutive constructors' titles and five consecutive drivers' titles for Michael Schumacher with a sustained level of dominance never before seen in the sport. In 2004 Rory Byrne announced that he would be retiring from Formula One at the end of"}, {"title": "Rory Byrne", "text": " the 2006 season, handing over the role of chief designer to Aldo Costa, his assistant since 1998. On 19 September 2006, it was announced that Rory had extended his stay, as a consultant, at Ferrari for another two years which led him until early 2009. In 2012, Byrne was called in to look at the Ferrari F2012 F1 car after it had a troubled start to its life. He was also involved in the design of LaFerrari. In February 2013, at the launch of F138 \u2013 in interview to the German Auto Motor und Sport Rory Byrne said that he is \"working full steam\" on Ferrari's 2014 F1 car, in an advisory role. Maurizio Arrivabene revealed that Byrne is working as mentor in Ferrari helping the chief designer Simone Resta. Byrne was heavily involved in the design of the 2022 Ferrari F1-75. As the car proved successful on the first part of the season, his contract was renewed for further three years.</s><s>Formula One.:Discovery Insure. Byrne is a Special Engineering Advisor to Discovery Insure in South Africa in which he assists the company in improving the driving behaviour of South Africans and making the roads safer for all to use.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rory Byrne", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000251", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Patoranking.", "docs": [{"title": "Patoranking", "text": "<s>Patoranking Patrick Nnaemeka Okorie (born 27 May 1990), better known by his stage name Patoranking, is a Nigerian reggae-dancehall singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Ijegun-Egba Satellite Town, Patoranking hails from Onicha, Ebonyi State. He started his music career doing underground collaborations, with artists such as XProject, Konga, Slam and Reggie Rockstone. He signed a record deal with K-Solo's Igberaga Records in 2010, releasing \"Up in D Club\" under the outfit. Patoranking became a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Dem Mama Records after collaborating with Timaya on his song \"Alubarika\". In February 2014, he signed a record deal with Foston Musik and released \"Girlie O\", a single that put him in the limelight. On 9 February 2015, Patoranking announced on Instagram that he signed a distribution deal with VP Records. on September 28 Patoranking released a song titled Abule which he released ahead of his album scheduled to be released later in 2020. He once said, in 2020 that he once got inspiration for song on a football pitch while playing football.</s><s>Life and"}, {"title": "Patoranking", "text": " music career. Patoranking was born and raised in Ijegun-Egba Satellite Town but has family roots in Onicha, Ebonyi State. He attended Citizen Comprehensive College in Epe, Lagos and later enrolled at Jibril Martin Memorial Grammar School in Iponri. Patoranking started his performing, arts career as a street jam and carnival dancer. In a 2012 interview with \"Entertainment Express\", he said his stage name was given to him by a Jamaican artist whom he met at Alpha Beach in Lagos. Patoranking has cited Buju Banton, Bob Marley, Fela Kuti, Lucky Dube, Chaka Demus, Majek Fashek, Blackky, Blackface, Tuface and Marvelous Benjy as his key musical influences. In the aforementioned interview with \"Entertainment Express\", he described his music as a morally inclined variation of dancehall and said it references socio-political issues. In May 2012, Patoranking released a single titled \"Iya Bisi\", featuring Qdot and Kbaj. The Drumphase-produced song is a fusion of dancehall and fuji. Patoranking told \"Entertainment Express\" that Qdot and"}, {"title": "Patoranking", "text": " Kbaj helped compose the song by sharing ideas with him. On 12 September 2013, Okorie released the audio and video for \"Alubarika\" simultaneously. The song literally translates to \"God's Blessings\" and features vocals from Timaya. The music video for \"Alubarika\" was shot by AJE Films and ran for 4 minutes and 16 seconds. According to an article posted by Victor Akande of \"The Nation\", Patoranking described the song as a summary of his life as a musician and said it opened doors for him in terms of building a fan base and working with established musicians. In February 2014, Patoranking signed a record deal with Foston Musik and ended his affiliations with Dem Mama Records. During an interview with Toolz on NdaniTV's \"The Juice\", Timaya said Patoranking left his label and was never officially signed. On 4 February 2014, Patoranking released \"Girlie O\", a song produced by WizzyPro. The music video for the song was shot and directed in London by Moe Musa; it was released on 5 February 2014. In the music video, Patoranking liberates his next-door neighbor from domestic violence by expressing his innate feelings to her."}, {"title": "Patoranking", "text": " Foston Musik released the Tiwa Savage-assisted \"Girlie O\" (Remix) on 19 May 2014 to critical acclaim. It debuted at No. 9 on MTV Base's Official Naija Top 10 chart. Tiwa Savage told Ehiz of MTV Base she admires Patoranking's music and decided to reach out to him to do the remix. The music video for \"Girlie O\" (Remix) was also shot and directed in London by Moe Musa. Joey Akan of Pulse Nigeria said, \"On the new remix, the basic winning elements were not discarded. They were retained and improved. The beat, chorus, and dynamism were held onto, and major work put into the lyrics.\" Patoranking was featured on Seyi Shay's \"Murda\" single alongside Shaydee. The song was produced by Dokta Frabz and released on 1 April 2014. On 11 May 2014, the music video for \"Murda\" was uploaded onto Vevo. It was directed by Meji Alabi for JM Films.  Patoranking's \"Daniella Whine\" and \"My Woman, My Everything\" singles charted on MTV Base Official Naija Top 10 chart. The former"}, {"title": "Patoranking", "text": " debuted at No. 4 in May and topped the chart at No. 1 in June, while the latter \"My Woman, My Everything\" also appeared on the chart, peaking at No. 2.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Selected singles. 2021 \"Celebrate Me\" - Guest appearances 2019 he did a song with Ugandan Luga flow rapper Fik Fameica that was well received in East Africa, He has collaborated with East African music heavy weights including Only You ft Jose Chameleon, Nyashinski and Diamond Platnumz</s><s>See also. - List of Nigerian musicians - List of Igbo people - List of people from Ebonyi State</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Patoranking", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000252", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Cobhams Asuquo.", "docs": [{"title": "Cobhams Asuquo", "text": "<s>Cobhams Asuquo Cobhams Asuquo ( ) (born January 6, 1981) is a Nigerian musician, producer, and songwriter. In 2005, Asuquo was signed on with Sony ATV London as a songwriter. After working as Head of Audio Productions at a local label, Questionmark Entertainment, he set up his own recording facility in 2006. He is the former CEO/Head of Productions of CAMP (Cobhams Asuquo Music Productions), which he co-managed with Bez Idakula and Stan Iyke. He was responsible for A\u015fa's highly acclaimed international album \"ASA\" and has been mentioned on many artists' sleeve credits as producer and writer. He is now the Founder/CEO of Vintage Grey Media.</s><s>Music career. Cobhams Emmanuel Asuquo is a Nigerian-born songwriter/music producer/singer who started his academic training as a lawyer. Previously signed to Sony/ATV UK publishing as a songwriter, Cobhams formed his first music production and label company Cobhams Asuquo Music Production (CAMP) in 2008. In 2016 he started Vintage Gray Media Ltd. Vintage Gray Media Ltd."}, {"title": "Cobhams Asuquo", "text": " produced 74 episodes of \"The Top 12 Countdown with Cobhams Asuquo\" \u2013 a music countdown show aimed at showcasing new music. Cobhams\u2019 international acclaim came with the music production of Nigeria's soul performer \u2013 ASA\u2019s debut album. He also wrote and co-wrote several songs on the album including the singles, \"Fire on the Mountain\" and \"Jailer. He has worked with numerous musicians both local (Nigeria) and International. From the early 2000s he produced hits, including \u2018Maintain in India,\u2019 and \u2018Catch cold\u2019 by Maintain; \u2018Ego\u2019- Djinne ; \u2018In the music\u2019, \u2018If you ask me\u2019 by Omawumi to recently released 2017 butterflies also by Omawumi. His stable of artistes include : Asa, Banky W, Omawumi, Eldee, Sasha, Dare Art-Alade, Waje, Timi Dakolo, Djinne, Faze, Seyi Shay, Korede Bello, Tiwa Savage, Ego, Yemi Alade, Bez, Omolara, Chidinma Ekile, Shola Allyson"}, {"title": "Cobhams Asuquo", "text": ", Lara George, Ego, Silver Saddih, Flavour, Mo'Chedda, Praiz, Simi, Rooftop MC's and so many others. Cobhams became an MTN Nigeria ambassador for its corporate elite customers in 2015. He has arranged music, and performed with bands at international music events such as The Harare International Festival of Arts, the AFA Sponsored French Cultural Center Concert with Asa and Angelique Kidjo; AFA Sponsored French Cultural Center Concert in Johannesburg, South Africa; Nigeria Week in Paris and the launch of MTV's one hundredth channel (MTV Base Africa) at Abuja, Nigeria. In the TV and film media, he has composed and arranged film scores to be interpreted for conservatoires as well as for film and stage performances such as \"A Voice for Ella\" by Uche Macaulay, Sunshine (Alpha Vision), \"Bent Arrows\" by Isang Awah and Communication for Change's \"Bayelsan Sillhouttes.\u201d Cobhams performed with other renowned Nigerian artists at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland in January 2014. CNN Africa Voices featured Cobhams in a full-length interview in December 2011. Cobhams"}, {"title": "Cobhams Asuquo", "text": ", alongside African musicians such as Dbanj, Omawumi, Femi Kuti and Somi, visited the white house to raise awareness on agriculture in Nigeria, through Bono\u2019s global humanitarian group, \u2018ONE Campaign\u2019. He was also invited to participate in the three-day US-Africa summit. Cobhams was invited by the ONE campaign to produce the anthem for the \"Poverty is Sexist\u2019 campaign titled Strong Girl. He teamed up with various African female artists such as: Waje (Nigeria), Victoria Kimani (Kenya), Vanessa Mdee (Tanzania), Arielle T (Gabon), Gabriela (Mozambique), Yemi Alade (Nigeria), Selmor Mtukudzi (Zimbabwe), Judith Sephuma (South Africa), new talents Blessing Nwafor (South Africa) and the video star Omotola Jolade- Ekehinde (Nigeria). Cobhams was called again to produce a remix of \"StrongGirl\" and this time it included Bono as one of the artistes. Cobhams was also invited to be part of the UN Global Goals campaign and co-produced the song \"Tell Everyone"}, {"title": "Cobhams Asuquo", "text": "\". The song featured various African artistes such as Sautisol (Kenya), Mafikizolo (South Africa), Yemi Alade (Nigeria) and Diamond Platnumz (Tanzania). On September 26, Cobhams performed live on stage at the Global Citizens Festival New York Central Park with several International artistes including Pearl Jam, Beyonce, Common, Coldplay, and Ed Sheeran to promote the UN Global Goals. Cobhams was a producer on the Coke Studio Africa Season 3 show, which aired across various African countries. In 2016 Cobhams produced the Rhythm Unplugged show and Hennessy Artistry. He also produced the first \"One Africa\" concert in Houston Texas. Cobhams met with artiste and a former member if the group Fugees \u2013 Wyclef Jean. On the first of January 2015, Cobhams released his first music video for \"Ordinary People\". He has also officially released 5 other singles \u2013 \"Do the Right Thing\" featuring Bez (2015), Christmas song \"Star of Wonder\" (2015), Boosit ft. Falz (2016), \"The Other Room\" ft. Ugovinna (2016) and \"Adore\" ft. Lauretta"}, {"title": "Cobhams Asuquo", "text": " Cookey and Fome Peters (2016).</s><s>Singles. His latest single is \"We Plenti\" featuring Simi, was released on January 6, 2019. Cobham's released his first official single \"Ordinary People\" on January 1, 2014, and released the video the following January. Star of Wonder released in December 2014 is his second officially released single. His third single Stronger Than Before was released in 2015 and was sung by Morayo. He released his fourth single Boosit featuring Falz in April 2016</s><s>Production work. Asuquo also wrote and co-wrote several songs on the album including the singles, \"Fire on the Mountain\", and \"Jailer\". Asuquo has likewise produced songs for Nigerian recording artistes such as Banky W and Omawumi. He has arranged music, and performed with bands at international music events as The Harare International Festival of Arts, the AFA Sponsored French Cultural Center Concert with Asa and Angelique Kidjo; AFA Sponsored French Cultural Center Concert in Johannesburg, South Africa; Nigeria Week in Paris and the launch of MTV's one hundredth channel (MTV Base Africa) in Abuja, Nigeria. In the TV and film media,"}, {"title": "Cobhams Asuquo", "text": " he has composed and arranged film scores to be interpreted for conservatoires as well as for film and stage performances such as \"A Voice for Ella\" by Uche Macaulay, Sunshine (Alpha Vision), \"Bent Arrows\" by Isang Awah and Communication For Change's \"Bayelsan Sillhouttes\". In 2016, Asuquo started a digital radio countdown show. The digital radio show counts down the hottest African/Nigerian songs that Asuquo thinks the Nigerian audience should be listening to. The show is called The Top 12 Countdown With Cobhams Asuquo.</s><s>Personal life. Asuquo is visually impaired. On December 2, 2010, Cobhams Emmanuel Asuquo married Ojuolape Veronica Olukanni. They have two sons together.</s><s>See also. - List of Nigerian gospel musicians</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Cobhams Asuquo", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000253", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Diafra Sakho.", "docs": [{"title": "Diafra Sakho", "text": "<s>Diafra Sakho Diafra Sakho (born 24 December 1989) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Nancy. Sakho began his career in the lower divisions of French football, with Metz and on loan at Boulogne, before joining West Ham United in August 2014. Since May 2014, he has been a full international for the Senegal national team. He joined Rennes in January 2018 and was loaned to Bursaspor in August 2018.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Metz. Sakho was born in Gu\u00e9diawaye. He started his career in Dakar with G\u00e9n\u00e9ration Foot, a football academy and feeder club for FC Metz, at age 16. After six months with the club he moved to France in 2007 to start training with Metz. After 17 goals in 22 games for FC Metz's reserve team in the 2009\u201310 season he was awarded a first-team place. He made his first-team debut in a goalless draw at home to Brest, on 19 January 2010. His debut goal came on 10 September, in a 1\u20131 home draw with Nantes. He was mainly used as a"}, {"title": "Diafra Sakho", "text": " substitute in his first three seasons and was loaned to Boulogne in January 2012. In May 2012, with Metz in Championnat National, the third tier of French football, new manager Albert Cartier gave Sakho a starting place in the team. The following season Sakho scored 19 goals in 33 league appearances as Metz finished in second place and won promotion back to Ligue 2 at their first attempt. In season 2013\u201314 he scored 20 goals in 36 appearances as Metz won the Ligue 2 title. For his performances, Sakho was voted Ligue 2 Player of the Year for the 2013\u201314 season.</s><s>Club career.:West Ham United. On 14 August 2014, Sakho signed a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee with West Ham United, becoming their seventh signing before the start of the 2014\u201315 season. Upon his joining, he said: \"This is a proud day to have signed for West Ham, I really love English football and I've dreamed of coming to play for one of the big English clubs. Today, West Ham have given me that opportunity and I didn't hesitate to grab it\".</s><s>Club career.:West Ham United.:2014\u201315 season. Sakho made his West Ham debut on 23"}, {"title": "Diafra Sakho", "text": " August 2014, in a 3\u20131 away win against Crystal Palace, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute for Carlton Cole. On 26 August, he scored his first competitive goal for the club against Sheffield United in the second round of the League Cup. Sakho's first League goal came on 15 September in a 2\u20132 away draw against Hull City. Initially credited as an own goal by Hull defender Curtis Davies, the goal was later awarded to Sakho. He made his home debut against Liverpool on 20 September, and scored his second goal with a chip over goalkeeper Simon Mignolet as the Hammers won 3\u20131. On 29 September Sakho scored in a 2\u20131 away defeat by Manchester United. This was his fourth goal in his first four starts for the club, breaking a 26-year-old record previously held by Leroy Rosenior. On 25 October 2014 Sakho scored West Ham's second goal in a 2\u20131 home win against reigning champions, Manchester City. In doing so he became the first West Ham player to score in six straight Premier League games and matched Micky Quinn's Premier League record, set in 1992, of scoring in his first six starts. For his performances, Sakho was awarded the Premier League Player of the"}, {"title": "Diafra Sakho", "text": " Month for October 2014, with his manager Sam Allardyce named Manager of the Month. Sakho was injured during a game on 1 January 2015 against West Bromwich Albion. This resulted in him being withdrawn from the Senegal squad for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations. Senegal officials announced that they would try to prevent him playing for West Ham during the duration of the competition in Africa. With Senegal still involved in the competition, he returned to fitness with officials from the country asking him to fly to Equatorial Guinea so that his fitness could be assessed. Unable to fly to Africa he was taken from London to Ashton Gate by limousine and on 25 January 2015 he scored the only goal in West Ham's FA Cup win against Bristol City. On 31 January 2015, with Senegal reported to have reported the case to FIFA, Sakho was withdrawn from West Ham's squad for an away game against Liverpool. West Ham were fined 100,000 Swiss francs by FIFA for playing Sakho in the FA Cup during the Africa Cup of Nations, avoiding a maximum penalty of being expelled from the tournament. Sakho finished as West Ham's top scorer in the 2014\u201315 season despite finishing the end of the season out injured. He scored 12 goals, 10 in the league and one in both the"}, {"title": "Diafra Sakho", "text": " FA Cup and League.</s><s>Club career.:West Ham United.:2015\u201316 season. Sakho opened the 2015\u201316 season by scoring the first two goals in a UEFA Europa League first qualifying round first-leg game on 2 July, as West Ham won 3\u20130 at home against Andorran team Lusitanos. In the return leg a week later, he was sent-off for violent conduct in the 15th minute after \"raising his hands\" to Lusitanos player Mois\u00e9s San Nicol\u00e1s. His opening goal in the 2015\u201316 Premier League season came on 29 August 2015 in a 0\u20133 away win against Liverpool. Sakho scored West Ham's third goal in a game which was their first win at Anfield for 52 years. On 19 September, he scored his second league goal of the season against Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium in a 2\u20131 win against the hosts who had not previously conceded a goal that season. On 29 November 2015, Sakho suffered a thigh injury against West Bromwich Albion which would rule him out for three months, joining Dimitri Payet and Enner Valencia among West Ham's attacking absentees. In June 2016, West Ham rejected a bid of \u00a311 million from Sunderland. In"}, {"title": "Diafra Sakho", "text": " July Sakho handed-in a transfer request to West Ham. In August 2016, a proposed transfer to West Bromwich Albion collapsed after Sakho failed a medical.</s><s>Club career.:West Ham United.:2016\u201317 season. Sakho did not make an appearance for West Ham until November 2016 when he appeared against Tottenham Hotspur. In his second game back he scored in a 1\u20131 away draw with Manchester United, becoming the first West Ham striker to score in the 2016\u201317 season. However, he suffered a hamstring injury which was expected to keep him out for four weeks. Having only played two games all season, on 23 March 2017 West Ham announced that Sakho was expected to be out for the remainder of the 2016\u201317 season having suffered a back injury which required surgery and rehabilitation. He returned briefly in April for games against Arsenal and Everton before again being ruled out, in May, for the rest of the season.</s><s>Club career.:West Ham United.:2017\u201318 season. Sakho made 14 league appearances for West Ham in the 2017\u201318 season, all of them after coming on as a substitute. He scored two goals, against Swansea City and Stoke City. He also made three appearances in the EFL Cup scoring twice, against Chel"}, {"title": "Diafra Sakho", "text": "tenham Town and Bolton Wanderers. He left West Ham at the end of January 2018 having played 71 games in all competitions scoring 24 goals.</s><s>Club career.:Stade Rennais. On 29 January 2018, Sakho joined Rennes for an undisclosed fee. He scored on his debut, in a 3-2 Coupe de la Ligue defeat against PSG on 30 January 2018.</s><s>Club career.:Stade Rennais.:Bursaspor loan. On 31 August 2018, the last day of the 2018 summer transfer window, Sakho joined S\u00fcper Lig side Bursaspor on loan for the season.</s><s>Club career.:Neuch\u00e2tel Xamax. On 19 June 2020, Sakho joined Swiss Super League side Neuch\u00e2tel Xamax on a deal until the end of the season. Sakho left the club at the end of his deal after failing to score in eight appearances.</s><s>Club career.:Nancy. On 7 August 2022, Sakho joined Championnat National side Nancy on a two-year deal.</s><s>International career. Sakho made his international debut for Senegal in a friendly match against Burkina Faso, on 21 May 2014. His debut goal came four days later"}, {"title": "Diafra Sakho", "text": ", in a 3\u20131 win over Kosovo. In November 2014 he was recalled to the Senegal squad by coach, Alain Giresse, for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification games against Egypt and Botswana. Sakho missed the final tournament due to a back injury. In November 2017 Sakho scored the first goal in a 2\u20130 win against South Africa in Polokwane. The win resulted in Senegal qualifying for the 2018 World Cup in Russia, their first global finals since 2002. In May 2018, he was named in Senegal's 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.</s><s>Personal life. Sakho was arrested on 6 August 2015 on suspicion of common assault, criminal damage and malicious communication towards his girlfriend. He was bailed until late September. On 23 August he was again arrested, on suspicion of threatening to kill and witness intimidation, and was bailed without charge two days later. He denied all allegations against him. In November 2015, police investigation cleared Sakho of any wrongdoing.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Honours. Metz - Ligue 2: 2013\u201314 Arta/Solar7 - Djibouti Premier League: 2021\u201322 - Djibouti"}, {"title": "Diafra Sakho", "text": " Cup: 2021\u201322 Individual - Ligue 2 Player of the Year: 2013\u201314 - Premier League Player of the Month: October 2014</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Diafra Sakho", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000254", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rosaline Elbay.", "docs": [{"title": "Rosaline Elbay", "text": "<s>Rosaline Elbay Rosaline Elbay (; ) is an Egyptian stage and screen actress, producer and writer. She is known for her roles as 'Judy Goodwin' on Netflix series \"Kaleidoscope,\" 'Amani' on Hulu/A24 Films series \"Ramy\", and 'Sara' on MBC Masr series \"Qabeel\".</s><s>Early life. Elbay was born and raised in Cairo to Egyptian parents. She grew up speaking English, Arabic and French, jokingly describing her English accent, which has led to an assumption that she is British-born, as a 'product of colonialism'. She read Classics and Archaeology at Oxford University and completed a master's in Colonial History. Elbay then studied at the Actors Studio New York City with Elizabeth Kemp before moving on to her two-year MFA in Acting at LAMDA. Her early career was in UK theater.</s><s>Career. In 2018 Elbay starred in the feature-film adaptation of Ahmed Mourad's, and \"Fork & Knife\", which premiered at the 2018 El Gouna Film Festival. She was also the subject of the music video for \"Fakra\" by Massar Egbari, an Egyptian band that rose"}, {"title": "Rosaline Elbay", "text": " to prominence during the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, as the love interest of lead singer Hany Dakkak. Since 2019, Elbay has starred as Amani in Hulu/A24 Films series \"Ramy\", Ramy Youssef's eponymous Golden Globe and Peabody Award-winning show. Season 2, co-starring Mahershala Ali, premiered in May 2020. Also in 2019, Elbay received critical acclaim for her MENA region television debut as Sara, the partner of protagonist Tarek (), on MBC Masr's \"\", and won the Al-Wafd Critics\u2019 Choice Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best New Face. Elbay hosted the opening ceremony of the 2019 El Gouna Film Festival, during which she wore a dress made of recycled plastic that was hand-worked by refugee women sponsored by the UNHCR. She has since continued advocating for the organisation, participating in the first MENA-region round table on The Role of Art and Culture in Addressing Displacement. Elbay is also described in MENA publications as an advocate for women's rights, and contributed to the cancellation of a 2020 concert by Moroccan singer Saad Lamjarred, who has been the subject of several rape accusations. In 2020, Mad"}, {"title": "Rosaline Elbay", "text": "a Masr published a personal op-ed by Elbay in response to the Egyptian MeToo movement. The Cairo International Film Festival appointed Elbay as its face for young filmmakers during its 40th and 41st Editions. Her screenplay, \"Garlic\", was developed at the Festival's TV Development Workshop. Elbay was starring in MBC Masr\u2019s 2020 series, directed by Hani Khalifa. However, she left the show mid-filming for health reasons and the rest of her role was shot with. In September 2021, Elbay was announced as a principle cast member of the Netflix series \"Kaleidoscope\" alongside Giancarlo Esposito, Paz Vega, Rufus Sewell, Tati Gabrielle, Peter Mark Kendall and Jai Courtney. Her character Judy Goodwin is described as \u201cthe crew\u2019s demolitions specialist, headstrong and independent \u2014 an eccentric spitfire with a sarcastic edge who is clever and talented enough to stay a step ahead of her mistakes.\u201d The series shot in New York and debuted on January 1, 2023, claiming the number one spot on Netflix's most-watched list. In October 2021, Elbay revealed that she is starring in an animated role and executive producing"}, {"title": "Rosaline Elbay", "text": " an unnamed project, both not yet announced. In October 2022, Elbay starred off-Broadway in the world premiere of Dodi & Diana opposite her \"Kaleidoscope\" co-star Peter Mark Kendall.</s><s>Personal life. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Elbay announced her departure from a lead role in MBC Masr series following her doctors' advice regarding a preexisting heart condition. In an op-ed in Mada Masr, Elbay stated that she had experienced domestic violence in a previous relationship. She lives in New York. She is also a painter.</s><s>Awards and nominations. Elbay was awarded the 2019 Al-Wafd Critics' Choice Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best New Face for her role in.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rosaline Elbay", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000255", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sofiane Feghouli.", "docs": [{"title": "Sofiane Feghouli", "text": "<s>Sofiane Feghouli Sofiane Feghouli (; born 26 December 1989) is a professional footballer who plays for Turkish S\u00fcper Lig club Fatih Karag\u00fcmr\u00fck and the Algeria national team. He mainly operates as a right midfielder, but can also play as a winger and as an attacking midfielder. Feghouli made his senior international debut for Algeria in February 2012. He represented Algeria at the 2013, 2015, 2019 and 2021 Africa Cup of Nations (winning the 2019 tournament), as well as the 2014 FIFA World Cup, where he scored Algeria's first goal in the competition since 1986.</s><s>Personal life. Feghouli was born in Levallois-Perret to Algerian parents. His father is from Tiaret, while his mother is from Ghazaouet. He has 4 brothers.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Grenoble. Feghouli began his career with Grenoble, after French team Paris Saint-Germain decided not to sign him after a trial. For the latter portion of the 2006\u20132007 season, he was promoted to the first-team squad and given the number 33 shirt. He made his highly anticipated debut, at the age"}, {"title": "Sofiane Feghouli", "text": " of 17, for the club on 27 April 2007 in a Ligue 2 match against Reims, appearing as a substitute. Grenoble won the match 1\u20130. He made two more appearances that season, including his first start on the final match day of the season against Montpellier on 25 May 2007. Montpellier won the match 1\u20130 with Feghouli playing 56 minutes before being subbed out. On 31 May 2007, he signed his first professional contract with Grenoble, keeping him with the side until 2010. The following season, he was handed the number 8 shirt and, despite being 17 years of age, was given a more important role in the first-team squad. Despite having the pressure of being labelled the \"new Zidane\", his contribution to the squad was successful, appearing in 27 matches and scoring three goals, helping Grenoble achieve promotion to Ligue 1. His first career goal came on 18 January 2008 in a 4\u20133 away victory against Reims, the club he faced on his debut. Feghouli returned for the 2009\u201310 season, making his debut on 29 August 2009 in a 1\u20130 defeat to Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes rivals Saint-\u00c9tienne. After appearing in"}, {"title": "Sofiane Feghouli", "text": " five more matches, it was discovered by Grenoble officials that Feghouli had torn the meniscus in his right knee. The knee was successfully operated on in October. Following the surgery, Grenoble officials, most notably CEO Pierre Wantiez, were extremely critical of the player. Wantiez questioned Feghouli's long delay in returning to the team and the player's motives regarding a transfer as Feghouli would be out of contract in the summer and was already talking to several clubs, most notably Spanish club Valencia. Wantiez attributed Feghouli's recent moves to \"bad advice\" from the player's agent.</s><s>Club career.:Valencia. On 20 May 2010, Feghouli signed a four-year deal with Valencia CF. He made his La Liga debut on 25 September, replacing Juan Mata in a 2\u20130 win against Sporting de Gij\u00f3n. On 28 January 2011, after appearing sparingly for the Valencian side, Feghouli was loaned to fellow league team UD Almer\u00eda, until June. He appeared regularly for the Andalusians, however they were relegated at the end of the season. After returning from Almer\u00eda, and profiting from Mata and Vic"}, {"title": "Sofiane Feghouli", "text": "ente's departures, Feghouli became a starter, and scored his first goals for \"Los Che\" on 29 October 2011, netting a brace in a 3\u20131 home win against Getafe CF. His performances for Valencia in 2012 earned him two Algerian player of the year awards, Le Buteur's Algerian Ballon d'Or and the DZFoot d'Or. On 11 April 2016, Feghouli was suspended by the club amid reports he refused to take part in a warm-down after the 2\u20131 home win over Sevilla the day before. He had also reportedly missed training a few days earlier. He ended his Valencia career with 202 appearances, scoring 31 times and providing 40 assists.</s><s>Club career.:West Ham United. On 14 June 2016, it was announced that Feghouli would be joining West Ham United on 1 July 2016 on a three-year contract. He made his West Ham debut on 28 July in a 2\u20131 away defeat to NK Dom\u017eale in the Third Qualifying Round of the Europa League. He scored his first competitive goal for West Ham the following week in the return fixture against Dom\u017eale, West Ham's first game at the London Stadium in which West Ham won"}, {"title": "Sofiane Feghouli", "text": " 3\u20130, progressing to the UEFA Europa League play-offs. Feghouli made his first Premier League start in West Ham's first game of 2017, receiving a harsh red card after 15 minutes for a challenge on Manchester United defender Phil Jones in a 2\u20130 home defeat. After an appeal against the card by West Ham, it was rescinded on 4 January.</s><s>Club career.:Galatasaray. In August 2017, Feghouli signed a five-year contract with Galatasaray. Galatasaray paid West Ham a \u20ac4.25 million transfer fee.</s><s>Club career.:Fatih Karag\u00fcmr\u00fck. On 30 November 2022, Feghouli joined Fatih Karag\u00fcmr\u00fck on a one-and-a-half-year contract. He only became available for the team's official matches starting January 2023.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:France. Feghouli was eligible for both Algeria and France. Feghouli had stated his preference was to play for France and appeared in several France youth squads. On 12 November 2008, national team manager Raymond Domenech shortlisted the player for his pre-selection squad ahead of a friendly against Uruguay."}, {"title": "Sofiane Feghouli", "text": " Despite this, Algeria national team manager Rabah Saadane contacted Feghouli by telephone in an attempt to get the player to play for Algeria in the team's 19 November friendly against Mali. Team captain Yazid Mansouri also contacted the player.</s><s>International career.:Algeria. On 25 May 2011, it was reported that, whilst on loan at Almeria, Feghouli met with the President of the Algerian Football Federation Mohamed Raouraoua. Feghouli agreed to play for Algeria and was Invited to a training camp being held in Spain for the match against Morocco. He was unable to attend the session, but was touched by the gesture, agreeing to be available for the Tanzania match instead. On 23 October 2011, the Algerian Football Federation announced that FIFA officially accepted Feghouli's request to switch allegiances from France to Algeria, and that he was eligible to represent Algeria in international competition as of that date. Two days later, on 25 October, Feghouli was called up by Algeria coach Vahid Halilhod\u017ei\u0107 for a pair of friendlies against Tunisia and Cameroon in November. On 29 February 2012, Feghouli made his debut for the Algerian national team"}, {"title": "Sofiane Feghouli", "text": " in a 2\u20131 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying win against Gambia, scoring the winning goal. During qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, he scored three goals in seven appearances for \"Les Fennecs\". In the team's opening match of the 2014 World Cup, a 2\u20131 defeat to Belgium in Belo Horizonte, Feghouli scored with a penalty kick\u00a0\u2013 Algeria's first World Cup goal in 28 years. He was surprisingly omitted from the 2017 African Cup Of Nations squad.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Galatasaray - S\u00fcper Lig: 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319 - Turkish Cup: 2018\u201319 - Turkish Super Cup: 2019 Algeria - Africa Cup of Nations: 2019 Individual - LFP Awards Best African player: 2014\u201315 - DZFoot d'Or: 2012 - Algerian Footballer of the Year: 2012</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sofiane Feghouli", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000256", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Danny Faure.", "docs": [{"title": "Danny Faure", "text": "<s>Danny Faure Danny Faure (born 8 May 1962) is a Seychellois politician who was President of Seychelles from 16 October 2016 until 26 October 2020. Previously, he served as Vice President of Seychelles from 2010 to 2016. Faure is a member of the United Seychelles Party (PP).</s><s>Background and education. Faure was born to Seychellois parents in the western Ugandan town of Kilembe. He completed his primary and secondary education in Seychelles. He studied at the University of Havana in Cuba, graduating with a degree in political science.</s><s>Career. In 1985, at the age of 23, Faure started working as an assistant curriculum officer at the Seychelles education ministry. He also worked as a lecturer at both the National Youth Service and the Seychelles Polytechnic. In 1993, following the return of multiparty democracy to the island nation, Faure became the leader of government business in the National Assembly, serving in that capacity until 1998. That year, he was appointed Minister of Education. Over the years, he has served in various ministerial capacities including youth, finance, trade and industries, public administration and information and communication technology."}, {"title": "Danny Faure", "text": " In 2006, he was appointed Minister of Finance by President James Michel. During his tenure at finance, Seychelles embarked on a series of economic reforms, recommended by the International Monetary Fund. Faure oversaw the first generation reforms, which ran from October 2008 to October 2013. Faure served as designated minister between 2004 and 2010. He became Vice President on 1 July 2010, while retaining the finance portfolio.</s><s>Presidency. President James Michel announced on 27 September 2016 that he would resign, effective on 16 October, and transfer power to Vice President Faure. The announcement coincided with the election of an opposition majority in the National Assembly. As there were four years of Michel's term remaining, it was to count as a full term for Faure. Faure was accordingly sworn in on 16 October 2016. On 14 April 2019, Faure visited a British research submersible and made a speech from underwater, pleading for stronger protections for the world's oceans. On 13 June 2019, Faure was awarded the National Geographic Society\u2019s prestigious \u2018Planetary and Leadership Award\u2019 at a National Geographic Awards Ceremony, at the George Washington University, in Washington DC.</s><s>Personal life. Danny Faure is divorced. He is the father of four daughters"}, {"title": "Danny Faure", "text": " and one son. He married Shermin Rudie Bastienne on 4 April 2021.</s><s>See also. - List of foreign ministers in 2017 - List of current foreign ministers</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Danny Faure", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000257", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jorge Enr\u00edquez.", "docs": [{"title": "Jorge Enr\u00edquez", "text": "<s>Jorge Enr\u00edquez Jorge Enr\u00edquez Garc\u00eda (born 8 January 1991) is a former Mexican professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He is an Olympic gold medalist.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:C.D. Guadalajara. Enriquez was born in Mexicali, Baja California, and debuted with Chivas on 5 February 2010 in a match against Pachuca CF, corresponding to week 6 of the Bicentenario tournament. He came on in the 86th minute, replacing Adolfo Bautista. Enr\u00edquez scored his first goal in the quarter finals outside the penalty area against Monarcas Morelia.</s><s>Club career.:Club Le\u00f3n. On 6 December 2015, Guadalajara announced Enr\u00edquez will go on loan to Club Le\u00f3n for six months.</s><s>Club career.:Omonia. On 14 June 2018, it was reported Enriquez would be transferred to Omonia.</s><s>International career. Jorge Enr\u00edquez first played for the Mexico national team at the 2011 CONCACAF U-20 Championship. Mexico won the tournament and qualified to the 2011 Pan American Games. He was part of the U-22 Mexico squad"}, {"title": "Jorge Enr\u00edquez", "text": " that competed at the 2011 Copa Am\u00e9rica. They eventually lost at the group stage, being in the last place. Enr\u00edquez represented Mexico once again at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup, they were knocked out of the competition by Brazil at the semifinals, but won the third place beating France. In this tournament Enriquez received the Bronze Ball award coming third in the Tournament's Best Player award. Chat\u00f3n was again part of the squad that represented Mexico at the Pan American Games. Mexico won the gold medal beating Argentina at the finals. In the 2012 Summer Olympics, he became an important piece in the road to the gold medal providing important passes to his partners, he even scored the first goal against Senegal in the quarterfinals.</s><s>Honours. Guadalajara - Copa MX: Apertura 2015 Mexico Youth - CONCACAF U-20 Championship: 2011 - Pan American Games: 2011 - CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Championship: 2012 - Toulon Tournament: 2012 - Olympic Gold Medal: 2012 Individual - FIFA U-20 World Cup Bronze Ball: 2011</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jorge Enr\u00edquez", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000258", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Fuerza Guerrera.", "docs": [{"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": "<s>Fuerza Guerrera Fuerza Guerrera (born December 13, 1953) is a Mexican \"Luchador enmascarado\" (or masked professional wrestler) who made his debut in 1978. In his career Guerrera has worked for every major wrestling organization in Mexico including Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), AAA, Universal Wrestling Association (UWA), World Wrestling Association (WWA) and International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG). Throughout his career Fuerza Guerrera has held many titles for CMLL, AAA and IWRG. Fuerza Guerrera's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Only his paternal surname is known, as his son Eduardo An\u00edbal Gonz\u00e1lez Hern\u00e1ndez' name is a matter of public record making Fuerza Guerrera's paternal surname \"Gonz\u00e1lez\" as well. Eduardo Gonz\u00e1lez is better known as \"luchador\" Juventud Guerrera. Fuerza Guerrera is Spanish for \"Warrior Strength\", not to be mistaken for the surname Guerrero.</s><s>Professional wrestling career.</s>"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": "<s>Professional wrestling career.:Early Career (1977\u20131981). The wrestler who would become known as Fuerza Guerrera trained for his professional wrestling career under Dick Angelo, he would later receive further training from Gallo Tapado, Raul Reyes, El Solar, El Espectro and \u00c1ngel Blanco. He made his professional wrestling debut in 1977 under the ring name Cachorro Gonz\u00e1lez (Spanish for \"Cub Gonz\u00e1lez\"). in his debut match he faced, and lost to, Rokambole (later Villano V) and Leopardo Negro (Villano IV) in San Pedro, Puebla. After wrestling as Chachorro Gonz\u00e1lez for over a year Gonz\u00e1lez wanted to adopt an \"enmascarado\" character by the name of \"Star Wars\", but the local promoter, Se\u00f1or Barradas, did not want wrestlers with English names. Instead he adopted the name \"Fuerza Guerrera\", a name he came up with inspired by the Aztec warriors of Latin America. Fuerza Guerrera also adopted a black mask with red and blue markings \u2013 red representing passion and blue representing peace, a mask that quickly became his trademark. He made his in-ring debut as"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": " Fuerza Guerrera on December 19, 1979 in \"Arena Naucalpan\". Since his debut Guerrera has almost always worked as a \"Rudo\", a \"bad guy\" or \"Heel\" character, a choice he took early on as it fit with both his personality and his wrestling style.</s><s>Professional wrestling career.:Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (1981\u20131992). The combination of Guerrera's in-ring skills, natural charisma and unique mask quickly landed him a regular job working for Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL), Mexico's largest wrestling promotion. On September 25, 1981 Fuerza Guerrera made his first appearance at a major EMLL show as he wrestled and defeated Negro Casas on EMLL's 48th Anniversary show. On November 6, 1983 Guerrera defeated Aguila Venezolana in a tournament final to win the vacant Mexican National Lightweight Championship, the first professional wrestling championships of his career. In May, 1984 Guerrera vacated the title when he moved from the lightweight weight class (between and ) and into the Welterweight weight class (between and ). On December 3, 1985 Fuerza Guerrera captured the Mexican National Welterweight Championship when he"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": " defeated Javier Cruz. Guerrera held the title for approximately 240 days before vacating the title as he left EMLL to work for other wrestling promotions in Mexico. By late 1988 Guerrera had returned to EMLL and captured the NWA World Welterweight Championship on October 4, 1988 when he defeated Solar II and won the highest ranking title in the Welterweight division at the time. Guerrera would go on to make several successful title defenses until he lost to \u00c1guila Solitaria on June 2, 1980. Guerrera regained the title three days later and went on to have an 808-day reign that included successful title defenses against Pantera II, Americo Rocca, his trainer Gallo Tapado, Misterioso and Octag\u00f3n. In 1989 Guerrera also began working part-time in the Tijuana, Baja California based World Wrestling Association promotion, winning the WWA Welterweight Championship twice in 1989 and 1990. During his title reign Fuerza Guerrera began a long running storyline feud that quickly drew big crowds as the two talented young wrestlers worked a series of very highly thought off matches. On December 14, 1990 Fuerza Guerrera and Octag\u00f3n were involved in a three-way \"Luchas de Apu"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": "esta\" (\"bet match\"), round robin tournament along with Hurac\u00e1n Ram\u00edrez where their masks were on the line. In the end Guerrera managed to defeat both Octag\u00f3n and Ram\u00edrez, forcing the two to face off with their mask on the line. Guerrera sat on the sideline and watched Octag\u00f3n defeat Ram\u00edrez and unmask him after the match per Lucha Libre traditions. On December 15, 1991 Guerrera and Octag\u00f3n were once again involved in an \"Apuesta\" match where each could potentially lose their mask. The two teamed up to take on El Hijo del Santo and Black Shadow, Jr. in a \"Relevos suicida\" match, where the losing team is forced to wrestle each other with their mask on the line. Fuerza Guerrera pinned El Hijo del Santo to keep both his and Octag\u00f3n's mask safe, while Hijo del Santo would go on to unmask Black Shadow, Jr. On February 15, 1992 Fuerza Guerrera became the first ever CMLL World Welterweight Champion when he defeated El Khalifa in the finals of a 4-man tournament. Guerrera only held the title for 22 days before losing it"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": " to America.</s><s>Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n / AAA (1992\u20132007). In mid 1992 CMLL head booker Antonio Pe\u00f1a decided to break away from the promotion and start on his own, founding a company called Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n, later known simply as AAA. When Pe\u00f1a left CMLL a lot of wrestlers, especially younger wrestlers and lower weight division wrestlers, left with him to AAA, among those to leave was Fuerza Guerrera and his rival Octag\u00f3n who moved to AAA to continue their feud. One of Pe\u00f1a's creations was the annual \"Tripleman\u00eda\" event, starting with Tripleman\u00eda I on March 30, 1993 where Fuerza Guerrera teamed with Heavy Metal and Rambo in a loss to Octag\u00f3n, El Hijo del Santo and Villano III. In the months following Tripleman\u00eda I Fuerza's son, working under the name Juventud Guerrera, made his debut in AAA and began teaming with his father on a regular basis. On November 6, 1994 Fuerza Guerrera teamed with Madonna's Boyfriend, and Psicosis to defeat Rey Mysterio, Jr"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": "., Heavy Metal, and Latin Lover on the undercard of AAA's first ever Pay-Per-View \"AAA When Worlds Collide\". On December 2, 1994 Fuerza and Juventud Guerrera defeated Heavy Metal and Latin Lover to win the Mexican National Tag Team Championship, a title the team held for 181 days before losing the belts to Latin Lover and Panterita del Ring. The father son team would also win the WWA Tag Team Championship Los Guerreras also teamed with Psicosos to win the WWA Trios Championship from El Hijo del Santo, Octag\u00f3n and Rey Misterio, Jr. Fuerza Guerrera would also briefly hold the IWC World Middleweight Championship. In late 1995 AAA and \"Promo Azteca\" who had been co-promoting shows for about a year split up and Juventud Guerrera left AAA for Promo Azteca. Following his departure Los Guerreras were stripped of the National tag Team titles On September 6, 1996 Fuerza, Blue Panther and El Signo won the Mexican National Trios Championship, a title that would soon after become inactive as the three began working for different promotions. In 1997 Fuerza Guerrera teamed with Jerry Estrada"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": " and Heavy Metal, losing to H\u00e9ctor Garza, Perro Aguayo and El Canek at the World Wrestling Federations (WWF) 1997 Royal Rumble event, a match that came about due to the AAA/WWF working relationship at the time. This was Guerrera's only WWF appearance. On May 15, 1997 Fuerza Guerrera teamed with Mosco de la Merced to win the Mexican National Tag Team title for a third time. A couple of months later the original Mosco de la Merced left AAA and was quietly replaced by Mosco de la Merced II who took both the original wrestlers bookings and his half of the Mexican tag team title. The team held the tag team titles until losing to the father/son team of Perro Aguayo and Perro Aguayo, Jr. on June 7, 1998. In 2001 Fuerza Guerrera made his return to CMLL, initially to team with Blue Panther and El Signo to lose the Mexican National Trios title to Mr. Niebla, Ol\u00edmpico and Safari, handing the titles over to CMLL. In 2002 Guerrera, Blue Panther and Dr. Wagner, Jr. had a brief run with the CMLL World Trios Championship"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": " as they won the title by defeating Black Warrior, Mr. Niebla and Antifaz del Norte and held them for 91 days before losing the belts to Atlantis, Black Warrior and Mr. Niebla. Following his year long stint in CMLL Fuerza Guerrera returned to AAA. At Tripleman\u00eda XIII teamed with Los Hell Brothers (Chessman and Cibern\u00e9tico) in main event, losing to Latin Lover, La Parka and Fuerza's career long rival Octag\u00f3n. In 2007 became involved in a storyline where he would actually wrestle his own son, Juventud Guerrera for the first time in his career. The two met in a Street Fight at Tripleman\u00eda XV which saw Juventud defeat his father. Fuerza wrestled his last major match for AAA when he took part in a joint AAA/Pro Wrestling NOAH show, TripleSEM on September 3, 2007. Fuerza teamed with Antifaz and Histeria, losing to the Mexican Powers (Juventud, Joe L\u00edder and Crazy Boy) in a match that also involved El Elegido, KENTA and Taiji Ishimori.</s><s>Professional wrestling career.:International Wrestling Revolution Group ("}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": "2008\u2013present). In 2007 Fuerza Guerrera worked his final match for AAA and began working on the independent circuit and making regularly appearances for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG). One of Guerrera's early IWRG appearances was at the 2008 \"Rey del Ring\" (Spanish for \"King of the Ring\") tournament, which was won by Scorpio, Jr. On May 5, 2008 Fuerza Guerrera defeated Multifac\u00e9tico to win the IWRG Intercontinental Welterweight Championship. Besides working for IWRG Fuerza Guerrera also worked on Blue Demon, Jr.'s NWA Mexico debut show, teaming with El Dandy and Hijo del Siltario in a main event loss to Blue Demon, Jr., El Hijo del Santo and Rayo de Jalisco, Jr. On June 7, 2008 Guerrera lost the IWRG Welterweight title to Black Terry only to regain it on November 16, 2008. Guerrera still works for IWRG as well as helping his son build a new wrestling promotion called \"Gran Prix Championship Wrestling Super-X\" (GPCW). Despite not working for the same promotion both Octag\u00f3n and Fuerza Guerrera have"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": " expressed a desire for a one on one \"Luchas de Apuesta\" between the two before either of them retire from wrestling. On May 23, 2010 Guerrera lost the IWRG Intercontinental Welterweight championship to Dr. Cerebro after holding the title for 553 days.</s><s>Personal life. Fuerza Guerrera is the father of professional wrestler Juventud Guerrera. He and his son have had personal problems since the 90's, when Juventud went to wrestle in the USA. On October 9, 2018, Guerrera presented his other children as professional wrestlers, his son Fuerza Guerrera Jr/El Hijo de Fuerza Guerrera (45 years) and his daughter Fuerza Guerrera/Hija de Fuerza Guerrera (35 years). He is the uncle of professional wrestler Furia Guerrera, who after a brief stint in AAA in 1998 wrestled in the independent circuit until his murder in August 2009.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments. - Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n / AAA - Mexican National Middleweight Championship (1 time) - Mexican National Tag Team Championship (3 times) \u2013 with Juventud Guerrera (2), and Mosco"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": " de la Merced (I/II) - Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) \u2013 with Blue Panther and Psicosis - IWC World Middleweight Championship (1 time) - Young Stars Tag Team Tournament: 1997 \u2013 with Mosco de la Merced - Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre / Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre - CMLL World Trios Championship (1 time) \u2013 with Blue Panther and Dr. Wagner, Jr. - CMLL World Welterweight Championship (1 time) - Mexican National Lightweight Championship (1 time) - Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) \u2013 with Blue Panther and El Signo - Mexican National Welterweight Championship (1 time) - NWA World Welterweight Championship (2 times) - Copa Ovaciones: 2001 \u2013 with El Felino - International Wrestling Revolution Group - IWRG Intercontinental Welterweight Championship (2 times) - Pro Wrestling Illustrated - PWI ranked him #96 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2002 - World Wrestling Association - WWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) \u2013 with Juventud Guerrera - WWA Trios Championship (1 time) \u2013 with Juventud Guerrera and P"}, {"title": "Fuerza Guerrera", "text": "sicosis - WWA Welterweight Championship (2 times)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Fuerza Guerrera", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000259", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n.", "docs": [{"title": "Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n", "text": "<s>Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n Serra (born September 23, 1942) is a Puerto Rican politician, businesswoman, and philanthropist who was the governor of Puerto Rico from 2001 to 2005. She is the first woman elected to that office. Prior to her term as governor, Calder\u00f3n held various positions in the government of Puerto Rico, including the 12th Secretary of State of Puerto Rico from 1988 to 1989, and Chief of Staff to Governor Rafael Hern\u00e1ndez Col\u00f3n. She was also mayor of San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico, from 1997 to 2001.</s><s>Early life and education. Sila Calder\u00f3n Serra was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico on September 23, 1942, to entrepreneur C\u00e9sar Augusto Calder\u00f3n and Sila Serra Jes\u00fas. Her maternal grandfather Miguel Serra Joy emigrated from Mallorca, Balearic Islands to Puerto Rico in the late 19th century with Calder\u00f3n granted Spanish citizenship in 2012. She attended high school at the Colegio Sagrado Coraz\u00f3n de Las Madres in Santurce, Puerto Rico. In 1964 she graduated with honors from Manhattanville College in Purchase, New York, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Government"}, {"title": "Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n", "text": ". She later attended the Graduate School of Public Administration at the University of Puerto Rico.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:First career years: 1973\u20131985. Her career began in 1973 when she was named Executive Aide to the Labor Secretary, Luis Silva Recio. Two years later, she was named Special Aide for Economic Development to then Governor, Rafael Hern\u00e1ndez Col\u00f3n. After Hern\u00e1ndez Col\u00f3n was defeated in the 1976 general elections, Calder\u00f3n went to work on the private sector working as Director of Business Development at Citibank, N.A. in San Juan. At the time, Citibank in San Juan was one of John Reed's experimental marketing centers. As part of her business development responsibilities, Calder\u00f3n designed and marketed several new consumer products which significantly increased the earnings of the Retail Division of the Bank. In 1978, she became president of Commonwealth Investment Company, a family real estate concern that owned and managed industrial buildings.</s><s>Professional career.:First government positions: 1985\u20131990. In 1984, Rafael Hern\u00e1ndez Col\u00f3n was again elected governor and he appointed Calder\u00f3n as Chief of Staff, being the first woman in that position. In 1988, Hern\u00e1ndez Col\u00f3n"}, {"title": "Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n", "text": " named her Puerto Rico's 12th Secretary of State. During this time, Calder\u00f3n was also part of the Governor's Economic Adviser Council and the board of directors of the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank and the Center for Specialized Studies in Government Management. She also presided the Inversions Committee of the Industrial Development Company. She was also Secretary General of the Commission that organized the activities of the Fifth Centenary of the Discovery of the Americas.</s><s>Professional career.:Return to private life: 1989\u20131995. Calder\u00f3n resigned in 1989 and returned to her business endeavors. She served on the boards of major local corporations such as BanPonce, Banco Popular, and Pueblo International. She also served as part of the Committee for Economic Development of Puerto Rico, the Sor Isolina Ferr\u00e9 Foundation, and as President of the Puerto Rico Public Broadcasting Corporation during 1991 and 1992.</s><s>Political career.</s><s>Political career.:Mayor of San Juan: 1997\u20132001. Calder\u00f3n returned to public life in 1995, running in the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) primary for Mayor of San Juan. She won the primary handily over her two opponents by a huge margin. After that, she became President of the Municipal Committee of the PPD in San Juan, and later"}, {"title": "Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n", "text": " became part of the board of directors of the Party. In the 1996 mayoral general election, she was elected Mayor of San Juan, becoming the second woman in the city's history to serve in that office and the first woman elected to the position. As mayor, she undertook one of the largest public works program in the city to date, sponsoring various urban redevelopment projects to revitalize Old San Juan, Condado, R\u00edo Piedras, Santurce, and other deteriorated sections of the city. She also initiated the Special Communities Program to assist poor communities\u2019 empowerment and economic development.</s><s>Political career.:Governor: 2001\u20132004. On April 21, 1999, Calder\u00f3n presented her candidacy to be Governor of Puerto Rico. On May 31, she won the primary and took the presidency of the party, with then-President An\u00edbal Acevedo Vil\u00e1 assuming the role of Vice-president. Acevedo Vil\u00e1 eventually became Calder\u00f3n's running mate for Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico. In 2000, Calder\u00f3n led the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) during a close campaign for governor against Carlos Pesquera (PNP) and Rub\u00e9n Berr\u00edos (PIP). Calder\u00f3n was elected governor, becoming the first elected female governor"}, {"title": "Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n", "text": " in the history of Puerto Rico. After being sworn in, Calder\u00f3n appointed her two daughters, Sila Mari and Mar\u00eda Elena, to serve as First Ladies. As governor, Calder\u00f3n took action to help the most disadvantaged communities. With the passing of Law 1 of 2001 the government invested $1 billion to create the Puerto Rico Office for Socioeconomic and Community Development with the intention of developing the marginalized communities of the island. The program intended to create 14,500 development projects in 686 communities. The program has been criticized for many of the projects never being completed and funds instead being diverted. In 2003, Calder\u00f3n announced her determination to fulfill the commitments of her platform and her decision not to seek re-election in 2004. On May 26, 2004, Calder\u00f3n had to deal with a man who entered La Fortaleza, the governor's mansion, with a knife and took a receptionist hostage, demanding to speak directly with Calder\u00f3n. After Calder\u00f3n negotiated with the hostage taker, the man dropped the knife and surrendered to the police.</s><s>Present. Calder\u00f3n is a partner in Inter-American Global Links, Inc. (IGlobaL), a business and trade consulting firm with links in Central America, the Caribbean and the United States. She"}, {"title": "Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n", "text": " chairs a philanthropic Foundation which has establish a non-profit and non-partisan entity \u2013 The Center for Puerto Rico: Sila M. Calder\u00f3n Foundation \u2013 which gives attention to the issues of poverty, women, urban revitalization, ethical values and social responsibility.</s><s>Honours and awards. During her career, Calder\u00f3n has received many honors and awards: - The Puerto Rico Chamber of Commerce named her Outstanding Woman in the Public Sector three times (1975, 1985, 1987). - In 2005, she was named as one of the Distinguished Women of the Year by the Product Association of Puerto Rico. - In 1987, she was granted the Order of Isabella the Catholic by Juan Carlos I, King of Spain. - In 1988, she was selected Leader of the Year in the field of Public Works by the American Public Works Association, Chapter of Puerto Rico. - In 2003, she received the Harvard Foundation Award. - In 2004, she received the Golden Plate Award from the Academy of Achievement in Washington, DC. Calder\u00f3n has also received several honorary degrees: - 1989 \u2013 Manhattanville College \u2013 Doctor in Arts and Humanities - May 1997 \u2013 Manhattanville College \u2013 Doctor of Humane Letters - May 2001 \u2013 Boston University \u2013 Doctor of Laws - May 2001 \u2013 New School"}, {"title": "Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n", "text": " University \u2013 Doctor of Laws During her tenure, Calder\u00f3n gave particular attention to strengthening the economic, commercial and cultural ties between Puerto Rico and its Latin American neighbors. Underlining this effort, official visits were paid by Governor Calder\u00f3n to the Dominican Republic, Panama and Costa Rica in the years 2001, 2002 and 2004. In recognition of her administration's efforts of collaboration between these countries and Puerto Rico, their governments bestowed upon her their most important civil orders: the Order of Merit of Duarte, S\u00e1nchez and Mella of the Dominican Republic; the Order of N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa of Panama; and the Order of Juan Santamar\u00eda of Costa Rica.</s><s>Personal life. Calder\u00f3n was married to engineer Francisco Xavier Gonz\u00e1lez Goenaga from 1964 to 1975. They had three children together: Sila Mar\u00eda, Francisco Xavier, and Mar\u00eda Elena. Both Sila Mar\u00eda and Mar\u00eda Elena are attorneys, and they served as \"First Ladies\" of the Commonwealth during Calder\u00f3n's governorship. Francisco is an investment banker at RBC Capital Markets. In 1978, Calder\u00f3n married entrepreneur Adolfo Krans. They divorced in 2001 after 23 years of marriage. Calder\u00f3n married again, during her tenure as governor, with Ram\u00f3n"}, {"title": "Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n", "text": " Cantero Frau, her former Secretary of the Department of Economic Development. The wedding was celebrated on September 10, 2003. They were divorced two years later.</s><s>See also. - List of Puerto Ricans \u2013 Governors - History of women in Puerto Rico - List of female governors in the United States</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sila Mar\u00eda Calder\u00f3n", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000260", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Abdulqawi Yusuf.", "docs": [{"title": "Abdulqawi Yusuf", "text": "<s>Abdulqawi Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf () is a Somali lawyer and judge serving on the International Court of Justice since 2009. He served as the court's president from 2018 to 2021.</s><s>Early life. Yusuf was born in the northeastern town of Eyl, Puntland. He holds a \"Juris Doctor\" (Somali National University) and holds a PhD in international law from the Graduate Institute of International Studies of Geneva. Prior to his doctorate, Yusuf completed post-graduate studies in international law at the University of Florence in Italy. He is fluent in Somali, Arabic, English, French, and Italian.</s><s>Career. Yusuf's previous positions include: Legal Adviser and Director of the Office of International Standards and Legal Affairs for UNESCO from March 2001 to January 2009, Legal Advisor (1994\u20131998) and Assistant Director General for African Affairs, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna (1998\u20132001), Representative and Head of the New York office of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (1992\u20131994) and Chief of the Legal Policies Service of UNCTAD (1987\u20131992), Lecturer in law at the Somali National University (1974\u2013"}, {"title": "Abdulqawi Yusuf", "text": "1981) and at the University of Geneva (1981\u20131983), and Somali delegate to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1975\u20131980). He has also been guest professor and lecturer at a number of universities and institutes in Switzerland, Italy, Greece and France. Yusuf was elected to the Institut de droit international in 1999 and is currently a member. He is the founder and General Editor of the African Yearbook of International Law. Yusuf is also one of the founders of the African Foundation for International Law, as well as the chairperson of its executive committee. In addition, Yusuf has authored several books and numerous articles on various aspects of international law as well as articles and op-ed pieces in newspapers on current Northeast African and Somali affairs. He is a member of the editorial advisory board of the Asian Yearbook of International Law, and a member of the Thessaloniki Institute of Public International Law and International Relations curatorium. He also previously served as a judge ad hoc at the International Court of Justice.</s><s>Career.:ICJ Judge. On 6 February 2009, he was appointed as a judge at the International Court of Justice. On 6 February 2015, he was elected vice-president of the court. In 2011"}, {"title": "Abdulqawi Yusuf", "text": ", Yusuf would later gain a seat in the advisory council of The Hague Institute for Global Justice. On 6 February 2018, Yusuf was appointed President of the International Court of Justice. He became the third African to hold the title after Nigeria's Taslim Olawale Elias (1982-1985) and Algeria's Mohamed Bedjaoui (1994-1997).</s><s>Lectures. - \"The Notion of Cultural Heritage in International Law\" in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law - \"The Role of the African Union in the Maintenance of Peace and Security in Africa\" in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law - St\"rengthening multilateralism and the role of the UN - Security Council\" in the UN Web TV</s><s>Publications. - Panafricanisme et droit international, Acad\u00e9mie de droit international de La Haye, hors collection, 2017. - Intellectual Property and International Trade:\u00a0 The Trips Agreement (ed. with C. Correa), 3rd Edition (Kluwer Law International, 2016). - African Yearbook of International Law, (Founder and General Editor), (Vols. 1-21),"}, {"title": "Abdulqawi Yusuf", "text": " 1993\u20132016, Kluwer Law International and Nijhoff Publishers (London, The Hague, Boston). - Pan-Africanism and International Law, Brill, Nijhoff, 2014. - L\u2019Union africaine: cadre juridique et institutionnel. Manuel sur l\u2019organisation panafricaine (ed. with F. Ouguergouz), Paris:\u00a0 Pedone, 2013. - The African Union:\u00a0 Legal and Institutional Framework.\u00a0 A Manual on the Pan-African Organization (ed. with F. Ouguergouz), Leiden: Nijhoff, 2012. - Standard setting in UNESCO/L\u2019action normative \u00e0 l\u2019UNESCO (ed.), Paris: UNESCO Publishing and Leiden: Nijhoff, 2007. - Intellectual Property and International Trade:\u00a0 the TRIPS Agreement (ed. with C. Correa), The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1st edition, 1998, 2nd edition, 2007. - International Technology Transfer:\u00a0 The Origins and Aftermath of the United Nations Negotiations on a Draft Code of Conduct\u00a0 (ed. with S.J. Patel and P. Roffe), The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001. -"}, {"title": "Abdulqawi Yusuf", "text": " Legal Aspects of Trade Preferences for Developing States:\u00a0 A study in the Influence of Development Needs on the Evolution of International Law, The Hague:\u00a0 Nijhoff Publishers, 1982.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Abdulqawi Yusuf", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000261", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ezechiel N'Douassel.", "docs": [{"title": "Ezechiel N'Douassel", "text": "<s>Ezechiel N'Douassel Ezechiel Aliadjim N'Douassel (; born 22 April 1988) is a Chadian professional footballer who plays a striker forthe Chad national team. He is also nicknamed \"King Eze\" and \"Giga Chad\".</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. N'Douassel began his career in 2006 at local side Tourbillon FC before moving to Algeria in 2007 to play for MC Oran and he joined USM Blida.</s><s>Club career.:USM Blida. In his debut for USM Blida, Ndouassel scored a brace against MC El Eulma, with goals in the 86th and 90th minute to give his team a 2\u20131 win. He would end the season with five goals in fifteen appearances. During his time at USM Blida, N'Douassel was linked with a number of European clubs including Olympique de Marseille, Arsenal, Monaco and Mallorca. On July 20, 2009, it was announced that Ndouassel joined Belgian club FCV Dender on a free transfer and signed a 3-year contract worth \u20ac200,000 after impressing on trial in friend"}, {"title": "Ezechiel N'Douassel", "text": "lies against Roeselare and Hamme. However, the move was not finalized and Ndouassel was forced to return to USM Blida shortly after because he was still under contract with the club.</s><s>Club career.:Club Africain. On January 9, 2011, Ndouassel signed a 4-year contract with Tunisian side Club Africain. In July 2014, Ndouassel was reported to have moved to Paris FC on loan, with an option to buy. However this move fell through due to financial constraints on the French club, and with Club African unwilling to include him in their squad, left Ndouassel looking for a new club.</s><s>Club career.:Ironi Kiryat Shmona. On 4 September 2016 he signed a 3-year contract with Ironi Kiryat Shmona. In January 2017 he left the club.</s><s>Club career.:Persib Bandung. On 7 August 2017, he signed a half year contract with Persib Bandung and retained for the following season. He made his league debut in a 0\u20130 against Arema on 12 August 2017 as a substitute for Tantan in the 45th minute. On 20 August 2017, N'Douas"}, {"title": "Ezechiel N'Douassel", "text": "sel scored his first league goal for Persib against Gresik United as his team won 6\u20130. He was also the top scorer for Persib in 2018 season with 17 goals, and retained by the club until 2020. He scored quattrick in a match against PSM Makassar on 22 December 2019.</s><s>Club career.:Bhayangkara. In January 2020, N'Douassel completed a move to Bhayangkara FC on a 2-year deal.</s><s>Club career.:Bhayangkara.:2020 season. N'Douassel made his debut for Bhayangkara, coming on as a substitute for Herman Dzumafo, in a pre-season cup game against Cambodian C-League club Visakha as his team won 1\u20130. N'Douassel scored his first goal for Bhayangkara in the same pre-season cup against Malaysia Super League club Petaling Jaya City, scoring a goal in the 55th-minute, which saw Bhayangkara crowned as the champion. On 29 February 2020, N'Douassel made his first league debut for Bhayangkara against Persiraja Banda Aceh as"}, {"title": "Ezechiel N'Douassel", "text": " his team drew 0\u20130. On 31 March 2020 N'Douassel scored his first league goal for Bhayangkara against Persija Jakarta as his team drew 2\u20132.</s><s>Club career.:Bhayangkara.:2021 season. On 29 August 2021, N'Douassel scored a brace in Bhayangkara's first league match in 2021-22 Liga 1, earning them a 2\u20131 win over Persiraja Banda Aceh. N'Douassel scored two goals in a 3\u20132 win against Barito Putera, extending Bhayangkara unbeaten streak to six matches. On the following matchday, he started against his former club Persib Bandung, which ended his team's unbeaten run with a score of 2\u20130.</s><s>International career. Ezechiel is the captain and the national team's most capped player and top scorer in the history. He is a member of the Chad national team since 2005. He played on 2005 CEMAC Cup, 2007 CEMAC Cup, 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualification in a matches against South Africa home and away, against Zambia and Congo, and in the 2010 World Cup qualification against the Congo home and away, and Sudan"}, {"title": "Ezechiel N'Douassel", "text": " and Mali at home. In the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification he played matches against Togo at home, Botswana home and away, Tunisia at home and away, and Malawi both away and at home. He also played the home match against Tanzania, in a 2014 World Cup qualification.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ezechiel N'Douassel", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000262", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Tarik Elyounoussi.", "docs": [{"title": "Tarik Elyounoussi", "text": "<s>Tarik Elyounoussi Tarik Elyounoussi (, \"\", ; born 23 February 1988) is a professional footballer who plays for Japanese club Shonan Bellmare. His preferred position is a forward, but he can also play as a winger.</s><s>Club career. Born in Al Hoceima, Morocco, Elyounoussi moved to Norway with his family when he was 11 years old. He started playing football in the club Nylende in Fredrikstad, and then joined Trosvik, in which many of the young players in the Fredrikstad youth team have their roots. He was considered to be the greatest talent Fredrikstad has produced in decades. As such he was awarded the Norwegian Young Player of the Year trophy in 2006 and 2007, after two great seasons in the league, and a Norwegian football cup trophy.</s><s>Club career.:SC Heerenveen. Elyounoussi was sought after by various Premier League clubs in the summer of 2008. However Fredrikstad accepted a bid on around \u20ac4 million from French club Le Mans on 8 July. But Elyounoussi had no interest in joining Le Mans. A few weeks later Elyounoussi signed a five-year contract with Heerenveen"}, {"title": "Tarik Elyounoussi", "text": " worth \u20ac3.5 million, on 22 July. He joined Heerenveen in August 2008. He scored in his debut match against FC Volendam. He also netted an important equalizer for Heerenveen in their first round UEFA Cup match away against Vit\u00f3ria F.C., and his second league goal came against NEC Nijmegen.</s><s>Club career.:Return to Norway. On 19 February 2010, Lillestr\u00f8m SK loaned the 21-year-old talented forward until the end of season from SC Heerenveen. On 7 January 2011, Elyounoussi returned to Fredrikstad FK and Tippeligaen. Elyounoussi signed for Rosenborg on 9 August 2012, binding him to the club to the end of the 2015 season. Elyounoussi and Mikkel Diskerud's transfers was announced at half time during the UEFA Europa League qualifier against Servette.</s><s>Club career.:1899 Hoffenheim. Rosenborg announced on 18 June 2013 that they had sold Elyounoussi to Hoffenheim, and bought Alexander S\u00f8derlund from Haugesund as his replacement. Elyounoussi joined the German side after Rosenborg's match against Str\u00f8msg"}, {"title": "Tarik Elyounoussi", "text": "odset on 22 June.</s><s>Club career.:Olympiacos. Olympiacos announced that this club had agreement with TSG Hoffenheim for signing Tarik Elyounoussi on 26 August with the transfer fee estimated to \u20ac1 million. On 11 September 2016, he scored his first goal with the club in a hammering 6-1 home win against Veria F.C. He played a vital role in the club, in acquiring the 7th consecutive Super League title.</s><s>Club career.:Qaraba\u011f. On 31 August 2017, Azerbaijani champions Qaraba\u011f FK signed Elyounoussi on loan until the end of 2017\u201318 season. The 30-year-old Moroccan-born Norwegian international was a member of Qaraba\u011f during the first half of 2017\u201318 season, on loan from the Reds, but made only seven official performances in all competitions and failed to impress.</s><s>Club career.:AIK. On 30 January 2018, Swedish outfit AIK announced the transfer of Elyounoussi from Olympiacos on a two-year deal; details of the fees involved have not been disclosed. In 2018, he won the Swedish league, Allsvenskan, together with AIK."}, {"title": "Tarik Elyounoussi", "text": "</s><s>Club career.:Shonan Bellmare. On 12 January 2020, Japanese side Shonan Bellmare announced the transfer of Elyounoussi from AIK on a two-year deal; details of the fees involved were not disclosed. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3\u20131 defeat to Kawasaki Frontale on 26 July 2020.</s><s>International career. Elyounoussi scored on his debut for the national team against Uruguay on 28 May 2008 after only four minutes on the pitch; this was one of the fastest ever debut goal on the national team. He scored his second national team goal on 15 January 2012, in the opening match of 2012 King's Cup against Denmark, which was his fifth cap for Norway. Elyounoussi was chosen as captain for the international friendlies against South Africa and Zambia in January 2013, and scored the winning goal in the 1\u20130 victory against South Africa.</s><s>Personal life. Elyounoussi was born in Morocco, he represents the Norway national team. Elyounoussi is he cousin of Mohamed Elyounoussi, who is also a Norwegian international footballer.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>"}, {"title": "Tarik Elyounoussi", "text": "Honours. Fredrikstad - Norwegian Football Cup: 2006 SC Heerenveen - KNVB Cup: 2008\u201309 Olympiacos - Super League Greece: 2016\u201317 AIK - Allsvenskan: 2018 Individual - Norwegian Young Player of the Year: 2006, 2007</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Tarik Elyounoussi", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000263", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Deyverson.", "docs": [{"title": "Deyverson", "text": "<s>Deyverson Deyverson Brum Silva Acosta (born 8 May 1991), also known as \"Deyvinho\", or simply known as Deyverson, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Cuiab\u00e1.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Born in Santa Margarida, a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Deyverson began his career with lowly local side Gr\u00eamio Mangaratibense in 2011. Known as \"Acosta\" at the time, he made his senior debut on 10 March 2011, starting and scoring the opener in a 2\u20130 Campeonato Carioca S\u00e9rie C home win against Duquecaxiense. During his two-year period at Mangaratibense, Deyverson scored 18 goals in 31 appearances, being his side's top goalscorer in the two Carioca S\u00e9rie C editions where he played.</s><s>Club career.:Benfica. On 5 September 2012, after a trial period, Deyverson joined Benfica on a three-year deal. He was placed on the reserve side and made his debut on 19 September 2012, against Tondela. His first goal was in the immediate"}, {"title": "Deyverson", "text": " matchday, scoring the winner in a 2\u20131 away victory at Oliveirense. He scored 8 league goals throughout the season, being on the starting eleven only 12 times.</s><s>Club career.:Belenenses. On 6 August 2013, Deyverson joined Belenenses, signing a four-year deal. After settling as the main striker in 2014\u201315, he scored the only goal in a 1\u20131 draw at Alvalade. On 2 February 2015, Deyverson signed a six-month loan deal with Bundesliga team, 1. FC K\u00f6ln. He scored his first goal on 8 March 2015, against Eintracht Frankfurt.</s><s>Club career.:Levante. On 27 July 2015, Deyverson signed a four-year deal with La Liga side Levante UD, for a rumoured \u20ac2 million fee. He made his debut in the category on 23 August, starting in a 1\u20132 home loss against Celta de Vigo. Deyverson scored his first goal in the main category of Spanish football on 23 September 2015, scoring a last-minute equalizer in a 2\u20132 home draw against SD Eibar. On 22 November, he contributed with a brace in a 3\u20130 away win against"}, {"title": "Deyverson", "text": " Sporting de Gij\u00f3n, taking his tally up to four goals in ten matches. On 21 July 2016, after Levante's relegation, Deyverson signed a one-year loan deal with Deportivo Alav\u00e9s also in the top level, with a buyout clause. On 10 September he scored his first goal for the club, netting the first in a 2\u20131 historical win against FC Barcelona at the Camp Nou.</s><s>Club career.:Palmeiras. On 11 July 2017 Deyverson returned to his homeland, after agreeing to a five-year contract with Palmeiras. He helped the club lift the 2018 Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A by scoring nine goals, but subsequently fell down the packing order after the arrival of Luiz Adriano. On 21 January 2020, Deyverson returned to Spain after agreeing to a loan deal with Getafe CF in the first division for the remainder of the campaign. On 23 August, he returned to Alav\u00e9s also in a temporary deal. On 27 November 2021, Deyverson scored the winning goal in the final of the Copa Libertadores in the 5th minute of extra time, following a defensive error from Flamengo midfielder Andreas Pereira and"}, {"title": "Deyverson", "text": " was elected the Man of the Match.</s><s>Club career.:Cuiab\u00e1. On 4 August 2022, Deyverson joined S\u00e9rie A club Cuiab\u00e1 on a free transfer.</s><s>Club statistics.</s><s>Honours. Palmeiras - Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A: 2018 - Copa Libertadores: 2021 - Recopa Sudamericana: 2022 - Campeonato Paulista: 2022</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Deyverson", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000264", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Muhammad Qutb.", "docs": [{"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": "<s>Muhammad Qutb Muhammad Qutb, (; ;\u200e 1919 \u2013 April 4, 2014) was a Muslim author, scholar and teacher who is best known as the younger brother of the Egyptian Muslim thinker Sayyid Qutb. After his brother was executed by the Egyptian government, Muhammad moved to Saudi Arabia, where he promoted his brother's ideas.</s><s>Background. Muhammad Qutb was the second oldest of five children born in the Upper Egyptian village of Musha near Asyut, 13 years younger than his elder brother, Sayyid. When his father died in 1933, his mother moved with her children to live in Helwan near Cairo. He studied English literature at the Cairo University, graduating in 1940, and later obtained diplomas in psychology and education. He was arrested a few days before Sayyid (on July 29, 1965) for his alleged co-leadership along with his brother in a plot to kill leading political and cultural figures in Egypt and overthrow the government. His brother died on the gallows in 1966, but Muhammad's life was spared and he, along with other members of the Muslim Brotherhood took refuge in Saudi Arabia. There he edited and published Sayyid's books and taught as a professor of Islamic Studies at"}, {"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": " (according to different sources) either Mecca's Umm al-Qura University, and/or King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, and that either Osama bin Laden or Ayman al-Zawahiri (al Qaeda's #2 and leading theorist), was a student. Osama bin Laden recommended \"Sheikh Muhammad Qutb's\" book, \"\"Concepts that Should be Corrected\" in a 2004 videotape. According to Lawrence Wright, who interviewed Muhammad Qutb and a close friend in college of bin Laden's, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, bin Laden \"usually attended\" Muhammad Qutb's weekly public lectures at King Abdul-Aziz University. In addition to making available his brother's work, he worked to advance his ideas by \"smoothing away\" differences between his brother's radical supporters and more conservative Muslims, particularly other members of the Muslim Brotherhood. Muhammad took a less-literal interpretation of his brother's famous statement that the Muslim world and Muslim governments were \"jahiliyya\" (returned to pagan ignorance, and thus no longer Muslim). He denied that the country that had given him refuge (Saudi Arabia) was \"jahiliyya\" and in 1975 came out publicly against takfir,"}, {"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": " or judging Muslims as unbelievers.Sivan, Emmanuel, \"Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics,\" Yale University, 1985, p.111 He also worked to reconcile the doctrine of the Muslims Brothers with \"the salafism that prevailed in his host country\". In 1986, Safar Al-Hawali defended his dissertation under Qutb's supervision. \"His defense was so impressive\" that Qutb \"declared in public that the student had surpassed his teacher\". Al-Hawali went on to become one of the \"two main figures of the sahwa\" (Islamist awakening), which \"mingled radical Wahhabism with Sayyid Qutb's ideas\". Muhammad was an author in his own right and his writings are widespread in the Arab world and nearly as prolific as his brother's. \"Jahiliyya in the Twentieth Century\" is perhaps his best-known work, and gained notoriety as an alleged terrorist handbook (along with his brother's \"Milestones\") when the government claimed to find the two in police searches of plotters' homes and environs. Another very popular work, \"Islam: the Misunderstood Religion,\" expands on his brother's ideas, describing the ways in which"}, {"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": " fundamentalist Islam is superior to the \"perverted... inhuman... crazy... savage and backward\" Western world. Qutb died at a hospital in Mecca on 4 April 2014 at the age of 95.</s><s>Influence. His teaching has been influential on 20th-century Muslim thought, particularly in Saudi Arabia following his move there in 1972. In addition to his teaching position at the Umm al-Qura University and the King Abdulaziz University Qutb also held private teaching circles and disseminated his lectures by means of cassettes, printed pamphlets and, from the late 1990s onwards, the internet. This helped to spread his popularity beyond university students. One of Qutb\u2019s most famous students was Safar al-Hawali, whose thesis on murji\u2019ism and secularization draws heavily on Qutb\u2019s own teaching on the subject. Qutb also played an important role in the Sahwa movement, the adherents of which often quote his writings. In addition, Muhammad Qutb\u2019s editorial rights over the works of his late brother, Sayyid Qutb, enabled him to select which of Sayyid Qutb\u2019s works were published and to censor aspects that he regarded as"}, {"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": " incompatible with Sayyid Qutb\u2019s religious thought.</s><s>Anti-Semitism. In many of his writings M. Qutb criticized the current state of the Muslim world and emphasized its weakness in relation to western powers. He attributed that weakness to the Muslim themselves and described them as having failed to apply the true teachings of Islam to their lives or to the running of their societies. He depicted the world as living in a state of ignorance, or jahiliyya, of an even greater degree than the first jahiliyya, which had preceded the coming of the Prophet Muhammad. However, Muslim ignorance is not the only cause for the crisis in the Muslim world, according to Qutb. He also attributed the weakness of the Muslim world to Islam\u2019s enemies, whom he defined as the Christians and the Jews. Qutb often used the terms Crusaders to refer to Christians and Zionists to refer to Jews, by which he recalled earlier military conflicts between these religious groups and Muslim populations. Although Qutb regarded Christians as hostile to Islam, he viewed Christianity as having little influence over modern western society, which he argued is now controlled by Jews. That allowed him to construct a binary world view in which Islam, as a force"}, {"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": " for good, is pitted against a Jewish-controlled West. Other religious groups, such as Hindus or Buddhists, are rarely mentioned in his books. According to Qutb, Jews' hatred for Islam leads them to attack it wherever they can. Although some of his works referred to military conflicts, Qutb regarded Western cultural imperialism as the main means by which Jews seek to destroy Islam and Muslims. He portrayed this as a more subtle and dangerous method than military invasion because it destroys the Muslim world from within; through their exposure to secular ideas and values Muslims deviate from their religion, which weakens Muslim society as a whole and undermines political loyalty to other Muslim lands. Qutb portrayed western cultural imperialism as having begun with the Napoleonic expedition into Egypt after and then continued and increased in severity. He saw school education as one of the main instruments of western cultural imperialism and criticized it for instilling a slavish admiration of the west into Muslim school children. He also regarded the school system as undermining Islamic values by allowing boys and girls to receive the same education and often together. In addition to schools, Qutb also described newspapers as being used to disseminate the same misinformation and values learnt by the children to their parents, so that these did not object to"}, {"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": " what their children were learning. He gave the example of Maronite Christians working in journalism in Egypt to support his argument that newspapers were part of a religiously-motivated conspiracy to corrupt the Islamic values of their readers. A key aspect in Qutb\u2019s argument is his opposition to the education of girls and the changing social status of women in Islamic societies. He regarded the mother as central to the religious upbringing of the children and argued that feminism was the most effective means of corrupting Muslim society. That is, firstly, because women who go out to work or to study neglect their children and fail to instil the proper values into them. Secondly, when girls receive a secular education at school they pass this on to their children when they become mothers, which ultimately leads to the corruption of society as a whole. Therefore, Muhammad Qutb concluded that feminism and calls for female emancipation should be seen as a serious threat to the stability of Muslim society. Qutb\u2019s argument regarding western cultural influence over Muslim society draws heavily on anti-Semitic conspiracy theories such as The Elders of Zion, and he referred to these texts in his writings. However, his view of the role of women in preserving social structures is not generally an important aspect of anti-Semitic"}, {"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": " conspiracy theories. It may come from the French scientist and author Alexis Carrel, who also raised concerns about the effect of feminism on social structures and whose writings were well-known to both Muhammad and Sayyid Qutb.</s><s>Books. He wrote 36 books, including:</s><s>Books.:Essays. - \"Shubuh\u0101t Hawla al-Isl\u0101m\" (literally \"Misconceptions about Islam\") (\"Islam: The Misunderstood Religion\") - \"Islam: the Misunderstood Religion,\" Markazi Maktabi Islami, Delhi-6, 5th edition (English translation) - \"Dir\u0101s\u0101t f\u012b al-nafs al-ins\u0101n\u012byah\".[1963?] (\"Studies in human psychology\") BP166.73.Q8 Arab - \"Hal nahnu Muslim\u016bn\" (\"Are we Muslims?\") al-Q\u0101hirah : D\u0101r al-Shur\u016bq, 1980, - \"al-Ins\u0101n bayna al-m\u0101dd\u012byah wa-al-Isl\u0101m.\" (\"Man between the Material World and Islam\") B825.Q8 (Orien Arab) - \"al-Sahwah al-Isl"}, {"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": "\u0101m\u012byah\" (\"The Islamic Resurgence\")(al-Q\u0101hirah : Maktabat al-Sunnah, 1990) - \"Jahiliyat al-qarn al-`ishrin\" (\"Jahiliyya of the Twentieth Century\"), 292 p.; 23\u00a0cm. al-Qahirah : Dar al-Shuruq, ; - \"The Concept of Islam and Our Understanding of It\" - \"The Future is for Islam\" - \"Islam and the Crisis of the Modern World\" 28 p.; published by The Islamic Foundation, 1979. - \"Waqena Al -moaser\", 527 p.; published by D\u0101r al-Shur\u016bq, 1979. - \"Qabas\u0101t min al-Ras\u016bl\" - \"Ri\u1e25lah il\u00e1 al-\u1e24ij\u0101z\" - \"al-Ta\u1e6dawwur wa-al-thab\u0101t f\u012b \u1e25ay\u0101t al-bashr\u012byah\", on religion and science - \"Ma\u1e25m\u016bd al-Badaw\u012b : \u02bb\u0101shiq al-qi\u1e63\u1e63ah al-qa\u1e63\u012b"}, {"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": "rah\", biographical work on Egyptian writer Mahmud al-Badawi - \"al-Fann wa-al-bas\u0101\u1e6dah : qir\u0101\u02bcah fi al-qi\u1e63\u1e63ah al-qa\u1e63\u012brah \u02bbinda Tharwat Ab\u0101\u1e93ah\", study of the works of Egyptian writer Tharwat Abaza - \"Mu\u1e25ammad Jubr\u012bl wa-\u02bb\u0101lamuhu al-qa\u1e63a\u1e63\u012b\", study of the works of Egyptian writer Muhammad Jibril - \"al-Ru\u02bc\u00e1 wa-al-a\u1e25l\u0101m : qir\u0101\u02bcah f\u012b nu\u1e63\u016b\u1e63 riw\u0101\u02bc\u012byah\", literary criticism on Arab novel - \"al-Sard f\u012b muw\u0101jahat al-w\u0101qi\u02bb : fu\u1e63\u016bl min al-qi\u1e63\u0323\u1e63ah al-Su\u02bb\u016bd\u012byah\", literary criticism on Saudi literature</s><s>Books.:Novels. - \"al-Sayyid alladh\u012b ra\u1e25al\" - \"al-Khur\u016bj il\u00e1 al-nab\u02bb\" -"}, {"title": "Muhammad Qutb", "text": " \"al-\u1e6caraf al-\u0101khar min al-bayt\"</s><s>Books.:Short stories. - \"al-Ban\u0101t wa-al-qamar\" - \"\u1e62ada\u02bc al-qul\u016bb\"</s><s>Books.:Poetry. - \"Daftar al-alw\u0101n\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Muhammad Qutb", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000265", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Fifi Cooper.", "docs": [{"title": "Fifi Cooper", "text": "<s>Fifi Cooper Refilwe Boingotlo Moeketsi (born 24 October 1991), known professionally as Fifi Cooper is a South African recording artist. Fifi Cooper started her music career as an R&B singer before her musical versatility saw her release her breakthrough rap single \"Chechela Morago\" in 2010. In 2015, she released her award-winning debut studio album \"20FIFI\".</s><s>Early life and education. Fifi Cooper is the last of three children. She had her early education in Montshiwa, Mahikeng, South Africa, where she also harnessed her ability in singing and dancing. She completed her secondary school education at Batswana High School, Mahikeng and her higher education at Boston Media House where she studied Media.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:2008\u20132014: Early beginnings. Fifi Cooper began singing at the age of 8 while in primary school; participating in various social extra-curricula activities. She professionally started her music career in 2008 when she made a guest appearance on Mo'Molemi's \"Motzamai: Rebel With a Pause\" album. Her breakthrough however came in 2010 following the release of her single titled \"Chechela"}, {"title": "Fifi Cooper", "text": " Morago\", a rap song that received massive airplay and did well to gain her new grounds in the South African music industry. Fifi Cooper also made vocal appearances in the remix of AKA's \"Baddest Remix\" single, Mo'Molemi's album titled \"Asia\", Khuli Chana's \"Lost in Time\" and Lection's \"Gentlemen's Club\".</s><s>Career.:2015\u20132019: \"20FIFI\". In 2015, Fifi Cooper signed a recording contract with Ambitiouz Entertainment, a South Africa-based record label. In early 2015, she released an AB Crazy-produced song titled \"Kisses\". The music video for \"Kisses\" was directed by Dino Benedetti and was released on YouTube on 24 May 2015. On 13 November 2015, Fifi Cooper released \"20FIFI\", her debut studio album which won three awards at the 15th Metro FM Music Awards and was further nominated in the \"Best Newcomer of The Year\" and \"Best Female Artist of The Year\" categories at the 2nd edition of the South African Music Awards. In February 2017, Fifi Cooper departed from Ambitiouz Entertainment along with A-Reece and the"}, {"title": "Fifi Cooper", "text": " hip hop duo B3nchMarQ.</s><s>Career.:2020-present: Upcoming album. After the departure from her former record label, she founded her own record label Mo Cooper records and later then released her first album under her very own record label. The 21 track album titled \"Take Me Back\" which includes hit songs such as \"Freedom & \"Zwagala\", features the likes of Thabsie, Moozlie, Towdeemac and Leon Lee to name a few. In November 2020, Fifi Cooper released her first single \"Net So\" off of her upcoming 2021 album titled Chapters. The music video for \"Net So\" which was shot by Mo Cooper Visuals, is also written & directed by The Boss Lady herself. On 11 March 2021, her single \"Motlogeleng\" was released. The song will serve as lead single from her upcoming album.</s><s>Artistry. Regarded by the local media as the \"Motswako first lady\", Fifi Coopers' musical versatility can see her rap and sing. Credited as the vocalist on Khuli Chana's hit single \"Mnatebawen\", she does the hip hop and Motswako genres of music."}, {"title": "Fifi Cooper", "text": " In an interview with \"YoMzansi\", Fifi Cooper describes her style of rap as \"unpredictable, punchy and hearty\".</s><s>Personal life. Fifi Cooper is a single mother, she has a son named Resego.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Fifi Cooper", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000266", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jos\u00e9 Cardozo.", "docs": [{"title": "Jos\u00e9 Cardozo", "text": "<s>Jos\u00e9 Cardozo Jos\u00e9 Saturnino Cardozo Otaz\u00fa (; born 19 March 1971) is a Paraguayan football manager and former professional footballer. He played as a striker and spent 10 years of his career playing for Toluca and is the club's all-time top goalscorer. He also managed Toluca in 2013 up to 2016. He is currently manager for Liga Nacional club Municipal. Cardozo earned 82 caps for Paraguay between 1991 and 2006, putting him ninth in their most-capped players of all time, with his haul of 25 international goals the second most for the nation. He represented them at three Copa Am\u00e9rica tournaments, two FIFA World Cups, and the 2004 Olympic tournament, winning silver in the latter.</s><s>Club career. Born in Nueva Italia in the Central Department, Cardozo began his professional career in 1988, making his debut for River Plate of Paraguay. After four years in River, he moved to Swiss club FC St. Gallen, where he played from 1990 to 1992. He returned to South America in 1993, joining Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile helping the team reach the 1993 Copa Libertadores de Am\u00e9rica final. The following year he played for"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Cardozo", "text": " Club Olimpia of Paraguay, from which he moved to Club Toluca of Mexico. Cardozo made his debut for Toluca in the 1995 season, but only appeared in three games, scoring no goals. However, in the subsequent winter season, he scored 7 goals in 13 games. In his ten years with the team, he has scored a record 249 goals for the club, including 36 goals in 25 matches in the 2002 Apertura. Cardozo was top scorer of the league four times (Verano 1998, Verano 1999, Apertura 2002, and Clausura 2003). He moved to the 4th spot in the list of all-time top scorers in the Mexico Primera Division after Jared Borgetti scored his 250th goal with Monarcas Morelia. Due to his work at Toluca, Cardozo was elected as the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in the years 2000, 2002 and 2003; and the South American Footballer of the Year in 2002. Despite the fact that he was fiercely opposed to the move, Cardozo was transferred to Argentine team San Lorenzo de Almagro in June 2005, and finished the season with only 4 goals due to injuries that kept him away from playing several games. However, many critics"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Cardozo", "text": " lambasted Cardozo for refusing to play through the pain. While playing for Toluca, Cardozo struggled through the 1997 campaign with hamstring problems and then played through much of the 2001 season despite suffering a broken wrist in the season opener. Cardozo is the all-time leading scorer for Toluca, with 249 goals in 332 appearances. In July 2006, Cardozo attempted to return to Club Olimpia to finish his career. He was unable to re-sign for the club because the Paraguayan league's transfer deadline had already passed. As a result of his inability to sign for Olimpia, he decided to retire from football. He scored 342 goals total in his career. In June 2008 a farewell match was organized in the city of Toluca to honor his career and contributions to football. Cardozo scored two goals in the match which had a sellout crowd.</s><s>Paraguay national team. Cardozo was the all-time leading scorer for the Paraguay national team, with 25 goals, until 2013, with the record being broken by Roque Santa Cruz. He played for his country at the 1998 and 2002 World Cups and was named in the original 2006 World Cup squad but he was injured during training sessions and replaced by Dante L\u00f3pez."}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Cardozo", "text": " Cardozo was also an over-age player at the 2004 Summer Olympics, when Paraguay finished second. On 4 August, before the Summer Olympics began, he played in a preparation game against the Portugal of Cristiano Ronaldo in the city of Algarve, resulting in a 5\u20130 defeat. He scored a hat-trick against Uruguay in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, with the final result being 4\u20131.</s><s>Coaching career.</s><s>Coaching career.:Club Olimpia. In November 2006, Club Olimpia's coach Oscar Paulin was fired due to poor performances by the team and Cardozo was named as the interim coach of the Paraguayan club, this being his first experience as a coach. He coached for the remainder of the year and for the 2007 Apertura tournament.true</s><s>Coaching career.:Indios. In October 2009 he was hired to be an assistant coach for the team of Indios de Juarez for the Apertura 2009.</s><s>Coaching career.:Indios.:Club Olimpia (Return). Cardozo returned to Olimpia Asunci\u00f3n in November 2009 following coach Carlos Kiese's resignation.</s><s>Coaching career.:Quer\u00e9taro FC"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Cardozo", "text": ". In 2011, he was hired as coach Quer\u00e9taro FC where he led the team into their first liguilla and the team's all team highest place (8th) and points (26) in Primera Divisi\u00f3n regular season. He managed to eliminate Guadalajara in the Quarter Finals and advance to a surprising semi-final where they lost to champions Tigres UANL 1\u20130. The following season however, Quer\u00e9taro began the season with poor results, which once again emerged relegation problems against rivals Atlas and Estudiantes Tecos (relegated) which led to Cardozo's resignation.</s><s>Coaching career.:Quer\u00e9taro FC.:Club Olimpia (Return). After spending the 2011 and 2012 seasons at Quer\u00e9taro, he was appointed to manage Olimpia once again on 25 September 2012 after the departure of Gregorio Perez.</s><s>Coaching career.:Toluca. On 7 May 2013, Cardozo was announced as the new manager for Club Deportivo Toluca of Mexico where he played for 10 years (1995-2005). On 1 May 2016, during the 2016 Clausura, Cardozo confirmed that he would no longer coach Toluca beyond the end of the"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Cardozo", "text": " season despite still having a year left on his contract. He stated that since he did not meet his objective of reaching the Liga MX playoffs with the club, he had nothing more to do with the club, citing that Toluca was a big club with directors and fans that expected a lot more of the team than he could continue to offer. He stated that when a team can no longer accomplish what is asked of it, that the first change that must come is the manager, no questions about it.</s><s>Coaching career.:Chiapas. Cardozo had a turbulent season at Chiapas during the Apertura 2016, being sacked in September and then brought back due to the petition of the chiapas players. He was ultimately sacked one week later after two more defeats.</s><s>Coaching career.:Puebla. Cardozo took over Puebla FC early in the Clausura 2017 season.</s><s>Coaching career.:Guadalajara. On 12 June 2018, Cardozo was appointed manager of Liga MX club Guadalajara.</s><s>Honours. Olimpia - 1993 Toluca - Mexican Primera Divisi\u00f3n: Verano 1998, Verano 1999, Verano 2000, Apertura 2002 - CONCACAF"}, {"title": "Jos\u00e9 Cardozo", "text": " Champions' Cup: 2003 Paraguay - CONMEBOL Men Pre-Olympic Tournament: 1992 - Summer Olympics silver medal: 2004 Individual - Mexican Primera Divisi\u00f3n Golden Ball: Apertura 2002 - Mexican Primera Divisi\u00f3n Golden Boot: Verano 1998, Verano 1999, Apertura 2002, Clausura 2003 - FIFA World Topscorer of the Year: 2003 (58 goals) - Paraguayan Footballer of the Year: 2000, 2002, 2003 - South American Footballer of the Year: 2002 - All-time scorer for Deportivo Toluca (249 goals)</s><s>See also. - Players and Records in Paraguayan Football</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jos\u00e9 Cardozo", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000267", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lina Marulanda.", "docs": [{"title": "Lina Marulanda", "text": "<s>Lina Marulanda Lina Marulanda (15 May 1980\u00a0\u2013 22 April 2010) was a Colombian television personality and model.</s><s>Early life. Marulanda was born Lina Mar\u00eda Marulanda Cuartas in Medell\u00edn, Colombia. She began her modeling career at age 12. She first attended Santa Mar\u00eda del Rosario de Medell\u00edn High School but moved to Parra Paris High School, from which she graduated, following conflicts with the directors and nuns at Santa Mar\u00eda. Her adolescence was extremely busy with fashion shows and photo shoots; in a 2004 interview, Marulanda said she regretted having grown up this way. After completing high school, Marulanda enrolled in Jorge Tadeo Lozano University in Bogota, where she studied advertising.</s><s>Career. In 2002, she debuted as a presenter at CM& News. She later worked at Caracol News for six years, where she presented the 0700 edition and the international section of the broadcast. Beginning in 2003, she presented the entertainment portion of the evening news alongside actress Margarita Ortega and later alongside model Adriana Arboleda. In December 2005, Marulanda went on to lead the entertainment portion of Carac"}, {"title": "Lina Marulanda", "text": "ol News at 12:30, with journalist and presenter Ivan Lalinde. In early 2007, she hosted the reality show \"Challenge 20-07\" on Canal Caracol. That July, she returned to CM& News, doing special reports on Colombiamoda 2007. She also reported on Colombiamoda 2007 for the station W Radio. On 24 July 2007, Marulanda joined the team of \"La hora del Regreso\" on W Radio, replacing Marcela Sarmiento. She was a spokesmodel for major brands of clothing, and appeared in magazines including \"SoHo\", \"Don Juan\", \"Cromos\", and \"G\".</s><s>Death. On 22 April 2010, Marulanda died upon falling from the balcony of her sixth-floor apartment. Her death was considered a suicide. Marulanda was with her parents, ex-husband, and a doctor at the time. She was in the midst of divorce proceedings with Carlos O\u00f1ate, her second husband, to whom she had been married for only three months.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lina Marulanda", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000268", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Zeca Pagodinho.", "docs": [{"title": "Zeca Pagodinho", "text": "<s>Zeca Pagodinho Jess\u00e9 Gomes da Silva Filho, known professionally as Zeca Pagodinho (, born February 4, 1959), is a Brazilian singer-songwriter working in the genres of samba and pagode.</s><s>Biography. Born in the neighborhood of Iraj\u00e1, Rio de Janeiro, Zeca Pagodinho grew up around the most traditional manifestations of samba and started making his own verses while still a kid at GRES Portela samba School. In the '70s, Zeca started frequenting the Carnival Block of Cacique de Ramos, which took place in Rio de Janeiro every Wednesday and became a true pagode's crib (pagode is a type of samba). Son of Jess\u00e9 da Silva and Irin\u00e9ia da Silva, grandson paternal of Jess\u00e9 Gomes da Silva and Milena da Silva, maternal of the president Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca and the president Mariana Cec\u00edlia de Sousa Meirelles da Fonseca, his sister is Irc\u00e9ia Pagodinho, his wife is M\u00f4nica Silva and his children are Eduardo, Elisa, Louis, and Maria Eduarda, his grandson is Noah,"}, {"title": "Zeca Pagodinho", "text": " his granddaughter is Catarina, his daughter in law is Thalita, At one of these jams, samba singer Beth Carvalho was impressed with Zeca's skills and invited him to record the song \"Camar\u00e3o Que Dorme a Onda Leva\" in 1983. From that point on, Zeca began to record his own albums. There are now 15 of them, and three DVDs. His creative, joyful, malicious songs translate the day-by-day of the typical easy going carioca and are a big success in Brazil. He's one of the biggest-sellers in the country, He lives at neighborhood of Barra da Tijuca with his wife M\u00f4nica Silva and his children Eduardo, Elisa, Louis, and Maria Eduarda. A song of his, \"Deixa a Vida Me Levar\" was featured in the game FIFA 2004. In 2015, his album \"Ser Humano\" was nominated for the 16th Latin Grammy Awards in the Best Samba/Pagode Album category.</s><s>Discography. - \"Mais Feliz\" (2019) - \"O Quintal do Pagodinho 3\" (2016) - \"Ser Humano\" (2015"}, {"title": "Zeca Pagodinho", "text": ") - \"Sambabook Zeca Pagodinho\" (2014) - \"Multishow Ao Vivo: 30 Anos - Vida Que Segue\" (2013) - \"O Quintal do Pagodinho\" (2012) - \"Ao Vivo com os Amigos\" (2011) - \"Vida da Minha Vida\" (2010) - \"Especial MTV \u2013 Uma Prova de Amor Ao Vivo\" (2009) - \"Uma prova de amor\" (2008) - \"Raridades\" (2007) - \"Ac\u00fastico MTV \u2013 Zeca Pagodinho 2 \u2013 Gafieira\" (2006) - \"\u00c0 Vera\" (2005) - \"Ac\u00fastico MTV \u2013 Zeca Pagodinho\" (2003) - \"Deixa a vida me levar\" (2002) - \"O quintal do Pagodinho\" (2002) - \"\u00c1gua da minha sede\" (2000) - \"Zeca Pagodinho ao vivo \u2013 DVD\" (2000) - \"Zeca Pagodinho ao vivo\" (1999) - \"Zeca Pagodinho\" (1998) -"}, {"title": "Zeca Pagodinho", "text": " \"Hoje \u00e9 dia de festa\" (1997) - \"Deixa clarear\" (1996) - \"Samba pras mo\u00e7as\" (1995) - \"Al\u00f4, mundo!\" (1993) - \"Um dos poetas do samba\" (1992) - \"Pixote\" (1991) - \"Mania da gente\" (1990) - \"Bo\u00eamio feliz\" (1989) - \"Jeito moleque\" (1988) - \"Patota de Cosme\" (1987) - \"Zeca Pagodinho\" (1986)</s><s>Awards. - 2003 \u2013 Trof\u00e9u Imprensa de melhor cantor (Best singer) - 2004 \u2013 Trof\u00e9u Imprensa de melhor cantor (Best singer) - 2005 \u2013 Trof\u00e9u Imprensa de melhor cantor (Best singer) - 2009: VMB \u2013 Video Music Brasil 2009 (Best Samba) - 2009 \u2013 Pr\u00eamio da M\u00fasica Brasileira (Best singer; Best Disco; Best song) - 2008 \u2013 Pr\u00eamio BRA GA de m\u00fasica (Best singer)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Zeca Pagodinho", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000269", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz.", "docs": [{"title": "Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz", "text": "<s>Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz Blanca Elena Err\u00e1zuriz Vergara (9 April 1894 \u2013 20 March 1940), also known as Bianca de Saulles, was a Chilean socialite and the former wife of football player and businessman John de Saulles. In August 1917, Err\u00e1zuriz fatally shot de Saulles multiple times during a disagreement over the custody of their son. After a highly publicized and sensational trial, Err\u00e1zuriz was acquitted of her ex-husband's murder.</s><s>Early life and marriage. Err\u00e1zuriz was born in Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile, the eldest daughter of Guillermo Err\u00e1zuriz Urmeneta and of Blanca Vergara Alvarez, a beauty known as the Star of Santiago, and thus a member of the politically influential Err\u00e1zuriz family, of Basque descent. Her father, a mining magnate, died when she was two, and she was educated at Sacred Heart Convent in London, England. In 1911, when she was 16 years old, she met John de Saulles, an American businessman and society figure 15 years her senior; he had travelled to Chile as representative of the South American Concessions Syndicate"}, {"title": "Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz", "text": " to negotiate a new railway line. After some initial difficulties with her family (mostly due to the difference in age and religion as Err\u00e1zuriz was Roman Catholic) they were soon engaged. On 14 December 1911, they were married at an English Catholic chapel in Paris, France.{{cite news }} (The civil ceremony had taken place the previous day.). De Saulles had previously been engaged to the heiresses Mary Elsie Moore (later Princess Torlonia) and Eleanor Granville Brown. He was later briefly appointed as U. S. Minister to Uruguay in 1914, a post he resigned shortly after accepting and without ever leaving the U.S. The newly married couple settled in New York City. They had one child, John Longer \"Jack\" de Saulles, born on 25 December 1912, and for whom the steel magnate Charles H. Schwab stood as godfather. Shortly after John, Jr's birth, the couple's marriage began to falter mainly due to de Saulles' well known infidelities. Err\u00e1zuri filed for divorce in the summer of 1916.</s><s>The divorce. Shortly before filing for divorce, Err\u00e1zuri befriended future actor Rudolph Valentino in New York City. Valentino"}, {"title": "Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz", "text": " was then working as an exhibition dancer (taxi dancer) and had gained attention for his rendition of the Argentine tango, which was the craze at the time. Whether the two actually had a romantic relationship is unknown, but Valentino did agree to provide proof in court during the de Saulles' divorce case that Joan Sawyer, his dancing partner, was having an adulterous relationship with John de Saulles; he himself took the stand to support Err\u00e1zuriz's claim of de Saulle's infidelities. De Saulles was also accused of various financial improprieties involving his misuse of his wife's fortune, claims that received greater validity when it became clear upon his death that de Saulles was deeply in debt.{{citation }}{{cite news }} John de Saulles was not pleased with this, and once the divorce was granted in December 1916,{{cite news }} he used his political connections to have Valentino arrested along with a madam named Mrs. Thyme (the exact charges are unknown). The evidence was flimsy at best (Valentino having been near the wrong place at the wrong time) and after a few days in jail, Valentino's bail was lowered from $10,"}, {"title": "Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz", "text": "000 to $1,500. The scandal and subsequent trial were highly publicized, and Valentino felt degraded and misused. No one would hire him, his old friends would no longer talk to him. Err\u00e1zuriz did not thank him for his testimony and cut off all contact with him.</s><s>The murder and trial. Shortly after the divorce was final, on 3 August 1917, Err\u00e1zuriz drove from her home in Roslyn, New York to the home of her ex-husband, The Box, in Meadowbrook Colony, near Westbury. She had legal claims over the custody of their son, since she and her husband had been given shared custody over him, but de Saulles refused to acknowledge the court's decision. She arrived at The Box shortly after 8pm, and found her former husband sitting on the porch of the house. They argued, and she pointed a gun at his head demanding him to immediately hand over the child to her. When he tried to disarm her, she shot him five times.{{cite news }} He was rushed to the Nassau County Hospital, but died there at 10.20pm from his injuries.{{cite news }} In the meantime, she awaited at the house for the arrival of"}, {"title": "Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz", "text": " the police, to whom she surrendered. She was charged with murder in the first degree and imprisoned in the Nassau County Jail at Mineola, New York, leading to a sensational trial.{{cite news }} The widely reported case went on for months. Err\u00e1zuriz was defended by Henry Uterhart, a noted criminalist of the time, and the principal witness for the defense was Suzanne Monteau, Err\u00e1zuriz's French maid, who had accompanied her that night and completely supported her version of the events.{{cite news }} Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz became the darling of the press, and the champion of the suffragettes who portrayed her as the victim of the chauvinism prevalent in the society of the time.{{cite news }}{{cite news }} Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz was unanimously acquitted of the murder charges on 1 December 1917 in what was called a \"popular\" verdict.{{cite news }}</s><s>Later years and death. Following the trial, Err\u00e1zuriz moved to San Francisco where she sought and obtained full custody of her son. She and her son went later to Japan.{{cite news }} Eventually she and her son returned to Chile and settled there."}, {"title": "Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz", "text": " On 22 December 1921, she remarried, this time to engineer Fernando Santa Cruz Wilson in Santiago;{{cite news }} the couple later divorced. By the late 1930s, Err\u00e1zuriz was suffering from poor health and had become estranged from her son, Jack, Jr. He severed contact with his mother and moved back to the United States. On 20 March 1940, she committed suicide by taking an overdose of barbiturates at her home in Vi\u00f1a del Mar.{{cite news }}</s><s>Legacy. The case was the basis for the 1918 silent film \"The Woman and the Law\", directed by Raoul Walsh. It featured Jack Connors, Miriam Cooper and Peggy Hopkins Joyce. (Guillermo Err\u00e1zuriz, Blanca's diplomat brother, killed himself in Paris hotel in May 1922, after being spurned by Joyce.) The name \"de Saulles\" was changed to \"La Salle\" but the film's opening credits admit to being based on the story.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Blanca Err\u00e1zuriz", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000270", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Diosdado Cabello.", "docs": [{"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": "<s>Diosdado Cabello Diosdado Cabello Rond\u00f3n (born 15 April 1963Vicepresidencia de la Rep\u00fablica Bolivariana de Venezuela also drug lord of Venezuela, atentamente alcardone Diosdado Cabello Rond\u00f3n, accessed 19 April 2010) is a Venezuelan politician and current member of the National Assembly of Venezuela, where he previously served as Speaker. He is also an active member of the Venezuelan armed forces, with the rank of captain. Cabello played a key role in Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's return to power following the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'\u00e9tat attempt. He became a leading member of Chavez\u2019s Movimiento V Rep\u00fablica (MVR), and remains a leading member of the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela, into which MVR was merged in 2007. Governor of Miranda state from 2004 to 2008, he lost the 2008 election to prominent opposition leader Henrique Capriles Radonski and was subsequently appointed Public Works & Housing Minister. In November 2009, he was additionally appointed head of the National Commission of Telecommunications, a position traditionally independent from the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. In 2010, he was elected a member of parliament by his home"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": " state of Monagas. In 2011, President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez named him the vice president of Venezuela\u2019s ruling party, the PSUV. In 2012, he was elected and sworn in as President of the National Assembly of Venezuela, the country\u2019s parliament. He was elected president of the National Assembly each year until 2016. He was the second and last president of the 2017 National Constituent Assembly. Allegations of corruption involving Cabello includes being head of an international drug trafficking organization, accepting bribes from Derwick Associates for public works projects in Venezuela, using nepotism to reward friends and family members and directing colectivos while paying them with funds from Petr\u00f3leos de Venezuela. In 2013, there were at least 17 formal corruption allegations lodged against Cabello in Venezuela's prosecutors office. On 26 March 2020, the U.S. Department of State offered $10 million for information to bring him to justice in relation to drug trafficking and narco-terrorism. Often described as the second most, if not the most, powerful man in Venezuela, Reuters notes that Cabello possesses significant \"sway with the military and lawmakers plus close links to businessmen.\" Despite serving as the leader of Chavez' party, his overall reputation is that of a prag"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": "matist rather than an ideologue.</s><s>Early life and education. Diosdado Cabello was born in El Furrial, in the state of Monagas. In 1987, he graduated second in his class from the. His measured intelligence quotient (IQ) was ranked as the fifth-highest among all students in the institution's history. His background is in engineering. He has an undergraduate degree in systems engineering from the Instituto Universitario Polit\u00e9cnico de las Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales and a graduate degree in engineering project management from the Andr\u00e9s Bello Catholic University.</s><s>Military career. While at Instituto Universitario Polit\u00e9cnico de las Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales, Cabello befriended Hugo Ch\u00e1vez and they played on the same baseball team. During Ch\u00e1vez\u2019s abortive \"coup d'\u00e9tat\" of February 1992 against the government of then-President Carlos Andr\u00e9s P\u00e9rez, Cabello led a group of four tanks to attack Miraflores Palace. Cabello was jailed for his participation in the coup, though President Rafael Caldera later pardoned him with the rest of the coup participants and Cabello was released"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": " after only two years without any charges.</s><s>Political career. After Ch\u00e1vez was released from jail in 1994, Cabello helped him run his political campaign as he was a prominent member of the Fifth Republic Movement Ch\u00e1vez was leading. Following Ch\u00e1vez\u2019s 1998 electoral victory, he helped set up the pro-Ch\u00e1vez grassroots civil society organizations known as \"Bolivarian Circles\" which have been compared to Cuba's Committees for the Defence of the Revolution and are parent organizations for the Colectivos. From 1999-2000, Cabello was head of the national telecommunications commission (CONATEL). The main telecommunications law he helped promulgate, known as the \"Organic Telecommunications Law\" (2000), was especially praised by the private sector. Specifically, it ended the state's prior monopoly on the industry and fostered a significant level of free-market competition, as Cabello's work helped increase the treasury's revenue by $400 million dollars at a time when oil prices were not especially high. In May 2001, he became Chavez' chief of staff, and was appointed Vice President by President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez on 13 January 2002, replacing Adina Bastidas. As such, he was responsible to both the president and the National Assembly"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": ", and for the relations between the executive and legislative branches of the government. On 13 April 2002, he took on the duties of the presidency on a temporary basis, replacing Pedro Carmona, head of the Venezuelan Chamber of Commerce, as interim president during the \"coup d'\u00e9tat\" attempt when Ch\u00e1vez was kept prisoner and was consequently absent from office. Upon taking office, Cabello said that \"I, Diosdado Cabello, am assuming the presidency until such time as the president of the republic, Hugo Ch\u00e1vez Fr\u00edas, appears.\" A few hours later, Ch\u00e1vez was back in office. This made Cabello\u2019s presidency the world\u2019s second briefest, after that of Mexican President Pedro Lascur\u00e1in. On 28 April 2002, Cabello was replaced as Vice President by Jos\u00e9 Vicente Rangel. Cabello was named interior minister in May 2002, and then infrastructure minister in January 2003. In October 2004, Cabello was elected to a four-year term as Governor of Miranda State. He lost the 2008 election to Henrique Capriles Radonski, and was subsequently appointed Public Works & Housing Minister. In 2009 he was additionally appointed head of Conatel. On 1 August 2009,"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": " 32 radio and 2 television stations were intervened, decision ordered by Cabello. The measure was received as an act of censorship by several non-governmental and international organizations. On 11 December 2011, Cabello was installed as the Vice-President of the United Socialist Party (PSUV), thus becoming the second most powerful figure in the party after Hugo Ch\u00e1vez. Cabello was appointed president of the National Assembly in early 2012 and was re-elected to that post in January 2013. Cabello\u2019s status after the death of Hugo Ch\u00e1vez was disputed. Some argue that Cabello was constitutionally required to be the acting President, but Nicol\u00e1s Maduro held the position.</s><s>Television program. Cabello has his own weekly program on Venezolana de Televisi\u00f3n, \"Con el Mazo Dando\" (Going at it with the Club). In that program, Cabello talks about the government's view on many political issues and presents accusations against the opposition. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) has expressed concerns about how the program has intimidated people that went to the IACHR denouncing the government. Some Venezuelan commentators have compared the use of illegally recorded private conversations on programs such as Cabello's to the practices in place"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": " in the East Germany as shown in the film The Life of Others. Amnesty International has denounced the way in which Cabello has revealed details on the travel arrangements of two human rights defenders in his program and how he routinely shows state monitoring of people that may disagree with the government.</s><s>Personal life. His wife, Marleny Contreras, was elected as a member of the National Assembly until she became minister of tourism in 2015. Cabello\u2019s sister, Glenna, is a political scientist and was Counsellor of the Venezuelan Permanent Mission to the United Nations. His brother, Jos\u00e9 David, previously minister of infrastructure, is in charge of the nation\u2019s taxes as head of SENIAT, Venezuela\u2019s revenue service. Now Jos\u00e9 David is also minister of Industries. On 9 July 2020, Cabello tested positive for COVID-19, during the pandemic in Venezuela.</s><s>Controversies. Cabello was nicknamed \"the octopus\" by Rory Carroll for having \"tentacles everywhere.\" He is very influential in the Venezuelan government, using a network of patronage throughout the military, ministries and pro-government militias. He is described by a contributor to \"The Atlantic\" as the \"Frank Underwood\" of Venezuela under whose"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": " watch the National Assembly of Venezuela has made a habit of ignoring constitutional hurdles entirely\u2014at various times preventing opposition members from speaking in session, suspending their salaries, stripping particularly problematic legislators of parliamentary immunity, and, on one occasion,. Information presented to the United States State Department by Stratfor claimed that Cabello was \"head of one of the major centers of corruption in Venezuela.\" A leaked U.S. Embassy cable from 2009 characterized Cabello as a \"major pole\" of corruption within the regime, describing him as \"amassing great power and control over the regime\u2019s apparatus as well as a private fortune, often through intimidation behind the scenes\". The communiqu\u00e9 likewise created speculation that \"Chavez himself might be concerned about Cabello's growing influence but unable to diminish it.\"</s><s>Controversies.:Drug trafficking. Allegations of corruption involving Cabello includes being head of an international drug trafficking organization, accepting bribes from Derwick Associates for public works projects in Venezuela, using nepotism to reward friends and family members and directing colectivos while paying them with funds from Petr\u00f3leos de Venezuela. In 2013, there were at least 17 formal corruption allegations lodged against Cabello in Venezuela's prosecutors office. On 27 January 2015, reports accusing Cabello"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": " of drug trafficking emerged. In a series of investigations by the United States government, it was stated that Cabello's alleged involvement in the drug trade as the \"capo\" (head) of the Cartel of the Suns (Spanish \"Cartel de los soles\"), had also involved high-ranking generals of Venezuelan military. On 26 March 2020, the U.S. Department of State offered $10 million for information to bring him to justice in relation to drug trafficking and narco-terrorism.</s><s>Controversies.:Assassination plot targeting Marco Rubio. In mid-July 2017, reporters in Washington, D.C. observed an increased security presence surrounding United States Senator Marco Rubio. A month later on 13 August 2017, \"The Miami Herald\" reported that Diosdado Cabello potentially initiated an assassination plot targeting Rubio, allegedly contacting Mexican nationals to discuss killing Rubio. Rubio, who is a critic of the Venezuelan government, has led an effort in the United States government to take action against officials of the Latin American government, often singling out Cabello. The Department of Homeland Security could not verify all of the details involved in the threat, though the plan was serious enough that multiple law enforcement agencies were contacted about the incident and Rubio's security detail had"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": " increased in size.</s><s>Controversies.:Sanctions. Cabello has been sanctioned by several countries and is banned from entering neighboring Colombia. The Colombian government maintains a list of people banned from entering Colombia or subject to expulsion; as of January 2019, the list had 200 people with a \"close relationship and support for the Nicol\u00e1s Maduro regime\".</s><s>Controversies.:Sanctions.:Canada. Canada sanctioned 40 Venezuelan officials, including Cabello, in September 2017. The sanctions were for behaviors that undermined democracy after at least 125 people will killed in the 2017 Venezuelan protests and \"in response to the government of Venezuela's deepening descent into dictatorship\". Canadians were banned from transactions with the 40 individuals, whose Canadian assets were frozen. The sanctions noted a rupture of Venezuela's constitutional order.</s><s>Controversies.:Sanctions.:European Union. The European Union sanctioned Cabello and six other Venezuela officials on 18 January 2018, singling them out as being responsible for deteriorating democracy in the country. The sanctioned individuals were prohibited from entering the nations of the European Union, and their assets were frozen. Cabello, known as number two in Chavismo, had not been sanctioned by the U.S. when the European Union sanctioned him.</s><s>Controversies.:Sanctions"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": ".:United States. On 18 May 2018, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the United States Department of the Treasury placed sanctions in effect against Cabello, his wife, his brother and his \"testaferro\" Rafael Sarria. OFAC stated that Cabello and others used their power within the Bolivarian government \"to personally profit from extortion, money laundering, and embezzlement\", with Cabello allegedly directing drug trafficking activities with Vice President of Venezuela, Tareck El Aissami while dividing profits with President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro. The Office also stated that Cabello would use public information to track wealth individuals who were potentially drug trafficking and steal their drugs and property in order to get rid of potential competition. As a result of the sanctions, reports estimate that approximately $800 million worth of assets were frozen by the United States government. Cabello denied the reports, stating that it would be foolish to have assets located in a place where they could be seized.</s><s>Controversies.:Sanctions.:Switzerland. On 28 March 2018, Cabello was sanctioned by Switzerland due to \"human rights violations and the deterioration of the rule of law and democratic institutions\", freezing their funds and banning them from entering Switzerland.</s><s>Controversies.:"}, {"title": "Diosdado Cabello", "text": "Sanctions.:Mexico. The Mexican Senate froze the assets of officials of the Maduro administration, including Cabello, and prohibited them from entering Mexico on 20 April 2018.</s><s>Controversies.:Sanctions.:Panama. In March 2018, Panama sanctioned 55 public officials, including Cabello; the officials were sanctioned by the Panamanian government for their alleged involvement with \"money laundering, financing of terrorism and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction\".</s><s>References.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Diosdado Cabello", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000271", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Funke Abimbola.", "docs": [{"title": "Funke Abimbola", "text": "<s>Funke Abimbola Funke Abimbola MBE is a Nigerian businesswoman and lawyer. She advocates for diversity across UK society with a specific focus on the legal profession. Abimbola attended Newcastle University to study law. Funke Abimbola is a mother of a 19 year old who is presently at Newcastle University studying Software Engineering.</s><s>Early life and education. Abimbola comes from a family of medical doctors. She was educated at Burgess Hill Girls. She did not study medicine because of her fear for \"pains and blood\" (algophobia and hemophobia). https://guardian.ng/life/funke-abimbola-the-diversity-and-inclusion-queen/ She obtained her law degree from Newcastle University and returned to Nigeria to sit for the Nigerian Bar examination.Abimbola became a mother at the age of 28 years while working with Campbell Hooper. In the year 2000, she qualified as an in-house solicitor. Her father died in 2012 after being diagnosed with cancer.</s><s>Career. Abimbola became the most senior black solicitor for Roche's pharmaceutical operations in the UK, Ireland, Gibraltar and Malta. She qualified as a solicitor in-house in 2000. She went to Nigeria"}, {"title": "Funke Abimbola", "text": " for the preparation for the Nigerian Bar examination. While there, she worked with F. O. Akinrele & Co. After her return to the UK from Nigeria in the mid-1990s, she worked with Wembley Plc where she qualified as a corporate/commercial lawyer. She later moved to Campbell Hooper where she became a solicitor. In 2012, she joined Roche UK with the position of Managing Counsel (UK and Ireland). She also served as UK Data Protection Officer. In December 2015, she became the general counsel and company secretary of the same organisation and was promoted to general counsel and head of financial compliance in January 2017. She encountered challenges securing an entry-level job in the UK. According to First 100 Years, \"I found it extremely difficult to secure an entry-level position when I finished the QLTT (now QLTS) transfer test and needed to gain experience before qualification. To get my foot in the door, I drew up a list of the top 100 law firms specialising in corporate law and did the same with the top 50 in-house teams. I then proceeded to cold-call the heads of department at all 150 organisations. This led to several interviews, including one with a major, fully listed PLC. At that interview,"}, {"title": "Funke Abimbola", "text": " the head of legal (who is English but whose partner is of Asian descent) asked me if I thought my race had been a factor in me not getting interviews with other organisations. That was, honestly, the first time I had even considered race as being something that could inhibit my progress. Thankfully, I was offered a role by her and was able to qualify as a solicitor in-house.\" Abimbola is a strong advocate of corporate and social diversity. As a public speaker and legal practitioner, she was recognised and won many awards for her work. In 2013 she was featured in \"Diversity League Table\" publication as one of the Black Solicitors. In 2014, she was nominated for a National Diversity Award, and in the same year she was nominated for the Law Society Excellence Awards. In 2015, she won a Positive Role Model Award. In 2010, she was appointed governor of Uxbridge College, London, on a four-year term. She received a 'Point of Light' award from the UK Prime Minister in October 2016, recognising the impact of her voluntary diversity work in the UK. In June 2017, she was awarded the M.B.E. (Member of the Order of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II for services to diversity"}, {"title": "Funke Abimbola", "text": " in the legal profession and to young people. She received an honorary doctor of laws from the University of Hertfordshire in September 2019, recognising her contributions to social and corporate diversity.</s><s>Awards and recognition. Sources:</s><s>See also. - Ifeoma Malo - Ade Hassan - Ade Olufeko</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Funke Abimbola", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000272", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jennifer Maia.", "docs": [{"title": "Jennifer Maia", "text": "<s>Jennifer Maia Jennifer Maia (born October 6, 1988) is a Brazilian professional mixed martial artist. Maia currently competes in the Women's Flyweight division for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Maia trains at Chute Boxe Academy in Brazil. A professional since 2009, Maia is also the former Invicta FC Flyweight World Champion. As of March 7, 2023, she is #8 in the UFC women's flyweight rankings.</s><s>Background. Maia was born in Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, Brazil, on October 6, 1988. Playing soccer since childhood, Maia transitioned to muay Thai, at the age of 15. She won several national titles in the discipline before turning to boxing and then mixed martial arts.</s><s>Boxing career. On March 29, 2008, Maia made her professional Boxing debut at Centri de Boxe in Curitiba, Brazil. She faced Michelle Bonassoli in an eight-round bout that went the distance and saw her victorious via unanimous decision. Her second bout was against Juliana de Aguiar, another eight-round bout in which she won via points. The last boxing match Maia competed in before transitioning into MMA was on August 5, 2009. She"}, {"title": "Jennifer Maia", "text": " defeated Lorena Nancy Lopez via TKO in the fourth round.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Early career. Maia made her professional MMA debut on December 5, 2009. She won her first four fights, finishing each of them in the first round with three submissions and one TKO. On October 28, 2011, Maia suffered her first loss to fellow Brazilian Vanessa Porto at Kumite MMA Combate. She was defeated by a second-round armbar. Maia rebounded with a second-round submission victory over Tatiane Porfirio Aguiar at Pink Fight 1 on January 29, 2012. Maia was scheduled to face Vanessa Porto in a rematch at Pink Fight 2, but she withdrew from the fight in order to compete in the Cage Warriors women's flyweight title tournament. At Cage Warriors Fight Night 4 on March 16, 2012, Maia suffered a somewhat controversial knockout loss to future UFC fighter Sheila Gaff. At the start of the fight, when both fighters met in the center of the cage to touch gloves, Gaff unloaded a flurry of punches that knocked Maia out in just 10 seconds. Maia next faced future UFC Women's Strawweight Championship J\u00e9ssica And"}, {"title": "Jennifer Maia", "text": "rade on December 15, 2012 at Samurai FC 9: Water vs. Fire. She won the fight via unanimous decision.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Invicta Fighting Championships. Maia made her Invicta Fighting Championships debut at on April 5, 2013 against former Bellator Women's Strawweight Champion Zoila Frausto Gurgel. She won the fight via unanimous decision. Maia then faced off against Leslie Smith in a #1 contender's fight for a shot at the Flyweight Championship held by Barb Honchak at on July 13, 2013. She lost the fight via unanimous decision. After returning from the regional scene in Brazil, in which she went 2\u20130, Maia next faced DeAnna Bennett on December 5, 2014 at. She lost the fight via unanimous decision.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Invicta Fighting Championships.:Invicta FC Flyweight Champion. Following the loss, Maia once again returned to the regional scene in Brazil, going 3\u20130 before returning to Invicta. She next faced Vanessa Porto on March 11, 2016 at for the interim Invicta FC Flyweight Championship in a rematch of their 2011 bout. She won the fight via unanimous decision to capture the title. Due"}, {"title": "Jennifer Maia", "text": " to long-time Invicta FC Flyweight Champion Barb Honchak still unable to compete in a title unification bout, Maia was scheduled to face Roxanne Modafferi in a defense of her interim title on September 23, 2016 at. However, during the official weigh-in, it was announced that Barb Honchak was stripped of her title and that Maia would now be defending her undisputed championship at the event. Maia successfully defended her title, winning the fight via split decision. Maia's next title defense came against undefeated Agnieszka Nied\u017awied\u017a on December 8, 2017 at. She won the fight via unanimous decision, successfully defending her title for the second time. On July 7, 2018, Maia vacated her Invicta FC Flyweight Championship.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship. Maia was signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship in 2018. Maia made her UFC debut against Liz Carmouche at UFC Fight Night 133 on July 14, 2018. Maia lost the fight by unanimous decision. It was announced by USADA on January 15, 2019, that Maia had tested positive during an out-of-competition drug test for multiple banned substances, which they"}, {"title": "Jennifer Maia", "text": " determined were ingested through tainted supplements. As a result, she was suspended six months retroactive to August 16, 2018. Maia faced Alexis Davis on March 23, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 148. She won the fight via unanimous decision. Maia faced Roxanne Modafferi on July 20, 2019 at UFC on ESPN 4 in a rematch of their 2016 Invicta FC Flyweight Championship bout, which Maia won via split decision. At the weigh-ins, Maia weighed in at 129 pounds, 3 pounds over the women's flyweight non-title fight limit of 126. As a result, she was fined 30 percent of her purse, and the bout proceeded a catchweight fight. Maia won the fight via unanimous decision. As the first fight of her new six-fight contract with the UFC, Maia faced Katlyn Chookagian on November 2, 2019 at UFC 244. At the weigh-ins, Maia weighed in at 127.2 pounds, 1.2 pounds over the flyweight non-title fight limit of 126. The bout went ahead at catchweight and Maia was fined 25% of her purse and went to her opponent. Maia lost the fight via unanimous decision. Maia was scheduled to meet Viviane Ara"}, {"title": "Jennifer Maia", "text": "\u00fajo on June 27, 2020 at. However, the bout was rescheduled in mid-June to take place on August 1, 2020 at, after both participants faced travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Subsequently, Ara\u00fajo was removed from the card in mid-July, after testing positive for COVID-19, and she was replaced by Joanne Calderwood. Maia won the fight via armbar submission in round one. This win earned her the \"Performance of the Night\" award.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.:UFC Flyweight title shot. Maia faced Valentina Shevchenko for the UFC Women's Flyweight Championship on November 21, 2020 at UFC 255. She lost the fight via unanimous decision. Maia faced Jessica Eye on July 10, 2021 at UFC 264. She won the fight via unanimous decision. Maia faced Katlyn Chookagian in a rematch on January 15, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 32. She lost the fight via unanimous decision. As the first bout of her new four-fight contract, Maia faced Manon Fiorot on March 26, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 33. She lost the fight by unanimous decision. Maia faced Maryna"}, {"title": "Jennifer Maia", "text": " Moroz on November 19, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 214. Maia won the fight via unanimous decision. Maia faced Casey O'Neill on March 18, 2023, at UFC 286. She won the fight via unanimous decision.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments. - Ultimate Fighting Championship - Performance of the Night (One times) - Invicta Fighting Championships - Invicta FC Flyweight World Championship (One time; former) - Two successful title defenses - Interim Invicta FC Flyweight World Championship (One time; former) - Fight of the Night (Two times) - Performance of the Night (One time)</s><s>See also. - List of female boxers - List of female kickboxers - List of current UFC fighters - List of female mixed martial artists</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jennifer Maia", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000273", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (singer).", "docs": [{"title": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (singer)", "text": "<s>Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (singer) Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Loyola Anaya (born January 12, 1976), known professionally as Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 is a Mexican singer, ballet and flamenco dancer, athlete and television personality. Her career started at age 15 when she joined the 90s famous Mexican band, Kabah as a vocalist. After leaving the band, in 2006, she continued her successful solo singing career and to date has released six studio albums.</s><s>Biography. She has a B.A. in communications. She is well known and established within the music industry since she was part of a very popular pop-singing band in Mexico, Kabah, from the mid to late 1990s. Her first experience on stage was at age 14 as a dancer in the Spanish Dance Company led by Maria Elena Anaya. She remained in the dance company participating with flamenco songs as well.</s><s>Career as a solo singer. During 2007, Maria Jose posed for the cover of \"MAX\" magazine, the equivalent of \"Maxim\" in the US. She opened for Gwen Stefani's \"The Sweet Escape Tour\" in Mexico. This part of the tour included concerts in \"Arena Monterrey\" in Monterrey and"}, {"title": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (singer)", "text": " in \"Palacio de los Deportes\" in Mexico City. She also appeared in the \"Reventour\", a series of concerts in several places in Mexico, both as a singer and as a host. In late July, she was part of an American tour with LU and Motel and announced the release of her first album in August in the United States, which she promoted extensively. She was also invited to participate in \"Hoy No Me Puedo Levantar\", the Mexican musical based on the career and songs of the Spanish pop group Mecano. She was nominated for Best New Artist in the Premios Oye!, the Mexican equivalent of the Grammys. She participated in \"El Show de los Sue\u00f1os\" from September 30 to October 19, 2008, finishing in fourth place. In the first show, along with her counterpart Thal\u00eda, she sang \"Tocando Fondo\". In the following show the two sang \"Te Aprovechas\". In the third show they sang \"No me quedas mas\" and in the fourth show they sang \"Quererte a ti\". In the fifth show \"Amores Extranos\" followed by the sixth show with \"Amiga Mia\". On February 6, 2010,"}, {"title": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (singer)", "text": " a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors proclaimed February 6 as \"Maria Jose Day\" during her club performance in the city.</s><s>Career as a solo singer.:2007-2008: First album \"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9\". In 2007, her first solo album, \"Maria Jose\", was announced and the first single \"Quien Eres Tu?\", featuring Trey Songz and of dance and hip-hop influences, started to pick up airplay in Mexico. Two weeks after the release date, the album reached number 84. This song has also appeared on iTunes as a free single during the week of January 11, 2008. She has said in various interviews that she expects the second single to be \"Mas de ti\" or \"Habla menos\". \"Me Equivoque\", another track from the album, has garnered major digital sales in Mexico. In late August, \"Me Equivoque\", along with its video, was released. \"\u00bfDonde Esta?\", the third and final single of the album, was officially released in April 2008. The song's video was filmed in Mexico City at Estudios Churubusco. Twenty fans, who were chosen after winning a contest, were invited to attend the filming. \"Josa"}, {"title": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (singer)", "text": "\" announced on April 18, 2008, that she had officially left Warner Music. No explanation was given, but her third single was released as an independent artist and not with the help of Warner Music.</s><s>Career as a solo singer.:2009-2011: \"Amante de lo Ajeno\" and \"Amante de lo Bueno\". Promotion of her second album began with a short performance as the opening act of Rihanna's \"Disturbia\" tour in Mexico City on January 24, 2009. She premiered the song \"No soy una se\u00f1ora\" during the show. \"Amante de lo ajeno\" was released on May 12, 2009. It consists of 11 songs that had been hits by pop divas in the 1980s. \"No soy una se\u00f1ora\" was launched as the first single on March 2, and has become very popular in Mexico especially among teenagers. The follow-up singles were \"Mi Amor, Amor\" and \"Adelante Coraz\u00f3n\", both of which experienced success in Mexican charts. The fourth single was planned to be \"Sola No, Yo No Se Estar\", but was scrapped due to the release of her third album. Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 released her third album, \""}, {"title": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (singer)", "text": "Amante de lo Bueno\", on November 9, 2010. It is another compilation of hits from the 1980s. The first single, \"La Ocasi\u00f3n Para Amarnos\", was released in October. The single became another huge success in Mexico.</s><s>Career as a solo singer.:2012-2018: \"De Noche\" and \"Habla Ahora\". Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 released her fourth album, \"De Noche\" worldwide on iTunes on August 15, 2012. It is her second album with all new songs. The first single, \"T\u00fa Ya Sabes a M\u00ed\", was released in June 2012. \"Extra\u00f1a\" was released as a single in Spain. Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 released her fifth album, \"Habla Ahora\" worldwide on iTunes on October 21, 2016. It is her third album to feature original content. The first single, \"Las Que Se Ponen Bien La Falda\", featuring Puerto Rican rapper Ivy Queen, was released on May 13, 2016. The title track \"Habla Ahora\" was released as the second single from the album preceding the release of the album.</s><s>Career as a solo singer.:2019-present: Live Album \"Conexi\u00f3n"}, {"title": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (singer)", "text": "\", \"Esta historia me suena\" and \"La Voz\". In 2019, Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 released live album \"Conexi\u00f3n.\" It was released on June 7, 2019, by OCESA Seitrack. The album was recorded in front of a selected audience to attend the concert located in Mexico City. In celebration of the tenth anniversary of her breakout album Amante de lo Ajeno, the album celebrates Jos\u00e9's trajectory as a solo artist. The album includes material from her past five studio albums as well as 8 newly recorded songs. Featured guest include Ha*Ash, Yuri, Carlos Rivera and Vanesa Martin. In 2019, Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 became judge of TV Azteca's \"M\u00e9xico tiene talento\" and also became host of Televisa's new drama series \"Esta historia me suena\" alongside Jen Carlo Bautista, in which she also appeared as actress on a few episodes. On January 21, 2020, it was announced that Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 would return to TV Azteca, but this time as a coach of \"La Voz\" alongside Ricardo Montaner, Belinda and Christian Nodal. She later returned for her second and final season in 2021 alongside Miguel Bos\u00e9, Ed"}, {"title": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (singer)", "text": "ith Marquez, and Jes\u00fas Navarro.</s><s>Influences. Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 has declared many times that a few of her major influences are Mariah Carey, Roc\u00edo D\u00farcal, Mecano, Moenia, Celine Dion, Christina Aguilera, Madonna, Eugenia Le\u00f3n and Boyz II Men.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (singer)", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000274", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Will Voigt.", "docs": [{"title": "Will Voigt", "text": "<s>Will Voigt William Voigt (born August 18, 1976) is an American basketball coach who last served as head coach of Zamalek of the Egyptian Basketball Super League. As the head coach, he led the Nigerian team to its first ever AfroBasket title in 2015, where they defeated Angola in the finals to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio.</s><s>Early life. Voigt grew up in Cabot, Vermont and attended Cabot High School, where he played varsity basketball and soccer. He attended Pomona College in California, lettering in soccer, and graduating with a degree in political science.</s><s>Coaching career. During college, Voigt landed an internship with the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers. After graduation, he became a video coordinator with the San Antonio Spurs, and a year later entered the college coaching ranks taking on an assistant role with Texas under Rick Barnes. Voigt moved on to Division II powerhouse Metro State as an assistant for Mike Dunlap. Voigt's first head coaching job came in Norway, taking over Ulriken Elite where he stayed from 2003 to 2006. When Sports Illustrated writer Alexander Wolff decided to purchase an ABA franchise, the Vermont Frost Heaves, he put the"}, {"title": "Will Voigt", "text": " naming of the head coach to a vote by the fans. The Vermont native Voigt was selected. In the first two seasons of the franchise's existence, Voigt led the Frost Heaves to back-to-back ABA Championships. In 2009, Voigt, in similar fashion, was selected by the fans to be the head coach of the Bakersfield Jam of the NBA Development League. Voigt led the Jam to three playoff appearances, before leaving the team in 2014. Heading back abroad, Voigt spent one season as an assistant coach for the Shanxi Brave Dragons of the Chinese Basketball Association. Voigt was then selected to lead the Nigerian national team at AfroBasket 2015, with Nigeria winning its first title, and automatic qualification to the 2016 Summer Olympics. In November 2017, Voigt signed a three-year deal with the Angolan Basketball Federation as head coach of the Angola national basketball team. In the same year, he visited the Philippines as consultant to a team in the Philippine Basketball Association. In February 2020, he was also named head coach of German Bundesliga side Telekom Baskets Bonn and stayed for the remainder of the 2019\u201320 season. On January 18, 2021, he returned to the"}, {"title": "Will Voigt", "text": " Telekom Baskets Bonn as head coach for a second stint. He parted ways with the Bonn team after the conclusion of the 2020\u201321 season. In January 2022, Voigt signed a one-year deal as head coach of the Zamalek of the Egyptian Basketball Super League and the Basketball Africa League (BAL). He guided Zamalek to the third place in the 2022 BAL Playoffs, as well as the semi-finals of the Super League.</s><s>Personal life. Voigt's mother, Ellen Bryant Voigt is the former Poet Laureate of the state of Vermont. He married his wife in 2009, and they were divorced in 2018. They had two children, a boy and a girl.</s><s>See also. - List of FIBA AfroBasket winning head coaches</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Will Voigt", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000275", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Josh Mansour.", "docs": [{"title": "Josh Mansour", "text": "<s>Josh Mansour Josh Mansour (Arabic: \u062c\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631; born 17 June 1990) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a er for Newtown Jets. He has represented Lebanon and Australia at international level. He has previously played for the Penrith Panthers and the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League, and at representative level played for the Prime Minister's XIII, NSW City Origin and New South Wales in the State of Origin series.</s><s>Early life. Mansour was born in Sydney, Australia. He is of Lebanese and Cuban descent through his father, Fidel, who was born north of Beirut, Lebanon, and is of Portuguese descent through his mother, Angie, who was born in the Madeira archipelago. He played junior rugby league for the St Johns Eagles and the Kingsgrove Colts, and attended Holy Spirit College in Lakemba during his high school years.</s><s>Playing career. After being cut from the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs' S. G. Ball Cup side, Mansour attended an open trial for the North Sydney Bears and was subsequently signed by the South Sydney Rabbitohs, playing in their NYC team between 2008 and 2010. Mansour was selected in 2010"}, {"title": "Josh Mansour", "text": " as Winger of the Year NYC and was chosen as the NYC Player of the Year at the Rabbitohs. He represented Lebanon in the 2009 European Cup, and played for the Junior Kangaroos in 2010. Mansour graduated to South Sydney's full-time training squad in 2011, playing for their feeder team, the North Sydney Bears, in the New South Wales Cup. After a number of strong performances for Norths, Mansour caught the attention of Phil Gould at the Penrith Panthers who offered him a contract for the 2012 season.</s><s>Playing career.:2012. In round 9, Mansour made his NRL debut for the Penrith Panthers at Penrith Stadium on the wing in the 10\u201344 loss against the Melbourne Storm. Mansour scored a try on debut. He was named the Panthers rookie of the year after playing in 14 matches and scoring 7 tries in his debut year.</s><s>Playing career.:2013. On 5 March, Mansour extended his contract with the club to the end of the 2014 season. In round 23, against the New Zealand Warriors, Mansour scored a spectacular put down of the ball just before going into the in goal in the 28\u201324 win at Mt Smart Stadium. Mansour played in 14 matches and"}, {"title": "Josh Mansour", "text": " scored 4 tries in 2013.</s><s>Playing career.:2014. In February, Mansour played in the Panthers inaugural Auckland Nines squad. On 3 June, he re-signed, keeping him at the Panthers until the end of the 2016 season after declining a lucrative offer from the Canberra Raiders. Mansour finished the season as the Panthers highest tryscorer with 15 tries in 22 matches. On 12 October, Mansour played on the wing and scored a try for Prime Minister's XIII in the 34\u201316 win over Papua New Guinea. He made his Australian international debut against New Zealand national rugby league team on 25 October in the Four Nations, where the Kiwis won 30\u201312 at Suncorp Stadium. Mansour scored his first try in the green and gold of Australia against Samoa in Australia's 44\u201318 victory at WIN Stadium, and played in the 22\u201318 Four Nations final loss against New Zealand.</s><s>Playing career.:2015. Mansour scored 6 tries from 12 games in 2015. He was named in the Lebanon 48-man train-on squad ahead of two 2017 Rugby League World Cup qualifiers against South Africa, however he didn't take part in either match.</s><s>Playing career.:2016. In February, Mansour played in the Panthers Auckland"}, {"title": "Josh Mansour", "text": " Nines. On 8 May, he played for NSW City Origin against Country, scoring a try in the 44\u201330 win, and was soon after rewarded with selection in the New South Wales State of Origin squad. On 1 June, Mansour made his debut for New South Wales against Queensland, playing on the wing in the 4\u20136 loss at ANZ Stadium. Mansour featured in all 3 matches for Blues on the wing in their 2\u20131 series loss in the 2016 State of Origin series. At the 2016 Dally M Awards night, Mansour was awarded as the Winger of the Year. Mansour finished the season with 25 matches and being the Panthers highest try-scorer with 16 tries. At the end of the year, Mansour was named in the Australian 2016 Four Nations 24-man squad. Mansour played in one match of the tournament, in the first round against Scotland, where he played on the wing and scored 2 tries in the 54\u201312 win at Craven Park in Hull. On 3 November, Mansour suffered a serious knee injury during a freak mishap at training during a game of touch footy when he collided with Dragons star Josh Dugan, ruling Mansour from the tournament and the first half of the 2017 season.</s>"}, {"title": "Josh Mansour", "text": "<s>Playing career.:2017. On 4 June 2017, Mansour played his first game for the season after returning from a serious knee injury. He scored a try in Penrith's 38\u20130 demolition of Canterbury at Stadium Australia. On 2 September 2017, Mansour played his 100th NRL game against the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles. At the end of the season, Mansour was chosen in The Australian squad for The 2017 Rugby League World Cup. Mansour played in a match against France and then played in the match against Lebanon where he marked up against lookalike Abbas Miski. Australia went on to win The 2017 World Cup but Mansour did not feature in the final.</s><s>Playing career.:2018. Mansour started the season well for Penrith until suffering a shocking facial injury in Round 6 against the Gold Coast Titans when he was accidentally kneed in the face by Gold Coast winger Anthony Don. After having surgery on his badly fractured face, Mansour said \"The biggest risk was obviously losing my eye, My surgeon has done over 2000 people and he reckons he has only seen a dozen like this, and they are all from motor accidents and soldiers\". On 17 April, Mansour signed a three-year contract extension to stay at"}, {"title": "Josh Mansour", "text": " Penrith until the end of the 2021 season.</s><s>Playing career.:2019. Mansour started the 2019 NRL season as one of the club's first choice wingers. Mansour scored his first try of the season in Round 5 against the Gold Coast in a 30\u201324 defeat. On 14 May 2019, Mansour was demoted to reserve grade by coach Ivan Cleary as Penrith had only won 2 out of 9 matches to start the season. Mansour only spent the 1 week in reserve grade for Penrith before being recalled back to the first team. Mansour subsequently played on the wing as Penrith defeated Parramatta 16\u201310 at the new Western Sydney Stadium. Mansour made a total of 19 appearances for Penrith in the 2019 NRL season and scored one try as the club finished 10th on the table and missed out on the finals for the first time since 2015.</s><s>Playing career.:2020. In round 4 of the 2020 NRL season, Mansour scored his first try in 14 months as Penrith defeated the New Zealand Warriors 26\u20130 at the Campbelltown Sports Ground. In round 15, Mansour played his 150th first grade game and scored two tries as Penrith defeated Cronulla-Sutherland"}, {"title": "Josh Mansour", "text": " 38\u201312 at Penrith Stadium. Mansour played a total of 22 games and scored 12 tries for Penrith in the 2020 NRL season as the club claimed the Minor Premiership and reached the 2020 NRL Grand Final. Mansour played on the wing for Penrith in the final and scored a try in the first half which was disallowed when the score was 6\u20130 in Melbourne's favour. In the second half, Mansour scored a try but it wasn't enough for Penrith who lost 26\u201320. On 8 November, Mansour was informed by the Penrith club that he could seek an early release from his contract after learning that he would not be required for the 2021 season. Mansour told Fairfax Media columnist Danny Weidler he was summoned to meet Penrith coach Ivan Cleary and football manager Matt Cameron at a Homebush restaurant 48 hours after Penrith's grand-final loss to Melbourne where he was informed of the news.</s><s>Playing career.:2021. On 13 January, Mansour signed a two-year deal to join South Sydney. In round 1 of the 2021 NRL season, he made his debut for Souths in a 26\u201318 loss against Melbourne. After being demoted to reserve grade before round"}, {"title": "Josh Mansour", "text": " 2, Mansour was recalled to the Souths squad for round 3. Mansour scored his first official try for Souths in a 26\u201316 victory over arch rivals the Sydney Roosters. In round 19, Mansour scored two tries for South Sydney in a 60\u201322 victory over the New Zealand Warriors. In round 21, he scored two tries in a 40\u201312 victory over Parramatta. The following week, Mansour scored another two tries for South Sydney in their 36\u20136 victory over the Gold Coast. On 24 August, Mansour was ruled out for the rest of the season after suffering a knee injury in South Sydney's round 23 loss against Penrith.</s><s>Playing career.:2022. Mansour was limited to only five games for South Sydney in the 2022 NRL season where he scored two tries. In the opening group stage match of the 2021 Rugby League World Cup, Mansour scored the opening try for Lebanon in their 34\u201312 loss against New Zealand. In the final group stage match, Mansour scored a hat-trick in Lebanon's 74\u201312 victory over Jamaica. On 1 November, Mansour was released by the South Sydney club.</s><s>Playing career.:2023. On 19 February, Mansour played for"}, {"title": "Josh Mansour", "text": " Newtown in a pre-season trial against Canterbury at the Belmore Sports Ground. On 28 February, Mansour joined Newtown for the 2023 season as a free agent.</s><s>Personal life. Mansour's wife, Daniella, gave birth to their first child, Siana, on 2 November 2017; their second child, Andre, was born on July 31, 2019. Mansour is a fan of Arsenal F.C.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Josh Mansour", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000276", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Bhuma Nagi Reddy.", "docs": [{"title": "Bhuma Nagi Reddy", "text": "<s>Bhuma Nagi Reddy Bhuma Nagi Reddy (; 8 January 1964\u00a0\u2013 12 March 2017) was an Indian politician. He was elected in a by-election to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1992 after the sudden death of his brother, Bhuma Sekhar Reddy, an MLA from Allagadda constituency in Kurnool district. In 1996, Reddy was the Telugu Desam Party candidate against Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao in the Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency election. He served in the 11th, 12th and 13th Lok Sabhas. Reddy died in office on 12 March 2017 after a massive heart attack at his home in Allagadda.</s><s>Personal life. Nagi Reddy was born in the remote village of Kothapalle, near Dornipadu, the youngest son of Bhuma Bali Reddy and Eeswaramma. He had three older brothers and one younger sister, Bogolu Sri Devi. As the family had been involved in local politics, Bali Reddy wanted to send his son away for his education. Nagi Reddy completed his intermediate studies in Velankanni at a private school affiliated with the Central Board"}, {"title": "Bhuma Nagi Reddy", "text": " of Secondary Education. He was later sent to Bangalore to study medicine, but had to return after his father was murdered. His father's death inspired Nagi Reddy to become a politician in the Rayalaseema region. He married Shobha Nagi Reddy, daughter of former Andhra Pradesh minister S. V. Subbareddy, who also became a renowned politician. She died on 24 April 2014 at 11:05 pm after an automobile accident while she was campaigning for the 2014 legislative elections. They had three children: one son and two daughters, one of whom is Allagada MLA Akhila Priya Reddy.</s><s>Politics. Nagi Reddy began his political career in 1984, when he was elected president of the Rudravaram Cooperative Society. From 1986 to 1990, he was a mandal president in Allagadda MPP. Nagi Reddy stood as an MLA candidate for the opposition Telugu Desam Party in the 1991 by-election for the Allagadda constituency left vacant by the death of his brother Bhuma Sekhar Reddy, who died of a heart attack on 7 June. In 1996, he challenged Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao for the TDP. Although Nagi"}, {"title": "Bhuma Nagi Reddy", "text": " Reddy was narrowly defeated, he gained many supporters and considerable publicity. Narasimha Rao resigned the Nandyal seat to retain the Berhampur constituency, leading to a by-election. Nagi Reddy defeated Rangaiah Naidu to join the 11th Lok Sabha. In 1998, he narrowly defeated Gangula Prathapa Reddy. The result inspired Nagi Reddy to rebuild his political strategy and improve his relationship with the party core. In the 1999 midterm election, he defeated Prathapa Reddy by 72,600 votes. In 2004, Nagi Reddy was defeated by Prathap Reddy in the Allagadda assembly constituency. His wife, a two-term MLA from Allagadda, reluctantly stood as an MP candidate from Nandyal and lost to Congress candidate S. P. Y. Reddy. After the Praja Rajyam Party was founded by Tollywood film actor Chiranjeevi, the couple resigned from the TDP on 4 July 2008 and joined the new party on 20 August. In the 2009 general elections, Nagi Reddy was defeated in the Nandyal parliamentary constituency on the PRP ticket; Shobha Nagi Reddy was elected from the Allagadd"}, {"title": "Bhuma Nagi Reddy", "text": "a assembly constituency. In 2010, after Kadapa MLA Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy (son of the unexpectedly-deceased chief minister of Andhra Pradesh Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy) founded the YSR Congress Party, Chiranjeevi decided to merge the PRP with the Indian National Congress. Nagi Reddy and his wife opposed the move, joined Jaganmohan Reddy and became key figures in the YSR Congress Party. Nagi Reddy and his daughter, Bhuma Akhila Priya (the Allagadda MLA) returned to the TDP in 2016. He was recognized for his role in the construction of a rail line from Yerraguntla to Nandyal.</s><s>Rayala Telangana. Nagi Reddy said in January 2007 that Rayalaseema should become part of Telangana and not be divided with Andhra Pradesh because the region's people were culturally and emotionally closer to Telangana. Unlike coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema has a history of droughts and poverty. According to Nagi Reddy, 90 percent of coastal Andhra Pradesh's arable land was being irrigated, compared with 45 percent in the rest"}, {"title": "Bhuma Nagi Reddy", "text": " of the region.</s><s>Committees. Nagi Reddy was a member of the finance and external affairs committees in 1996-1997. He was a member of the transport and tourism committee, the committee to provide computers to MPs, and a consultative committee for the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers in 1998-1999. Nagi Reddy was a member of the energy committee in 1999 and 2000 and of a consultative committee for the Ministry of Urban Development from 2000 to 2004.</s><s>Death. Nagi Reddy died of a massive heart attack at his home on 12 March 2017 at age 53. He was survived by his three children.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Bhuma Nagi Reddy", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000277", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Billy Snedden.", "docs": [{"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": "<s>Billy Snedden Sir Billy Mackie Snedden, (31 December 1926 \u2013 27 June 1987) was an Australian politician who served as the leader of the Liberal Party from 1972 to 1975. He was also a cabinet minister from 1964 to 1972, and Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1976 to 1983. Snedden was born in Perth, Western Australia. He served in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II, and then studied law at the University of Western Australia. From 1951 to 1952, he was the inaugural federal chairman of the Young Liberal Movement. After a period working overseas for the Department of Immigration, Snedden returned to Australia in 1954 and settled in Melbourne. He was elected to the House of Representatives the following year, aged 28. In 1964, Snedden was elevated to cabinet by Robert Menzies. He served as a government minister until the Liberal government's defeat at the 1972 election, under an additional four prime ministers. Snedden spent periods as Attorney-General (1964\u20131966), Minister for Immigration (1966\u20131969), Minister for Labour and National Service (1969\u20131971), and Treasurer (1971\u20131972). He was elected deputy leader of the Liberal Party in 1971, and replaced William McMahon as leader after the following year"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": "'s election loss, thus becoming Leader of the Opposition. Snedden led the Liberal Party to the 1974 federal election, which saw the Labor Party retain government with a narrow majority. Malcolm Fraser mounted two leadership challenges in early 1975, winning on the second attempt; by the end of the year he was prime minister. Snedden was elected to the speakership when the parliament next sat. He held the position for almost seven years, gaining a reputation for impartiality. In retirement, Snedden served as chairman of the Melbourne Football Club and on the board of the Victorian Football League. The unusual circumstances of his death in 1987, which involved the ex-girlfriend of his own son, attracted much public interest.</s><s>Early life.</s><s>Early life.:Birth and family background. Snedden was born on 31 December 1926 at a private hospital in Newcastle Street, West Perth, Western Australia. He was the youngest of six children born to Catherine (n\u00e9e Mackie) and Alan Snedden. His mother was 43 years old when he was born, and his siblings \u2013 one sister and four brothers \u2013 were much older than him. Snedden's parents were born in Alva, Clackmannanshire, Scotland, and spoke \"broad Scots\". His"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": " grandparents were illiterate, and his parents had only limited schooling; they were both from coal-mining families. They immigrated to Australia in 1912 with their three oldest children, initially settling in the remote mining town of Meekatharra. The family moved to Perth in about 1921, after their house in Meekatharra burned down. Snedden's father worked mostly as a stonemason, but also spent periods as a miner and general labourer when better work was not available. He reputedly left Scotland to escape a paternity suit, and had earlier been in trouble with the law for poaching. The family name was originally \"Snaddon\" (or \"Snadon\"), but was changed upon arrival in Australia.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood. Snedden grew up in Perth's inner north near the suburb of Highgate, living initially on Robinson Avenue and later on Bulwer Street. His father left home when he was about three or four years old, and they had only limited contact thereafter. His oldest brother Bob became the family's main breadwinner, while his mother worked as a laundress and his other siblings also found jobs. He was close to his sister Jean, who often babysat him. Snedden worked part"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": "-time from about the age of eight, helping his brothers on construction sites and selling and delivering newspapers. He began his schooling at Highgate Primary School, and later attended the Perth Boys' School through to the ninth grade. Snedden left school in April 1942 and began working as a junior law clerk for Thomas Hughes, who was a solicitor and independent state MP. He would not normally have been considered qualified for the job, but there was a shortage of applicants due to the war. Snedden was eventually able to receive his leaving certificate by attending night school at Perth Technical College. He fell out with Hughes late in 1943, and in January 1944 began working as a clerk at the Commonwealth Crown Solicitor's office. He was a talented sportsman as a youth, and played a few games for the West Perth Football Club during the 1944 WANFL season, at a time when the competition was age-restricted. He later represented Western Australia at the Australian Amateur Football Carnival in Melbourne in 1951.</s><s>Early life.:Military service and university. Snedden and two friends attempted to join the merchant navy at the age of 15, but were unsuccessful. He also attempted to join the Royal Australian Navy when he was 17, but his mother refused her permission; three"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": " of his brothers were already on active service. Snedden eventually enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in January 1945, two days after his 18th birthday. He began an air crew training scheme, but as the war came to an end he was taken off the course and given more general duties; this included a period tending bar at an officers' mess. He was discharged in September 1945. As part of his demobilisation, Snedden completed aptitude tests which showed he would be a suitable candidate for a university education. In combination with his earlier clerking experience, this allowed him to secure a place at the University of Western Australia's law school in 1946. Snedden failed two subjects in his first year, and was only able to continue when the law school dean Frank Beasley intervened on his behalf. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1950, and completed his articles of clerkship with Harvey, Slattery, and Gibson. He was called to the bar in December 1951.</s><s>Professional career. In 1951, Snedden briefly returned to the Commonwealth Crown Solicitor's office. He resigned from the public service due to a pay cut, and began working for Angus & Coote as a hearing aid salesman. In"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": " early 1952, he secured a position as a migration officer with the Department of Immigration. He and his family moved to Italy for sixteen months, initially living in Taormina, Sicily, and later in Rome. He learnt to speak Italian, and travelled around the country conducting interviews with prospective migrants. In November 1953, Snedden was transferred to England. He stayed there for a year, and was then supposed to be moved on to Germany. However, he decided to return to Australia, and in January 1955 moved to Melbourne to work in a legal advice bureau for ex-servicemen. He and his family settled in Ringwood.</s><s>Political career.</s><s>Political career.:Early involvement. Snedden was state president of the Young Liberals, and from 1951 to 1952 served as the inaugural federal chairman of the organisation. As president of the UWA Liberal Club, he became acquainted with future prime minister Bob Hawke, who was president of the Labor Club. As a student, he made three unsuccessful attempts to enter politics, standing for the Liberal Party at the 1948 Boulder state by-election and at the 1949 and 1951 federal elections (in Fremantle and Perth, respectively).</s><s>Political career.:Member of Parliament. In 1954 Snedden moved to Melbourne,"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": " where he practised law until 1955, when he was elected to the House of Representatives for the outer suburban seat of Bruce. He defeated Keith Ewert, the former Labor member for nearby Flinders. Snedden defeated Ewert by a similar margin in 1958. In 1961, Snedden faced Ewert again, and this time trailed in initial counting. However, he was elected on Democratic Labor Party preferences. Snedden's narrow win was critical in the outcome of what was the closest election in Australian history up till that time. Had Labor won it, it would have toppled the Coalition after 12 years of rule. However, with Snedden's win, the best Labor could hope for was a hung parliament, though the Coalition was not assured of another term in government until later in the night, with its narrow victory in Moreton.</s><s>Political career.:Cabinet. He served in the ministries of Sir Robert Menzies, Harold Holt, John McEwen, John Gorton and William McMahon. In March 1964 Menzies appointed him Attorney-General. In that capacity he played a significant role in the 1967 constitutional referendum affecting the status of Aboriginals. On 7 April 1965, the Menzies Cabinet decided that it"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": " would seek to repeal Section 127 of the Constitution, which excluded indigenous people from the population count, but made no firm plans or timetable for such action. In August 1965, Snedden proposed to Cabinet that abolition of Section 127 was inappropriate unless Section 51(xxvi) was simultaneously amended to remove the words \"other than the aboriginal race in any state\". He was rebuffed, but he gained agreement when he made a similar submission to the Holt Cabinet in 1966. The referendum went ahead on 27\u00a0May 1967, and was resoundingly approved. He was Minister for Immigration 1966\u201369, and Minister for Labour and National Service 1969\u201371, a difficult job which put him in charge of the government's highly unpopular policy of conscription for the Vietnam War. In 1967, following the death of Harold Holt, he was a candidate for the leadership of the Liberal Party, but his candidacy was not taken very seriously. As Minister for Labour and National Service, Snedden commented on anti-war and anti-conscription activists' demonstrations. On the eve of the first Moratorium, he said in Parliament that the marchers were \"political bikies pack-raping democracy\". In 1971, Snedden was appointed Treasurer by William McMahon, and was elected Liberal Deputy"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": " Leader, making him the heir apparent to the leadership.</s><s>Political career.:Leader of the Opposition. When McMahon was defeated by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam in 1972, Snedden was elected as his replacement as Liberal leader, winning by a single vote over Nigel Bowen on the fifth ballot. Snedden promised a new and more \"liberal\" Liberal Party, but he suffered from his continuing image as a light-weight, and many Liberals believed he would never defeat Whitlam. Snedden allowed himself to be persuaded to use the conservative majority in the Senate to block the Whitlam government's budget in 1974. Whitlam promptly called a double dissolution election for 18 May, at which he was returned to office, albeit with a reduced majority. Labor campaigned on the slogan \"Oh no, not Snedden!\". Snedden exposed himself to ridicule by refusing to concede defeat, saying at a press conference: \"We were not defeated. We did not win enough seats in order to form a government\". After the election the conservative wing of the Liberal Party, led by Malcolm Fraser, challenged Snedden's leadership, but he was narrowly re-elected. When he failed to make any headway against Whitlam, Fraser mounted a second challenge, and S"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": "nedden was deposed in March 1975, becoming the first leader of the Liberal Party not to gain the prime ministership. He retired to the backbench until February 1976, when Fraser supported his election as Speaker of the House.</s><s>Political career.:Speaker of the House. Snedden was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives on 17 February 1976, defeating the previous Speaker, Gordon Scholes, by a majority of 53 votes. He was re-elected on 21 February 1978, defeating Labor MP Dr Harry Jenkins by a majority of 44 votes, and on 25 November 1980, again defeating Dr Jenkins by a majority of 22 votes. He was the last Speaker of the House of Representatives to wear the formal regalia of full-bottomed wig and gown inherited from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, believing that it would restore the dignity of the office of Speaker. As Speaker, Snedden sought to enhance the role and assert its independence. He preferred the Speaker to be recognised as an impartial umpire like the Speaker of the House of Commons. In 1979, he published a paper outlining his proposals for adopting some of the Westminster conventions, namely that the Speaker remain in office for five to seven years then resign and hold no further public office, that the Speaker"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": " be unopposed by the major political parties at general elections, and that the Speaker resign from his or her party upon becoming Speaker. Snedden tried to strengthen the Parliament's ability to withstand pressures from the Executive. He believed that it was contrary to Parliament's independence for the Executive to control the funds allocated to Parliament, so he authorised parliamentary officers to write a paper in 1976 entitled \"The Parliamentary Budget\". He later wrote, \"You could not have a situation where the Executive decided the level at which Members could operate efficiently.\" This led to the introduction of the Appropriation (Parliamentary Departments) Bill in 1982. One of his most memorable actions as Speaker occurred in February 1982, when a Labor frontbencher, Bob Hawke, referred to then Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser, as a \"liar\" during question time. Fraser was answering a question about two joint royal commissions being conducted in Victoria at the time. Fraser allegedly selectively quoted a statement by the Victorian Leader of the Opposition, John Cain, which provoked Hawke to call Fraser a liar. Snedden followed parliamentary procedure and asked Hawke to withdraw the remark. When Hawke refused, Snedden named him and a motion for his suspension was moved. Snedden later wrote: \"It"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": " was his [Fraser's] instigation which was making the Parliament unworkable, not the Opposition's response, like the classroom situation where the smart little man hits the fellow next to him who retaliates and is seen by the teacher\". Members of the Opposition had by that point taken up \"liar\" as a chant, which put Snedden in the position where he would have to name every member, one by one. After realising that the House would be unworkable for that sitting day, he declined to put the motion for Hawke's suspension. Fraser was furious and attempted to intimidate Snedden into punishing Hawke for not withdrawing or take his \"punishment\". Snedden refused and was convinced that he would be replaced as Speaker but, once Fraser realised that he had no support in the Liberal Party to remove Snedden from office, he sent a conciliatory message. With the defeat of the Fraser Government in 1983 and the election of Dr Harry Jenkins Sr. as Speaker, Snedden resigned from Parliament on 21 April 1983. In doing so, he honoured a feature of his 1979 paper. He believed that if he stayed in Parliament, he might be called on for advice on his successor's rulings, which would be undesirable because"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": " it would undermine the Chair. He said, \"I am very conscious that, under the Westminster convention, when the Speaker leaves the chair he leaves the House. I think this is right.\" He formally resigned from Parliament later that day.</s><s>Later life. When the Fraser government was defeated by Hawke in 1983, Snedden immediately resigned from Parliament. He separated from his wife, Lady Snedden, and was later to withdraw from public life as his health declined from atherosclerosis and heart disease. Snedden was Chairman of the Melbourne Football Club from 1981 to 1986, later a Director of the Victorian Football League and also Patron of the Professional Boxing Association of Australia.</s><s>Later life.:Death. On 27 June 1987, just hours after attending John Howard's election campaign launch, Snedden suffered a fatal heart attack at the Travelodge motel in Rushcutters Bay, Sydney, while having sex with an ex-girlfriend of his son Drew, identified only as \"Wendy\". Melbourne newspaper \"The Truth\" headlined its report \"Snedden died on the job\", while the \"Sydney Morning Herald\" reported that Snedden was wearing a condom and that \"it was loaded\".</s><s>Personal life. Snedden married Joy Fors"}, {"title": "Billy Snedden", "text": "yth, a dental nurse, on 10 March 1950. They had two sons and two daughters together. His daughter Fiona was elected to the Melbourne City Council in 2004 after an unsuccessful candidature for the Liberal Party in the seat of Melbourne Ports in the 1998 federal election. She stood for re-election to council in 2008 but lost her seat.</s><s>Honours. Snedden was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in January 1978. He was appointed a Privy Councillor in 1972.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Billy Snedden", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000278", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Huang Xing.", "docs": [{"title": "Huang Xing", "text": "<s>Huang Xing Huang Xing or Huang Hsing (; 25 October 1874 \u2013 31 October 1916) was a Chinese revolutionary leader and politician, and the first commander-in-chief of the Republic of China. As one of the founders of the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Republic of China, his position was second only to Sun Yat-sen. Together they were known as Sun-Huang during the Xinhai Revolution. He was also known as the \"Eight Fingered General\" because of wounds sustained during war. His tomb is on Mount Yuelu, in Changsha, Hunan, China. Huang was born in the village of Gaotang, now part of Changsha, Hunan. Like many other Chinese men born before 1949, Huang was known by many different names during his life. His birth name was \"Huang Zhen\", but this was later changed to \"Huang Xing\". He was also known as \"Huang Keqiang\" and \"Qing Wu\". In the period after 1911 he also used the names \"Li Youqing\" and \"Zhang Shouzheng\".</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life. Huang Xing was a descendant of"}, {"title": "Huang Xing", "text": " Huang Tingjian, a Chinese artist, scholar, government official, and poet of the Song dynasty. Huang Xing began his studies at the prestigious South Changsha Academy in 1893, and received his Jinshi degree when he was only 22 years old. In 1898 Huang Xing was selected to complete further study at Wuchang Lianghu College, from which Huang Xing graduated in 1901. In 1902 Huang was selected by Zhang Zhidong to study abroad in Japan, and was enrolled in the Tokyo Hongwen University. While in Japan, Huang Xing developed an appreciation for the study of military affairs, and studied modern warfare under a Japanese officer in his leisure time. While living in Japan, Huang Xing practiced horsemanship and shooting every morning. Huang Xing's military training in Japan prepared him for his later role as a Chinese revolutionary.</s><s>Biography.:Taking up the sword. In 1903, Huang organized the Anti-Russia Volunteer Army () of over two hundred fellow students in Japan. The Army, quickly shut down by authorities in Japan, was intended to protest Russia's growing hegemony over Outer Mongolia and its occupation of northeast China after the Boxer Uprising. Later in 1903 Huang returned to China and organized a meeting with Chen Tianhua,"}, {"title": "Huang Xing", "text": " Song Jiaoren, and more than 20 other people. The group founded the Huaxinghui, a secret revolutionary party dedicated to the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. Huang Xing was elected president. The Huaxinghui cooperated with other revolutionary parties, and in 1905 scheduled an armed uprising in Changsha during the Empress Dowager's seventieth birthday celebration. The Huaxinghui's plan was discovered, and its members (including Huang) were forced to escape to Japan. In Japan, Huang met Sun Yat-sen and helped Sun found the Tongmenghui, another revolutionary party dedicated to the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. Huang held the post of General Affairs Officer, and became the Tongmenghui's second most important leader, after Sun. Following the founding of the Tongmenghui, Huang devoted his time and energy to the revolution.</s><s>Biography.:Attempted uprisings. In 1907 Huang secretly returned to China and traveled to Hanoi in French Indochina in order to participate in numerous revolts, including the Qinzhou Uprising, Fangcheng Uprising, and Zhen Nanguan Uprising. All of the revolts that Huang actively took part in failed due to lack of sufficient resources"}, {"title": "Huang Xing", "text": ". In the autumn of 1909, Huang was commissioned by Sun Yat-sen to establish the South Branch of the Tongmenghui, and to prepare the Party for a planned military uprising from Guangzhou. In the spring of 1909, Huang led another uprising, but this revolt also failed. In October 1909, Huang presided over an assembly with Sun Yat-sen in the British colony of Penang (now part of Malaysia). The assembly decided to concentrate human and financial resources to stage further uprisings in Guangzhou. In the spring of 1911, Huang established the Department of the Guangzhou Uprising in Hong Kong, and became the Department's minister. On April 27, Huang launched the Huanghuagang Uprising in Guangzhou, and led hundreds of people in an attempt to capture the viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi. Huang and his followers failed to capture the viceroy, who climbed over a wall in order to escape them. During the skirmish, Huang sustained serious injuries and sustained a gunshot wound to his hand, resulting in losing two of his fingers. The Huanghuagang Uprising turned out to be the last unsuccessful revolt before the Wuchang Uprising, that ultimately succeeded in overthrowing the Qing"}, {"title": "Huang Xing", "text": " Dynasty by the end of 1911. Following the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Huang Xing traveled from Shanghai to Wuchang and commanded the revolutionary forces in the Battle of Yangxia against Qing loyalist forces of Yuan Shikai.</s><s>Biography.:Opposing Yuan Shikai. On January 1, 1912, the Nanjing Interim Government was established, and Huang was selected to be one of its leaders. In August 1912, Huang became the director of the KMT. In March 1913, the provisional president of the newly formed Republic of China, Yuan Shikai, successfully assassinated the chairman of the KMT, Song Jiaoren, whose party had won China's first elections and who had shown indications of a desire to limit Yuan's powers within the new government. In later 1913, Yuan Shikai expelled KMT members from all government offices and moved the government to Beijing. Huang stayed in Nanjing and attempted to reorganize the South Army in order to oppose Yuan. Because of a shortage of money, Huang's army later mutinied, and Huang had to abandon Nanjing and retreat to the foreign concession areas of Shanghai. Sun Yat-sen again fled to Japan in November 1913. In July 1913, Sun organized armed forces"}, {"title": "Huang Xing", "text": " to suppress Yuan, and the Second Revolution broke out. On July 14, Huang went to Nanjing from Shanghai, convinced the military governor of Jiangsu to declare independence from Yuan, and pushed to be the military commander in charge suppressing Yuan's forces in Jiangsu. After Huang's rebellion in Jiangsu failed, Huang fled back to Japan.</s><s>Biography.:Final years. Huang went into exile in the United States in 1914, and Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor in 1915. While abroad, Huang raised funds in order to raise a Yunnan National Protection Army to suppress Yuan. After the death of Yuan, in June 1916, Huang returned to China. In October 1916, Huang died in Shanghai at the age of 42 because of cirrhosis. On April 15, 1917, Huang was given a state funeral, and was buried in Changsha on Yuelu Mountain.</s><s>Family. Children: - (\u9ec4\u4e00\u6b27), youngest ever member of the Tongmenghui and a prominent leader in the Republic of China - Huang Yizhong (\u9ec4\u4e00\u4e2d), was a Counselor of the Ministry of Railways, Ministry of the Interior in the Republic of China - Huang Zhenhua (\u9ec4\u632f"}, {"title": "Huang Xing", "text": "\u534e), was a member of the Legislative Yuan - (\u9ec4\u4e00\u5bf0), known as the \"Father of China's Blind\" for his contribution towards blind people - Huang Teh-hua (\u9ec4\u5fb7\u534e, Cordelia Hsueh), Huang's youngest child resided on the East Coast of the United States of America until her death in 2002.</s><s>Remembrance. - In Changsha, Nanzheng Street was renamed to Huang Xing Road in 1934. There are also roads named in honor of Huang Xing in Shanghai and Wuhan. - The town where Huang Xing was born was renamed \"Huang Xing Town\" in his honor. - Similar to the Zhongshan Parks, the Huang Xing Park in Shanghai is named after Huang Xing. - In 1932 his portrait was used on the 20c brown-lake stamp of the Chinese Republic series commemorating Martyrs of the Revolution. - His birthplace and former residence in Changsha, Hunan, is now a museum in his honor.</s><s>Remembrance.:In popular culture. Huang Xing is portrayed by Jackie Chan in the film \"1911\", released in 2011 on the 100th anniversary of the Wuchang Uprising"}, {"title": "Huang Xing", "text": ".</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Huang Xing", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000279", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Chi Pu.", "docs": [{"title": "Chi Pu", "text": "<s>Chi Pu Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00f9y Chi (born 14 June 1993) known by her stage name Chi Pu, is a Vietnamese actress and pop singer. She gained popularity with her lead roles in several television dramas and sitcoms including \"Waterdrop\", \"Happy Dream\", and \"5S Online\". Chi Pu officially started her singing career in 2017. In 2020, Chi Pu was honored among Forbes list of Asia Pacific's 100 most influential digital stars.</s><s>Life and career. Chi Pu was born on June 14, 1993 in Hanoi, Vietnam. Her father is a member of the Vietnamese military, and her mother is an English teacher. She has an older sister who works in the banking industry. Chi Pu rose to fame after placing Top 20 Miss Teen Vietnam 2009. Afterwards, she joined the entertainment industry and became a teen idol. According to Socialbaker,, Chi Pu had the most followers of any Vietnamese actress on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. In 2013, Chi Pu started her acting career with leading roles in the television dramas \"Waterdrop\" and \"Happy Dream\", which were broadcast on Vietnam National Television. That same year, she joined \",\" a popular Vietnamese television series]. She produced and acted in her first short film"}, {"title": "Chi Pu", "text": ", \"Under One Sky.\" The short film was highly rated among audiences and critics, receiving a the following year. At the end of 2013, Chi Pu appeared in her first full-length film, \"Th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \"(The Talent), which won 6 Golden Kite Awards. Chi Pu also appeared in the horror movies \"Chung c\u01b0 ma \"(Hush) and \"H\u01b0\u01a1ng Ga \"(Rise), which won Best Vietnamese Film at the 2016 San Francisco International New Concept Film Festival. In 2014, Chi Pu has been the leading role in the television drama \"V\u1eabn c\u00f3 em b\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi\" \"(You\u2019re Always by my Side)\". The drama received high ratings, earning Chi Pu an for Most Favorite Television Drama Actress. Chi Pu produced and acted in her second short movie called \"My Sunshine \"that same year. The movie received positive reviews for its message supporting the LGBT community. In 2015, Chi Pu had a leading role in \"Y\u00eau (Love)\". The LGBT movie grossed more than half million USD within three days of its release. It also won the for Best Movie in 2015. \"Y\u00eau\""}, {"title": "Chi Pu", "text": " won Chi Pu nominations for Best Actress at the 2015 and Green Star Awards. In 2015, Chi Pu was the backstage host for - Season 2. In 2016, Chi Pu was one of the two hosts for. Chi Pu was the judge for several beauty and style competitions, such as Miss Panasonic Beauty 2015 and \"Shine Your Style Contest\" with \"L'Officiel Vietnam\"'s editorial secretary Angie Nguy\u1ec5n and L\u00fd Qu\u00ed Kh\u00e1nh. Chi Pu voiced the character Glim in the French animated movie \"\". Chi Pu took part in the musical \"Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i (The Rooftop)\", an adaptation of the famous same-name musical movie by the Taiwanese artist Jay Chou. In 2016, Chi Pu produced her first web series \"Wake Up\". The 7-episode series was broadcast on V Live and YouTube. Chi Pu produced, co-wrote, starred, and sang the OST. The budget for the series was about $150,000, paid for by Chi Pu and brand sponsorships. In July 2016, Chi Pu performed her song \"Fighting Fighting\" (Wake up OST) at Viral Fest Asia 2016 - a musical event held in Bali, Indonesia. In October"}, {"title": "Chi Pu", "text": " 2016, Chi Pu was invited by Korean Daily News Hankook Ilbo and V LIVE (Naver) for a tourism and beauty experience in Seoul. In November 2016, Chi Pu attended the first Asia Artist Awards in Seoul, Korea. She released several songs including \"Fighting Fighting\" (Wake up OST), \"Stay with me\" (LOVE OST), \"Ng\u00e0y b\u1ed3ng b\u1ec1nh\", \"Tada X\u2019mas\" (feat. Gil L\u00ea). She earned third place in. Chi Pu started her singing career in 2017 and immediately garnered attention from media outlets and fans.</s><s>Public image and activism. In 2015, Chi Pu was honored as Upcoming Female Actress at ELLE Style Awards by ELLE Vietnam. Chi Pu was the first Vietnamese actress who partnered with a fashion brand to launch her own collection. Chi Pu partnered with TheBlueTshirt and PUSW to launch two fashion collections. She used to work for Innisfree, Pepsi, Heineken, Panasonic Beauty, Nestea, and Cornetto. She is currently brand ambassador for Yamaha Janus, Dove Vietnam, OPPO Cameraphone. In April 2016, Chi Pu was the first Vietnamese artist to cooperate with"}, {"title": "Chi Pu", "text": " Google in their Google App advertising campaign in Vietnam. Chi Pu is often active in nonprofit and volunteer organizations. Recently, she urged people to contribute funds to support flood victims in Central Vietnam. Chi Pu also advocated funding heart surgeries for poor children. She held the event \u201cTrung thu y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d (Beloved Mid-Autumn) to perform and send out gifts for children at the \"Center for Disabled Children\" in Ho Chi Minh City. In 2015, Chi Pu was one of the ambassadors for \u201c\"V\u1ec1 \u0111i V\u00e0ng \u01a1i\"\u201d (Come home Golden), a campaign launched by (ACPA). The campaign advocated for an end to the theft, trade, and cruel actions of dogs. Along with other artists, Chi Pu encouraged people to stop hunting and consuming rhino horns in Vietnam.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:2013. - \"Ti\u1ec3u th\u01b0 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh\" (composed by D\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1eafc Linh)</s><s>Discography.:2014. - \"Tada Xmas\" (with Gil L\u00ea) (composed by Kai \u0110in"}, {"title": "Chi Pu", "text": "h)</s><s>Discography.:2015. - \"Stay With Me\" (composed by Kai \u0110inh)</s><s>Discography.:2016. - \"Ng\u00e0y B\u1ed3ng B\u1ec1nh\" (composed by L\u00ea C\u00e1t Tr\u1ecdng L\u00fd)</s><s>Discography.:2017. - \"\u0110\u00f3n Xu\u00e2n Tuy\u1ec7t V\u1eddi\" (with Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00f9y Linh): released on January 17, composed by TRIPLE D - \"T\u1eeb h\u00f4m nay (Feel Like Ooh)\": released on October 10, composed by Park, Eddy S Park - \"Cho ta g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n (I'm in love)\": released on October 27, composed by Krazy Park, Eddy S Park - \"Em sai r\u1ed3i anh xin l\u1ed7i em \u0111i (#ESRAXLED)\": released on November 26, composed by Trang Phap - \"Talk to me (C\u00f3 n\u00ean d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i)\": released on December 21, composed by Triple"}, {"title": "Chi Pu", "text": " D</s><s>Discography.:2018. - \"\u0110\u00f3a hoa h\u1ed3ng (Queen) (Dance Version)\": released on May 15, composed by Andiez - NNeo - \"\u0110\u00f3a Hoa h\u1ed3ng (Queen) (Story Version)\": released on May 21 - \"M\u1eddi Anh V\u00e0o Team Em\": released on November 27, composed by Dat G</s><s>Discography.:2019. - \"Anh \u01a0i \u1ede L\u1ea1i\": released on April 23, written by \u0110at G - \"Em n\u00f3i anh r\u1ed3i\": released on August 2, composed by Park Jeongwook (M.O.T) - \"Shh! Ch\u1ec9 ta bi\u1ebft th\u00f4i\": released on December 26, written and produced by Nguyen Phuc Thien</s><s>Discography.:2020. - \"Cung \u0111\u00e0n v\u1ee1 \u0111\u00f4i\": released on June 3, written by Ki\u00ean - \"M\u01a1 Anh\": released on September 3, written by Mew Amazing</s><s>Discography.:2021. - \"\ufffd"}, {"title": "Chi Pu", "text": "\ufffd\u1eebng \u0110\u00f9a V\u1edbi L\u1eeda\" (released on November 17)</s><s>Discography.:2022. - \"Black Hickey (Con D\u1ea5u Ch\u1ee7 Quy\u1ec1n)\" (released on August 8) - \"Sashimi\" (released on September 9) - \"Miss Showbiz\" (release on October 13)</s><s>Awards and nominations. - Face of The Year 2022 - Most Favorite Female Actress - Forbes Asia's Top 100 Digital Star 2020 (Asia & Pacific) - TikTok Awards 2020 - Public Figure of The Year - Face of The Year 2022 - Most Favorite Female Actress - ELLE Style Awards 2017 - Actress of The Year - 1st Asia Artist Awards 2016 \u2013 Rookie Award - WebTV Asia Awards 2016 - Most Popular Online Drama - Golden Apricot Blossom Awards \u2013 Artist of the Year 2015 - HTV Awards \u2013 The Most Favorite Television Drama Actress 2015 - ELLE Style Awards 2015 \u2013 Upcoming Female Actress of the Year 2015 - Star Awards \u2013 Beauty Queen of the Year 2015 - Golden Kite Awards 2014 \u2013 Best Short Film (\u201cUnder One Sky\u201d) - Bronze Prize \u2013 Dancing with the Stars Vietnam 2015 - We Choice"}, {"title": "Chi Pu", "text": " Awards \u2013 Top 10 Most Influential People of the Year 2014 - The Box Idol 2013 - Top 20 Miss Teen Vietnam 2009</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Chi Pu", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000280", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Yuyan.", "docs": [{"title": "Yuyan", "text": "<s>Yuyan Yuyan (1918\u20131997), courtesy name Yanrui, nickname Xiaoruizi, was a Chinese calligrapher of Manchu descent. He was a member of the Aisin Gioro clan, the imperial clan of the Qing dynasty. He claimed that he was appointed by Puyi, the last Emperor of China, as the heir to the throne. His claim is the subject of the travel adventure book \"The Empty Throne\" by British journalist Tony Scotland.</s><s>Early life. Born in Wangfujing, Beijing, Yuyan was the second son of Pucheng (\u6ea5\u5041) and Jinggui (\u656c\u8cb4), a lady of the Fuca (\u5bcc\u5bdf) clan. His grandfather was Zailian (\u8f09\u6fc2; 1854\u20131917), a son of Yicong (1831\u20131889), the fifth son of the Daoguang Emperor. He was a distant cousin of Puyi, the Last Emperor. In 1936, Yuyan was summoned by Puyi, who had been enthroned as the ruler of the puppet state Manchukuo in 1934 by the Empire of Japan, to join his imperial court"}, {"title": "Yuyan", "text": " in Changchun, Jilin. Yuyan was very close to Puyi, who called him \"Xiaoruizi\" (\u5c0f\u745e\u5b50; or \"Little Rui\").</s><s>Life in the People's Republic of China. After the fall of Manchukuo, Yuyan was arrested by the Soviets and imprisoned from 1945 to 1950 near Khabarovsk in the Soviet Union's Far East Region along with Puyi. He was later sent back to China, where he was incarcerated in the Fushun War Criminals Management Centre in Liaoning from 1950 to 1957. Yuyan was a pretender to the Chinese throne. He claimed that Puyi appointed him as heir when they were both imprisoned in the Soviet Union in 1950. In his autobiography, Puyi wrote only that he considered selecting Yuyan as his heir. Under a succession law adopted in 1937, Puyi's younger brother, Pujie, became next in line in succession to the throne. Following his release from Fushun, Yuyan worked as a Chinese language teacher, and later in a haberdashery factory. He was arrested in 1959 and sent for hard labour at a public security detention centre near Beijing. Yuyan was arrested"}, {"title": "Yuyan", "text": " again in 1966 during the Cultural Revolution and sent to do hard labour in Shanxi. He was only released in 1979 and allowed to return to Beijing, where he became a road sweeper.</s><s>After release from prison. Yuyan was a calligrapher and poet. In 1987, he was appointed as a state consultant on the restoration of the Prince Gong Mansion in Beijing. Yuyan is the main character in the book \"The Empty Throne: The Quest for an Imperial Heir in the People's Republic of China\" (1993) by the British journalist Tony Scotland. Scotland was searching for an heir to the imperial throne of China.</s><s>Family. - Elder sister: Yujuying (\u6bd3\u83ca\u82f1), married Chen Yingsan (\u9673\u82f1\u4e09), son of Chen Zengshou (\u9673\u66fe\u58fd). - Spouses: - Magiya Jinglan (\u99ac\u4f73\u975c\u862d), of Manchu descent, married Yuyan in 1943. - Zhang Yunfang (\u5f35\u96f2\u8a2a), married Yuyan after Magiya Jinglan died in 1948 in Tianjin. - Children: - Hengzhen (\u6046\ufffd"}, {"title": "Yuyan", "text": "\ufffd\ufffd; b. 1944), eldest son, born to Magiya Jinglan, married Tu Yanling (\u5857\u8277\u73b2). - Hengkai (\u6046\u93a7; b. 1945), second son, born to Magiya Jinglan, married Liu Xiujuan (\u5289\u79c0\u5a1f). - Hengjun (\u6046\u921e; b. 1966), third son, born to Zhang Yunfang, married Fan Qin (\u8303\u79e6; b. 1971). - Grandchildren: - Hengxing (\u6046\u661f; b. 1977), name also spelled as Hengxing (\u6046\u935f), Hengzhen and Tu Yanling's son. - Jin Yinghui (\u91d1\u82f1\u8f1d; b. 1980), also named Qiqi (\u555f\u742a), Hengkai and Liu Xiujuan's son. - Jin Qitong (\u91d1\u555f\u6850; b. 29 October 1996), Hengjun and Fan Qin's daughter.</s><s>See also. - Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty - Ranks of imperial consorts in China"}, {"title": "Yuyan", "text": "#Qing</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Yuyan", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000281", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Minako Honda.", "docs": [{"title": "Minako Honda", "text": "<s>Minako Honda, better known as, later changed to, was a Japanese idol and musical singer. In 1985, she made her debut with the single. She was diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia on January 5, 2005. At 4:38 A.M. on November 6, 2005, Honda died at the Juntendo University Hospital in Bunky\u014d, Tokyo.</s><s>Early life. Kudo was born in Japan on July 31, 1967 at Narimasu Maternity Hospital in, Itabashi. Kudo's family initially lived in Shibamata, Katsushika but would end up moving to Asaka, Saitama where at an early age she would enroll in Asaka's Shirayuri Kindergarten.</s><s>Beginnings. As a child Kudo was very involved with singing, largely influenced by her mother who dreamed of becoming a singer. In Kudo's graduation collection from Asaka's 6th Elementary School in Aska City, she wrote that, \"It would be nice if I could become an actress or singer.\" While at Asaka Daiichi Junior High School at the age of 14, she would audition for Star Tanj\u014d!, where in the TV qualifying round she would sing by Yoshie Kashiw"}, {"title": "Minako Honda", "text": "abara which would win her that round and advance her to the battle tournament round, for that she would sing by her cousin, Seiko Matsuda, however none of the production companies expressed interest and Kudo would not win the competition. While Kudo was enrolled at Tokyo Seitoku University Junior & Senior High School in 1983, she would visit Harajuku because the record label was recruiting a new member for the group called. Bondo Kikaku had also participated in the show Star Tanj\u014d!. While still working with Bondo Kikaku in 1984, she heard a demo of song, which had just become a hit, this lead Kudo to believe Bondo Kikaku's President, Keiji Takasugi was taking the company in the wrong direction, and would make her decide to become a solo artist. In 1984, Kudo performed at the, which was a television contest to where teenagers and young adults competed to become new idols by winning what was called the grand prix. On the show, Honda was highly evaluated by judges who noted her powerful voice and overwhelming singing ability which led her to win the Grand Prix part of the competition. Following her success in the Nagasaki Kayo Festival, Kudo would make her debut under the name Minako Honda with"}, {"title": "Minako Honda", "text": " the song \"Satsui no Vacane\", this lead her to receive a Japan Record Award for the best new artist of that year. Looking to follow up on the success of \"Satsui no Vacane\", Honda would release \"1986 nen no Marilyn\", in which a controversy would arise from her performances, in which Honda would shake her hips suggestively while wearing a navel costume, at the time this was not common for idols and was thought to be offensive. In 1988, she made an attempt to revive her dwindling career by forming an all girl rock group called \"Minako with Wild Cats\", the group however would disband a year later due to lack of any hit songs. In 1990 a turning point came for her career. Honda had auditioned for a part in the Tokyo production of Broadway play \"Miss Saigon\", she won out over 15,000 other candidates for the part of Kim. While still starring in the role as Kim in \"Miss Saigon\" in the 1990s, Honda visited The People's Republic of Vietnam. There she visited the famous Cu Chi Tunnels just outside Ho Chi Minh City. She was found by Vietnamese authorities having photographs taken of her in the Cu Chi Tunnels draped only in a Vietnamese flag. She was fined and"}, {"title": "Minako Honda", "text": " expelled from Vietnam shortly after. She would go on to perform in leading roles in Fiddler on the Roof, The King and I, and Les Miserables.</s><s>Later career and illness. Towards the end of her life, she released several classical albums demonstrating her soprano singing voice, including religious works such as \"Amazing Grace\" and Ave Maria. She also sang theme songs for several anime programs. She did not abandon pop music in her adult career; indeed, she became recognized for her vocal improvement in the adult pop genre. Her song \"Tsubasa\" is famous for the \"long note\" that she holds for 30 seconds. In 2004, Honda would add a period to the end of her name; this was done because Honda believed there was judgment to her surname. Honda became ill in late 2004, but still performed in December in spite of a fever and fatigue. When her cold-like symptoms failed to improve, she sought medical treatment and was diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia on January 5, 2005. Honda was able to celebrate her 38th birthday at home feeling relatively well, but had a relapse shortly afterwards. Chromosome aberration was discovered and she received a dose of anticancer medicine from the United States to treat it. She recovered"}, {"title": "Minako Honda", "text": " again briefly, but then suffered another relapse.</s><s>Death. Honda developed lung complications on October 21, 2005 and she lapsed into a coma on November 3. At 4:38\u00a0a.m. on November 6, 2005, Honda died at the Juntendo University Hospital in Bunky\u014d, Tokyo, officially from acute myelogenous leukemia. She was 38 at the time of her death.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Singles. 1. Satsui No Vacance (\u6bba\u610f\u306e\u30d0\u30ab\u30f3\u30b9 \"Satsui No Bakansu\", Vacation of the Urge To Kill) (April 21, 1985) 2. Suki To Iinasai (\u597d\u304d\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u306a\u3055\u3044, Tell Me \"I Love You\") (July 20, 1985) 3. Aoi Shumatsu (\u9752\u3044\u9031\u672b, Blue Weekend) (August 31, 1985) 4. Temptation (September 28, 1985) 5. 1986 Nen No Marilyn (1986\u5e74\u306e\u30de\u30ea\u30ea\u30f3 \"Senkyuhyakuhachij\u016bnen No Maririn\", Marilyn in 1986) (February 5, 1986) 6. Sosotte ("}, {"title": "Minako Honda", "text": "Seduce Me) (May 1, 1986) 7. Help (July 23, 1986) 8. The Cross -Ai No Jyujika- (\u611b\u306e\u5341\u5b57\u67b6, The Cross Of Love) (September 3, 1986) 9. Oneway Generation (February 4, 1987) 10. Crazy Nights (April 22, 1987) 11. Golden Days (May 11, 1987) \"released only in UK\" 12. Heartbreak (22 June 1987 ) 13. Kodoku Na Hurricane (\u5b64\u72ec\u306a\u30cf\u30ea\u30b1\u30fc\u30f3 \"Kodoku Na Harik\u0113n\", Lonely Hurricane) (September 9, 1987) 14. Kanashimi Swing (\u60b2\u3057\u307fSWING ) (November 25, 1987) 15. Anata To Nettai (\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3068\u3001\u71b1\u5e2f, With You, Tropical) (July 6, 1988) as \"\"Minako With Wildcats\"\" 16. Stand Up\uff5eFull Metal Armor (November 30, 1988) as \"\"Minako With Wildcats\"\" 17. Katte Ni Sasete (\u52dd\u624b\u306b\u3055\u305b\u3066, Let Me Have My Own Way) (May 31, 1989) as \"\"Minako With"}, {"title": "Minako Honda", "text": " Wildcats\"\" 18. 7th Bird \"Ai Ni Koi\" (\u611b\u306b\u604b Love And Love) (October 11, 1989) 19. Shangri-La (July 4, 1990) 20. Tsubasa (\u3064\u3070\u3055, Wings) (May 25, 1994) 21. Rarabai~Yasashiku Dakasete~ (\u3089\u30fb\u3089\u30fb\u3070\u30fb\u3044\uff5e\u512a\u3057\u304f\u62b1\u304b\u305b\u3066, Lullaby~Let Me Hold You Kindly) (May 10, 1995) (2nd ending theme of Magic Knight Rayearth) 22. Boku No Heya De Kurasou (\u50d5\u306e\u90e8\u5c4b\u3067\u66ae\u3089\u305d\u3046, Let's Live in My Room) (July 26, 1995) 23. Fall in Love With You -Koi Ni Ochite- (\u604b\u306b\u843d\u3061\u3066, Fall in Love) (November 6, 1995) 24. Shining Eyes (July 21, 1996) 25. Kaze No Uta (\u98a8\u306e\u3046\u305f, Wind Song) (November 21, 1999) (ending theme song of Hunter \u00d7 Hunter) 26. Honey"}, {"title": "Minako Honda", "text": " (October 21, 2000) 27. Hoshizora (\u661f\u7a7a, Starlit Sky) (January 24, 2001) 28. Nadja!! (\u30ca\u30fc\u30b8\u30e3!! \"N\u0101dja!!\") (February 21, 2003) (theme song of Ashita no Nadja) 29. Shinsekai (\u65b0\u4e16\u754c, New World) (May 14, 2004)</s><s>Discography.:Albums.</s><s>Discography.:Albums.:Studio albums. 1. M'Syndrome (M'\u30b7\u30f3\u30c9\u30ed\u30fc\u30e0\"Emu'Shindor\u014dmu\") (November 21, 1985) 2. Lips (June 4, 1986) 3. Cancel (September 28, 1986) 4. Oversea (June 22, 1987) 5. Midnight Swing (December 15, 1988) 6. Hy\u014dteki (\u8c79\u7684, Target) (July 5, 1989) as \"\"Minako With Wildcats\"\" 7. Wild Cats (August 4, 1989) as \"\"Minako With Wildcats\"\" 8. Junction (September 24, 1994) 9. Hare Tokidoki Kumori (\u6674\u308c \u3068\u304d\u3069\u304d \u304f\u3082\u308a, Fine,"}, {"title": "Minako Honda", "text": " Sometimes Cloudy) (June 25, 1995) 10. Ave Maria (May 21, 2003) 11. Toki (\u6642, Time) (November 25, 2004) 12. Amazing Grace (\u30a2\u30e1\u30a4\u30b8\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30b0\u30ec\u30a4\u30b9 \"Ameijingu Gureisu\") (October 19, 2005) 13. Kokoro Wo Komete... (\u5fc3\u3092\u8fbc\u3081\u3066... Heartily) (April 20, 2006) 14. Yasashii Sekai (\u512a\u3057\u3044\u4e16\u754c Gentle World) (December 6, 2006) 15. Eternal Harmony (November 6, 2008) 16. Last Concert (\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u30fb\u30b3\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u30c8) (December 10, 2008)</s><s>Discography.:Albums.:Live albums. - The Virgin Concert (\u30b6\u30fb\u30f4\u30a1\u30fc\u30b8\u30f3\u30fb\u30b3\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u30c8 \"Za V\u0101jin Cons\u0101to\") (February 20, 1986) - DISPA 1987 (January 24, 1989)</s><s>Discography.:Albums.:Compilations. - The Minako Collection (December 20, 1986) - Golden Best- New Best Now (June 4, 1988) - Look Over My Shoulder (October 26, 1988)"}, {"title": "Minako Honda", "text": " - Stand Up- Best Beat Collection (December 12, 1988) - Life -Minako Honda: Premium Best- (May 21, 2005) - I Love You (March 29, 2006) - Angel Voice ~Minako Honda. Memorial Best~ (April 18, 2007) - Classical Best ~Ten Ni Hibiku Uta~ (April 20, 2007)</s><s>Discography.:Movie soundtracks. - Passenger (October 25, 1988)</s><s>Discography.:VHS/DVD. - The Virgin Live in Budokan - Dangerous Bond Street - Dramatic Flash - DISPA 1987 - Minako in L.A. - Katte Ni Sasete (\u52dd\u624b\u306b\u3055\u305b\u3066, Let Me Have My Own Way) - Tropical Holiday - Tropical Holiday in Hawaii</s><s>Discography.:Theatre. - Miss Saigon (1992\u20131993) \u2013 Kim - Fiddler on the Roof (1994-1998) \u2013 Hodel - The King and I (1996\u20132002) \u2013 Tuptim - Les Mis\u00e9rables (1997\u20132001) \u2013 Eponine - Himeyuri (2002-2004) \u2013 Kimi - Twelfth Night (2003) \u2013 A Cat - Claudia (2004) \u2013 Claudia Note: Minako Honda"}, {"title": "Minako Honda", "text": " was originally cast as Fantine in Les Mis\u00e9rables for the Japanese tour in 2005, but due to her death, another actor was given the part.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Minako Honda", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000282", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Tim Ferguson.", "docs": [{"title": "Tim Ferguson", "text": "<s>Tim Ferguson Timothy Dorcen Langbene Ferguson is an Australian comedian, film director, screenwriter, author and screenwriting teacher.</s><s>Early life and education. Timothy Dorcen Langbene Ferguson grew up in Singapore, and later on a rural property near the town of Perthville, New South Wales. He is the son of Tony Ferguson, who was a Vietnam War correspondent, the first reporter to release news of the Tet Offensive to the world media. Tony became executive producer of \"This Day Tonight\" and \"Four Corners\" at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, and network liaison for the ABC's managing director, David Hill. Tim spent three years at All Saints College, Bathurst, before moving to Canberra, where he attended the radical free-school School Without Walls and Narrabundah College.</s><s>Early career. Ferguson\u2019s first major appearance was as a member of the musical comedy trio Doug Anthony All Stars, along with Richard Fidler and Paul McDermott, on the UK Channel 4 television show \"Friday Night Live\", \"Viva Cabaret\", 'DAAS Love' (BBC), where they quickly gained a following. DAAS starred in Australian comedy television show, \"The Big Gig\". This was soon followed by their sci"}, {"title": "Tim Ferguson", "text": "-fi sitcom \"DAAS Kapital\". In 1995\u201396, Ferguson appeared in \"Funky Squad\" on ABC Television. He hosted the Logie Award-winning series \"Don't Forget Your Toothbrush\" on the Nine Network. Ferguson's novel, \"Left, Right and Centre: A Tale of Greed, Sex and Power\" was published by Penguin in 1997. Ferguson starred in Australian commercials advertising the video game console Nintendo 64. He co-wrote and hosted eight series and twelve one-hour specials of his comedy clip show \"Unreal TV\". He was creator, co-writer and co-producer of the sitcom \"Shock Jock\" with Marc Gracie and Chris Thompson. Ferguson wrote a comedic alternative to the Australian Constitution Preamble, published by \"The Sydney Morning Herald\" in 1999, ending with the words \"We are girt by sea and pissed by lunchtime. And even though we might seem a racist, closed-minded, sports-obsessed little People, at least we\u2019re better than the Kiwis. Now bugger off, we\u2019re sleeping\".</s><s>2000 onwards.</s><s>2000 onwards.:Film. Ferguson is co-director (with Marc Gracie) of the feature film \"Spin Out"}, {"title": "Tim Ferguson", "text": "\". \"Spin Out\" is a romantic comedy based at a Bachelor and Spinster Ball. Ferguson co-wrote the movie with Edwina Exton. Producers: Marc Gracie & David Redman. \"Spin Out\" follows a slow-burning attraction between two long-time friends, Billy (Xavier Samuel) and Lucy (Morgan Griffin). The movie is based at a Ute Muster and B&S Ball. \"Spin Out\" was shot in Shepparton in August 2015. Sony Pictures Releasing, which has worldwide rights, released the film in cinemas in 2016. In 2017, Ferguson co-wrote the feature film \"The BBQ\" starring Shane Jacobson, Julia Zemiro and Magda Szubanski. He starred as himself in the movie \"That's Not My Dog!\" with Paul Hogan, Shane Jacobson and Emily Taheny. He appeared in the movie \"Fat Pizza\" as the magician David Cockerfield and in multiple seasons of \"Fat Pizza: Back in Business\" as Julian Bousage.</s><s>2000 onwards.:Comedy. In 2021, Ferguson launched the standup comedy show Smashing Life - Motivation For Idiots at Adelaide Fringe Festival. In 2018/21, Ferguson launched his record"}, {"title": "Tim Ferguson", "text": "-breaking live solo show 'Fast Life On Wheels'. He toured Australia to sell-out festival theatres, raising awareness for employment and housing for people with disabilities. The show continues to tour US, UK in 2022. In 2014, Ferguson joined Paul McDermott and Paul Livingston to reform the Doug Anthony All Stars with Livingston replacing Richard Fidler as the group's guitarist. DAAS won the Edinburgh Festival Spirit Of The Fringe Award in 2016. DAAS performed sell-out Edinburgh Festival and London seasons at Soho Theatre & the Shepherds Bush Empire in 2016\u201317. Ferguson still tours internationally with the reformed Doug Anthony Allstars (DAAS). He played the role of Frankenfurter in the long-running \"The Rocky Horror Show\", directed by Nigel Triffit. In 2014, Ferguson teamed up with Maynard to start a podcast named \"Bunga Bunga\". Bunga Bunga won the Castaway Best Comedy Podcast Award in 2017. In 2012 he toured his live standup comedy show \"Carry a Big Stick\", featuring tales and songs from his life on the 'comedy warpath'. The title alludes to his experiencing multiple sclerosis, and the need to use a walking stick.</s><s>2000 onwards.:Teaching. From 2016 until"}, {"title": "Tim Ferguson", "text": " 2018, Ferguson taught comedy screenwriting at New York University (NYU Sydney). He has also taught comedy screenwriting at the Screen Academy Scotland, Sydney University, Victorian College of the Arts and Sydney Film School. Ferguson was a sessional lecturer in Screenwriting and Writing TV Comedy at RMIT University, the Australian Film, Television and Radio School (AFTRS).</s><s>2000 onwards.:Writing/producing. Ferguson published \"The Cheeky Monkey-Writing Narrative Comedy\" (published by Currency Press), a comedy writing manual for screenwriters, playwrights, and authors. The book offers \"a revolutionary approach to comedy writing\" and features methods for comic story & character development. Ferguson writes The Ferguson Report, a weekly satirical column in The New Daily newspaper with over 1.7 million subscribers. Ferguson was Series Script Editor for the ABCTV sitcom \"Ricketts Lane\" starring Sammy J & Randy. He produced and co-wrote the orchestral performance piece Billie & The Dinosaurs with Chris Thompson & composer Geoff Willis. Its premiere performance was at the Australian Museum in 2017. Subsequent shows and tours, produced by Marc Gracie, are ongoing. In 2017, Ferguson co-wrote the feature film \"The BBQ\" starring Shane Jacobson and Magda Sz"}, {"title": "Tim Ferguson", "text": "ubanski. Ferguson's autobiography \"Carry a Big Stick: A Life of Laughter, Friendship and MS\" was published by Hachette in September 2013. It features the stories of his childhood, life as an international touring comedian, network TV celebrity, comedy feature film & sitcom writer, and comedy screenwriting lecturer. It also presents him with a way of overcoming the challenges of multiple sclerosis (MS). In 2001, Ferguson branched out into production when he created the TV1 comedy series \"Shock Jock\". In 2003, he hosted a talk-back radio show on 3AK and hosted Big Brother Australia 2003's \"Big Brother The Insider\". In 2010, Ferguson was executive producer with Marc Gracie, writer and host of the independent tonight show \"WTF \u2013 With Tim Ferguson\" on C31 Melbourne. \"WTF\" is directed by Marc Gracie (\"Full Frontal\", \"Unreal TV\"). Ferguson was script producer for the AWGIE-nominated web series \"Forgettherules\". He co-wrote and hosted eight series and multiple one-hour specials of Network Ten's \"Unreal TV\" and Foxtel's long-running sci-fi fan-show \"Space Cadets\".</s><s>2000 onwards.:Art. Ferguson"}, {"title": "Tim Ferguson", "text": "'s artworks (known as \"Tim Awt\") were featured in his Sydney exhibition in January 2018, curated by Australian art legend, Damien Minton. He held an exhibition in Sydney 2021 with a TV host, comedian, and artist Gretel Killeen. Ferguson's works have toured extensively and appeared in publications in Australia and Britain.</s><s>2000 onwards.:Other roles. Ferguson is Ambassador for The Human Rights Commission for Disability and Ambassador for IncludeAbility, a resource for employers and people with disability. He is a patron of MS Australia, and an ambassador for Pandis, a not-for-profit initiative investigating environmental pathogenic microbes in chronic disease. He is patron of Music for Canberra, an organisation supporting Canberra's music education and performance.</s><s>Personal life. Ferguson announced on an episode of \"Good News Week\" in 2010 that he has multiple sclerosis (MS), which required him to occasionally use a walking cane. Ferguson has experienced MS symptoms since the age of 19. His show at the 2012 Melbourne International Comedy Festival was called \"Carry a Big Stick\", an allusion to his MS. Ferguson's condition has since progressed further and he now uses a wheelchair. He owns the third largest Star Wars toy collection in the southern hemisphere. On 22 March 2017, Ferguson"}, {"title": "Tim Ferguson", "text": " featured on \"Julia Zemiro's Home Delivery\", with host Julia Zemiro taking him on a tour of his childhood home and schools in Bathurst and Canberra. In December 2017, Ferguson and co-host Maynard recorded a live charity show of their Castaway Award-winning podcast, 'Bunga Bunga', called 'A Very Bunga Christmas' to a huge crowd of fans at the Harold Park Hotel in Sydney. He has spoken out for young Australians with MS and other disabilities living in aged care. He campaigns to arrange more appropriate options for them. In 2017, Ferguson hosted the South West Disability Expo, helping thousands of South West Sydney residents with disabilities gain greater control over their lives and engage the most suitable services in their area to meet their individual needs. Ferguson supports the Summer Foundation (Building Better Lives). Established in 2006, the key aim of the Summer Foundation is to change human service policy and practice related to young people in nursing homes. In 2021, Ferguson became a leading campaigner for Building Better Homes, an initiative for a national building code of mandatory accessibility standards. The campaign was successful in creating new building codes nationwide. His work fundraising and raising awareness is ongoing for motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy and acquired brain injury conditions."}, {"title": "Tim Ferguson", "text": " Ferguson hosts the Uniting Church podcast featuring people with disabilities including Down syndrome, vision impairment, cerebral palsy, autism and Asperger syndrome. In February 2018, Ferguson apologised via his management to TV critic Candace Sutton for a series of abusive letters containing numerous rude remarks, faxed to her in 1990, with cartoons drawn by him. Ferguson launched the MS Australia Connections Hub in May 2020. The online hub provides people with MS, their families and carers with tips and advice for living with the condition. People are invited to add their own perspectives and tips on the website. Ferguson's lighthearted tips are featured, including \"Physio, Physio, Physio, chocolate and Physio!\" and \"Homeopathy is not a thing\". Ferguson regularly speaks at public and corporate events about disability, housing, social services, and health at events. His most regular keynote speech themes are inclusivity, positivity, and overcoming challenges.</s><s>Political candidacy. In the 1990 Australian federal election, Ferguson stood as an independent candidate for the seat of Kooyong, against the Leader of the Opposition, Andrew Peacock. Following a \"Vote For Tim\" campaign conducted by the Allstars on \"The Big Gig\", he gained 3.7% of the vote."}, {"title": "Tim Ferguson", "text": " On the ABC's \"Q&A\" program on 4 May 2013, Ferguson announced his candidacy for the Australian Senate in the 2013 Australian federal election. He said that he would have no policies and that he wanted someone for whom he could vote. Ferguson nominated for the Senate for New South Wales, as a member of the Senator Online party.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Tim Ferguson", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000283", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Yuu Watase.", "docs": [{"title": "Yuu Watase", "text": "<s>Yuu Watase In 2019, Watase came out as X-gender, a Japanese non-binary gender identity. Following the announcement, an editor for Viz Media's Shojo Beat imprint clarified that Watase's pronouns in English are \"she\" and \"her\".</s><s>Early career and methods. Watase developed an interest in drawing manga at a young age. However, Watase did not receive any formal training until after high school when she went to a private art school. There she was taught how to draw manga, but because her first short story, \"Pajama de Ojama\", had already debuted, Watase quit in the middle of it. Watase prefers to work with more traditional methods, because she believes the traditional methods have more feelings. Despite finding new media jarring, Watase has expressed a desire to work with new media as well. While Watase mostly works with colored inks and markers, she has used digital programs such as Photoshop to enhance traditional work.</s><s>Issues in career. In a 2014 blog post, Watase detailed some of the issues that she faced as a manga artist. A former editor for \"\" continuously asked Watase to redraw scenes that he did not like or understand. Watase was doing redraw"}, {"title": "Yuu Watase", "text": "s all day and pulling late nights just to meet the next morning's deadlines. Because of the constant cycle, Watase began to lose interest in working on the manga for the fans or even the story. She was simply working to try and get it approved for the weekly publication.</s><s>Works.</s><s>Works.:Watase Yuu Flower Comics. - \"Fushigi Y\u00fbgi\" \u2013 18 vols. - \"\" \u2013 12 vols. - \"\" \u2013 (oneshot) - \"\" \u2013 ongoing, first vol. released in April 2018 - \"Shishunki Miman Okotowari\" \u2013 3 vols. - \"Zoku Shishunki Miman Okotowari\" \u2013 3 vols. - \"Shishunki Miman Okotowari Kanketsu Hen\" \u2013 1 vol. - \"Epotoransu! Mai\" \u2013 2 vols. - \"Ceres, Celestial Legend\" (\"Ayashi no Ceres\") \u2013 14 vols. - \"Appare Jipangu!\" \u2013 3 vols. - \"Imadoki!\" \u2013 5 vols. - \"Alice 19th\" \u2013 7 vols. - \"Absolute Boyfriend\" (\"Zettai Kareshi\")"}, {"title": "Yuu Watase", "text": " \u2013 6 vols. - \"Sakura-Gari\" \u2013 3 vols.</s><s>Works.:Sh\u014dnen Sunday Comics. - \"\" (\"Arata Kangatari\") \u2013 24 vols.</s><s>Works.:Watase Yuu Masterpiece Collection. 1. \"Gomen Asobase!\" 2. \"Magical\" 3. \"Otenami Haiken!\" 4. \"Suna no Tiara\" 5. \"Mint de Kiss Me\"</s><s>Works.:YuuTopia Collection. 1. \"Oishii Study\" 2. \"Musubiya Nanako\"</s><s>Works.:Yuu Watase Best Selection. 1. \"Sunde ni Touch\" 2. \"Perfect Lovers\"</s><s>Works.:Watase Yuu Flower Comics Deluxe, Kanzenban, Shogakukan Bunko.</s><s>Works.:Watase Yuu Flower Comics Deluxe, Kanzenban, Shogakukan Bunko.:Bunkoban. - \"Fushigi Y\u016bgi Bunko\" \u2013 10 vols. - \"Ayashi no Ceres (Ceres, Celestial Legend) Bunko\" \u2013 7 vols. - \"Alice 19th Bunko\" \u2013"}, {"title": "Yuu Watase", "text": " 4 vols. - \"Zettai Kareshi Bunko\" \u2013 3 vols. - \"Imadoki! Bunko\" \u2013 3 vols. - \"Shishunki Miman Okotowari Bunko\" \u2013 3 vols.</s><s>Works.:Watase Yuu Flower Comics Deluxe, Kanzenban, Shogakukan Bunko.:Kanzenban. - \"Fushigi Y\u016bgi Kanzenban\" \u2013 9 vols.</s><s>Works.:Watase Yuu Flower Comics Deluxe, Kanzenban, Shogakukan Bunko.:Flower Comics Deluxe. 1. \"Shishunki Miman Okotowari\" 2. \"Shishunki Miman Okotowari/Zoku Shishunki Miman Okotowari\" 3. \"Zoku Shishunki Miman Okotowari\" 4. \"Pajama de Ojama\" 5. \"Mint de Kiss Me\" 6. \"Epotoransu! Mai\"</s><s>Works.:Artbooks. - \"Watase Yuu Illustration Collection Fushigi Y\u016bgi\" - \"Watase Yuu Illust"}, {"title": "Yuu Watase", "text": "ration Collection \u2013 Part 2 Fushigi Y\u016bgi Animation World\" - \"\"Ayashi no Ceres\" Illustration Collection Tsumugi Uta ~Amatsu Sora Naru Hito o Kofutote~\" - \"Yuu Watase Post Card Book I\" - \"Yuu Watase Post Card Book II\"</s><s>Works.:Novels. - \"Shishunki Miman Okotowari\" \u2013 4 vols. - \"Fushigi Y\u016bgi\" \u2013 18 vols. - \"Ayashi no Ceres\" \u2013 6 vols. - \"Fushigi Y\u016bgi: Genbu Kaiden\" \u2013 1 vol. - \"Absolute Boyfriend\" \u2013 6 vols. - \"Masei Kishin Den (Illustration)\" - \"Yada ze! (Illustration)\" - \"Piratica (Illustration)\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Yuu Watase", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000284", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jennifer Sevilla.", "docs": [{"title": "Jennifer Sevilla", "text": "<s>Jennifer Sevilla Jennifer Sevilla-Go (born May 14, 1974) is a Filipino actress in movies and television shows. She was a former member of \"That's Entertainment\".</s><s>Personal life. Jeniffer Sevilla was born on May 14, 1974 in Quezon City. She is an only child. She studied Communication Arts at the University of Santo Tomas in the Philippines. Sevilla took a break from showbiz when she married Seymour Go, a businessman, on November 11, 2007. Her first child is Simon Rafa.</s><s>Career. Sevilla started her Philippine showbiz career at age seven in a \"Jack 'n Jill\" snack food commercial in the early '80s. She starred in a movie, \"Kapitan Inggo\" (1984), that get her nominated as Best Child Actress for the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences Awards (aka FAMAS Award). She became a mainstay of \"That's Entertainment\", a youth-oriented TV variety show with fellow teen actors: Vina Morales, Keempee de Leon and Ian Veneracion. During her teen years, she did more TV commercials for Colgate toothpaste and Newtex Napkins sanitary pads. Sevilla an actress for Seiko Film"}, {"title": "Jennifer Sevilla", "text": " Productions, Inc. and played the third wheel to the \"Sheryl Cruz\"-\"Romnick Sarmenta\" loveteam movies. She starred in \"Puso Sa Puso\" (1988), \"Langit At Lupa\" (1989), and \"Guhit Ng Palad\" (1998). She did \"Kung Ako Na Lang Sana\" (2003) with Sharon Cuneta and Aga Muhlach under Star Cinema. She also did a film for Gawad Kalinga \"Paraiso: Tatlong Kwento Ng Pag-asa\" (2007) with Maricel Soriano.</s><s>Awards and nominations. - 2000 Nominated FAMAS Award Best Supporting Actress \"Kahapon, May Dalawang Bata\" (1999) - 2000 Nominated Gawad Urian Award Best Supporting Actress \"Kahapon, May Dalawang Bata\" (1999) - 1999 Nominated FAMAS Award Best Supporting Actress \"Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay\" (1998) - 1996 Nominated Gawad Urian Award Best Supporting Actress \"Muling Umawit Ang Puso\" (1995) - 1985 Nominated FAMAS Award Best Child Actress \"Kapitan Inggo\""}, {"title": "Jennifer Sevilla", "text": " (1984)</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Film. - \"Kapitan Inggo\" (1984) - \"Kaya Kong Abutin ang Langit\" (1984) - \"Nang Maghalo ang Balat sa Tinalupan\" (1984) - \"Miguel Cordero\" (1984) - \"Ina, Kasusuklaman Ba Kita?\" (1984) - \"Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang\" (1984) - \"Hindi Nahahati ang Langit\" (1985) - \"Huwag Mo Kaming Isumpa\" (1986) - \"Ayokong Tumungtong sa Lupa\" (1987) - \"Ako si Kiko, Ako si Kikay\" (1987) - \"Black Magic\" (1987) - \"Huwag Mong Buhayin ang Bangkay\" (1987) - \"Leroy Leroy Sinta\" (1988) - \"Puso sa Puso\" (1988) - \"Guhit ng Palad\" (1988) - \"Hindi Tao, Hindi Hayop: Adventures of Seiko Jewels\" (1988)"}, {"title": "Jennifer Sevilla", "text": " - \"Mirror, Mirror on the Wall\" (1988) - \"Langit at Lupa\" (1988) - \"Pardina at ang Mga Duwende\" (1989) - \"Anak ng Demonyo\" (1989) - \"Kokak\" (1989) - \"First Lesson\" (1989) - \"Mundo Man Ay Magunaw\" (1990) - \"Naughty Boys\" (1990) - \"Alyas Baby Face\" (1990) - \"Zaldong Tisoy\" (1991) - \"Matud Nila\" (1991) - \"Tukso Layuan Mo Ako!\" (1991) - \"Mario Sandoval\" (1992) - \"Eh, Kasi Bata\" (1992) - \"Taong Gubat\" (1993) - \"Love Notes\" (1995) - \"Muling Umawit ang Puso\" (1995) - \"Bridesmaids\" (1997) - \"Ikaw Pala ang Mahal Ko\" (1997) - \" Papunta Ka Pa Lang Pabalik na Ako\" (1997) Maricar - \"Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay\" (1998) - \"K"}, {"title": "Jennifer Sevilla", "text": "ahapon, May Dalawang Bata\" (1999) - \"The Kite\" (1999) - \"Lagarista\" (2000) - \"Sugatang Puso\" (2001) - \"Till There Was You\" (2003) - \"Kung Ako Na Lang Sana\" (2003) - \"Ang Huling Araw ng Linggo\" (2006) - \"Super Noypi\" (2006) - \"Paraiso: Tatlong Kwento ng Pag-asa\" (2007) - \"Trespassers\" (2011)</s><s>Filmography.:Television. - \"That's Entertainment\" (GMA 7, 1988-1993) - \"Lovingly Yours\" (GMA 7, 1988-1996) - \"Young Love Sweet Love\" (RPN 9, 1988-1993) - \"Saturday Entertainment\" (GMA 7, 1988-1993) - \"Abangan ang Susunod na Kabanata\" - Jenny (1991-1997) - \"Reeling & Rockin\" (IBC 13, 1992) - \"Maalaala Mo Kaya\" - Limos (1993) - \"Love Notes\" (ABC 5, 1994) - \"Noli"}, {"title": "Jennifer Sevilla", "text": " Me Tangere\" (ABC 5, 1995) - \"1896\" (TV5, 1996) - \"Tierra Sangre\" (TV series) (1996) - \"Esperanza\" - Elaine (1999) - \"Maalaala Mo Kaya\" - Sugat (1998) - \"Saan Ka Man Naroroon\" (1999) - \"Sa Puso Ko Iingatan Ka\" (2001) - \"Recuerdo de Amor\" - Janice (2001) - \"Ikaw Lang ang Mamahalin\" (2001) - \"Magpakailanman\" (GMA 7, 2002-2004) - \"Te Amo, Maging Sino Ka Man\" (2004) - \"Saang Sulok ng Langit\" (2005) - \"Bakekang\" (2006) - \"Mga Kwento ni Lola Basyang\" - Ang Prinsipeng Mahaba Ang Ilong (2007) - \"Pati Ba Pintig Ng Puso\" (2007) - \"Maalaala Mo Kaya\" - Bracelet (2008) - \"Rosalinda\" (2009) - \"Hawak-Kamay\" (ABS"}, {"title": "Jennifer Sevilla", "text": "-CBN 2, 2014) - \"Strawberry Lane\" (GMA 7, 2014) - \"Walang Tulugan with the Master Showman\" (GMA 7, 2016) - \"Love Thy Woman\" (ABS-CBN 2, 2020) - \"La Vida Lena\" (iWantTFC, 2020) - \"Ang Probinsyano\" (Kapamilya Channel, 2021) - \"Teen Clash\" (iWantTFC, 2023)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jennifer Sevilla", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000285", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Hu Qili.", "docs": [{"title": "Hu Qili", "text": "<s>Hu Qili Hu Qili (; born 6 October 1929) is a former high-ranking politician of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was a member of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee and a member of its Secretariat between 1987 and 1989. In 1989, he was purged because of his sympathy toward the students of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and his support for General Secretary Zhao Ziyang. However, he was able to get back into politics in 1991. In 2001, he was named chairman of the Soong Ching-ling Foundation.</s><s>Early career. Hu was born on 6 October 1929 in Yulin, Shaanxi Province. In 1946, he was admitted to the Peking University to pursue a major in physics. In 1948 and at the age of 19, Hu joined the CCP. When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, Hu changed his studies to focus on politics. From 1951 to 1956, Hu was secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee of Peking University. From 1956 to 1966, he served as the president of the All-China Students\u2019 Federation. In 1958, Hu was granted an audience with Chairman Mao Zedong. During the Cultural Revolution, Hu began to work in the lower"}, {"title": "Hu Qili", "text": " levels of the May Seventh Cadre Schools. From 1972 to 1977, he served as the deputy secretary of the Ningxia County Communist Party Committee, the deputy secretary of the Guyuan district Communist Party Committee, and the office director of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Party Committee. After the Cultural Revolution, he served as the deputy president of Tsinghua University. From 1978 to 1980, Hu was a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Youth League Central Committee and was president of the All-China Youth Federation. From 1980 to 1982, he was the party secretary and the mayor of Tianjin. From 1982 to 1987, he was the director of the General Office, a member of the Secretariat, and a member of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee. From 1987 to 1989, Hu served as a member of the Standing Committee, the Political Bureau, and the Secretariat of the CCP Central Committee.</s><s>Tiananmen Square protests. On 15 April 1989, after the death of former General Secretary Hu Yaobang, Beijing university students began to assemble in Tiananmen Square to protest. This was the beginning of the Tiananmen Democracy Movement. General Secretary Zhao Ziyang thought that the government should talk with the student protestors. As a"}, {"title": "Hu Qili", "text": " member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee and a member of the Secretariat of the CCP Central Committee, Hu was placed in charge of propaganda. Hu followed Zhao's instructions and began a propaganda policy for openness and tolerance in engaging the students in dialogue. On 29 April 1989, the \"People\u2019s Daily\" published an editorial titled, Keep Stable, Keep Overall Situation. Hu made comments that the Beijing students had begun to act reasonably and that the Chinese government needed to offer more accurate news for the students. He also believed that the student movement should be reported on accurately and without misinformation. Hu also agreed with Zhao Ziyang's speech. On 3 May 1989, Zhao made a speech to commemorate the May Fourth Movement for its 70th anniversary. In it, he stated that the Beijing students loved China and called of continued talks with the student leaders. On 19 May 1989, there was an evening meeting to brief the Standing Committee. Zhao refused to accept the command of instituting martial law as proposed by Premier Li Peng. Out of all the members of the Standing Committee, only two were opposed to martial law: Zhao and Hu. This began the change of Hu's political future. The Fourth Plenum of the Thirteenth Central Committee was"}, {"title": "Hu Qili", "text": " held on the 23 and 24 of June 1989. They approved a decision made two days earlier at a meeting of the Politburo to strip Hu and Zhao as well as Rui Xingwen and Yan Mingfu of their party posts. For a period of time, Hu was finished in politics in China.</s><s>Return to government. In 1991, Hu returned to politics and was appointed as vice minister and Leading Party Members' Group member of the Ministry of the Machine-Building and Electronics Industry. From 1993 to 1998, he was the minister of the Ministry of the Machine-Building and Electronics Industry. In 1998, Hu was elected vice chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He had a mandate to restore proper political treatment of leaders of the party and state. By convention, persons who hold positions of the Vice-Chairs of the NPC, vice chairman of the CPPCC or above are referred to \" Leaders of the Party and the State \" (\u515a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba) in the official media. He was appointed the chairman of the China Soong Ching Ling Foundation in 2001, which deals with Chinese charities and welfare projects. Hu retired from office in March 2003.</s><s>Significance."}, {"title": "Hu Qili", "text": " Hu Qili was known in the 1980s because of the country's economic reform program champion. After Deng Xiaoping returned to government in 1978, Hu started to rise rapidly. Hu was also once seen as a potential future candidate for General Secretary (party leader). After 1987, Hu was a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, was purged apparently because of sympathies he held for the students carrying out the Tiananmen Square protests and opposed use of armed force to suppress those student and public peoples.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Hu Qili", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000286", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Bh\u0101skara I.", "docs": [{"title": "Bh\u0101skara I", "text": "<s>Bh\u0101skara I Bh\u0101skara () (commonly called Bh\u0101skara I to avoid confusion with the 12th-century mathematician Bh\u0101skara II) was a 7th-century Indian mathematician and astronomer who was the first to write numbers in the Hindu\u2013Arabic decimal system with a circle for the zero, and who gave a unique and remarkable rational approximation of the sine function in his commentary on Aryabhata's work. This commentary, \"\u0100ryabha\u1e6d\u012byabh\u0101\u1e63ya\", written in 629 CE, is among the oldest known prose works in Sanskrit on mathematics and astronomy. He also wrote two astronomical works in the line of Aryabhata's school: the \"Mah\u0101bh\u0101skar\u012bya\" (\u201cGreat Book of Bhaskara\u201d) and the \"Laghubh\u0101skar\u012bya\" (\u201cSmall Book of Bhaskara\u201d). On 7 June 1979, the Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Bh\u0101skara I satellite, named in honour of the mathematician.</s><s>Biography. Little is known about Bh\u0101skara's life, except for what can be deduced from his writings. He was born in"}, {"title": "Bh\u0101skara I", "text": " India in the 7th century, and was probably an astronomer. Bh\u0101skara I received his astronomical education from his father. There are references to places in India in Bh\u0101skara's writings, such as Vallabhi (the capital of the Maitraka dynasty in the 7th century) and Sivarajapura, both of which are in the Saurastra region of the present-day state of Gujarat in India. Also mentioned are Bharuch in southern Gujarat, and Thanesar in the eastern Punjab, which was ruled by Harsha. Therefore, a reasonable guess would be that Bh\u0101skara was born in Saurastra and later moved to A\u015bmaka. Bh\u0101skara I is considered the most important scholar of Aryabhata's astronomical school. He and Brahmagupta are two of the most renowned Indian mathematicians; both made considerable contributions to the study of fractions.</s><s>Representation of numbers. The most important mathematical contribution of Bh\u0101skara I concerns the representation of numbers in a positional numeral system. The first positional representations had been known to Indian astronomers approximately 500 years before Bh\u0101skara's work. However, these numbers were written not in figures, but in words or"}, {"title": "Bh\u0101skara I", "text": " allegories and were organized in verses. For instance, the number 1 was given as \"moon\", since it exists only once; the number 2 was represented by \"wings\", \"twins\", or \"eyes\" since they always occur in pairs; the number 5 was given by the (5) \"senses\". Similar to our current decimal system, these words were aligned such that each number assigns the factor of the power of ten corresponding to its position, only in reverse order: the higher powers were right from the lower ones. Bh\u0101skara's numeral system was truly positional, in contrast to word representations, where the same word could represent multiple values (such as 40 or 400). He often explained a number given in his numeral system by stating \"ankair api\" (\"in figures this reads\"), and then repeating it written with the first nine Brahmi numerals, using a small circle for the zero. Contrary to the word system, however, his numerals were written in descending values from left to right, exactly as we do it today. Therefore, since at least 629, the decimal system was definitely known to the Indian scientists. Presumably, Bh\u0101skara did not invent it, but he was the first to openly use the Brahmi numer"}, {"title": "Bh\u0101skara I", "text": "als in a scientific contribution in Sanskrit.</s><s>Further contributions.</s><s>Further contributions.:Mathematics. Bh\u0101skara I wrote three astronomical contributions. In 629, he annotated the \"\u0100ryabha\u1e6d\u012bya\", an astronomical treatise by Aryabhata written in verses. Bh\u0101skara's comments referred exactly to the 33 verses dealing with mathematics, in which he considered variable equations and trigonometric formulae. In general, he emphasized proving mathematical rules instead of simply relying on tradition or expediency. His work \"Mah\u0101bh\u0101skar\u012bya\" is divided into eight chapters about mathematical astronomy. In chapter 7, he gives a remarkable approximation formula for sin x: which he assigns to Aryabhata. It reveals a relative error of less than 1.9% (the greatest deviation formula_2 at formula_3). Additionally, he gives relations between sine and cosine, as well as relations between the sine of an angle less than 90\u00b0 and the sines of angles 90\u00b0\u2013180\u00b0, 180\u00b0\u2013270\u00b0, and greater than 270\u00b0. Bh\u0101skara already dealt with the assertion that if \"formula_4\" is a prime number, then formula_"}, {"title": "Bh\u0101skara I", "text": "5 is divisible by \"formula_4\". This was later proved by Al-Haitham, mentioned by Fibonacci, and is now known as Wilson's theorem. Moreover, Bh\u0101skara stated theorems about the solutions to equations now known as Pell's equations. For instance, he posed the problem: \"\"Tell me, O mathematician, what is that square which multiplied by 8 becomes \u2013 together with unity \u2013 a square?\"\" In modern notation, he asked for the solutions of the Pell equation formula_7. This equation has the simple solution x = 1, y = 3, or shortly (x,y) = (1,3), from which further solutions can be constructed, such as (x,y) = (6,17). Bh\u0101skara clearly believed that \"\" was irrational. In support of Aryabhata's approximation of, he criticized its approximation to formula_8, a practice common among Jain mathematicians. He was the first mathematician to openly discuss quadrilaterals with four unequal, nonparallel sides.</s><s>Further contributions.:Astronomy. The \"Mah\u0101bh\u0101skar\u012bya\" consists of eight chapters dealing with mathematical astronomy. The book deals with topics such as the long"}, {"title": "Bh\u0101skara I", "text": "itudes of the planets, the conjunctions among the planets and stars, the phases of the moon, solar and lunar eclipses, and the rising and setting of the planets. Parts of \"Mah\u0101bh\u0101skar\u012bya\" were later translated into Arabic.</s><s>See also. - Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula - List of astronomers - List of Indian mathematicians</s><s>Sources. - M. C. Apa\u1e6de. \"The Laghubh\u0101skar\u012bya, with the commentary of Parame\u015bvara\". Anand\u0101\u015brama, Sanskrit series no. 128, Poona, 1946. - v.harish \"Mah\u0101bh\u0101skar\u012bya of Bh\u0101skar\u0101c\u0101rya with the Bh\u0101\u1e63ya of Govindasv\u0101min and Supercommentary Siddh\u0101ntad\u012bpik\u0101 of Parame\u015bvara\". Madras Govt. Oriental series, no. cxxx, 1957. - K. S. Shukla. \"Mah\u0101bh\u0101skar\u012bya, Edited and Translated into English, with Explanatory and Critical Notes, and Comments, etc.\" Department of mathematics, Lucknow University, 1960"}, {"title": "Bh\u0101skara I", "text": ". - K. S. Shukla. \"Laghubh\u0101skar\u012bya, Edited and Translated into English, with Explanatory and Critical Notes, and Comments, etc.,\" Department of mathematics and astronomy, Lucknow University, 2012. - K. S. Shukla. \"\u0100ryabha\u1e6d\u012bya of \u0100ryabha\u1e6da, with the commentary of Bh\u0101skara I and Some\u015bvara\". Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New- Delhi, 1999.</s><s>Further reading. - H.-W. Alten, A. Djafari Naini, M. Folkerts, H. Schlosser, K.-H. Schlote, H. Wu\u00dfing: \"4000 Jahre Algebra.\" Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003, \u00a73.2.1 - S. Gottwald, H.-J. Ilgauds, K.-H. Schlote (Hrsg.): \"Lexikon bedeutender Mathematiker\". Verlag Harri Thun, Frankfurt a. M. 1990 - G. Ifrah: \"The Universal History of Numbers\". John Wiley & Sons, New York 2000 - {{Citation"}, {"title": "Bh\u0101skara I", "text": " | last=Keller - {{Citation | last=Keller</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Bh\u0101skara I", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000287", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ramli Sarip.", "docs": [{"title": "Ramli Sarip", "text": "<s>Ramli Sarip Datuk Ramli Sarip (born 15 October 1952), also known as \"Papa Rock\", is a Singaporean musician, singer, songwriter, arranger and record producer. He is also one of the pioneers of Singapore's rock scene. Ramli was the front man and lead singer of the Singapore-based heavy metal-rock group Sweet Charity until 1986. He was given the title of 'Datuk' by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the State of Malacca on the occasion of the latter's birthday in 2013.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:1964\u20131986: Sweet Charity. Established in 1964, the Singapore-based Malay rock band Sweet Charity had Ramli as its frontman and lead singer until he left in 1986. Sweet Charity was reportedly so successful in the 1970s to the 1980s that they ignited a \"rock explosion\" in both Singapore and Malaysia.</s><s>Career.:After 1986: Solo career and other endeavours. For some time, Ramli was signed under Warner Music. Ramli is credited as the \"first Malay rock singer to hold two solo concerts at the Istana Budaya in Kuala Lumpur.\" He was awarded the COMPASS Artistic Excellence"}, {"title": "Ramli Sarip", "text": " Award in 1998. He formed five-piece band, Sangkakala, to serve as his backing band.  A 1990 Malaysian Hari Raya Puasa television special \"Bersama Ramli Sarip\", in which Ramli hosted, was released on the first day of the season. Three years later, Radio Televisyen Malaysia had imposed a seven-year ban on him due to him maintaining his long hair, which was a strict performing no-no from the broadcaster at the time. Ramli was a vocalist for the 2011 remake of \"Home\". As of 2011, Ramli has released 12 solo albums. He also starred in \"Talking Cock the Movie,\" a Singaporean satirical film in 2002. In 2019, after being critically criticised and lambasted for sung the \"soulful\" and \"soul-stirring\" version of Singapore's national anthem, he stays low profile for quite some time, whereby even Dr. Rohana Zubir (daughter of the late Zubir Said who was the original composer) came out to criticise heavily the rocker's rendition in an open letter in public, she wrote that, \"Sadly, the revised rendition of 'Majulah Singapura' lacks the quality, the oom"}, {"title": "Ramli Sarip", "text": "ph, of a national anthem. It is rather tortuous to listen to.\" She further added: \"The people of Singapore are wonderfully creative but this creativity should not extend to meddling with the musical score of the country's national anthem. This is one area where there should not be change. It is also important for Singaporeans to be proud of their history and to respect individuals, such as my father, for their contribution to nation-building.\"</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Foreign honours. - Companion Class II of the Exalted Order of Malacca (DPSM) - Datuk (2013)</s><s>See also. - Music of Singapore</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ramli Sarip", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000288", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Antonio Leviste.", "docs": [{"title": "Antonio Leviste", "text": "<s>Antonio Leviste Jose Antonio \"Tony\" Casals Leviste (born January 16, 1940) is a Filipino politician and businessman, who served as Governor of Batangas from 1972 to 1980. Born to a distinguished Batangue\u00f1o family renowned in both business and politics, he was married to Senator Loren Legarda, separated from her before the 2004 election campaign. The be-medalled Asian Games equestrienne Toni Leviste is his daughter from a previous marriage. Leviste was sentenced to six years in prison for the murder of his long-time aide, Rafael de las Alas. Leviste served his sentence at the National Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa and on December 6, 2013, he was released after his parole was granted.</s><s>Career. Leviste graduated from the Lyceum of the Philippines in 1959 and became the president of the Student Varsitarian, a reputable campus organization for students hails from different provinces. During his term as Governor of Batangas, he was elected member of the Batasang Bayan chairman of the Regional Development Council, Vice President of the League of Governors and City Mayors, and chairman of the Program for Forest Ecosystem management. Leviste was an advocate"}, {"title": "Antonio Leviste", "text": " of the environment. He initiated a forest ecosystem management program which today continues to be a model in reforestation that made him earn the coveted \"Ten Outstanding Young Men of the Philippines\" (TOYM) award for Public Administration. Leviste was chosen the \"Realtor of the Year\" by the Business Writers Association of the Philippines and served as the director in various government agencies, including the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (now the NHA), Philippine Ports Authority, Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation, Semirara Mining Corporation and the Philippine Tourism Authority. He was co-founder of the Pasay Board of Realtors and the Philippine Association of Real Estate Boards. He also served as Chairman of the Philippine Leisure and Retirement Authority (now the PRA). He holds the rank of Lt. Commander in the Philippine Navy Reserve Force and is the Honorary Consul General of the State of Palestine. Currently, he is the charter president of the Resort Association of the Philippines and co-founder of the Tourism Council of the Philippines. He is the chief executive officer of the Leviste Group of Companies, a real estate firm engaged in housing, subdivision, condominium and resort development.</s><s>Conviction. On January 14, 2009, Leviste got convicted of homicide"}, {"title": "Antonio Leviste", "text": " in the killing of his longtime friend and aide: Rafael de las Alas. Leviste had admitted responsibility for de las Alas' death, asserting he only fired in self-defence. The Makati Regional Trial Court sentenced him to six to twelve years in prison. Leviste served his sentence at the National Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa.</s><s>Release from imprisonment. On December 6, 2013, Leviste was released after six years in prison after his parole has been granted.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Antonio Leviste", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000289", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sam Michael.", "docs": [{"title": "Sam Michael", "text": "<s>Sam Michael Samuel David Michael (born 29 April 1971) is an Australian motor sports engineer and designer, who held senior positions with Formula One constructors Williams and McLaren. He is currently employed by Supercar team Triple Eight Race Engineering.</s><s>Early career. Michael was born in Western Australia and grew up in Canberra. After a brief stint working on Neal Bates' Toyota Celica GT-Four rally car, Michael studied mechanical engineering at the University of New South Wales with a thesis on data acquisition systems for racing cars. During his studies, Greg Siddle employed Michael on a part-time basis working on Mark Larkham's Formula Holden, so that Michael could continue his studies.</s><s>Formula 1. Michael was recruited by UK-based Lotus in 1993. After Team Lotus went bankrupt in 1994 Gary Anderson, the chief designer at Jordan Grand Prix, took Michael on to established the team's research and development department. Michael spent two years working in the Jordan factory on data acquisition, and installed a seven-post rig for simulating suspension movement and designing an active differential. In 1997, Michael joined the Jordan test team. In 1998 he was promoted to race engineer for Ralf Schumacher. When the German departed to go to Williams in 1999, Michael inherited Heinz"}, {"title": "Sam Michael", "text": "-Harald Frentzen. His partnership with Frentzen was successful, resulting in a win at the French Grand Prix at Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, and then again at the Italian Grand Prix at Monza. In 2001, Sir Frank Williams brought Michael to Williams as Senior Operations Engineer. He took over the responsibility of managing the engineers at races and tests. In May 2004, Michael was promoted to Technical Director of Williams, leaving Patrick Head to focus on engineering strategy. In late 2011, Michael joined McLaren as Sporting Director, becoming part of the senior technical management team. At McLaren, Michael came under pressure following a series of failures during pitstops, during the introduction of new equipment and procedures. Martin Whitmarsh defended Michael's position, and shortly afterwards the changes began to pay off.</s><s>Return to Australia. At the end of 2014 Michael returned to Australia, after resigning from McLaren earlier that year. In mid-2016, Michael joined the Australian Institute for Motor Sport Safety board focusing on safety in motor sport. In late 2016, Michael took on a part-time mentoring role with Triple Eight Race Engineering after Ludo Lacroix moved to DJR Team Penske.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sam Michael", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000290", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Robert Jennings (rugby league).", "docs": [{"title": "Robert Jennings (rugby league)", "text": "<s>Robert Jennings (rugby league) Robert Jennings (born 2 January 1996) is a Tongan international rugby league footballer who plays as a er and for the Dolphins in the NRL. He previously played for the Panthers, South Sydney Rabbitohs and the Wests Tigers in the National Rugby League.</s><s>Background. Jennings was born in Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia to Tongan-born parents. He is also of Fijian and English descent. Jennings is the younger brother of former Parramatta Eels player Michael Jennings and Melbourne Storm player George Jennings, and nephew of 1960s All Black Arthur Jennings. He played his junior football for the Western City Tigers & Minchinbury Jets, before being signed by the Penrith Panthers.</s><s>Playing career.</s><s>Playing career.:Early career. In 2014, Jennings played for the Penrith Panthers' NYC team. In November and December 2014, he played for the Australian Schoolboys. In 2015, he moved on to the Panthers' New South Wales Cup team.</s><s>Playing career.:2015. In round 7 of the 2015 NRL season, Jennings made his NRL debut for Penrith against the Gold Coast Titans. On 2 May 2015, he played for the Junior Kangaroos against Junior"}, {"title": "Robert Jennings (rugby league)", "text": " Kiwis. On 8 July 2015, he played for the New South Wales Under-20s team against the Queensland Under-20s team. At the time, he was contracted with Penrith until the end of 2016.</s><s>Playing career.:2016. Jennings was named in Penrith's squad for the 2016 NRL Auckland Nines. After not receiving any game time in the 2016 NRL season, Jennings signed a one-year contract with the South Sydney Rabbitohs starting in 2017. In September, he was named at centre in the 2016 NYC Team of the Year.</s><s>Playing career.:2017. Jennings was named in South Sydney's squad for the 2017 NRL Auckland Nines. He made his South Sydney debut against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in round 2, scoring a try and setting one up for teammate Robbie Farah.</s><s>Playing career.:2018. In round 3 of the 2018 NRL season, Jennings scored his first hat trick try for South Sydney in the 34-6 win over the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles at ANZ Stadium. In round 14 he scored 4 tries in the club's 42-24 smashing of the Parramatta Eels at ANZ Stadium. Jennings finished off the 2018 season with 19 tries"}, {"title": "Robert Jennings (rugby league)", "text": ".</s><s>Playing career.:2019. On 21 February Jennings signed a two-year deal with the Wests Tigers after he was released by South Sydney. Jennings made a total of 18 appearances for the Wests Tigers in the 2019 NRL season as the club finished ninth on the table and missed out on the finals.</s><s>Playing career.:2020 & 2021. On 28 September, Jennings was one of eight players who were released by the Wests Tigers. On 30 October 2020, Jennings returned to Penrith on a one-year deal. Jennings made only three appearances for Penrith in the 2021 NRL season mainly filling in during the State of Origin period.</s><s>Playing career.:2022. In May, Jennings signed a contract for two years to join the newly admitted Dolphins (NRL) side ahead of the 2023 NRL season. Jennings only played four NRL games for the year and spent the majority of his time playing for Penrith's NSW Cup team. Jennings played for Penrith in their 2022 NSW Cup Grand Final victory over Canterbury. On 2 October, Jennings played in Penrith's 44-10 victory over Norths Devils in the NRL State Championship final.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Robert Jennings (rugby league)", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000291", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Hoshiar Singh Dahiya.", "docs": [{"title": "Hoshiar Singh Dahiya", "text": "<s>Hoshiar Singh Dahiya Colonel Hoshiar Singh Dahiya, PVC (5 May 1930 \u2013 6 December 1998) was an officer of the Indian Army who was awarded India's highest military honour, the Param Vir Chakra during Indo-Pakistani war of 1971.</s><s>Early life. Hoshiar Singh Dahiya was born in Sisana village, Sonipat district, Haryana to Choudhary Hira Singh in a Jat family. After his schooling and one year's study at the Jat College, Rohtak, he joined the Army. He was married to Dhano Devi, who is still alive as of December 2021. He was commissioned in The Grenadiers Regiment of the Indian Army on 30 June 1963, and was promoted lieutenant on 30 June 1965. His first posting was in NEFA. In the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war, he saw some action in the Rajasthan sector, for which he was mentioned in despatches. He was promoted to captain on 30 June 1969.</s><s>Param Vir Chakra Citation. The Param Vir Chakra citation on the Official Indian Army Website reads as follows:</s><s>Later career. Singh was promoted to substantive major on 30 June 1976, subsequently serving for two years as"}, {"title": "Hoshiar Singh Dahiya", "text": " an instructor at the Officers Training School, Madras (now Chennai). In 1981 he was posted as an Instructor at the Indian Military Acdemy, Dehra Dun and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 8 April 1983, he eventually rose to command of his battalion. Having reached retirement age for his rank, Singh retired from the Army on 31 May 1988 with the honorary rank of colonel. He settled in Jaipur, but frequently visited his village of Sisana and successfully encouraged many local residents to join the armed forces. He succumbed to a cardiac arrest on 6 December 1998, aged 61, and was cremated with full military honours at Jaipur. He was survived by three sons, two of whom followed their father into the army as commissioned officers in the Grenadiers, with one joining the 3rd Grenadiers.</s><s>In popular culture. Mohanlal reprised Major Hoshiar Singh's character as Major Sahadevan in the 2017 Malayalam film,.</s><s>See also. - Battle of Basantar</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Hoshiar Singh Dahiya", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000292", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Dewi Sartika.", "docs": [{"title": "Dewi Sartika", "text": "<s>Dewi Sartika Dewi Sartika (4 December 188411 September 1947) was an advocate for and pioneer of education for women in Indonesia. She founded the first school for women in the Dutch East Indies. She was honoured as a National Hero of Indonesia in 1966.</s><s>Biography. Dewi Sartika  was born to Sundanese noble parents, R. Rangga Somanegara and R. A. Rajapermas in Cicalengka, in Cikalengka on 4 December 1884. As a child, after school she often pretended to be a teacher while playing with her friends. After her father died, she lived with her uncle. She received an education in Sundanese culture while under his care, while her knowledge of Western culture was passed on to her from the wife of a resident assistant. In 1899, she moved to Bandung. On 16 January 1904, she founded a school named Sakola Istri at Bandung Regency's Pendopo which later was relocated to Jalan Ciguriang and the school name changed to Sekolah Kaoetamaan Isteri (Wife Eminency School) in 1910. In 1912, there were nine Sekolah K"}, {"title": "Dewi Sartika", "text": "aoetamaan Isteri in cities or regencies in West Java (half of the cities and regencies), and in 1920 all of cities and regencies had one school. In September 1929, this school changed its name to Sekolah Raden Dewi. She died on 11 September 1947 at Cineam, Tasikmalaya while she was evacuating from Bandung due to the independence war.</s><s>Legacy. Her name Dewi Sartika is known as the street that was the place of her school, as well as used in various cities in Indonesia. She was awarded the Order of Orange-Nassau at the 35th anniversary of Sekolah Kaoetamaan Isteri as a tribute to her service in education. On 1 December 1966, she received Heroine of the National Movement title.</s><s>Personal life. In 1906, she married Raden Kanduruhan Agah Soeriawinata, a teacher at Sekolah Karang Pamulang.</s><s>Tribute. On 4 December 2016, Google celebrated her 132nd birthday with a Google Doodle.</s><s>Bibliography. - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Dewi Sartika", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000293", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Chris John (boxer).", "docs": [{"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": "<s>Chris John (boxer) Yohannes Christian \"Chris\" John (born 14 September 1979) is an Indonesian former professional boxer who competed from 1998 to 2013. He held the WBA (Super) featherweight title from 2004 to 2013, with his near decade-long reign being the second longest in the division's history (after Johnny Kilbane). During his reign, John defended the title against 16 boxers, the second most in featherweight history (after Eusebio Pedroza). Chris \"The Dragon\" John is the fourth Indonesian boxer to win a world title, following Ellyas Pical, Nico Thomas and Muhammad Rachman. In 2013, John announced his retirement from boxing, following his only career defeat to Simpiwe Vetyeka.</s><s>Early life. Chris John was born as \"Yohannes Christian John\" in Banjarnegara, on 14 September 1979. He is the second son of four siblings of Johan Tjahjadi (real name: Tjia Foek Sem) who is of Chinese descent and Maria Warsini. Boxing has been a part of John's life since his childhood. John's father was a former amateur boxer in Indonesia. He introduced boxing to his sons, John and his"}, {"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": " younger brother Adrian, at an early age of 5. John's Father inspired him by regaling with stories of hard fought battles and triumphant victories. Given the choice to fight or pursue other sports, John chose boxing and became an amateur champion in Banjarnegara. In 1997, Chris caught the attention of renowned boxing trainer, Sutan Rambing. Sutan recruited John into his gym and relocated John to Semarang, a city in Central Java. Sutan served as John's trainer till 2004 and soon after parted ways when John won his first major world title.</s><s>Professional career. John turned professional in 1997 and was known as \"Thin Man\" before he proclaimed his new nickname \"The Dragon\" that he now uses. In his first professional fight, John won by knockout, beating a local fighter Word Kanda. In his 6th bout, the reputation of Chris John rose when he knocked out the national featherweight Champion in a 12 rounds bout, Muhammad Afaridzi. John was knocked down twice in round one, but he managed to reverse the situation by knocking Alfaridzi in round 12. According to Chris John, his nose was bleeding profusely resulting from a broken nose that occurred in the 1st round. Following the win over"}, {"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": " Dae-Kyun Park, Chris captured the PABA Featherweight title from the. John was given the opportunity to fight hard-hitting Oscar Le\u00f3n of Colombia for the WBA featherweight title on 26 September 2003 in Bali. John was The Ring's #8-ranked featherweight in the world (and #10 pound-for-pound), while Oscar was the #5-ranked featherweight in the world and #5 pound-for-pound. This was Oscar's second title fight in his career. His first, losing to then WBA featherweight champion Derrick Gainer in a twelve-round split-decision. While both fighters were in their mid 20s, Oscar had several physical advantages over John: an inch in height and 5 inches in reach. John won by split decision in a 12-round match to win the WBA Featherweight title.</s><s>Professional career.:John vs. Rojas. After defeating Osamu Sato in Tokyo, Japan, John was given the opportunity to fight Jose Rojas of Venezuela in Tenggarong, East Kalimantan. The fight result was concluded as a technical draw because accidental head clash in round 4. John was deeply cut, and Rojas was slightly cut. Rojas entered"}, {"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": " as the challenger after Derrick Gainer refused to sign contract with the promoter. In 2005, John split with trainer Sutan Rambing prior to Derrick Gainer Fight. Preparing for this bout Chris joined Harry's Gym in Perth, Australia, where he is currently trained and managed by Craig Christian. Five months after the fight with Oscar, Chris went on to defend his WBA title to former champion Derrick Gainer. Heading to the bout, Derrick was favourite to take the title he lost 2 years ago to Lineal Champion Juan Manuel Marquez. It was considered to be an important fight for both men. Despite scoring a first round knockdown, Derrick Gainer's attempt to once again win a world featherweight title failed at the Britama Arena Sport Hall in Jakarta, Indonesia. John won the match decisively by 12 round unanimous decision(118-109, 118-111, and 118-110).</s><s>Professional career.:John vs. M\u00e1rquez. In the year of 2006, quadruple champion Juan Manuel M\u00e1rquez challenged Chris for his WBA featherweight championship. Coming into the bout, Marquez fought to a draw against Manny Pacquiao. John won by Unanimous Decision over 12 rounds. Marquez and his team disputed the decision,"}, {"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": " although all three judges scored in favour of John. In 2012, following Marquez's upset win over Pacquiao, Chris John called him out for a second bout to be staged in Singapore or Macau in a neutral ground. \"I am a much better boxer than him (Marquez) and I have more speed and skill,\" said John. \"I will fight Marquez at any weight because it is a big money fight,\" John, told the Straits Times. Australian promoter Angelo Hyder said he would propose a fight at lightweight, meaning the Mexican would have to shed weight and John would have to gain about four kilograms (nine pounds). The bout never came to fruition.</s><s>Professional career.:John vs. Enoki. Prior to this bout, both fighters were undefeated, John standing at 41-0 and Enoki at 27-0. This was Hiroyuki Enoki first shot at a world title. A lot of hype was built up coming into the fight due to the history of world war two as Indonesia was a colony of Japan. This fight was staged in a sold out korakuen hall in Tokyo, Japan. John took control from the outset and won unanimously by scores of 118-110, 118-110 and 117-111. This marked"}, {"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": " John's 10th world title defense.{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=3661586 |title= John scores unanimous decision over Enoki to keep title |date=October 24, 2008}}</s><s>Professional career.:John vs. Juarez. Following Enoki Fight, Chris called out Perennial contender Rocky Juarez.{{cite web |url=http://www.secondsout.com/news/other-news/chris-john-faces-enoki-friday-night-rocky-juarez-next|title= Chris John Faces Enoki Friday night; Rocky Juarez Next?|date=October 24, 2008}} In an interview with Secondsout, John said, \"I want all boxing fans to be able to see me in the ring. I just want to fight the best fighters in the world and by going to the United States, I can fight the best. I watched Rocky Juarez\u2019 last fight with Jorge Barrios. Juarez would be a good fight for me. I am ready for him and anyone else at featherweight or super featherweight. On February 28, 2009, the title fight"}, {"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": " materialize with Rocky Juarez in Toyota Center in Houston, Texas, which served as the main undercard for Juan Manuel M\u00e1rquez vs. Juan D\u00edaz. This was the first time he had fought on American soil. The fight was a unanimous draw after 12 competitive rounds, with all three judges scoring it 114-114. The fight was listed in Ring Magazines 20 Biggest Robberies in the last 20 years.</s><s>Professional career.:John vs. Juarez II. The long-awaited rematch between Chris John and Rocky Juarez was staged in the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, as part of the undercard to Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Juan Manuel M\u00e1rquez. John entered as the # 1 featherweight in the world according to The Ring Magazine. Juarez, a 2.1-1 underdog, came in as the # 4 featherweight. The bout, originally scheduled for June 27, was delayed due to a blood issue with Chris John. John had been reportedly feeling ill and fainted in training following a three-round sparring session. Tests two weeks later, however, showed no irregularities. The rematch, the fight was one sided with John retaining his WBA title via 119-109, 117-111,"}, {"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": " 114-113, 12 round unanimous decision.</s><s>Professional career.:John vs. Yordan. Fellow Indonesian and leading contender Daud Yordan was next in line to fight John. The event was held in Jakarta International Expo, Kemayoran Central Jakarta on 17 April 2011. Chris John won a unanimous decision over his challenger by scores of 117-112, 116-112, and 116-112.</s><s>Professional career.:John vs. Kimura. John defended his title for the 16th time on May 5, 2012, by defeating Japanese Shoji Kimura by unanimous decision. This marked his first win in Singapore and first out of his five fights contract in Marina Bay Sands.</s><s>Professional career.:John vs. Piriyapinyo. Chonlatarn Piriyapinyo was the second undefeated fighter to challenge John's featherweight title. This served as his second bout in Marina Bay Sands. Billed as the \"Battle of the Undefeated'. Coming into the fight, the thai fighter was ranked 6th in the featherweight division. Chris John successfully defended his WBA featherweight title for the 17th time on Friday in Singapore, as the Indonesian Pride beat Thailand's Chonlatarn Piriyapinyo on unanimous decision scores of"}, {"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": " 117-111, 119-109, and 119-109.\" In the Post fight interview, Chris John called out fellow champions Daniel Ponce de Le\u00f3n, Billy Dib and Orlando Salido from other associations for a unification bout for the featherweight belt.</s><s>Professional career.:John vs. Hosono. Satoshi Hosono, rated 7th by WBA in the featherweight division, became John's 6th challenger from Japan. Fighting on April 14, 2013 at the Indoor Tennis Stadium, Jakarta, Indonesia, John suffered severe bleeding from his temple and forehead due to the headbutt which happened in round 3 of 12. The fight was declared as a technical draw, and John retained his title.</s><s>Professional career.:John vs. Vetyeka. John lost the WBA Super World featherweight title to Simpiwe Vetyeka on December 6, 2013, when John retired on his stool after the sixth of twelve rounds. Vetyeka's IBO featherweight title was also on the line. It was John's first professional loss and brought his ten-year WBA title reign to an end. After this loss, John decided to retire from boxing. Announcing his retirement on RCTI (Indonesia) Live with Trainer Craig Christian and"}, {"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": " management team of Yonathan Periatna and Tony Tolj (Australia) and Angelo Hyder. Now he runs his personal business with his wife, becomes a TV commercial star, motivator, and sometimes appears on TV shows.</s><s>Trainers in boxing. - 1984\u20131997: Johan Tjahjadi (John's father) - 1997\u20132004: Sutan Rambing - 2005\u20132013: Craig Christian</s><s>Awards. John was named awarded the Fighter of the Decade for the 2000s by the WBA, in a ceremony which took place in Panama City on 29 February 2012. This award was previously held by Roy Jones Jr. for his achievements in the 1990s.{{cite web |url=http://sport.detik.com/read/2012/03/05/182645/1858484/82/chris-john-sabet-penghargaan-wba-fighter-of-decade |title= Chris John Sabet Penghargaan 'WBA Fighter of Decade' |date=March 3, 2012}} In addition to being a professional boxer, John is also a member of the national wushu team. His successful achievements as a wushu athlete include"}, {"title": "Chris John (boxer)", "text": ": - Bronze medalist, South East Asian Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2001 - Gold medalist, South East Asian Games in Jakarta, Indonesia, 1997 - Gold medalist, Indonesian multi events games (National Olympic), Jakarta, 1996 - Gold medalist, Indonesian wushu championship</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Chris John (boxer)", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000294", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rana Sanaullah.", "docs": [{"title": "Rana Sanaullah", "text": "<s>Rana Sanaullah Rana Sanaullah (Punjabi, born 1 January 1955) is a Pakistani politician serving as the 39th Interior Minister of Pakistan. He has been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since August 2018. He is a senior member of PML-N and the President of PML-N in Punjab province since 4 May 2019. Before getting elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan, Sanaullah had been elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab five times and had served in high-ranking ministries of the province. Previously, he has served as the Law and Parliamentary Affairs Minister of Punjab from 2008 to 2018, Local Governments and Community Development Minister of Punjab from 2008 to 2014, Revenue Minister of Punjab from 2008 to 2013, Public Prosecution Minister of Punjab from 2008 to 2013, and the Deputy Leader of the Opposition (Punjab) from 1990 to 1993 and again from 2002 to 2007.</s><s>Early life and family. Sanaullah was born on 1 January 1955 in Faisalabad, Punjab, to Sher Muhammad into a Muslim Rajput family, and is a practicing lawyer, holding a bachelor's degree in commerce from Government College, Faisalabad and an LLB from Punjab Law College, Lahore. He"}, {"title": "Rana Sanaullah", "text": "'s a cousin of former Chief Justice of Pakistan Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry.</s><s>Political career. He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in 1990 Pakistani general election. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML-N) in 1997 Pakistani general election. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from PP-70 (Faisalabad-XX) as a candidate of (PML-N) in 2002 Pakistani general election. He was also elected as the leader of opposition of the Punjab Provincial Assembly. In 2003, he was abducted by alleged intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and was badly tortured for speaking against military regime. Different pictures published in different newspaper showed Rana without his signature moustache and a shaved head. His acquaintances claim that the torture resulted in such an everlasting effect that interrupted the natural process of hair growth and since then his hair didn't grow that bushy as they were before. When freed, he was subsequently shifted to DHQ hospital. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from PP-70 (F"}, {"title": "Rana Sanaullah", "text": "aisalabad-XX) as a candidate of (PML-N) in 2008 Pakistani general election. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from PP-70 (Faisalabad-XX) as a candidate of (PML-N) in 2013 Pakistani general election. He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from NA-106 (Faisalabad-VI) as a candidate of (PML-N) in 2018 Pakistani general election.</s><s>Political controversies.</s><s>Political controversies.:Warren Weinstein. In August 2011, he accused an American contractor in Pakistan Warren Weinstein of being an American spy although Weinstein had lived in Pakistan for seven years and there was no evidence that he was a spy. Weinstein went missing a week later and was accidentally killed in a January 2015 US drone strike on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, as announced by U.S. President Barack Obama at a White House press conference on April 23, 2015.</s><s>Political controversies.:Model Town incident. On 17 June 2014, Punjab Police raided the Minhaj-ul-Quran International's lahore secretariat on the pretext of removing security barriers from its surroundings. Tahir-ul-Qadri's followers, who were preparing for his"}, {"title": "Rana Sanaullah", "text": " arrival from Canada to launch an anti-government movement on 23 June 2014, protested and deadly skirmishes started. A dozen of Tahir-ul-Qadri's devotees were killed including three women and around hundred got seriously wounded from bullet shots. Rana Sanaullah, who is considered only second to the Chief Minister, remained adamant that the police action was justified which added to the public fury. In the wake of public reaction and opposition's criticism, Shahbaz Sharif sacked Rana Sanaullah Khan as law minister, and Punjab's top bureaucrat. However, Qadri and other opposition leaders including Imran Khan held Shahbaz Sharif, Chief Minister of Punjab, responsible for the civilian deaths at the hands of police and demanded his resignation. FIR of Model Town tragedy was registered against key figures of the present government including the Prime Minister, the Chief Minister and Rana Sanaullah Khan. A joint-investigation-team (JIT) was later formed to investigate the incident. The government led JIT he was sworn in as Punjab Law Minister again in May 2015.</s><s>Narcotics case. When Sanaullah was travelling from Faisalabad to Lahore in July 2019, the Anti Narcotics Force (ANF) Lahore"}, {"title": "Rana Sanaullah", "text": " team detained him close to the Ravi Toll Plaza on the highway. Under Section 9(C) of the Control of Narcotic Substances Act of 1997, which contains the death penalty, life in prison, or a sentence that may last up to 14 years in jail, as well as a fine of up to Rs1 million, a first information report was filed. According to the First Information Report (FIR), Sanaullah was allegedly involved in drug trafficking and was transporting heroin to Lahore. This information had been provided to the force. He was twice denied bail by the trial court, but on December 24, 2019, the Lahore High Court granted him liberty.</s><s>Narcotics case.:Sanaullah\u2019s plea. Sanaullah claimed on 10 December 2022 that the case against him was \"concocted, designed, and created\" after the multiple hearings. In the name of justice, equity, and fair play, he pleaded with the court to drop the charges against him. Sanaullah's lawyer informed the court that \"Sanaullah had nothing to do with narcotics\" and that \"the case was a political ploy.\" He added that there were contradictions between the witness testimony and the camera footage. Imtiaz Ahmed, Assistant Director"}, {"title": "Rana Sanaullah", "text": " of the ANF, and Inspector Ehsaan Azam rejected the accusations against him during the final hearing, calling them \"false.\" Along with other petitioners, Sanaullah asserted that this was an instance of political victimization. They said that Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) leader Fawad Chaudhry had explicitly stated that this case had not been filed during the administration of ousted primer minister Imran Khan and had instead been brought by \"influential people\" in the country.</s><s>Narcotics case.:Acquittal in narcotics case. Interior Minister Rana Sanaullah was exonerated on December 10th, 2022 by a special court in Lahore following multiple hearings and his submission of a plea.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rana Sanaullah", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000295", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Thomas Jack.", "docs": [{"title": "Thomas Jack", "text": "<s>Thomas Jack Tom Jack Johnston, (better known by his stage name Thomas Jack) is an Australian DJ, record producer and musician. He is noted for the \"tropical house\" subgenre, and first coined the term in 2013.</s><s>Early life. Johnston grew up on a dairy farm in a small rural town in New South Wales before moving to Sydney to enroll in a music production school. Speaking in an interview, he said \"I grew up on this massive dairy farm with 2,000 to 3,000 cows, and we would milk them every morning and afternoon. That's what I did growing up, pretty much everything to being a farmer. After that, I ended up moving to Sydney to go to school.\" Using the PlayStation game eJay he became involved in the production of dance music. He said \"I kept learning and started DJing and I always really enjoyed it. You always have that dream of thinking, that'd be so cool if I could do this for a living and you can never expect what's going to happen to you\". Johnston eventually moved to Ableton after his father gifted him the software. He previously used a number of stage names while growing up such as \"Dirty-D, Bassics, Tommy\" and \"Tom Fool"}, {"title": "Thomas Jack", "text": "ery\" but they were never used professionally.</s><s>Background. Johnston refers to his summery, laid-back dance tracks as tropical house. Inspired by deep house as well as acoustic rock and jam bands, his tracks heavily feature live instruments, particularly saxophone, flute, piano, and guitar, and generally have a relaxed, sunny, uplifting feel. His tracks often feature samples of speeches. Speaking about his involvement in the genre, Johnston said \"I just wanna be Thomas Jack and do my thing. I fear that, in a year, I'm gonna be jammed in this corner. And everyone's gonna know me as just that\".</s><s>Musical career.</s><s>Musical career.:2013\u201314. Johnston's first manager, Myles Shear, discovered him on SoundCloud and flew him to Miami. Johnston began a podcast mix series called Tropical House, which featured guest mixes by Felix Jaehn, Bakermat, Robin Schulz, and others. He became well known across EDM websites for his original tracks such as \"Symphony\" and \"The Final Speech\" as well as his remixes of popular artists such as Of Monsters & Men and OneRepublic and house producers like Adrian Lux. His busy touring schedule brought him to clubs around the"}, {"title": "Thomas Jack", "text": " globe, causing Johnston to refer to himself as \"homeless\" but he has spent a considerable amount of time in the United States, particularly in Florida. After devoting much of 2014 to remixes (including his take on Gabriel Rios' \"Gold\") and live gigs, he released a new single, \"Rivers\".</s><s>Musical career.:2015. In August 2015, Johnston went on the \"We Are Your Friends\" movie tour along with several other artists such as Hook n Sling, MAKJ, SNBRN, Anna Lunoe and Michael Woods. Johnston announced the Tropical Express Tour in which he toured with Bag Raiders, Bixel Boys, Felix Jaehn and several others. On 30 October 2015, Johnston released his debut single \"Rivers\" featuring Norwegian singers Nico & Vinz. The single peaked fourth on the Belgian chart, fifty-first on the Dutch chart and sixteenth on the Norwegian chart. On 26 November 2015, an official music video was uploaded to Thomas Jack's YouTube channel. When asked about his plans on launching a tropical house record label, Johnston said \"Maybe, but I'm trying to figure out what music I want to make still. There's a lot of different stuff I want to make. I just want to get"}, {"title": "Thomas Jack", "text": " there first. I discovered so much amazing music at Burning Man that really inspired me to do some different things. It's hard to change straight away. I got some different ideas for what I want to do. But they're a bit too weird to change so I'm just gonna keep cruising. I've got an album to finish at the moment which is pretty cool\".</s><s>Musical career.:2016. Johnston had planned to release his debut studio album in 2016. He said \"I'm just starting to get into it now, so I'm not sure. I have some new singles, but we're just trying to figure out the correct release dates and everything. I've had such a hectic tour schedule over the summer, so it really slowed down my production. But I have a bit of time off now, so I can focus. I'm looking forward to it\". On 8 July 2016, he released his second single \"Rise Up\" with English singer Jasmine Thompson. The single peaked fourteenth in Belgium. An official music video was uploaded to Jasmine Thompson's YouTube channel.</s><s>Legacy. He began using the term \"tropical house\" somewhat jokingly, but it stuck, and international producers such as Kygo and Klingande soon became"}, {"title": "Thomas Jack", "text": " associated with the subgenre. Speaking about tropical house, Johnston said \"This genre has impacted on commercial radio. This time next year, tropical house will not be the same. I wanna still hold my name as an artist and not become way, way, way commercial. I don't wanna be limited to the name of a genre\". Johnston introduced Kygo to his former manager Myles Shear which has helped to launch the careers of Kygo and Klingande. When asked about how he sees himself in the genre, Johnston said \"I just was always doing my thing \u2013 it really wasn't anything planned. But it's cool, I like it. The interesting thing that I want to know is what's going to happen to it in the next year, you know? It needs to be taken to the next level\".</s><s>Music videos. - Thomas Jack \u2013 Rivers (feat. Nico & Vinz) - Thomas Jack & Jasmine Thompson \u2013 Rise Up</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Thomas Jack", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000296", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jamie Cripps.", "docs": [{"title": "Jamie Cripps", "text": "<s>Jamie Cripps Jamie Cripps (born 23 April 1992) is an Australian rules footballer who plays for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL). Cripps is a cousin of two other AFL players, Patrick Cripps (Carlton) and Chris Mainwaring (West Coast).</s><s>Junior career. Originally from Northampton, Western Australia, Cripps participated in the Auskick program at Northampton and played his junior football for Western Australian Football League team East Fremantle Football Club, making his senior debut in 2009, before playing another six games in 2010 and representing Western Australia at the 2010 AFL Under 18 Championships. Cripps was recruited to AFL club with the 24th selection in the 2010 AFL Draft. Shortly after being drafted, Cripps was admitted to hospital suffering from a diabetes-related illness. It was reported that St Kilda were unaware that Cripps was diabetic before they drafted him.</s><s>AFL career. Cripps made his AFL debut as the substitute player in St Kilda's Round 6 match against at AAMI Stadium. He performed well, scoring two goals with his first two kicks of the game. At the end of the 2012 season, he was traded to the West Coast"}, {"title": "Jamie Cripps", "text": " Eagles along with draft pick 46 in exchange for draft picks 41 and 44.</s><s>Personal life. Cripps married his long term partner in October 2021 at a ceremony at a brewery in Western Australia's Margaret River wine region.</s><s>Statistics.! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2011! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2012! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2013! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2014! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2015! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2016! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2017! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2019! colspan=3| Career! 149!! 186!! 114!! 1189!! 714!! 1903!! 564!! 593!! 1.2!! 0.8!! 8.0!! 4.8!! 12.8!! 3.8!! 4.0</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jamie Cripps", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000297", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Fumiko Kaneko.", "docs": [{"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": "<s>Fumiko Kaneko</s><s>Early life. Fumiko Kaneko was born in the Kotobuki district of Yokohama during the Meiji period in Japan. Her parents were Fumikazu Saeki, a man from a samurai family, and Kikuno Kaneko, the daughter of a peasant. Because they were not officially married, Fumiko could not be registered as a Saeki. She remained unregistered until she was 8 years old, at which point she was registered as her mother's sister, a fairly common practice for children born out of wedlock. Kaneko recalls that the first few years of her life were fairly happy, as her father was employed as a detective at a police office and cared for his family, though they were fairly poor. However, Fumikazu left his job at the police station, and the family moved around a considerable amount over the next few years. Fumikazu was also increasingly drawn to gambling and drinking, began to abuse Kikuno, and became involved with other women, including Kikuno's sister Takano. Eventually, Fumikazu left Kikuno and married Takano. During this time, Fumiko was first confronted with the problems of"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": " being an unregistered child. Her circumstances made her \"invisible to educational authorities,\" and she was not technically allowed to attend school. Some schools eventually permitted her to attend classes, but she was not called in attendance, did not receive report cards, and was ineligible to receive the official certificate of graduation at the end of a class year. Despite these difficulties, including frequent gaps in her attendance, she did very well in school. After Fumiko's father left, her mother was involved with several other men, but none of these relationships led to better living circumstances and they were nearly always extremely impoverished. Kikuno even considered selling Fumiko to a brothel, claiming that it would be a better life for her, but she abandoned this plan when it turned out that Fumiko would be sent far away to another region of Japan. After several years of these difficult circumstances, Fumiko lived briefly with her maternal grandparents while her mother remarried again. In 1912, her father's mother, Mutsu Sakei-Iwashita, came to visit, and it was agreed that Fumiko would go back with her to her home in Korea, where she would be adopted by her aunt, who was childless. Before leaving Japan, Fumiko"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": " was finally registered as the daughter of her maternal grandparents.</s><s>Life in Korea. Shortly after her arrival in Korea, it became clear that Fumiko would not be adopted or provided with the higher level of living that she expected. For the first year or so, they kept up the pretense of including her in their family by allowing her to use the name Iwashita, but after that she was called Kaneko. Her grandmother introduced her to visitors as a child she had taken in out of pity from some people she barely knew and her grandmother and aunt treated her like a maid. It appears that they did initially intend to adopt her, but, at least from Fumiko's perspective, they decided quickly that she was too poorly brought up and unrefined to be their family heir. The only advantage she had was finally being able to attend school regularly, and even her education was limited because her relatives refused to let her read anything besides her required work for school. She was initially promised a high level of education that would eventually lead her to college, but they only allowed her to continue her schooling through the lower primary and higher primary grades and did not attempt to enroll her in a high school. After she finished school, she had to spend all her time"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": " working in the house, and she cites this period as the worst of her time in Korea. Fumiko was subjected to extremely poor treatment under her relatives in Korea. Despite their relative wealth, she was only provided with the bare minimum in terms of clothing and living circumstances, and was frequently beaten and deprived of food as a punishment for perceived wrongdoing, sometimes so badly that she contemplated suicide. Her time in Korea also allowed her to observe the mistreatment of the native Koreans by her relatives and other Japanese occupiers.</s><s>Return to Japan. In 1919, when she was 16, Fumiko was sent back to her maternal family in Japan, presumably because she was of marriageable age and her grandmother and aunt did not want to have to arrange a match for her. She stayed with her maternal grandparents again and began to form a strong relationship with her Uncle Motoei, who, because of the way she was registered, was officially her brother. By this time, she had reconnected with her birth father, living with him for short periods of time, and he attempted to arrange a marriage between Fumiko and Motoei. The arrangement fell through, because Motoei discovered that Fumiko had developed a relationship with another young man and claimed that her potential loss of virginity"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": " suggested by that relationship voided his agreement with her father. Fumiko was sent back to live with her father after this event, but her life there was unpleasant and she was not allowed to follow her desires for a serious education, so she decided to go to Tokyo and pursue a life there.</s><s>Experiences in Tokyo. When Fumiko arrived in Tokyo in 1920, she initially lived with her great uncle, but soon managed to get a position as a newspaper girl. She requested an advance on her wages in order to pay her enrollment fees at two different co-ed schools, and started to take classes in mathematics and English. Her job introduced her to a number of groups, most notably the Christian Salvation Army and members of the socialist movement who advocated their philosophies on the street. However, the job was difficult, her employer exploited his workers and was immoral in his personal life, and she hardly had any time to keep up with her school work, so she eventually quit. She then briefly maintained a relationship with the Salvation Army group, but she was not compelled by their beliefs and was abandoned by her one Christian friend after a time because he believed the feelings he was developing for her were threatening his beliefs. While she hoped to escape the hypocrisy she saw in this group"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": " by joining the socialist movement, she found that socialists could also behave in ways that seemed to contradict their beliefs, and she eventually abandoned them as well in favor of a more independent activism. Fumiko was able to attend school on and off in the midst of these life developments, and the major shift in her thinking, from socialism to anarchism and nihilism, began in 1922, when she met Hatsuyo Niiyama at her night school classes. In her memoirs, Fumiko calls Hatsuyo her \"closest friend,\" and mentions that she introduced her to the ideas of foundational nihilist thinkers like Max Stirner, Mikhail Artsybashev, and Friedrich Nietzsche. Around this time, Fumiko was also introduced to a Korean activist named Pak Yol, who shared many of her ideas, and when she finally abandoned the socialist movement she worked with Pak to attempt to accomplish her vision.</s><s>Fumiko Kaneko and Pak Yol. Together, Fumiko and Pak published two magazines which highlighted the problems Koreans faced under Japanese imperialism (though they were never directly a part of the Korean independence movement) and showed influences of their radical beliefs. The articles Fumiko wrote for these publications were probably her most obvious activist activity"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": ". Sometime between 1922 and 1923, they also established a group called \"Futei-sha (Society of Malcontents),\" which Fumiko identified as a group advocating for direct action against the government. These activities soon brought Pak and Fumiko under government scrutiny. In September 1923, the hugely destructive Great Kant\u014d earthquake led to massive public anxiety, with many people concerned that the Koreans, who were already agitating for independence from Japan, would use the confusion to start a rebellion. The government therefore made a number of arrests, mostly of Koreans, on limited evidence, and among those arrested were Pak and Fumiko. After lengthy judicial proceedings, Fumiko and Pak were convicted of high treason for attempting to obtain bombs with the intention of killing the emperor or his son. They confessed to this crime, and it appears that at least Fumiko made herself appear guiltier than she actually was, possibly with the intention of sacrificing herself for her cause. During the trial, Fumiko wrote the story of her life as a way of explaining \"what made me do what I did,\" and this memoir is the main source of information about her life, along with court documents. Pak and Fumiko, who had been romantically involved for most of"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": " their time together, were legally married a few days prior to their sentencing, which historian H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Bowen Raddeker identifies as a move to \"underscore the obvious irony in the fact that the Japanese state had united them legally in life before uniting them legally in death.\" Pak and Fumiko were initially given the death sentence, but an imperial pardon commuted that sentence to life imprisonment. Instead of accepting this pardon, Fumiko tore it up and refused to thank the emperor. While Pak survived his time in prison and was released years later, Fumiko was reported to have committed suicide in her cell in 1926, although there were suspicious circumstances around her death.</s><s>Ideological views. Though Fumiko considered the belief systems put forth by the Salvation Army group and the Socialists, she eventually settled on nihilism as her guiding philosophy. Her perception of nihilism changed over time, as is indicated by a statement she made to the court in 1925. She stated, in reference to the strictly negative version of nihilism she originally pursued, that \"formerly I said 'I negate life'... [but] my negation of all life was completely meaningless... The stronger the affirmation of life, the stronger the creation of life- negation together"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": " with rebellion. Therefore, I affirm life.\" However, she also takes care to define what this affirmation of life means for a nihilist, which she expects to be very different from the perspectives of the officials: \"Living is not synonymous with merely having movement. It is moving in accordance with one's will\u2026 one could say that with deeds, one begins to really live. Accordingly, when one moves by means of one's own will and this leads to the destruction of one's body, this is not a negation of life. It is an affirmation.\" The anarchist cause that she eventually followed was supported ideologically by her rejection of nationalism and the idea of the emperor, as well as a pessimistic belief about the nature of revolutions. In her testimony at her trial, she explained that she and Pak \"thought of throwing a bomb [at the emperor] to show he too will die like any other human being,\" and rejected \"the concepts of loyalty to the emperor and love of nation\" as \"simply rhetorical notions that are being manipulated by the tiny group of privileged classes to fulfill their own greed and interests.\" Initially, this rejection of the emperor system may have led her to believe in an alternative political system, but after seeing the way members of other groups behaved, she came to"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": " believe that any leader, whether the emperor, or other government officials, or a completely new government under socialists, would equally abuse power dynamics and oppress the people. For her, \"[revolution] simply means replacing one authority with another,\" and since she believed that no system of authority could or would operate without oppression, it is logical that she eventually directed her activities towards abolishing all authority. Though she believed, in line with nihilistic thought, that it was not possible to cure the evils in the world, her actions as an anarchist reflect her belief that \"even if we cannot embrace any social ideals, every one of us can find some task that is truly meaningful to us. It does not matter whether our activities produce meaningful results or not\u2026 this would enable us to bring our lives immediately in to harmony with our existence.\" While Fumiko did not formally associate herself with any sort of women's movement, she clearly held strong beliefs about the need for equality between men and women. When her great-uncle repeatedly tried to persuade her to abandon the idea of education and \"marry a working merchant,\" she insisted that she could \"never become the wife of a tradesman.\" Though she does not appear to have fully verbalized her reasoning to her great-uncle, she states in"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": " her memoir that she wanted to be independent, \"no longer\u2026 under the care of anybody.\" Fumiko also expressed concerns that schools specifically for women did not provide equal opportunities, and committed to pursuing her own education only at co-ed schools. Finally, some of the hypocrisy she was most concerned about in the socialist groups had to do with their treatment of women in general, and her in particular. For instance, she broke off a relationship with a fellow socialist, Segawa, after he brushed off a question about the possibility of their relationship leading to pregnancy. She \"expected him to take some responsibility,\" and saw that she \"was being toyed with and taken advantage of.\" Within this context, she challenged the double standard that allowed men to participate in casual relationships without repercussions while women were expected to bear full responsibility for the possible consequences. Additionally, she saw this behavior as further evidence that these men were not truly committed to the ideas they espoused, as real socialism would require a greater level of equality.</s><s>In popular culture. - Fumiko and, particularly, her trial was portrayed in the 2017 film \"Anarchist from Colony\". - A newspaper containing Fumiko's photograph was discussed in \"Mr. Sunshine.\"</s><s>See also. - Anarch"}, {"title": "Fumiko Kaneko", "text": "ism in Japan - Amakasu Incident - Toranomon Incident - Japanese resistance during the Sh\u014dwa period - Assassination attempts on Hirohito</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - - -</s><s>Further reading. - {{cite book |last=Ebrey</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Fumiko Kaneko", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000298", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of G. Venugopal.", "docs": [{"title": "G. Venugopal", "text": "<s>G. Venugopal Gopinathan Nair Venugopal (born 10 December 1960), popularly known as G. Venugopal, is an Indian playback singer known for his works in Malayalam films. He started his singing career in the film \"Odaruthammava Aalariyam\" (1984). Since then he has sung in more than 4000 films; and has over 500 private albums to his credit.</s><s>Early and personal life. Venugopal was born in Thattathumala, near Kilimanoor. Venugopal is the eldest of the two children of Gopinathan Nair, who hails from Thattathumala and Sarojini, who was the head of the department of music, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram. K. Sharadamani and K. Radhamani, who were popularly known as Parur sisters, are the maternal aunts of Venugopal. Singers Sujatha Mohan and Radhika Thilak are his cousins and Shweta Mohan is his niece. Venugopal married Reshmi on 8 April 1990 and they have two children, Arvind and Anupallavi. Arvind"}, {"title": "G. Venugopal", "text": " is also a playback singer.</s><s>Television shows. - As Judge</s><s>Awards. - Kerala State Film Awards - 1988 - Best Male Playback Singer - \"Unarumee Gaanam\" (Moonnam Pakkam) - 1990 - Best Male Playback Singer - \"Thaane Poovitta Moham\" (Sasneham) - 2004 - Best Male Playback Singer - \"Aadadi Aadaadadi\" (Ullam) - Kerala Film Critics Association Awards - 1987 - Best Male Playback Singer - \"Onnam Ragam Paadi\" (Thoovanathumbikal) - 1989 - Best Male Playback Singer - \"Mainaka Ponmudiyil\" (Mazhavilkavadi) - Asianet Film Awards - 2006 - Best Playback Singer (Male) - \"Kainiraye\" (Baba Kalyani) - 2022 - Janmashtami Award by Balagokulam for Contributions in Art and Culture of Kairali. The youngest to get this award.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "G. Venugopal", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000299", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Pogo (musician).", "docs": [{"title": "Pogo (musician)", "text": "<s>Pogo (musician) Christopher Nicholas \"Nick\" Bertke (born 26 July 1988), better known by his stage name Pogo, which is symbolized by an icon of a rabbit, is a South African-born Australian electronic musician. Much of his work consists of recording small sounds, quotes, and melodies from films, TV programmes or other sources, and sequencing the sounds together to form a new piece of music (a genre also known as plunderphonics). A number of Pogo's works consist almost entirely of the sounds he samples, with few or no additional music or sound samples.</s><s>Music. Pogo has produced tracks using samples from films and TV shows such as \"Pulp Fiction\". He has also sampled from other sources, such as field recordings for his project \"Remix the World. Remix the World\" was an ambitious project, consisting of all original content. Bertke shot real-world footage and then used those sounds and images to capture the essence of the places he visited. The Real World Remix was shot in Kenya, South Africa, Bhutan, and Perth (AU). Bertke is best known for his use of video sampling to produce music videos, which he uploads on the video-sharing website YouTube. As of October 2017"}, {"title": "Pogo (musician)", "text": ", his most popular YouTube video is \"Alice\", made of samples of Disney's animated film \"Alice in Wonderland\", with more than 30 million views. In 2010, his music video \"Gardyn,\" created from footage of his mother working in her garden, was juried along with 24 other YouTube videos for an exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City. On 29 September 2016, Pogo released a song called \"Trumpular\" on SoundCloud which consisted of quotes from Republican nominee, and later President, Donald Trump. Later, in 2019, he made a music video called \"Homarge\", based on \"The Simpsons\" (mostly from the episode \"Simpson and Delilah\"), which gained over a million views. On August 27, 2021, Pogo released a remix called \"Strangerous\", taking voices and sounds from \"Stranger Things\", which has become Pogo's second most viewed on SoundCloud, and on November 5, 2021, he released \"Cabin Fever\", which samples \"Muppet Treasure Island\". Pogo's music is used on the conservative YouTube talk show \"Louder with Crowder\", hosted by Steven Crowder, and is used as bumper music to transition in and out of commercial breaks.</s><s>Personal life"}, {"title": "Pogo (musician)", "text": ". On his September 2011 US tour, Bertke was arrested and taken into custody for three weeks due to the lack of a proper work visa, and was prohibited from re-entering the United States until 2021. In January 2020, Pogo's YouTube channel was hacked and hijacked by an unknown user, who renamed the channel \"Ethereum 2.0 Foundation\" and deleted all the videos on the channel. The hacker then started a scam livestream promoting Ethereum cryptocurrency, and claiming that any amount of crypto sent to them during the stream would be multiplied and sent back. Pogo took to Twitter to let fans know that he was aware of the hack and has contacted YouTube for help. The hacked channel was terminated by YouTube on January 17, and Pogo remained without a channel for four days while fans created accounts hosting temporary re-uploads of his videos and music. On January 22, YouTube restored the account, including his view counts, subscribers, and comments sections.</s><s>Controversies. Bertke was criticized for a 2015 video that derided feminists as gold diggers and \"making misogynist arguments against women's rights\". He later claimed that it was made \"to impersonate the radical right\". In a YouTube livestream that was uploaded in 2016, Bertke stated that he has"}, {"title": "Pogo (musician)", "text": " a \"fairly robust resentment of the gay community\". In the same video and on the topic of the Orlando nightclub shooting, a terrorist attack at a gay bar in Florida in 2016, he said, \"It amazes me to see the West welcoming a culture through the floodgates that wants gays dead. I think that's fantastic\". Bertke later claimed to not have any hate for the gay community and also claimed Asperger syndrome and bipolar disorder as contributing factors. He stated that the video was made in bad taste and that he never intended for it to go public, although he also stated that he was trying to \"impersonate the far-right and create hysteria\", noting that the video was made around the time of the 2016 American election. YourEDM compared his \"homophobic rhetoric\" to the 2015 video, which he similarly tried to explain as a social experiment. Writing for \"The Verge\", Megan Farokhmanesh saw this explanation as a transparent attempt at plausible deniability.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Albums. - \"Texturebox\" (release date: 30 December 2010) - \"Wonderpuff\" (release date: 27 June 2011) - \"Forgotten Fudge\" (release date: 2 November 2013"}, {"title": "Pogo (musician)", "text": ") - \"Star Charts\" (release date: 22 December 2014) - \"Kindred Shadow\" (release date: 11 June 2015) - \"Weightless\" (release date: 30 December 2016) - \"Ascend\" (release date: 22 February 2018) - \"Quantum Field\" (release date: 29 December 2018) - \"Valley of Shadow\" (release date: 4 March 2020) - \"Cultures\" (release date: 28 December 2020) - \"Cosmoluxe\" (release date: 7 January 2022)</s><s>Discography.:EPs. - \"Wonderland\" (release date: 28 May 2007) - \"Broken Beats\" (release year: 2008) - \"Table Scraps\" (release year: 2008) - \"Weave and Wish\" (release date: 22 March 2009) - \"Deeper Down the Rabbit Hole\" (release date: 30 November 2010) - \"Fluctuate\" (release date: 5 January 2014) - \"Perfect Chaos\" (release date: 21 May 2014) - \"Younghood\" (release date: 8 June 2014) - \"Unity\" (release date: 18 February 2020)</s><s>See also. - Deep Forest - Kut"}, {"title": "Pogo (musician)", "text": "iman - Todd Edwards - The Avalanches - DJ Shadow</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Pogo (musician)", "frequency": "medium", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000300", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Brianna Keilar.", "docs": [{"title": "Brianna Keilar", "text": "<s>Brianna Keilar Brianna Marie Keilar (born September 21, 1980) is an Australian-born American journalist who formerly was the co-anchor of \"New Day\" with John Berman on CNN. She previously worked as a White House correspondent, senior political correspondent, Congressional correspondent and general assignment correspondent for CNN in Washington. Prior to that, Keilar worked at CNN Newsource as a national correspondent, also in Washington. Before joining \"New Day\", she was the host of \"CNN Right Now with Brianna Keilar\".</s><s>Early life and education. Keilar was born in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Her father Glenn is Australian, and her mother Miriam was American. The Keilars were stationed in Australia at the time of Brianna's birth. In 1982, Keilar and her family moved to the United States and settled in Orange County, California. Keilar graduated from Mission Viejo High School in 1998, where she was voted homecoming queen in her senior year. Keilar then attended the University of California, Berkeley, from which she graduated in 2001 with dual bachelor's degrees in mass communications and psychology.</s><s>Career. Keilar began her on-air career in Yakima, Washington, at the CBS affiliate"}, {"title": "Brianna Keilar", "text": " KIMA. She also co-hosted the morning drivetime show \"Billy, Blue and Brianna, too: The Morning Zoo\" on contemporary hits station, KFFM. She then moved to CBS News, where she served as an anchor, reporter and producer for a CBS newscast that aired on MTVU, MTV's college network. She was also a fill-in anchor on the CBS News overnight newscast, \"Up to the Minute\", and a freelance reporter for the weekend edition of \"CBS Evening News\". From CBS, Keilar joined CNN as a correspondent for CNN Newsource, providing breaking news coverage and reports from the nation\u2019s capital for approximately 800 CNN Newsource partner stations. As a general assignment correspondent for the network, she covered a wide range of stories, including the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre, where she was the first CNN correspondent at the scene. While covering Congress, Keilar earned the 2009 National Press Foundation Everett McKinley Dirksen Award for Distinguished Reporting of Congress for her fall 2008 coverage of the $700 billion bank bailout. While covering the Obama White House, Keilar earned the White House Correspondents' Association's 2014 Aldo Beckman Memorial Award for her coverage of the rollout of Obamacare. Keilar,"}, {"title": "Brianna Keilar", "text": " a military spouse, began writing a column called \"Home Front\" in 2019, which tells stories of military families and tries to bridge the civilian-military divide. On September 15, 2022, it was announced that Keilar would leave her role on \"New Day with John Berman\" as the show is replaced by \"CNN This Morning\". She continued to co-anchor the show until the new CNN revamped morning show debuted on November 1. She was assigned a new anchor role at the network anchoring a program which is currently untitled with Boris Sanchez and Jim Scuitto. The program will begin later this spring.</s><s>Personal life. Keilar married Dave French on May 2, 2009. They later divorced. In July 2016, Keilar announced that she was engaged to Fernando Lujan, an active duty Green Beret who was then a director on the National Security Council at the White House. During CNN's \"New Year's Eve Live\" on December 31, 2016, Brooke Baldwin announced that Keilar and Lujan had married the previous evening in Las Vegas. She gave birth to a boy on June 8, 2018.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Brianna Keilar", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000301", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kerwin Bell.", "docs": [{"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": "<s>Kerwin Bell Kerwin Douglas Bell (born June 15, 1965) is an American football coach and former player who has been the head coach of the Western Carolina Catamounts football team since 2021. Bell was born in the rural North Central Florida town of Live Oak and was a star high school football quarterback at Lafayette County High School. Though he led the Lafayette Hornets to their only state championship, he did not attract the attention of top college football programs while playing at the small high school. He enrolled at the University of Florida, made the football team as a walk-on, and was redshirted during his freshman season of 1983. Injuries to more experienced players just before the 1984 season pushed Bell into a starting role for the Gators' season opening game against the defending national champion Miami Hurricanes in what was one of the first prime time college football broadcasts on ESPN. He played well in his first collegiate appearance, throwing a go-ahead touchdown pass with under a minute remaining. Though Miami responded and scored the winning touchdown with seven seconds left, Bell's performance under difficult circumstances cemented his position as the team's starting quarterback. Even as head coach Charley Pell was fired mid-season due to NCAA rules violations, Bell and interim coach Galen Hall led the Gators"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": " to a conference-best 9\u20131\u20131 record, and he was named the Southeastern Conference (SEC) player of the year. Bell played at Florida for four seasons and was named to several more All-SEC and All-American lists before graduating in 1987. After college, Bell played professionally in the National Football League (NFL), World League of American Football (WLAF) and the Canadian Football League (CFL) for fourteen seasons in the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s. Though he started dozens of games in the WLAF and the CFL, he never started an NFL contest and threw only five regular season passes in his NFL career. However, he completed all five of those passes for 75 yards and a touchdown, leaving him with the highest career passer rating in league history, albeit in a very small sample size. After retiring as a player, Bell returned to Florida and became a high school football coach, leading Trinity High School in Ocala to their first state football championship in 2005. He became the head coach at NCAA Division 1 (FCS) Jacksonville University in 2007 and led the Dolphins to their first three conference championships during his nine seasons at the school. Bell moved to Valdosta State University in 2016, and in 2018, he"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": " led the Blazers to their first undefeated season and the NCAA D-II national championship on the strength of the highest scoring offense in college football. Bell accepted the position of offensive coordinator for the South Florida Bulls under head coach Charlie Strong in 2019 but was dismissed along with the entire staff when Strong was fired after the season. Bell became the head football coach at Western Carolina in 2021. The Catamounts had not won more than three games for several seasons until Bell led them to their first winning record in six years in 2022.</s><s>Early life. Bell was born in Live Oak, Florida in North Central Florida to Doyle and Zelda Bell and grew up in nearby Mayo, Florida, population 800. His parents were tobacco farmers, and Kerwin helped with various farming tasks throughout his youth. Bell attended Lafayette County High School, where he was the president of the student council and a multi-sport athlete, playing shortstop on the baseball team, leading the basketball team in scoring as a starting guard, and starting at quarterback on the football team. In 1981, he led the Lafayette Hornets to their only state football championship, earning the nickname \"The Throwin' Mayoan.\"</s><s>College career. Despite his prep success, Bell was lightly recruited during his senior year with no athletic scholarship offers"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": " from major football programs, as his rural high school had competed in the lowest division of Florida high school football and coaches were unsure if he could succeed against top collegiate talent. Instead of attending a smaller college, Bell decided to walk-on at the University of Florida in nearby Gainesville and join the Florida Gators football team without an athletic scholarship. He was eighth on the Gators' quarterback depth chart during his freshman season of 1983 under head coach Galen Hall and was redshirted without playing in a game. Bell was the Gators' backup quarterback coming into the 1984 season due to his consistent performance on the practice field and the fact that several quarterbacks ahead of him on the depth chart had graduated, transferred, or were injured. When senior starter Dale Dorminey suffered a serious knee injury four days before the Gators' first game, Bell was suddenly thrust into the starting role. The Gators opened the 1984 season against the defending national champion Miami Hurricanes in Tampa Stadium in one of the first college football games to be nationally televised by ESPN. In his first collegiate start, Bell threw a touchdown pass with under a minute remaining to give the Gators the lead, only to have Miami quarterback Bernie Kosar lead the Hurricanes to a winning score with seven seconds remaining. The Gators would not lose another game"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": " during Bell's redshirt freshman season. Behind an outstanding offensive line, memorably dubbed \"The Great Wall of Florida,\" and which included Phil Bromley, Lomas Brown, Billy Hinson, Crawford Ker and Jeff Zimmerman, and supported by fullback John L. Williams, halfback Neal Anderson and wide receiver Ricky Nattiel, Bell led the Gators to a 9\u20131\u20131 record, an SEC championship, and a top-5 national ranking. However, due to NCAA infractions committed under coach Charley Pell, the Gators' were ineligible for bowl consideration, and their SEC championship was vacated months after the 1984 season ended. In 1985, now with a full scholarship, Bell led the Gators to a second consecutive 9\u20131\u20131 record. Though ineligible for the conference championship, the Gators finished with best-in-the-conference records of 5\u20130\u20131 and 5\u20131 in 1984 and 1985 and briefly held their first ever No. 1 ranking in the AP poll during the 1985 season. Due to the effects of ongoing NCAA penalties, the Gators' record slipped to 6\u20135 in 1986 and 6\u20136 in 1987, Bell's junior and senior seasons. A highlight of those campaigns was Florida's upset of the No. 5 and undefeated Auburn Tigers in"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": " November 1986. Bell had injured his knee a month prior and did not start the game. But with the Gators trailing 17\u20130 in the fourth quarter, he entered the contest wearing a large knee brace and led his team to a dramatic 18\u201317 comeback win, capped with a last-minute touchdown pass to Ricky Nattiel followed by Bell himself \"hobbling\" into the endzone for a successful two-point conversion. Bell was the Southeastern Conference (SEC) Player of the Year in 1984, an honorable mention All-American in 1985 and 1986, a first-team All-SEC selection in 1985, and the recipient of the Gators' Fergie Ferguson Award and a team captain in 1987. He finished his four-year college career with 549 completions on 949 passing attempts, for 7,585 yards and fifty-six touchdowns. Bell graduated from Florida with a bachelor's degree in psychology in 1987, and was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a \"Gator Great\" in 1997. Among the top 100 Gators of the first 100 years of Florida football, the sportswriters of \"The Gainesville Sun\" ranked him the No. 26 greatest Gator of all time in 2006.</s><s>Professional career"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": ". Bell had a well-traveled football career. He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the seventh round (180th pick overall) of the 1988 NFL Draft, and spent the season on the Dolphins' practice squad. He spent part of 1989 as the Buccaneers' third-team quarterback, but a serious knee injury ended his season and prevented him from playing at all in 1990. In 1991, Bell finally got a chance to start with the Orlando Thunder of the World League of American Football and threw for 2,214 yards, and was the Thunder's backup quarterback in 1992 when the team went to the World Bowl. Bell began a seven-year Canadian Football League career in, with the Sacramento Gold Miners, part of the failed CFL expansion into the United States. As a back-up quarterback in 1993, Bell threw for 296 yards, but his passing production increased to 1,812 yards in. Bell played for the Edmonton Eskimos in. In, Bell landed a roster spot with the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL, and in week 15 he entered the game against the Philadelphia Eagles. Bell attempted five passes and completed all of them, throwing for 75 yards and a touchdown on the day. He never again threw a pass in a regular season NFL game, leaving him"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": " with the highest career passer rating of any quarterback in NFL history. He was the Colts' third-team quarterback in but did not play in a regular season game. Bell returned to the CFL in with the Toronto Argonauts and had his best professional year. He threw for 4,991 yards and 27 touchdowns and set a lead record with a completion percentage of 67.3%, earning him a spot on the CFL All-Star team. He signed with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and again passed for over 4000 yards in, but was injured early in and was traded back to Toronto, where he remained until retiring after the season. Bell played for the Argonauts more than any other team in his career, passing for 8,811 career yards in forty-six regular season games with Toronto. Overall, Bell played in 126 regular season CFL games, completed 1,560 passes in 2,558 attempts, and threw 101 touchdowns.</s><s>Coaching career.</s><s>Coaching career.:University of Florida. Bell first coached in 1990, when his playing career was temporarily interrupted by a serious knee injury. Bell returned to the University of Florida while rehabilitating to serve as a graduate assistant coach under Steve Spurrier, who was in his first season as the Gators' head ball coach"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": ". Bell remained in Gainesville for only one season, as he resumed his playing career in the summer of 1991 with the Orlando Thunder of the WLAF. However, working under Spurrier and watching the \"Fun 'n' Gun\" offense in games and in practice would have a strong influence on Bell's future offensive philosophies. \u201cThe spacing and just the concepts of the routes and the rhythm of the system. That\u2019s almost perfection and that\u2019s what I try to obtain every day in practice,\u201d he said in 2019.</s><s>Coaching career.:Toronto Argonauts. Bell next coached in, when he served as the co-offensive coordinator for the Toronto Argonauts during his last season as an active player.</s><s>Coaching career.:Trinity High School. After retiring as a player, Bell returned to his home state to become the first head football coach at brand-new Trinity Catholic High School in Ocala, Florida, which fielded its first varsity team in 2002. The program grew quickly under Bell, with the Celtics making the district playoffs in their second season. In 2005, Trinity went 14-0 and won the Florida 2A state high school football championship on the strength of a prolific passing attack that produced 41 touchdown passes"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": " against 5 interceptions. Trinity went undefeated for a second consecutive regular season in 2006 and lost in the state championship game, ending a 27-game winning streak.</s><s>Coaching career.:Jacksonville University. In 2007, Bell became the head coach of the Jacksonville Dolphins, a non-scholarship NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) football program representing Jacksonville University. In Bell's second season, the JU Dolphins went 9\u20134 and won the Pioneer Football League (PFL) championship, and Bell was recognized as the PFL Coach of the Year and was a finalist for the Eddie Robinson Award. The Dolphins won another PFL championship in 2010 with a 10\u20131 record. During his tenure at Jacksonville, Bell was rumored to be a candidate for coaching positions at major college programs and confirmed a 2011 interview for the offensive coordinator position with the Florida Gators. Regarding other job options, Bell stated that he intended to build a \"strong legacy\" at Jacksonville University and would only leave for \"the right situation\". Despite compiling a 66\u201335 record and winning three PFL championships at a school that had only posted one winning season before his arrival, Bell's contract was not renewed after the 2015 season. The school's administration announced that the decision was due to"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": " \"philosophical differences\" stemming from the fact that the school wanted to keep the non-scholarship football program as-is while Bell had publicly speculated that the JU could eventually develop a major FCS football program by offering scholarships.</s><s>Coaching career.:Valdosta State. In January 2016, Bell was named the new head coach of the Blazers of Valdosta State University, a scholarship football program that competes in NCAA Division II. In 2018, Bell led the Blazers to the program's first undefeated season (14\u20130) and the Division II National Championship. The Blazers led D-II in scoring with 52 points per game and scored the most points in Gulf South Conference history.</s><s>Coaching career.:USF. In January 2019, Bell was named the offensive coordinator for the South Florida Bulls by head coach Charlie Strong, who knew Bell from several stints as an assistant coach at the University of Florida. Bell was given \"total control\" of the Bulls' offense, which had stagnated before his arrival. USF suffered through a disappointing 4\u20138 2019 season, resulting in the dismissal of Strong. Incoming head coach Jeff Scott opted to build a new staff, and Bell was dismissed along with the rest of Strong's assistant coaches on"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": " December 16.</s><s>Coaching career.:Western Carolina. Bell was hired as the 14th head coach at Western Carolina on April 27, 2021. In his first year, Bell led the Catamounts to a 4-7 record after starting the season 0-6. In his second year, Bell led the Catamounts to a 6-5 record, their first winning season since 2017.</s><s>Personal life. Kerwin Bell married the former Cosette Odom in 1986, while they were both students at the University of Florida. The two had first met in kindergarten in their hometown of Mayo, and at the time of their marriage, Cosette was Florida's majorette captain while Kerwin was the Gators' star quarterback. Their son, Kade Bell, joined his father's coaching staff at Valdosta State and was the primary playcaller during their national championship season in 2018. Kade also joined his father's staff at USF.</s><s>Head coaching record.</s><s>Head coaching record.:College. - Official record was 0\u20130 due to rules violations</s><s>See also. - List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft - List of SEC Most Valuable Players - List of University of Florida alumni - List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of"}, {"title": "Kerwin Bell", "text": " Fame members</s><s>Bibliography. - Carlson, Norm, \"University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators\", Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007).. - Golenbock, Peter, \"Go Gators! An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory\", Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002).. - Hairston, Jack, \"Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told\", Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002).. - McCarthy, Kevin M., \"Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football\", Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000).. - Nash, Noel, ed., \"The Gainesville Sun Presents The Greatest Moments in Florida Gators Football\", Sports Publishing, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (1998)..</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kerwin Bell", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000302", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Tom Coburn.", "docs": [{"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": "<s>Tom Coburn Thomas Allen Coburn (March 14, 1948\u00a0\u2013 March 28, 2020) was an American politician and physician who served as a United States senator for Oklahoma from 2005, until his resignation in 2015. A Republican, he previously served as a United States representative. Coburn was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1994 as part of the Republican Revolution. He upheld his campaign pledge to serve no more than three consecutive terms and did not run for re-election in 2000. In 2004, he returned to political life with a successful run for the United States Senate. Coburn was re-elected to a second term in 2010 and kept his pledge not to seek a third term in 2016. In January 2014, Coburn announced he would resign before the expiration of his final term due to a recurrence of prostate cancer. He submitted a letter of resignation to Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin, effective at the end of the 113th Congress. Coburn was a fiscal and social conservative, known for his opposition to deficit spending and pork barrel projects, and for his opposition to abortion. Described as \"the godfather of the modern conservative austerity movement\", he supported term limits, gun rights and the death penalty and opposed same-sex marriage and embryonic stem cell research"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": ". Many Democrats referred to him as \"Dr. No\" due to his frequent use of technicalities to block federal spending bills. After leaving Congress, Coburn worked with the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research on its efforts to reform the Food and Drug Administration, becoming a senior fellow of the institute in December 2016. Coburn also served as a senior advisor to Citizens for Self-Governance, where he was active in calling for a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution.</s><s>Early life, education, and medical career. Coburn was born in Casper, Wyoming, the son of Anita Joy (n\u00e9e Allen) and Orin Wesley Coburn. Coburn's father was an optician and founder of Coburn Optical Industries, and a named donor to O. W. Coburn School of Law at Oral Roberts University. Coburn graduated with a B.S. in accounting from Oklahoma State University, where he was also a member of Sigma Nu fraternity. In 1968, he married Carolyn Denton, the 1967 Miss Oklahoma; their three daughters are Callie, Katie and Sarah, a leading operatic soprano. One of the top ten seniors in the School of Business, Coburn served as president of the College of Business Student Council. From 1970"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " to 1978, Coburn served as a manufacturing manager at the Ophthalmic Division of Coburn Optical Industries in Colonial Heights, Virginia. While Coburn was manager, the Virginia division of Coburn Optical grew from 13 employees to over 350 and captured 35 percent of the U.S. market. After recovering from an occurrence of malignant melanoma, Coburn pursued a medical degree and graduated from the University of Oklahoma Medical School with honors in 1983. He then opened Maternal & Family Practice in Muskogee, Oklahoma, and served as a deacon in a Southern Baptist Church. During his career in obstetrics, he treated over 15,000 patients, delivered 4,000 babies and was subject to one malpractice lawsuit, which was dismissed without finding Coburn at fault. Together Coburn and his wife were members of First Baptist Church of Muskogee.</s><s>Early life, education, and medical career.:Sterilization controversy. A sterilization Coburn performed on a 20-year-old woman, Angela Plummer, in 1990, became what was called \"the most incendiary issue\" of his Senate campaign. Coburn performed the sterilization on the woman during an emergency surgery to treat a life-threatening ectopic pregnancy, removing her healthy intact fall"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": "opian tube as well as the one damaged by the surgery. The woman sued Coburn, alleging that he did not have consent to sterilize her, while Coburn claimed he had her oral consent. The lawsuit was ultimately dismissed with no finding of liability on Coburn's part. The state attorney general claimed that Coburn committed Medicaid fraud by not reporting the sterilization when he filed a claim for the emergency surgery. Medicaid did not reimburse doctors for sterilization procedures for patients under 21 and according to the attorney general, Coburn would not have been reimbursed at all had he disclosed this information. Coburn says since he did not file a claim for the sterilization, no fraud was committed. No charges were filed against Coburn for this claim.</s><s>Political career.</s><s>Political career.:House career. In 1994, Coburn ran for the House of Representatives in Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district, which was based in Muskogee and included 22 counties in northeastern Oklahoma. Coburn initially expected to face eight-term incumbent Mike Synar. However, Synar was defeated in a runoff for the Democratic nomination by a 71-year-old retired principal, Virgil Cooper. According to Coburn's 2003 book, \"Breach of Trust: How Washington Turns Outs"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": "iders Into Insiders\", Coburn and Cooper got along well, since both were opposed to the more liberal Synar. The general election was cordial since both men knew that Synar would not return to Washington regardless of the outcome. Coburn won by a 52%\u201348% margin, becoming the first Republican to represent the district since 1921. Coburn was one of the most conservative members of the House. He supported \"reducing the size of the federal budget,\" wanted to make abortion illegal and supported the proposed television V-chip legislation. Despite representing a heavily Democratic district and President Bill Clinton's electoral dominance therein, Coburn was reelected in 1996 and 1998. In the House, Coburn earned a reputation as a political maverick due to his frequent battles with House Speaker Newt Gingrich. Most of these stand-offs stemmed from his belief that the Republican caucus was moving toward the political center and away from the more conservative Contract With America policy proposals that had brought the Republicans into power in Congress in 1994 for the first time in 40 years. Coburn endorsed conservative activist and former diplomat Alan Keyes in the 2000 Republican presidential primaries. Coburn retired from Congress in 2001, fulfilling his pledge to serve no more than three terms in the House. His congressional district returned to"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " the Democratic fold, as attorney Brad Carson defeated Andy Ewing, a Republican endorsed by Coburn. After leaving the House and returning to private medical practice, Coburn wrote \"Breach of Trust\", with ghostwriter John Hart, about his experiences in Congress. The book detailed Coburn's perspective on the internal Republican Party debates over the Contract With America and displayed his disdain for career politicians. Some of the figures he criticized (such as Gingrich) were already out of office at the time of the book's publishing, but others (such as former House Speaker Dennis Hastert) remained influential in Congress, which resulted in speculation that some congressional Republicans wanted no part of Coburn's return to politics. During his tenure in the House, Coburn wrote and passed far-reaching pieces of legislation. These include laws to expand seniors' health care options, to protect access to home health care in rural areas and to allow Americans to access cheaper medications from Canada and other nations. Coburn also wrote a law intended to prevent the spread of AIDS to infants. \"The Wall Street Journal\" said about the law, \"In 10 long years of AIDS politics and funding, this is actually the first legislation to pass in this country that will rescue babies.\" He also wrote a law to renew and"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " reform federal AIDS care programs. In 2002, President George W. Bush chose Coburn to serve as co-chair of the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS (PACHA). During his three terms in the House, Coburn also played an influential role in reforming welfare and other federal entitlement programs.</s><s>Political career.:House career.:\"Schindler's List\" TV broadcast. As a congressman in 1997, Coburn protested NBC's plan to air the R-rated Academy Award-winning Holocaust drama \"Schindler's List\" during prime time. Coburn stated that, in airing the movie without editing it for television, TV had been taken \"to an all-time low, with full-frontal nudity, violence and profanity.\" He also said the TV broadcast should outrage parents and decent-minded individuals everywhere. Coburn described the airing of \"Schindler's List\" on television as \"irresponsible sexual behavior. I cringe when I realize that there were children all across this nation watching this program.\" This statement met with strong criticism, as the film deals mainly with the Holocaust. After heavy criticism, Coburn apologized \"to all those I have offended\" and clarified that he agreed with the movie being aired on television, but stated that it should"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " have been on later in the evening. In apologizing, Coburn said that at that time of the evening there are still large numbers of children watching without parental supervision and stated that he stood by his message of protecting children from violence, but had expressed it poorly. He also said, \"My intentions were good, but I've obviously made an error in judgment in how I've gone about saying what I wanted to say.\" He later wrote in \"Breach of Trust\" that he considered this one of the biggest mistakes in his life and that, while he still felt the material was unsuitable for a 7 p.m. television broadcast, he handled the situation poorly.</s><s>Political career.:Senate career. After three years out of politics, Coburn announced his candidacy for the Senate seat being vacated by four-term incumbent Republican Don Nickles. Former Oklahoma City Mayor Kirk Humphreys (the favorite of the state and national Republican establishment) and Corporation Commissioner Bob Anthony joined the field before Coburn. However, Coburn won the primary by an unexpectedly large margin, taking 61% of the vote to Humphreys's 25%. In the general election, he faced Brad Carson, the Democrat who had succeeded him in the 2nd District and was giving up his seat after only two terms"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": ". In the election, Coburn won by a margin of 53% to Carson's 42%. While Carson routed Coburn in the generally heavily Democratic 2nd District, Coburn swamped Carson in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area and the closer-in Tulsa suburbs. Coburn won the state's two largest counties, Tulsa and Oklahoma, by a combined 86,000 votes, more than half of his overall margin of 166,000 votes cast. Coburn's Senate voting record was as conservative as his House record. Coburn was re-elected in 2010. He received 90% of the vote in the Republican primary and 70% in the general election. While he already planned on not seeking a third term in the Senate due to his self-imposed two-term term limit, on January 16, 2014, Coburn announced he would resign his office before his term ended at the end of the year due to his declining health. On April 29, 2014, Coburn introduced the Insurance Capital Standards Clarification Act of 2014 (S. 2270; 113th Congress) into the Senate and it passed on June 3, 2014.</s><s>Political career.:Senate career.:Use of Senate hold. Coburn used the Senate hold privilege to prevent several bills from coming to the Senate floor."}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " Coburn earned a reputation for his use of this procedural mechanism. In November 2009 Coburn drew attention for placing a hold on a veterans benefits bill known as the Veterans' Caregiver and Omnibus Health Benefits Act. Coburn also placed a hold on a bill intended to help end hostilities in Uganda by the Lord's Resistance Army. On May 23, 2007, Coburn blocked two bills honoring the 100th birthday of Rachel Carson. Coburn called Carson's scientific work \"junk science,\" proclaiming that Carson's landmark book \"Silent Spring\" was \"the catalyst in the deadly worldwide stigmatization against insecticides, especially DDT.\" Democratic Senator Benjamin L. Cardin of Maryland had intended to submit a resolution celebrating Carson for her \"legacy of scientific rigor coupled with poetic sensibility,\" but Coburn blocked it, saying that \"the junk science and stigma surrounding DDT\u2014the cheapest and most effective insecticide on the planet\u2014have finally been jettisoned.\" In response to Coburn's holds, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid introduced the Advancing America's Priorities Act,, in July 2008. S. 3297 combined thirty-five bills which Coburn had blocked into what Democrats called the \"Tomnibus\" bill. The bill included health care"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " provisions, new penalties for child pornography, and several natural resources bills. The bill failed a cloture vote. Coburn opposed parts of the legislation creating the Lewis and Clark Mount Hood Wilderness Area, which would add protections to wildlands in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Coburn exercised a hold on the legislation in both March and November 2008, and decried the required $10 million for surveying and mapping as wasteful. The Mount Hood bill would have been the largest amount of land added to federal protection since 1984. In March 2009, those wilderness areas became protected under the Omnibus Public Land Management Act, which passed the Senate 73\u201321. According to the \"Boston Globe\", Coburn initially blocked passage of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), objecting to provisions in the bill that allow discrimination based on genetic information from embryos and fetuses. After the embryo loophole was closed, Coburn lifted his hold on the bill. Coburn had initially blocked passage of the LRA Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act, which would help to disarm the Lord's Resistance Army, a political group accused of human rights abuses. On March 9, 2010, Coburn lifted his hold on the LRA bill freeing it to move to the Senate floor after reaching"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " a compromise regarding the funding of the bill, and an eleven-day protest outside of his office.</s><s>Political career.:Senate career.:John Ensign scandal. Coburn was affiliated with a religious organization called The Family. Coburn previously lived in one of the Family's Washington, D.C. dormitories with then-Senator John Ensign, another Family member and longtime resident of the C Street Center who admitted he had an extramarital affair with a staffer in 2009. The announcement by Ensign of his infidelity brought public scrutiny of the Family and its connection to other high-ranking politicians, including Coburn. Coburn, together with senior members of the Family, attempted to intervene to end Ensign's affair in February 2008, before the affair became public, including by meeting with the husband of Ensign's mistress and encouraging Ensign to write a letter to his mistress breaking off the affair. Ensign was driven to a branch of Federal Express from the C Street Center to post the letter, shortly after which Ensign called to tell his mistress to ignore it. Coburn refused to speak about his involvement in Ensign's affair or his knowledge of the affair well before it became public, asserting legal privilege due to his separate statuses as a licensed"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " physician in the State of Oklahoma and a deacon. In October 2009, Coburn did make a statement to \"The New York Times\" about Ensign's affair and cover-up: \"John got trapped doing something really stupid and then made a lot of other mistakes afterward. Judgment gets impaired by arrogance and that's what's going on here.\" In May 2011, the Senate Ethics Committee identified Coburn in their report on the ethics violations of Senator John Ensign. The report stated that Coburn knew about Ensign's extramarital affair and was involved in trying to negotiate a financial settlement to cover it up.</s><s>Political career.:Senate career.:Whistleblower rights. Coburn was involved in the Bush Administration's struggle with Congress over whistleblower rights. In the case of \"Garcetti v. Ceballos\", the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that government employees who testify against their employers did not have protection from retaliation by their employers under the First Amendment of the Constitution. The free speech protections of the First Amendment have long been used to shield whistleblowers from retaliation. In response to the Supreme Court decision, the House passed H.R. 985, the Whistleblower Protection Act of 2007. Bush, citing national security concerns,"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " promised to veto the bill should it be enacted into law by Congress. The Senate's version of the Whistleblower Protection Act (S. 274) was approved by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on June 13, 2007. However, that version failed to reach a vote by the Senate, as Coburn placed a hold on the bill; effectively preventing the passage of the bill, which had bipartisan support in the Senate. Coburn's website features a news item about United Nations whistleblower Mathieu Credo Koumoin, a former employee for the U.N. Development Program in West Africa, who has asked U.N. ethics chief Robert Benson for protection under the U.N.'s new whistleblower protection rules. The site has a link to the \"United Nations Watch\" of the Republican Office of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs' Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information and International Security, of which he was the ranking minority member. Coburn's website also features a tip line for potential whistleblowers on government waste and fraud.</s><s>Political career.:Senate career.:Council on American\u2013Islamic Relations. Coburn joined Congressmen Sue Myrick (R-NC), Trent Franks (R-AZ), John Shadegg (R"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": "-AZ), Paul Broun (R-GA) and Patrick McHenry (R-NC) in a letter to IRS Commissioner Douglas H. Shulman on November 16, 2009, asking that the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) be investigated for excessive lobbying and failing to register as a lobbying organization. The request came in the wake of the publication of a book, \"Muslim Mafia\", the foreword of which had been penned by Myrick, that portrayed CAIR as a subversive organization allied with international terrorists.</s><s>Political career.:Senate career.:Criticism of the National Science Foundation. On May 26, 2011 Coburn released his 73-page report, \"\", receiving immediate attention from such media outlets as \"The New York Times\", Fox News and MSNBC.</s><s>Political career.:Senate career.:STOCK Act. Coburn was one of three senators who voted against the Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act (STOCK Act). On February 3, 2012, Coburn released the following statement regarding the Act:</s><s>Political career.:Senate career.:Committee assignments. Coburn was a member of the following committees: - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (Ranking Member) - Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations - Subcommittee on Financial and Contract"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": "ing Oversight - Subcommittee on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Federal Programs and the Federal Workforce - Subcommittee on Emergency Management, Intergovernmental Affairs, and the District of Columbia - Select Committee on Intelligence - Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs - Subcommittee on Economic Policy - Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment - Subcommittee on Housing, Transportation, and Community Development</s><s>Political positions.</s><s>Political positions.:Abortion. Coburn opposed abortion, with the exception of abortions necessary to save the life of the mother. In 2000, he sponsored a bill to prevent the Food and Drug Administration from developing, testing, or approving the abortifacient RU-486. On July 13, the bill failed in the House of Representatives by a vote of 182 to 187. On the issue, Coburn sparked controversy with his remark, \"I favor the death penalty for abortionists and other people who take life.\" He noted that his great-grandmother was raped by a sheriff. Coburn was one of the original authors of the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act upheld by the United States Supreme Court in \"Gonzales v. Carhart\". The act relied on an expansive view of the Constitution's Commerce Clause, as it applies to \"any physician who, in or affecting"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " interstate or foreign commerce, knowingly performs a partial-birth abortion.\" The Act's reliance on such a broad reading of the Commerce Clause was criticized by Independence Institute scholar David Kopel and University of Tennessee law professor Glenn Reynolds, who noted that \"[u]nless a physician is operating a mobile abortion clinic on the Metroliner, it is not really possible to perform an abortion 'in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce.'\" When Coburn later called Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan \"ignorant\" due to her \"very expansive view\" of the Commerce Clause, his support for the Act was used by Kagan supporters who charged him with hypocrisy on the issue. On September 14, 2005, during the confirmation hearings for Supreme Court nominee John G. Roberts, Coburn began his opening statement with a critique of Beltway partisan politics while, according to news reports, \"choking back a sob.\" Coburn had earlier been completing a crossword puzzle during the hearings, and this fact was highlighted by \"The Daily Show with Jon Stewart\" to ridicule Coburn's pathos. Coburn then began his questioning by discussing the various legal terms mentioned during the previous day's hearings. Proceeding to questions regarding both abortion and end-of-life issues, Coburn, who noted that"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " during his tenure as an obstetrician he had delivered some 4,000 babies, asked Roberts whether the judge agreed with the proposition that \"the opposite of being dead is being alive.\"</s><s>Political positions.:Fiscal conservatism. The best-known of Coburn's amendments was an amendment to the fiscal 2006 appropriations bill that funds transportation projects. Coburn's amendment would have transferred funding from the Bridge to Nowhere in Alaska to rebuild Louisiana's \"Twin Spans\" bridge, which was devastated by Hurricane Katrina. The amendment was defeated in the Senate, 82\u201314, after Ted Stevens, the senior senator from Alaska, threatened to resign his office if the amendment were passed. Coburn's actions did result in getting the funds made into a more politically feasible block grant to the State of Alaska, which could use the funds for the bridge or other projects. The renovations for the Elizabethtown Amtrak Station were cited by Coburn as an example of pork barrel spending in the stimulus bill. Coburn was also a member of the Fiscal Watch Team, a group of seven senators led by John McCain, whose stated goal was to combat \"wasteful government spending.\" On April 6, 2006, Coburn and Senators Barack Obama, Thomas Carper and John McCain introduced the Federal Funding"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006. The bill requires the full disclosure of all entities and organizations receiving federal funds beginning in fiscal year (FY) 2007 on a website maintained by the Office of Management and Budget. The bill was signed into law on September 26, 2006. Coburn and McCain noted that the practice of members of Congress adding earmarks had risen dramatically over the years, from 121 earmarks in 1987 to 15,268 earmarks in 2005, according to the Congressional Research Service. In July 2007, Coburn criticized pork-barrel spending that Nebraska Senator Ben Nelson had inserted into the 2007 defense spending bill. Coburn said that the earmarks would benefit Nelson's son Patrick's employer with millions in federal dollars and that the situation violated terms of the Transparency Act, which was passed by the Senate but had not yet been voted on in the House. Nelson's spokesperson said the Senator did nothing wrong. At that time, newspapers in Nebraska and Oklahoma noted that Coburn failed to criticize very similar earmarks that had benefited Oklahoma. In 1997, Coburn introduced a bill called the HIV Prevention Act of 1997, which would have amended the Social Security Act. The bill would have required confidential notification of HIV exposure to the sexual partners of those diagnosed with HIV, along with counseling and testing"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": ". In 2010, Coburn called for a freeze on defense spending. The following year, along with Democratic Maryland Senator Ben Cardin, he introduced a bill to \"get rid of the most venerable big ethanol subsidy: the blenders tax credit.\" Coburn served on the Simpson-Bowles debt reduction commission in 2010 and was one of the only Republicans in Congress open to tax increases as a means of balancing the budget. In 2011 Coburn broke with Americans for Tax Reform with an ethanol amendment that gathered 70 votes in the Senate. He said that anti-tax activist Grover Norquist's influence was overstated, and that revenue increases were needed in order to \"fix the country.\" In 2012, Coburn identified less than $7 billion a year in possible defense savings and over half of these savings were to be through the elimination of military personnel involved in supply, transportation, and communications services. In May 2013, after tornadoes ripped through his state, Coburn said that any new funding allocated for disaster relief needed to be offset by cuts to other federal spending. Coburn was a fierce critic of the plan to attempt to defund the Affordable Care Act by shutting down the federal government, saying that the strategy was \"doomed to fail\" and that Ted Cruz and others who"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " supported the plan had a \"short-term goal with lousy tactics\".</s><s>Political positions.:Gun rights. In regards to the Second Amendment, Coburn believed that it \"recognizes the right of individual, law-abiding citizens to own and use firearms,\" and he opposed \"any and all efforts to mandate gun control on law-abiding citizens.\" On the Credit CARD Act of 2009, which aimed \"to establish fair and transparent practices relating to the extension of credit under an open-end consumer credit plan and for other purposes,\" Coburn sponsored an amendment that would allow concealed carry of firearms in national parks. The Senate passed the amendment 67\u201329. Coburn placed a hold on final Senate consideration of a measure passed by the House in the wake of the Virginia Tech shootings to improve state performance in checking the federal watch list of gun buyers. However, after the Sandy Hook massacre in December 2012, Coburn (who had already announced he would not run for re-election) reversed himself and came out in support of universal background checks. Coburn partnered with Democratic members of the Senate such as Charles Schumer and Joe Manchin (to whose re-election campaign Coburn donated money) to determine what a universal background check measure should look like. However, these talks ultimately broke down"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": ", and in April 2013, Coburn was one of 46 senators to vote against the amendment in its final form, defeating its passage.</s><s>Political positions.:Health care reform. Coburn voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009, and against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. Coburn co-authored the Patients Choice Act of 2009 (S. 1099), a Republican plan for health care reform in the United States, which in part 1) Requires the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to convene an interagency coordinating committee to develop a national strategic plan for prevention. The act provided for health promotion and disease prevention activities consistent with such a plan. Secondly it set forth provisions governing the establishment and operation of state-based health care exchanges to facilitate the individual purchase of private health insurance and the creation of a market where private health plans compete for enrollees based on price and quality. Thirdly it intended to amend the Internal Revenue Code to allow a refundable tax credit for qualified health care insurance coverage. Fourth it sets forth programs to prevent Medicare fraud and abuse, including ending the use of social security numbers to identify Medicare beneficiaries. Fifth it sought to terminate the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality."}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": "</s><s>Political positions.:Presidential nominations to the Judicial and Executive branches of government. During the administration of President George W. Bush, Coburn spoke out against the threat by some Democrats to filibuster nominations to judicial and Executive Branch positions. He took the position that no presidential nomination should ever be filibustered, in light of the wording of the U.S. Constitution. Coburn said, \"There is a defined charge to the president and the Senate on advice and consent.\" In May 2009, Coburn was the only Senator to vote against the confirmation of Gil Kerlikowske as the Director of the National Drug Control Policy.</s><s>Political positions.:Same-sex marriage. Coburn opposed same-sex marriage. In 2006, he voted in support of a proposed constitutional amendment to ban it.</s><s>Political positions.:War in Iraq. On May 24, 2007, the U.S. Senate voted 80\u201314 to fund the war in Iraq, which included U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007. Coburn voted nay. On October 1, 2007, the Senate voted 92\u20133 to fund the war in Iraq. Coburn voted nay. In February 2008, Coburn"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " said, \"I will tell you personally that I think it was probably a mistake going to Iraq.\" On December 15, 2014, Coburn stalled the Clay Hunt Suicide Prevention for American Veterans Act aimed at stemming veteran suicides. The bill would require a report on successful veteran suicide prevention programs and allow the United States Veterans Administration to pay incentives to hire psychiatrists. Paul Rieckhoff, CEO of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America, said that despite his reputation as a budget hawk, Coburn should have recognized that the $22 million cost of the bill is worth the lives it would have saved. \"It's a shame that after two decades of service in Washington, Sen. Coburn will always be remembered for this final, misguided attack on veterans nationwide,\" he said. \"If it takes 90 days for the new Congress to re-pass this bill, the statistics tell us another 1,980 vets will have died by suicide. That should be a heavy burden on the conscience of Sen. Coburn and this Congress.\" Speaking out against the legislation, Coburn said \"I object, not because I don't want to save suicides, but because I don't think this bill will do the first thing to change what's happening,\" arguing that the bill\" \"throws money and doesn"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": "'t solve the real problem\"</s><s>Post-Senate career. After resigning from the U.S. Senate, Coburn joined Citizens for Self-Governance as a senior advisor to the group's Convention of States project, which seeks to convene a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution. In 2017, he authored a book on the subject titled \"Smashing the DC Monopoly: Using Article V to Restore Freedom and Stop Runaway Government\". Coburn was affiliated with the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, consulting on the institute's Project FDA, an effort to promote faster drug approval processes. He also sat on the board of the Benjamin Rush Institute, a conservative association of medical students across 20 medical schools. In 2016, he became a Manhattan Institute senior fellow.</s><s>Awards. In 2013, Coburn received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards.</s><s>Personal life. Despite their stark ideological differences, Coburn was a close friend of President Barack Obama. Their friendship began in 2005 when they both arrived in the Senate at the same time. They worked together on political ethics reform legislation, to set up an online federal spending database"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " and to crack down on no-bid contracting at the Federal Emergency Management Agency in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. In April 2011, Coburn spoke to Bloomberg TV about Obama, saying, \"I love the man. I think he's a neat man. I don't want him to be president, but I still love him. He is our President. He's my President. And I disagree with him adamantly on 95% of the issues, but that doesn't mean I can't have a great relationship. And that's a model people ought to follow.\" Before the 2009 BCS game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Florida Gators, Coburn made a bet over the outcome of the game with Florida Senator Bill Nelson\u2014the loser had to serenade the winner with a song. The Gators defeated the Sooners and Coburn sang Elton John's \"Rocket Man\" to Nelson, who had once flown into space.</s><s>Personal life.:Illness and death. In November 2013, Coburn made public that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. In 2011, he had prostate cancer surgery while also surviving colon cancer and melanoma. The results caused Coburn to resign from the senate in 2014. Coburn died at his home in Tulsa on March 28,"}, {"title": "Tom Coburn", "text": " 2020, exactly two weeks after his 72nd birthday. A memorial service to honor his life was held a year later on May 1, 2021, at South Tulsa Baptist Church.</s><s>Books. -  (with John Hart) -  (with John Hart) -</s><s>See also. - Physicians in the United States Congress</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Tom Coburn", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000303", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kari Matchett.", "docs": [{"title": "Kari Matchett", "text": "<s>Kari Matchett Kari Matchett is a Canadian actress. She is known for her roles as Colleen Blessed on \"Power Play\", as Joan Campbell on \"Covert Affairs\" and as Kate Filmore in the science fiction movie \"\". She has also appeared in films such as \"Apartment Hunting\" (2000), \"Angel Eyes\" (2001), \"Men with Brooms\" (2002), \"Cypher\" (2002), \"Civic Duty\" (2006), \"The Tree of Life\" (2011), and \"Maudie\" (2016).</s><s>Early life and education. Matchett was born in Spalding, Saskatchewan. She attended high school at Lethbridge Collegiate Institute in Lethbridge, Alberta. She attended the National Theatre School in Montreal and the Moscow Theatre School. Matchett performed on stage for three years at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario.</s><s>Career. In Canada, her first major role was on \"The Rez\", and her first starring role was as Colleen Blessed in \"Power Play\" (1998\u20132000). Matchett was a cast member on the A&E Network TV series \"A Nero Wolfe Mystery\" (2001\u20132002), with Timothy Hutton in which she"}, {"title": "Kari Matchett", "text": " played several characters, including a recurring role as Lily Rowan. On \"Wonderfalls\", she played Beth, the bisexual love interest of the main character's lesbian sister. In 2001, she played Candace in the drama film \"Angel Eyes\". In 2002, she played Kate Filmore in the science fiction horror thriller \"\". In 2003, she starred with Timothy Hutton in the Syfy miniseries \"Five Days to Midnight\". Her next role was as Detective Elaine Bender in \"Blue Murder\" in 2004. She previously guest starred on \"Blue Murder\" in 2001 as a suspect in a murder investigation, for which she won a Gemini Award. In 2005, Matchett starred in the ABC series \"Invasion\", about aliens taking the form of humans. She also appeared in \"\". She also appeared as Mary Tate on \"Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip\". She appeared in both \"Shark\" and \"Wild Card\". She played a single mother stalked by her boyfriend in \"Intimate Stranger\", in 2006. In the same year she starred with Peter Krause in \"Civic Duty\". In 2007, Matchett joined the cast of \"24\", as. In June 2007, she played Kate Armstrong in the TNT series \"Heartland\". In 2007 and"}, {"title": "Kari Matchett", "text": " 2008, she was cast as ER chief Skye Wexler on \"ER\". In 2008 and 2009, she played Dennis Hopper's character's daughter, Jules, in the critically acclaimed Starz series \"Crash\". She had a recurring role in the TNT series \"Leverage\", reuniting with \"Nero Wolfe\" co-star Timothy Hutton, portraying Maggie Collins, the ex-wife of Hutton's character, Nathan \"Nate\" Ford. Matchett starred as Joan Campbell in the USA Network series \"Covert Affairs\" (2010\u20132014). In 2016, Matchett appeared as Sandra in \"Maudie\" with Ethan Hawke. She also played a supporting role in Terrence Malick's \"The Tree of Life\", with Sean Penn and Brad Pitt. Shot in 2008, the film premiered in competition at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2011 and received the Palme d'Or.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kari Matchett", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000304", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Clancy Brown.", "docs": [{"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": "<s>Clancy Brown Clarence John \"Clancy\" Brown III (born January 5, 1959) is an American actor. Prolific in film and television since the 1980s, Brown is often cast in villainous and authoritative roles. His film roles include Viking Lofgren in \"Bad Boys\" (1983), Rawhide in \"The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension\" (1984), The Kurgan in \"Highlander\" (1986), Sheriff Gus Gilbert in \"Pet Sematary Two\" (1992), Capt. Byron Hadley in \"The Shawshank Redemption\" (1994), Sgt. Charles Zim in \"Starship Troopers\" (1997), Stanley Thomas in \"Promising Young Woman\" (2020), and The Harbinger in \"\" (2023). On television, he has played Brother Justin Crowe on the HBO series \"Carniv\u00e0le\" (2003\u20132005), Waylon \"Jock\" Jeffcoat on the Showtime series \"Billions\" (2018\u20132019), and Kurt Caldwell on the Showtime series \"\" (2021\u20132022). Brown is a prolific voice actor, who is best known as the voice of Lex Luthor in the DC Animated Universe (1996\u20132006) as well as other DC Comics"}, {"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": " projects, and Mr. Krabs on \"SpongeBob SquarePants\" (1999\u2013present). Other characters he has voiced include Doctor Neo Cortex and Uka Uka in the \"Crash Bandicoot\" franchise (1997\u20132003), Savage Opress in \"\" (2011\u20132013), Surtur in \"\" (2017), and Hank Anderson in \"\" (2018).</s><s>Early life. Clancy Brown was born on January 5, 1959, in Urbana, Ohio, and had an older sister, Beth who died in 1964. Their mother, Joyce Helen (Eldridge), was a conductor, composer and concert pianist. His father, Clarence J. \"Bud\" Brown Jr. (1927\u20132022), was a newspaper publisher who helped manage the Brown Publishing Company, the family-owned newspaper business started by Clancy's grandfather, Congressman Clarence J. Brown. From 1965 to 1983, Bud Brown also served as a congressman, in the same seat as his own father, and later as Chairman of the Board of Brown Publishing. The family continued to operate the business until 2010. Brown graduated from St. Albans School in Washington, D.C., and Northwestern University. At St. Albans, Brown performed the role of Deputy Governor Thomas Dan"}, {"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": "forth in \"The Crucible\". Brown has been married to Jeanne Johnson since 1993. They have a son and a daughter. Brown is a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Live-action performances. In Brown's first mainstream movie, he was cast as Viking Lofgren alongside Sean Penn in the 1983 crime drama \"Bad Boys\". Brown is known for his role as the Kurgan in the 1986 film \"Highlander\", his role as Captain Byron Hadley in \"The Shawshank Redemption\", Rawhide in \"The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension\" (1984), Frankenstein's monster in \"The Bride\" (1985), Army mercenary Larry McRose in \"Extreme Prejudice\", the role of a band manager in \"Thunder Alley\" (1985), vicious killer Steve in \"Shoot to Kill\" (1988), the police officer in Michael Jackson's short movie \"Speed Demon\" (1988), \"Dead Man Walking\", Sheriff Gus Gilbert in \"Pet Sematary Two\", Sergeant Zim in \"Starship Troopers\" (a role he would reprise in the animated series \"\"), and Captain William Hadley in \"The Guardian\". He also played a role in \"Flubber"}, {"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": "\" as one of the evil henchmen that get harmed by uncontrollably bouncing sports equipment. In 1989, he appeared in the action thriller \"Blue Steel\". Brown has played prison officers in three films dealing with miscarriages of justice: the tyrannical Captain Byron Hadley in \"The Shawshank Redemption\", the sympathetic Lt. Williams in \"The Hurricane\", and Lt. McMannis in \"Last Light\". In 2001, he played a magical character credited as 'The granter of wishes' in the Hallmark version of \"\". In 2007, he played the Viking leader opposite Karl Urban in \"Pathfinder\". He starred in several independent films in 2008: \"The Burrowers\", screened at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2008, and released in the United States on DVD in April 2009, and \"The Twenty\". He appeared in Steven Soderbergh's 2009 film \"The Informant!\" opposite Matt Damon in which he played an attorney. He also portrayed Alan Smith in Samuel Bayer's 2010 remake of the horror film \"A Nightmare on Elm Street\". In 2011, he appeared in \"Cowboys & Aliens\" (directed by Jon Favreau) with Daniel Craig, Harrison Ford and Olivia Wilde. He was cast as the voice of \"The Goon\" in the"}, {"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": " animated feature film. He also starred as Albert Marconi in the film adaptation of the David Wong novel \"John Dies at the End\", directed by Don Coscarelli. Brown was a series regular on the science fiction series \"Earth 2\" from 1994 to 1995, playing the role of John Danziger. Brown was notable as the sinister preacher Brother Justin Crowe in the HBO series \"Carniv\u00e0le\". Though the series only ran for two seasons, \"Carniv\u00e0le\" has attained a cult popularity and his performance was applauded by critics for showcasing a new side to his acting talents. He also starred in the Showtime production \"In the Company of Spies\" and the HBO film \"Cast a Deadly Spell\". As conservative United States Attorney General Jock Jeffcoat, he was one of the primary antagonists in seasons three and four of the Showtime series \"Billions\". He has also made many guest appearances on various television series including \"ER\", the \"\" episode \"Desert Crossing\" as Zobral, \"Lost\" as Kelvin Joe Inman, and former baseball player (and investment scam mark) Rudy Blue on \"The Riches\". Brown also appeared as the frontiersman Simon Kenton, the key to America's westward expansion, in"}, {"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": " the 2000 Kentucky Educational Television production \"A Walk with Simon Kenton\". Kenton resembled Brown in stature and is buried in Brown's hometown. Brown most recently appeared as Hart Sterling, founding partner of fictional law firm Sterling, Huddle, Oppenheim & Craft in ABC's \"The Deep End\". He also guest starred on the \"Leverage\" series episode \"The Gone Fishin Job\" and on \"The Dukes of Hazzard\" sixth-season episode \"Too Many Roscos\". Currently, he appears on The CW's TV production of \"The Flash\" in the recurring guest-star role of General Wade Eiling. He has also portrayed Ray Schoonover in the \"Daredevil\" episodes \"Guilty as Sin\" and \"The Dark at the End of the Tunnel\" and \"The Punisher\" episode \"Kandahar\". He played Sheriff Joe Corbin in \"Sleepy Hollow\". In 2022, Brown joined the cast of \"The Boys\" spin-off series \"Gen V\" in an undisclosed role.</s><s>Career.:Voice-over work. As a voice-over actor, Brown has appeared in several video games, usually playing an antagonistic character. He lends his voice to several of the crystallized dragons in the PlayStation"}, {"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": " game \"Spyro the Dragon\". He voiced the corrupt Baron Praxis in the PlayStation 2 video game \"Jak II\"; Doctor Neo Cortex and Uka Uka in a number of the \"Crash Bandicoot\" video games; Montross (a Mandalorian rival of Jango Fett) in \"\"; Hades in \"God of War III\"; Thrall in the cancelled video game \"\"; Scourgelord Tyrannus in \"\"; the conniving Alderman Richard Hughes in the Xbox 360 game \"Saints Row\"; and the cynical, foul-mouthed Lt. Anderson in \"\". For animated television series, he voiced several characters (Hakon, Tomas Brod and Wolf) in the series \"Gargoyles\"; Tanuki Gonta in the English language dub of \"Pom Poko\" (1994); Raiden on the animated series \"\"; a Hessian trooper in \"The Night of the Headless Horseman\" (1999); billionaire Maxmilian Speil in \"\"; and five of the six members of Legion Ex Machina in \"Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot\". Since 1999, he has played the role of Mr. Krabs of \"SpongeBob SquarePants\" (as well as \"The Sponge"}, {"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": "Bob SquarePants Movie\" and its two sequels \" and \"). From 2000 to 2005, he played several roles (Captain Black, Ratso and the animated moose doll Super Moose) on \"Jackie Chan Adventures\". He also voiced Vice-Principal Pangborn in \"All Grown Up!\", Barkmeat in \"Catscratch\", Otto in \"Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!\" (which also stars fellow \"SpongeBob\" co-star Tom Kenny, who voices Gibson) and Gorrath in \"Megas XLR\". For Disney, he has played roles such as the Dark Dragon in \"\", the Ugly Bald Guy in the movie \"\", as well as Undertow in \"\", and he also made a guest appearance in the \"Kim Possible\" episode \"Oh, No! Yono\" where he played the titular character. He also lent his voice to King Frederick in the Disney Channel series \"Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure\" and the Disney Channel movie \"\". For Nickelodeon, Brown has voiced several characters in the \"Avatar\" franchise, such as corrupt Dai Li leader Long Feng in \"\" in 2006 and top gangster Yakone in \"The Legend of Korra\" in 2012. He guest-star"}, {"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": "red in as the Demon Cat and the narrator for the opening and closing quotes in the episode. Brown also voices Destro in \"\"; Jeff Fischer's biological father in \"American Dad!\"; Grune the Destroyer in the \"ThunderCats\" reboot; and the recurring role of Agent Silas in \"\". From 2011 to 2013, Brown voiced Savage Opress, Count Dooku's new apprentice and Darth Maul's brother, in \"\". He starred as Chris \"Dogpound or Rahzar\" Bradford, Shredder's top henchman, in the 2012 \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" television series. From the third quarter of 2014, Brown began doing voice-overs as the main talent for Chevy truck national and regional television commercials. On March 21, 2016, Brown began voicing a new character to the series, Red Death, a parody of the Marvel villain Red Skull, in \"The Venture Brothers\" episode \"Red Means Stop\". He continued this role in season 7, and was signed to appear in season 8 before the show's cancellation.</s><s>Career.:Voice-over work.:DC Universe. Brown is well known for voicing the villainous Lex Luthor in various animated media for over twelve years. He first voiced Luthor in the DCAU, starting with"}, {"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": " \"\" (where he had originally auditioned for the role of Superman) and reprised his role in the subsequent animated series \"Justice League\" and \"Justice League Unlimited\". He also voiced the character in the video game \"\" as well as \"The Batman\" cartoon series. Brown later again played Luthor in the 2009 animated film \"\". He also voiced a character under the name Rohtul (which is Luthor spelled backwards) in \"\" (while Kevin Michael Richardson provided the voice of the actual character). Brown once again voiced Lex in the video games \"\", \"\" and \"Lego DC Super Villains\". From all these vocal appearances, Brown has played Lex Luthor longer than any other actor in history, including his own \"Justice League\" co-star Michael Rosenbaum (in \"Smallville\"). Brown is also known for his voice work as villains in various DC animated series, movies, television shows, and video games: Charlie \"Big Time\" Bigelow on \"Batman Beyond\", Trident on the \"Teen Titans\" cartoon series, Mr. Freeze and Bane on \"The Batman\" cartoon series, Per Degaton in \"\", Parallax in the live-action \"Green Lantern\" film, King Faraday in the \"Young Justice\" cartoon series, and General Zartok"}, {"title": "Clancy Brown", "text": " in \"\". He appeared on The CW's \"The Flash\" recurring in the first season as General Wade Eiling.</s><s>Career.:Voice-over work.:Marvel Universe. Brown has also voiced various Marvel characters in various animated projects: Sasquatch on \"The Incredible Hulk\" 1996 cartoon series, several characters (George Stacy, Rhino and Ox) on \"The Spectacular Spider-Man\", Mr. Sinister on \"Wolverine and the X-Men\", Odin in \"\", and both Red Hulk and Taskmaster on \"Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.\" and the \"Ultimate Spider-Man\" cartoon series. In \"Daredevil\" and \"The Punisher\" he plays Major Schoonover, Frank Castle's former commanding officer. In \"\", he voices the fire demon Surtur.</s><s>Further reading. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Clancy Brown", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000305", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Gary Woodland.", "docs": [{"title": "Gary Woodland", "text": "<s>Gary Woodland Gary Woodland (born May 21, 1984) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. Woodland won the U.S. Open in 2019, his first major championship and sixth professional victory. Following a successful college career, he turned pro in 2007 and briefly competed on the circuit then known as the Nationwide Tour, now the Korn Ferry Tour. Woodland has competed on the PGA Tour since 2009 and has four wins.</s><s>Early life. Woodland was born in Topeka, Kansas, the son of Dan and Linda Woodland. He attended Shawnee Heights High School in the suburb of Tecumseh. After high school, he attended Washburn University in Topeka on a basketball scholarship, but left after his freshman year to attend the University of Kansas in Lawrence on a golf scholarship. He studied sociology while at KU. Woodland had a successful college golf career, winning four tournaments before turning professional in 2007.</s><s>Professional career. After turning professional, Woodland played in a handful of tournaments on the Nationwide Tour in 2007 and 2008. At the end of the 2008 season, he entered the Qualifying school for the PGA Tour, and finished in a tie for 11th, which was good"}, {"title": "Gary Woodland", "text": " enough to earn him a full card to play on the PGA Tour in 2009. However, he struggled for form in his debut season, making just eight cuts in 18 appearances before a shoulder injury cut his golfing year short in July. In 2010, Woodland divided his time between the PGA and Nationwide Tours. He continued to struggle for his best form but did not record a single top ten finish on either tour. He did display enough consistency to finish 92nd in the Nationwide Tour money list. Once again, he entered the season-ending qualifying school, and again he finished T-11, to secure a return to full PGA Tour status. Woodland's second tournament of 2011 was the Bob Hope Classic, where he and Jhonattan Vegas finished tied for first place at 27-under-par; Vegas edged out Woodland in a playoff for the title. This was his first top-10 finish on either of the two main tours. In March 2011, Woodland won his first PGA Tour title at the Transitions Championship by one stroke when fellow American Webb Simpson missed a par putt on the final hole. Just a few moments earlier Woodland had scrambled a fantastic par from the same position as Simpson on the last, after hitting his second shot"}, {"title": "Gary Woodland", "text": " over the back of the green. This win secured Woodland a place at the 2011 Masters Tournament and also elevated him to what was then a career high 53rd in the Official World Golf Ranking. He later earned an invitation into the U.S. Open after moving into the Top 50. He left the tournament with an OWGR ranking of 39th. In November 2011, he won the Omega Mission Hills World Cup with Matt Kuchar. He finished 2011 ranked 17th on the PGA Tour money list and 51st in the OWGR. He had ended 2009 ranked 962 and 2010 591. Woodland reached the final of the 2015 WGC-Cadillac Match Play, where he lost to Rory McIlroy, and moved to a career-best 32nd in the OWGR. In February 2018, Woodland won his third PGA Tour event, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open in a sudden-death playoff over Chez Reavie. After finishing tied at 18 under, Woodland won with a par on the first extra hole to end a five-year drought on tour. Woodland moved up to fifth in the season's FedEx Cup standings. Woodland held the 36-hole lead at the PGA Championship in 2018 with a total 130"}, {"title": "Gary Woodland", "text": ", which was a tournament record through the first two rounds. He led by a stroke over Kevin Kisner at the halfway stage. He started the final round at nine under par, three shots behind leader Brooks Koepka. He finished in a tie for sixth with a score of 10 under par, six strokes behind the winner Koepka. In January 2019, Woodland held the lead entering the final round at the winners-only Sentry Tournament of Champions at Kapalua Resort in Maui, Hawaii. He shot a five-under-par 68 but still lost to champion Xander Schauffele who shot a course record-tying 62. In February 2019, Woodland invited Amy Bockerstette, a collegiate golfer with Down syndrome, to play the par-3 16th hole at TPC Scottsdale during a Tuesday practice round at the Waste Management Phoenix Open. After hitting her tee shot into a greenside bunker, Bockerstette surprised Woodland by parring the hole in front of a roaring crowd. The PGA Tour's video capturing the moment went viral, receiving 43 million views across various social media platforms. At the U.S. Open in June 2019, Woodland held the 54-hole lead at Pebble Beach Golf Links"}, {"title": "Gary Woodland", "text": ". On Sunday, he shot a 2-under-par 69 for 271 (\u221213), which gave him a three-shot margin over the runner-up, two-time defending champion Koepka. Woodland became the fourth champion in U.S. Open history who was double-digits under-par. The victory was his first major and his sixth professional win. In his previous thirty starts in majors, Woodland had only carded two top-ten finishes, both in the PGA Championship (2018, 2019). The win at the U.S. Open moved him from 25th to 12th in the Official World Golf Ranking. At the post-win press conference, Woodland FaceTimed Bockerstette live, telling her \"I used your positive energy.\" Two days later, Woodland joined Bockerstette with a surprise appearance on \"The Today Show\" where, pointing to the U.S. Open trophy in Bockerstette's hands, he told her \"We won this together.\" In December 2019, Woodland played on the U.S. team at the 2019 Presidents Cup at Royal Melbourne Golf Club in Australia. The U.S. team won 16\u201314. Woodland went 1\u20132\u20131 and lost"}, {"title": "Gary Woodland", "text": " his Sunday singles match against Im Sung-jae.</s><s>Amateur wins. - 2005 (2) Cleveland State Invitational, Kansas Amateur - 2006 (1) Kansas Invitational - 2007 (3) All-American Golf Classic, Louisiana Classics, Kansas Amateur</s><s>Professional wins (6).</s><s>Professional wins (6).:PGA Tour wins (4). PGA Tour playoff record (1\u20132)</s><s>Professional wins (6).:Adams Pro Tour wins (1). - 2008 Southwest Kansas Pro-Am</s><s>Major championships.</s><s>Major championships.:Results timeline. \"Results not in chronological order in 2020.\" CUT = missed the half-way cutbr WD = withdrewbr \"T\" indicates a tie for a placebr NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic</s><s>Major championships.:Summary. - Most consecutive cuts made \u2013 6 (twice) - Longest streak of top-10s \u2013 2 (2019 PGA \u2013 2019 U.S. Open)</s><s>Results in The Players Championship. CUT = missed the halfway cutbr \"T\" indicates a tie for a placebr C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic</s><s>Results in World Golf Championships"}, {"title": "Gary Woodland", "text": ". \"Results not in chronological order before 2015.\" Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemicbr QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match playbr NT = No tournamentbr \"T\" = Tied</s><s>U.S. national team appearances. Professional - World Cup: 2011 (winners) - Presidents Cup: 2019 (winners)</s><s>See also. - 2008 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates - 2010 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Gary Woodland", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000306", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Bif Naked.", "docs": [{"title": "Bif Naked", "text": "<s>Bif Naked Beth Torbert is a Canadian singer best known by her stage name Bif Naked. Between 1996 and 2016, she was among the top 150 selling Canadian artists in Canada.</s><s>Early life and education. Bif Naked was born in New Delhi, India, to teenage parents attending private school. She was subsequently adopted by American missionaries. She spent part of her childhood in Lexington, Kentucky, where her father was a professor at the University of Kentucky. She went to Kelsey Elementary School in The Pas, Manitoba, for a couple of years. After living for a time in Dauphin, Manitoba, her family eventually settled in Winnipeg.{{cite magazine }} She graduated from John Taylor Collegiate and studied theatre at the University of Winnipeg. After University, she began pursuing a career as a stand-up comic. The name \"Bif\" started as a nickname based on the mispronunciation of her real name, Beth.</s><s>Career. After spending several years singing with several underground bands, Bif Naked independently released a self-titled solo album, \"Bif Naked\", in 1994, and \"I Bificus\" in 1998. In 1999 she toured across Canada. Another solo album, \"Purge\" was released in"}, {"title": "Bif Naked", "text": " 2001. She also released a spoken word album called \"Okenspay Ordway: Things I Forgot To Tell Mommy\". In 2005, after narrowing it down from over fifty songs, she released \"Superbeautifulmonster\", which featured thirteen tracks. \"The Promise\", which was recorded while Bif was undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer, was released in 2009 and was dedicated to her fans. The album featured tracks mixed by Juno Award winner Mike Fraser. In 2011, after doing acoustic sets on tour, Bif released an acoustic record on Her Royal Majesty's Records late-2013, featuring acoustic versions of her past songs as well as four previously unreleased tracks. The album is entitled \"BIF NAKED FOREVER: Acoustic Hits and Other Delights\". Bif has also been involved on a side project, \"Jakkarta\". Prior to her solo career, Torbert played with punk bands Gorilla Gorilla and Chrome Dog. She has toured Europe, the United States, and Canada as a headlining act, and has performed on bills with: Snoop Dogg, Billy Idol, Dido, Devin Townsend, Sarah McLachlan, Sheryl Crow, Chrissie Hynde, Foo Fighters, The Cult, Prodigy, Sm"}, {"title": "Bif Naked", "text": "ashing Pumpkins, Ministry, Green Day, and many more. Bif's music has been featured in and on soundtracks for shows including \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", \"Charmed\", \"Moonlight\", \"\", \"Ready To Rumble\", \"The West Wing\" and \"Celebrity Deathmatch\". She recorded a rendition of the Christmas classic, \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" for MTV's \"Total Request Live\" CD \"\" in 1999 and was also featured on the \"Ready to Rumble\" soundtrack with a cover of Twisted Sister's \"We're Not Gonna Take It\". (which was additionally used as David Arquette's entrance theme while he was on WCW Monday Nitro). The song \"Dawn\", taken from \"Purge\", was featured in the film \"American Psycho 2\", starring Mila Kunis and William Shatner. She made a guest appearance in the song \"Fucker\", on Strapping Young Lad's album \"The New Black\" in 2006. Bif Naked has also made guest appearances with artists such as SNFU on the songs \"One Last Loveshove\" and \"You Make Me Thick\". She also appeared on the Dead Celebrity Status album \"Blood Music\" on the track titled \"In This"}, {"title": "Bif Naked", "text": " Day and Age\". In 2011, she recorded a duet with Vancouver-based yogi and Nettwerk recording artist Will Blunderfield for the international version of his album \"Hallelujah\". Bif Naked has also appeared in music videos for other artists including: The Offspring's \"The Kids Aren't Alright\", \"Believe Me\" and \"Silver\" by Moist and Liveonrelease's \"Get with It.\" In 2009, she appeared in the video for Simple Plan's \"Save You\" near the end along with other people (such as Sharon Osbourne and Ren\u00e9 Ang\u00e9lil) who have survived or have been treated for cancer. Aside from her music career, Bif has also pursued acting. In 1990, she appeared in the film \"Archangel\", where she was credited as \"Bif Torbert,\" playing a Russian soldier. In 1997, she played a liquor store manager in \"The Boys Club\". She appeared in the television series \"Once a Thief\" in 1998, playing Nastassja Momomame. In 2000, she voiced the character Alison in the \"Daria\" movie, \"Is It Fall Yet?\", playing a bisexual art camp attendee who attempts to seduce Jane Lane. She appeared in the"}, {"title": "Bif Naked", "text": " Canadian indie films \"Lunch with Charles\" (2001) and \"Crossing\" (2005), the latter of which she recorded the song \"My Greatest Masterpiece\" for. She has done hosting work for the CBC Television series \"ZeD\" (becoming their first host in 2002), and for Bodog, hosting \"Bodog Fight\" in 2006 as well as a reality series chronicling the days leading up to her marriage with Vancouver Sun sports writer, Ian Walker, in 2007 called \"Bif Naked Bride\". She voiced the character Zoe Payne in the \"SSX\" video game series and \"Sled Storm\". In 2003, she made a cameo appearance in the zombie horror film \"The House of the Dead\". That same year, she appeared as a judge of a fictitious reality show in the TV series \"Cold Squad\". In 2006, she guest starred on an episode of \"The L Word,\" playing a character named Cynthia. In addition, Bif Naked has appeared as herself in \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", \"\" and \"The Chris Isaak Show\". Bif Naked also narrated the TV series \"That's Art?!\" (2012). In 2021, Bif appeared as a guest judge on an episode of the second season of \"Canada's Drag Race"}, {"title": "Bif Naked", "text": ".\"</s><s>Personal life. She is heavily tattooed, getting her first tattoo (an Egyptian Eye of Horus) when she was sixteen years old. Her tattoos include: a symbol of the Tao, Japanese writing, Buddhist poetry and images (such as the Bodhisattva), and Hindu imagery; she has stated on MTV that her favorite tattoo, on her left arm, reads \"Survivor.\" Bif identifies as poly amorous pan sexual. She is also a comic cartoonist Her first marriage, which lasted six months, was to her drummer Brett Hopkins in Gorilla Gorilla. She then married former \"Vancouver Sun\" sports writer Ian Walker in 2007; they divorced in 2011. In January 2008, she announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer, and underwent a lumpectomy and chemotherapy. Bif Naked spoke at the University of the Fraser Valley for International Women's Day on March 8, 2013, at the Abbotsford campus; it was announced she would be awarded an honorary doctorate from the university in June 2013. In 2015, she became engaged to Steve Allen, a friend of her former bandmate Jacen Ekstrom. They married on July 30, 2016 and separated in 2022. Bif is a vegan.</s><s>Band membership."}, {"title": "Bif Naked", "text": "</s><s>Band membership.:Current band members. - Bif Naked \u2013 vocals, background vocals - Doug Fury \u2013 guitar - Chiko Misomali \u2013 drums, background vocals - Peter Karroll \u2013 bass</s><s>Band membership.:Past members. - Steve Allen - Guitar - Ferdy Belland - Bass - Alley Artico \u2013 Guitar - Alex Arundel aka XFactor (aka Gene Poole, co-writer of \"Chotee\") \u2013 guitar - Kuryakin \u2013 synths and bass backup vocals - Corrine Culbertson CoCo \u2013 bass - Mike Sage \u2013 drums - Doug Fury (now in Scatterheart) \u2013 guitar, bass, co-writer and co-producer - Gail Greenwood (Belly/L7) \u2013 bass - Scotty McCarger \u2013 drums - Chris Crippin (Everything After/Hedley) \u2013 drums - Randy Black (Annihilator) \u2013 drums - Jacen Ekstrom (Neurosonic/CrashScene) \u2013 bass (deceased) - John Bates (Big John Bates) - guitar - Gillian Hanna \u2013 guitar (deceased) - Britt Black \u2013 guitar - Rich Priske \u2013 bass (deceased) - Scott Cooke \u2013 bass - Tim Smyth \u2013"}, {"title": "Bif Naked", "text": " bass - Greg Mark (Juno-nominated Vancouver psychedelic pop band Templar) \u2013 guitar - Sean Stubbs \u2013 drums - Adam (ATOM) Percy (Econoline Crush) \u2013 keyboards - Dan Yaremko (Econoline Crush)/(D.O.A.) \u2013 bass - Lamar Engel \u2013 (vocalist/musician for art rock band An Opiate for Angels) \u2013 bass - Dave Martone \u2013 bass - Gabe Cipes \u2013 bass - Joe Veltri \u2013 bass</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio albums. - \"Bif Naked\" \u2013 1994 - \"I Bificus\" \u2013 1998 (CRIA \u2013 Platinum) - \"Purge\" \u2013 2001 (CRIA \u2013 Gold) - \"Superbeautifulmonster\" \u2013 2005 (#12 CAN) - \"The Promise\" \u2013 2009 (#30 CAN) - \"Champion\" \u2013 2023</s><s>Discography.:EPs and compilations. - \"Four Songs and a Poem\" \u2013 1994 - \"Okenspay Ordway: Things I Forgot to Tell Mommy\" \u2013 1997 - \"Another 5 Songs and a Poem\" \u2013 2000 - \"Essentially Naked\" \u2013 2003 - \"\" \u2013 2012</s><s>Discography.:Music videos"}, {"title": "Bif Naked", "text": ". - \"Everything\" (1994) - \"My Whole Life\" - \"Tell on You\" - \"Never Alone\" - \"Daddy's Getting Married\" (directed by William Morrison 1996) - \"Spaceman\" - \"Lucky\" (co-directed by Peter Karroll) - \"Moment of Weakness\" (1999) (directed by Marcos Siega) - \"We're Not Gonna Take It\" - \"Chotee\" - \"Twitch\" (1999) (directed by Peter Karroll) - \"I Love Myself Today\" - \"Tango Shoes\" (directed by Neill Blomkamp (District 9 / Chappie) - \"Choking in the Truth\" (directed by Neill Blomkamp (District 9 / Chappie) - \"Back in the Day\" (co-directed by Peter Karroll) - \"Rich and Filthy\" - \"Let Down\" (directed by Peter Karroll) - \"Nothing Else Matters\" - \"Everyday\" (directed by Peter Karroll) - \"My Greatest Masterpiece\" (2007) - \"Fuck You 2\" (2009) - \"Sick\" (2009) - \"King of Karma\" (2009) - \"Only One\""}, {"title": "Bif Naked", "text": " 2016 directed by Coco Karroll - \"Heavy\" 2018 directed by Peter Karroll - \"Jim\" (2020)</s><s>See also. - Canadian rock - Music of Canada</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Bif Naked", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000307", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Michael Collins (astronaut).", "docs": [{"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": "<s>Michael Collins (astronaut) Michael Collins (October 31, 1930 \u2013 April 28, 2021) was an American astronaut who flew the Apollo 11 command module \"Columbia\" around the Moon in 1969 while his crewmates, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, made the first crewed landing on the surface. He was also a test pilot and major general in the U.S. Air Force Reserve. Born in Rome, Italy, where his father was stationed at the time, Collins graduated in the Class of 1952 from the United States Military Academy. He followed his father, brother, uncle, and cousin into the military. He joined the United States Air Force, and flew F-86 Sabre fighters at Chambley-Bussi\u00e8res Air Base, France. He was accepted into the U.S. Air Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in 1960, also graduating from the Aerospace Research Pilot School (Class III). Selected as part of NASA's third group of 14 astronauts in 1963, Collins flew in space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10 in 1966, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed orbital rendezvous with two spacecraft and undertook two extravehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks)."}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " On the 1969 Apollo 11 mission, he became one of 24 people to fly to the Moon, which he orbited thirty times. He was the fourth person (and third American) to perform a spacewalk, the first person to have performed more than one spacewalk, and, after Young, who flew the command module on Apollo 10, the second person to orbit the Moon alone. After retiring from NASA in 1970, Collins took a job in the Department of State as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. A year later, he became the director of the National Air and Space Museum, and held this position until 1978, when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1980, he took a job as vice president of LTV Aerospace. He resigned in 1985 to start his own consulting firm. Along with his Apollo 11 crewmates, Collins was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2011.</s><s>Early life. Collins was born on October 31, 1930, in Rome, Italy. He was the second son of James Lawton Collins (1882\u20131963), a career U.S. Army officer, who was the U.S. military attach\u00e9 there from 1928 to 1932, and Virginia C"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": ". Collins ( Stewart; 1895\u20131986). Collins had an older brother, James Lawton Collins Jr. (1917\u20132002), and two older sisters, Virginia and Agnes. Collins' mother was of British descent, and his father's family hailed from Ireland. For the first 17 years of his life, Collins lived in many places as the Army posted his father to different locations; Rome, Oklahoma; Governors Island, New York; Fort Hoyle (near Baltimore, Maryland); Fort Hayes (near Columbus, Ohio); Puerto Rico; San Antonio, Texas; and Alexandria, Virginia. He took his first plane ride in Puerto Rico aboard a Grumman Widgeon; the pilot allowed him to fly it for a portion of the flight. He wanted to fly again, but since World War II started soon after, he was unable. He studied for two years in the Academia del Perpetuo Socorro in San Juan, Puerto Rico. After the United States entered World War II, the family moved to Washington, D.C., where Collins attended St. Albans School and graduated in 1948. His mother wanted him to enter the diplomatic service, but he decided to follow his father, two uncles, brother, and cousin into the armed services. He"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, from which his father and his older brother had graduated in 1907 and 1939 respectively. He graduated on June 3, 1952, with a Bachelor of Science degree in military science, finishing 185th of 527 cadets in the class, which included future fellow astronaut Ed White. Collins' decision to join the United States Air Force (USAF) was motivated by both the wonder of what the next fifty years might bring in aeronautics, and to avoid accusations of nepotism had he joined the Army\u2014where his brother was already a colonel, his father had reached the rank of major general and his uncle, General J. Lawton Collins (1896\u20131987), was the Chief of Staff of the United States Army. The Air Force Academy, still under construction, would not graduate its first class for several years. In the interim, graduates of the Military Academy were eligible for Air Force commissions. Promotion was slower in the Air Force than in the Army, due to the large number of young officers who had been commissioned and promoted during World War II.</s><s>Military service.</s><s>Military service.:Fighter pilot. Collins began basic flight training in the T-6 Texan at Columbus"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " Air Force Base in Columbus, Mississippi, in August 1952, then moved on to San Marcos Air Force Base in Texas to learn instrument and formation flying, and finally to James Connally Air Force Base in Waco, Texas, for training in jet aircraft. Flying came easily to him, and unlike many of his colleagues, he had little fear of failure. He was awarded his wings upon completion of the course at Waco, and in September 1953, he was chosen for advanced day-fighter training at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, flying F-86 Sabres. The training was dangerous; eleven people were killed in accidents during the 22 weeks he was there. This was followed by an assignment in January 1954 to the 21st Fighter-Bomber Wing at George Air Force Base, California, where he learned ground attack and nuclear weapons delivery techniques in the F-86. He moved with the 21st to Chambley-Bussi\u00e8res Air Base, France, in December 1954. He won first prize in a 1956 gunnery competition. During a NATO exercise that year, he was forced to eject from an F-86, near Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, after a fire started aft of the cockpit. Collins met his future wife, Patricia"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " Mary Finnegan from Boston, Massachusetts, in an officers' mess. A graduate of Emmanuel College, where she majored in English, she was a social worker, dealing mainly with single mothers. To see more of the world, she was working for the Air Force service club. After getting engaged, they had to overcome a difference in religion. Collins was nominally Episcopalian, while Finnegan came from a staunchly Roman Catholic family. After seeking permission to marry from Finnegan's father, and delaying their wedding when Collins was redeployed to West Germany during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, they married in 1957. They had a daughter, actress Kate Collins, in 1959, a second daughter, Ann, in 1961 and a son, Michael, in 1963. After Collins returned to the United States in late 1957, he attended an aircraft maintenance officer course at Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois. He would later describe this school as \"dismal\" in his autobiography; he found the classwork boring, flying time scarce, and the equipment outdated. Upon completing the course, he commanded a Mobile Training Detachment (MTD) and traveled to air bases around the world. The detachment trained mechanics on the servicing of new aircraft, and pilots how to"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " fly them. He later became the first commander of a Field Training Detachment (FTD 523) back at Nellis AFB, which was a similar kind of unit, except that the students traveled to him.</s><s>Military service.:Test pilot. Collins' MTD posting allowed him to accumulate over 1,500 flying hours, the minimum required for admission to the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. His application was successful, and on August 29, 1960, he became a member of Class 60C, which included Frank Borman, Jim Irwin and Tom Stafford, who later became astronauts. Military test pilot instruction started with the North American T-28 Trojan, and proceeded through the high performance F-86 Sabre, B-57 Canberra, T-33 Shooting Star, and the F-104 Starfighter. Collins was a heavy smoker, but quit in 1962 after suffering a particularly bad hangover. The next day, he spent what he described as the worst four hours of his life in the co-pilot's seat of a B-52 Stratofortress while going through the initial stages of nicotine withdrawal. The inspiration for Collins in his decision to become a NASA astronaut was the Mercury Atlas 6 flight of John Glenn on"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " February 20, 1962, and the thought of being able to circle the Earth in 90 minutes. Collins applied for the second group of astronauts that year. To raise the numbers of Air Force pilots selected, the Air Force sent their best applicants to a \"charm school\". Medical and psychiatric examinations at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, and interviews at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in Houston followed. In mid-September, he found out he had not been accepted. It was a blow even though he did not expect to be selected. Collins rated the second group of nine as better than the Mercury Seven who preceded them, or the five groups that followed, including his own. That year the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School became the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS), as the Air Force tried to enter into space research through the X-15 and X-20 programs. Collins applied for a new postgraduate course offered into the basics of spaceflight. He was accepted into the third class on October 22, 1962. Other students in his eleven-member class included three future astronauts: Charles Bassett, Edward Givens and Joe Engle. Along with classwork, they also flew up to about in F-104 Starfighters. As they passed"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " through the top of their arc, they would experience a brief period of weightlessness. On finishing this course he returned to fighter operations in May 1963. At the start of June, NASA once again called for astronaut applications. Collins went through the same process as with his first application, though he did not take the psychiatric evaluation. He was at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, on October 14 when Deke Slayton, the Chief of the Astronaut Office at NASA, called and asked if he was still interested in becoming an astronaut. Charles Bassett was also accepted. By this time Collins had flown over 3,000 hours, of which 2,700 were in jet aircraft.</s><s>Space program. Compared with the first two groups of astronauts, the third group of fourteen astronauts, which included Collins, was younger, with an average age of 31\u2014the first two groups had an average age of 34.5 and 32.5 at their time of selection\u2014and was better educated, with an average of 5.6 years of tertiary education; but they had fewer flying hours\u20142,300 on average compared with 3,500 and 2,800 for the first two groups, and only eight of the fourteen were test pilots. Of the thirty astronauts selected in the first"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " three groups, only Collins and his third group colleague William Anders were born outside the United States, and Collins was the only one with an older brother; all the rest were the eldest or only sons in their families. Training began with a 240-hour course on the basics of spaceflight. Fifty-eight hours of this was devoted to geology, something Collins did not readily understand and in which he never became very interested. At the end, Alan Shepard, the Chief of the Astronaut Office, asked the fourteen to rank their fellow astronauts in the order they would want to fly with them in space. Collins picked David Scott in the number one position.</s><s>Space program.:Project Gemini.</s><s>Space program.:Project Gemini.:Crew assignments. After this basic training, the third group was assigned specializations. Collins received his first choice: pressure suits and extravehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His job was to monitor development and act as a liaison between the Astronaut Office and contractors. He was disturbed by the secretive planning of Ed White's EVA on Gemini 4, because he was not involved despite being the person with the greatest knowledge of the subject. In late June 1965, Collins received his first crew assignment: the backup pilot for"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " Gemini 7, with his West Point classmate Ed White named as the backup mission commander. Collins was the first of the fourteen to receive a crew assignment, but the first to fly was Scott on Gemini 8, and Charles Bassett was assigned to Gemini 9. Under the system of crew rotation established by Slayton, being on the backup crew of Gemini7 set Collins up to pilot Gemini 10. Gemini7 was commanded by Borman, whom Collins knew well from their days at Edwards, with Jim Lovell as the pilot. Collins made a point of providing a daily briefing to their wives, Susan Borman and Marilyn Lovell, on the progress of the two-week Gemini7 mission. After the successful completion of Gemini7 on January 24, 1966, Collins was assigned to the prime crew of Gemini 10, but with John Young as mission commander, as White moved on to the Apollo program. Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin were designated as the backup commander and pilot respectively. The arrangements were disturbed on February 28 by the deaths of the Gemini9 crew, Charles Bassett and Elliot See, in the 1966 NASA T-38 crash. They were replaced on Gemini9 by their backups, Stafford and Gene Cernan. Cernan was the second of the fourteen to fly in"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " space. Lovell and Aldrin became their backups, and Alan Bean and C.C. Williams took their place as the Gemini 10 backup crew. Collins would be the seventeenth American, and third member of his group, to fly in space. Training for Gemini 10 was interrupted in March when Slayton diverted Young, Collins and Williams to represent their respective services on a panel to select another group of astronauts, along with himself, Shepard, spacecraft designer Max Faget, and astronaut training officer Warren J. North. Young protested the loss of a week's training to no avail. Applying strict criteria for age, flying experience and education reduced the number of applicants to 35. The panel interviewed each for an hour, and rated nineteen as qualified. Collins was surprised when Slayton elected to take them all. Slayton later admitted that he too had doubts; he already had enough astronauts for Project Apollo as far as the first Moon landing, but post-Apollo plans were for up to 30 missions. Such a large intake therefore seemed prudent. Ten of the nineteen had test pilot experience, and seven were graduates of the ARPS.</s><s>Space program.:Project Gemini.:Gemini 10. Fifteen scientific experiments were carried on Gemini 10\u2014more than any other Gemini mission"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " except the two-week-long Gemini 7. After Gemini 9's EVA ran into problems, the remaining Gemini objectives had to be completed on the last three flights. While the overall number of objectives increased, the difficulty of Collins' EVA was scaled significantly back. There was no backpack or astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU), as there had been on Gemini 8. Their three-day mission called for them to rendezvous with two Agena Target Vehicles, undertake two EVAs, and perform 15 different experiments. The training went smoothly, as the crew learned the intricacies of orbital rendezvous, controlling the Agena and, for Collins, the EVA. For what was to be the fourth ever EVA, underwater training was not performed, mostly because Collins did not have the time. To train to use the nitrogen gun he would use for propulsion, a smooth metal surface about the size of a boxing ring was set up. He would stand on a circular pad that used gas jets to raise itself off the surface. Using the nitrogen gun he would practice propelling himself across the \"slippery table\". Gemini 10 lifted off from Launch Complex 19 at Cape Canaveral at 05:20 local time on July 18, 1966. Upon reaching orbit, it was about behind the Ag"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": "ena target vehicle, which had been launched 100 minutes earlier. A rendezvous was achieved on Gemini 10's fourth orbit at 10:43, followed by docking at 11:13. The mission plan called for multiple dockings with the Agena target, but an error by Collins in using the sextant caused them to burn valuable propellant, resulting in Mission Control calling off this objective to conserve propellant. Once docked, the Agena 10 propulsion system was activated to boost the astronauts to a new altitude record, above the Earth, breaking the previous record of set by Voskhod 2. A second burn of the Agena 10 engine at 03:58 on July 19 put them into the same orbit as Agena8, which had been launched for the Gemini8 mission on March 16. For his first EVA Collins did not leave the Gemini capsule, but stood up through the hatch with an ultraviolet camera. After he took the ultraviolet photos, Collins took photos of a plate they brought with them. They were used to compare photos taken in space with those taken in a laboratory. In his biography he said he felt at that moment like a Roman god riding the skies in his chariot. The EVA started on the dark side of the Earth so Collins could take"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " photos of the Milky Way. Collins' and Young's eyes began to water, forcing an early end to the EVA. Lithium hydroxide, which was normally used to remove exhaled carbon dioxide from the cabin, had accidentally been fed into the astronauts' space suits. The compressor causing the problem was switched off, and a high oxygen flow was used to purge the environmental control system. Prior to Collins' second EVA, the Agena 10 spacecraft was jettisoned. Young positioned the capsule close enough to Agena8 for Collins to get to it while attached to his umbilical. Collins became the first person to perform two spacewalks in the same mission. He found it took much longer to complete tasks than he expected, something Cernan also experienced during his spacewalk on Gemini 9. He removed a micrometeorite experiment from the exterior of the spacecraft, and configured his nitrogen maneuvering thruster. Collins had difficulty reentering the spacecraft, and needed Young to pull him back in with the umbilical. The duo activated the retrorockets on their 43rd orbit, and they splashed down in the Atlantic at 04:06 on July 21, from the recovery vessel, the amphibious assault ship, and were"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " picked up by helicopter. Collins and Young completed nearly all the major objectives of the flight. The docking practice and the landmark measurement experiment were cancelled in order to conserve propellant, and the micrometeorite collector was lost when it drifted out of the spacecraft.</s><s>Space program.:Apollo program. Shortly after Gemini 10, Collins was assigned to the backup crew for the second crewed Apollo flight, with Borman as commander (CDR), Stafford as command module pilot (CMP), and Collins as lunar module pilot (LMP). Along with learning the new Apollo command and service module (CSM) and the Apollo Lunar Module (LM), Collins received helicopter training, as these were thought to be the best way to simulate the landing approach of the LM. After the completion of Project Gemini, it was decided to cancel the Apollo2 flight, since it would just repeat the Apollo 1 flight. Stafford was given his own crew, and Anders was assigned to Borman's crew. Slayton had decided an Apollo mission commander should be an experienced astronaut who had already flown a mission, and that on flights with a LM, the CMP should also have some spaceflight experience, something Anders did not yet have, since the CMP would have to fly the CM alone"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": ". Collins was therefore moved to the CMP position on the Apollo8 prime crew, and Anders became the LMP. The practice became that the CMP would be the next most senior member of the crew, and that they would go on to command later Apollo flights. Staff meetings were always held on Fridays in the Astronaut Office, and it was here that Collins found himself on January 27, 1967. Don Gregory was running the meeting in the absence of Shepard and so it was he who answered the red phone to be informed there had been a fire in the Apollo 1 CM, and that the three astronauts, Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee were dead. When the enormity of the situation was ascertained, it fell on Collins to go to the Chaffee household to inform Martha Chaffee that her husband had died. The Astronaut Office had learned to be proactive in informing astronauts' families of a death quickly, because of the death of Theodore Freeman in an aircraft crash in 1964, when a newspaper reporter was the first to his house. Collins and Scott were sent by NASA to the Paris Air Show in May 1967. There they met cosmonauts Pavel Belyayev and Konstantin Feoktistov, with whom they drank vodka on"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " the Soviets' Tupolev Tu-134. Collins found it interesting that some cosmonauts were doing helicopter training like their American counterparts, and Belyayev said he hoped to make a circumlunar flight soon. The astronauts' wives had accompanied them on the trip, and Collins and his wife Pat were compelled by NASA and their friends to travel to Metz, where they had been married ten years before. There, they found a third wedding ceremony had been arranged for them (ten years previously they had already had civil and religious ceremonies), so they could renew their vows. During 1968, Collins noticed his legs were not working as they should, first during handball games, then as he walked down stairs. His knee would almost give way, and his left leg had unusual sensations when in hot and cold water. Reluctantly he sought medical advice and the diagnosis was a cervical disc herniation, requiring two vertebrae to be fused. The surgery was performed at Wilford Hall Hospital at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. The planned recuperation time was three to six months. Collins spent three months in a neck brace. As a result, he was removed from the prime crew of Apollo 9 and his backup, Jim Lovell, replaced him"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " as CMP. When the Apollo 8 mission was changed from a CSM/LM mission in high Earth orbit to a CSM-only flight around the Moon, both prime and backup crews for Apollo8 and9 swapped places.</s><s>Space program.:Apollo program.:Apollo 8. Having trained for the flight, Collins was made a capsule communicator (CAPCOM), an astronaut stationed at Mission Control responsible for communicating directly with the crew during a mission. As part of the Green Team, he covered the launch phase up to translunar injection, the rocket burn that sent Apollo8 to the Moon. The successful completion of the first crewed circumlunar flight was followed by the announcement of the Apollo 11 crew of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. At that time, in January 1969, it was not certain this would be the lunar landing mission; this depended on the success of Apollo9 and Apollo 10 testing the LM.</s><s>Space program.:Apollo program.:Apollo 11. As CMP, Collins' training was completely different from the LM and lunar EVA, and was sometimes done without Armstrong or Aldrin being present. Along with simulators, there were measurements for pressure suits, centrifuge training to simulate the reentry, and practicing"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " docking with a huge rig at NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia. Since he would be the active participant in the rendezvous with the LM, Collins compiled a book of 18 different rendezvous schemes for various scenarios including ones where the LM did not land, or it launched too early or too late. This book ran for 117 pages. The was the creation of Collins. Jim Lovell, the backup commander, mentioned the idea of eagles, a symbol of the United States. Collins liked the idea and found a painting by artist Walter A. Weber in a National Geographic Society book, \"Water, Prey, and Game Birds of North America\", traced it and added the lunar surface below and Earth in the background. The idea of an olive branch, a symbol of peace, came from a computer expert at the simulators. The call sign \"Columbia\" for the CSM came from Julian Scheer, the NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs. He mentioned the idea to Collins in a conversation and Collins could not think of anything better. During the training for Apollo 11, Slayton offered to get Collins back into the crew sequence after the flight. Collins would almost certainly have been the backup commander of Apollo 14, followed by commander of Apollo 17, but he told"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " Slayton he did not want to travel to space again if Apollo 11 was successful. The difficult schedule of an astronaut strained his family life. He wanted to help achieve John F. Kennedy's goal of landing on the Moon within the decade and had no interest in further exploration of the Moon once the goal had been achieved. The assignment was given to Cernan. An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches in the vicinity of the launch site. The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25\u00a0million viewers in the United States alone. Millions more listened to radio broadcasts. Propelled by a giant Saturn V rocket, Apollo 11 lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969, at 13:32 UTC (09:32 EDT), and entered Earth orbit twelve minutes later. After one and a half orbits, the S-IVB third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon. About 30 minutes later, Collins performed the transposition, docking, and extraction maneuver. This involved separating \"Columbia\" from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with the Lunar Module \"Eagle\". After it was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past it. On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit. In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquillity about southwest of the crater Sabine D. At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered \"Eagle\" and began the final preparations for lunar descent. At 17:44:00 \"Eagle\" separated from \"Columbia\". Collins, alone aboard \"Columbia\", inspected \"Eagle\" as it rotated before him to ensure the craft was not damaged and that the landing gear had correctly deployed before heading for the surface. During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it has been said \"not since Adam has any human known such solitude\", Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote \"this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two\". In the 48 minutes of each orbit when he was out of radio contact with the Earth while \"Columbia\" passed round the"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " far side of the Moon, the feeling he reported was not fear or loneliness, but rather \"awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation\". One of Collins' first tasks was to identify the lunar module on the ground. To give Collins an idea where to look, Mission Control radioed that they believed the lunar module landed about four miles off target. Each time he passed over the suspected lunar landing site, he tried in vain to find the lunar module. On his first two orbits on the far side of the Moon, Collins performed maintenance activities such as dumping excess water produced by the fuel cells and preparing the cabin for Armstrong and Aldrin to return. \"Columbia\" orbited the Moon thirty times. Just before he reached the far side on the third orbit, Mission Control informed Collins there was a problem with the temperature of the coolant. If it became too cold, parts of \"Columbia\" might freeze. Mission Control advised him to assume manual control and implement Environmental Control System Malfunction Procedure 17. Instead, Collins flicked the switch on the offending system from automatic to manual and back to automatic again, and carried on with normal housekeeping chores, while keeping an eye on the temperature. When \"Columbia\" came back around to the near side"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " of the Moon again, he was able to report that the problem had been resolved. For the next couple of orbits, he described his time on the far side of the Moon as \"relaxing\". After Aldrin and Armstrong completed their EVA, Collins slept so he could be rested for the rendezvous. While the flight plan called for \"Eagle\" to meet up with \"Columbia\", Collins was prepared for certain contingencies in which he would fly \"Columbia\" down to meet \"Eagle\". After spending so much time with the CSM, he felt compelled to leave his mark on it, so during the second night following their return from the Moon, he went to the lower equipment bay of the CM and wrote: In a July 2009 interview with \"The Guardian\", Collins said that he was very worried about Armstrong and Aldrin's safety. He was also concerned in the event of their deaths on the Moon, he would be forced to return to Earth alone and, as the mission's sole survivor, be regarded as \"a marked man for life\". At 17:54 UTC on July 21, \"Eagle\" lifted off from the Moon to rejoin Collins aboard \"Columbia\" in lunar orbit. After rendezvous with \"Columbia\", the"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit, and \"Columbia\" made its way back to Earth. \"Columbia\" splashed down in the Pacific east of Wake Island at 16:50 UTC (05:50 local time) on July 24. The total mission duration was eight days, three hours, 18 minutes, and thirty-five seconds. Divers passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft. Though the chance of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface was believed to be remote, it was still considered a possibility. The astronauts were winched on board the recovery helicopter, and flown to the aircraft carrier, where they spent the first part of the Earth-based portion of 21 days of quarantine (time in space was also counted), before moving on to Houston. On August 13, the three astronauts rode in parades in their honor in New York and Chicago, with about six million attendees. On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official state dinner to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the Chief Justice of the United States, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel. In September, the astronauts embarked on a 38-day world tour that brought them"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " to 22 foreign countries and included visits with world leaders.</s><s>Post-NASA activities.</s><s>Post-NASA activities.:Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine told Collins that Secretary of State William P. Rogers was interested in appointing Collins to the position of Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. After the crew returned to the U.S. in November, Collins sat down with Rogers and accepted the position on the urgings of President Nixon. He was an unusual choice for the role, as he was neither a journalist nor a career diplomat. Nor, unlike some of his predecessors, did he act as the department spokesperson. Instead, as the head of the State Department's Bureau of Public Affairs, his role was that of managing relations with the public at large. He had a staff of 115 and a budget of $2.5\u00a0million, but this was small compared with the 6,000 public affairs staff at the United States Department of Defense. Collins was appointed to the position on December 15, 1969, and began his work on January 6, 1970. He took over at a very difficult time. The Vietnam War was going badly, and the invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State shootings had triggered a wave of protests and unrest"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " across the country. He had no illusions about his ability to change minds, but attempted to engage with the public all the same, playing on his Apollo 11 fame. He attributed part of the nation's problems to insularity. In a 1970 commencement speech at Saint Michael's College in Vermont, he told his audience that \"Farmers speak to farmers, students to students, business leaders to other business leaders, but this intramural talk serves mainly to mirror one's beliefs, to reinforce existing prejudices, to lock out opposing views\". Collins realized he was not enjoying the job, and secured President Nixon's permission to become the Director of the National Air and Space Museum. His departure was officially announced on February 22, 1971. He worked in that role until April 11, 1971. The position remained vacant until Carol Laise replaced him in October 1973.</s><s>Post-NASA activities.:Director of the National Air and Space Museum. On August 12, 1946, Congress passed an authorization bill for a National Air Museum, to be administered by the Smithsonian Institution, and located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Under the U.S. legislative system, authorization is insufficient; Congress also has to pass an appropriation bill allocating funding. Since this was not done, there was"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " no money for the museum building. The 1957 Sputnik crisis and the resulting Space Race led to a surge of public interest in space exploration. The \"Freedom 7\" and \"Friendship 7\" Project Mercury spacecraft were donated to the Smithsonian, and 2,670,000 visitors descended on the Arts and Industries Building when they were put on display in 1963. The museum was renamed the National Air and Space Museum in 1966, but there was still no funding to build it. Apollo 11 created another surge of interest in space. An exhibition of a Moon rock attracted 200,000 visitors in one month. On May 19, 1970, Senator Barry Goldwater, a retired USAF major general, gave an impassioned speech in the Senate for funding of a museum building. The job had a clearly defined and tangible goal: to obtain Congressional funding, and to build the museum. Collins lobbied hard for the new museum. With the help of Goldwater in particular, Congress relented, and on August 10, 1972, approved $13\u00a0million and contract authority of $27\u00a0million for its construction. The $40\u00a0million budget was lower than he had hoped for, and the building had to be scaled back and some economies made. In addition to cost pressure, there was also severe"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " time pressure, as the museum was scheduled to open on July 4, 1976, as part of celebrations of the upcoming United States Bicentennial. The design by architect Gyo Obata of the St. Louis firm Hellmuth Obata & Kassabaumof aimed to harmonize the new museum with the other ones on the National Mall, so the exteriors were faced with Tennessee marble to match the fa\u00e7ade of the National Gallery of Art. Gilbane Building Company was awarded the construction contract. Everything was fast-tracked. Contracts were awarded as soon as each component of the design was complete. This allowed the first contract to be awarded within five months of the start of design. The design was completed in just nine months, and all contracts were awarded within a year of the start of design. Ground was broken on the new museum on November 20, 1972. The building was built horizontally rather than vertically, as is the norm, so that work on the interiors could proceed concurrently. Overseeing construction was but a part of Collins' task: he also had to hire museum staff, oversee the creation of exhibits, and launch the Museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, a new division devoted to research and analysis of lunar and planetary spacecraft data. Collins described"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " the project as \"a monumental effort\" in which \"individual creativity combined with dedicated teamwork and plain hard work\". The museum was completed on budget, and opened three days ahead of schedule on July 1, 1976. President Gerald Ford presided over the formal opening ceremony. Over one million visitors passed through its doors in the first month, and it quickly established itself as one of the world's most popular museums, averaging between eight and nine million visitors per annum over the next two decades. Visitors entering saw \"Columbia\" in the Milestones of Flight Hall, along with the \"Wright Flyer\", the \"Spirit of St. Louis\" and \"Glamorous Glennis\". Collins held the directorship until 1978, when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution. During this time, although no longer an active-duty USAF officer after he joined the State Department in 1970, he remained in the U.S. Air Force Reserve. He attained the rank of major general in 1976, and retired in 1982.</s><s>Post-NASA activities.:Other activities. Collins completed the Harvard Business School's Advanced Management Program in 1974, and in 1980 became vice president of LTV Aerospace in Arlington, Virginia. He resigned in 1985 to start his own consulting firm,"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " Michael Collins Associates. He wrote an autobiography in 1974 entitled \"\". \"The New York Times\" writer John Wilford wrote that it is \"generally regarded as the best account of what it is like to be an astronaut.\" Collins has also written \"Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space\" (1988), a history of the American space program, \"Mission to Mars\" (1990), a non-fiction book on human spaceflight to Mars, and \"Flying to the Moon and Other Strange Places \"(1976), revised and re-released as \"Flying to the Moon: An Astronaut's Story \"(1994), a children's book on his experiences. Along with his writing, he has painted watercolors, mostly of the Florida Everglades or aircraft he has flown; they are rarely space-related. He did not initially sign his paintings to avoid them increasing in price just because they had his autograph on them. Collins lived with his wife, Pat, in Marco Island, Florida, and Avon, North Carolina, until her death in April 2014.</s><s>Death. On April 28, 2021, Collins died of cancer at his home in Naples, Florida, at the age of 90. Buzz Aldrin, who became the last survivor"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " of Apollo 11, said that \"wherever [Collins has] been or will be, you will always have the Fire to Carry us deftly to new heights and the future.\" On January 30, 2023, Collins\u2019 ashes were interned in Arlington National Cemetery almost two years after his death, his burial likely being delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.</s><s>Honors and awards. Collins was a long-time trustee of the National Geographic Society and served as Trustee Emeritus. He was also a fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Collins was inducted into four halls of fame: the International Air & Space Hall of Fame (1971), the International Space Hall of Fame (1977), the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame (1993), and the National Aviation Hall of Fame (1985). In 2008 he was inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honor in Lancaster, California. The International Astronomical Union honored him by naming an asteroid after him, 6471 Collins. Also, like the other two Apollo 11 crew members, he has a lunar crater named after him. Collins was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross in 1966 for his work in the Gemini"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " Project. He was also awarded Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings. Deputy NASA Administrator Robert Seamans pinned the NASA Exceptional Service Medal on Collins and Young in 1966 for their role in the Gemini 10 mission. For the Apollo Project, he was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, and the NASA Distinguished Service Medal. He was awarded the Legion of Merit in 1977. Along with the rest of the Apollo 11 crew, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction by President Nixon in 1969 at the state dinner in their honor. The three were awarded the Collier Trophy and the General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy in 1969. The National Aeronautic Association president awarded a duplicate trophy to Collins and Aldrin at a ceremony. The trio received the international Harmon Trophy for aviators in 1970, conferred to them by Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1971. Agnew also presented them the Hubbard Medal of the National Geographic Society in 1970. He told them, \"You've won a place alongside Christopher Columbus in American history\". Collins also received the Iven C. Kincheloe Award from the Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP) in 1970. In 1989, some of his personal papers were transferred to Virginia Polytechn"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": "ic Institute and State University. In 1999, while celebrating the 30th anniversary of the lunar landing, Vice President Al Gore, who was also the vice chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution's Board of Regents, presented the Apollo 11 crew with the Smithsonian's Langley Gold Medal for aviation. After the ceremony, the crew went to the White House and presented President Bill Clinton with an encased Moon rock. The crew was awarded the New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal in the Capitol Rotunda in 2011. It is the highest civilian award that can be received in the United States. During the ceremony, NASA administrator Charles Bolden said, \"Those of us who have had the privilege to fly in space followed the trail they forged.\"</s><s>In popular culture. Collins is one of the astronauts featured in the 2007 documentary \"In the Shadow of the Moon.\" He had a small part as \"Old Man\" in the 2009 movie \"Youth in Revolt\". In the 1996 TV movie \"Apollo 11\", he was played by Jim Metzler, and in the 1998 HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\", he was played by Cary Elwes. In the 2009 TV movie \"Moon Shot\", he was played by Andrew Lincoln. In the 2018 film \"First Man"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": "\", he was portrayed by Lukas Haas, and he is featured in the 2019 documentary film \"Apollo 11\". For contributions to the television industry, the Apollo 11 astronauts were honored with round plaques on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In \"For All Mankind\" he is portrayed by Ryan Kennedy. In \"The Crown\" he is portrayed by Andrew-Lee Potts. English prog rock group Jethro Tull recorded a song \"For Michael Collins, Jeffrey and Me\", which appears on the \"Benefit\" album from 1970. The song compares the feelings of misfitting from vocalist Ian Anderson (and friend Jeffrey Hammond) with the astronaut's own, as he is left behind by the ones who had the privilege of walking on the surface of the Moon. In 2013, indie pop group The Boy Least Likely To released the song \"Michael Collins\" on the album \"The Great Perhaps.\" The song uses Collins' feeling that he was blessed to have the type of solitude of being truly separated from all other human contact in contrast with modern society's lack of perspective. American folk artist John Craigie recorded a song titled \"Michael Collins\" for his 2017 album \"No Rain, No Rose\". The song embraces his role as an integral part of the Apollo 11 mission with"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " the chorus, \"Sometimes you take the fame, sometimes you sit back stage, but if it weren't for me them boys would still be there.\" Collins provided narration for the Google Doodle that commemorated the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11's 1969 mission to the Moon.</s><s>Works. - - - -</s><s>See also. - Apollo 11 in popular culture - List of spaceflight records</s><s>References. - - - - - - - - - - {{cite book |last = Cullum | first = George W. | author-link = George Washington Cullum |title = Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VIII 1930\u20131940 | publisher = R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press | location = Chicago | year = 1940 | url=http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/19424/rec/9 | access-date=October 6, 2015 }} - {{cite book | last = Cullum | first = George W. | title = Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military"}, {"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "text": " Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume IX 1940\u20131950 | publisher = R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press | location = Chicago | year = 1950 | url=http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/22314/rec/10 |access-date=October 6, 2015 }} - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - Statement From Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins, NASA Public Release no. 09-164. Collins' statement on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission, July 9, 2009 - Butler, Carol L. (1998). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Michael Collins (astronaut)", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000308", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Peter Gallagher.", "docs": [{"title": "Peter Gallagher", "text": "<s>Peter Gallagher Peter Killian Gallagher (born August 19, 1955) is an American actor. Since 1980, he has played roles in numerous Hollywood films. He is best known for starring as Sandy Cohen in the television drama series \"The O.C.\" from 2003 to 2007, recurring roles such as Deputy Chief William Dodds on \", \" Stacey Koons on the Showtime comedy-drama \"Californication\", Nick on the Netflix series \"Grace & Frankie\", and Chuck Cedar in \"Mr. Deeds\". He also played CIA Director of Clandestine Services (DCS) Arthur Campbell on \"Covert Affairs\".</s><s>Early life. Gallagher was born in New York City. His mother, Mary Ann (n\u00e9e O'Shea), was a bacteriologist, and his father, Thomas Francis Gallagher, Jr., was an advertising executive. Gallagher is the youngest of their three children. He is of Irish Catholic background and was raised in Armonk, New York. Gallagher graduated from Tufts University, where he was active in theater, appearing in such shows as Stephen Sondheim's \"Company\" and singing with the all-male \"a cappella\" group the Beelzebubs. He studied acting at the William Esper Studio.</s><s>Care"}, {"title": "Peter Gallagher", "text": "er. Gallagher appeared on Broadway with Glenn Close in Tom Stoppard's \"The Real Thing\" and made his feature film debut in the Taylor Hackford film \"The Idolmaker\", but first achieved fame for his role in Steven Soderbergh's \"sex, lies, and videotape\" (1989). He also starred as Sky Masterson in the 1992 Broadway hit revival of \"Guys and Dolls\". Gallagher played a potential career threat to Tim Robbins's studio executive in \"The Player\" (1992); the comatose fianc\u00e9 of Sandra Bullock in \"While You Were Sleeping\" (1995); a major real estate salesman having an affair with Annette Bening in \"American Beauty\" (1999); a media executive in \"Mr. Deeds\" (2002); and a political reporter exposing media ethics during a presidential debate in \"The Last Debate\". From 2003 to 2007, Gallagher starred as Sandy Cohen, a Jewish public defender and corporate lawyer, on the Fox television show \"The O.C.\". He hosts an annual award ceremony named \"The Sandy Cohen Awards\" or \"The Sandys\", which, in honor of his character on \"The O.C.\", gives a scholarship to a law school student at UC Berkeley who wants to become a public"}, {"title": "Peter Gallagher", "text": " defender. Gallagher released an album titled \"7 Days in Memphis\" in 2005, on the Sony BMG label. This includes a studio recording of his performance of \"Don't Give Up On Me\" (originally by Solomon Burke), which was featured in an episode of \"The O.C.\" He also has a video for his single \"Still I Long For Your Kiss\", in which he starred with his TV-wife Kelly Rowan. In 2005, Gallagher received the P.T. Barnum Award from Tufts University for his exceptional work in the field of media and entertainment. In 2007, Gallagher received the \"Light on the Hill\" award at Tufts University. The award is given to notable alumni from Tufts who have demonstrated ambition, achievement, and active citizenship. From February 13 through July 5, 2015, Gallagher starred on Broadway in \"On the Twentieth Century\" although he missed several performances in late February due to illness. In 2020 Gallagher played Mitch Clarke, who had Progressive supranuclear palsy, in a regular role in the first season of \"Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist\". Though his character died in the season 1 finale, Gallagher appeared in several episodes of the second season and the Christmas special \"Zoey's Extra"}, {"title": "Peter Gallagher", "text": "ordinary Christmas\". In 2021, Gallagher took part in the television series Grey's Anatomy as Dr. David Hamilton. From 2018 through 2022, Gallagher appeared in 4 seasons of the Netflix series \"Grace and Frankie\" as Nick, the boyfriend of Jane Fonda's character Grace.</s><s>Personal life. Gallagher is married to Paula Harwood and has two children, James and Kathryn. His daughter Kathryn is an actress and singer.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Peter Gallagher", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000309", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Melvin Van Peebles.", "docs": [{"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": "<s>Melvin Van Peebles Melvin Van Peebles (born Melvin Peebles; August 21, 1932 \u2013 September 21, 2021) was an American actor, filmmaker, writer, and composer. He worked as an active filmmaker into the 2000s. His feature film debut, \"The Story of a Three-Day Pass\" (1967), was based on his own French-language novel \"\" and was shot in France, as it was difficult for a black American director to get work at the time. The film won an award at the San Francisco International Film Festival which gained him the interest of Hollywood studios, leading to his American feature debut \"Watermelon Man\", in 1970. Eschewing further overtures from Hollywood, he used the successes he had so far to bankroll his work as an independent filmmaker. In 1971, he released his best-known work, creating and starring in the film \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\", considered one of the earliest and best-regarded examples of the blaxploitation genre. He followed this up with the musical, \"Don't Play Us Cheap\", based on his own stage play, and continued to make films, write novels and stage plays in English and in French through the next several decades"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": "; his final films include the French-language film \"\" (2000) and the absurdist film \"Confessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha\" (2008). His son, filmmaker and actor Mario Van Peebles, appeared in several of his works and portrayed him in the 2003 biographical film \"Baadasssss!\".</s><s>Early life and education. Born Melvin Peebles in Chicago, Illinois, he was the son of Edwin Griffin and Marion Peebles. In 1953, Melvin graduated with a B.A. in literature from Ohio Wesleyan University and, 13 days later, joined the Air Force, serving for three and a half years. He added \"Van\" to his name when he lived in the Netherlands in his late 20s.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early years. He worked as a cable car gripman in San Francisco, California. Later, he wrote about these experiences. His first book, \"The Big Heart\", credited to Melvin Van, evolved from a small article and a series of photographs taken by Ruth Bernhard. According to Van Peebles, a passenger suggested that he should become a filmmaker. Van Peebles shot his first short film, \"Pick"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": "up Men for Herrick\" in 1957 and made two more short films during the same period. About these films, Van Peebles said: \"I thought they were features. Each one turned out to be eleven minutes long. I was trying to do features. I knew nothing.\" As he learned more about the filmmaking process, he found out that \"I could make a feature for five hundred dollars. That was the cost of 90 minutes of film. I didn't know a thing about shooting a film sixteen to one or ten to one or none of that shit. Then I forgot you had to develop film. And I didn't know you needed a work print. All I can say is that after I did one thing he would say, 'Well, aren't you gonna put sound on it?' and I would go, 'Oh shit!' That's all I could say.\" After Van Peebles completed his first short films, he took them with him to Hollywood to try to find work, but was unable to find anyone who wanted to hire him as a director. Van Peebles decided to move his family to the Netherlands where he planned to study astronomy. On the way to Europe, in New York City, he met Amos Vogel, founder of the av"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": "ant-garde Cinema 16 who agreed to place two of Van Peebles's shorts in his rental catalog. Vogel screened Van Peebles's \"Three Pickup Men\" \"for Herrick\" at Cinema 16 on a program with \"City of Jazz\" in the spring of 1960 with Ralph Ellison leading a post-film discussion. When Vogel went to Paris shortly after, he brought Van Peebles's films to show Henri Langlois and Mary Meerson at the. Meanwhile, in the Netherlands, Van Peebles's marriage dissolved and his wife and children went back to the United States. Shortly thereafter, Van Peebles was invited to Paris probably by Mary Meerson and/or Lotte Eisner, founders of the, on the strength of his short films. In France, Van Peebles created the short film'(\"500 Francs\") (1961) and then established himself as a writer. He did investigative reporting for \"France Observateur\" during 1963\u201364, during which he profiled, and later became friends with, Chester Himes. Himes got him a job at the anti-authoritarian humor magazine \"Hara-kiri\", where Van Peebles wrote a monthly column and eventually joined the editorial board"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": ".</s><s>Career.:1965\u20131970. During 1965\u201366, \"Mad\" magazine attempted a French edition and hired Van Peebles as editor-in-chief during its run of only five issues. He began to write plays in French, utilizing the sprechgesang form of songwriting, where the lyrics were spoken over the music. This style carried over to Van Peebles' debut album, \"Brer Soul\". Van Peebles was a prolific writer in France. He published four novels and a collection of short stories. He completed at least one play,'which was also released as a novel, and which he would later make into the musical \"Don't Play Us Cheap\". Roger Blin directed'with the theatrical troupe for the in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium in September 1964. Van Peebles made his first feature-length film, \"The Story of a Three-Day Pass\" (\"\") (1968) based on a novel by the same title. The film caught the attention of Hollywood producers who mistook him for a French auteur after it won an award at the San Francisco International Film Festival as the French entry. Van Peebles's first Hollywood film was the 1970 Columbia Pictures comedy \"Watermelon Man\","}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": " written by Herman Raucher. Starring Godfrey Cambridge, the movie tells the story of a casually racist white man who suddenly wakes up black and finds himself alienated from his friends, family, and job.</s><s>Career.:1970\u20131995. In 1970, Van Peebles directed filming of the Powder Ridge Rock Festival, which was banned by court injunction. After \"Watermelon Man\", Van Peebles became determined to have complete control over his next production, which became the groundbreaking \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\" (1971), privately funded with his own money, and in part by a $50,000 loan from Bill Cosby. Van Peebles not only directed, scripted, and edited the film, but wrote the score and directed the marketing campaign. The film, which in the end grossed $15 million, was, among many others, acclaimed by the Black Panthers for its political resonance with the black struggle. His son Mario's 2003 film \"BAADASSSSS!\" tells the story behind the making of \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\"; father and son presented the film together as the Closing Night selection for Maryland Film Festival 2004. Van Peebles wrote the book, music, and lyrics for"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": " the stage musical \"Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death\", which opened off-Broadway and then moved to Broadway, running for 325 performances in 1971\u201372. The show was nominated for seven Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical, and Best Original Score. As his intended follow-up to \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\", Van Peebles made the musical film \"Don't Play Us Cheap\". However, he was unable to find a distributor, so he ended up producing a stage adaptation of the film. Van Peebles performed the same duties as his previous stage musical, as well as producing and directing. The show ran for 164 performances in 1972, earning Van Peebles another Tony nomination for Best Book of a Musical. The previously shot film version was later released on January 1, 1973. In 1977, Van Peebles was one of four credited screenwriters on the film \"Greased Lightning\", about the life of pioneering Black NASCAR driver Wendell Scott. He was originally the director of the film as well, but was replaced by Michael Schultz. Van Peebles was involved with two more Broadway musicals in the 1980s. He was a co-writer on the book for \"Re"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": "ggae\", which closed after 21 performances in 1980. For \"Waltz of the Stork\", he wrote book, music, and lyrics, as well as producing the show and playing the lead role. It ran for 160 performances in 1982. In the 1980s, Van Peebles became an options trader on the American Stock Exchange while continuing to work in theater and film. In 1995, he co-starred in the American live-action version of Japanese manga \"Fist of the North Star,\" alongside Gary Daniels, Costas Mandylor, Chris Penn, Isako Washio, Malcolm McDowell, Downtown Julie Brown, Dante Basco, Tracey Walter, Clint Howard, Tony Halme, and Big Van Vader.</s><s>Career.:2005\u20132009. In 2005, Van Peebles was the subject of a documentary entitled \"How to Eat Your Watermelon in White Company (and Enjoy It)\". Also in 2005, Van Peebles was the subject of the documentary \"\", which also featured Ossie Davis and Gordon Parks in the same room. It was moderated by Warrington Hudlin. In 2005, it was announced that Van Peebles would collaborate with Madlib for a proposed double album titled \"Brer Soul Meets"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": " Quasimoto\". However, nothing further was issued about this project from the time that it was first announced. In 2008, Van Peebles completed the film \"Confessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha\", which was the Closing Night selection for Maryland Film Festival 2008, and appeared on \"All My Children\" as Melvin Woods, the father of Samuel Woods, a character portrayed by his son, Mario. In 2009, Van Peebles became involved with a project to adapt \"Sweet Sweetback\" into a musical. A preliminary version of this was staged at the Apollo Theater on April 25\u201326, 2009. As well, he wrote and performed in a stage musical, \"Unmitigated Truth: Life, a Lavatory, Loves, and Ladies\", which featured some of his previous songs as well as some new material.</s><s>Career.:2011\u20132019. In 2011, Van Peebles started doing shows in NYC with members of Burnt Sugar, under the name Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative. Van Peebles said that the band is called Laxative because they \"make shit happen\". In November 2011, Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative performed his song \"Love,"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": " That's America\" at Zebulon Cafe Concert, two weeks after the venue showed the original video for this song involving Occupy Wall Street footage, which was uploaded to YouTube in October 2011. On August 21, 2012, he distributed a new album, on vinyl only, called \"Nahh... Nahh Mofo\". This album was distributed at his birthday celebration at Film Forum. On November 10, 2012, he released a video for the song \"Lilly Done the Zampoughi Every Time I Pulled Her Coattail\" to go with the album, which was announced on his Facebook page. On May 5, 2013, he returned to the Film Forum for a screening of Charlie Chaplin's \"The Kid\" (1921) and was a judge at the Charlie Chaplin Dress-Alike Contest which was held after the screening. He wore a bowler hat and baggy pants in honor of Chaplin. In September 2013, Van Peebles made his public debut as a visual artist, as a part of a gallery featured called \"eMerge 2.0: Melvin Van Peebles & Artists on the Cusp\". It features \"Ex-Voto Monochrome (A Ghetto Mother's Prayer)\", one of many"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": " pieces of art he created to be on display in his home. In 2017, \"Methane Momma\", a short film directed by Alain Rimbert, featured Van Peebles and his narration of poetic work with accompaniment of music by The Heliocentrics. In 2019, Burnt Sugar presented the film \"Sweetback\" in Brooklyn while playing their own interpretation of the soundtrack. Van Peebles appeared at the presentation.</s><s>Personal life. Melvin Van Peebles married a German woman, Maria Marx. They lived in Mexico for a period in the late 1950s, where he painted portraits. Their son, actor and director Mario Van Peebles, was born while they resided in Mexico. The family subsequently returned to the United States. Van Peebles died on September 21, 2021, at his home in Manhattan, New York, at the age of 89. He is survived by his sons, Mario and Max, and his daughter Marguerite.</s><s>Awards and honors. - 1967: Critics' Choice Award for \"The Story of a Three-Day Pass\". San Francisco Film Festival. - 1972: Most Promising Book, Winner for \"Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death\". Drama Desk Awards. -"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": " 1972: Best Score from an Original Cast Album, two nominations for \"Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death\". 15th Annual Grammy Awards. - 1972: Best Book of a Musical and Best Original Score, two nominations for \"Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death\", 26th Tony Awards. - 1973: Best Book of a Musical, nomination for \"Don't Play Us Cheap\", 27th Tony Awards. - 1976: Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame - 1994: Honorary doctorate of humane letters, Hofstra University - 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award. 6th Annual Chicago Underground Film Festival. - 2001: Commander of the Legion of Honour (French Legion of Honour) - 2008: Tribute Award from the Independent Filmmaker Project (IFP) and the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Gotham Awards. - 2021: The \"Melvin Van Peebles Trailblazer Award,\" was named in honor of Van Peebles at the Critics Choice Association's fourth annual Celebration of Black Cinema & Television. - 2022: Honoree, 2nd Annual Attorney Benjamin Crump Equal Justice Now Awards</s><s>Bibliography. - (As \"Melvin Van\") \"The Big Heart\", San Francisco: Fearon, 1957. With"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": " photographs by Ruth Bernhard, a book about life on San Francisco's cable cars. \"A cable car is a big heart with people for blood. The people pump on and off\u2014if you think of it like that it is pretty simple\" (p.\u00a021). - \"\" (1964); \"A Bear for the F.B.I.\", Trident, 1968. - \"\" (1965); \"The True American\", Doubleday, 1976. - \"La Reine des Pommes\" (1965); French translation and illustrations for a graphic novel adaptation of Chester Himes' \"A Rage in Harlem\". - \"\" (1966) (short stories), illustrated by Roland Topor - \"\" (\"Harlem Party\") (1967) (novel) - \"\" (1967) - \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\", Lancer Books, New York, 1971. - \"Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death\", Bantam, New York, 1973. - \"Don't Play Us Cheap: A Harlem Party\", Bantam Books, New York, 1973. - \"Just an Old Sweet Song\", Ballantine, New York, 1976. - \"Bold Money: A New Way to Play the Options Market\", Warner Books,"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": " New York, 1986, (nonfiction) - Melvin and Mario Van Peebles: \"No Identity Crisis\", A Fireside Book, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1990. - \"Panther\", Thunder's Mouth Press, 1995. - Introduction to the 1998 edition of Chester Himes' \"Yesterday Will Make You Cry\", 1997. - \"Confessions of a Ex Doofus Itchy Footed Mutha,\" New York: Akashic Books, 2009, ISBN 9781933354866. With illustrations by Caktuz Tree, a graphic novel adaptation of the film with the same title.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Music videos. - \"Lilly Done the Zampoughi Every Time I Pulled Her Coattail\"</s><s>Filmography.:Other writing credits. - \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song: The Musical\" (2008) writer, singer - \"Unmitigated Truth: Life, a Lavatory, Loves, and Ladies\" (2009) writer, performer</s><s>Filmography.:As himself. - \"Unstoppable\" (2005) - \"How to Eat Your Watermelon in White Company\" (2005)</s><s>Filmography.:Other acting"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": "-only credits. - \"O.C. and Stiggs\" (1987) as Bob 'Wino Bob' - \"\" (1987) as Mr. Witherspoon - \"Taking Care of Terrific\" (1987) (television film) as 'Hawk' - \"Sonny Spoon\" (1988) (television series) as Mel Spoon - \"Boomerang\" (1992) as Editor - \"Posse\" (1993) as Joe 'Papa Joe' - \"Terminal Velocity\" (1994) as Noble - \"Fist of the North Star\" (1995) as Asher - \"Living Single\" (1996) as Warner Devant - \"The Shining\" (1997) (miniseries) as Dick Hallorann - \"The Hebrew Hammer\" (2003) as Sweetback - \"BlacKout\" (2007) as George - \"Redemption Road\" (2010) as Elmo - \"We the Party\" (2012) as 'Big D' - \"Peeples\" (2013) as Grandpa Peebles - \"Armed\" (2018) as Grandpa V</s><s>Plays. - \"The Hostage\" (Dutch National Theatre Tour, actor, writer, 1964"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": ") - \"Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death\" (writer, 1971) - \"Don't Play Us Cheap\" (writer, 1972) - \"Out There by Your Lonesome\" (one-man play, 1973) - \"Reggae\" (co-librettist, 1980) - \"Waltz of the Stork\" (actor, writer, 1982) - \"Champeen\" (musical, writer, 1983) - \"Waltz of the Stork Boogie\" (writer, director, 1984) - \"Unmitigated Truth: Life, a Lavatory, Loves, and Ladies\" (musical, writer, 2009)</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio albums. - \"Brer Soul\" (1968) - \"Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death\" (1970) - \"As Serious as a Heart-Attack\" (1971) - \"What the...You Mean I Can't Sing?!\" (1974) - \"Ghetto Gothic\" (1995) - \"Nahh... Nahh Mofo\" (2012) - \"The Last Transmission\" (2014, with The Heliocentrics)</s><s>Discography.:Compil"}, {"title": "Melvin Van Peebles", "text": "ations. - \"X-Rated By an All-White Jury\" (1997) \u2013 including \"Brer Soul\", \"Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death\" and \"As Serious as a Heart-Attack\"</s><s>Discography.:Soundtrack albums. - \"Watermelon Man\" (1970) - \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\" (1971) - \"Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death\" (1972) - \"Don't Play Us Cheap\" (1972)</s><s>Further reading. - Chaffin-Quiray, Garrett. \"Great Directors: Melvin Van Peebles\". \"Senses of Cinema\" Issue 25 (March 21, 2003). - Greasley, Philip A. \"The Authors\". Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. Print. - Owusu, Kwesi, \"Melvin Van Peebles inspired the first Black cinema House in Europe | The Electric Cinema, Portobello Road, London\", \"Kwesinews\". Retrieved March 10, 2023.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Melvin Van Peebles", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000310", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Carol Dweck.", "docs": [{"title": "Carol Dweck", "text": "<s>Carol Dweck Carol Susan Dweck (born October 17, 1946) is an American psychologist. She is the Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professor of Psychology at Stanford University. Dweck is known for her work on motivation and mindset. She was on the faculty at Columbia University, Harvard University, and the University of Illinois before joining the Stanford University faculty in 2004. She is a Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science.</s><s>Early life and education. Dweck was born in New York. Her father worked in the export-import business and her mother in advertising. She was the only daughter and the middle sibling of three children. In her sixth grade class at the P.S. 153 elementary school in Brooklyn, New York, students were seated in order of their IQ. Students with the highest IQ scores could erase the blackboard, carry the flag, or take a note to the principal's office. She said in a 2015 interview, \"On the one hand, I didn't believe that a score on a test was that important; on the other hand, every student wants to succeed in the framework that's established. So looking back, I think that glorification of IQ was a pivotal point of my development.\" She graduated from Barnard College in"}, {"title": "Carol Dweck", "text": " 1967 and earned a Ph.D. in psychology from Yale University in 1972.</s><s>Career and research. Dweck's first job after graduating was at the University of Illinois (1972\u20131981). She then joined Harvard's Laboratory of Human Development (1981\u20131985), returning to Illinois as a full professor (1985\u20131989). She moved to Columbia University as the William B. Ransford Professor of Psychology in 1989. Since 2004 she has been the Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professor of Psychology at Stanford University.</s><s>Career and research.:Mindset work. Dweck has primary research interests in motivation, personality, and development. She teaches courses in motivation, personality, and social development. Her key contribution to social psychology relates to implicit theories of intelligence, described in her 2006 book \"Mindset: The New Psychology of Success\". According to Dweck, individuals can be placed on a continuum according to their implicit views of where ability comes from. Some believe their success is based on innate ability; these are said to have a \"fixed\" theory of intelligence (fixed mindset). Others, who believe their success is based on hard work, learning, training and doggedness are said to have a \"growth\" or an \"incremental\" theory of intelligence ("}, {"title": "Carol Dweck", "text": "growth mindset). Individuals may not necessarily be aware of their own mindset, but their mindset can still be discerned based on their behavior. It is especially evident in their reaction to failure. Fixed-mindset individuals dread failure because it is a negative statement on their basic abilities, while growth mindset individuals don't mind or fear failure as much because they realize their performance can be improved and learning comes from failure. These two mindsets play an important role in all aspects of a person's life. Dweck argues that the growth mindset will allow a person to live a less stressful and more successful life. Dweck's definition of fixed and growth mindsets from a 2012 interview: This is important because 1. individuals with a \"growth\" theory are more likely to continue working hard despite setbacks and 2. individuals' theories of intelligence may be affected by subtle environmental cues. As explained by Dweck, a growth mindset is not just about effort. Perhaps the most common misconception is simply equating the growth mindset with effort. \"The growth mindset was intended to help close achievement gaps, not hide them. It is about telling the truth about a student's current achievement and then, together, doing something about it, helping him or her become smarter.\" Dweck warns of the"}, {"title": "Carol Dweck", "text": " dangers of praising intelligence as it puts children in a fixed mindset, and they will not want to be challenged because they will not want to look stupid or make a mistake. She notes, \"Praising children's intelligence harms motivation and it harms performance.\" She advises, \"If parents want to give their children a gift, the best thing they can do is to teach their children to love challenges, be intrigued by mistakes, enjoy effort, and keep on learning. That way, their children don't have to be slaves of praise. They will have a lifelong way to build and repair their own confidence.\"</s><s>Career and research.:Recent work. Dweck has held the position of Professor of Psychology at Stanford University since 2004, teaching developmental psychology, self theories, and independent studies. In 2017, she stated \"I am now developing a broad theory that puts motivation and the formation of mindsets (or beliefs) at the heart of social and personality development.\" Later that year she published the theory in a paper titled \"From needs to goals and representations: Foundations for a unified theory of motivation, personality, and development.\" Dweck, C. S. (2017). \"From needs to goals and representations: Foundations for a unified theory of motivation, personality,"}, {"title": "Carol Dweck", "text": " and development.\" \"Psychological review\", 124(6), 689..</s><s>Career and research.:Criticism. Critics have said that Dweck's research can be difficult to replicate. An opinion piece published in \"The Spectator\" stated that: He also stated: Dweck has responded to this criticism by saying that researchers have not accurately replicated the conditions of the study. Nick Brown, who co-developed the GRIM statistical test argued: \"If your effect is so fragile that it can only be reproduced [under strictly controlled conditions], then why do you think it can be reproduced by schoolteachers?\" He points out that most of the research in this area has been conducted by Dweck or her collaborators. Another journalist, Tom Chivers writing for BuzzFeed, asserted that: Despite these criticisms, the findings have been reported in journals such as \"Psychological Science\" and \"Nature\", with research teams led by Dweck. When Brown applied the GRIM test, a simple statistical test used to identify inconsistencies in the analysis of granular data sets, to the work by Mueller and Dweck, he found inconsistencies. Dweck acknowledged and responded to the highlighted inconsistencies, some of which turned out to be mistakes. Brown praised Dwe"}, {"title": "Carol Dweck", "text": "ck's \"openness and willingness to address the problems\" and said she had done a \"thorough job of owning up to the problems\" of the paper. Brown commented: \"I'm still skeptical about mindset as a construct, but at least I feel confident that the main people researching it are dedicated to doing the most careful reporting of their science that they can\". Other education and psychology researchers worry that \"mindset\" has simply become another aspect to be assessed and graded in children. Matt O'Leary, an education lecturer at Birmingham City University, tweeted that it was \"farcical\" that his six-year-old daughter was being graded on her attitude towards learning. David James, professor of social sciences at Cardiff University and editor of the \"British Journal of Sociology of Education\", says \"it's great to dwell on the fact that intelligence is not fundamentally genetic and unchangeable\", but he believes the limitations of mindset outweigh its uses. \"It individualises the failure'they couldn't change the way they think, so that's why they failed'.\" James notes that a study in 2013 showed no statistically significant effect of mindset theory. In July 2019, a large randomized controlled trial of growth mindset training by the Education Endowment Foundation involving 101 schools and 5018"}, {"title": "Carol Dweck", "text": " pupils across England found that pupils in schools receiving the intervention showed no additional progress in literacy or numeracy relative to pupils in the control group, as measured by the national Key Stage 2 tests in reading, grammar, punctuation, and spelling (GPS), and mathematics.</s><s>Honors. Dweck was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2002 and to the National Academy of Sciences in 2012. She received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association in 2011. On September 19, 2017, the Hong Kong-based Yidan Prize Foundation named Dweck one of two inaugural laureates, to be awarded the Yidan Prize for Education Research, citing her mindset work. The prize includes receipt of approximately US$3.9 million, divided equally between a cash prize and project funding.</s><s>Selected publications. - Dweck, C.S., & Bempechat, J. (1983). \"Children's theories of intelligence: Implications for learning\". In S. Paris, G. Olson, and H. Stevenson (Eds.) \"Learning and Motivation in Children\". Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. - - Heckhausen, J., & Dweck, C. S. ("}, {"title": "Carol Dweck", "text": "Eds.). (1998). \"Motivation and Self-regulation across the Life Span\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Dweck, C. S. (2000). \"Self-theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality and Development\". Philadelphia: Psychology Press. - Dweck, C. S. (2006). \"Mindset: The New Psychology of Success\". New York: Random House. - Elliot, A. J., & Dweck, C. S. (Rep. Eds.). (2007). \"Handbook of Competence and Motivation\". New York: Guilford. - Dweck, C. S. (2012). \"Mindset: How You Can Fulfill Your Potential\". Constable & Robinson Limited.</s><s>Personal life. Dweck is married to David Goldman, who is a national theatre director and critic and the founder and director of the National Center for New Plays at Stanford University.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Carol Dweck", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000311", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lisa Ling.", "docs": [{"title": "Lisa Ling", "text": "<s>Lisa Ling Lisa J. Ling (born August 30, 1973) is an American journalist, television personality, and author. She is currently the host of \"This Is Life with Lisa Ling \" on CNN. Previously, she was a reporter on Channel One News, a co-host on the ABC daytime talk show \"The View\" (1999\u20132002), the host of \"National Geographic Explorer\" (2003\u20132010), and a special correspondent for \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\". Ling later hosted \"Our America with Lisa Ling\" on the Oprah Winfrey Network from 2011 to 2014.</s><s>Early life. Ling was born in Sacramento, California. Her mother, Mary Mei-yan (n\u00e9e Wang), is a Taiwanese immigrant from Tainan, Taiwan, who served as the head of the Los Angeles office of the Formosan Association for Public Affairs. Ling's father, Chung Teh \"Douglas\" Ling, is a Chinese immigrant, born in Hong Kong in 1937. Her paternal grandmother was born on Labuan, now in modern-day Malaysia. Her paternal grandfather, who was from Guangzhou, Guangdong, was one of the first Chinese students allowed to study in the United States in the 1930s. He earned a degree from New York University"}, {"title": "Lisa Ling", "text": " and an M.B.A degree from University of Colorado. He struggled to find a job in the United States. He moved to California where he eventually opened the first Chinese restaurant in Folsom. Ling's parents divorced when she was seven years old. Following the divorce, she and her sister Laura were raised by their father in Carmichael, near Sacramento. Ling admired reporter Connie Chung and aspired to become a journalist. Ling was educated at Del Campo High School in Fair Oaks, California, graduating in 1991. She studied at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Ling chose to leave USC before graduating, starting work as a reporter for Channel One News, and electing to \"find her education by visiting different countries instead.\" Speaking to USC students in 2016, Ling explained, \"I think traveling is the best education. If there's one takeaway here tonight, it's to travel. I'm convinced that you are better, smarter, more marketable as a job candidate if you travel.\" She is fluent in Spanish.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:\"The View\" (1999\u20132002). Ling started in television when she was chosen as one of the four hosts of \"Scratch\", a nationally syndicated teen magazine show based in Sacramento."}, {"title": "Lisa Ling", "text": " At 18, she joined Channel One News as one of their youngest reporters and anchors. Among her roles was war correspondent, including assignments in Iraq and Afghanistan. She won several awards for her reporting and documentaries. She joined \"The View\" on August 2, 1999 after beating out a reported 12,000 hopefuls who had auditioned to replace Debbie Matenopoulos, but left the show after three and a half years towards the end of 2002 to go back to international reporting. She was responsible for proposing segments like investing for women, and, according to Ling, her goal was to say one thing each day that would make people think, whether it made them cheer or made them throw things at their TV. She drew both fire and praise for her comments after the September 11, 2001 attacks, in which she said, \"What happened to the United States was a catastrophic event and the worst terrorist attack in human history. Yet maybe before we seek revenge, we should ask the question \u2013 why should anyone want to make such an attack on the U.S.?\"</s><s>Career.:\"National Geographic\" and \"Oprah\" (2003\u20132010). Ling accepted an offer to host \"National Geographic Ultimate Explorer.\" In 2005, the show moved to the National Geographic Channel and"}, {"title": "Lisa Ling", "text": " returned to its original name, \"National Geographic Explorer\". Ling has covered the drug war in Colombia, investigated the notorious MS-13 gang, and explored the culture of U.S. prisons. She also was allowed to travel into North Korea as part of a medical missionary group, where she and a film team were able to document a rare look into North Korea. The trip was documented in the 2007 National Geographic documentary \"Inside North Korea\". She then became a special correspondent for \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" which has featured many of Ling's investigative pieces, including a report on North Korea. Ling's title is \"Oprah Show Investigative Reporter.\" She also has reported on bride burning in India, gang rape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda, child trafficking in Ghana, under cover investigation of Pennsylvanian puppy mills with Main Line Animal Rescue, the immediate aftermath of the hurricane in New Orleans, and the April 2007 Virginia Tech Massacre.</s><s>Career.:\"Planet in Peril\" and \"Our America\" (2008\u20132014). In December 2008, CNN's award-winning documentary \"Planet in Peril\" featured Ling in the series' second installment, called \"Battlelines\". As a correspondent, she tracked excessive shark fishing"}, {"title": "Lisa Ling", "text": " in Costa Rica, elephant poaching in Chad, and explored the civil struggle within Nigeria for control over its oil. In 2010 Ling co-founded the website SecretSocietyOfWomen.com, a forum for women to share their problems anonymously. On February 16, 2011, her show \"Our America with Lisa Ling\" premiered on OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network. It ran for five straight seasons. On June 7, 2009, she was awarded an honorary doctorate from National University, and gave the commencement speech there.</s><s>Career.:\"This Is Life\" (2014\u2013present). On April 14, 2014, CNN announced that Ling would host a documentary series titled, \"This is Life with Lisa Ling\", in its primetime lineup. The show premiered on September 28, 2014.</s><s>Career.:HBO Max deal (2019\u2013present). On October 22, 2019, it was announced that Ling had signed an overall deal with HBO's streaming service HBO Max. The first project that Ling will create with HBO Max is titled \"Birth, Wedding, Funeral\". On April 22, 2021, it was announced that HBO Max had ordered Ling's six-part documentary series titled \"Take Out\". The series will explore the world of America's Asian takeout restaurants"}, {"title": "Lisa Ling", "text": " and the lives of the people and families who keep them running.</s><s>Personal life. In 2004, Ling met businessman Philip Levine of Florida through mutual friends. They started dating and were engaged on February 18, 2005. In October of that year, she broke it off, telling \"People Magazine\" the main reason was their busy schedules, especially the frequent global travel required by her job. On January 3, 2007, she announced her engagement to radiation oncologist Paul Song. They married on May 26, 2007, in Los Angeles, California. The wedding party included guests such as Connie Chung, one of Lisa's personal heroes, and actresses Kelly Hu and Diane Farr. Ling gave birth to her first child, a daughter named Jett Ling Song, on March 8, 2013. She gave birth to a second child, a daughter named Ray Ling Song, on June 6, 2016. The family resides in Santa Monica, California. Her younger sister, Laura Ling, also a journalist, was managing editor of Vanguard at Current TV and a host and reporter on E! Network. In March 2009 Laura and her colleague Euna Lee were detained by North Korea for illegal entry into the country. They had been attempting to film refugees along the border with China. In June, they"}, {"title": "Lisa Ling", "text": " were sentenced to 12 years in a labor prison for illegal entry into North Korea, and unspecified hostile acts. North Korea released Laura and Euna on August 4, 2009 after a visit from former U.S. President Bill Clinton. Lisa and Laura Ling went on to collaborate on a book, \"Somewhere Inside: One Sister's Captivity in North Korea and the Other's Fight to Bring Her Home\", published in May 2010. Lisa Ling identifies herself as a \"die-hard feminist\". At the age of 40, Ling was diagnosed with attention deficit disorder.</s><s>Published works. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lisa Ling", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000312", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Dana Ashbrook.", "docs": [{"title": "Dana Ashbrook", "text": "<s>Dana Ashbrook Dana Vernon Ashbrook (born May 24, 1967) is an American actor, best known for playing Bobby Briggs on the television series \"Twin Peaks\" (1990\u20131991, 2017) and its 1992 prequel film \"\".</s><s>Early life. Ashbrook was born in San Diego, California; his mother, D'Ann (n\u00e9e Paton) is a teacher and his father, Vernon L. \"Buddy\" Ashbrook, was a director of the Palomar College drama department. He is the brother of writer Taylor Ashbrook and actress Daphne Ashbrook.</s><s>Career. In 1978, Ashbrook made his film debut in an uncredited role in \"Attack of the Killer Tomatoes!\" A decade later, after an acting hiatus, Ashbrook guest starred on the television series \"Cagney & Lacey\", \"Knots Landing\", and \"ABC Afterschool Special\" before starring as Tom Essex in the 1988 horror film \"Return of the Living Dead Part II\". The same year, he starred in the horror film \"Waxwork\" alongside Deborah Foreman and guest starred on an episode of \"21 Jump Street\". In 1989, Ashbrook portrayed Joey in \"She's Out of Control\". From"}, {"title": "Dana Ashbrook", "text": " 1990-1991, Ashbrook played Bobby Briggs on the cult TV series \"Twin Peaks\". While starring on \"Twin Peaks\", Ashbrook appeared in the films \"\" (1990), \"Ghost Dad\" (1990), \"Girlfriend from Hell\" (1990), and \"The Willies\" (1990) as well as on an episode of the television series \"The Hidden Room\". In 1992, Ashbrook reprised his role as Bobby Briggs in the prequel film \"\" and portrayed Clyde Barrow in the television film \"\" alongside Tracey Needham. In 1994, Ashbrook appeared in the short film \"The Coriolis Effect\" (alongside Jennifer Rubin and Quentin Tarantino) and in the film \"\". He acted in the 1995 science fiction television pilot \"W.E.I.R.D. World\", written and produced by the makers of the \"Tales from the Crypt\" series. In 1995, Ashbrook starred in the film \"Comfortably Numb\". In 1996, Ashbrook guest starred on the television series \"The Outer Limits\". The following year, Ashbrook was cast as Gary McDermott on the short-lived television series \"Crisis Center\". In 1998, he portrayed Seth in the film \"Interstate 5\" and guest starred"}, {"title": "Dana Ashbrook", "text": " on the television series \"Welcome to Paradox\". Ashbrook has appeared on The WB's \"Charmed\" in the 2001 episode \"Just Harried\", on NBC's \"The Pretender\" in the 2000 episode \"Rules of Engagement\", on \"The Outer Limits\" in the 1996 episode \"Resurrection\", and on \"\" in the 2007 episode \"\". Ashbook played the recurring role of Rich Rinaldi on the television series \"Dawson's Creek\" (2002\u20132003). In 2009, Ashbrook joined the cast of the series \"Crash\" for the regular part of Jimmy. In 2010, he reunited with some of the cast of \"Twin Peaks\" on the comedy-tribute episode of \"Psych\", titled \"Dual Spires\". In 2012, Ashbrook starred alongside Ray Wise and Derek Mears in the Steven C. Miller psycho-thriller \"The Aggression Scale\". In 2014, he appeared in the werewolf horror film \"Late Phases\". In 2017, Ashbrook reprised his role as Bobby Briggs in David Lynch's revival series \"Twin Peaks: The Return\".</s><s>Personal life. Ashbrook married actress Kate Rogal on August 15, 2015 in a private ceremony in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Dana Ashbrook", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000313", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Nikole Hannah-Jones.", "docs": [{"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": "<s>Nikole Hannah-Jones Nikole Sheri Hannah-Jones (born April 9, 1976) is an American investigative journalist, known for her coverage of civil rights in the United States. She joined \"The New York Times\" as a staff writer in April 2015, was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 2017, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 2020 for her work on \"The 1619 Project\". Hannah-Jones is the inaugural Knight Chair in Race and Journalism at the Howard University School of Communications, where she also founded the Center for Journalism and Democracy.</s><s>Early life. Hannah-Jones was born in Waterloo, Iowa, to father Milton Hannah, who is African-American, and mother Cheryl A. Novotny, who is white and of Czech and English descent. Hannah-Jones is the second of three girls. She was raised Catholic. Hannah-Jones and her sister attended almost all-white schools as part of a voluntary program of desegregation busing. She attended Waterloo West High School, where she wrote for the high school newspaper and graduated in 1994. After high school, Hannah-Jones attended the University of Notre Dame where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and African-American studies in 1998. She graduated from the University of North Carolina"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": " Hussman School of Journalism and Media with a master's degree in 2003, where she was a Roy H. Park Fellow.</s><s>Career. In 2003, Hannah-Jones began her career covering education, which included the predominantly African American Durham Public Schools, for the Raleigh \"News & Observer,\" a position she held for three years. In 2006, Hannah-Jones moved to Portland, Oregon, where she wrote for \"The Oregonian\" for six years. During this time her assignments included feature work, demographics, and then government and census beats. In 2007, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the 1965 Watts riots, Hannah-Jones wrote about the impact on the community of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, also known as the Kerner Commission. From 2008 to 2009, Hannah-Jones received a fellowship from the Institute for Advanced Journalism Studies which enabled her to travel to Cuba to study universal healthcare and Cuba's educational system under Raul Castro. In 2011, she joined the nonprofit news organization \"ProPublica,\" which is based in New York City, where she covered civil rights and continued research she started in Oregon on redlining and in-depth investigative reporting on the lack of enforcement of the Fair Housing Act for minorities. Hannah-Jones also spent time in T"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": "uscaloosa, Alabama, where the decision in \"Brown v. Board of Education\" had little effect. Hannah-Jones was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2021. In 2021, Hannah-Jones told CBS News that \"All journalism is activism\". In January 2022, Hannah Jones and teacher Sheritta Stokes launched the 1619 Freedom School in Waterloo Iowa, inspired by the 1960s Freedom Schools of the civil-rights movement. The program is a five day a week, 2 hour literacy enrichment for the Waterloo school district for grade-school students.</s><s>Career.:\"The New York Times\". In 2015, Hannah-Jones became a staff reporter for \"The New York Times.\" Hannah-Jones has written about topics such as racial segregation, desegregation and resegregation in American schools and housing discrimination, and has spoken about these issues on national public radio broadcasts. She writes to discover and expose the systemic and institutional racism that she says are perpetuated by official laws and acts. Her work on racial inequalities has been particularly influential and is cited widely. Hannah-Jones reported on the school district where teenager Michael Brown had been shot, one of the \"most segregated, impoverished districts in the entire state\" of Missouri. Reviewer Laura Mos"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": "er of \"Slate\" praised her report on school resegregation, which showed how educational inequality may have been a factor in the death of Brown. Hannah-Jones was a 2017 Emerson Fellow at the New America Foundation, where she worked on a book on school segregation. The book, \"The Problem We All Live With\", is due out in June 2020 from Chris Jackson's One World imprint at Random House. Hannah-Jones is a 2017 recipient of the MacArthur Foundation fellowship. The award cited her \"Chronicling the persistence of racial segregation in American society, particularly in education, and reshaping national conversations around education reform.\"</s><s>Career.:\"The New York Times\".:1619 Project. In 2019, Hannah-Jones launched a project to fundamentally change the way slavery in the United States was viewed, timed for the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in Virginia. Hannah-Jones produced a series of articles for a special issue of \"The New York Times Magazine\" titled The 1619 Project. The ongoing initiative began August 14, 2019, and \"aims to reframe the country's history by placing the consequences of slavery and the contributions of black Americans at the very center of our national narrative.\" The project featured essays by a combination of staff"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": " writers and academics including Princeton historian Kevin M. Kruse, Harvard-trained lawyer Bryan Stevenson, Princeton sociologist Matthew Desmond, and SUNY historian Anne Bailey. In the opening essay, Hannah-Jones wrote \"No aspect of the country that would be formed here has been untouched by the years of slavery that followed.\" The project also included poems, short fiction, and a photo essay. Originally conceived of as a special issue, it was soon turned into a full-fledged project, including a special broadsheet section in the newspaper, live events, and a multi-episode podcast series. In 2020, Hannah-Jones won a Pulitzer Prize for Commentary for her work on the 1619 Project. The award cited her \"sweeping, provocative and personal essay for the ground-breaking 1619 Project, which seeks to place the enslavement of Africans at the center of America's story, prompting public conversation about the nation's founding and evolution.\" Her paper was criticized by historians Gordon S. Wood and Leslie M. Harris, specifically for asserting that \"one of the primary reasons the colonists decided to declare their independence from Britain was because they wanted to protect the institution of slavery.\" The article was \"clarified\" in March 2020 to read \"for some of the colonists\". There was also"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": " debate around whether the project suggested the nation was founded in 1619 with the arrival of enslaved Africans rather than in 1776 with the Declaration of Independence. Speaking to \"New York Times\" opinion writer Bret Stephens, Hannah-Jones said the suggestion of considering 1619 as a jumping-off point for interpreting US history had always been so self-evidently metaphorical that it went without saying. New York University's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute named the 1619 Project as one of the 10 greatest works of journalism in the decade from 2010 to 2019. In 2022 the Hannah-Jones was nominated at the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work \u2013 Nonfiction and was recognized with the Social Justice Impact Award.</s><s>Career.:University of North Carolina. In April 2021, the University of North Carolina announced Hannah-Jones would join the Hussman School of Journalism and Media in July 2021 as the Knight Chair in Race and Investigative Journalism. Following criticism, particularly from conservative groups who expressed disagreement with the 1619 Project and questioned Hannah-Jones's credentials, the University Board of Trustees, presented with the tenure committee's recommendation to approve her application for tenure, instead took no action. Unable to offer tenure without approval by its trustees, UNC announced they would instead offer a fixed five-"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": "year contract with an option for tenure review\u2014terms to which Hannah-Jones agreed. Outraged, more than 40 Hussman faculty members signed a statement criticizing the board's inaction, noting that the previous two Knight Chairs were given tenure and claiming that UNC \"unfairly moves the goal posts\" by not offering Hannah-Jones the same. The school's Black Caucus also condemned the terms of her contract, and students joined faculty in protests. Hannah-Jones stated, \"It's pretty clear that my tenure was not taken up because of political opposition, because of discriminatory views against my viewpoint and, I believe, [because of] my race and my gender.\"</s><s>Career.:Howard University. Hannah-Jones refused the position at North Carolina and decided to accept a tenured position at Howard University instead, where she will be the inaugural Knight Chair in Race and Journalism. Hannah-Jones said, \"Once the news broke and I started to see the extent of the political interference, particularly the reporting on Walter Hussman, it became really clear to me that I just could not work at a school named after Walter Hussman. To be a person who has stood for what I stand for and have any integrity whatsoever, I just couldn't see how I could do that.\""}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": " Ta-Nehisi Coates will join Hannah-Jones at Howard as the Sterling Brown Chair in the English Department. Jones also brings $20 million to Howard to support her work there, $5 million each from the Knight Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, the Ford Foundation and an anonymous donor.</s><s>Controversies and criticism.</s><s>Controversies and criticism.:Criticism of the 1619 Project. Five historians wrote to \"The New York Times Magazine\" to ask the creators of its 1619 Project to issue corrections, including for Hannah-Jones's assertions on the American Revolution and on Lincoln. The correction request was signed by Victoria Bynum of Texas State University, James M. McPherson and Sean Wilentz of Princeton University, James Oakes of the City University of New York, and Gordon S. Wood of Brown University. Historian Leslie M. Harris, who was consulted for the Project, wrote in \"Politico\" that she had warned that the idea that the American Revolution was fought to protect slavery was inaccurate, and that the \"Times\" made avoidable mistakes. In the May 2022 issue of the libertarian magazine \"Reason\", reporter Phillip W. Magness criticized the 1619 Project as \"junk history.\" Magness contrasted the"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": " present work of Hannah-Jones with past work at historical understanding of slavery by prominent African-Americans such as Zora Neale Hurston. Magness stated:</s><s>Controversies and criticism.:\"Free Beacon\" reporter. A \"Washington Free Beacon\" reporter highlighted a tweet from Hannah-Jones from May 2016 in which she quoted someone using a racial slur. After being asked for comment, Hannah-Jones posted the reporter's inquiry, which contained his work phone number, on Twitter. In an interview with \"Slate\", Hannah-Jones said, \"I didn't realize I was tweeting out his phone number, and when someone mentioned it, I should have deleted it. So absolutely. I did not intend to do that, and I wish that I hadn't.\"</s><s>Controversies and criticism.:Fireworks tweet. In June 2020, Jones apologized for retweeting a conspiracy theory claiming that fireworks were being set off by \"government agents\" to dampen the Black Lives Matter movement.</s><s>Controversies and criticism.:Middlesex School. In October 2021, the Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts rescinded a speaking invitation to Nikole Hannah-Jones for February 2022, claiming \"the 'noise' associated with having Nikole as the speaker would"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": " take away from the overall experience.\"</s><s>Controversies and criticism.:Comments on Europe and Ukraine. In a February 2022 tweet, Hannah-Jones stated that Europe is \"not a continent by definition\" alleging that there is \"a geopolitical fiction to separate it from Asia\" (a reference to the fact that Eurasia, the largest continental landmass in the world, is geologically a single continent rather than two separate continents). She referred to the alarm over Russia's invasion of Ukraine and its people, who \"appear white\" as a racial \"dog whistle\". Several Twitter users rebuked and mocked Hannah-Jones for denying that Europe is a continent and for applying systemic racism to the invasion of Ukraine. Anthropologist Peter W. Wood called her comments \"triumphant silliness\" which came down to her desire \"to find racism at the root of whatever happens\". Shadi Hamid, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, said it was \"absurd\" for Hannah-Jones to claim that Europe isn't a continent and also called her comments about Ukraine \"pretty insensitive considering Ukrainians are dying.\" She later clarified that \"We should care about Ukraine,\" but not because \"it is European, or the people appear white, or they are 'civilized' and not"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": " 'impoverished.'\"</s><s>Ida B. Wells Society for Investigative Reporting. In early 2015, Nikole Hannah-Jones, along with Ron Nixon, Corey Johnson, and Topher Sanders, began dreaming of creating the Ida B. Wells Society for Investigative Reporting. This organization was launched in Memphis, Tennessee, in 2016, with the purpose of promoting investigative journalism, which is the least common type of reporting. Following in the footsteps of Ida B. Wells, this society encourages minority journalists to expose injustices perpetuated by the government and defend people who are susceptible to being taken advantage of. This organization was created with support from the Open Society Foundations, Ford Foundation, and CUNY Graduate School of Journalism.</s><s>Personal life. Hannah-Jones lives in the Bedford\u2013Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn with her husband, Faraji Hannah-Jones (both shared their last names when they married November 1, 2003), and their daughter.</s><s>Awards. - 2007, 2008, 2010: Society of Professional Journalists, Pacific Northwest, Excellence in Journalism Award - 2012: Gannett Foundation Innovation in Watchdog Journalism Award - 2013: Sidney Award - 2013: Columbia University, Paul Tobenkin Memorial Award - 2015: National Awards for Education Reporting,"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": " first prize, beat reporting - 2015: National Association of Black Journalists, Journalist of the Year - 2015: National Magazine Award finalist, public interest - 2015: Education Writers Association, Fred M. Hechinger Grand Prize for Distinguished Education Reporting - 2015: Emerson College President's Award for Civic Leadership - 2015: The Root 100 - 2016: George Polk Award, radio reporting - 2017: MacArthur Foundation Fellowship - 2017: National Magazine Award winner, public interest - 2019: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Distinguished Alumna Award - 2020: 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary - 2021: \"Time\" magazine 100 - 2022:NAACP Image Award Social Justice Impact Award - 2022: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work \u2013 Nonfiction for \"The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story\"</s><s>Publications. - Hannah-Jones, Nikole. \"Fields of Lost Dreams: How Race and Racism Have Contributed to the Overrepresentation of Blacks in the Iowa Prison System\". 2003. Print. - Hannah-Jones, Nikole. \"Living Apart\". ProPublica, 2012. Internet resource. - Hannah-Jones, Nikole. \"Segregation Now: Investigating America's Racial Divide\". 2014. Print. - Hannah-Jones,"}, {"title": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "text": " Nikole, and Allyson Johnson. \"The Burden: African Americans and the Enduring Impact of Slavery\". Minneapolis, Minn: Highbridge Audio, 2018. Internet resource. - Hannah-Jones, Nikole, Mary Elliott, Jazmine Hughes, and Jake Silverstein. \"The 1619 Project: New York Times Magazine, August 18, 2019\". 2019. Print. - Hannah-Jones, Nikole. \"The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story\". 2021. Print. - Hannah-Jones, Nikole, Ren\u00e9e Watson, and Nikkolas Smith. \"The 1619 Project \u2013 Born on the Water\". 2021. Print.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Nikole Hannah-Jones", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000314", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Don DeLillo.", "docs": [{"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": "<s>Don DeLillo Donald Richard DeLillo (born November 20, 1936) is an American novelist, short story writer, playwright, screenwriter and essayist. His works have covered subjects as diverse as television, nuclear war, sports, the complexities of language, performance art, the Cold War, mathematics, the advent of the digital age, politics, economics, and global terrorism. DeLillo was already a well-regarded cult writer in 1985, when the publication of \"White Noise\" brought him widespread recognition and won him the National Book Award for fiction. He followed this in 1988 with \"Libra\", a bestseller. DeLillo has twice been a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction finalist (for \"Mao II\" in 1992 and for \"Underworld\" in 1998), won the PEN/Faulkner Award for \"Mao II\" in 1992, won the 1999 Jerusalem Prize, was granted the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction in 2010, and won the Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction in 2013. DeLillo had described his fiction as concerned with \"living in dangerous times\", and in a 2005 interview he said that writers \"must oppose systems. It's important to write against power, corporations, the state,"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " and the whole system of consumption and of debilitating entertainments... I think writers, by nature, must oppose things, oppose whatever power tries to impose on us.\"</s><s>Early life and influences. DeLillo was born on November 20, 1936, in New York City and grew up in a working-class Italian Catholic family with ties to Molise, Italy, in an Italian-American neighborhood of the Bronx not far from Arthur Avenue.{{Cite news }} Reflecting on his childhood in the Bronx, DeLillo said he was \"always out in the street. As a little boy I whiled away most of my time pretending to be a baseball announcer on the radio. I could think up games for hours at a time. There were eleven of us in a small house, but the close quarters were never a problem. I didn't know things any other way. We always spoke English and Italian all mixed up together. My grandmother, who lived in America for fifty years, never learned English.\" As a teenager, DeLillo was not interested in writing until he took a summer job as a parking attendant, where the hours spent waiting and watching over vehicles led to a lifelong reading habit. Reflecting on this period, in a 2010 interview, he stated, \"I had a"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " personal golden age of reading in my 20s and my early 30s, and then my writing began to take up so much time\". Among the writers DeLillo read and was inspired by in this period were James Joyce, William Faulkner, Flannery O'Connor, and Ernest Hemingway, who was a major influence on DeLillo's earliest attempts at writing in his late teens. As well as the influence of modernist fiction, DeLillo has also cited the influence of jazz music\u2014\"guys like Ornette Coleman and Mingus and Coltrane and Miles Davis\"\u2014and postwar cinema: \"Antonioni and Godard and Truffaut, and then in the '70s came the Americans, many of whom were influenced by the Europeans: Kubrick, Altman, Coppola, Scorsese and so on. I don't know how they may have affected the way I write, but I do have a visual sense.\" Of the influence of film, particularly European cinema, on his work, DeLillo has said, \"European and Asian cinemas of the 1960s shaped the way I think and feel about things. At that time I was living in New York, I didn't have much money, didn't have much work, I was"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " living in one room...I was a man in a small room. And I went to the movies a lot, watching Bergman, Antonioni, Godard. When I was little, in the Bronx, I didn't go to the cinema, and I didn't think of the American films I saw as works of art. Perhaps, in an indirect way, cinema allowed me to become a writer.\" He also credits his parents' leniency and acceptance of his desire to write for encouraging him to pursue a literary career: \"They ultimately trusted me to follow the course I'd chosen. This is something that happens if you're the eldest son in an Italian family: You get a certain leeway, and it worked in my case.\" After graduating from Cardinal Hayes High School in the Bronx in 1954 and from Fordham University in the Bronx with a bachelor's degree in communication arts in 1958, DeLillo took a job in advertising because he could not get one in publishing. He worked for five years as a copywriter at Ogilvy & Mather on Fifth Avenue, writing image ads for Sears Roebuck among others, working on \"Print ads, very undistinguished accounts...I hadn't made the leap to television. I was just getting good at it when"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " I left, in 1964.\" DeLillo published his first short story in 1960\u2014\"The River Jordan\", in \"Epoch\", Cornell University's literary magazine\u2014and began to work on his first novel in 1966. Of the beginning of his writing career, DeLillo has said, \"I did some short stories at that time but very infrequently. I quit my job just to quit. I didn't quit my job to write fiction. I just didn't want to work anymore.\"{{cite news }} Reflecting in 1993 on his relatively late start in writing novels, DeLillo said, \"I wish I had started earlier, but evidently I wasn't ready. First, I lacked ambition. I may have had novels in my head but very little on paper and no personal goals, no burning desire to achieve some end. Second, I didn't have a sense of what it takes to be a serious writer. It took me a long time to develop this.\"</s><s>Works.</s><s>Works.:1970s. DeLillo's inaugural decade of novel writing has been his most productive to date, resulting in the writing and publication of six novels between 1971 and 1978. He resigned from the advertising industry in 1964, moved into a modest apartment near the Queens\u2013Midtown Tunnel (\""}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": "It wasn't Paris in the 1920s, but I was happy\"), and began work on his first novel. Of the early days of his writing career, he remarked: \"I lived in a very minimal kind of way. My telephone would be $4.20 every month. I was paying a rent of sixty dollars a month. And I was becoming a writer. So in one sense, I was ignoring the movements of the time.\" His first novel, \"Americana\", was written over four years and finally published in 1971, to modest critical praise. \"Americana\" concerned \"a television network programmer who hits the road in search of the big picture\". DeLillo revised the novel in 1989 for paperback reprinting. Reflecting on the novel later in his career, he said, \"I don't think my first novel would have been published today as I submitted it. I don't think an editor would have read 50 pages of it. It was very overdone and shaggy, but two young editors saw something that seemed worth pursuing and eventually we all did some work on the book and it was published.\" Later still, DeLillo continued to feel a degree of surprise that \"Americana\" was published: \"I was working on my first novel, \"Americ"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": "ana\", for two years before I ever realized that I could be a writer [...] I had absolutely no assurance that this book would be published because I knew that there were elements that I simply didn't know how to improve at that point. So I wrote for another two years and finished the novel. It wasn't all that difficult to find a publisher, to my astonishment. I didn't have a representative. I didn't know anything about publishing. But an editor at Houghton Mifflin read the manuscript and decided that this was worth pursuing.\" \"Americana\" was followed in rapid succession by the American college football/nuclear war black comedy \"End Zone\" (1972)\u2014written under the working titles \"The Self-Erasing Word\" and \"Modes of Disaster Technology\"\u2014and the rock and roll satire \"Great Jones Street\" (1973), which DeLillo later felt was \"one of the books I wish I'd done differently. It should be tighter, and probably a little funnier.\" He married Barbara Bennett, a former banker turned landscape designer, in 1975. DeLillo's fourth novel, \"Ratner's Star\" (1976)\u2014which according to DeLillo is \"structure[d] [...] on the writings of Lewis Carroll, in particular \"Alice"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " in Wonderland\" and \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\"\u2014took two years to write and drew numerous favorable comparisons to the works of Thomas Pynchon. This \"conceptual monster\", as DeLillo scholar Tom LeClair has called it, is \"the picaresque story of a 14-year-old math genius who joins an international consortium of mad scientists decoding an alien message.\" DeLillo has said it was both one of the most difficult books for him to write and his personal favorite of his novels. Following this early attempt at a major long novel, DeLillo ended the decade with two shorter works. \"Players\" (1977), originally conceived as \"based on what could be called the intimacy of language\u2014what people who live together really sound like\", concerned the lives of a young yuppie couple as the husband gets involved with a cell of domestic terrorists. Its 1978 successor, \"Running Dog\" (1978), written in four months, was a thriller about a hunt for a celluloid reel of Hitler's sexual exploits. Of \"Running Dog\", DeLillo remarked, \"What I was really getting at in \"Running Dog\" was a sense of the terrible acquisitiveness in which we live coupled with a final indifference to the object. After all the mad"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " attempts to acquire the thing, everyone suddenly decides that, well, maybe we really don't care about this so much anyway. This was something I felt characterized our lives at the time the book was written in the mid to late seventies. I think this was part of American consciousness then.\" In 1978, DeLillo was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship, which he used to fund a trip around the Middle East before settling in Greece, where he wrote his next novels, \"Amazons\" and \"The Names\". Of his first six novels and his rapid writing turnover later in his career, DeLillo said, \"I wasn't learning to slow down and examine what I was doing more closely. I don't have regrets about that work, but I do think that if I had been a bit less hasty in starting each new book, I might have produced somewhat better work in the 1970s. My first novel took so long and was such an effort that once I was free of it, I almost became carefree in a sense and moved right through the decade, stopping, in a way, only at \"Ratner's Star\" (1976), which was an enormous challenge for me and probably a bigger challenge for the reader. But I slowed down in the 1980"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": "s and '90s.\" DeLillo has also acknowledged some of the weaknesses of his 1970s works, reflecting in 2007: \"I knew I wasn't doing utterly serious work, let me put it that way.\"</s><s>Works.:1980s. The beginning of the 1980s saw the most unusual and uncharacteristic publication in DeLillo's career. The sports novel \"Amazons\", a mock memoir of the first woman to play in the National Hockey League, is a far more lighthearted and more evidently commercial novel than his previous and subsequent ones. DeLillo published the novel under the pseudonym Cleo Birdwell, and later requested publishers compiling a bibliography for a reprint of a later novel to expunge the novel from their lists. While DeLillo was living in Greece, he took three years to write \"The Names\" (1982), a complex thriller about \"a risk analyst who crosses paths with a cult of assassins in the Middle East\". While lauded by an increasing number of literary critics, DeLillo was still relatively unknown outside small academic circles and did not reach a wide readership with this novel. Also in 1982, DeLillo finally broke his self-imposed ban on media coverage by giving his first major interview to Tom LeClair, who had first tracked"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " DeLillo down for an interview while he was in Greece in 1979. On that occasion, DeLillo handed LeClair a business card with his name printed on it and beneath that the message \"I don't want to talk about it.\" With the 1985 publication of his eighth novel, \"White Noise\", DeLillo rapidly became a noted and respected novelist. \"White Noise\" was arguably a major breakthrough both commercially and artistically for DeLillo, earning him a National Book Award for Fiction and a place in the canon of contemporary postmodern novelists. DeLillo remained as detached as ever from his growing reputation: when called upon to give an acceptance speech for the award, he simply said, \"I'm sorry I couldn't be here tonight, but I thank you all for coming,\" and then sat down. \"White Noise\"'s influence can be seen in the writing of David Foster Wallace, Jonathan Lethem, Jonathan Franzen, Dave Eggers, Martin Amis, Zadie Smith and Richard Powers (who provides an introduction to the 25th anniversary edition of the novel). Among the 39 proposed titles for the novel were \"All Souls\", \"Ultrasonic\", \"The American Book of the Dead\", \"Psychic Data\" and \"Mein Kampf\". In"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " 2005 DeLillo said \"White Noise\" was a fine choice, adding, \"Once a title is affixed to a book, it becomes as indelible as a sentence or a paragraph.\" DeLillo followed \"White Noise\" with \"Libra\" (1988), a speculative fictionalized life of Lee Harvey Oswald up to the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy. DeLillo undertook a vast research project, which included reading at least half of the Warren Commission report (which DeLillo called \"the Oxford English Dictionary of the assassination and also the Joycean novel. This is the one document that captures the full richness and madness and meaning of the event, despite the fact that it omits about a ton and a half of material.\") Written with the working titles \"American Blood\" and \"Texas School Book\", \"Libra\" became an international bestseller, one of five finalists for the National Book Award, and the winner of the next year's \"Irish Times\" Aer Lingus International Fiction Prize. The novel also elicited fierce critical division, with some critics praising DeLillo's take on the Kennedy assassination while others decried it. George Will, in the \"Washington Post\", declared the book an affront to America and \"an act of literary vandalism and bad citizenship\"."}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " DeLillo responded \"I don't take it seriously, but being called a 'bad citizen' is a compliment to a novelist, at least to my mind. That's exactly what we ought to do. We ought to be bad citizens. We ought to, in the sense that we're writing against what power represents, and often what government represents, and what the corporation dictates, and what consumer consciousness has come to mean. In that sense, if we're bad citizens, we're doing our job.\" In the same interview DeLillo rejected Will's claim that DeLillo blames America for Lee Harvey Oswald, countering that he instead blamed America for George Will. DeLillo has frequently reflected on the significance of the Kennedy assassination to not only his own work but American culture and history as a whole, remarking in 2005, \"November 22nd, 1963, marked the real beginning of the 1960s. It was the beginning of a series of catastrophes: political assassinations, the war in Vietnam, the denial of Civil Rights and the revolts that occasioned, youth revolt in American cities, right up to Watergate. When I was starting out as a writer it seemed to me that a large part of the material you could find in my novels\u2014this sense of fatality,"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " of widespread suspicion, of mistrust\u2014came from the assassination of JFK.\"</s><s>Works.:1990s. DeLillo's concerns about the position of the novelist and the novel in a media- and terrorist-dominated society were made clear in his next novel, \"Mao II\" (1991). Clearly influenced by the events surrounding the fatwa placed on the author Salman Rushdie and the intrusion of the press into the life of the writer J. D. Salinger, \"Mao II\" earned DeLillo significant critical praise from, among others, John Banville and Thomas Pynchon. He earned a PEN/Faulkner Award and a Pulitzer Prize finalist nomination for \"Mao II\" in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Following \"Mao II\", DeLillo went underground and spent several years writing and researching his 11th novel. Aside from the publication of a folio short story, \"Pafko at the Wall\", in a 1992 issue of \"Harper's Magazine\", and one short story in 1995, little was seen or heard of him for a number of years. He told \"The\" \"Paris Review\": \u201cSometime in late 1991, I started writing something new and didn\u2019t know what it would be"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " \u2013 a novel, a short story, a long story. It was simply a piece of writing, and it gave me more pleasure than any other writing I\u2019ve done. It turned into a novella, \"Pafko at the Wall\", and it appeared in \"Harper\u2019s\" about a year after I started it. At some point I decided I wasn\u2019t finished with the piece. I was sending signals into space and getting echoes back, like a dolphin or a bat. So the piece, slightly altered, is now the prologue to a novel-in-progress, which will have a different title. And the pleasure has long since faded into the slogging reality of the no man\u2019s land of the long novel. But I\u2019m still hearing the echoes.\u201d This would become the first chapter of his epic Cold War history \"Underworld\". The book was widely heralded as a masterpiece, with novelist and critic Martin Amis saying it marked \"the ascension of a great writer.\"{{cite news }} Harold Bloom called it \"the culmination of what Don can do.\" Bloom named DeLillo as one of the four greatest living American novelists, along with Cormac McCarthy, Philip Roth and Thomas"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " Pynchon, naming their respective masterpieces as \"Blood Meridian\", \"Sabbath's Theater\" and \"American Pastoral\", \"The Crying of Lot 49, Gravity's Rainbow\" and \"Mason & Dixon\", and \"Underworld\". \"Underworld\" went on to become DeLillo's most acclaimed novel to date, achieving mainstream success and earning nominations for the National Book Award and the \"New York Times\" Best Books of the Year in 1997, and a second Pulitzer Prize for Fiction nomination in 1998. The novel won the 1998 American Book Award, and both the William Dean Howells Medal and Riccardo Bacchelli International Award in 2000. It was a runner-up in the 2006 \"New York Times\"' survey of the best American fiction of the last 25 years. \"White Noise\" and \"Libra\" were also recognized by the anonymous jury of contemporary writers. DeLillo later expressed surprise at \"Underworld\"'s success. In 2007, he remarked: \"When I finished with \"Underworld\", I didn't really have any all-too-great hopes, to be honest. It's some pretty complicated stuff: 800 pages, more than 100 different characters\u2014who's going to be interested in that?\" After rereading it in"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " 2010, over ten years after its publication, DeLillo said that rereading it \"made me wonder whether I would be capable of that kind of writing now\u2014the range and scope of it. There are certain parts of the book where the exuberance, the extravagance, I don't know, the overindulgence...There are city scenes in New York that seem to transcend reality in a certain way.\"</s><s>Works.:2000s. Although they have received some acclaim in places, DeLillo's post-\"Underworld\" novels have been often viewed by critics as \"disappointing and slight, especially when held up against his earlier, big-canvas epics\", marking a shift \"away from sweeping, era-defining novels\" such as \"White Noise\", \"Libra\" and \"Underworld\" to a more \"spare and oblique\" style, characterized by \"decreased length, the decommissioning of plot machinery and the steep deceleration of narrative time\". DeLillo has said of this shift to shorter novels, \"If a longer novel announces itself, I'll write it. A novel creates its own structure and develops its own terms. I tend to follow. And I never try to stretch what I sense is"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " a compact book.\" In a March 2010 interview, it was reported that DeLillo's deliberate stylistic shift had been informed by his having recently reread several slim but seminal European novels, including Albert Camus's \"The Stranger\", Peter Handke's \"The Goalie's Anxiety at the Penalty Kick\", and Max Frisch's \"Man in the Holocene\". After the publication and extensive publicity drive for \"Underworld\", DeLillo once again retreated from the spotlight to write his 12th novel, surfacing with \"The Body Artist\" in 2001. The novel has many established DeLillo preoccupations, particularly its interest in performance art and domestic privacies in relation to the wider scope of events. But it is very different in style and tone from the epic history of \"Underworld\", and met with mixed critical reception. DeLillo followed \"The Body Artist\" with 2003's \"Cosmopolis\", a modern reinterpretation of James Joyce's \"Ulysses\" transposed to New York around the time of the collapse of the dot-com bubble in 2000. This novel was met at the time with a largely negative reception from critics, with several high-profile critics and novelists\u2014notably John Updike\u2014voicing their objections to its style and"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " tone. When asked in 2005 how he felt about the novel's mixed reception compared to the broader positive consensus afforded to \"Underworld\", DeLillo remarked: \"I try to stay detached from that aspect of my work as a writer. I didn't read any reviews or articles. Maybe it [the negative reception] was connected to September 11. I'd almost finished writing the book when the attacks took place, and so they couldn't have had any influence on the book's conception, nor on its writing. Perhaps for certain readers this upset their expectations.\" Critical opinions have since been revised, the novel latterly being seen as prescient for its focus on the flaws and weaknesses of the international financial system and cybercapital. DeLillo's papers were acquired in 2004 by the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin, reputedly for \"half a million dollars\". There are \"[one] hundred and twenty-five boxes\" of DeLillo materials, including various drafts and correspondence. Of his decision to donate his papers to the Ransom Center, DeLillo has said: \"I ran out of space and also felt, as one does at a certain age, that I was running out of time. I didn't want to leave behind an enormous mess"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " of papers for family members to deal with. Of course, I've since produced more paper\u2014novel, play, essay, etc.\u2014and so the cycle begins again.\" DeLillo published his final novel of the decade, \"Falling Man\", in 2007. The novel concerns the impact on one family of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York, \"an intimate story which is encompassed by a global event\". DeLillo said he originally \"didn't ever want to write a novel about 9/11\" and \"had an idea for a different book\" he had \"been working on for half a year\" in 2004 when he came up with the idea for the novel, beginning work on it following the reelection of George W. Bush that November. Although highly anticipated and eagerly awaited by critics, who felt that DeLillo was one of the contemporary writers best equipped to tackle the events of 9/11 in novelistic form, the novel met with a mixed critical reception and garnered no major literary awards or nominations. DeLillo remained unconcerned by this relative lack of critical acclaim, remarking in 2010, \"In the 1970s, when I started writing novels, I was a figure in the margins, and that's where I belonged. If"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " I'm headed back that way, that's fine with me because that's always where I felt I belonged. Things changed for me in the 1980s and 1990s, but I've always preferred to be somewhere in the corner of a room, observing.\" On July 24, 2009, \"Entertainment Weekly\" announced that David Cronenberg would adapt \"Cosmopolis\" for the screen, with \"a view to eventually direct.\" \"Cosmopolis\", eventually released in 2012, became the first direct adaptation for the screen of a DeLillo novel, although both \"Libra\" and \"Underworld\" had previously been optioned for screen treatments. There were discussions about adapting \"End Zone\", and DeLillo has written an original screenplay for the film \"Game 6\". DeLillo ended the decade by making an unexpected appearance at a PEN event on the steps of the New York City Public Library in support of Chinese dissident writer Liu Xiaobo, who was sentenced to 11 years in prison for \"inciting subversion of state power\" on December 31, 2009.</s><s>Works.:2010s. DeLillo published \"Point Omega\", his 15th novel, in February 2010. According to DeLillo, the novel considers an idea from \"the writing of the Jesuit thinker and"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " paleontologist [Pierre] Teilhard de Chardin.\" The Omega Point of the title \"[is] the possible idea that human consciousness is reaching a point of exhaustion and that what comes next may be either a paroxysm or something enormously sublime and unenvisionable.\" \"Point Omega\" is DeLillo's shortest novel to date, and he has said it could be considered a companion piece to \"The Body Artist\": \"In its reflections on time and loss, this may be a philosophical novel and maybe, considering its themes, the book shares a place in my work with \"The Body Artist\", another novel of abbreviated length.\" Reviews were polarized, with some saying the novel was a return to form and innovative, while others complained about its brevity and lack of plot and engaging characters. Upon its initial release, \"Point Omega\" spent one week on \"The New York Times Best Seller list\", peaking at No. 35 on the extended version of the list during its one-week stay on the list. In a January 29, 2010, interview with \"The Wall Street Journal\", DeLillo discussed at great length \"Point Omega\", his views of writing, and his plans for the future. When asked why his recent novels had been shorter, DeL"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": "illo replied, \"Each book tells me what it wants or what it is, and I'd be perfectly content to write another long novel. It just has to happen.\" While DeLillo is open to the idea of returning to the form of the long novel, the interview also revealed that he had no interest in doing as many of his literary contemporaries have done and writing a memoir. DeLillo also made some observations on the state of literature and the challenges facing young writers: It's tougher to be a young writer today than when I was a young writer. I don't think my first novel would have been published today as I submitted it. I don't think an editor would have read 50 pages of it. It was very overdone and shaggy, but two young editors saw something that seemed worth pursuing and eventually we all did some work on the book and it was published. I don't think publishers have that kind of tolerance these days, and I guess possibly as a result, more writers go to writing class now than then. I think first, fiction, and second, novels, are much more refined in terms of language, but they may tend to be too well behaved, almost in response to the narrower market. In a February 21, 2010, interview with \""}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": "The Times\", DeLillo reaffirmed his belief in the validity and importance of the novel in a technology- and media-driven age, offering a more optimistic opinion of the future of the novel than his contemporary Philip Roth had done in a recent interview: It is the form that allows a writer the greatest opportunity to explore human experience...For that reason, reading a novel is potentially a significant act. Because there are so many varieties of human experience, so many kinds of interaction between humans, and so many ways of creating patterns in the novel that can't be created in a short story, a play, a poem or a movie. The novel, simply, offers more opportunities for a reader to understand the world better, including the world of artistic creation. That sounds pretty grand, but I think it's true. DeLillo received two further significant literary awards in 2010: the St. Louis Literary Award for his entire body of work to date on October 21, 2010 (previous recipients include Salman Rushdie, E.L. Doctorow, John Updike, William Gass, Joyce Carol Oates, Joan Didion and Tennessee Williams); and his second PEN Award, the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction, on October 13, 2010"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": ". DeLillo's first collection of short stories, \"The Angel Esmeralda: Nine Stories\", covering short stories published between 1979 and 2011, was published in November 2011. It received favorable reviews and was a finalist for both the 2012 Story Prize award and the 2012 PEN/Faulkner award for Fiction, as well as being longlisted for the Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award. New York Times Book Review contributor Liesl Schillinger praised it, saying, \"DeLillo packs fertile ruminations and potent consolation into each of these rich, dense, concentrated stories.\" DeLillo received the 2012 Carl Sandburg Literary Award on October 17, 2012, on the campus of the University of Illinois at Chicago. The prize is \"presented annually to an acclaimed author in recognition of outstanding contributions to the literary world and honors a significant work or body of work that has enhanced the public's awareness of the written word.\" On January 29, 2013, \"Variety\" announced that Luca Guadagnino would direct an adaptation of \"The Body Artist\" called \"Body Art\". On April 26, 2013, it was announced that DeLillo had received the inaugural Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction (formerly the Library of Congress Creative Achievement Award for"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " Fiction), with the presentation of the award due to take place during the 2013 Library of Congress National Book Festival, Sept. 21\u201322, 2013. The prize honors \"an American literary writer whose body of work is distinguished not only for its mastery of the art but for its originality of thought and imagination. The award seeks to commend strong, unique, enduring voices that\u2014throughout long, consistently accomplished careers\u2014have told us something about the American experience.\" In a statement issued in response to the award, DeLillo said, \"When I received news of this award, my first thoughts were of my mother and father, who came to this country the hard way, as young people confronting a new language and culture. In a significant sense, the Library of Congress Prize is the culmination of their efforts and a tribute to their memory.\" In November 2012, DeLillo revealed that he was at work on a new novel, his 16th, and that \"the [main] character spends a lot of time watching file footage on a wide screen, images of a disaster.\" In August 2015, DeLillo's US publishers Simon and Schuster announced that the novel, \"Zero K\", would be published in May 2016. The advanced blurb for the novel is as follows: Jeffrey Lock"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": "hart's father, Ross, is a George Soros-like billionaire now in his sixties, with a younger wife, Artis, whose health is failing. Ross is the primary investor in a deeply remote and secret compound where death is controlled and bodies are preserved until a future moment when medicine and technology can reawaken them. Jeffrey joins Ross and Artis at the compound to say \"an uncertain farewell\" to her as she surrenders her body. Ross Lockhart is not driven by the hope for immortality, for power and wealth beyond the grave. He is driven by love for his wife, for Artis, without whom he feels life is not worth living. It is that which compels him to submit to death long before his time. Jeffrey heartily disapproves. He is committed to living, to \"the mingled astonishments of our time, here, on earth. \"Thus begins an emotionally resonant novel that weighs the darkness of the world\u2014terrorism, floods, fires, famine, death\u2014against the beauty of everyday life; love, awe, \"the intimate touch of earth and sun.\" Brilliantly observed and infused with humor, Don Delillo's \"Zero K\" is an acute observation about the fragility and meaning of life, about"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " embracing our family, this world, our language, and our humanity. In November 2015, DeLillo received the 2015 Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters at the 66th National Book Awards Ceremony. The ceremony was held on November 8 in New York City, and he was presented his award by Pulitzer Prize winner Jennifer Egan, a writer profoundly influenced by DeLillo's work. In his acceptance speech, DeLillo reflected upon his career as a reader as well as a writer, recalling examining his personal book collection and feeling a profound sense of personal connection to literature: \"Here I'm not the writer at all, I'm a grateful reader. When I look at my bookshelves I find myself gazing like a museum-goer.\" In February 2016, DeLillo was the guest of honor at an academic conference dedicated to his work, \"Don DeLillo: Fiction Rescues History\", a three-day event at the Sorbonne Nouvelle in Paris. Speaking to \"The Guardian\" in November 2018, DeLillo revealed work on a new novel, his 17th, \"set three years in the future. But I'm not trying to imagine the future in the usual terms. I'm trying to imagine what has been torn apart and what can be"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " put back together, and I don't know the answer. I hope I can arrive at an answer through writing the fiction.\"</s><s>Works.:2020s. DeLillo's 17th novel, \"The Silence\", was published by Scribner in October 2020. In February 2021, producer Uri Singer acquired the rights to the novel; later the same year, reports emerged that the playwright Jez Butterworth was planning to adapt \"The Silence\" for the screen. The first Library of America volume of DeLillo's writings is scheduled for publication in October 2022. The volume, titled \"Don DeLillo: Three Novels of the 1980s\", collects the three major works DeLillo published under his own name during the 1980s: \"The Names\" (1982), \"White Noise\" (1985), and \"Libra\" (1988). The novels will have new prefaces written by DeLillo for the collection, and the DeLillo scholar Mark Osteen will serve as editor. DeLillo lives near New York City in the suburb of Bronxville with his wife, Barbara Bennett.</s><s>Plays. Since 1979, in addition to his novels and occasional essays, DeLillo has been active as a playwright. To date, DeLillo has written five major plays: \"The"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " Engineer of Moonlight\" (1979), \"The Day Room\" (1986), \"Valparaiso\" (1999), \"Love Lies Bleeding\" (2006), and, most recently, \"The Word For Snow\" (2007). Stage adaptations have also been written for DeLillo's novels \"Libra\" and \"Mao II\". Of his work as a playwright, DeLillo has said that he feels his plays are not influenced by the same writers as his novels: \"I'm not sure who influenced me [as a playwright]. I've seen some reviews that mention Beckett and Pinter, but I don't know what to say about that. I don't feel it myself.\"</s><s>Themes and criticism. DeLillo's work displays elements of both modernism and postmodernism. (Though it is worth noting that DeLillo himself claims not to know if his work is postmodern: \"It is not [postmodern]. I'm the last guy to ask. If I had to classify myself, it would be in the long line of modernists, from James Joyce through William Faulkner and so on. That has always been my model.\") He has said the primary influences on his work and development are \"abstract expressionism, foreign"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " films, and jazz.\"{{cite book In several of his novels, DeLillo explores the idea of the increasing visibility and effectiveness of terrorists as societal actors and, consequently, the displacement of what he views to be artists', and particularly novelists', traditional role in facilitating social discourse (\"Players\", \"Mao II\", \"Falling Man\"). Another perpetual theme in DeLillo's books is the saturation of mass media and its role in forming simulacra, resulting in the removal of an event from its context and the consequent draining of meaning (see the highway shooter in \"Underworld\", the televised disasters longed for in \"White Noise\", the planes in \"Falling Man\", the evolving story of the interviewee in \"Valparaiso\"). The psychology of crowds and the capitulation of individuals to group identity is a theme DeLillo examines in several of his novels, especially in the prologue to \"Underworld\", \"Mao II\", and \"Falling Man\". In a 1993 interview with Maria Nadotti, DeLillo explained DeLillo's contemporary Joyce Carol Oates called him \"a man of frightening perception.\" Many younger English-language authors such as Bret Easton Ellis, Jonathan Franzen, and David Foster Wallace have cited DeLillo as an influence. Literary"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major American novelists of his time, along with Thomas Pynchon, Philip Roth, and Cormac McCarthy, though he questions the classification of DeLillo as a \"postmodern novelist.\" Asked if he approves of this designation, DeLillo has responded: \"I don't react. But I'd prefer not to be labeled. I'm a novelist, period. An American novelist.\"{{cite book Critics of DeLillo argue that his novels are overly stylized and intellectually shallow. In James Wood's review of Zadie Smith's 2000 novel \"White Teeth\", he dismissed the work of authors like DeLillo, Wallace, and Smith as \"hysterical realism\". Bruce Bawer famously condemned DeLillo's novels insisting they weren't actually novels at all but \"tracts, designed to batter us, again and again, with a single idea: that life in America today is boring, benumbing, dehumanized...It's better, DeLillo seems to say in one novel after another, to be a marauding murderous maniac \u2013 and therefore a \"human\" \u2013 than to sit still for America as it is, with its air conditioners, assembly lines, television sets, supermarkets, synthetic fabrics"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": ", and credit cards.\" B. R. Myers devoted an entire chapter (\"Edgy Prose\") of \"A Reader's Manifesto\", his 2002 critique of recent American literary fiction, to dissecting passages from DeLillo's books and arguing that they're banal ideas badly written. Most critics, however, regard DeLillo as a gifted stylist; reviewing \"Mao II,\" Michiko Kautani said that \"The writing is dazzling; the images, so radioactive they glow afterward in our minds.\"</s><s>References in popular culture.</s><s>References in popular culture.:In film. - In \"The Proposal\" (2009), the Canadian-born editor in chief of a New York publisher risks deportation to meet DeLillo at the Frankfurt Book Fair. - In \"The Matrix Resurrections\", the character Thomas Anderson is in a bathroom stall reading the DeLillo quote: \"It is so much simpler to bury reality than it is to dispose of dreams\"</s><s>References in popular culture.:In music. - Band names - The band The Airborne Toxic Event takes its name from a chemical gas leak of the same name in DeLillo's \"White Noise\". - Lyrics - Rhett Miller references \"Libra\" in his song \"World Inside the World"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": "\", saying: \"I read it in DeLillo, like he'd written it for me\". (The phrase \"There is a world inside the world\" appears several times in the book.) - Bright Eyes begins their song \"Gold Mine Gutted\" from \"Digital Ash in a Digital Urn\" with: \"It was Don DeLillo, whiskey neat, and a blinking midnight clock. Speakers on the TV stand, just a turntable to watch.\". - Too Much Joy's song \"Sort of Haunted House\", from \"Mutiny\", is inspired by DeLillo. - Milo (musician)'s song \"The Gus Haynes Cribbage League\" mentions him with the line: \"I got hair like a pad of Brillo, and date girls whose dad could be Don DeLillo.\"</s><s>References in popular culture.:In publications. - Paul Auster dedicated his books \"In the Country of Last Things\" and \"Leviathan\" to his friend Don DeLillo. - Ryan Boudinot and Neal Pollack contributed humor pieces to the journal \"McSweeney's\" satirizing DeLillo. - A fictionalized DeLillo blogs for \"The Onion\". - A fictionalized version of DeLillo makes a few appearances as a minor character"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " in A.M. Homes' 2012 novel \"May We Be Forgiven\". - A fictionalized version of a younger, pre-fame DeLillo during his career as an advertising copywriter in New York, appears briefly as a minor character in David Bowman's posthumous third novel \"Big Bang\" (2019) - Emma Cline's short story \"White Noise\", published June 1, 2020, by \"The New Yorker\", features a fictionalized version of DeLillo. Harvey, the central character of the story and a fictionalized version of Harvey Weinstein, mistakes his neighbor for DeLillo and fantasizes about the two of them collaborating on a film version of \"White Noise\".</s><s>References in popular culture.:In reviews. - David Foster Wallace saluted DeLillo, Cynthia Ozick, and Cormac McCarthy as three of the greatest living fiction authors in the United States.</s><s>Bibliography.</s><s>Bibliography.:Novels. - - \"End Zone\" (1972) - \"Great Jones Street\" (1973) - \"Ratner's Star\" (1976) - \"Players\" (1977) - \"Running Dog\" (1978) - \"Amazons\" (1980) (under pseudonym \"Cleo Birdwell\") - \"The"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " Names\" (1982) - \"White Noise\" (1985) - \"Libra\" (1988) - \"Mao II\" (1991) - \"Underworld\" (1997) - \"The Body Artist\" (2001) - \"Cosmopolis\" (2003) - \"Falling Man\" (2007) - \"Point Omega\" (2010) - \"Zero K\" (2016) - \"The Silence\" (2020)</s><s>Bibliography.:Short fiction. - Collections - \"The Angel Esmeralda: Nine Stories\" (2011) - Short stories - \"The River Jordan\" (1960) (First published in \"Epoch\" 10, No. 2 (Winter 1960), pp.\u00a0105\u2013120) - \"Take the \"A\" Train\" (1962) (First published in \"Epoch\" 12, No. 1 (Spring 1962) pp.\u00a09\u201325.) - \"Spaghetti and Meatballs\" (1965) (First published in \"Epoch\" 14, No. 3 (Spring 1965) pp.\u00a0244\u2013250) - \"Coming Sun.Mon.Tues.\" (1966) (First published in \"Kenyon Review\" 28, No. 3 (June 1966), pp.\u00a0"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": "391\u2013394.) - \"Baghdad Towers West\" (1967) (First published in \"Epoch\" 17, No. 3 (Spring 1968), pp.\u00a0195\u2013217.) - \"The Uniforms\" (1970) (First published in \"Carolina Quarterly\" 22, 1970, pp.\u00a04\u201311.) - \"In the Men's Room of the Sixteenth Century\" (1971) (First published in \"Esquire\", Dec. 1971, pp.\u00a0174\u2013177, 243, 246.) - \"Total Loss Weekend\" (1972) (First published in \"Sports Illustrated\", November 27, 1972, pp.\u00a098\u2013101+) - \"Creation\" (1979) (First published in \"Antaeus\" No. 33, Spring 1979, pp.\u00a032\u201346.) - \"The Sightings\" (1979) (First published in \"Weekend Magazine\" (Summer Fiction Issue, out of Toronto), August 4, 1979, pp.\u00a026\u201330.) - \"Human Moments in World War III\" (1983) (First published in \"Esquire\", July 1983, pp.\u00a0118\u2013126.) - \"The Ivory Acrobat\" (1988) (First published in \"Granta\" 25"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": ", Autumn 1988, pp.\u00a0199\u2013212.) - \"The Runner\" (1988) (First published in \"Harper's\", Sept. 1988, pp.\u00a061\u201363.) - \"Pafko at the Wall\" (1992) (First published in \"Harper's\", Oct. 1992, pp.\u00a035\u201370.) - \"The Angel Esmeralda\" (1995) (First published in \"Esquire\", May 1994, pp.\u00a0100\u2013109.) - \"Baader-Meinhof\" (2002) (First published in \"The New Yorker\", April 1, 2002, pp.\u00a078\u201382.) - \"The Border of Fallen Bodies\" (2003) (First Published in \"Esquire\", April 1, 2003) - \"Still Life\" (2007) (First published in \"The New Yorker\", April 9, 2007) - \"Midnight in Dostoevsky\" (2009) (First Published in \"The New Yorker\", November 30, 2009) - \"Hammer and Sickle\" (2010) (First published in \"Harper's\", Dec. 2010, pp.\u00a063\u201374) - \"The Starveling\" (2011) (First published in"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " \"Granta\" 117, Autumn 2011) - - \"The Itch\" (2017) (First published in \"The New Yorker\", July 31, 2017)</s><s>Bibliography.:Plays. - \"Mother\" (1966) - \"The Engineer of Moonlight\" (1979) - \"The Day Room\" (first production 1986) - \"The Rapture of the Athlete Assumed into Heaven\" (1990) - \"Game 6\" (1991) - \"Libra\" (1994) - \"Valparaiso\" (first production 1999) - \"The Mystery at the Middle of Ordinary Life\" (2000) - \"Love-Lies-Bleeding\" (first production 2005) - \"The Word for Snow\" (first production in 2007)</s><s>Bibliography.:Screenplays. - \"Game 6\" (2005), the story of a playwright (played by Michael Keaton) and his obsession with the Boston Red Sox and the 1986 World Series, was written in the early 1990s, but wasn't produced until 2005, ironically one year after the Red Sox won their first World Series title in 86 years. To date, it is DeLillo's only work for film.</s><s>Bibliography.:Essays and reporting. -"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " \"American Blood: A Journey through the Labyrinth of Dallas and JFK\" (1983) (Published in \"Rolling Stone\", December 8, 1983. DeLillo's first major published essay. Seen as signposting his interest in the JFK assassination that would ultimately lead to \"Libra\") - \"Salman Rushdie Defense\" (1994) (Co-written with Paul Auster in defense of Salman Rushdie, following the announcement of a fatwa upon Rushdie after the publication of \"The Satanic Verses\") - \"The Artist Naked in a Cage\" (1997) (A short piece ran in \"The New Yorker\" on May 26, 1997, pages 6\u20137. An address delivered on May 13, 1997, at the New York Public Library's event \"Stand In for Wei Jingsheng.\") - \"The Power of History\" (1997) (Published in the September 7, 1997, issue of the \"New York Times Magazine\". Preceded the publication of \"Underworld\" and was viewed by many as a rationale for the novel) - \"A History of the Writer Alone in a Room\" (1999) (This piece is the acceptance address given by DeLillo on the occasion of being awarded the Jerusalem Prize in 1999. A small pamphlet was"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " printed with this address, an address by Scribner editor-in-chief Nan Graham, the Jury's Citation, and an address by Jerusalem mayor Ehud Olmert. It was reprinted in a German translation in \"Die Zeit\" in 2001. The piece is in five numbered sections, and is about five pages long.) - \"In the Ruins of the Future\" (Dec 2001) (This short essay appeared in \"Harper's Magazine\". It concerns the September 11 incidents, terrorism, and America and comprises eight numbered sections.) - - Notes</s><s>Awards and award nominations. - 1979 \u2013 Guggenheim Fellowship - 1984 \u2013 Award in Literature from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters - 1985 \u2013 National Book Award (Fiction) for \"White Noise\" \"National Book Awards \u2013 1985\". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-28. (With essays by Courtney Eldridge, Matthew Pitt, and Jess Walter from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.) - 1985 \u2013 National Book Critics Circle Award finalist (Fiction, 1985) for \"White Noise\" - 1988 \u2013 National Book Critics Circle Award finalist (Fiction, 1988) for \"Libra\" - 1988 \u2013 \"The New York Times\" Best Books of the Year (1988"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": ") for \"Libra\" - 1988 \u2013 National Book Award finalist (Fiction) for \"Libra\" \"National Book Awards \u2013 1988\". National Book Foundation. Retrieved March 28, 2012. - 1989 \u2013 Election to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. - 1989 \u2013 \"Irish Times\", Aer Lingus International Fiction Prize for \"Libra\" - 1992 \u2013 PEN/Faulkner Award for \"Mao II\" - 1992 \u2013 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction nomination for \"Mao II\" - 1995 \u2013 Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Award - 1997 \u2013 National Book Award finalist (Fiction) for \"Underworld\" \"National Book Awards \u2013 1997\". National Book Foundation. Retrieved March 28, 2012. - 1997 \u2013 National Book Critics Circle Award finalist (Fiction, 1997) for \"Underworld\" - 1997 \u2013 New York Times Best Books of the Year nominee for \"Underworld\" - 1998 \u2013 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction nomination for \"Underworld\" - 1998 \u2013 American Book Award for \"Underworld\" - 1999 \u2013 Jerusalem Prize - 1999 \u2013 International Dublin Literary Award shortlist for \"Underworld\" - 2000 \u2013 William Dean Howells Medal awarded for \"Underworld\" - 2000 \u2013 \"Riccardo Bacchelli\" International Award"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " for \"Underworld\" - 2001 \u2013 James Tait Black Memorial Prize shortlist (Fiction, 2001) for \"The Body Artist\" - 2003 \u2013 International Dublin Literary Award longlist for \"The Body Artist\" - 2006 \u2013 New York Times: Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years (runner-up) for \"Underworld\" - 2007 \u2013 \"The New York Times\" Notable Book of the Year (Fiction and Poetry) for \"Falling Man\" - 2007 \u2013 Booklist Top of the List: A Best of Editors Choice for \"Falling Man\" - 2007 \u2013 Nominee for Man Booker International Prize - 2009 \u2013 Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service for achievements in literature - 2009 \u2013 International Dublin Literary Award longlist for \"Falling Man\" - 2010 \u2013 St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates - 2010 \u2013 PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction - 2011 \u2013 \"The New York Times\" 100 Notable Books of 2011 list for \"The Angel Esmeralda\" - 2012 \u2013 The Story Prize finalist for \"The Angel Esmeralda\" - 2012 \u2013 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction finalist for \"The Angel Esmeralda\""}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " - 2012 \u2013 Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award longlist for \"The Angel Esmeralda\" - 2012 \u2013 Carl Sandburg Literary Award - 2012 \u2013 International Dublin Literary Award longlist for \"Point Omega\" - 2013 \u2013 Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction - 2014 \u2013 Norman Mailer Prize for Lifetime Achievement - 2015 \u2013 National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters</s><s>Further reading. - Adelman, Gary, \"Sorrow's Rigging: The Novels of Cormac McCarthy, Don Delillo, and Robert Stone\", McGill-Queen's University Press, 2012. - Bloom, Harold (ed.), \"Don DeLillo (Bloom's Major Novelists)\", Chelsea House, 2003. - Boxall, Peter, \"Don DeLillo: The Possibility of Fiction\", Routledge, 2006. - Civello, Paul, \"American Literary Naturalism and its Twentieth-century Transformations: Frank Norris, Ernest Hemingway, Don DeLillo\", University of Georgia Press, 1994. - Cowart, David, \"Don DeLillo \u2013 The Physics of Language\", University of Georgia Press, 2002. - Da Cunha Lewin, Katherine (ed.), Ward, Kiron (ed.), \"Don DeLillo: Contemporary"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " Critical Perspectives\", Bloomsbury Press, 2018. - Dewey, Joseph, \"Beyond Grief and Nothing: A Reading of Don DeLillo\", University of South Carolina Press, 2006. - Dewey, Joseph (ed.), Kellman, Steven G. (ed.), Malin, Irving (ed.), \"Underwords: Perspectives on Don DeLillo's Underworld\", University of Delaware Press, 2002. - Duvall, John, \"Don DeLillo's Underworld: A Reader's Guide\", Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002. - Duvall, John (ed.), \"The Cambridge Companion to Don DeLillo\", Cambridge UP, 2008. - Ebbeson, Jeffrey, \"Postmodernism and its Others: The Fiction of Ishmael Reed, Kathy Acker, and Don DeLillo (Literary Criticism and Cultural Theory)\", Routledge, 2010. - Engles, Tim (ed.), Duvall, John (ed.), \"Approaches to Teaching DeLillo's White Noise\", Modern Language Association Press, 2006. - Giaimo, Paul, \"Appreciating Don DeLillo: The Moral Force of A Writer's Work\", Praeger Publishers Inc, 2011. - Herren, Graley. \"The Self-"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": "Reflexive Art of Don DeLillo.\" Bloomsbury Press, 2020. - Halldorson, Stephanie, \"The Hero in Contemporary American Fiction: The Works of Saul Bellow and Don DeLillo\", 2007. - Hantke, Steffen, \"Conspiracy and Paranoia in Contemporary American Fiction: The works of Don DeLillo and Joseph McElroy\", Peter Lang Publishing, 1994. - Hugonnier, Francois, \"Archiving the Excesses of the Real: Don DeLillo's Falling Man\", Presses Universitaires de Paris Ouest, 2016. - Kavadlo, Jesse, \"Don DeLillo: Balance at the Edge of Belief\", Peter Lang Publishing, 2004. - Keesey, Douglas, \"Don DeLillo\", Macmillan, 1993. - Laist, Randy, \"Technology and Postmodern Subjectivity in Don DeLillo's Novels\", Peter Lang Publishing, 2010. - LeClair, Tom \"In the Loop \u2013 Don DeLillo and the Systems Novel\", University of Illinois Press, 1987. - Lentricchia, Frank (ed.), \"Introducing Don DeLillo\", Duke University Press, 1991. - Lentricchia, Frank (ed.), \"New Essays on"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " White Noise\", Cambridge University Press, 1991. - Martucci, Elise, \"The Environmental Unconscious in the Fiction of Don DeLillo\", Routledge, 2007. - Morley, Catherine, \"The Quest for Epic in Contemporary American Literature\", Routledge, 2008. - Naas, Michael. \"Don DeLillo, American Original: Drugs, Weapons, Erotica, and Other Literary Contraband\", Bloomsbury, 2020. - Olster, Stacy (ed.), \"Don DeLillo: Mao II, Underworld, Falling Man (Continuum Studies in Contemporary North America Fiction)\", Continuum, 2011. - Orr, Leonard, \"White Noise: A Reader's Guide\" Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. - Osteen, Mark \"American Magic and Dread: Don DeLillo's Dialogue with Culture\", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. - Rey, Rebecca, \"Staging Don DeLillo\", Routledge, 2016. - Ruppersburg, Hugh (ed.), Engles, Tim (ed.), \"Critical Essays on Don DeLillo\", G.K. Hall, 2000. - Schneck, Peter & Schweighauser, Philipp (eds.),\"Terrorism, Media, and the Ethics of Fiction: Transatlantic Perspectives"}, {"title": "Don DeLillo", "text": " on Don Delillo\", Continuum, 2010. - Schuster, Marc, \"Don DeLillo, Jean Baudrillard, and the Consumer Conundrum\", Cambria Press, 2008. - Shapiro, Michael J. \"The politics of fear: DeLillo's postmodern burrow\". In: Shapiro, Michael J. Reading the postmodern polity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp.\u00a0122\u2013139, 1992. - Sozalan, Azden, \"The American Nightmare: Don DeLillo's Falling Man and Cormac McCarthy's The Road\", Authorhouse Publishing, 2011. - Taylor, Mark C, \"Rewiring the Real: In Conversation with William Gaddis, Richard Powers, Mark Danielewski, and Don DeLillo (Religion, Culture and Public Life)\", Columbia University Press, 2013. - Trainini, Marco, \"Don DeLillo\", prefazione di Fabio Vittorini, Castelvecchi, Roma, 2016. - Veggian, Henry, \"Understanding Don DeLillo\", University of South Carolina Press, 2014. - Weinstein, Arnold, \"Nobody's Home: Speech, Self, and Place in American Fiction From Hawthorne to DeLillo\", Oxford University Press, 1993.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Don DeLillo", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000315", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Charles B. McVay III.", "docs": [{"title": "Charles B. McVay III", "text": "<s>Charles B. McVay III Charles Butler McVay III (August 31, 1898 \u2013 November 6, 1968) was an American naval officer and the commanding officer of the cruiser which was lost in action in 1945, resulting in a significant loss of life. Of all captains in the history of the United States Navy, he is the only one to have been subjected to court-martial for losing a ship sunk by an act of war, despite the fact that he was on a top secret mission maintaining radio silence (the testimony of the Japanese commander who sank his ship also seemed to exonerate McVay). After years of mental health problems, he killed himself aged 70 years. Following years of efforts by some survivors and others to clear his name, McVay was posthumously exonerated by the 106th United States Congress and President Bill Clinton on October 30, 2000.</s><s>Education and career. Charles Butler McVay III was born in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, on August 31, 1898, to a Navy family. His father, Charles Butler McVay Jr. (1868\u20131949), commanded the tender during the cruise of the Great White Fleet (1907\u20131909), was an admiral in the United States Navy during"}, {"title": "Charles B. McVay III", "text": " World War I, and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Asiatic Fleet in the early 1930s. Charles III was a 1920 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Before taking command of \"Indianapolis\" in November 1944, McVay was chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Combined Chiefs of Staff in Washington, D.C., the Allies' highest intelligence unit. Earlier in World War II, he was awarded the Silver Star for displaying courage under fire. McVay led the ship through the invasion of Iwo Jima, then the bombardment of Okinawa in the spring of 1945, during which \"Indianapolis\" anti-aircraft guns shot down seven enemy planes before the ship was struck by a kamikaze on March 31, inflicting heavy casualties, including eight dead, and penetrating the ship's hull. McVay returned the ship safely to Mare Island in California for repairs.</s><s>Sinking of \"Indianapolis\". Later that year, \"Indianapolis\" received orders to carry parts and nuclear material to Tinian to be used in the atomic bombs which were soon to be dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After delivering her top secret cargo, the ship was en route to report for further duty off Okinawa."}, {"title": "Charles B. McVay III", "text": " Early in the morning of July 30, 1945, it was attacked by the under Commander Mochitsura Hashimoto. Hashimoto launched six torpedoes and hit \"Indianapolis\" twice, the first removing over forty feet of her bow, the second hitting the starboard side at frame forty (below the bridge). \"Indianapolis\" immediately took a fifteen degree list, capsized and sank within 12 minutes. Of the crew of 1,195 men, 879 men died.</s><s>Delayed rescue. About 300 of the 1,196 men on board either died in the initial attack or were trapped belowdecks and drowned when compartments were sealed in an effort to prevent sinking. The remainder of the crew, about 900 men, were able to abandon ship. Some were left floating in the water, many without lifeboats, until the rescue of 316 survivors was completed four days (100 hours) later. Because of Navy protocol regarding secret missions, the ship was not reported \"overdue\" and the rescue came only after survivors were spotted by pilot Lieutenant Wilber (Chuck) Gwinn and co-pilot Lieutenant Warren Colwell on a routine patrol flight. Of those who did abandon ship, most casualties were due to injuries sustained aboard the ship, dehydration, exhaustion,"}, {"title": "Charles B. McVay III", "text": " drinking salt water and shark attacks. The seas had been moderate, but visibility was not good. \"Indianapolis\" had been steaming at. When the ship did not reach Leyte on the 31st, as scheduled, no report was made that she was overdue. This omission was officially recorded later as \"due to a misunderstanding of the Movement Report System\".</s><s>Controversy. McVay was wounded but survived, and was among those rescued. He repeatedly asked the Navy why it took four days to rescue his men but never received an answer. The Navy long claimed that SOS messages were never received because the ship was operating under a policy of radio silence; declassified records show that three SOS messages were received separately, but none were acted upon because one commander was drunk, another thought it was a Japanese ruse, and the third had given orders not to be disturbed. After a Navy Court of Inquiry recommended that McVay be court-martialed for the loss of \"Indianapolis\", Admiral Chester Nimitz disagreed and instead issued the captain a letter of reprimand. Admiral Ernest King overturned Nimitz's decision and recommended a court-martial, which Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal later convened. McVay was charged with failing to zigzag"}, {"title": "Charles B. McVay III", "text": " and failure to order abandon ship in a timely manner. He was convicted on the former. Prior knowledge of Japanese submarines being identified in the area was withheld from the court and from McVay, prior to sailing, as well. Following McVay's conviction for hazarding \"Indianapolis\" by failing to zigzag, Admiral King recommended setting aside the punishment. Hashimoto, the Japanese submarine commander who had sunk \"Indianapolis\", was on record as describing visibility at the time as fair, which is corroborated by the fact that he was able to target and sink \"Indianapolis\" in the first place. He also testified that zigzagging wouldn't have made a difference, as he would have still sunk the Indianapolis, due to being in such a good position to do so. American submarine experts testified that \"zigzagging\" was a technique of negligible value in eluding enemy submarines. Hashimoto also testified to this effect. Despite that testimony, the official ruling was that visibility was good, and the court held McVay responsible for failing to zigzag. An additional point of controversy is evidence that the admirals in the United States Navy were primarily responsible for placing the ship in harm's way. For instance, McVay requested a destroyer"}, {"title": "Charles B. McVay III", "text": " escort for \"Indianapolis\", but his request was denied because the priority for destroyers at the time was escorting transports to Okinawa and picking up downed aircrew in B-29 raids on Japan. Also, naval command assumed McVay's route would be safe at that point in the war. Many ships, including most destroyers, were equipped with submarine detection equipment, but the \"Indianapolis\" was not so equipped, which casts the decision to deny McVay's request for an escort as military incompetence. On July 24, 1945, just six days prior to the sinking of \"Indianapolis\", the destroyer had been attacked and sunk in the area by Japanese submarines. Yet McVay was never informed of this event, and several others, in part due to issues of classified intelligence. McVay was warned of the potential presence of Japanese subs, but not of the actual confirmed activity. Although about 380 ships of the U.S. Navy were lost in combat in World War II, McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the loss of his ship. It was widely felt that he had been a fall guy for the Navy. The conviction effectively ended McVay's career as he lost seniority, although the sentence was"}, {"title": "Charles B. McVay III", "text": " overturned by Secretary James Forrestal owing to McVay's bravery prior to the sinking, and McVay was finally promoted to rear admiral when he retired from the navy in 1949, although he apparently never got over his treatment. In his book \"Abandon Ship\", author Richard F. Newcomb posits a motive for Admiral King's ordering McVay's court-martial. According to Captain McVay III's father, Admiral Charles B. McVay Jr., \"'King never forgot a grudge\". King had been a junior officer under the command of McVay's father when King and other officers snuck some women aboard a ship. Admiral McVay had a letter of reprimand placed in King's record for that. \"Now,\" he raged, \"King's used [my son] to get back at me.\"</s><s>Suicide. On November 6, 1968, McVay took his own life by shooting himself at his home in Litchfield, Connecticut. Contrary to what many may believe, McVay used a Colt pistol, an Officer's Model Target 38 Special. It was manufactured in 1906 and was not issued to the US Navy despite what the name could lead some to believe, according to the USS Indianapolis Legacy"}, {"title": "Charles B. McVay III", "text": " Organization. Commonly this pistol has been referred to as McVay's service pistol, which it was not. There is another myth, that he was holding in his hand a toy sailor he had received as a boy for a good luck charm. This is also untrue, as police reports obtained by the Legacy Organization do not mention this nor show any other objects in the pictures aside from his pistol. He was found in his back porch by his gardener. Though a note was not left, McVay was known by those close to him to have suffered from loneliness, particularly after losing his wife to cancer in 1961. McVay also struggled throughout his life from the impact of vitriolic letters and phone calls he periodically received from grief-stricken relatives of dead crewmen who served aboard the \"Indianapolis\".</s><s>Exoneration. survivors organized, and many spent years attempting to clear their skipper's name. Many people, from McVay's son Charles McVay IV (1925\u20132012) to author Dan Kurzman, who chronicled the \"Indianapolis\" incident in \"Fatal Voyage\", to members of Congress, long believed McVay was unfairly convicted. Paul Murphy, president of the USS \"Indianapolis\" Survivors Organization,"}, {"title": "Charles B. McVay III", "text": " said: \"Captain McVay's court-martial was simply to divert attention from the terrible loss of life caused by procedural mistakes which never alerted anyone that we were missing.\" Over fifty years after the incident, a 12-year-old student in Pensacola, Florida, Hunter Scott, was instrumental in raising awareness of the miscarriage of justice carried out at the captain's court-martial. As part of a school project for the National History Day program, the young man interviewed nearly 150 survivors of the \"Indianapolis\" sinking and reviewed 800 documents. His testimony before the U.S. Congress brought national attention to the situation. In October 2000, the United States Congress passed a Sense of Congress resolution that McVay's record should reflect that \"he is exonerated for the loss of the USS \"Indianapolis\".\" President Clinton also signed the resolution. Commander Hashimoto died five days before the exoneration (on 25 October). In May 2001, Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England ordered Captain William Toti, former commanding officer of, to enter the Sense of Congress resolution into McVay's official Navy personnel record.</s><s>In popular culture. McVay's ship, but not McVay himself, is mentioned in the 1975 blockbuster movie"}, {"title": "Charles B. McVay III", "text": " \"Jaws\", in which the character of Quint is portrayed as a survivor of the incident. In 1978, the events surrounding McVay's court-martial were dramatized in \"The Failure to ZigZag\" by playwright John B. Ferzacca. The 1991 made-for-television movie \"\" depicts the ordeal of the men of the \"Indianapolis\" during her last voyage (with McVay portrayed by Stacy Keach), as does the 2016 film \"\" (with McVay portrayed by Nicolas Cage). Also in 2016, \"USS Indianapolis: The Legacy\" was released. It is an in-depth film where the survivors tell the story of what happened and they speak about the aftermath of the tragic event. In 2019, PBS released a 90-minute documentary titled \"\".</s><s>See also. - W. Graham Claytor Jr. - List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II - United States military veteran suicide</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Charles B. McVay III", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000316", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Stephen Miller (political advisor).", "docs": [{"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": "<s>Stephen Miller (political advisor) Stephen Miller (born August 23, 1985) is an American political advisor who served as a senior advisor for policy and White House director of speechwriting to President Donald Trump. His politics have been described as far-right and anti-immigration. He was previously the communications director for then-Senator Jeff Sessions. He was also a press secretary for U.S. representatives Michele Bachmann and John Shadegg. As a speechwriter for Trump, Miller helped write Trump's inaugural address. He has been a key adviser since the early days of Trump's presidency. An immigration hardliner, Miller was a chief architect of Trump's travel ban, the administration's reduction of refugees accepted to the United States, and Trump's policy of separating migrant children from their parents. He prevented the publication of internal administration studies that showed that refugees had a net positive effect on government revenues. Miller reportedly played a central role in the resignation in April 2019 of Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen, who he believed was insufficiently hawkish on immigration. As a White House spokesman, Miller on multiple occasions made false and unsubstantiated claims regarding widespread electoral fraud. Emails leaked in November 2019 showed that Miller had promoted articles from white nationalist publications \"VDARE\" and \"American Renaissance"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": "\", and had espoused conspiracy theories. Miller is on the Southern Poverty Law Center's list of extremists.</s><s>Early life. Miller was born on August 23, 1985, in Santa Monica, California, where he was raised, the second of three children in the Jewish family of Michael D. Miller, a real estate investor, and Miriam (\"n\u00e9e\" Glosser). His mother's ancestors\u2014Wolf Lieb Glotzer and his wife, Bessie\u2014emigrated to the United States from the Russian Empire's Antopol, in what is present-day Belarus, arriving in New York on January 7, 1903, on the German ship S.S. \"Moltke\", thus escaping the 1903\u201306 anti-Jewish pogroms in Belarus and other parts of the Russian Empire. When his great-grandmother arrived in the U.S. in 1906, she spoke only Yiddish, the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern Europe. Miller has said he became a committed conservative after reading \"Guns, Crime, and Freedom\", a book opposing gun control by Wayne LaPierre, CEO of the National Rifle Association. While attending Santa Monica High School, Miller began appearing on conservative talk radio. In 2002, at the age"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " of 16, Miller wrote a letter to the editor of the \"Santa Monica Outlook\" criticizing his school's response to the September 11 attacks; he wrote: \"Osama Bin Laden would feel very welcome at Santa Monica High School.\" While in high school, Miller cited Rush Limbaugh's book \"The Way Things Ought To Be\" as his favorite. Miller invited conservative activist David Horowitz to speak, first at the high school and later at Duke University; afterward he denounced the fact that neither institution would authorize the event. Miller was in the habit of \"riling up his fellow [high school] classmates with controversial statements\"; for instance, he told Latino students to speak only English. At 16, Miller called in to \"The Larry Elder Show\", a conservative radio show, to complain about his high school's alleged lack of patriotism because it did not recite the Pledge of Allegiance. David Horowitz, whom the Southern Poverty Law Center describes as an anti-Muslim, anti-immigrant extremist, published an essay by Miller, \"How I Changed My Left-Wing High School\", on his website. Horowitz has been described as an influential figure in Miller's early life. In 2007, Miller received his bachelor's degree from Duke University, where he studied political science. He served as president of"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " the Duke chapter of Horowitz's Students for Academic Freedom and wrote conservative columns for the school newspaper. Miller gained national attention for his defense of the students who were wrongly accused of rape in the Duke lacrosse case. While attending Duke, Miller accused poet and civil rights activist Maya Angelou of \"racial paranoia\" and described student organization Chicano Student Movement of Aztl\u00e1n (MEChA) as a \"radical national Hispanic group that believes in racial superiority.\" Miller and the Duke Conservative Union helped co-member Richard Spencer, a Duke graduate student at the time, with fundraising and promotion for an immigration policy debate in March 2007 between Peter Laufer, an open-borders activist and University of Oregon professor, and journalist Peter Brimelow, founder of the anti-immigration website VDARE. Spencer later became an important figure in the white supremacist movement and president of the National Policy Institute; he coined the term \"alt-right\". In a 2016 interview, Spencer said he had mentored Miller at Duke. Describing their close relationship, Spencer said that he was \"kind of glad no one's talked about this\", for fear of harming Trump. In a later blog post, he said the relationship had been exaggerated. Miller has said he has \"absolutely no relationship with Mr"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": ". Spencer\" and that he \"completely repudiate[s] his views, and his claims are 100 percent false.\" Duke University's former senior vice president, John Burness, told \"The News & Observer\" in February 2017 that, while at Duke, Miller \"seemed to assume that if you were in disagreement with him, there was something malevolent or stupid about your thinking\u2014incredibly intolerant.\" According to Jane Stancill of \"The News & Observer\", during the Duke lacrosse case, Miller's was the \"lonely voice insisting that the players were innocent.\" History professor KC Johnson described Duke's atmosphere during the case as not \"conducive to speaking up\" and praised Miller's role in it: \"I think it did take a lot of courage, and he has to get credit for that.\" Miller devoted more of his school paper column, \"Miller Time,\" to the lacrosse scandal than any other topic.</s><s>Career. After graduating from college, Miller began to work as a press secretary for Congresswoman Michele Bachmann, a Tea Party Republican, after David Horowitz connected them. Horowitz later helped Miller to get a position with John Shadegg in early 2009. In 2009, Miller began working for Alabama senator Jeff Sessions, who"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " was later appointed United States attorney general. He rose to the position of Sessions' communications director. In the 113th Congress, Miller played a role in defeating the bipartisan Gang of Eight's proposed immigration reform bill. As communications director, Miller was responsible for writing many of the speeches Sessions gave about the bill. Miller and Sessions developed what Miller describes as \"nation-state populism\", a response to globalization and immigration that influenced Donald Trump's 2016 campaign. Miller also worked on Dave Brat's successful 2014 House campaign, which unseated Republican majority leader Eric Cantor. In January 2016, Miller joined the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign as a senior policy adviser. He had previously reached out to the campaign repeatedly. Beginning in March 2016, he regularly spoke on the campaign's behalf, serving as a \"warm-up act\" for Trump. Miller wrote the speech Trump gave at the 2016 Republican National Convention. In August 2016, Miller was named the head of Trump's economic policy team. Miller was seen as sharing an \"ideological kinship\" with former White House chief strategist and Breitbart News co-founder Steve Bannon, and had a \"long collaboration\" with him. However, Miller distanced himself from Bannon in 2017 as Bannon fell out of favor with others in the White House. On April"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " 7, 2021, Miller launched the America First Legal Foundation, a conservative legal organization. On September 8, 2022, Miller and Brian Jack were subpoenaed by a federal grand jury investigating attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election with special focus on the January 6 United States Capitol attack.</s><s>Career.:Trump administration. In November 2016, Miller was named national policy director of Trump's transition team. On December 13, 2016, the transition team announced that Miller would serve as Senior Advisor to the President for Policy during the Trump administration. He was initially given responsibility for setting all domestic policy, but quickly assumed responsibility for immigration policy only. Since becoming one of three Senior Advisors to the President, Miller has been regarded as the adviser who shaped the Trump administration's immigration policies. In the early days of Trump's presidency, Miller worked with Senator Jeff Sessions, Trump's nominee for Attorney General, and Steve Bannon, Trump's chief strategist, to enact policies through executive orders to restrict immigration and crack down on sanctuary cities. Miller and Bannon preferred executive orders to legislation. Miller's and Sessions's views on immigration were influenced by anti-immigration groups like the Federation for American Immigration Reform, NumbersUSA, and the Center for Immigration Studies. Miller and Bannon were involved in the formation of Executive"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " Order 13769, which sought to restrict U.S. travel and immigration by citizens of seven Muslim countries, and suspend the United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) for 120 days, while indefinitely suspending entry of Syrians to the United States. Miller has been credited as the person behind the Trump administration's decision to reduce the number of refugees accepted into the United States. Miller played an influential role in Trump's decision to fire FBI director James Comey in May 2017. Miller and Trump drafted a letter to Comey that was not sent after an internal review and opposition from White House counsel Don McGahn, but Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein was given a copy, after which he prepared his own letter to Comey, which was cited as the reason for firing Comey. In November 2017, Miller was interviewed by special counsel Robert Mueller in relation to his role in Comey's dismissal. In September 2017, \"The New York Times\" reported that Miller stopped the Trump administration from showing the public an internal study by the Department of Health and Human Services that found that refugees had a net positive effect on government revenues. Miller insisted that only the costs of refugees be publicized, not the revenues refugees bring in. In October 2017, Trump provided a list of immigration reform demands to Congress, asking for the construction"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " of more wall along the Mexico\u2013United States border, hiring 10,000 additional U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents, tightened asylum policies, and the discontinuance of federal funds to sanctuary cities in exchange for any action on undocumented immigrants who arrived as minors. Those immigrants had been protected from deportation under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals policy until that policy's rescission a month earlier, in September 2017. \"The New York Times\" reported that Miller and Sessions were among the Trump Administration officials who developed the demands. In May 2018, it was reported Miller had attended a controversial meeting which included George Nader on behalf of two Arab princes, Wikistrat CEO Joel Zamel, Erik Prince, and Donald Trump Jr., on August 3, 2016. \"The New York Times\" had also reported in November 2017 that Miller was in regular contact with George Papadopoulos during the campaign about his discussions with Russian government officials. Miller and Attorney General Sessions were described as the chief champions of the Trump administration's decision to start to separate migrant children from their parents when they crossed the U.S. border. Miller argued that such a policy would deter migrants from coming to the United States. After Miller gave an on-the-record interview to the \"Times\", the"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " White House requested that the \"Times\" not publish portions of it on its podcast, The Daily; the \"Times\" acceded to the request. In July 2018, senior White House official Jennifer Arangio was fired after she reportedly advocated that the United States remain in the Global Compact for Migration (a United Nations plan intended to \"cover all dimensions of international migration in a holistic and comprehensive manner.\"), defended the State Department's refugee bureau when Miller sought to defund it, and corrected misleading information about refugees that Miller was presenting to Trump. On August 13, 2018, \"Politico\" published an essay by Miller's uncle, Dr. David S. Glosser, titled \"Stephen Miller Is an Immigration Hypocrite. I Know Because I'm His Uncle\", in which he detailed the Glosser family's history of coming to the United States from the village of Antopal in present-day Belarus. In October 2018, the \"Financial Times\" reported that Miller sought to make it impossible for Chinese students to study in the United States. Miller argued that a ban was necessary to reduce Chinese espionage, but that another benefit was that it would hurt elite universities with staff and students critical of Trump. Within the Trump administration, Miller's idea faced opposition, in particular from Terry Branstad"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": ", the ambassador to China, who argued that such a ban would harm US trade to China and hurt small American universities more than the elite ones. In the lead-up to the 2018 midterm elections, Miller played an influential role in Trump's messaging, which focused on sowing fears about immigration. Trump's party lost 40 seats in the House in those elections, in part because, according to \"Vox\" writer Dara Lind, Trump and Miller's \"closing argument\" focusing on immigrants appealed solely to \"white identity politics\", which does not have majority support in the United States. In January 2019, Miller reportedly reduced the number of immigrants who would receive protections as part of a proposed offer by Trump to grant protections for some immigrants in exchange for congressional support for funds to construct a border wall. Miller reportedly played a central role in Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen's resignation on April 7, 2019, as part of a larger department overhaul aimed at steering the Trump administration towards a \"tougher\" approach on immigration. Nielsen had opposed a plan Miller supported whereby the Trump administration would carry out mass arrests of undocumented immigrant families in 10 major U.S. cities. \"Quartz\" reported that Miller had been purposely leaking information on border apprehensions and asylum seekers to the"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " \"Washington Examiner\" so that the paper would publish alarming anti-immigration stories that criticized Nielsen. During the same month, Representative Ilhan Omar called Miller a white nationalist as part of her comments on the Department of Homeland Security overhaul, which led to a strong response from several Republicans, including Representative Lee Zeldin and Donald Trump Jr., who accused her of anti-Semitism as Miller is Jewish. Following the expos\u00e9 by the Southern Poverty Law Center in November 2019, Omar reshared the April tweet in which she had called Miller a white nationalist, adding that \"now we have the emails to prove it\". In the wake of the United States' assassination of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, Miller allegedly suggested \"dipping [al-Baghdadi's head] in pig's blood and parading it around to warn other terrorists\", according to former defense secretary Mark Esper in his 2022 book \"A Sacred Oath\". Esper called Miller's idea a \"war crime\"; Miller denied that this took place. While in the Trump administration, Miller met repeatedly with British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson, whom Miller described himself as a \"huge fan\" of. During the meetings, which were held off the White House grounds, Miller and Johnson \"swapped speech-writing ideas and tips\"."}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " In 2020, during the coronavirus pandemic, leaked conversations showed that Miller wanted to extend temporary border restrictions imposed because of the pandemic to restrict immigration in the long term. Emails showed that Miller had tried to use public health powers to implement border restrictions in 2019. Miller also advised Trump not to openly embrace mask-wearing to halt the spread of the coronavirus. According to \"The New York Times\", in the spring of 2020 Miller requested that the Homeland Security Department develop a plan to use American troops to seal the entire U.S. border with Mexico. Government officials estimated that such a plan would require the deployment of approximately 250,000 troops, or more than half of the active army, constituting the largest use of American military force within the country since the Civil War. Defense Secretary Mark Esper reportedly opposed the plan and it was eventually abandoned. During the 2020 election, Miller said that if Trump were reelected, the administration would seek to limit asylum, target sanctuary city policies, expand the \"travel ban\" and cut work visas. He voiced support for the administration's third-country \"Asylum Cooperative\" agreements with Central American governments, among other policies, and pledged that it would pursue such policies with African and Asian countries if reelected. After Trump lost"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " the 2020 election and failed to get the result overturned in courts or state legislatures, on December 14 Miller described on television a plan to send \"alternate\" slates of electors to Congress. That day, as the official electoral college votes were being tallied, groups of self-appointed Republican \"alternate electors\" met in seven swing states and drafted fraudulent certificates of ascertainment. Since these alternate slates were not signed by the governors or secretaries of state of the states they claim to represent, they had no legal status, but could have been introduced as challenges to the true results when Congress counted the electoral votes on January 6, 2021. The watchdog group American Oversight published the documents in March 2021, but they received little attention until January 2022, when it was reported that the January 6 committee was investigating them. Michigan attorney general Dana Nessel announced in January 2022 that after a months-long investigation she had asked the U.S. Justice Department to open a criminal investigation. On January 6, Trump held a rally to support his false claim that the 2020 election had been stolen. Miller prepared the remarks that Trump delivered at the rally. During and after the speech, many of the attendees walked to the U.S. Capitol and stormed it.</s><s>Career.:Trump administration.:"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": "Leaked emails. In November 2019, the Southern Poverty Law Center acquired more than 900 emails Miller sent \"Breitbart News\" writer Katie McHugh between 2015 and 2016. The emails became the basis for an expos\u00e9 that showed that Miller had enthusiastically pushed the views of white nationalist publications such as \"American Renaissance\" and VDARE, as well as the far-right conspiracy website InfoWars, and promoted \"The Camp of the Saints\", a French novel circulating among neo-Nazis, shaping both White House policy and \"Breitbart\"s coverage of racial politics. In response to the expos\u00e9, White House press secretary Stephanie Grisham called the SPLC an \"utterly discredited, long-debunked far-left smear organization.\" As of November 15, 2019, over 80 Democratic members of Congress have called for Miller's resignation in light of his emails. On November 13, Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-New York) started a petition that had reached more than 20,000 signatures by November 16. According to \"The Daily Beast\", seven \"senior Trump administration officials with knowledge of Miller's standing with the president and top staffers have all individually told \"The Daily Beast\" that the story did not endanger Miller's position,"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " or change Trump's favorable view of him. Two of them literally laughed at the mere suggestion that the Hatewatch expos\u00e9 could have toppled or hobbled the top Trump adviser.\"</s><s>Media appearances. On February 8, 2016, Miller participated in an interview with InfoWars, during which he praised the site and its owner, Alex Jones, for its coverage of immigration and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. In a February 2017 appearance on CBS' \"Face the Nation\", Miller criticized the federal courts for blocking Trump's travel ban, accusing the judiciary of having \"taken far too much power and become, in many cases, a supreme branch of government... Our opponents, the media and the whole world will soon see as we begin to take further actions, that the powers of the president to protect our country are very substantial and will not be questioned.\" Miller's assertion was met with criticism from legal experts, such as Ilya Shapiro of the Cato Institute (who said that the administration's comments could undercut public confidence in the judiciary) and Cornell Law School professor Jens David Ohlin (who said that the statement showed \"an absurd lack of appreciation for the separation of powers\" set forth in the Constitution). In the same appearance, Miller falsely said there was significant voter fraud in the"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " 2016 presidential election and that \"thousands of illegal voters were bused in\" to New Hampshire. Miller did not provide any evidence in support of the statements; \"The Washington Post\"s Glenn Kessler found that Miller has on multiple occasions made false or unsubstantiated claims regarding electoral fraud. On January 7, 2018, Miller appeared on Jake Tapper's \"State of the Union\" on CNN. In the course of Tapper's interview of him, Miller called Steve Bannon's comments about the Trump Tower meeting in Michael Wolff's book \"Fire and Fury\" \"grotesque\". Miller then went on to state, \"The president is a political genius... who took down the Bush dynasty, who took down the Clinton dynasty, who took down the entire media complex\". Tapper accused Miller of dodging questions, while Miller questioned the legitimacy of CNN as a news broadcaster, and as the interview became more contentious, with both participants talking over each other, Tapper ended the interview and continued to the next news story. After the interview was over Miller refused to leave the CNN studio and had to be escorted out by security. In February 2019, as a controversy arose from a declaration of national emergency by Trump in order to fund building a wall along the southern border with Mexico that had been"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " denied by Congress, Miller defended the declaration during a televised interview by Chris Wallace.</s><s>Media appearances.:Debate with Jim Acosta. On August 2, 2017, Miller had a heated exchange with CNN's Jim Acosta at the White House daily briefing regarding the Trump administration's support for the RAISE Act to sharply limit legal immigration and favor immigrants with high English proficiency. Acosta said that the proposal was at odds with American traditions concerning immigration and said that the Statue of Liberty welcomes immigrants to the U.S., invoking verses from Emma Lazarus's \"The New Colossus\". Miller disputed the connection between the Statue of Liberty and immigration, pointing out that \"the poem that you're referring to, that was added later, is not actually a part of the original Statue of Liberty.\" Miller added that immigration has \"ebbed and flowed\" throughout American history and asked how many immigrants the U.S. had to accept annually to \"meet Jim Acosta's definition of the Statue of Liberty law of the land.\" In their coverage, multiple publications (such as \"The Washington Post\", \"Washington Monthly\" and \"U.S. News & World Report\") commented that the distinction Miller made between the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus's poem has been a popular talking point among the white supremacist"}, {"title": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "text": " segments of the alt-right. The \"Post\"s Michelle Ye Hee Lee stated that \"Neither got it quite right about the Statue of Liberty\u00a0... While the poem itself was not a part of the original statue, it actually was commissioned in 1883 to help raise funds for the pedestal\" and \"gave another layer of meaning to the statue beyond its abolitionist message.\"</s><s>Personal life. Miller married Katie Waldman, a fellow administration official, on February 16, 2020. They have a daughter, born November 19, 2020, and announced the birth of their son in February 2022. Miller is Jewish. He announced on October 6, 2020, that he had tested positive for COVID-19. He was among several White House employees affected by an outbreak.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Stephen Miller (political advisor)", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000317", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Shawn Ashmore.", "docs": [{"title": "Shawn Ashmore", "text": "<s>Shawn Ashmore Shawn Robert Ashmore (born October 7, 1979) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his roles as Bobby Drake / Iceman in the \"X-Men\" film series, Jake Berenson in the television series \"Animorphs\", Agent Mike Weston in the television drama series \"The Following\", Eric in the horror film \"The Ruins\", Sam Spencer in the ABC series \"Conviction\", Wesley Evers in the ABC series \"The Rookie\", and Lamplighter in the Amazon Prime Video superhero series \"The Boys\". Ashmore also plays the main character, Jack Joyce, in the 2016 video game \"Quantum Break\", as well as Conrad in 2019's \"\". He is the identical twin brother of actor Aaron Ashmore.</s><s>Early life. Ashmore was born in Richmond, British Columbia, the son of Linda (n\u00e9e Davis), a homemaker, and Rick Ashmore, a manufacturing engineer. He was raised in St. Albert, Alberta and Brampton, Ontario, where he attended Earnscliffe Senior Public School and Turner Fenton Secondary School. His twin brother, Aaron Ashmore, is also an actor. Aaron and Shawn have played twins in several movies, but have also pursued roles independently. Aaron is"}, {"title": "Shawn Ashmore", "text": " slightly taller than Shawn and, according to Aaron, Shawn often gets cast as the nice guy while Aaron himself is cast as the bully. They have a \"GMA\" tattoo on their wrists that stands for \"Good Man Ashmore\"; their grandfather had a similar tattoo.</s><s>Career. One of Ashmore's notable roles was as Iceman in \"X-Men\" and its sequels \"X2\" and \"\". Ashmore also reprised his role as Iceman in the animated series \"The Super Hero Squad Show\", as well as voicing the role for \"\". Ashmore starred as Cadet Major Brad Rigby in \"Cadet Kelly\", a Disney Channel original film which aired in 2002 and he guest-starred as Eric Summers in two episodes of \"Smallville\", a series on which his brother was later cast in the role of Jimmy Olsen. Ashmore had starring roles on \"Animorphs\" as Jake Berenson and \"In a Heartbeat\" as Tyler Connell. In December 2004, Ashmore was cast in the lead role in the SciFi Channel mini series \"Legend of Earthsea\", based on the novels by Ursula K. Le Guin. He played the role of Ged, a young wizard-in-training"}, {"title": "Shawn Ashmore", "text": ", who takes advice from a Magus (Danny Glover) and falls in love with Tenar (Kristin Kreuk), the protege of the High Priestess of the Tombs of Atuan (Isabella Rossellini). In 2005, Ashmore starred in a CTV TV movie about Terry Fox's historic run across Canada, which aired in September of that year. In 2008, he starred as one of the leads in the 2008 horror film \"The Ruins\". Ashmore was cast in Adam Green's 2010 dramatic thriller \"Frozen\" as Joe Lynch. Ashmore starred in the apocalyptic siege warfare film \"The Day\" with Dominic Monaghan, Michael Eklund, Shannyn Sossamon, and Ashley Bell. Ashmore also starred in the television drama series \"The Following\", starring Kevin Bacon. He reprised his role as Iceman in the 2014 film \"\". In April 2016, Shawn appeared in \"Quantum Break\", a singleplayer third-person shooter video game developed by Remedy Entertainment and published by Microsoft Studios, that features high budget live action TV show-like cut scenes where Shawn plays the main character, Jack Joyce. He also did the motion capture and voice acting for the character. From October 2016 to January 2017, he played the role"}, {"title": "Shawn Ashmore", "text": " of Sam Spencer on the U.S. legal drama \"Conviction\". The series was filmed in Toronto. In 2020, Ashmore recurred in the second season of the Amazon Prime Video superhero series \"The Boys\" as Lamplighter, a former member of the superhero group the Seven.</s><s>Personal life. On July 27, 2012, Ashmore married film executive Dana Renee Wasdin, whom he met while filming \"Frozen\". The couple has one son, born in 2017.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Shawn Ashmore", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000318", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Paul Anka.", "docs": [{"title": "Paul Anka", "text": "<s>Paul Anka Paul Albert Anka (born July 30, 1941) is a Canadian-American singer, songwriter and actor. He is best known for his signature hit songs including \"Diana\", \"Lonely Boy\", \"Put Your Head on My Shoulder\", and \"(You're) Having My Baby\". Anka also wrote the theme for \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\"; one of Tom Jones' biggest hits, \"She's a Lady\"; and the English lyrics to Claude Fran\u00e7ois and Jacques Revaux's music for Frank Sinatra's signature song \"My Way\", which has been recorded by many, including Elvis Presley. He co-wrote three songs with Michael Jackson: \"This Is It\" (originally titled \"I Never Heard\") \"Love Never Felt So Good\", and \"Don't Matter to Me\", which became posthumous hits for Jackson in 2009, 2014, and 2018, respectively.</s><s>Early life. Anka was born in Ottawa, Ontario, to Camelia (n\u00e9e Tannis) and Andrew Emile \"Andy\" Anka Sr., who owned a restaurant called the Locanda. His parents were both of Lebanese Christian descent. His father came to Canada from Bab Tuma, Damascus, Syria, and"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": " his mother was an immigrant from Lebanon. His mother died when he was 18. Anka sang with the St. Elias Antiochian Orthodox Cathedral choir under the direction of Frederick Karam, with whom he studied music theory. He studied piano with Winnifred Rees. He attended Fisher Park High School, where he was part of a vocal trio called the Bobby Soxers.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early success. Paul Anka recorded his first single, \"I Confess\", when he was 14. In 1956, with $100 given to him by his uncle, he went to New York City where he auditioned for Don Costa at ABC Records, singing what was widely believed to be a lovestruck verse he had written to a former babysitter. In an interview with NPR's Terry Gross in 2005, he stated that it was to a girl at his church whom he hardly knew. The resulting song \"Diana\" brought Anka stardom as it went to \u00a01 on the Canadian and US music charts. \"Diana\" is one of the best selling singles ever by a Canadian recording artist. He followed up with four songs that made it into the Top 20 in 1958, including \"It's Time to Cry\", which hit"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": " \u00a04 and \"(All of a Sudden) My Heart Sings\", which reached \u00a015, making him (at 17) one of the biggest teen idols of the time. He toured Britain, then Australia with Buddy Holly. Anka also wrote \"It Doesn't Matter Anymore\" \u2013 a song written for Holly, which Holly recorded just before he died in 1959. Anka stated shortly afterward: Paul Anka's talent included the theme for \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" (reworked in 1962 from a song Anka wrote earlier called \"Toot Sweet\"; it had been rewritten with lyrics and recorded by Annette Funicello in 1959 as \"It's Really Love\"). He wrote \"Teddy\" \u2013 a Top 20 hit for Connie Francis in 1960. Anka wrote the English lyrics to \"My Way\", Frank Sinatra's signature song (originally the French song \"Comme d'habitude\"). In the 1960s, Anka began acting in motion pictures as well as writing songs for them, most notably the theme for the hit film \"The Longest Day\" (which also was the official march of the Canadian Airborne Regiment), in which he made a cameo appearance as a U.S. Army Ranger. For"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": " his film work he wrote and recorded one of his greatest hits \"Lonely Boy\". He also wrote and recorded \"My Home Town\", which was a \u00a08 pop hit for him the same year. He then went on to become one of the first pop singers to perform at the Las Vegas casinos. In 1960, he appeared twice as himself in NBC's short-lived crime drama \"Dan Raven\". In 1963, Anka purchased the rights and ownership of his ABC-Paramount catalog and re-recorded his earlier hits for RCA Victor, which he had joined in 1960. Like many American recording artists of the mid 1960s, Anka's career was derailed by the British Invasion. By the end of the decade, he focused mainly on adult contemporary and big-band standards and began appearing regularly in Las Vegas. In the early 1970s, Anka signed with Buddah Records, releasing two albums, the self-titled \"Paul Anka\" and \"Jubilation\". The former, first released in 1971, included the track \"She's a Lady\", a song Anka composed that would become the biggest hit for Welsh singer Tom Jones that same year. Anka's version failed to become a chart success.</s><s>Career.:1970s chart"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": " comeback. Frustrated after more than ten years without a top 25 hit record, Anka switched labels again, which marked a turning point in his career. This time he signed with United Artists and in 1974 teamed up with Odia Coates to record the \u00a01 hit, \"(You're) Having My Baby\", exposing Anka to a new generation of fans and proved his staying power among his original fan base that was now maturing. Anka also wrote five songs which were included on an album by Don Goodwin. Anka and Coates would record three more duets that made it into the Top 10, \"One Man Woman/One Woman Man\" (\u00a07), \"I Don't Like to Sleep Alone\" (\u00a08), and the \u00a015 duet \"(I Believe) There's Nothing Stronger Than Our Love\". In 1975, he recorded a jingle for Kodak written by Bill Lane (lyrics) and Roger Nichols (melody) called \"Times of Your Life\". It became so popular Anka recorded it as a full song, which peaked at \u00a07 in the US pop chart in 1976. The follow-up was another hit that Anka wrote for Sinatra, \"Anytime (I'll Be There)\", pe"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": "aking at \u00a033. Anka's last Top 40 hit in the US was in the summer of 1983: \"Hold Me 'Til the Mornin' Comes\", which included backing vocals from then-Chicago frontman Peter Cetera; it hit \u00a02 on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart.</s><s>Career.:1990s comeback. Anka's 1998 album \"A Body of Work\" was his first new US studio release since \"Walk a Fine Line\" in 1983; vocalists and performers included Celine Dion, Kenny G, Patti LaBelle, and Skyler Jett. The album included a new version of \"Hold Me 'Til the Morning Comes\", once again performed with Peter Cetera. In 2005, Anka released an album of big-band arrangements of contemporary Rock songs titled, \"Rock Swings\"; the album provided a mainstream comeback of sorts that saw Anka awarded a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto. On October 12, 2009, Anka stated that Michael Jackson's new release titled \"This Is It\" was a collaborative effort between the two in 1983. According to Anka, after recording the song, Jackson decided not to use it and the tune was then recorded and released by Sa-Fire"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": ". After Anka threatened to sue for credit and a share of royalties, the administrators of Jackson's estate granted Anka 50% of the copyright. An additional song that Jackson co-wrote with Anka from this 1983 session, \"Love Never Felt So Good\", was discovered shortly thereafter. His album \"Songs of December\" charted at \u00a058 in Canada in November 2011.</s><s>Career.:Italy. Paul Anka collaborated with a number of Italian musicians, including composer/director Ennio Morricone, singer-songwriter Lucio Battisti, and lyricist Mogol. His official discography reports nine singles released by RCA Italiana, but the Italian charts list at least six other songs he interpreted or recorded in Italian. His top hit was \"Ogni giorno\" which scored \u00a01 in 1962, followed by \"Pianger\u00f2 per te\" and \"Ogni volta\", which reached both \u00a02, in 1963 and 1964. \"Ogni volta\" (\"Every Time\") was sung by Anka during the Festival di Sanremo of 1964 and then sold more than one million copies in Italy alone; it was also awarded a gold disc. He returned to Sanremo"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": " in 1968 with \"La farfalla impazzita\" by Battisti-Mogol. On that occasion, the same title was interpreted by Italian crooner Johnny Dorelli. The pair of singers, however, were eliminated before the final stage of the musical contest. Anka, maybe only coincidentally, left the Italian scene shortly thereafter. In 2003, Anka came back with an exclusive concert in Bologna, organized by the Italian company Mapei during the CERSAIE exhibition. He recorded a version of \"My Way\" with alternate lyrics dedicated to the sponsor of the evening. In 2006, he recorded a duet with 1960s Italian hitmaker Adriano Celentano, a new cover of \"Diana\", with Italian lyrics by Celentano-Mogol and with singer-songwriter Alex Britti on the guitar. The song hit \u00a03.</s><s>Career.:Finland. Paul Anka has been very popular in Finland since the beginning of his career. He performed in Helsinki's Linnanm\u00e4ki in 1959, in Lappeenranta in 1989, at the Pori Jazz Festival in Pori on 19 July 2007 and in 2012, and in Tampere three times on 6"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": " August 2008 and on 9 and 10 August 2009. He also appeared in the Las Vegas scene in the 1991 Finnish film \"Prince of the Hit Parade\" (\"Iskelm\u00e4prinssi\"), directed by Juha Tapaninen. At the end of the film there is an archive footage of Anka's performance in Linnanm\u00e4ki. As background music, Anka performs his song \"How Long\" in the film.</s><s>Career.:Other countries. With less success than in Italy and Finland, Anka tried the French market as well, with his first song being \"Comme Avant\" with Mireille Mathieu. In 1964 he released an album titled \"Paul Anka \u00e0 Paris\"; the six tracks on side B were sung in French. A single release in Japanese (\"Kokoro no Sasae\"/\"Shiawase e no Tabiji\") is also reported on his discography. In 1993, he recorded a duet with Filipino singer Regine Velasquez titled \"It's Hard to Say Goodbye\", included on her album \"Reason Enough\". This song was re-recorded several years later by Anka and Celine Dion and was included on his album \"A Body of Work\". Anka has performed four times"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": " in Israel, and in 2019 rejected pleas that he boycott the country.</s><s>Personal life. Paul Anka was married to Anne de Zogheb, the daughter of a Lebanese diplomat, Charles de Zogheb, from February 16, 1963 until 2001. The couple met in 1962 in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where she was a fashion model on assignment and under contract to the Eileen Ford Agency. Zogheb, brought up in Egypt, is of Lebanese, English, French, Dutch, and Greek descent. The couple married the following year in a ceremony at Paris-Orly Airport. Through his daughter Amanda, he is the father-in-law of the actor Jason Bateman. On September 6, 1990, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 2008, Anka married his personal trainer, Anna \u00c5berg, in Sardinia, Italy. They divorced in 2010, and Paul has full custody of their son. Anna was featured in the Swedish TV3 show \"Svenska Hollywoodfruar\" (\"Swedish Hollywood Wives\"). Anka's autobiography, \"My Way\", co-written with David Dalton, was published in 2013. In October 2016, Anka married Lisa Pemberton in"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": " Beverly Hills, California. They divorced in 2020.</s><s>Acting career. Paul Anka's first acting role in a major film was in a cameo as an army private in \"The Longest Day\" (1962). He also composed the title song to the movie. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, he starred in such teen exploitation films as \"Girls Town\" (1959) and \"Look in Any Window\" (1961), in which he played a peeping tom. He later played an Elvis-hating casino pit manager in \"3000 Miles to Graceland\" (2001) and a yacht broker in \"Captain Ron\" (1992). He guest-starred as a murder suspect in one of the Perry Mason Made-for-TV movies, \"The Case of the Maligned Mobster\" (1991). He made guest appearances as himself in the episode \"Red's Last Day\" on \"That '70s Show\" and in \"The Real Paul Anka\" episode of \"Gilmore Girls\". He made several appearances on the NBC TV series \"Las Vegas\". In 2016, he made another guest appearance as himself in the \"Spring\" episode of, a revival of the original show.</s><s>Other film and television appearances. Paul"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": "Anka was the subject of the 1962 National Film Board of Canada documentary \"\"Lonely Boy\"\", considered a classic work of cinema verite. He wrote and performed songs in the 1985 Canadian children's Christmas cartoon \"George and the Christmas Star\". He appeared on The Simpsons season 7 episode Treehouse of Horror VI, \"Attack of the 50 Ft Eyesore\", singing a song with Lisa in October 1995. In \"American Idol\"s seasons 2 and 3, he made a special appearance and sang an adapted version of \"My Way\" that mocked the format of the show, as well as participants, judges, and the host. The performance was praised as one of the best moments of the show. Anka competed in season four of \"The Masked Singer\" as \"Broccoli\". He ended up finishing in 7th place during the Group C finals. On \"Gilmore Girls\", Lorelai Gilmore named her Polish Lowland Sheepdog after Anka. Series co-creator Daniel Palladino chose the name after hearing the \"Rock Swings\" album at a coffeehouse. In the cold open to the episode \"The Real Paul Anka\", both Paul Ankas were featured in a dream sequence Lorelai describes to her daughter Rory. Anka appeared as"}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": " himself in the American sitcom \"That 70s Show\" in season 2, episode 2 \u201cRed\u2019s Last Day\u201d. Anka appeared in an episode of The Morecambe and Wise Show in 1970, singing his own lyrics 'My Way'. The show was broadcast again on BBC2 on Christmas Day 2021 after the tape recording - believed lost - was found.</s><s>Awards and honours. In 1972, a street in Ottawa was named Paul Anka Drive. In 1981, the Ottawa City Council named August 26 as \"Paul Anka Day\" to celebrate his quarter-century in show business. Paul Anka won the Juno Award for Composer of the Year (an award given for songwriting) in 1975. He has been nominated for Juno Awards many other times. He was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1980. Anka was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in October 2004. Anka was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2005.</s><s>In popular culture. In the mid-1980s, Anka was secretly recorded while launching a tirade against his crew and band members, berating them for behavior that he considered unprofessional. When asked about it on the interview program \"Fresh Air\","}, {"title": "Paul Anka", "text": " he referred to the person who did the recording as a \"snake we later fired\". The recording became widely known after being uploaded to the internet around 2004, and a number of quotes from it became famous, including \"The guys get shirts!\"; \"Don't make a maniac out of me!\"; and \"Slice like a f*****g hammer\". Some of the quotes were reproduced verbatim by Al Pacino's character in the 2007 film \"Ocean's Thirteen\". In the TV show \"Gilmore Girls\", Lorelai Gilmore names her dog Paul Anka.</s><s>Business ventures. In 1978, Paul Anka opened Jubilation, a restaurant and club considered one of the first modern-era nightclubs in Las Vegas; County Commissioner Chris Giunchigliani was its first female bartender. In 2012, Anka co-founded the holographic tech startup, ARHT Media. He is currently a member of ARHT Media's Board of Advisors, alongside Kevin O'Leary and Brian Mulroney.</s><s>References. Works cited - \"36 People\" Magazine November 7, 2016, p.\u00a013</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Paul Anka", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000319", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Tacko Fall.", "docs": [{"title": "Tacko Fall", "text": "<s>Tacko Fall Elhadji Tacko Sereigne Diop Fall (born 10 December 1995) is a Senegalese professional basketball player for the Xinjiang Flying Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). Fall was born and raised in Dakar, Senegal. He moved to the United States at age 16 and later played college basketball for the University of Central Florida (UCF). Fall went undrafted in the 2019 NBA draft, but later signed with the Boston Celtics. During his two seasons in Boston, he became a fan favorite. He signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers as a free agent in 2021. At, Fall was one of the tallest NBA players and is one of the tallest living humans.{{cite web |title=Tacko Fall Measures at 7'7\", 289 Lbs at 2019 NBA Draft Scouting Combine</s><s>Early life. Fall was born and raised in Dakar, Senegal. In 2011, Senegalese basketball coach Ibrahima N'Diaye, the brother of former NBA player Mamadou N'Diaye, heard from a friend about an exceptionally tall teenager he had seen playing with friends in a local street. After identifying him, they visited the 15-year-old Fall\u2014who already stood tall\u2014at"}, {"title": "Tacko Fall", "text": " his home and persuaded Fall's mother, Marianne Diop Sene, to allow Fall to start attending N'Diaye's basketball academy. Fall moved to the United States at age 16. He first played organized basketball in Houston, Texas, and trained with NBA Hall of Famer Hakeem Olajuwon. He was listed as and was purportedly still growing around his senior year, making him the tallest high school basketball player in the country while he played for Jamie's House Charter and Liberty Christian Prep. Due to his height and reach, Fall was one of the most highly scouted high school basketball centers in the nation. Fall first played for Jamie's House Charter School in Houston, where his team won the state championship. Fall played with ISTI all-stars summer travel team & for Each 1 Teach 1 on the Nike Elite Youth Basketball League (EYBL) circuit where he played alongside fellow class of 2015 recruits Antonio Blakeney and Ben Simmons. He also played in several NCAA certified events, including the NBPA Top 100 Camp in Virginia. Fall then attended Liberty Christian Preparatory School in Tavares, Florida. As a senior in 2015, Fall averaged 20 points, 15 rebounds, and 5.1 blocks per game. Rated as a four-star and three"}, {"title": "Tacko Fall", "text": "-star recruit in the 2015 high school class and nearly forty different schools expressing interest in him, Fall committed to the University of Central Florida in Orlando, who officially signed him on October 28, 2014. He played with the UCF Knights under head coach Donnie Jones.</s><s>College career. Fall played college basketball at University of Central Florida for Knights as a center. He faced fellow giant Senegalese center Mamadou N'Diaye (unrelated to the former NBA player of the same name), who stands at, in the tallest tip-off and match-up in US college basketball history in a game against University of California Irvine. Both men come from the same city, Dakar. By his sophomore year, after N'Diaye declared for the 2016 NBA draft, Fall became the tallest player in college basketball. During his sophomore season, Fall would make considerable improvements in his playing style. In 2017, Fall was named American Athletic Conference Defensive Player of the Year. Fall grew to be an efficient player, ranking second nationally in field goal percentage as of January 2017. On 5 April 2017, Fall declared for the 2017 NBA draft, with the possibility of returning to Central Florida still available to him before the end of the draft lottery that year. On 24 May"}, {"title": "Tacko Fall", "text": " 2017, Fall withdrew his name from consideration for the NBA draft, to return to UCF for his junior year. During his junior year, Fall injured his shoulder, causing him to only play in 16 games, totaling 351 minutes. Coming into his senior season, Fall was named to the Preseason Second Team All-AAC. During his senior season, Fall helped lead the Knights to the 2019 NCAA tournament and secured their first victory in program history with a win over Virginia Commonwealth University. In his final game, Fall recorded 15 points and six rebounds in a losing effort against Duke University 77\u201376.</s><s>Professional career. After the conclusion of his senior year, Fall was named one of 80 participants (40 representing the NBA draft hopefuls) for the NBA G League Elite Camp on May 12\u201314. By the end of the event, Fall later got transferred into the NBA Draft Combine as one of an additional 11 participants there. During the combine, he put up new records at the event, including height (which received comparisons to former NBA player Manute Bol), wingspan, and standing reach.</s><s>Professional career.:Boston Celtics (2019\u20132021). Despite going undrafted in the 2019 NBA draft, Fall was signed to an Exhibit 10 Contract on June 21,"}, {"title": "Tacko Fall", "text": " 2019, by the Boston Celtics. Fall played for the Celtics during the 2019 NBA Summer League season, scoring six points in his first game alongside four rebounds; in his second game he tallied twelve points for his first double-digit scoring game, alongside another rebound. He had one blocked shot in each of his first two games. Fall concluded his 2019 Summer League run participating in all five games with the Celtics and averaging 7.2 points, 4.0 rebounds, 1.4 blocks, and shooting a team-high 77 percent from the field. On July 25, 2019, the Celtics officially announced that they had signed Fall. On October 13, 2019, the Celtics officially announced that they had signed Fall to a two-way contract, splitting time between the Celtics and Maine Red Claws. Fall made his debut for the Celtics on October 26 during a game against the New York Knicks at Madison Square Garden. He played for four minutes, scoring four points and grabbing three rebounds, with his first points coming from a standing dunk. On December 20, Fall recorded a season-high five points, along with two rebounds and one block, in a 114\u201393 win over the Detroit Pistons. On August 13, 2020, he logged season-highs of four rebounds and two blocks in"}, {"title": "Tacko Fall", "text": " a 90\u201396 loss to the Washington Wizards. Fall led the Celtics in field goal percentage during the 2019\u201320 season. In the G League for the Red Claws, Fall averaged a double-double of 12.9 points and 11.1 rebounds per game. He earned All-Defensive Team honors, with averages of nearly three blocks per game. On November 23, 2020, Fall re-signed with the Boston Celtics on a two-way contract, allowing him to play for the Celtics and Maine Red Claws in the 2020\u201321 season. On December 30, he made his season debut for the Celtics, recording two points, one rebound and two blocks in a 126\u2013107 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. On January 15, 2021, Fall logged a season-high six points, along with five rebounds and one block, in a 124\u201397 blowout win over the Orlando Magic. On May 5, he recorded a season-high four blocks in a 132\u201396 blowout win over the Orlando Magic. On May 16, he grabbed a season-high eight rebounds in a 92\u201396 loss to the New York Knicks. Despite being under a two-way contract, Fall never played in the G League during the 2020\u201321 season due to the Red"}, {"title": "Tacko Fall", "text": " Claws not playing due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He also led the Celtics in field goal percentage for the second season in a row.</s><s>Professional career.:Cleveland Cavaliers (2021\u20132022). On September 27, 2021, Fall signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers. On October 16, his deal was converted to a two-way contract with the Cleveland Charge. On November 11, Fall made his debut for the Charge, logging a G League career-high 23 points along with 12 rebounds and three blocks in 29 minutes of play. On December 22, Fall made his first career NBA start in a 111\u2013101 loss to the Boston Celtics, where he grabbed a career-high 10 rebounds and a season-high 4 points. On January 9, 2022, he was waived by the Cavaliers.</s><s>Professional career.:Cleveland Charge (2022). On January 12, 2022, Fall was re-acquired by the Cleveland Charge.</s><s>Professional career.:Xinjiang Flying Tigers (2022\u2013present). On August 24, 2022, Fall signed a one-year contract to play for the Xinjiang Flying Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association.</s><s>Player profile. Given his size, Fall plays the center position. His shoe size"}, {"title": "Tacko Fall", "text": " is 22 and his wingspan is  and a standing reach of. He also has a max vertical leap of. Fall's hands measure at 10.5 inches in length and width. Going into the 2019 NBA draft, Fall was viewed as a great shot blocker who was relatively lacking in lane agility and three-quarter-court sprinting speed.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:NBA. Source</s><s>Personal life. Fall is a Muslim, and selected the jersey number 99 with the Celtics as a reference to the 99 Names of Allah. He is not the only tall member of his family; his younger brother was reportedly at age 7, while two of his uncles are, but his extreme height stands apart even among them. He maintained a 4.0 grade point average (GPA) in high school, while taking advanced mathematics and science classes. He became fluent in English within eight months and scored in the 95th percentile on the SAT. He was a computer science major at UCF and originally had aspirations of becoming an engineer for electronic companies such as Siemens or Microsoft.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Tacko Fall", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000320", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Phife Dawg.", "docs": [{"title": "Phife Dawg", "text": "<s>Phife Dawg Malik Izaak Taylor (November 20, 1970March 22, 2016), known professionally as Phife Dawg (or simply Phife), was an American rapper and a member of the group A Tribe Called Quest with Q-Tip and Ali Shaheed Muhammad (and for a short time Jarobi White). He was also known as the \"Five-Foot Assassin\" and \"the Five-Footer\", because he stood at.</s><s>Early life. Phife Dawg was born Malik Izaak Taylor on November 20, 1970, in Queens, New York City, the son of Trinidadian immigrant parents Cheryl Boyce-Taylor, a poet, and Walt Taylor. Born prematurely, his twin brother Mikal died shortly after birth. His mother settled in the St. Albans neighborhood of Queens, where Phife Dawg was raised, when she was 13 years old. He was a cousin of writer Zinzi Clemmons. He first met his friend Q-Tip at the age of two, and at nine years old, Phife Dawg suggested that they should rap, after hearing \"Rapper's Delight\" by the Sugarhill Gang for the first time. He attended Pine Forge Academy, a Seventh-day Adventist boarding"}, {"title": "Phife Dawg", "text": " school near Philadelphia, for his freshman year of high school, later transferring to Springfield Gardens High School in Queens.</s><s>Career. Phife Dawg formed A Tribe Called Quest, then simply named Quest, with Q-Tip and DJ Ali Shaheed Muhammad in 1985; the group was later expanded with the addition of Jarobi White. A Tribe Called Quest were closely associated with fellow hip-hop acts De La Soul and Jungle Brothers, with the groups collectively known as the Native Tongues. A Tribe Called Quest was initially offered a demo deal by Geffen Records in 1989, but signed to Jive Records to release its 1990 d\u00e9but \"People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm\". Phife Dawg's contributions to the group increased on its second album, 1991's \"The Low End Theory\", which saw Phife\u2014often calling himself \"the Five-Foot Assassin\"\u2014rapping about social and political issues; the record has since been acclaimed by critics and musicians. The group released three more albums that decade\u2014\"Midnight Marauders\" in 1993, \"Beats, Rhymes and Life\" in 1996, and \"The Love Movement\" in 1998\u2014before disbanding as a result of conflict both with their record label and internally. The group"}, {"title": "Phife Dawg", "text": "'s troubles, especially the sometimes tense relationship between Phife and Q-Tip, were featured in the 2011 documentary \"\", directed by Michael Rapaport. Phife also performed with other artists. He was featured on the Fu-Schnickens song \"La Schmoove\", Diamond D's \"Painz & Strife\" with Pete Rock, and Chi-Ali's \"Let the Horns Blow\" with Dres, Al' Tariq and Trugoy. In 2000, he released his debut solo album, \"\". In 2013, it was reported that Phife was working on another solo album, \"MUTTYmorPHosis\". A single, \"Sole Men\", was released one day after Phife's death (March 23, 2016) along with a posthumously released video. Another single, \"Nutshell\", was released online in April 2016 along with a posthumously released video. On November 13, 2015, A Tribe Called Quest reunited for a performance on \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\" in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of \"People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm\". That night, Phife and Q-Tip decided to put aside their differences and record a new group album,"}, {"title": "Phife Dawg", "text": " \"We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service\", in secrecy. Phife spent four months working on the album before his death; it was completed by the surviving members and released on November 11, 2016. In February 2017, it was announced that Phife's second studio album would be released later in the year. The single \"Wanna Dance\" was released that month and features Dwele and Mike City. Phife Dawg's second solo album, \"Forever\", was released on March 22, 2022, the sixth anniversary of his death.</s><s>Personal life. Taylor was married to Deisha Head-Taylor and had two children, a daughter and a son. He was a fan of the New York Knicks, and was a playable character in the video games \"NBA 2K7\" and \"NBA 2K9\".</s><s>Personal life.:Health problems and death. Taylor was diagnosed with diabetes in 1990. Conflicting reports indicated it as type 1, while other sources reported it as type 2. He described himself as a \"funky diabetic\" in the single \"Oh My God\" from A Tribe Called Quest's 1993 album \"Midnight Marauders\". After the group disbanded, he continued playing live shows to help cover medical costs"}, {"title": "Phife Dawg", "text": ", and revealed in the 2011 documentary film \"\" that he was \"just addicted to sugar... it's really a sickness\". In 2008, Taylor developed renal failure and received a kidney transplant from his wife, but it was unsuccessful, and by 2012 he again required a transplant. On March 22, 2016, Taylor died at age 45 in his Oakley, California, home due to complications of diabetes.</s><s>Legacy. Phife has been described as having had a \"self-deprecating swagger\", and his work with A Tribe Called Quest helped challenge the \"macho posturing\" of rap and hip-hop music during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Phife's work has been cited as an influence on Kanye West, Jill Scott, The Roots and Common, while the 1991 album \"The Low End Theory\" is considered one of the greatest hip-hop albums ever. On November 19, 2016, a portion of Linden Boulevard, at the intersection of 192nd Street in St. Albans, was honorarily renamed \"Malik 'Phife Dawg' Taylor Way\". The location is significant as the site of the video for A Tribe Called Quest's song \"Check the Rhime\".</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio"}, {"title": "Phife Dawg", "text": " albums. - \"\" (2000) - \"Forever\" (2022)</s><s>Filmography. - 1993: \"Who's the Man?\"\u00a0\u2013 Gerald - 1998: \"The Rugrats Movie\"\u00a0\u2013 Newborn Baby - 2007: \"NBA 2K8\"\u00a0\u2013 Himself - 2011: \"\"\u00a0\u2013 Himself - 2017: \"NBA 2K18\"\u00a0- Himself</s><s>Further reading. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Phife Dawg", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000321", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jose Canseco.", "docs": [{"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": "<s>Jose Canseco Jos\u00e9 Canseco Capas Jr. (born July 2, 1964), nicknamed Parkway Jose, Mr. 40-40 and El Ca\u00f1onero Cubano (The Cuban Cannon), is a Cuban-American former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder and designated hitter. During his time with the Oakland Athletics, he established himself as one of the premier power hitters in the game. He won the Rookie of the Year (1986), and Most Valuable Player award (1988), and was a six-time All-Star. Canseco is a two-time World Series champion with the Oakland A's (1989) and the New York Yankees (2000). In 1988 Canseco became the first player in Major League Baseball history to hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in one season. He won the Silver Slugger award four times: three as an AL outfielder (1988, 1990, 1991), and once as a designated hitter (1998). He ranks fourth all time in A's history with 254 home runs and is one of 14 players in MLB history with 400 home runs and 200 stolen bases. Despite many injuries during the later part of his career, Canseco averaged 40 home runs, 120 RBIs and 102 runs scored every 162 games"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": ", playing a total of 1887 games in 17 seasons with seven different teams. Canseco admitted using performance-enhancing drugs during his major-league playing career, and in 2005 wrote a tell-all book, \"\", in which he said that the vast majority of MLB players use steroids. After retiring from Major League Baseball, he also competed in boxing and mixed martial arts.</s><s>Early life. Canseco was born in Havana, Cuba, the son of Jose Sr. and Barbara Canseco. He has a twin brother, Ozzie Canseco, who is also a former major league player. When Fidel Castro came into power in 1959, Jose Sr., a territory manager for the oil and gasoline corporation Esso as well as a part-time English teacher, lost his job and eventually his home. The family was allowed to leave Cuba in 1965, when the twins were barely 1 year old, and settled in the Miami area, where Jose Sr. became a territory manager for another oil and gasoline concern, Amoco, and a part-time security guard. The younger Jose Canseco played baseball at Miami Coral Park High School, where he failed to make the varsity team until his senior year. He was named Most Valuable Player of"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " the junior varsity team in his junior year, and of the varsity team the following year. He graduated in 1982.</s><s>Baseball career.</s><s>Baseball career.:Minor League Baseball (1982\u20131985). The Oakland Athletics drafted Canseco in the 15th round of the 1982 Major League Baseball draft. He made his professional baseball debut with the Miami Marlins of the Florida State League and also played Minor League Baseball with the Medford A's, Madison Muskies, Idaho Falls A's, Modesto A's, and Tacoma Tigers. Canseco started the 1985 season with the Class-AA Huntsville Stars and became known as \"Parkway Jose\" for his long home runs (25 in half a season) that went close to the Memorial Parkway behind Joe Davis Stadium. Canseco was nicknamed \"The Natural\", with some analysts saying he was the best prospect since Willie Mays. Oakland A's hitting coach Bob Watson said that Canseco was a mixture of Roberto Clemente, Dale Murphy, and Reggie Jackson. Others touted Canseco as the next Mickey Mantle.</s><s>Baseball career.:Major League Baseball (1985\u20132001).</s><s>Baseball career.:Major League Baseball (1985\u20132001).:Oakland Athletics (1985\u2013"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": "1992). In 1985, Canseco won the Baseball America Minor League Player of the Year Award, and was a late \"September call-up\" for the Oakland Athletics. He made his Major League debut on September 2, striking out in his one at-bat against the Baltimore Orioles. His first hit was off Ron Guidry of the New York Yankees on September 7, and his first home run was off Jeff Russell of the Texas Rangers on September 9. He played in 29 games in the major leagues in 1985, batting.302 with 5 home runs and 13 RBIs in 96 at-bats. He was named Player of the Week from September 23 to 29 with a.481 BA (13 for 27), 3 HRs and 7 RBIs in 7 games. He played both left and right field in 26 games and made 3 errors in 61 chances, with 56 putouts, 2 assist and 1 double play. On September 26 he played 3 innings in center field, in his only career appearance in that position. For the entire 1985 year (AA, AAA and Major League level combined), Canseco had a.330 batting average with 41 home runs, 140 runs batted in, 73 extra base hits, 336 total bases and a.622 slugging percentage. After"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " being named Minor League Baseball Player of the Year and a good September call-up the prior year, Canseco was the favorite to win the American League's Rookie of the Year Award in 1986. He batted either fifth or third in the lineup and he established himself that year in his first full season as the starting left fielder for the Athletics. By the All-Star break he was leading the American League in home runs (23) and runs batted in (78) and was selected as a backup outfielder for the All-Star Game by manager Dick Howser, although he did not see any playing time in the game. An 0-for-34 batting slump in August prevented him from winning the RBI crown, finishing with 117, four fewer than league leader Joe Carter. He led the league in outfielder errors with 14 and was third with 175 strikeouts. Nonetheless, his 33 home runs (4th in the AL), 117 RBIs, 29 doubles and 15 stolen bases helped him win the American League Rookie of the Year award, defeating California Angels first baseman Wally Joyner. He also finished 20th in the American League MVP ballot. In 1987, first baseman Mark McGwire joined Canseco on the Athletics. On that roster the A's also had slugger Reggie Jackson,"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " Canseco's childhood hero, playing in his last season. McGwire hit 49 home runs that year and was also named the American League Rookie of the Year. Together, Canseco and McGwire formed a fearsome offensive tandem, later known as the \"Bash Brothers\". Canseco followed his rookie season with a similar offensive performance in 1987. He improved his batting average from.240 in 1986 to.257 in 1987, hitting 31 home runs, 113 runs batted in (6th in the AL), and 35 doubles (10th) in 691 at-bats (9th), while missing only 3 games the entire season. He was also 5th in the league in strikeouts, with 157. In the outfield, Canseco improved his performance compared to 1986. Playing left field the entire year, he was among the league leaders in this position with a.976 fielding average (3rd), 267 putouts (2nd), 12 assists (3rd) and 3 double plays (1st). He only committed 7 errors, half of what he made the previous year. He finished 23rd in the MVP ballot. Canseco combined with McGwire for a total of 80 home runs and 236 runs batted in, making the young pair (Canse"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": "co was 22 years old and McGwire 23) the most spectacular batting duo in the upcoming years, drawing comparisons to the likes of Mickey Mantle/Roger Maris, Willie Mays/Willie McCovey and Hank Aaron/Eddie Mathews. During the preseason of 1988, Canseco guaranteed he would hit at least 40 home runs and steal at least 40 bases in the upcoming season. The Athletics lineup featured established players with a lot of experience like former MVPs Dave Parker and Don Baylor, as well as outfielder Dave Henderson, and third baseman Carney Lansford, that complemented McGwire and Canseco in the middle of the batting order. After alternating between batting second and third in the lineup for the first 10 games of the season, he was inserted in the number 3 spot for the rest of the season. He also moved from left to right field. Canseco hit a home run in opening day against the Seattle Mariners and had his first stolen base of the season. On the first 40 games of the season he hit for a.300 batting average with 10 home runs and 15 stolen bases. His first multi-home run game was on July 3 against the Toronto Blue Jays at Exhibition Stadium during a 16-inning contest in which Canseco"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " had a 3-for-7 performance, with 3 home runs and 6 runs batted in. By the All-Star break he had 24 home runs (1st in the American League), 22 stolen bases, and 67 RBIs (2nd in the AL). He was selected by fans to the All-Star Game as one of the starting outfielders, batting fourth in the lineup. On July 31 he had his second and last multi-home run game of the year against the Seattle Mariners, hitting 2 homers. On September 18, he hit his 40th home run of the year against the Kansas City Royals in front of the Oakland crowd. Five days later against the Milwaukee Brewers, Canseco stole 2 bases, the second one coming after his first bunt of the season, to become the first 40-40 player in Major League history. With a.393/.446/.753 slash line, 8 home runs and 24 RBIs in 24 games for the month, he was named the American League's Player of the Month for September. A well-rounded team with lots of power, great starting and relief pitching, and a sound defense, the Oakland Athletics finished the season with a major league-best 104 wins and swept the Boston Red Sox in 4 games in the"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " ALCS. For the series Canseco had a.313 batting average and hit home runs in games one, two and four, and all of them either tied the game or gave the Athletics the lead, but the ALCS MVP Award went to reliver Dennis Eckersley who had 4 saves in 4 chances. The A's met the Los Angeles Dodgers in the World Series, a matchup that featured the leading candidate to win the American League MVP Award facing the eventual National League Cy Young Award winner, Orel Hershiser. The Dodgers prevailed, upsetting the A's in five games. Canseco hit a grand slam in Game 1 during his first official World Series at-bat (though his second plate appearance, after he was hit by a pitch in the first inning) but it was his only hit in the Series. He was unanimously named the American League's Most Valuable Player in 1988 (making him the seventh player in league history to win the award unanimously) with a.307 batting average, 120 runs scored (second in the league), and 347 total bases (2nd), and leading the major leagues with 76 extra-base hits, 124 RBIs, 42 home runs, a.569 slugging percentage, and a 14.5 home run per"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " at-bat ratio. His 40 stolen bases were the fourth highest in the league. 27 of his 42 home runs of the season either tied the game or gave the Athletics the lead. He also won his first Silver Slugger Award. He was exclusively a right fielder during the year, playing in 144 games on defense, committing 7 errors in 322 chances and had 304 putouts for a.978 fielding percentage. He was third in the league in outfielder assists with 11. In 1989, Canseco missed the first 88 games of the regular season because of a broken wrist during the preseason. Despite not playing a single game in the first half of the year, he was voted as one of the starting outfielders for the American League All-Star team. Unable to play he was replaced in the lineup by Rangers outfielder Rub\u00e9n Sierra. Canseco returned immediately after the All-Star break, hitting an opposite-field home run against the Toronto Blue Jays in his first game of the season. He hit 5 home runs in his first 35 at bats (10 games), but only 2 in the following 20 games. After finding his rhythm at the plate, Canseco finished the season strong, hitting.286 with 10 home runs, 33 hits and 33 RBIs in his last"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " 30 games of the year. He managed to hit 17 home runs with 57 RBIs in barely 65 games played for the entire season, a pace equal to 40+ home runs and 130+ RBIs had he played a full season. The Athletics won the AL West and their first World Series since 1974, beating the San Francisco Giants in four games. Canseco had a solid postseason, batting.323 and hitting 2 home runs including one in the ALCS against the Blue Jays that reached the upper deck of the SkyDome. Against the Giants, in the World Series, he hit for a.357 average with a home run in Game 3. The 1989 Series was interrupted before Game 3 by a major earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area. As the reigning World Series Champs, the Oakland Athletics were favorites to repeat, and they were hopeful that Canseco would remain healthy throughout the 1990 season. In May he was named the American League's Player of the Month for the second time in his career, after hitting.353 in 27 games with 13 home runs and 35 runs batted in. Canseco started to have back problems, an issue that would become recurrent in his career. Despite missing over 20 games due to injury during the first part of the season, he"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " received a then-record 5-year, $23.5-million dollar contract, making him the highest paid player in Major League history. On May 22, Canseco hit his first regular-season grand slam of his career against the Toronto Blue Jays. By the All-Star break, he had played in only 64 games, hitting.293 with 22 home runs (6 behind the American League leader Cecil Fielder).Canseco was selected to start in the All-Star Game for the third consecutive year, this time with the most fan votes in the American League. On July 18 Jose's twin brother Ozzie Canseco made his major league debut. During a July 24 game against the California Angels, both Jose and Ozzie had line drive hits to left field off pitcher Jim Abbott and both were thrown out at second base by left fielder Max Venable, trying to extend a single in to a double. Although he hit 15 home runs in 69 games during the second half, Canseco wasn't as productive as the first part of the year. Canseco missed another 11 games of the season, and at times he was coming off the bench as a pinch hitter. From August 1 until the end of the regular season he hit.220"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " with 5 homers, 24 RBIs and 60 strikeouts in 47 games, while battling with a back injury. He finished 3rd in the league with 37 home runs, behind Fielder (51) and teammate Mark McGwire (39). In 131 games he had 101 runs batted in and 19 stolen bases. It was the fourth time in 5 years that he had 100+ RBIs. For the season he played in 43 games as the designated hitter and only 88 in right field, making only one error in 189 chances during the year. The Oakland A's won their division with a league-best 103 wins and were the favorites to win the World Series. Canseco had a discreet ALCS, hitting.182 (2-for-11) with 5 strikeouts, but the A's swept the Boston Red Sox 4 games to 0, and moved on to play in their third World Series in a row, this time against the Cincinnati Reds. Canseco struggled both at the plate and in the outfield, missing on two key plays in Game 2. In the same game, he had his only hit of the series, a 2-run home run against Danny Jackson. After going 0 for 4 in Game 3, and 1 for 11 in the series, Canseco was"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " benched in Game 4. Manager Tony LaRussa cited Canseco's sore back and injured middle finger as the reasons for taking him out of the lineup, but there was speculation that his own teammates requested LaRussa to bench Canseco due to his poor outfield performance and struggles at the plate. Down 2 runs to 1 and facing elimination in Game 4, Canseco entered as a pinch hitter in the bottom of the 9th, but he grounded out to third for the second out of the inning. One batter later, the Reds completed the sweep over a heavily favored Oakland team. At the end of the year, Canseco won his second Silver Slugger Award and finished 12th in the AL MVP ballot. Canseco continued to be productive the following year; by the All-Star break of the 1991 season he was leading the league with 21 home runs (tied with Cecil Fielder) and had 63 RBIs, but inexplicably did not receive All-Star Game considerations by either the fans or as a reserve player, as his own A's skipper Tony LaRussa, managing the AL for the 3rd straight year, did not select Jos\u00e9 as a substitute. Fans instead voted Athletics outfielder Dave Henderson, who had far lesser offensive numbers"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " than Canseco, and LaRussa selected Kirby Puckett, Joe Carter and Rub\u00e9n Sierra as the reserve outfielders. Canseco not being selected by his own manager despite leading the league in home runs, led many to believe that the relationship between Canseco and LaRussa had started to deteriorate. His best month that season was July, hitting 10 home runs in 27 games (1 every 11.1 at-bats) with a.315 batting average. He finished the 1991 season batting.266 with 44 home runs, earning the second home run crown of his career (tied with Detroit's Cecil Fielder), 122 RBIs, 26 stolen bases, and a.556 slugging percentage. He led the AL with a home run every 13.0 at bats, while finishing 4th in the MVP ballot. He won his third Silver Slugger Award in four years. Towards the end of the season, there were mixed opinions from the Oakland fans in regards to Canseco; some would boo him but others showed support by cheering in games at the Oakland Coliseum. During a home game on September 20 and after rumors that he was on his way out from Oakland, he received a standing ovation by the fans. Canseco responded with"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " his 42nd home run of the season against the Toronto Blue Jays, tying his career-best. The Athletics, however, missed the playoffs for the first time in three years, finishing 4th in the AL West. The Athletics returned to contention in 1992, and despite missing 24 of the A's games in the first half, Canseco hit 18 home runs (in 249 at-bats) by the All-Star break, and he was voted to start his 4th All-Star Game in 5 years, though he was unable to play due to a sore right shoulder and was replaced with Joe Carter. During his tenure with the A's from 1986 to 1992, and despite missing roughly 120 games between 1989 and 1990 and about 20 more during the first half of the 1992 season, Canseco averaged 32 home runs a year and hit 100+ RBIs five times. He also averaged 40 home runs, 125 RBIs, and 22 stolen bases per every 162 games played; captured AL Rookie of the Year honors, two home run titles, an MVP award, three Silver Slugger Awards, three American League Pennants, and a World Series ring. He was selected to five All-Star Games in his first 7 full Major League seasons. In the six years between 1986"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " and 1991, he finished in the top four in the American League home run leaderboard 4 times. He hit 231 home runs from 1985 to 1992 for the A's, putting him 2nd all-time behind Reggie Jackson since the Athletics moved to Oakland in 1968. His 7 career postseason home runs are the all-time record for the franchise (1901\u20132021).</s><s>Baseball career.:Major League Baseball (1985\u20132001).:Texas Rangers (1992\u20131994). On August 31, 1992, in the bottom of the first inning of a game vs the Baltimore Orioles, and while Canseco was in the on-deck circle, the A's traded him to the Texas Rangers for Rub\u00e9n Sierra, Jeff Russell, Bobby Witt, and cash. At the moment of the trade, Canseco was batting.243 with 22 home runs and 72 RBIs in 97 games, and the A's were leading the American League West Division by 6.5 games. The Oakland front office was looking to fortify their pitching down the stretch. A's general manager Sandy Alderson announced the trade while the Athletics were still playing the Orioles that night. The trade caught Canseco, the fans, the media, and people throughout Major League Baseball all by surprise,"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " as Canseco was considered at the time the best player in baseball, but was also the most scrutinized. From 1986 until the date of the trade no other player had hit more home runs (226) in the major leagues. In Texas, Canseco joined Latino stars Rafael Palmeiro, Juan Gonz\u00e1lez, and Iv\u00e1n Rodr\u00edguez. He had a good start with the Rangers, hitting.367 (11-for-30) with 3 home runs and 11 RBIs in his first 8 games, but had only 6 hits and one home run in his last 43 at-bats, averaging.140. Despite missing nearly 50 games to injuries and the trade to the Rangers, Canseco managed to hit 26 home runs (9th in the AL) and had 87 runs batted in, playing 115 games in 1992 for the Athletics and the Rangers. From 1986 until the end of 1992 Canseco's 230 home runs were the most by any major league player in that span. Canseco started the 1993 season relatively healthy, playing in all of the games of the first quarter of the season (45 games). Although hitting for a low average (.254) he had 17 RBIs in the first 17 games. On April 25 he became"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " the first player since Ted Williams in 1947 to reach 750 RBIs in less than 1,000 games played. On May 26, 1993, during a game against the Cleveland Indians, Carlos Mart\u00ednez hit a fly ball that Canseco lost sight of as he was crossing the warning track. The ball hit him on the head and bounced over the wall for a home run. The cap Canseco was wearing on that play, which \"This Week in Baseball\" rated in 1998 as the greatest blooper of the show's first 21 years, is in the collection of ESPN journalist Keith Olbermann. Three days later, on May 29, Canseco asked his manager, Kevin Kennedy, to let him pitch the eighth inning of a runaway loss to the Boston Red Sox. In his inning-long pitching appearance, he injured his arm. He was out of the lineup from May 31 until June 10. He played in another 15 games after pitching against the Red Sox but he was shutdown on June 23 due to arm discomfort, requiring Tommy John surgery and missing the remainder of the season. He finished the 1993 season hitting.256 with 10 home runs and 46 RBIs in 60 games. In the 1994 strike-shortened season, Canseco again returned to his"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " former status as a power hitter. Throughout the season, he was amongst the American League leaders in home runs, while playing exclusively as a designated hitter. On April 20, he hit the 250th home run of his career, making him the 16th player with that total before age 30. From June 3 to the 13th, he batted.559 (19-for-34) with 8 home runs and 20 runs batted in. In the last game of that span he set career-highs for a single game with 5 hits, 8 RBIs, and 3 home runs (tying a career-high), including a grand slam against the Seattle Mariners. During Kenny Rogers perfect game on July 28, Canseco went 2-for-4 with 2 solo home runs in the 4\u20130 victory over the California Angels. He finished the season with 31 home runs (4th in the AL), 90 RBIs (7th). a.552 Slugging Percentage (7) and hitting a home run every 13.8 at-bats (5th) in 111 games. He also stole 15 bases, posted a.282 batting average and led the league with 20 GIDP (ground into double-play) and was second in the league with 114 strikeouts."}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " Canseco was on pace to set career highs in home runs (45) and runs batted in (130) and runs scored (127) when the players strike started on August 12. He was named \"The Sporting News\" Comeback Player of the Year and finished in 11th place in the AL MVP voting. Playing for the Texas Rangers Canseco hit 45 home runs (averaging 37 per every 162 games played), 136 runs batted in, 23 stolen bases, 118 runs scored and 180 hits in 171 games played, for a.273/.360/.515 slash line and 197 strike outs.</s><s>Baseball career.:Major League Baseball (1985\u20132001).:Boston Red Sox (1995\u20131996). After playing with the Rangers for a little over two years, Canseco was traded on December 9 to the Boston Red Sox for Otis Nixon and Luis Ortiz, where he joined 1986 AL MVP Roger Clemens and eventual 1995 MVP Mo Vaughn. Jos\u00e9 once again battled injuries, missing 50 games during the first half of the year. However, from July 1 until the end of the season, he had a.387 batting average (122-for-315) with 21 home runs and 66 RBIs in 79 games. From August 27 to September 15 he had"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " the longest hitting streak of his career, hitting safely in 17 games (he had a hit in 24 of his last 28 games of the year). At the end of the regular season, Jos\u00e9 had 24 home runs with a.306 batting average, his highest since 1988. His last home run of the 1995 season against Jesse Orosco was the 300th of his career. The Red Sox captured the AL East Division title to advance to the ALDS, making it Canseco's first postseason in five years. The Red Sox were swept by the Cleveland Indians in the American League Division Series 3 games to 0. In Game 2, Canseco once again faced pitcher Orel Hershiser, going 0-for-3 with a strikeout. Dating back to the 1988 World Series, Canseco was 0-for-11 lifetime with 3 strikeouts against Hershiser in 3 postseason matchups. After playing the entire 1994 season and all but one game in the 1995 season as a designated hitter, Canseco was the starting right fielder during Game 3 of American League Division Series. 1995 was the last year of the five-year contract he signed with the Athletics in 1990. According to the Baseball-Reference website, Canseco had the highest yearly salary of his career"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": ", making a total of $5.8 million for the 1995 season. Canseco had a great first half to the 1996 season, hitting 26 home runs by the All-Star break (3rd in the league at that point). Between May 18 and June 29, he had a.306 BA with 19 homeruns and 44 RBIs in only 39 games. He was sidelined on July 25 once again due to injury, missing nearly 50 games. He returned to the lineup on September 17 but hit only 2 home runs the rest of the season. He finished the year with a.289/.400/.589 slash line with 28 home runs, 82 runs batted in, and 22 doubles in 96 games. He played in the outfield in 12 games. After the 1996 season the Red Sox fired manager Kevin Kennedy and Canseco requested a trade out of Boston. Although productive when he was in the lineup, Canseco missed over 120 games during his 2-year tenure with Boston, playing in only 102 and 96 games in 1995 and 1996. He averaged 184 hits, 43 home runs, 134 RBIs, 108 runs, 39 doubles, and a.289 batting average and a slugging percentage of.571 per every 162 games played with the Red Sox.</s><s>Base"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": "ball career.:Major League Baseball (1985\u20132001).:Return to Oakland (1997). In January 1997, he was traded to the Oakland Athletics for pitcher John Wasdin. The day after the news of his return to Oakland, the A's front office informed him that ticket sales for the day were the highest in over three years, mainly because of the Bash Brothers reunion. Regarding his health, Canseco had a promising first half of the season, playing in 83 games, with more than half of those as an outfielder. He had 18 home runs and 57 RBIs by the All-Star break, but he suffered a back injury yet again, keeping him on the disabled list and missing 15 games in July and August. He returned to action on August 20, but with the Athletics organization wanting to focus on developing young talent, and with the Bash Brothers reunion losing its appeal with the trade of Mark McGwire to the St. Louis Cardinals at the trade deadline, Canseco ended his season on August 26, missing the last 30 games of the season. In Canseco's eyes, he was shut down by the front office to prevent him from getting the minimum plate appearances that would trigger the renewal of his contract for the following year. He finished the season with a"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": ".235 average, the lowest of his career, but with 23 home runs and 74 runs batted in in 388 at-bats. His home run against the Red Sox on August 8 gave him a career total of 254 in an Athletics uniform, placing him 4th all-time behind Reggie Jackson (269), Jimmie Foxx (302), and McGwire (363). After three seasons of playing exclusively as a DH, Canseco saw considerably more action in the outfield, playing 46 of his 108 games in left or right field.</s><s>Baseball career.:Major League Baseball (1985\u20132001).:Toronto Blue Jays (1998). In 1998 Canseco signed a $2.1 million contract on February 4 with the Toronto Blue Jays. He continued to have more action in the outfield, playing a total of 76 games in both left and right field and finishing the season with a.960 fielding average, committing 5 errors in 126 chances. At the plate Canseco had a productive season again, finishing the first half of the season with 24 home runs, 21 stolen bases, and 48 RBIs. For the first time in his career he was issued a jersey number other than 33, wearing number 44 for the first part of the season. (After Ed Sprague"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " was traded to Oakland, Canseco switched back to number 33). During the second half of the season, the Blue Jays instructed Canseco to reduce his attempts to steal bases, causing him to finish one steal shy of another 30\u201330 season. On July 19, he hit home runs number 25 and 26 against the Yankees and Andy Pettitte, including the sixth grand slam of his career. He finished the season having played 151 games, his highest in 6 years, with a career-high 46 home runs (third in the AL), 107 RBIs, 29 stolen bases, and 98 runs scored, but a.237 batting average. He also led the league with 159 strikeouts. He earned his fourth career Silver Slugger Award, his first as a designated hitter. The Blue Jays made a small effort to retain Canseco after the season, offering him a one-year contract worth just over a million dollars for the following season. Canseco declined the offer and became a free agent on October 22.</s><s>Baseball career.:Major League Baseball (1985\u20132001).:Final seasons (1999\u20132001). Despite hitting a career-high 46 home runs in 1998, Canseco drew minimal attention in the free agent market. In 1999, he signed a"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " one-year contract with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays worth $3.3 million with incentives. According to Canseco, the contract included a clause that if he were to be elected to the Hall of Fame he would be depicted as a member of the Devil Rays. That year he came out of the gate swinging, hitting a home run on Opening Day and reaching a total of 10 home runs by the end of April. On April 14 he hit home run number 400 of his career against Toronto's Kelvim Escobar. From May 16 to 21, he hit a home run in five consecutive games, the second-longest streak in Tampa Bay history. In his first 60 games played he hit 25 home runs, batting.306 with a.690 slugging percentage. On pace for 60+ homers for the season, he was voted to the All-Star team as the starting DH for the American League (Tampa Bay's first position player ever to be selected to the All-Star Game), making it his first selection in seven years. By the All-Star break Canseco was leading the American League with 31 home runs, while playing in 82 games during the first half of the season, and became the 14th player in MLB history to hit 30+ home"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " runs before the All-Star break. However, he injured his back days before the mid-summer classic and missed the game and was replaced by Rafael Palmeiro. He also missed the Home Run Derby at Boston's Fenway Park and the chance to compete against McGwire. He had back surgery and was expected to miss the rest of the season. With a remarkable recovery, he came back on August 20, less than a month and a half after his back operation. After his return, Canseco was hitting.315 with only 2 home runs, but had 18 RBIs and 23 hits in his first 20 games back. Although he only hit 3 more home runs in 115 at-bats after his injury, he had a.287 batting average with 26 RBIs and 33 hits in his last 31 games of the year. He finished the season with 34 home runs and 95 RBIs with a.276 batting average, and was ninth in the league with a.563 slugging percentage. Despite missing around 350 games since 1990, mostly due to injuries, by the end of 1999 Canseco had a total of 303 home runs in 1,145 games, which placed him eighth in the majors during the 1990s. In February 2000, before the start of spring"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " training for the following MLB season, Canseco played in the MLBPA-organized \"Big League Challenge\" home run derby in Las Vegas at Cashman Field. He competed against a field of 12 that included notable sluggers such as Mark McGwire, Barry Bonds, Sammy Sosa, and Mike Piazza. Canseco won the tournament, defeating Rafael Palmeiro in the final. The Devil Rays re-signed Canseco for the 2000 season on a $3-million contract. The Devil Rays traded for third baseman Vinny Castilla and signed Greg Vaughn as a free agent to complement Fred McGriff and Canseco in the lineup. However, injuries caused the Tampa Bay front office to disband the quartet after the trade deadline. The first half of the season was one of the most difficult in Canseco's career. Bothered by a foot injury, he missed 41 of the team's 85 games up to the All-Star break. Canseco ended his Tampa Bay tenure on August 7 when he was claimed off waivers by the New York Yankees. In one and a half seasons with the Devil Rays, Canseco had a slash line of.272/.373/.525 with 43 home runs, 33 doubles, 125 runs batted in,"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " and 176 hits on 174 games. At the time of the waivers claim, Canseco's 440 career home runs were the most ever for any player acquired by the Yankees. The move to the Yankees caught many, including Yankees manager Joe Torre, off guard, as the Yankees had other players at the time who fulfilled similar roles, such as Dave Justice and Glenallen Hill. Yankees General Manager Brian Cashman made the claim to prevent the Athletics, Red Sox, and Blue Jays, who were in a close race with the Yankees, from acquiring Canseco. On August 10, during his first game in the starting lineup with the Yankees, batting fourth as the DH, Canseco went 2-for-2 with a walk, a home run, 2 sacrifice flies, and 3 RBIs. He hit.243 with 6 home runs and 19 RBIs in 37 games for the Yankees, splitting duties as a DH, outfielder, and pinch hitter. For the entire season, he had 15 home runs and 49 RBIs in 329 at-bats. The Yankees won the AL East, but Canseco was not on the team's roster for the Division Series or the ALCS. He was, however, included in the final roster for the World Series against the"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " New York Mets. During the sixth inning of Game 4 of the World Series, manager Joe Torre noticed that no right-handed pitcher was warming up in the Mets bullpen, and with pitcher David Cone next to bat, Torre sent Canseco to the plate to face left-handed Glendon Rusch as a pinch hitter (his most recent World Series at-bat was also as a pinch hitter in Game 4 of the 1990 World Series, 10 years prior). The game was the first in which Canseco had played in 24 days, and he struck out. The Yankees won the series 4 games to 1 and Canseco earned his second World Series ring. Canseco later called his Yankees tenure \"the worst time of [his] life\" due to receiving limited playing time. His short stint with the Yankees marked the third time he was Roger Clemens' teammate, a fact later magnified by the media due to the steroid controversy, the Mitchell Report, and the infamous pool party at Canseco's house two years prior while both played with the Blue Jays. In November, the Yankees declined on Canseco's $5-million option and paid the $500,000 buyout and Canseco becoming a free agent. On January 16"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": ", 2001, the Anaheim Angels signed Canseco to an incentive-laden deal heavily based on plate appearances. After only 39 spring training at-bats, in which he hit.231 and no home runs, the Angels cut Canseco. He lost the Anaheim DH spot to Glenallen Hill, with whom he shared at-bats for the Yankees the year prior. (Hill was released by the Angels in June, after hitting.136 with 1 home run in 16 games for the 2001 season, his last in the majors). Canseco spent half of the season with the Newark Bears of the independent Atlantic League, alongside his twin brother Ozzie Canseco, before joining the Chicago White Sox on June 21. In his first game back in the majors since the 2000 World Series, he went 1-for-5 with a double as the DH, hitting fifth in the lineup. He had 3 RBIs in his second game of the season. His first home run came on June 26 against the Minnesota Twins. During the season he had two 2-homer games, one on July 8 and another on August 1. He finished the season playing in 76 games, hitting 16 home runs and 49 RBIs in only 256 at-bats, a pace of 30"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": "+ home runs and 100+ RBIs had he played the entire season. His last home run of the season was the 462nd for his career, and came against Mike Mussina of the New York Yankees, putting Canseco just 38 home runs away from reaching the 500-home run milestone, at the age of 37. In the spring of 2002, Canseco was signed to a minor league contract by the Montreal Expos, who were at the time owned by Major League Baseball and had Omar Minaya as general manager and Frank Robinson as manager. Despite making only 13 appearances in the outfield in the previous three years, he was expected to be the Expos' left fielder, and the designated hitter during inter-league play, in what would have been Canseco's first time playing for a National League club. He played 14 preseason games, batting.200 with 3 home runs (tied for the team lead) and 5 RBIs. However, he was again released prior to the regular season start, this time four days before Opening Day. The Expos invited Canseco to be part of their Triple-A team, but he declined the offer. With Opening Day scheduled for March 31, Canseco did not find a team looking for a"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " DH and signed a minor league contract with a White Sox affiliate, the Charlotte Knights, for whom he hit.172 with 5 home runs in 18 minor league games. Only 38 home runs shy of 500 for his career, Canseco officially announced his retirement from Major League Baseball on May 13, 2002. At 39 years old he made a brief comeback attempt in 2004, attending an open tryout with the Los Angeles Dodgers, but was not offered a spot with the team, nor with any of their minor league affiliates.</s><s>Baseball career.:Independent League career (2006\u2013present). On June 29, 2006, the independent Golden Baseball League announced that Canseco had agreed to a one-year contract to play with the San Diego Surf Dawgs. The League said Canseco had agreed to be subjected to its drug-testing policy \"that immediately expels any players found using steroids or illegal drugs.\" After playing one game for the Surf Dawgs, Canseco was traded to the Long Beach Armada on July 5, 2006. He requested the trade due to \"family obligations.\" On July 31, 2006, Canseco won the Golden Baseball League's Home Run Derby. Canseco signed a short team deal with the Laredo Broncos of the United"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " Baseball League on August 14, 2010. He served as bench coach and designated hitter. On April 11, 2011, Canseco signed a deal as a player/manager for the Yuma Scorpions of the North American League. At the age of 46, he played 64 out of 88 games and batted.258 with 8 home runs and 46 RBIs. He was not the oldest player on the team: his twin brother Ozzie appeared in 12 games, mostly as a designated hitter, and 52-year-old Tony Phillips appeared in 24 games, mostly as a third baseman. Canseco joined the Quintana Roo Tigres of the Mexican League in 2012, but was reportedly banned for using testosterone. On April 20, 2012, the Worcester Tornadoes of the Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball announced that they had signed Canseco to a one-season contract for a salary of one thousand dollars a month. In the beginning of August 2012, Canseco left the Tornadoes due to concerns of not receiving his salary, a conflict which led him to sue the team. Canseco quickly signed with the Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings of the North American League. However, his debut was delayed due to a family emergency. In early 2013 Canseco"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " played in the Texas Winter League but was only 3-for-16 at the plate. He signed with the Fort Worth Cats of the United League to start the 2013 season. In 2015, 2016, and 2017, Canseco had short playing stints in the Pacific Association, mostly with the Pittsburg Diamonds. Although he has not played Major League Baseball since 2001, Canseco has played for numerous minor-league teams over the years, most recently in 2018, when he was 53 years of age, for the Normal CornBelters of the Independent Frontier League. In recent years, he has usually played just a few games per season, but in 2011, he played 64 out of 88 games for the Yuma Scorpions of the North American League. Canseco played 30 seasons of professional baseball over a span of 36 years between 1982 and 2018.</s><s>Baseball career.:Amateur Adult Baseball (2011 and 2016). In March 2011, Canseco played a few games with the Valley Rays in the Pacific Coast Baseball League in Los Angeles. In May 2016, Canseco made an appearance for the SoCal Glory in the 35+ MSBL Las Vegas Open \u2013 National Tournament.</s><s>Performance-enhancing drugs. In 2005, Canseco admitted"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " to using anabolic steroids with Jorge Delgado, Damaso Moreno, and Manuel Collado in a tell-all book, \"\". Canseco also claimed that up to 85% of major league players took steroids, a figure disputed by many in the game. In the book, Canseco specifically identified former teammates Mark McGwire, Rafael Palmeiro, Jason Giambi, Iv\u00e1n Rodr\u00edguez, and Juan Gonz\u00e1lez as fellow steroid users, and admitted that he injected them. Most of the players named in the book initially denied steroid use, though Giambi admitted to steroid use in testimony before a grand jury investigating the BALCO case and on January 11, 2010, McGwire admitted publicly to using steroids. At a Congressional hearing on the subject of steroids in sports, Palmeiro categorically denied using performance-enhancing drugs, while McGwire repeatedly refused to answer questions on his own suspected use, saying he \"didn't want to talk about the past\". Canseco's book became a \"New York Times\" bestseller. On August 1, 2005, Palmeiro was suspended for 10 days by Major League Baseball after testing positive for steroids. On December 13, 2007, Jos\u00e9 Canseco and Jorge Delgado were"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " cited in the Mitchell Report (\"The Report to the Commissioner of Baseball of an Independent Investigation into the Illegal Use of Steroids and Other Performance Enhancing Substances by Players in Major League Baseball)\". On December 20, 2007, Canseco was also named in Jason Grimsley's unsealed affidavit as a user of steroids. Canseco and Grimsley were teammates on the 2000 New York Yankees. On December 30, 2007, it was announced that Canseco had reached a deal for his sequel to \"\". The sequel is titled \"Vindicated\", which hit bookstores by Opening Day 2008. This book has information on Alex Rodriguez and Albert Belle, as suggested by Canseco. Canseco said the book was a \"clarification\" of names that should have been mentioned in the Mitchell Report. In 2010 Canseco spoke out against PEDs advocating baseball's youth to not try them and criticized their effectiveness overall: \"These kids don't need steroids to become players... we overemphasize the steroids and not the athletic ability and skills of these people. We're taking away the hard work the athlete puts in and saying he became great just because of steroids. Let me give you a perfect example. I have an identical twin brother,"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " Ozzie. He is the closest thing to me genetically. And in my prime I was a super athlete.\" \"My twin brother used the same chemicals, same workouts, the same nutrition. Why didn't he make it in the big leagues? That is the perfect example that we are giving steroids way too much credit. If steroids are that great it would have made him a superstar.\" In a 2012 Sportsnet Interview article, Canseco said one of his only seasons without performance-enhancing drugs was in 1998 with the Toronto Blue Jays because he was in the process of a divorce and \"didn't want to use steroids while handling breakup-induced depression\".</s><s>Outside baseball. While still a player, he was a guest star on \"The Simpsons\" and \"Nash Bridges\". Since his retirement, Canseco has appeared on \"Late Show with David Letterman\", \"60 Minutes\", \"The Big Idea with Donny Deutsch\", \"Boomer and Carton\", \"Howard Stern\", \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\", \"CMI: The Chris Myers Interview\", and \"\". In 2003, he was featured in the reality-TV special \"Stripper's Ball: Jenna Jameson\" with Dennis Rodman and Magic Johnson. He was a cast member"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " in Season 5 of \"The Surreal Life\" with Janice Dickinson, Pepa of Salt-N-Pepa, Bronson Pinchot, Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth, Caprice Bourret, and Carey Hart. Canseco has a film cameo playing himself in the 2017 basketball drama \"Slamma Jamma\" as a judge in a slam dunk competition. In 2007, he received 6 Hall of Fame votes. This accounted for 1.1% of the ballots, failing to reach the 5% threshold necessary to stay on the ballot for another year. However, he can be elected to the Hall of Fame by the Committee of Baseball Veterans. In May 2008, Philadelphia sportscaster and former NFL football player Vai Sikahema accepted a challenge from Canseco to fight him for $30,000. Canseco claims to have earned black belts in kung fu and taekwondo, while Sikahema fought in the Golden Gloves tournament won by Sugar Ray Leonard. The fight took place on July 12 in Atlantic City at the Bernie Robbins stadium. The Sikahema knocked out the Canseco in the first round. On January 24, 2009, Canseco fought radio personality and former child"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " actor Danny Bonaduce in Aston Township, Pennsylvania; the three-round match ended in a majority draw. Canseco claims to hold black belts in karate and taekwondo, and to practice Muay Thai, as well as describing himself as \"an expert with nunchakus\". He made his mixed martial arts debut at Dream 9 on May 26, 2009, where he fought kickboxer Hong-man Choi as part of Dream's Super Hulk Tournament. Canseco would lose the fight after slipping, and tapping out to Choi's ground and pound. On November 6, 2009, Canseco defeated Todd Poulton in a Celebrity Boxing Federation bout in Springfield, Massachusetts. As of December 2010, he had launched a Twitter campaign in hopes of getting invited to spring training by Mets GM Sandy Alderson. Beginning March 6, 2011, Canseco was a contestant on \"The Celebrity Apprentice\". He quit the show on the April 3, 2011, citing his father's ailing health. Canseco later announced on Twitter that his father died shortly after he left the show. Canseco did earn $25,000 for his charity, the Baseball Assistance Team. In 2012, Canseco accepted a home run derby challenge by Canadian Twitter user"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " Evan Malamud, father of an autistic child, as part of a fundraiser for an initiative called Home Runs For Autism. Canseco still remains active with the charity as their spokesperson. He is also a columnist for \"Vice\" magazine. Lane Patorti and Edward Stoney Landon finished a reality show concept based on former professional athletes being placed into smalltown sports leagues. TMZ reported Canseco was in talks to star in the show, \"A League of His Own\". In May 2013, Canseco provided the foreword to the novel \"Air Force Gator 2: Scales of Justice\" by Dan Ryckert. In it, he claims the book about the alcoholic alligator pilot is a \"weakly veiled\" metaphor for his own life. On October 28, 2014, Canseco accidentally shot himself on his left hand injuring one of his fingers while attempting to clean his gun at home in Las Vegas. After having surgery performed he was able to recover the full use of the hand. Canseco was also portrayed by Andy Samberg in The Unauthorized Bash Brothers Experience alongside Mark McGwire (portrayed by Akiva Schaffer). The visual poem describes the two baseball players' careers and rampant steroid use in the 1980s. On"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " October 26, 2019, Canseco opened up his own car wash in Las Vegas, Nevada, where he signs autographs every Wednesday. On February 5, 2021, Canseco fought Billy Football from Barstool Sports in a boxing match, and was knocked out in the first round.</s><s>Legal issues and controversies. On February 10, 1989, Canseco was arrested in Florida for reckless driving after allegedly leading an officer on a 15-mile chase. He was found guilty and fined $500. On April 11, 1989, Canseco was arrested in California for carrying a loaded semi-automatic pistol in his car. He was released on $2,500 bail and pleaded no contest. On February 13, 1992, Canseco was charged with aggravated battery for ramming his Porsche into a BMW driven by his then-wife Esther Canseco after a verbal altercation. On March 19, 1992, Canseco pleaded not guilty to charges of aggravated assault and later underwent counseling and fulfilled a community-service requirement. In November 1997, Canseco was arrested for beating his then-wife Jessica Canseco. In January 1998, he pleaded no contest and was sentenced to one year of probation and required to attend counseling. In October 2001, Canse"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": "co and his brother, Ozzie, got into a fight with two men at a Miami Beach nightclub that left one man with a broken nose and another needing 20 stitches in his lip; both were charged with two counts of aggravated battery. The brothers both pleaded guilty and received both probation and community service. Following his retirement in May 2002, Canseco speculated about having been \"blackballed\" from Major League Baseball; it was then he announced he was writing a tell-all book about his baseball career and the increasing usage of anabolic steroids in baseball. In March 2003, Canseco missed a court appearance while in California working out a custody dispute over his 6-year-old. The judge revoked his probation and sentenced him to two years under house arrest followed by three years' probation. In June 2003, Canseco was arrested at his home for probation violation after he tested positive for steroids. Canseco spent a month in jail without bail. In May 2008, Canseco revealed that he had lost his house in Encino, California to foreclosure saying his two divorces had cost him $7 to $8 million each. On October 10, 2008, Canseco was detained by immigration officials at a San Diego border crossing as he tried to bring"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " a fertility drug from Mexico. He stated the drug was to help with his hormone replacement therapy, needed due to his use of steroids. On November 4, 2008, Canseco pleaded guilty in Federal court and was sentenced to 12 months' unsupervised probation by U.S. Magistrate Judge Ruben B. Brooks. The 2008 A&E Network documentary \"Jose Canseco: Last Shot\" chronicles Canseco's attempts to end his steroid use. In it he also regrets ever writing his tell-all books and naming former teammates as steroid users, as he was never given the opportunity to participate in MLB-affiliated baseball events. Since, he has tried unsuccessfully to reach out to former Bash Brother Mark McGwire and other ex-teammates. In 2014, he returned to the Oakland Coliseum to take part in the reunion celebrating the 25th anniversary of the 1989 World Series championship team; this marked the first time Canseco took part in an official Major League Baseball event in almost 13 years. Mark McGwire, at the time coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers, did not attend the event. On May 22, 2013, Canseco was named as a suspect in a rape allegation in Las Vegas. He broke the news himself on Twitter, denying"}, {"title": "Jose Canseco", "text": " the allegations and posting pictures and defamatory information about his accuser. On June 7, 2013, Canseco was cleared of any wrongdoing following an investigation. He was never charged.</s><s>See also. - List of Cuban Americans - List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders - List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders - List of Major League Baseball players from Cuba - List of Cubans - List of Major League Baseball individual streaks - List of doping cases in sport - List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jose Canseco", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000322", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Carrie Ann Inaba.", "docs": [{"title": "Carrie Ann Inaba", "text": "<s>Carrie Ann Inaba Carrie Ann Inaba (born January 5, 1968) is an American television personality, dancer, choreographer, actress, and singer. She is best known for her work on ABC TV's \"Dancing with the Stars\" for which she has served as a judge since 2005. She co-hosted and moderated the CBS Daytime talk show, \"The Talk\" from 2019 to 2021. She started her career as a singer in Japan, but became best known for her dancing, introducing herself to American audiences as one of the original Fly Girls on the Fox sketch comedy series \"In Living Color\" from 1990 to 1992.</s><s>Early life. Inaba was born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, graduating from Punahou School in 1986. She is of Irish, Japanese, and Chinese descent. Her first dance instruction was at three years old in a \"creative movement\" class, where children danced on their own with scarves. As a child, she would dance in her backyard that overlooked the Pacific Ocean. She attended Sophia University and University of California, Irvine before graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles with a B.A. degree in world arts and cultures.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:S"}, {"title": "Carrie Ann Inaba", "text": "inging. In 1986, an 18-year-old Inaba won a talent show in Hawaii. She was then groomed to be a pop star in Japan and given songs to read phonetically in Japanese from a lyric sheet. Even though her first single made the Top 50, she \"realized it has nothing to do with how artistic you are. Your face becomes a logo they sell.\" Inaba lived in Tokyo from 1986 to 1988 and was a popular singer. She released three singles, \"Party Girl\" (backed with \"China Blue\"), \"Be Your Girl\" (backed with \"6\u00bd Capezio\"), and \"Yume no Senaka\" (backed with \"Searching\") and hosted weekly radio and television series.</s><s>Career.:Dancing. After returning to America, Inaba appeared as one of the \"Fly Girls\"\u2014a group of dancers on the television series \"In Living Color\"\u2014from 1990 to 1992. She also performed with Canadian singer Norman Iceberg and dancers Viktor Manoel (David Bowie's \"Glass Spider\" tour) and Luca Tommassini at Prince's notorious Glam Slam. Inaba appeared as a featured solo dancer during Madonna's 1993 Girlie Show World Tour, on the condition she shave her hair."}, {"title": "Carrie Ann Inaba", "text": " After hesitating, she decided it was worth it. Her favorite dance is rumba since, according to \"American Fitness\", she feels it is \"very strong and demanding.\"</s><s>Career.:Film and television appearances. Inaba appeared as one of the background dancers in the film adaptation of \"Monster Mash\" in 1995. She appeared in the film \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) as Fook Yu, alongside Diane Mizota, who played her twin sister Fook Mi. The two women are not related, but when Mizota had been cast for her role, she was asked if she knew any actresses who resembled her and suggested Inaba. Inaba, who had appeared briefly in \"\", was given the role and the two women were made up to appear as identical twins. Inaba and Mizota reprised their roles with Mike Myers in a commercial for Motorola in 2005. In later years, Inaba would later regret playing Fook Yu because of the negative stereotypes portrayed. Inaba has acted (usually as a dancer) in the movies \"Monster Mash: The Movie\", \"Lord of Illusions\", \"Showgirls\", \"Boys and Girls\", \"Flintstones II\", \"Freak\" and \"American Virgin\" and the television"}, {"title": "Carrie Ann Inaba", "text": " series \"Jack & Jill\" and \"Nikki\". Inaba has appeared on \"The View\", the ABC talent competition \"\", and the FOX special \"\". Inaba guest starred as Tina, Hannah's choreographer, in the \"Hannah Montana\" episode, \"Papa's Got a Brand New Friend\". TV Guide Network announced that it had signed Inaba to anchor its live red carpet coverage, beginning with the 2009 Primetime Emmy Awards. In October 2010, Inaba was named host of the revival of the game show \"1 vs. 100\" on GSN. After the first season, Inaba announced she would not return to host the show. Inaba has appeared as one of three, later four judges on the \"Dancing with the Stars\". Inaba had been a recurring guest co-host for the CBS Daytime talk show, \"The Talk\", for the last two seasons. She officially replaced original host Julie Chen as the fifth co-host and moderator permanently, officially debuting on January 2, 2019. On April 26, 2021, Inaba announced she would take a leave of absence from the show. On August 20, 2021, it was confirmed that Inaba would not be returning to the show for the upcoming season.</s><s>Career"}, {"title": "Carrie Ann Inaba", "text": ".:Choreography. Inaba's choreography has appeared in several television series, including \"American Idol\", \"American Juniors\", \"All American Girl\", \"He's a Lady\", \"In Search of the Partridge Family\" (in which she also appeared on air), \"Married by America\", \"The Sexiest Bachelor in America Pageant\", \"The Swan\", and \"Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire?\". She also choreographed the Miss America Pageant for five years. She appeared in the first season of \"So You Think You Can Dance\" during the audition stages where she provided choreography for the \"choreography round\". Inaba served as an honorary judge at the 2009 USA Dance National Dance Sport Championships.</s><s>Career.:Film production. Inaba is the founder and President of EnterMediArts, Inc., a video production company. She directs, writes, and edits films. Her work includes \"E! Behind The Scenes Miss America Special\", \"7th Festival of the Pacific Arts\", \"A Portrait of IVI\" and \"Beyond the Dancing Image\", along with the short feature film, \"Black Water\".</s><s>Career.:Theater. She was a producer for the Broadway show \""}, {"title": "Carrie Ann Inaba", "text": "Burn the Floor\" at New York's Longacre Theatre. In 2008, Inaba was awarded the Visionary Award by East West Players, the oldest Asian Pacific American theatre company in the United States, for helping to raise \"the visibility of the Asian American community through theater, film and television.\"</s><s>Personal life. In 2006, she dated Russian dancer Artem Chigvintsev. They met on the set of \"So You Think You Can Dance\". On the March 31, 2011, episode of \"Live with Regis and Kelly\", Regis Philbin was \"answering\" a letter asking for advice on how to propose. The lights dimmed just before Inaba's boyfriend, Jesse Sloan, appeared on stage. With violinists playing in the background, Sloan, bent on one knee, asked for Inaba's hand, to which she responded \"Yes! I will marry you!\" Inaba and Jesse met on online dating site eHarmony in 2009. In an interview with \"Us Weekly\" in 2011, Inaba stated that she and Sloan would marry in the summer of that year. In September 2012, a representative for \"Dancing with the Stars\" announced that Inaba and Sloan had amicably ended their engagement. In December 2016"}, {"title": "Carrie Ann Inaba", "text": ", Inaba announced that she and actor Robb Derringer had become engaged after a few months of dating. Derringer proposed on a romantic, secluded beach on the California coastline, which was the site of their first date. In September 2017, they called off the engagement. Inaba has expressed a great love and respect for animals, supporting organizations such as the Humane Society of the United States and PETA, and launching the Carrie Ann Animal Foundation in 2012. In 2012, Inaba started a new YouTube series about shelter cats, motivated by her love of the creatures. She has had as many as seven rescue animals as pets at the same time.</s><s>Personal life.:Health. In a 2011 interview with \"Prevention\", Inaba stated she has a vision of 20/750 which is corrected with eyeglasses and contact lenses. She won't have LASIK eye surgery, however, as her vision impairment gives her, in her words, a \"soft-focus morning\" until she's ready to \"deal with the world.\" She also said that she suffers from spinal stenosis, which she thinks began with a neck injury during gymnastics when she was eight years old. She also has Sj\u00f6gren syndrome, a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that destroys"}, {"title": "Carrie Ann Inaba", "text": " moisture-producing glands. As the Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome Foundation's National Awareness Ambassador and Spokesperson, she has expressed her commitment to increasing awareness of SS and promoting funding for research, treatment, and a cure. On September 17, 2019, Inaba stated that she had been recently diagnosed with Lupus. She also suffers from chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic pain, and fibromyalgia. On December 10, 2020, it was reported that she tested positive for COVID-19, but later recovered.</s><s>Personal life.:Philanthropy. Inaba has worked with the Entertainment Industry Foundation's campaign, an American volunteer advocacy group, and Drea's Dream, a dance therapy initiative for children who have cancer. She's also a founding member of Nigel Lythgoe's dance education organization, the Dizzy Feet Foundation. After her mother's battle with cancer in 2008, both women began to participate in the EIF Revlon Run/Walk for Women.</s><s>Reception. \"Prevention\" magazine called her judging style \"warm, cheerful, and empathetic.\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Carrie Ann Inaba", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000323", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Maurice Jones-Drew.", "docs": [{"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": "<s>Maurice Jones-Drew Maurice Christopher Jones-Drew (born March 23, 1985), often called \"MJD\", is an American former football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for nine seasons. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins and earned unanimous All-American honors. Jones-Drew was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft, 60th overall, was named to the Pro Bowl three times, and led the NFL in rushing yards in 2011. He played his first eight seasons with the Jaguars, through 2013. In his final season in 2014, he played for the Oakland Raiders. Following his retirement, Jones-Drew entered broadcasting, serving as a football color analyst for \"NFL Now\" and other shows on NFL Network, in addition to hosting for CBS Sports their Monday Night studio show for their UK networks. He is currently the color analyst for the Los Angeles Rams.</s><s>Early years. Born in Oakland, California, Jones-Drew was raised in Antioch and graduated from De La Salle High School in Concord. De La Salle owns the longest winning streak in high school football history at 151 games. The Spartan football teams that Jones-Drew played on never lost a single"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " game during his three-year varsity career. He was an elusive, high-scoring running back and return specialist on offense and a punishing linebacker on defense. He also played four official college games as a cornerback. Jones-Drew somersaulted into the national consciousness as a high school junior in 2001 when he scored all four of De La Salle's touchdowns in a 29-15 nationally televised victory over Long Beach Poly on October 6. It was the first game that ever matched up the nation's No. 1 and No. 2 ranked high school football teams. On the Spartans' opening drive, Jones-Drew received a short pass in the right flat on third-and-eight from the Poly 25-yard line. He broke a tackle and then sprinted down the right sideline before launching a spectacular forward somersault into the end zone. Drew next scored on a 29-yard reception on fourth down in which he ran a circle route out of the backfield down the left sideline and hauled in an over-the-shoulder touch pass at the goal line from quarterback Matt Gutierrez. Drew\u2019s third touchdown came in the second quarter when he burst through the line, shook off two tacklers, before hitting paydirt 17 yards later. Drew\ufffd"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": "\ufffds final score salted away the historic De La Salle victory. It was a similar effort to his third touchdown and came on a 22-yard run with just under seven minutes remaining. Drew finished with nine carries for 86 yards and three catches for another 79 yards. During his junior season, Jones-Drew rushed for nearly 2,000 yards, averaged nearly 12 yards per carry, and scored 26 touchdowns. He was rated as a four-star recruit and ranked as the No. 1 all-purpose back in the nation in 2003 by Rivals.com. He is pictured outrunning a slew of defenders on the cover of the book \"When the Game Stands Tall\", which chronicles the De La Salle Spartans' all-time-record 151-game winning streak. Jones-Drew also ran track for the De La Salle track team and was a member of the Spartans' 4 x 100 metres relay state championship meet team of 2002, which posted a non-finals-qualifying time of 42.20 seconds during the meet's preliminaries. At the age of 16, he posted a personal best time of 10.80 seconds in the 100 meters. He also ran for the Bruins' track team at UCLA.</s><s>College career. Jones"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": "-Drew accepted a football scholarship to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he played for the Bruins under head coach Karl Dorrell from 2003 to 2005. Despite being undersized, Jones-Drew led the Bruins in rushing all three years he was on the squad and showed good pass catching ability and big playmaking skills as both a punt and kickoff returner. He was the fifth player in Bruins history to lead the team in rushing in three seasons. In 2005, Jones-Drew set an all-time NCAA single-season record with a 28.5 yards per return average on 15 punt returns, breaking the previous record of 25.9 yards per return held by Bill Blackstock of Tennessee in 1951. His career average of 23.2 yards per punt return ranks second in NCAA history. Jones-Drew also established a number of UCLA records, including the career all-purpose yardage record (4,688 yards). As a sophomore against Washington, Jones-Drew set UCLA's all-time record for yards rushing in a single game (322 yards) and also scored a school-record five touchdowns. On his first carry of the game, he burst to the outside and raced 47 yards to tie the game at 7\u20137. On"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " his second carry, with UCLA trailing 24-7 and 2:30 remaining in the first quarter, he raced 62 yards for another touchdown. On his fourth carry, a third-and-12 with 40 seconds left in the first quarter, he sped 58 yards for his third touchdown. In the first quarter alone, he rushed for 169 yards and three touchdowns on four attempts. He gave the Bruins the lead for good (27\u201324) with 4:16 remaining in the first half when he scooted around right end for a 15-yard touchdown. In the third quarter, he broke numerous tackles en route to his school-record fifth touchdown, a 37-yard run on the Bruins' first possession of the half. His total of 322 yards rushing was the 3rd most in the history of the Pac-10 Conference, and his overall performance earned him several National Player of the Week awards. His final year in college, his junior year, he was a first-team All-Pac-10 selection as a punt returner, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American as an all-purpose back and kick returner. He was also the first Bruin since Jackie Robinson to lead the country in punt returning. Additionally, Jones-Drew was named second"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": "-team All-Pac 10 as a running back. Jones-Drew gave a sign of things to come when, as a freshman, he rushed for 176 yards on only 18 carries against Arizona State, including an 83-yard scamper down the left sideline to the end zone which put UCLA ahead in the game for good in the third quarter. The run was the longest ever by a Bruin true freshman and ranked ninth (tied) overall on the school's list of long runs. His 176-yard day ranks No. 2 on UCLA's all-time list for true freshmen. Jones-Drew led the Bruins in rushing that season, becoming the first true freshman to lead the Bruins in rushing since DeShaun Foster in 1998. He was also named first-team All-Pac 10 as a kick returner by \"The Sporting News\". In his collegiate career, Jones-Drew had 16 touchdowns of 40-plus yards.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:2006 NFL Draft. Jones-Drew, age 21, was selected in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Jacksonville Jaguars, 60th overall, to eventually replace veteran running back Fred Taylor. He was passed on by all 32 teams in the draft, most citing his"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " height (5\u00a0ft 6\u00be in, 169.5\u00a0cm) as the reason why he would not succeed in the NFL. He stated this was the reason he choose to wear 32 as his jersey number in the NFL.</s><s>Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.</s><s>Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.:2006 season. In the beginning, he was used mostly for kick-off returns, but he eventually became the Jaguars' primary third-down running back, behind Taylor. Against the Colts on December 10, Jones-Drew set a franchise record with 166 rushing yards and 303 all-purpose yards, which included a 93-yard kickoff return for touchdown. He was named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week for Week 14. He had already broken Jaguars team records by scoring at least one rushing touchdown in eight consecutive games (the previous record was four straight games) and by gaining 2,250 all-purpose yards. Jones-Drew finished third in the NFL in both kickoff returns (27.7 yd avg) and touchdowns scored (16). He was also one of only two players in the NFL to score at least one touchdown rushing, receiving, and returning kicks (Reggie Bush was the other). Jones-Drew also led all AFC running"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " backs in scrimmage yards per touch. Narrowly missing 1,000 yards for the season, his rushing average of 5.7 yds per carry was first in the NFL for backs with 100 attempts and was the highest for an NFL running back since Barry Sanders averaged 6.1 yards per rush in 1997. In addition, he had the third-most all-purpose yards of any rookie in history. He finished tied for second in the balloting for Offensive Rookie of the Year, awarded to quarterback Vince Young of the Tennessee Titans.</s><s>Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.:2007 season. In his second season in the NFL, Jones-Drew had already proven to be one of the most versatile running backs in the league. In his 2007 season debut, Jones-Drew's production was just average. During a 10-7 win against the Tennessee Titans, Jones-Drew had 32 yards on seven carries in a game that produced just 48 rushing yards between Jones-Drew and Fred Taylor combined. Jones-Drew's fumble at the 8-yard line in the 4th quarter was the last scoring opportunity for the Jaguars in that game. Promises that the running game would get better as the season progressed were realized when Jones-Drew celebrated his first touchdown"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " of the year after the fourth game of the season, in a 17-7 win against the Kansas City Chiefs. The following week against the Houston Texans, Jones-Drew rushed for 125 yards and two touchdowns on 12 carries to go along with four receptions for 59 yards. In Week 10, he rushed for 101 yards and a touchdown against the Tennessee Titans. He would score a touchdown in each of the following three weeks. In Week 16 against the Oakland Raiders, he had 140 scrimmage yards and a rushing touchdown in the 49\u201311 victory. He finished the season with 167 carries for 768 rushing yards and nine rushing touchdowns to go along with 40 receptions for 407 receiving yards. Although his role as a running back was diminished during the 2007 postseason, he still managed to impact the game with his capabilities as a receiver and a return man. In the against Pittsburgh he totaled 198 all-purpose yards and two touchdowns. His first touchdown was a 43-yard pass from David Garrard, his second was a 10-yard run which put the Jaguars up 28-10 in the third quarter. He returned a kick-off 96 yards to set up the Jaguars' first score of the night, a Fred Taylor one-yard run. The Jaguars defeated the Steelers 31\u201329. A week"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " later against New England, he had 68 scrimmage yards in the 31\u201320 loss in the.</s><s>Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.:2008 season. Three Jaguars offensive linemen were injured in the 2008 season and Jones-Drew was not as explosive as he was in 2007. His first 100-yard rushing game of the season came against the Indianapolis, where the Jaguars won by a score of 23-21 on a last second field goal by kicker Josh Scobee in Week 3. In Week 6 against the Denver Broncos, he totaled 22 carries for 125 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 24\u201317 victory. In Week 10 against the struggling Detroit Lions, where Jones-Drew posted three touchdowns, all in the first half. In Week 12, against the Minnesota Vikings, he had nine receptions for 113 receiving yards. In Week 16, Jones-Drew was given the opportunity to carry the load with Fred Taylor on injured reserve. He totaled 162 scrimmage yards in a 31\u201324 loss to the Colts. In the 2008 season, Jones-Drew gained 824 yards on 197 attempts, posting a 4.2 yard per carry average. He gained 12 touchdowns on the ground. Jones-Drew was used more in the passing game than his previous seasons and"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " he managed 525 yards on 62 receptions.</s><s>Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.:2009 season. Following the departure of Taylor, Jones-Drew became the unquestioned starting running back. Jones-Drew had a record-breaking season in 2009 for the Jaguars. In Week 3 against the Houston Texans, he had 23 carries for 119 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns in the 31\u201324 victory. He earned AFC Offensive Player of the Week for Week 3. In Week 6, against the St. Louis Rams, he had 178 scrimmage yards and three rushing touchdowns in the 23\u201320 victory. In a 13-30 loss to the Tennessee Titans during Week 8, Jones-Drew rushed for 177 yards and two touchdowns on only eight carries, one for 80 yards and another for 79 yards. This performance tied Hall of Famer Barry Sanders' record of rushing for two touchdowns in a single game of 75 yards or more, which was set by Sanders in a Week 7 game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1997. Jones-Drew became the third player to share the record, as San Francisco 49ers running back Frank Gore, also tied Sanders' record in a Week 2 game against the Seattle Seahawks during the same season. In Week 15, he had 140 scrimmage yards"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": ", one rushing touchdown, and one receiving touchdown in the 35\u201331 loss to the Indianapolis Colts. Overall, Jones-Drew rushed for 1,391 yards on 312 attempts, a 4.5 yards per carry average, and 15 touchdowns. He was also one of the big components in the Jaguars passing attack, as he had 53 receptions for 374 yards and a touchdown. In an article by Thomas George, Jones-Drew had been recognized as the most versatile offensive player in the NFL. Jones-Drew was selected to the Pro Bowl.</s><s>Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.:2010 season. In Week 4 of the 2010 season, Jones-Drew had 121 scrimmage yards, one rushing touchdown, and one receiving touchdown in a 31\u201328 victory over the Indianapolis Colts. In Week 8 against the Dallas Cowboys, he had 27 carries for 135 rushing yards in the 35\u201317 victory. In the following game against the Houston Texans, he had 123 scrimmage yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 31\u201324 victory. In the next game, against the Cleveland Browns, he had 220 scrimmage yards and a rushing touchdown in the 24\u201320 victory. In Week 13 against the Tennessee Titans, he had 31 carries for 186 rushing yards in the 17\u20136 victory. Jones"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": "-Drew played the entire 2010 season with a torn meniscus in his left knee. He became aware of the extent of the injury in training camp, but tried to keep it a secret to prevent opponents from intentionally taking shots at his knee. He only missed two games during the season. He was named to his second Pro Bowl. After the 2010 season, he was named Running Back of the Year by the NFL Alumni Association. Although the Jaguars did not make the playoffs, Jones-Drew drew attention in the postseason with comments he made questioning the severity of an in-game injury to Jay Cutler in the. Jones-Drew stated that he was also rooting for the Bears, but his injury prompted him to say: \"All I'm saying is that he can finish the game on a hurt knee... I played the whole season on one\", as well as comparing Cutler to former University of Florida head coach Urban Meyer. He was ranked 30th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.</s><s>Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.:2011 season. In Week 3, against the Carolina Panthers, Jones-Drew had 167 scrimmage yards in the 16\u201310 loss. In Week 14 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Jones-Drew had 85"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " rushing yards, two rushing touchdowns, six receptions, 51 receiving yards, and two receiving touchdowns in the 41\u201314 victory. He scored 24 total points in the game, which was the most by any player in a single game in the 2011 season. In Week 17, against the Indianapolis Colts, he had 25 carries for 169 rushing yards in the 19\u201313 victory. He led the NFL in rushing yards during the 2011 season, and broke the Jaguars franchise records for both rushing yards in a season (1,606) and yards from scrimmage (1,980). Jones-Drew did all of this despite the Jaguars' offensive struggles, accounting for 47.7% of the Jaguars yards. Jones-Drew was named to the 2012 NFL Pro Bowl as a back-up for Baltimore Ravens running back Ray Rice as a result of his spectacular season. He earned first team All-Pro honors. He was 12th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.</s><s>Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.:2012 season. Jones-Drew began the 2012 season by not attending organized team activities or training camp in hopes of signing a new contract with the Jaguars. Jones-Drew had two years remaining on a deal he signed in 2009, according to which"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " his average salary was lower than that of fellow running backs Adrian Peterson, Chris Johnson, LeSean McCoy, Arian Foster, Steven Jackson, DeAngelo Williams, and Marshawn Lynch. There were rumors that he was open to being traded. After missing his team's entire offseason, Jones-Drew ended his holdout and reported to the team's facilities on September 2. In Week 3, against the Indianapolis Colts, he had 28 carries for 177 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown in the 22\u201317 victory. He was placed on season-ending injured reserve on December 28, 2012. He finished the season with 86 carries for 414 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown to go along with 14 receptions for 86 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in six games. He was ranked 98th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.</s><s>Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.:2013 season. In 2013, Jones-Drew finished the season with 234 carries for 803 rushing yards and five rushing touchdowns. In addition, he had 43 receptions for 314 receiving yards. After eight seasons with the Jacksonville Jaguars, he became a free agent on March 11, 2014.</s><s>Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.</s><s>Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.:2014 season"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": ". On March 28, 2014, Jones-Drew returned to the Bay Area and signed a three-year deal with the Oakland Raiders. Jones-Drew's season in Oakland was plagued by futility, as he recorded only 96 yards rushing on 43 attempts (averaging 2.2 yards-per-carry) and zero touchdowns. His number of carries would be limited due to the solid performances of teammates Darren McFadden and Latavius Murray. On March 5, 2015, Jones-Drew announced his retirement from the NFL at age 29. He finished his career as the Jaguars' second leading rusher of all time behind Fred Taylor. On April 28, 2015, he signed a one-day contract to officially retire as a Jaguar.</s><s>NFL career statistics.</s><s>NFL career statistics.:Jaguars franchise records. - Most career touchdowns (81) - Most career rushing touchdowns (68) - Most rushing touchdowns in a single season (15 in 2009) - Most rushing yards in a single season (1,606 in 2011) - Longest rushing attempt: 80 (tied with Fred Taylor) - Most career kickoff return touchdowns (2) - Most career kickoff return yards (2,054) - Longest kickoff return: 100 yards</s><s>Outside"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " of football. Jones-Drew hosts a two-hour radio show on Sirius XM satellite radio titled \"Runnin' With MJD\" which focuses on fantasy football talk and strategy. In 2011, Jones-Drew appeared as himself along with fellow NFL players Brent Grimes and Sidney Rice in an episode of the FX comedy \"The League\". In 2013, Jones-Drew joined the list of other tattooed athletes who have appeared in PETA's \"Ink Not Mink\" ads, posing shirtless in support of their anti-fur campaign. At age 28, Jones-Drew resumed his studies at UCLA in 2013 to complete his bachelor's degree, and lived in a dormitory. Since 2020, Jones-Drew has been an analyst on Channel 5's Monday Night Football coverage in the UK alongside host Kirsten Watson. In 2023, Jones-Drew was part of the ITV commentary team on Super Bowl LVII alongside Darren Fletcher and Jack Crawford.</s><s>Personal life. Born to Sidney Gayles and Andrea Drew, Jones-Drew was raised by his maternal grandparents, Maurice and Christina Jones. At the height of his college career in 2005, his grandfather suffered a heart attack while walking into the Rose Bowl to see Jones-Drew play against"}, {"title": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "text": " Rice University on September 10. Coach Dorrell broke the news to Drew on the sideline during the game, and he ran to the locker room and left to go to the hospital. To honor the man who raised him, he had his entire legal surname affixed to his jersey, making him \"Maurice Jones-Drew.\" Jones-Drew is a father of three with two sons (Maurice II and Madden) and one daughter (Alayah). He is married to Ashley Jones-Drew (2012\u2013present) He is also a cousin of former Tampa Bay Buccaneers safety T. J. Ward. Since retiring from the NFL, Jones-Drew has become a vegan.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Maurice Jones-Drew", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000324", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ra\u00fal Esparza.", "docs": [{"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": "<s>Ra\u00fal Esparza Ra\u00fal Eduardo Esparza (born October 24, 1970) is a Cuban-American stage, screen, and voice actor, as well as singer. Considered one of Broadway's leading men since the 2000s, he is best known for his Tony Award-nominated performance as Bobby in the 2006 Broadway revival of \"Company\" and for his television role as New York Assistant District Attorney (ADA) Rafael Barba in \"\", where he had a recurring role in Season 14 and was promoted to a series regular in Seasons 15 to 19. He made his Broadway debut in 2000 as Riff Raff in the revival of \"The Rocky Horror Show.\" Subsequently, he starred as Jonathan in the original Off-Broadway production of \"Tick, Tick... Boom!\" and Caractacus Potts in the original Broadway production of \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" in 2005. He received Tony nominations for his roles as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical \"Taboo\" in 2004; Bobby in the musical comedy \"Company\" in 2006; Lenny in Harold Pinter's play \"The Homecoming\" in 2008; and Charlie Fox in David Mamet's play \"Speed-the-Plow\" in 2009."}, {"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": " Most recently, he starred in the Off-Broadway production \"Seared\" in 2019. Esparza has been nominated in all Tony categories for which an actor is eligible. He is widely regarded for his versatility on stage, having performed musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Stephen Sondheim, Kander and Ebb, Boy George, the Sherman Brothers and in plays by Mamet, Pinter, William Shakespeare, Tom Stoppard, and more. His film work includes Sidney Lumet's \"Find Me Guilty\" and Wes Craven's \"My Soul to Take\", and his television credits include roles on \"The Path\", \"Medium\", \"Hannibal\" and \"Pushing Daisies\". He narrated the audiobook for Stephen King's \"Under the Dome\" as well as several others, and he sings in concerts across the country.</s><s>Early life. Esparza was born in Wilmington, Delaware, to Cuban parents, Mar\u00eda Elena Cecilia Garc\u00eda y Guti\u00e9rrez and Ra\u00fal Esparza y Rues, who had left the country because of the Castro regime. While his paternal grandfather had been established in Castro's sugar ministry, his father's family grew disillusioned with the government, and in 1966, his"}, {"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": " father and grandmother escaped to the U.S. by boat, while his grandfather defected through Spain. Esparza's maternal grandfather had moved to Cuba from Figueres, Alt Empord\u00e0, Catalonia, Spain. Esparza was raised in Miami, Florida. He graduated from Belen Jesuit in 1988 and won a Silver Knight Award in Drama that same year. In 1992, Esparza received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Drama and a Bachelor's degree in English from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. While on \"Finding Your Roots\", Season 8, Episode 2, Esparza learned that his Catalan great-great-grandparents founded Garcia de Pou Restaurant Supply Store in Madrid, Spain, which is still owned and operated by members of his family. He also learned that another branch of his family came from the small town of Navata, Girona, Catalonia, Spain, where they can be traced back 14 generations.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Theatre.</s><s>Career.:Theatre.:Broadway theatre. Esparza first drew attention with his performance in the 2000 Broadway revival of \"The Rocky Horror Show\", which won him the Theatre World Award. Esparza's other Broadway credits"}, {"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": " include \"Cabaret\" (2001), \"Taboo\" (2003), \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (2005), and Sondheim's \"Company\" (2006). He received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and a Drama Desk Award for his performance in \"Taboo\". His performance in \"Company\" earned him a second Tony nomination, this time for Best Actor in a Musical, as well as his second Drama Desk award. Beginning in November 2007, he appeared in Harold Pinter's play \"The Homecoming\" and was Tony-nominated for Best Featured Actor in a Play. In 2008, he played Charlie Fox in the revival of David Mamet's \"Speed-the-Plow\" co-starring Jeremy Piven and Elisabeth Moss on Broadway. His performance in \"Speed-the-Plow\" earned him a Tony nomination for Best Actor in a Play, making him the second performer (after Boyd Gaines) to be nominated in all four acting categories a performer is eligible for at the Tonys, although he has yet to win one. Esparza appeared in a limited-engagement revival of Tom Stoppard's \"Arcadia\", which began previews at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre"}, {"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": " on February 25, 2011, and opened on March 17, 2011. Esparza appeared in the musical \"Leap of Faith\" in the role of the \"Reverend\" Jonas Nightingale. He was involved in the workshop in 2008, the out-of-town tryout at the Ahmanson Theatre (Los Angeles) in 2010, and the Broadway production in 2012, for which he received a 2012 Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Actor in a Musical.</s><s>Career.:Theatre.:Other theatre. In 1999, Esparza played Che in the national tour of \"Evita\", opposite Natalie Toro. The tour was intended to open on Broadway, but failed to do so. In 2001, he appeared Off-Broadway in \"tick, tick... BOOM!\" by Jonathan Larson, garnering a Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Actor in a Musical. He appeared in two musicals by Stephen Sondheim, \"Sunday in the Park with George\" and \"Merrily We Roll Along\" at the 2002 Kennedy Center Sondheim Celebration. He also appeared as the Arbiter in the Actors Fund of America concert of Tim Rice's \"Chess\" in September 2003. In 2009, Esparza starred in a production of"}, {"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": " Shakespeare's \"Twelfth Night\" at the Delacorte Theater (New York) with Anne Hathaway, from June 25 through July 12. He starred as Hapgood in the City Center Encores! staged concert production of \"Anyone Can Whistle\" from April 8 to 11, 2010, opposite Sutton Foster as Fay and Donna Murphy as the Mayoress. In July 2013, Esparza starred in a production of \"The Cradle Will Rock\" at the New York City Center. In February 2018, Esparza played Freddie Trumper in the Kennedy Center's revival of Tim Rice's \"Chess\". From October to December 2018, Esparza played the title role in Classic Stage Company's Off-Broadway production of \"The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui.\" He was nominated for the 2019 Drama Desk Award for Best Actor for the role. In July 2019, Esparza appeared in a production of \"Road Show\" at the New York City Center. In October of the same year, Esparza played Harry in the off-Broadway comedy \"Seared\" by Theresa Rebeck. In April 2020 he was a host, executive producer, and performer in \"\", a virtual concert in honor of the 90th birthday of composer"}, {"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": " Stephen Sondheim benefiting the charity organization ASTEP (Artists Striving to End Poverty). In December 2022, Esparza was a guest narrator at Disney's Candlelight Processional at Walt Disney World.</s><s>Career.:Television. In 2007, Esparza had a recurring role on the TV show \"Pushing Daisies\" as traveling salesman Alfredo Aldarisio, a role originally given to Paul Reubens. In 2009, Esparza recorded the audiobook \"Under the Dome\" by Stephen King. He has done narration for \"The House of the Scorpion\" by Nancy Farmer and \"The Book of Unholy Mischief\" by Elle Newmark. In January 2010, Esparza performed opposite Lucie Arnaz, Desi Arnaz Jr., and Valarie Pettiford at the 92Y's \"Lyrics and Lyricist\" event honoring Desi Arnaz and his orchestra, \"Babalu: The American Songbook Goes Latin\". In 2010, Esparza appeared as Abel Plenkov in Wes Craven's \"My Soul to Take\". From 2013 to 2015, Esparza appeared in the recurring role of Dr. Frederick Chilton in \"Hannibal\". He appeared in the 2016 film \""}, {"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": "Custody\", written and directed by James Lapine, as an Administration for Children's Services agent.</s><s>Career.:Television.:\"Law & Order: SVU\". In 2012, Esparza became a recurring actor on the long-running NBC drama series \"\" as Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba, starting in the third episode of the show's 14th season, \"\". He appeared in 11 episodes of the show's 14th season. On July 17, 2013, he was promoted to series regular for the show's 15th season. His character became the first series-regular ADA since Stephanie March in the 11th season and the first regular male ADA in series history. His role on \"SVU\" was not his first \"Law & Order\" role, however, as he had previously portrayed an ADA in a 2009 episode of \"\", and a suspect in a 2010 episode of the original \"Law & Order\". On February 7, 2018, Esparza left \"SVU\" in the episode \"\u201d after six seasons on the show. Although having left the series to return to the stage, Esparza has been back on the show, making a very brief cameo before the main title in the Season 21 episode \"Redemption"}, {"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": " in Her Corner\". He made another guest appearance in Season 22 episode \"Sightless in a Savage Land\" and in the Season 23 Finale, \"A Final Call at Forlini's Bar.</s><s>Personal life. Esparza married Michele Marie Perez, his high-school girlfriend, in 1994. They divorced in 2007. Esparza was the subject of a \"New York Times\" profile in 2006 in which he revealed that he is bisexual.</s><s>Theater credits. Selected credits - 1998\u201399: \"Evita\" (20th Anniversary US National Tour) \u2013 Che - 2002\u201301: \"The Rocky Horror Show\"; Circle in the Square Theatre (Broadway) \u2013 Riff Raff - 2001: \"Tick, Tick... Boom!\"; Jane Street Theatre (Off-Broadway) \u2013 Jonathan - 2001\u201302: \"Cabaret\"; Studio 54 (Broadway) \u2013 The Emcee - 2002: \"Sunday in the Park with George\"; Kennedy Center (Washington, D.C.) \u2013 George Seurat - 2002: \"Merrily We Roll Along\"; Kennedy Center (Washington, D.C.) \u2013 Charley Kringas - 2003: \"Comedians\"; Samual Beckett Theatre (Off-Broadway"}, {"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": ") \u2013 Gethin Price - 2003\u201304: \"Taboo\"; Plymouth Theatre (Broadway) \u2013 Philip Sallon - 2004: \"The Normal Heart\"; The Public Theater (Off-Broadway) \u2013 Ned Weeks - 2005: \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\"; Hilton Theatre (Broadway) \u2013 Caractacus Potts - 2006: \"Company\"; The Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park (Regional) \u2013 Robert - 2006\u201307: \"Company\"; Ethel Barrymore Theatre (Broadway) \u2013 Robert - 2007\u201308: \"The Homecoming\"; Cort Theatre (Broadway) \u2013 Lenny - 2008\u201309: \"Speed-the-Plow\"; Ethel Barrymore Theatre (Broadway) \u2013 Charlie Fox - 2009: \"Twelfth Night\"; Delacorte Theatre (Shakespeare in the Park) \u2013 Orsino - 2010: \"Leap of Faith\"; Mark Taper Forum (Los Angeles) \u2013 Jonas Nightingale - 2011: \"Arcadia\"; Ethel Barrymore Theatre (Broadway) \u2013 Valentine Coverly - 2012: \"Leap of Faith\"; St. James Theatre (Broadway) \u2013 Jonas Nightingale - 2015: \"Cymbeline\"; Delacorte Theatre (Shakespeare in"}, {"title": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "text": " the Park) \u2013 Iachimo - 2018: \"The Waves\"; Powerhouse Theater (Poughkeepsie) \u2013 Bernard - 2018: \"The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui\"; Lynn F. Angelson Theater (Off-Broadway) \u2013 Arturo Ui - 2019: \"Seared\"; MCC Theater (Off-Broadway) \u2013 Harry</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ra\u00fal Esparza", "frequency": "freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000325", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Tony Bellew.", "docs": [{"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": "<s>Tony Bellew Anthony Lewis Bellew (born 30 November 1982; pr. Tony BAY-loo) is an English former professional boxer who competed from 2007 to 2018, and has since worked as a boxing analyst and commentator. He held the WBC cruiserweight title from 2016 to 2017, and challenged for the undisputed cruiserweight championship in 2018. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth light-heavyweight titles between 2010 and 2014, the European cruiserweight title from 2015 to 2016, and is a three-time ABA heavyweight champion as an amateur. He portrayed antagonist boxer Ricky Conlan in the films \"Creed\" and \"Creed III.\"</s><s>Early life. Anthony Lewis Bellew was born in the Toxteth area of Liverpool on 30 November 1982, the son of a black mother and white father. He first lived on Mulgrave Street in Toxteth, later moving to Smithdown Road in nearby Wavertree.</s><s>Amateur career. Fighting out of Liverpool's Rotunda ABC, Bellew claimed both the 2002 and 2003 novice ABA titles by knocking out every man he faced with the exception of Rob Hough who went the 3 rounds from Paramount ABC (Stockport) in the under 10 bouts championships. Then, when"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " he was eligible for the Senior championships, he stepped up to the 91\u00a0kg heavyweight class and added even more titles to his collection. In 2006 he lost to Danny Price.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:Light-heavyweight.</s><s>Professional career.:Light-heavyweight.:Early career. Bellew made his professional boxing debut on 6 October 2007 with a 2nd-round TKO against journeyman Jamie Ambler. He followed up the victory with further wins in 2007 over Adam Wilcox, fighting at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff and Wayne Brooks at the Bolton Arena. In 2008 Bellew defeated Paul Bonson, Ayitey Powers, Hastings Rasani, Jevg\u0113\u0146ijs Andrejevs, and Phil Goodwin to take his record up to 8\u20130. During 2009 he advanced to an unbeaten 12\u20130 with further wins against Matthew Ellis, Nick Okoth, Jindrich Velecky, and Martial Bella Oleme.</s><s>Professional career.:Light-heavyweight.:Commonwealth champion. On 12 March 2010 Bellew challenged for the vacant Commonwealth light-heavyweight title, defeating Atoli Moore at the Echo Arena in Liverpool. He made his first defence of the title on 24 September 2010, defeating Bob Ajis"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": "afe at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London with Bellew having to recover from a flash knockdown during the fight. He made his second defence of the title on 9 December 2010, returning to the Echo Arena to stop former Commonwealth champion Ovill McKenzie in the eighth-round despite suffering two knockdowns himself in both the first and second rounds. On 18 May 2011 it was announced that Bellew would challenge Nathan Cleverly for the WBO light-heavyweight title following a pullout from Cleverly's scheduled opponent J\u00fcrgen Br\u00e4hmer with the fight due to be held only three days later on 21 May 2011. Bellew however, failed to make the weight and was replaced with Aleksy Kuziemski. On 16 July 2011 Bellew made the third defence of his Commonwealth title and also won the vacant British title with a repeat victory over Ovill McKenzie, with the bout this time lasting the full twelve rounds.</s><s>Professional career.:Light-heavyweight.:Bellew vs. Cleverly. It was announced that Bellew would fight Nathan Cleverly in Liverpool, on 15 October 2011, for the WBO light-heavyweight title. Cleverly won the fight via majority decision (MD). One judge scored the bout at 114"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": "\u2013114 whereas the other two judges scored the bout at 116\u2013113, and 117\u2013112. After losing to Cleverly, Bellew took on Danny McIntosh for the vacant British light-heavyweight title, knocking McIntosh out in the fifth round. Next he took on former world title challenger Edison Miranda for the WBC International title, and stopped Miranda in the ninth round.</s><s>Professional career.:Light-heavyweight.:Bellew vs. Chilemba I, II. On 17 November 2012 he beat Roberto Bolonti for the WBC Silver title. Bellew was cut badly but went the full twelve rounds to a win unanimous decision (UD), taking him one step further to a second world title fight. On 30 March 2013, he fought Isaac Chilemba in a title eliminator. The judges scored it a controversial draw. Chilemba granted a rematch which Bellew won on the scorecards after twelve rounds via UD (unanimous decision), with 117\u2013112, and 116\u2013112 twice.</s><s>Professional career.:Light-heavyweight.:Bellew vs. Stevenson. Bellew was made mandatory challenger for the WBC light-heavyweight title following the win against Chilemba. However, a fight between Adonis Stevenson and"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " Tavoris Cloud occurred on 28 September 2013 with the winner being made to defend his title against Bellew before the end of the year. Stevenson became the first boxer to stop Bellew, winning the fight via technical knockout (TKO). In round six, Stevenson put Bellew down with a left hand, he beat the count and the referee let the fight go on. Bellew was then on the receiving end of another pair of left hands before the referee could get in and put a stop to the bout. At the time of stoppage, Stevenson was ahead on the scorecards with 50\u201345 twice, and 49\u201346. Bellew contemplated moving up to cruiserweight after the loss. According to Nielsen Media Research firm, the fight attracted an average of 1.3\u00a0million viewers on the HBO network, making it the fifth most watched bout of 2013.</s><s>Professional career.:Cruiserweight. Bellew celebrated his first fight as a cruiserweight with a twelfth-round knockout (KO) of Valery Brudov on 15 March 2014 at the Echo Arena in Liverpool. This was for the vacant WBO International cruiserweight title. Bellew successfully defended the title on 12 July 2014 against Julio Cesar Dos Santos via fifth-round TKO. Dos"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " Santos went down following a left to the jaw.</s><s>Professional career.:Cruiserweight.:Bellew vs. Cleverly II. On 22 November 2014 Bellew got his rematch against Nathan Cleverly, this time fighting as cruiserweights. The fight took place at the Echo Arena in Liverpool also a WBO cruiserweight championship eliminator. The title was held by Marco Huck at the time. The bout went twelve rounds as Bellew won via split decision (SD). One judge scored the bout 115\u2013114 in favour of Cleverly whereas the other two judges scored the bout 116\u2013112, and 115\u2013113 in favour of Bellew. In the post-fight interview, Bellew said, \"I'm over the moon, listen it's over, it's put to bed. We said a lot of things. I don't like him now, but it's been settled tonight. It's over, it's done and I've outworked a great athlete.\" He also stated that he would accept a rematch at Millennium Stadium if there was any demand for it. Cleverly said he struggled with dealing with Bellew at a higher weight. After the fight, Cleverly moved back down to light-heavyweight. In 2015, Bellew fought two lower ranked opponents"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": ", defeating Ivica Ba\u010durin via tenth-round TKO and Art\u016brs Ku\u013cikauskis via fifth-round TKO.</s><s>Professional career.:Cruiserweight.:Bellew vs. Masternak. On 29 November 2015, Sky Sports confirmed that Bellew would fight highly ranked contender and former world title challenger Mateusz Masternak (36\u20133, 26 KOs) for the vacant European cruiserweight title. The fight took place on 12 December at the O2 Arena in London, as part of the undercard for Anthony Joshua vs. Dillian Whyte. Bellew produced a solid performance as the fight with Masternak was back and forth throughout. Going into the twelfth round, Bellew was winning by one round. Bellew won the fight via UD, with scores of 115\u2013113, and 115\u2013112 twice to capture the European title. Bellew earned an \u00a380,000 purse for the bout.</s><s>Professional career.:Cruiserweight.:Bellew vs. Makabu. On 29 May 2016, Bellew challenged for the WBC cruiserweight title, vacated by Grigory Drozd, who had been injured and not fought since his KO win in May 2015."}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " Bellew faced Ilunga Makabu (19\u20131, 18 KOs), who had not lost since his debut back in 2008, at Goodison Park in Liverpool. Makabu was scheduled to fight Drozd, only for the Russian to pull out with an injury, prompting the WBC to strip him. Bellew weighed in at 14st 3lbs 1oz while Makabu took to the scales at just over 14st. Bellew overcame a first-round knockdown to KO Makabu and become WBC champion, winning his first world title. During the post-fight interview, Bellew called out Denis Lebedev, but not in Russia and David Haye at cruiserweight.</s><s>Professional career.:Cruiserweight.:Bellew vs. Flores. Bellew announced he would be making his first voluntary defence of his world title at the Echo Arena on 15 October, against 37-year-old BJ Flores (32\u20132\u20131, 20 KOs) live on Sky Sports. This was the first time Flores challenged for a major world title, having previously fought for an interim title and the IBO title. The WBC stated the winner had to fight Mairis Briedis next, the mandatory challenger, following"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " his win over Olanrewaju Durodola. Briedis also fought on the undercard, stopping unbeaten prospect Simon Vallily. Briedis agreed to take a step aside fee to allow this fight to take place. After an even first round, the second round produced more action as Bellew hit Flores with a low blow. The referee did not see this as below the belt, however, Flores stopped for a few seconds to motion the referee that he had been hit with a low blow. Whilst doing so, Bellew piled on more pressure, eventually knocking Flores down. Bellew knocked Flores down a further two times in round two, securing a 10\u20136 round in his favour. After a fourth knockdown in round three, Flores failed to beat the referee's count, the referee declaring Bellew the winner via KO and Bellew making a first successful defence of his WBC title. Following the win, Bellew called out former Cruiserweight and heavyweight world champion David Haye, who was ringside, repeating that he was next. Referring to Haye as 'SpongeBob', Bellew carried on the verbal assault in the post-fight interview using profanity and taunting Haye, stating he has been 'conning the British public"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": "' since he announced his comeback. Eddie Hearn claimed the fight could take place at heavyweight or at cruiserweight for Bellew's WBC title.</s><s>Professional career.:Heavyweight.</s><s>Professional career.:Heavyweight.:Bellew vs. Haye I, II. On 25 November 2016, Eddie Hearn announced via Twitter that Bellew's next fight would be against Haye. The fight date was set for 4 March 2017 at The O2 Arena, London and was shown on Sky Box Office and was Bellew's first heavyweight fight. Due to the fight being at heavyweight, Bellew's WBC cruiserweight title was not on the line. At the first press conference on 30 November, a fight broke out as Bellew and Haye went face to face and it appeared on the replay, Haye had managed to land a left hook on Bellew, leaving a mark. Both fighters were then separated before going their own ways. On 3 March 2017, Haye weighed 224.9 lbs, heavier than Bellew who came in at 213 lbs, a career high. The bout started as a stalemate until the sixth round, where Haye injured his ankle and fell down twice. Bellew then took control of the fight as Haye opted to"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " continue. Bellew knocked Haye down and out of the ropes late in the eleventh round. Haye managed to make it to his feet, but his trainer Shane McGuigan threw in the towel, giving Bellew a TKO win. Bellew credited Haye for his bravery, while Haye refused to blame his injury and stated that Bellew was \"by far the better fighter\", though stated that he wanted a rematch. Bellew contemplated retiring after claiming he had done it all. He also revealed he broke his hand in the early rounds. At the time of stoppage, Bellew led on all three scorecards 96\u201393. With a 60\u201340 split of the \u00a37\u00a0million purse, Haye earned \u00a34.2\u00a0million while Bellew eaned \u00a32.8 million, his biggest purse by far. It was reported that the fight generated 890,000 buys on Sky Box Office PPV. On 14 March, Hearn said that Bellew would fight again in 2017, a day later, he told Sky Sports that Bellew may need surgery on his broken hand which could see him out of action for up to five months. On 28 March, the WBC changed Bellew's world championship status to Emeritus champion. This"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " also meant the winner between Marco Huck and Mairis Briedis on 1 April would become new world champion and not interim, as it was initially announced. The bout was won by Briedis, thus making him the new WBC champion. In June 2017, Bellew stated that he would next fight in either November or December 2017. He had three potential names to consider, those being WBO heavyweight champion Joseph Parker, WBC heavyweight champion Deontay Wilder and a rematch with Haye. Parker was his main interest. In July 2017, Bellew admitted that a potential fight with widely regarded pound for pound number one fighter and unified light-heavyweight champion Andre Ward was of interest and the teams of the respective fighters were currently in negotiations. On 3 August, Hearn stated a rematch between Bellew and Haye was 'virtually dead', due to both fighters believing they are the A-side and have the right to demand ring walks, poster, changing rooms and split of purse. On 6 September, Hearn stated a deal could be made within seven days. According to trainer David Coldwell, both Haye and Bellew had held positive talks and looking more likely to agree to a fight, as long they stay on the same page and agree to"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " the same terms. On 19 September, Haye agreed all the terms and tweeted Bellew to sign the contract. He said, \"It's taken months of negotiating but teams have finally agreed all terms for Haye-Bellew 2. Will Bellew put pen to paper?\" The fight was reported to take place on Sunday 17 December 2017. Promoter Eddie Hearn stated the fight was not a done deal, but he had hoped to confirm the fight within a week. Bellew replied the following day, tweeting, \"I OBLIGE YOU @mrdavidhaye, happy? Now leave me alone with my family please. I'll see you soon enough!\" The fight was officially confirmed on 29 September for the fight to take place at The O2 Arena in London. Bellew claimed the rematch wasn't personal any more, just business and hoping to dedicate a win to his late brother-in-law, who had died in August. Haye stated that Bellew wouldn't win the lottery twice. Like the first fight, it was scheduled to be shown live on Sky Box Office. On 20 November, it was reported that Haye had injured his arm and forced to pull out of the fight. In a statement, Haye said, \"I"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " am devastated to announce my much-anticipated rematch against Tony Bellew has been postponed until 24 March or 5 May, subject to scheduling. It was believed that the injury occurred during a stair conditioning session.\" Bellew was said to be disappointed with Haye's announcement, but stated he may take an interim bout. Hours after the cancellation was confirmed, Tyson Fury released a video on social media calling out Bellew. In the video, he said, \"I'll be ready, willing and waiting to fight Tony Bellew, May 5, O2 Arena, London.\" Dillian Whyte tweeted Hearn about taking Haye's place and then called Bellew a coward for declining the fight. Speaking about a potential Fury fight, trainer Dave Coldwell said, \"That's not a fight I would entertain whatsoever. Fury is big, long and very, very clever in that ring. There's no way that I'd be interested in that fight.\" Fury himself denigrated Bellew and his corner stating that: \"They are not good enough to tie my shoelaces. They're not good enough to hold my jock strap.\" The fight was rescheduled for 5 May 2018. Haye weighed 220.2 lbs, 4 lbs lighter than the first fight. Bellew also"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " came in lighter 210.4 lbs. Bellew knocked Haye down three times, eventually winning the fight via TKO in round five. Haye started the opening two rounds using his jab, leaving a mark around Bellew's right eye. As round three began, both boxers started getting closer and unloading power shots. As Haye started to step backwards around the ring, Bellew landed clean, dropping Haye. At this point it appeared Haye may have injured his ankle, with the Sky Sports commentary team mentioning this, as well as the post-fight interviewer. Haye later denied he was injured. Bellew then dropped Haye again with a hard combination. Bellew came out cautiously in round four, still wary of Haye's power. In round five, both traded punches, but it was a left hook from Bellew that dropped Haye a third time. Haye managed to beat the count again, not long before Bellew started unloading a barrage of punches. With Haye against the ropes, referee Howard Foster stepped in at 2 minutes 14 seconds, giving Bellew his second stoppage win over Haye. Immediately after the fight Haye congratulated Bellew on the win. Bellew went on to dedicate the win to Ashley, his"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " brother-in-law, who had died in August 2017. He also mentioned Andre Ward, who his team had brief negotiations with in 2017. Haye stated he would review the tapes and see what went wrong. According to CompuBox stats, Haye landed 42 of 189 punches thrown (22%), only 6 being power punches and Bellew landed 70 of his 219 thrown (32%), with 34 being power punches. Both boxers earned a minimum purse of \u00a32.5 million for the fight, which would increase based on TV revenue and PPV shares.</s><s>Professional career.:Return to cruiserweight.</s><s>Professional career.:Return to cruiserweight.:Bellew vs. Usyk. On 21 July 2018, Oleksandr Usyk (15\u20130, 11 KOs) defeated Murat Gassiev via UD to become the undisputed cruiserweight world champion. When asked who he would like to fight next, Usyk said, \"At this time I have heard that Tony Bellew wants to fight the winner of the Muhammad Ali Trophy. I hope he will see me talking... 'hey Tony Bellew, are you ready?' If he doesn't want to go down, I will go up for him. I will eat more spaghetti"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " for my dinner!\" Bellew responded via social media that he would accept the fight, however stated the fight would need to take place in 2018 and for the undisputed championship. Bellew believed a fight at heavyweight would not be as appealing as he would not gain much with a win. Bellew also stated it would be his last fight as a professional. By the end of July, it was said the fight would likely take place in November 2018 in London. After positive meetings between Eddie Hearn and K2's Alexander Krassyuk, on 20 August, Boxing Scene reported the fight was likely to take place on 10 November 2018. A week later, K2 Promotions confirmed the date of the fight. On 5 September, the WBA ordered Usyk to start negotiating with Denis Lebedev, who was their 'champion in recess' and gave them until the first week of October 2018 to complete negotiations. This was said to be a stumbling block for the potential Usyk vs. Bellew fight. According to Hearn, the fight was likely to be pushed back to 2019. Prior to negotiations, Bellew stated the fight must happen in 2018. On 7 September, Usyk signed a multi-fight deal with Matchroom Boxing, which meant he"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " would fight exclusively on Sky Sports in the UK and DAZN in the US. A week after signing with Matchroom, the Usyk vs. Bellew fight was announced to take place on 10 November at the Manchester Arena, live and exclusive on Sky Box Office. Experienced British referee Terry O'Connor was named as the official. Bellew weighed 199\u00bc lbs, just over 2 years since he last made the cruiserweight limit and Usyk weighed 198\u00bc lbs. Bellew's guaranteed purse for the fight was \u00a34 million. On fight night, Usyk, who is usually a slow starter, eventually took full control of the bout and stopped Bellew in round eight to retain all the cruiserweight belts. The official time of the stoppage was at 2 minutes of round eight. There was very little action in round one as both boxers showed each other respect. Due to the lack of action, the crowd began to boo towards the end of the round. Overall, Usyk landed just three jabs and Bellew landed one power shot. Round two was similar, however Bellew stepped on the gas and landed some clean shots along with some showboating. Bellew took control in round three, landing two straight right hands."}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " Usyk began using his jab more and after landing an overhand left, Bellew was left slightly shaken. By the end of round four, Bellew was backed up against the ropes and looked to tire. Bellew aimed most of his shots to Usyk's body and by round seven, was missing a lot of shots, mostly due to Usyk's foot movement, and ended the round with a bloodied nose. In round eight, whilst in a neutral corner, Usyk landed a hard left, again buzzing Bellew, forcing him to move away against the ropes. Another left hand wobbled Bellew before Usyk finished him off with another left which dropped Bellew backwards with his head landing on the bottom rope. A brave Bellew tried to get up slowly and beat the count but referee Terry O'Connor stopped the fight. Bellew's ten-fight winning streak came to an end. Judges Alejandro Cid and Steve Gray scored the first seven rounds 68\u201365 and 67\u201366 respectively in favour of Bellew, while Yury Koptsev had the fight 67\u201367. Afterwards, Bellew paid tribute to Usyk and announced his retirement from boxing, saying, \"I have been doing this for 20 years"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": ", and it is over.\" Usyk stated 2018 was the most difficult year of his career, but most successful. \"We need to put goals in front of us and move towards them,\" Usyk later stated. There was a small concern during Bellew's post-fight interview as many felt he was clearly concussed. According to CompuBox stats, Usyk landed 112 of his 424 punches thrown (26%) and Bellew landed 61 of his 268 thrown (23%). Both landed 47 power shots each.</s><s>Professional career.:Retirement. Bellew announced his retirement in the ring following his defeat to Usyk. He retired with a record of 30 wins from 34 professional bouts, with 20 coming inside the distance. He suffered 3 losses and one draw. All three losses came against reigning world champions. During the post-fight press conference, Bellew stated, \"It's definitely over now, you won't see me in a boxing ring again. I just want a normal life, I don't want this pressure. I only created the name Tony Bellew to make my dad proud. I\u2019ve never been Tony Bellew, I\u2019ve always been Anthony. Everyone who truly knows me calls me Anthony. Tony Bellew died"}, {"title": "Tony Bellew", "text": " on Saturday, Anthony Bellew comes back alive. I want reality back.\" He claimed his body could no longer take it. On 22 November 2018, via social media, Bellew posted a video and a statement officially confirming his retirement from boxing. In 2020, Tony took part in the Channel 4 Show \"\". In 2021, Tony Bellew joined the UK commentary team for DAZN, contributing to their UK boxing coverage and schedule. On 22 February 2023, regarding the potential upcoming fight planned for Usyk and Tyson Fury, Bellew felt that Usyk would hold an advantage over Fury if the two were to have a championship fight.</s><s>Personal life. Bellew is an avid supporter of his hometown football team Everton F.C., and has been paraded on the pitch at Goodison Park at half-time during a home game. During his career, he entered the ring to the theme from \"Z-Cars\", the same song to which the team enters the pitch at their home ground.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Tony Bellew", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000326", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Daniel Bedingfield.", "docs": [{"title": "Daniel Bedingfield", "text": "<s>Daniel Bedingfield Daniel John Bedingfield (born 3 December 1979) is a New Zealand-British singer, songwriter, record producer and actor. He is the eldest brother of fellow singers Natasha Bedingfield and Nikola Rachelle. He was a judge on \"The X Factor New Zealand\" in 2013.</s><s>Early life. Bedingfield spent much of his early life in Auckland, New Zealand, and attended Lynfield College.</s><s>Music career.</s><s>Music career.:2001\u20132003: \"Gotta Get Thru This\" and international breakthrough. He released his first single, \"Gotta Get Thru This\" in November 2001. It gathered momentum on white label through the UK garage music scene, and peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart. He has since had two more number-one singles on the chart, \"If You're Not The One\" and \"Never Gonna Leave Your Side\", as well as three further top ten hits. His debut album, also titled \"Gotta Get Thru This\", which was recorded at home using Making Waves Audio software and Reason, peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and went on to sell more than 4 million copies worldwide.</s><s>Music career.:2004\u20132011"}, {"title": "Daniel Bedingfield", "text": ": \"Second First Impression\" and other projects. In 2004, Bedingfield won a BRIT Award for Best British Male Artist. He then moved to the Universal Music subsidiary label Polydor Records to release his second album, \"Second First Impression\", which reached number 8 in the UK. The album sold poorly compared to his first offering, though it did include two UK Top 20 singles, \"Nothing Hurts Like Love\" (which reached number three) and \"Wrap My Words Around You\" (which peaked at number 12). The third and final single, \"The Way\", became his first to miss the top 40, reaching number 41. The album was also released in Singapore (featuring 'If You're Not The One' as a bonus track). In an interview with the \"New Zealand Herald\" in April 2007, Bedingfield said that, after a four-year hiatus, he had three albums recorded and awaiting release. Since his last release in 2004, Bedingfield continued to work with other artists. He co-wrote the song \"Works for Me!\" for \"American Idol\" finalist David Archuleta. He has also worked with Pixie Lott, and contributed guest vocals on a track by a former member of The Roots. In"}, {"title": "Daniel Bedingfield", "text": " December 2009, he co-wrote material with Tessanne Chin as well as recorded three songs with Busy Signal at DJ Karim's Stainless Records studios in Kingston, Jamaica. Bedingfield provided backing vocals for the Kirsten Morrell track \"He Walked In\" from the album Ultraviolet, which was released in May 2010. In December 2010, Bedingfield spent a month in Tel Aviv, Israel, where he wrote and recorded a song with a local freak folk band, The Raw Men Empire. He concluded his visit with a Tel Aviv gig, hosting Uzi Feinerman, The Raw Men Empire and a variety of other Israeli musicians. In July 2011, he recorded on a dancehall riddim called the Overproof Riddim. Like many of the songs on this riddim, it has been getting good rotation in Jamaica.</s><s>Music career.:2012\u2013present: \"Stop the Traffik\", \"The X Factor\" and acting. In February 2012, Bedingfield released the single \"Rocks Off\" with an accompanying video on MTV which can be viewed here. \"Rocks Off\" was released alongside B-side \"It's Not Me, It's You\". On 24 April, Bedingfield released the EP \"Stop the Traff"}, {"title": "Daniel Bedingfield", "text": "ik \u2013 Secret Fear\", his first EP release since becoming independent. The EP featured both the previously released \"Rocks Off\" and \"It's Not Me, Its You\" as well as five other new tracks. The EP was followed by the release of \"Secret Fear\" as a single, the video features adult scenes and has gone on to win several awards. On 21 December 2012, Bedingfield took up a role as a judge for the first New Zealand series of \"The X Factor\" joining Stan Walker, Melanie Blatt and Ruby Frost. The series premiered on TV3 on 21 April 2013. Bedingfield mentored the Girls category. His sister Natasha appeared as an assistant during the Judges Retreats round. Bedingfield was the winning mentor of series one when his act Jackie Thomas won the competition. Bedingfield co-wrote \"I Wanna Feel\" by SecondCity, which debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 1 June 2014 and stayed in the top 20 for the next six weeks. The song was Bedingfield's fourth number one in the UK. He spent time working in the studio with K-pop group Spica, including co-producing their first English language single \"I Did It\". He was also the group"}, {"title": "Daniel Bedingfield", "text": "'s vocal director. In 2015, he co-wrote the song \"Testify\" which was included on \"The X Factor UK\" 2014 winner Ben Haenow's self-titled debut studio album. From February 2016, Bedingfield appeared in the West End musical \"The War of the Worlds\" as The Artilleryman. Bedingfield left the show in April 2016.</s><s>Personal life. While on holiday visiting his parents in New Zealand in 2004, Bedingfield nearly died in a serious car accident, which left him with severe head and neck injuries because of the car rolling on him. His mother, Molly Bedingfield, is founder and CEO of Global Angels, for which Daniel is doing fundraising work. Bedingfield also helped to launch the Stop the Traffik coalition against modern day slavery.</s><s>Discography. - \"Gotta Get Thru This\" (2002) - \"Second First Impression\" (2004)</s><s>Awards and nominations.! Year!! Awards!! Category!! Work!! Result</s><s>See also. - List of number-one dance hits (United States) - List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Daniel Bedingfield", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000327", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland.", "docs": [{"title": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "text": "<s>Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland Prince Carl Philip of Sweden, Duke of V\u00e4rmland (Carl Philip Edmund Bertil; born 13 May 1979) is the only son and the second of three children of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia., Prince Carl Philip is fourth in the line of succession, after his older sister, Crown Princess Victoria, his niece and goddaughter Princess Estelle, and his nephew Prince Oscar. He lives with his wife, Princess Sofia, and three sons, Prince Alexander, Prince Gabriel and Prince Julian in Villa Solbacken in Djurg\u00e5rden, Stockholm.</s><s>Early life and education. Prince Carl Philip was born on 13 May 1979 at Stockholm Palace, Sweden. He was baptised at the Royal Chapel on 31 August 1979. His mother is of half German and half Brazilian descent. Carl Philip was heir apparent to the throne of Sweden (and thus held the title Crown Prince) for seven months, until 1 January 1980 when a change in the constitution came into effect which made natural birth order the basis for succession to the throne, replacing the principle of agnatic primogeniture. His elder sister Victoria became heir apparent and Crown Princess, with Carl Philip becoming second in line. During 1984\u2013"}, {"title": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "text": "1986, Prince Carl Philip attended the V\u00e4sterled parish preschool. In the autumn of 1986, he started school at Smedsl\u00e4ttsskolan in Bromma which he attended at junior level. For the intermediate level, he attended \u00c5lstensskolan in Bromma, proceeding from there, in the autumn of 1992, to senior level at Enskilda Gymnasiet in Stockholm. In the autumn of 1994, Carl Philip enrolled at Kent School. He then continued his studies in a science programme at Lundsbergs upper secondary school. He graduated in the spring of 1999. In 2007\u20132008, he studied graphic design at the Rhode Island School of Design for one year. In 2011, Prince Carl Philip finished his studies in Agricultural and Rural Management at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Alnarp. Carl Philip has dyslexia, as do his father King Carl XVI Gustaf and his sister Crown Princess Victoria.</s><s>Interests. Prince Carl Philip has been a scout and is fond of outdoor life. He is keen on sport and athletics, especially football, swimming, sailing and skiing. In 2003, he completed the historic Swedish \"Vasaloppet\", the longest cross country ski race in the world. Carl Philip also enjoys"}, {"title": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "text": " car racing, a passion he inherited from his great-uncle and godfather, Prince Bertil, and has a licence to compete. Prince Carl Philip has taken part in the racing series Porsche Carrera Cup Scandinavia in a Porsche 911 GT3. Since 2013 he has raced in the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship. The prince completed his military service at the Amphibious Battalion at Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment as a combat boat commander (Combat Boat 90) in the autumn of 2000. In December 2002, the Prince was promoted to second lieutenant, and in 2004 to the rank of lieutenant in the Swedish Amphibious Corps. In 2007 and 2008 he went to the Swedish National Defense College. The course was divided in three weeks autumn 2007 and three weeks spring 2008. After that course he was appointed captain. On 1 October 2014, Prince Carl Philip achieved the rank of major. With a great interest for design and drawing, the prince began studying graphic design in Stockholm in 2003, studies which he continues still.</s><s>Activities and charity work. Prince Carl Philip and Princess Sofia's Foundation was established to mark the occasion of the couple's marriage in 2015. The foundation's purpose is to counteract bullying. In 2013, the Prince Carl Philip Racing Cup was founded. The"}, {"title": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "text": " racing cup aims to help young people with karting talents progress within the sport. The Prince with the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences conducts a range of visits to companies, with focus on the companies' creative work. Prince Carl Philip is a patron of several organizations such as The Swedish National Dyslexia Association, The Swedish Rural Economy and Agricultural Societies, The International Union for Conservation of Nature, The Royal Swedish Motorboat Club and others.</s><s>Personal life and family. Prince Carl Philip dated Emma Pernald from 1999 to 2009. Pernald worked at a PR firm for several years. However, the prince and Pernald broke off their relationship in March 2009. She revealed in the Swedish newspaper \"Expressen\" that she and the prince mutually decided to go their separate ways. Pernald made no further comment as to the reason for the break-up. In April 2010, Carl Philip was linked in the press with former glamour model Sofia Hellqvist. In August 2010, Royal Court spokesperson Nina Eldh confirmed the relationship between Carl Philip and Hellqvist in a statement released by the palace. On 27 June 2014, it was announced that Carl Philip and Hellqvist were engaged. They married on 13 June 2015 in Stockholm's Royal Palace"}, {"title": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "text": " chapel, and thousands of people lined the streets for the occasion. In an interview he criticized the press for suggesting that Hellqvist was not welcome in the royal family. He told the press that the opposite was true and that his family easily accepted her into the family. He compared the \"bullying\" of her past to that of himself being bullied for having dyslexia. The couple was due to move into the Villa Solbacken which had been vacant since the death of Princess Lilian, and while it was being renovated, they lived in Rosendal Palace until 2017. The couple has three sons: - On 19 April 2016, Princess Sofia gave birth to a son, Prince Alexander Erik Hubertus Bertil, Duke of S\u00f6dermanland, at Danderyd Hospital. He was baptised by Archbishop Antje Jackel\u00e9n in the Palace Chapel at Drottningholm Palace on 9 September 2016. - Their second child, Prince Gabriel Carl Walter, Duke of Dalarna, was born on 31 August 2017 at Danderyd Hospital. He was baptised by Archbishop Emeritus Anders Wejryd at Drottningholm on 1 December 2017. - Their third son, Prince Julian Herbert Folke, Duke of Halland, was"}, {"title": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "text": " born on 26 March 2021 at Danderyd Hospital. His christening took place on 14 August 2021 in the Drottningholm Palace Chapel. On 7 October 2019, Carl Philip's father, the king, issued a statement rescinding the royal status of Prince Alexander and Prince Gabriel in an effort to more strictly associate Swedish royalty to the office of the head of state; they are still to be styled as princes and dukes of their provinces, and they remain in the line of succession to the throne. English communiqu\u00e9 Carl Philip and his wife commented that their sons now will have more freedom of choice for their future lives.</s><s>Honours. National honours - Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (RoKavKMO) - Commander of the Royal Order of the Polar Star (KNO) - Knight of the Royal Order of Charles XIII (RCXIII:sO, not worn as Prince Carl Philip is not a Freemason) - Recipient of the King Carl XVI Gustaf's Jubilee Commemorative Medal I (30 April 1996) - Recipient of the Crown Princess Victoria and Prince Daniel's Wedding Commemorative Medal (8 June 2010) - Recipient of the King Carl XVI Gustaf's Jubilee Commemorative"}, {"title": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "text": " Medal II (23 August 2013) - Recipient of the King Carl XVI Gustaf's Jubilee Commemorative Medal III (30 April 2016) - Recipient of the - Recipient of the Swedish Armed Forces Conscript Medal - Recipient of the Swedish National Defence College Commemorative Medal (\"F\u00f6rsvarsh\u00f6gskolans minnesmedalj\") - Recipient of the Medal of Merit in gold (\"Fredsbaskrarna Sveriges f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nstmedalj i guld\") (22 January 2013) Foreign honours - Bulgaria: 1st Class of the Order of the Balkan Mountains - Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco - Chile: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit - Estonia: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose - Germany: Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany - Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour - Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon - Italy: 1st Class / Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (2 November 2018) - Jordan: Grand C"}, {"title": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "text": "ordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan - Latvia: Grand Officer of the Order of the Three Stars - Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau - Malaysia: - Honorary Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (2005) - Netherlands: - Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (11 October 2022) - Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (1 September 2005) - Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (16 November 2021) - Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of Faithful Service - Tunisia: Grand Officer of the Order of Merit Military ranks - December 2002: Second Lieutenant - 14 December 2004: Lieutenant - December 2007: Captain - 1 October 2014: Major</s><s>Arms. Prince Carl Philip's coat of arms is based on the greater coat of arms of Sweden. It features in the first and fourth quarters, the Three Crowns; in the second, the lion of the House of Bjelbo; and in the third, the eagle of the arms of V\u00e4rmland, representing the titular designation of his dukedom. In the centre, on an inescutcheon, is the dynastic arms of the House of"}, {"title": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "text": " Bernadotte. Surrounding the shield is the chain of the Order of the Seraphim.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000328", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Chris Woakes.", "docs": [{"title": "Chris Woakes", "text": "<s>Chris Woakes Christopher Roger Woakes (born 2 March 1989) is an English cricketer who plays internationally for England in all formats. In domestic cricket, he represents Warwickshire, and has played in multiple Twenty20 leagues, including for Kolkata Knight Riders, Royal Challengers Bangalore and Delhi Capitals in the Indian Premier League. Woakes made his One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) debuts in 2011, and Test debut in 2013. He was part of the England teams that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup and 2022 T20 World Cup. Woakes plays as a right-handed all-rounder, bowling fast medium.</s><s>Early life. Woakes was born in March 1989 in Birmingham, and attended Barr Beacon Language College in Walsall from 2000 to 2007. He began playing cricket when he was seven years old with Aston Manor Cricket Club. He played three games in the 2006 Minor Counties Trophy for Herefordshire County Cricket Club, and played for Warwickshire's under-15, under-17, academy and Second XI teams between 2004 and 2007. Woakes is an avid supporter of local football club Aston Villa F.C. He was a trainee footballer with Walsall F"}, {"title": "Chris Woakes", "text": ".C. as a winger until the age of 14.</s><s>Career. Woakes represented Warwickshire in one match during the 2006 season, during a West Indian tour of England. Woakes picked up three wickets in the match. He has since represented Warwickshire in the Second XI Championship. He was a regular for the Warwickshire First XI in 2008. He took 42 wickets at an average of 20.57 runs per wicket over the course of the County Championship season, topping Warwickshire's bowling averages. On 6 April 2009, Woakes was called up to the England Lions squad. Woakes made his Lions debut against the West Indies, taking of 6/43 in the first innings of the match. During the same season he scored 131 not out against Hampshire, his maiden first-class century, batting at number nine and sharing a 222-run partnership with Jonathan Trott. Woakes claimed his 200th first-class wicket in Warwickshire's victory over Sussex in the County Championship in July 2011. In the 2017 Indian Premier League auction, Woakes was bought by Kolkata Knight Riders, going on to take 17 wickets in 13 matches, with best figures of 3/6. In"}, {"title": "Chris Woakes", "text": " the 2018 IPL auction, he was bought by Royal Challengers Bangalore, playing in five matches and taking eight wickets in the 2018 IPL. He was released by RCB ahead of the 2019 IPL auction, where he went unsold. In the 2020 IPL auction, he was bought by Delhi Capitals ahead of the 2020 Indian Premier League, but pulled out of the tournament. Chris Woakes has pulled out of IPL 2020 to keep himself fresh for England Test season. He was retained by Delhi for the 2021 season. Woakes made his Delhi Capitals debut vs CSK in match 2 of IPL 2021. In April 2022, he was bought by the Birmingham Phoenix for the 2022 season of The Hundred.</s><s>International career. Woakes made his International Twenty20 debut on 12 January 2011 against Australia in Adelaide. Opening the bowling, he took figures of 1/34 and later scored the winning runs. He featured throughout the one-day matches on the tour, and in his second One Day International took figures of 6/45. Woakes returned to the England set up in 2012 during an ODI series against South Africa and continued to feature in the one-day side against India and New Zealand later in the year. Woakes made his Test match debut against"}, {"title": "Chris Woakes", "text": " Australia in the final Test of the 2013 Ashes series, taking 1/96 in the first innings. After being named in squads against Sri Lanka and India, Woakes played his first Test of the 2014 summer in the third Test against India. He was an integral part of England's ODI side, playing all four matches and was selected in the ODI squad that toured Sri Lanka towards the end of 2014. England toured without injured senior bowlers Stuart Broad and James Anderson, meaning Woakes was trusted with the new ball. He took figures of 6/47 in the fifth match of the series, a bowling spell which was nominated to be one of the best ODI bowling performance of the year by ESPNCricinfo. He was part of the England side for the 2015 Cricket World Cup, although injury ruled him out of England's final match of the tournament. After the injury, Woakes returned for the ODI series against Australia and Pakistan and the Test side against South Africa in 2015/16. On 21 June 2016, he scored his highest ODI score of unbeaten 95 runs in the first ODI against Sri Lanka. His score is the joint highest ODI score by number eight or lower in ODI history, a record that he shares with fellow Englishman, Sam"}, {"title": "Chris Woakes", "text": " Curran. He made his first Test century against India (137 not out) at Lord's in August 2018, the ground where two years earlier he had his best match figures with the ball of 11/102 against Pakistan. These feats earned him a position on both Lord's honours boards, one of only ten players to achieve this, and the fifth to do so by taking ten wickets in a match. He has continued to feature in England's one-day and Test squads, and in April 2019 was named in England's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. He was named the Player of the Match in the World Cup semi-final against Australia, taking three wickets to see England through to the World Cup Final against New Zealand, the teams first appearance in a final since 1992. Woakes again took three wickets in the final as England won the tournament. On 17 June 2020, Woakes was included in England's 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the Test series against the West Indies, and was later named in England's thirteen-man squad for the first Test match of the series. In the second Test, Woakes took his 100th wicket in Test matches. Chris Woakes reached 150 ODI wickets of his career"}, {"title": "Chris Woakes", "text": " by taking wicket of Pathum Nissanka in 1st ODI of Sri Lanka tour of England, 2021 In September 2021, Woakes was named in England's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. In September 2022, Woakes was named in England's squad for the 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. Woakes played in every game for England who went on to win the tournament, beating Pakistan in the final. Woakes is one of 6 players to play in both the 2019 ODI and 2022 T20 world cup winning squads.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Chris Woakes", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000329", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Aleksandar Kolarov.", "docs": [{"title": "Aleksandar Kolarov", "text": "<s>Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Kolarov (; born 10 November 1985) is a Serbian former professional footballer who played as a left back. Kolarov began his career at Red Star Belgrade, but he did not break through and moved onto \u010cukari\u010dki in 2004. Two years later, he joined OFK Beograd before moving abroad for the first time by signing for Lazio in Serie A, where he won the Coppa Italia and Supercoppa Italiana in 2009. In 2010, he joined Manchester City, with which he won two Premier League titles, the FA Cup and the League Cup. He returned to Serie A in 2017 and saw out the remaining five years of his career with Roma and Inter Milan. Kolarov made his senior international debut for Serbia in 2008 and earned 94 caps. Kolarov was a member of Serbia's squads for the 2008 Olympics, 2010 FIFA World Cup and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He was named Serbian Player of the Year in 2011.</s><s>Club career. Kolarov's football career started in the Red Star Belgrade youth system. He later joined the youth system of Obili\u0107.</s><s>Club career.:\u010cukari\u010dki. In"}, {"title": "Aleksandar Kolarov", "text": " 2004, 18-year-old Kolarov moved across Belgrade to \u010cukari\u010dki, which played in the top-tier Serbia-Montenegro League. Signing a three-year contract, he finished the 2003\u201304 season in the club's youth setup and during the summer of 2004 was introduced to the first-team squad. Making 27 league appearances in his debut season, the youngster left a good impression but could not help the beleaguered team avoid relegation. Kolarov started the 2005\u201306 campaign for \u010cukari\u010dki in the second-tier league competition, but during the winter break controversially transferred to top-tier league club OFK Beograd.</s><s>Club career.:OFK Beograd. Kolarov joined OFK Beograd in February 2006 and finished out the season with them, scoring his first league goal.</s><s>Club career.:Lazio. In the summer of 2007, OFK Beograd sold Kolarov to Italian side Lazio (the third placed team in previous season's Serie A standings) for a \u20ac925,000 transfer fee. Kolarov's first goal for Lazio came at the Stadio Oreste Granillo in Reggio Cal"}, {"title": "Aleksandar Kolarov", "text": "abria on 30 September 2007, as he hit a rocket from 38 metres to secure a draw against lowly Reggina. During his first season in Rome, the 21-year-old Serb also participated in the UEFA Champions League for the first time, making his debut on 24 October 2007 away at Werder Bremen in a 2\u20131 victory. In his second season in Italy, Kolarov established himself as Lazio's first choice at left back, scoring a spectacular goal against Lecce at the Stadio Via del Mare. It got even better for the Serbian in the second \"Derby della Capitale\" of the season, against city rivals Roma. With Lazio 3\u20132 up, Kolarov received the ball in defence from goalkeeper Fernando Muslera and proceeded to run the length of the pitch virtually unopposed. Having run 85 metres, Kolarov then slotted the ball past a helpless Doni in the Roma goal. On 13 May 2009, Kolarov played in the 2009 Coppa Italia Final against Sampdoria. The match finished 1\u20131 after extra time, and Kolarov scored one of Lazio's penalties in the resultant penalty shoot-out, helping Lazio win the trophy"}, {"title": "Aleksandar Kolarov", "text": " and capping a great season for the Serbian. Lazio and 2008\u201309 Serie A champions Inter Milan travelled to Beijing in August 2009 to play the 2009 Supercoppa Italiana. Kolarov picked up his second winner's medal, with Lazio defeating Inter 2\u20131. As the 2009\u201310 season drew to an end, Kolarov was instantly linked with a move away from Lazio, with Manchester City and Real Madrid supposedly interested.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City. On 24 July 2010, it was announced that Kolarov had signed for Manchester City for a reported \u00a316\u00a0million transfer fee. On 14 August, Kolarov made his Premier League debut in the 0\u20130 draw against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. On 18 January 2011, Kolarov scored his first goal for the club in a 4\u20132 victory over Leicester City in the FA Cup, while on 2 February 2011, Kolarov recorded his first Premier League goal from a free kick in a 2\u20132 draw against Birmingham City. He played the full 90 minutes as City won the 2011 FA Cup Final. The summer 2011 arrival of Ga\u00ebl Clichy to the club marginalized Kolarov's role in the squad and he saw his first team opportunities"}, {"title": "Aleksandar Kolarov", "text": " greatly reduced. On 14 September 2011, he scored an equaliser for City in the 1\u20131 draw against Napoli in their first 2011\u201312 Champions League group stage match. On 1 October 2011, he started and played the full 90 minutes in the left-back slot against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park in a 0\u20134 away victory in the Premier League. On 31 March 2012, he added another with a long-range swing which earned City a point against Sunderland at home, after coming back from 3\u20131 down. He ended that season with 12 league appearances, enough for a medal, as Manchester City won the 2011\u201312 Premier League title in dramatic circumstances on the last day of the season. On 18 September 2012, he scored a free kick in a 3\u20132 Champions League defeat at Real Madrid. He went on to score in the League Cup loss to Aston Villa, while in their match against Sunderland, he scored another free-kick just five minutes into the match. Kolarov scored from the penalty spot in City's 3\u20132 comeback victory over Bayern Munich in the final match of their Champions League group stage on 10 December 2013, securing his side a spot in the knockout stages of the Champions League for the first time in club history. He"}, {"title": "Aleksandar Kolarov", "text": " scored his only league goal of the 2013\u201314 season on 1 January 2014, netting past goalkeeper Gerhard Tremmel as City defeated Swansea City by a score of 3\u20132. On 11 May, he won his second Premier League trophy with Manchester City after making 30 appearances in the league, and 44 in all competitions. In June 2014, Kolarov signed a new three-year deal with City, keeping him at the club until 2017.</s><s>Club career.:Roma. On 22 July 2017, Roma confirmed they had signed Kolarov on a three-year deal for a fee of \u20ac5 million. Kolarov scored on his debut for the club on 20 August, scoring the winning goal in a 1\u20130 win over Atalanta. On 18 October, in the UEFA Champions League, he scored in a 3\u20133 draw with Chelsea. Four days later, he scored the winning goal in a 1\u20130 win over Torino. On 26 September, Kolarov scored his first goal of the 2018\u201319 season in a 4\u20130 win over Frosinone. On 29 September, he scored against his former club and city rivals Lazio in a 3\u20131 win, becoming just the second player in history to have scored for"}, {"title": "Aleksandar Kolarov", "text": " both clubs in a Rome derby.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan. On 8 September 2020, Kolarov joined Inter Milan on a reported one-year deal, with an option to extend for a further year, for a fee of \u20ac1.5 million. On 19 June 2022, Kolarov announced his retirement from professional football.</s><s>International career. Kolarov was a part of the successful Serbia under-21 side which reached the final of the 2007 U-21 Championships held in the Netherlands. As a key member of that side, Kolarov was named in the UEFA Team of the tournament. In the semi-final clash with Belgium, he scored a free-kick from long range. In June 2010, he was selected in Serbia's squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, where he appeared in group stage matches against Ghana and Germany. Kolarov played a major roles in UEFA Euro 2012 qualifiers and friendlies. Kolarov was eventually rewarded for an impressive 2011 with the Serbian Footballer of the Year award. On 11 September 2012, Kolarov scored his first goal for Serbia during a 6\u20131 win against Wales in a 2014 World Cup qualifier. On 7 June 2013, he scored from a free kick against Belgium in a 2014 World"}, {"title": "Aleksandar Kolarov", "text": " Cup qualifier. On 7 September 2014, he scored the equalizer in a 1\u20131 draw with France. Having helped Serbia qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, their first international tournament for eight years, he was also included in the final 23-man squad for that competition. Kolarov scored the only goal of their opening match against Costa Rica from a free kick. He captained Serbia in all three group stage matches.</s><s>Style of play. Although primarily a left-back, Kolarov could also operate as a centre-back and anywhere along the left flank and was known for his overlapping attacking runs on the wing, his powerful ball-striking ability with his left foot, and his accuracy from free kicks.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:International. \"Score and results list Serbia's goal tally first\"</s><s>Honours. Lazio - Coppa Italia: 2008\u201309 - Supercoppa Italiana: 2009 Manchester City - Premier League: 2011\u201312, 2013\u201314 - FA Cup: 2010\u201311; runner-up: 2012\u201313 - Football League Cup: 2013\u201314, 2015\u201316 - FA Community Shield: 2012 Inter Milan - Serie A: 2020\u201321 - Supercoppa Italian"}, {"title": "Aleksandar Kolarov", "text": "a: 2021 Serbia U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2007 Individual - Serbian Player of the Year: 2011 - Serie A Team of the Year: 2018\u201319 - A.S. Roma Team of the Decade: 2010\u20132020</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Aleksandar Kolarov", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000330", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Thomas Piketty.", "docs": [{"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": "<s>Thomas Piketty Thomas Piketty (; born 7 May 1971) is a French economist who is Professor of Economics at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, Associate Chair at the Paris School of Economics and Centennial Professor of Economics in the International Inequalities Institute at the London School of Economics. Piketty's work focuses on public economics, in particular income and wealth inequality. He is the author of the best-selling book \"Capital in the Twenty-First Century\" (2013), which emphasises the themes of his work on wealth concentrations and distribution over the past 250 years. The book argues that the rate of capital return in developed countries is persistently greater than the rate of economic growth, and that this will cause wealth inequality to increase in the future. Piketty proposes improving the education systems and considers diffusion of knowledge, diffusion of skills, diffusion of idea of productivity as the main mechanism that will lead to lower inequality.  In 2019, his book \"Capital and Ideology\" was published, which focuses on income inequality in various societies in history. His 2022 \"A Brief History of Equality\" is a much shorter book about wealth redistribution intended for a target audience of citizens not economists.</s><s>Early life and education. Piketty was"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": " born in the Parisian suburb of Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine. His parents had been involved with a Trotskyist group and the May 1968 protests in Paris but they had moved away from this political position before Piketty was born. A visit to the Soviet Union in 1991 was enough to make him a firm \"believe[r] in capitalism, private property and the market\". Piketty earned an S-stream (scientific) Baccalaur\u00e9at, and after taking scientific preparatory classes, he entered the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure (ENS) at the age of 18 where he studied mathematics and economics. At the age of 22, Piketty was awarded his PhD for a thesis on wealth redistribution, which he wrote at the London School of Economics (LSE) and EHESS under Roger Guesnerie and winning the French Economics Association's award for the best thesis of the year.</s><s>Career. After earning his PhD, Piketty taught from 1993 to 1995 as an assistant professor in the Department of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1995, he joined the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) as a researcher, and in 2000 he became a professor ("}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": "directeur d'\u00e9tudes) at EHESS. Piketty won the 2002 prize for the best young economist in France, and according to a list dated 11 November 2003, he is a member of the scientific orientation board of the association \"\u00c0 gauche, en Europe\", founded by Michel Rocard and Dominique Strauss-Kahn. In 2006, Piketty became the first head of the Paris School of Economics, which he helped set up. He left after a few months to serve as an economic advisor to Socialist Party candidate S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal during the French presidential campaign. Piketty resumed teaching at the EHESS and Paris School of Economics in 2007. He is a columnist for the French newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" and regularly writes op-eds for \"Le Monde\". In April 2012, Piketty co-authored along with 42 colleagues an open letter in support of then socialist party candidate for the French presidency Fran\u00e7ois Hollande. Hollande won the contest against the incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy in May of that year. Piketty was unimpressed by Hollande's tenure, later describing him as \"hopeless\". In 2013, Piketty won the biennial Yrj\u00f6 Jahnsson Award, for the economist under"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": " age 45 who has \"made a contribution in theoretical and applied research that is significant to the study of economics in Europe.\" In January 2015, he rejected the French Legion of Honour order, stating that he refused the nomination because he did not think it was the government's role to decide who is honourable. On 27 September 2015, it was announced that he had been appointed to the British Labour Party's Economic Advisory Committee, convened by Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell and reporting to Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn. The appointment of Piketty, who had previously advised Lord Wood, key policy advisor to former Labour Party Leader Ed Miliband, that tax rates could be raised above 50% for earnings over one million pounds without it impacting the economy, was seen as a particular coup for the Labour Party leadership due to his breakthrough success in the mainstream publishing world. Regarding this appointment he stated that he was very happy to take part and assist the Labour Party in constructing an economic policy that helps tackle some of the biggest issues facing people in the UK and that there was a brilliant opportunity for the Labour party to construct a fresh and new political economy which will expose austerity for the failure it has been in the UK and Europe, although he reportedly failed to attend the first meeting. In June 2016, he resigned from his"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": " role in Labour's Economic Advisory Committee, citing concerns over the weak campaign the party had run in the EU referendum. On 2 October 2015, Piketty received an honorary doctorate from the University of Johannesburg and on 3 October 2015 he delivered the 13th Annual Nelson Mandela Lecture at the University of Johannesburg. In 2015, Piketty was also elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society. On 11 February 2017, it was announced that he had joined the socialist Beno\u00eet Hamon's campaign team in the latter's presidential run. He took in charge of EU matters, and more precisely, the Fiscal Stability Treaty (or TSCG), while Julia Cag\u00e9 was responsible for the candidate's economic and fiscal platform. Piketty expressed his view that the TSCG should be renegotiated in order to introduce a eurozone assembly, composed of members of EU's parliaments \u2013 a \"democratic government\", he said, in comparison with the current system which he views as a \"huis clos\" (a \"private, closed-door discussion\", an \"in camera\" arrangement). Such change would currently require unanimous approval of all EU members, and Piketty has suggested that a change of rules might be necessary, saying that if countries"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": " representing 80% of EU's population or GDP ratify a treaty, it should be approved. He is also in favour of a \"credible and bold basic income\", which is one of Benoit Hamon's key proposals, although their views on the matter are different. The call in which Piketty and other economic researchers argue for their version of the basic income has been criticised as not \"universal\", a criticism he answered on his blog. Thomas Piketty joined the London School of Economics (LSE) in 2015 as the distinguished Centennial Professor. Piketty continues his research as part of the LSE International Inequalities Institute. His economic research focusses mainly on wealth inequalities and the use of capital in the 21st century. Piketty has long-standing ties to the London School of Economics and he completed his PhD studies at the university in the early 1990s. In addition to his research, Piketty also teaches post-graduate students at the LSE. His teaching and research approach is inter-disciplinary and he has been involved in the teaching of the new MSc degree in Inequalities and Social Science at the London School of Economics.</s><s>Research. Piketty specializes in economic inequality, taking a historic and statistical approach"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": ". His work looks at the rate of capital accumulation in relation to economic growth over a two hundred year spread from the nineteenth century to the present. His novel use of tax records enabled him to gather data on the very top economic elite, who had previously been understudied, and to ascertain their rate of accumulation of wealth and how this compared to the rest of society and economy. His 2013 book \"Capital in the Twenty-First Century\", relies on economic data going back 250 years to show that an ever-rising concentration of wealth is not self-correcting. To address this problem, he proposes redistribution through a progressive global tax on wealth.</s><s>Research.:Study of long-term economic inequalities. A research project on high incomes in France led to the book \"Les hauts revenus en France au XXe si\u00e8cle\" (\"High incomes in France in the 20th Century\", Grasset, 2001), which was based on a survey of statistical series covering the whole of the 20th century, built from data from the fiscal services (particularly income tax declarations). He extended this analysis in his immensely popular book \"Le Capital au XXIe si\u00e8cle\" (\"Capital in the Twenty-First Century\"). A study by Emmanuel Saez and Piketty showed that"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": " the top 10 percent of earners took more than half of the country's total income in 2012, the highest level recorded since the government began collecting the relevant data a century ago.</s><s>Research.:Survey on the evolution of inequalities in France. Piketty's work shows that differences in earnings dropped sharply during the 20th century in France, mostly after World War II. He argues that this was due to a decrease in estate inequalities, while wage inequalities remained stable. The shrinking inequality during this period, Piketty says, resulted from a highly progressive income tax after the war, which upset the dynamics of estate accumulation by reducing the surplus money available for saving by the wealthiest. The normative conclusion Piketty draws is that a tax cut and thus a decrease in the financial contribution to society of the wealthy that has been happening in France since the late 1990s will assist in the rebuilding of the earlier large fortunes of the rentier class. This trend will lead to the rise of what he calls patrimonial capitalism, in which a few families control most of the wealth. Through a statistical survey, Piketty also showed that the Laffer effect, which claims that high marginal tax rates on top incomes are an incentive for the rich to work less, was probably negligible in the"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": " case of France.</s><s>Research.:Comparative work. Piketty has done comparative work on inequality in other developed countries. In collaboration with other economists, particularly Emmanuel Saez, he built a statistical series based on a similar method used in his studies of France. This research led to reports on the evolution of inequalities in the US, and on economic dynamics in the English-speaking world and continental Europe. Saez won the prestigious John Bates Clark prize for this work. The surveys found that following the Second World War, after initially undergoing a decrease in economic inequality similar to that in continental Europe, English-speaking countries have, over the past thirty years, experienced increasing inequalities.</s><s>Research.:A critic of the Kuznets curve. Piketty's work has been discussed as a critical continuation of the pioneering work of Simon Kuznets in the 1950s. According to Kuznets, the long-term evolution of earnings inequalities was shaped as a curve (Kuznets curve). Growth started at the beginning of the industrial revolution, and slackened off later due to the reallocation of the labor force from low productivity sectors like agriculture to higher productivity sectors like industry. According to Piketty, the tendency observed by Kuznets in the early 1950s"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": " is not necessarily a product of deep economic forces (e.g. sectoral spillover or the effects of technological progress). Instead, estate values, rather than wage inequalities, decreased, and they did so for reasons that were not specifically economic (for example, the creation of income tax). Consequently, the decrease would not necessarily continue, and in fact, inequalities have grown sharply in the United States over the last thirty years, returning to their 1930s level.</s><s>Research.:Other work. Besides these surveys, which make up the core of his work, Piketty has published in other areas, often with a connection to economic inequalities. His work on schools, for example, postulates that disparities among different schools, especially class sizes, are a cause for the persistence of inequalities in wages and the economy. He has also published proposals for changes in the French pension system and the French tax system. In a 2018 paper, Piketty suggested that throughout the Western world, political parties of both the left and the right have been captured by the \"elites\".</s><s>Research.:\"Capital in the Twenty-First Century\". \"Capital in the Twenty-First Century\", published in 2013, focuses on wealth and income inequality in Europe and the US since the 18th century"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": ". The book's central thesis is that inequality is not an accident but rather a feature of capitalism that can be reversed only through state intervention. The book thus argues that unless capitalism is reformed, the very democratic order will be threatened. The book reached number one on \"The New York Times\" bestselling hardcover nonfiction list from 18 May 2014. Piketty offered a \"possible remedy: a global tax on wealth\". In 2014, he was awarded the British Academy Medal for this book.</s><s>Research.:\"Capital and Ideology\". \"Capital and Ideology\", a book published in 2019, is a successor to \"Capital in the Twenty-First Century\" in its themes of inequality of income and wealth. It argues it is necessary to examine the ideological systems which attempted to justify the forms of inequality specific to different institutional configurations, and how these have had an impact, through fiscal and economic policy, on the distribution of wealth and income. Piketty argues that various ideologies arise to defend inequality, and wealth is diverted to sustain these ideologies. The book contains significant material dedicated to prescriptions for reducing inequality of wealth and income, such as a wealth tax, and to sustaining ideological support for such fiscal and economic policies. This work was well received, but some critics considered Pik"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": "etty's work too vague. In particular, Nicolas Brisset criticized his definitions and analyses of \"ideology\" and \"capitalism\" for being too weak. \"Cleveland Review of Books\" praised the book, saying it \"utilizes historical, political, and philosophical analysis to provide a sweeping and detailed account of the ideological context behind how what he calls \u201cinequality regimes\u201d sustain themselves.\"</s><s>Research.:\"A Brief History of Equality\". His 2022 A Brief History of Equality is a much shorter book about wealth redistribution intended for a target audience of citizens not economists, in which he traced a history of equality from 1780 to 2020. In 2022, Piketty was interviewed about the book for New Books Network.</s><s>Personal life. Thomas Piketty was the partner of the politician Aur\u00e9lie Filippetti. She withdrew her complaint to the police after he acknowledged facts of domestic violence in 2009.  Additionally, he was later condemned of libel against her in 2022. He is married to fellow economist Julia Cag\u00e9.</s><s>Selected works and publications. - In French - \"Les hauts revenus face aux modifications des taux marginaux sup\u00e9rieurs de l\u2019imp\u00f4t sur le revenu en"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": " France, 1970\u20131996\" (Document de Travail du CEPREMAP, n\u00b0 9812, July 1998) - \"In\u00e9galit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques\": report to the Counsel of Economic Analysis (14 June 2001) with Tony Atkinson, and Lucile Olier - \"Les hauts revenus en France au XX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, In\u00e9galit\u00e9s et redistribution, 1901\u20131998\" (ed. Grasset, September 2001) - \"Fiscalit\u00e9 et redistribution sociale dans la France du XXe si\u00e8cle\" (October 2001) - \"L'\u00e9conomie des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s\" (ed. La D\u00e9couverte, April 2004) - \"Vive la gauche am\u00e9ricaine! : Chroniques 1998\u20132004\" (\u00c9ditions de l'Aube, September 2004) - \"Pour un nouveau syst\u00e8me de retraite : Des comptes individuels de cotisations financ\u00e9s par r\u00e9partition\" (\u00c9ditions Rue d'Ulm/CEPREMAP, 2008) with Antoine Bozio - \"On the Long run evolution of inheritance. France, 1820\u20132050"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": "\" (PSE Working Paper, 2010) - \"Pour une r\u00e9volution fiscale\" (ed. Le Seuil, 2011) with Emmanuel Saez and Camille Landais - \"Peut-on sauver l'Europe? Chroniques 2004\u20132012\" (Les Liens qui Lib\u00e8rent, 2012) - \"Le Capital au XXIe si\u00e8cle\" (Seuil, 2013) - \"Capital et id\u00e9ologie\" (Seuil, 2019) - \"Une br\u00e8ve histoire de l'\u00e9galit\u00e9\", Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 2021, 350p. - In English - - - \"Capital in the Twenty-First Century\" (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2014) - \"About Capital in the Twenty-First Century\" (AER, 2015) - \"Carbon and Inequality: from Kyoto to Paris\" (L. Chancel, T. Piketty, PSE, 2015) - \"Chronicles: On Our Troubled Times\" (Viking, 2016) - \"Why Save the Bankers? And Other Essays on Our Economic and Political Crisis\" (Houghton Mifflin Har"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": "court, 2016) - \"Top Incomes in France in the Twentieth Century: Inequality and Redistribution, 1901\u20131998\" (Harvard University Press, 2018) - \"Capital and Ideology\" (Harvard University Press, 2020) - \"Time for Socialism: Dispatches from a World on Fire, 2016-2021\" (Yale University Press, 2021) - \"The western elite is preventing us from going after the assets of Russia's hyper-rich\" (\"The Guardian\", 16 March 2022). - \"A Brief History of Equality\", Harvard University Press, 2022, 274p. Data,</s><s>See also. - Capital accumulation - Criticism of capitalism - Everything bubble - Tax haven</s><s>Further reading. - Coopersmith, Jonathan, and Andrew Popp. \"Piketty amongst the historians: Introduction to a symposium on Thomas Piketty's Capital and Ideology\" \"History Compass\" (April 2022) 20#4 e12724; https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12724 special issue with 7 articles on Piketty's ideas. - John, Richard RE. \"Political contestation and the Second Great Divergence\" \"History Compass\" (April 2022)"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": " 20#4 https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12722 - Lachmann, Richard, and Peter Brandon. \"Piketty and the Political Origins of Inequality.\" \"Comparative Studies in Society and History\" 63.3 (2021): 752-764. - McCloskey, Deirdre Nansen. \u201cPiketty Deserves Some Praise.\u201d in \"Why Liberalism Works: How True Liberal Values Produce a Freer, More Equal, Prosperous World for All\" (Yale University Press, 2019), pp. 165\u201368, online - McGaughey, Ewan. \"From \u2018capital and Ideology\u2019 to \u2018democracy and Evidence\u2019: A Review of Thomas Piketty.\" \"\u0152conomia. History, Methodology, Philosophy\" 11#1 (2021): 171-189 online. - Nealon, Jeffrey T. \u201cBiopolitics, Marxism, and Piketty\u2019s Capital in the Twenty-First Century.\u201d in \"Fates of the Performative: From the Linguistic Turn to the New Materialism\" (U of Minnesota Press, 2021), pp. 95\u2013"}, {"title": "Thomas Piketty", "text": "118, online - Raoult, Sacha, et al. \u201cA Prophet in His Hometown? The Academic Reception of Thomas Piketty\u2019s \u2018Capital in the Twenty-First Century\u2019 Across Disciplines in France and in the United States.\u201d \"American Sociologist\" 48#3/4, (2017), pp. 453\u201375, online - Roine, Jesper. \u201cFour key insights.\u201d in \"Pocket Piketty: A Handy Guide to Capital in the Twenty-First Century\" (2017), pp. 32\u201341, online - Sutch, Richard. \u201cThe One Percent across Two Centuries: A Replication of Thomas Piketty\u2019s Data on the Concentration of Wealth in the United States.\u201d \"Social Science History\" 41#4 (2017), pp. 587\u2013613, online</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Thomas Piketty", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000331", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Cicero.", "docs": [{"title": "Cicero", "text": "<s>Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC\u00a0\u2013 7 December 43\u00a0BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics. He is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63\u00a0BC. His influence on the Latin language was immense. He wrote more than three-quarters of extant Latin literature that is known to have existed in his lifetime, and it has been said that subsequent prose was either a reaction against or a return to his style, not only in Latin but in European languages up to the 19th century. Cicero introduced into Latin the arguments of the chief schools of Hellenistic philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary with neologisms such as,,,, and, distinguishing himself as a translator and philosopher. Though he was an accomplished orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was his most important achievement. It was during his consulship that the Cat"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": "iline conspiracy attempted to overthrow the government through an attack on the city by outside forces, and Cicero suppressed the revolt by summarily and controversially executing five conspirators without trial. During the chaotic middle period of the first century BC, marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican government. Following Caesar's death, Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the ensuing power struggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and consequently executed by soldiers operating on their behalf in 43\u00a0BC having been intercepted during an attempted flight from the Italian peninsula. His severed hands and head were then, as a final revenge of Mark Antony, displayed on the Rostra. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance in public affairs, humanism, and classical Roman culture. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieli\u0144ski, \"the Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity.\" The peak of Cicero's authority and prestige came during the 18th-century Enlightenment,"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " and his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers and political theorists such as John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu, and Edmund Burke was substantial. His works rank among the most influential in global culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic.{{cite book</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Early life. Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on 3 January 106 BC in Arpinum, a hill town southeast of Rome. He belonged to the \"tribus\" Cornelia. His father was a well-to-do member of the equestrian order and possessed good connections in Rome. However, being a semi-invalid, he could not enter public life and studied extensively to compensate. Although little is known about Cicero's mother, Helvia, it was common for the wives of important Roman citizens to be responsible for the management of the household. Cicero's brother Quintus wrote in a letter that she was a thrifty housewife. Cicero's cognomen, or personal surname, comes from the Latin for chickpea,. Plutarch explains that the name was originally given to one of Cicero"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": "'s ancestors who had a cleft in the tip of his nose resembling a chickpea. However, it is more likely that Cicero's ancestors prospered through the cultivation and sale of chickpeas. Romans often chose down-to-earth personal surnames. The famous family names of Fabius, Lentulus, and Piso come from the Latin names of beans, lentils, and peas, respectively. Plutarch writes that Cicero was urged to change this deprecatory name when he entered politics, but refused, saying that he would make \"Cicero\" more glorious than \"Scaurus\" (\"Swollen-ankled\") and \"Catulus\" (\"Puppy\"). During this period in Roman history, \"cultured\" meant being able to speak both Latin and Greek. Cicero was therefore educated in the teachings of the ancient Greek philosophers, poets and historians; as he obtained much of his understanding of the theory and practice of rhetoric from the Greek poet Archias and from the Greek rhetorician Apollonius. Cicero used his knowledge of Greek to translate many of the theoretical concepts of Greek philosophy into Latin, thus translating Greek philosophical works for a larger audience. It was precisely his broad education that tied him to the traditional"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " Roman elite. Cicero's interest in philosophy figured heavily in his later career and led to him providing a comprehensive account of Greek philosophy for a Roman audience, including creating a philosophical vocabulary in Latin. In 87 BC, Philo of Larissa, the head of the Platonic Academy that had been founded by Plato in Athens about 300 years earlier, arrived in Rome. Cicero, \"inspired by an extraordinary zeal for philosophy\", sat enthusiastically at his feet and absorbed Carneades' Academic Skeptic philosophy. Cicero said of Plato's Dialogues, that if Zeus were to speak, he would use their language. He would, in due course, honor them with his own convivial dialogues. According to Plutarch, Cicero was an extremely talented student, whose learning attracted attention from all over Rome, affording him the opportunity to study Roman law under Quintus Mucius Scaevola. Cicero's fellow students were Gaius Marius Minor, Servius Sulpicius Rufus (who became a famous lawyer, one of the few whom Cicero considered superior to himself in legal matters), and Titus Pomponius. The latter two became Cicero's friends for life, and Pomponius (who later received the nickname"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " \"Atticus\", and whose sister married Cicero's brother) would become, in Cicero's own words, \"as a second brother\", with both maintaining a lifelong correspondence. In 79 BC, Cicero left for Greece, Asia Minor and Rhodes. This was perhaps to avoid the potential wrath of Sulla, as Plutarch claims, though Cicero himself says it was to hone his skills and improve his physical fitness. In Athens he studied philosophy with Antiochus of Ascalon, the 'Old Academic' and initiator of Middle Platonism. In Asia Minor, he met the leading orators of the region and continued to study with them. Cicero then journeyed to Rhodes to meet his former teacher, Apollonius Molon, who had previously taught him in Rome. Molon helped Cicero hone the excesses in his style, as well as train his body and lungs for the demands of public speaking. Charting a middle path between the competing Attic and Asiatic styles, Cicero would ultimately become considered second only to Demosthenes among history's orators.</s><s>Personal life.:Family. Cicero married Terentia probably at the age of 27, in 79 BC. According to the upper class mores of"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " the day it was a marriage of convenience, but lasted harmoniously for nearly 30 years. Terentia's family was wealthy, probably the plebeian noble house of Terenti Varrones, thus meeting the needs of Cicero's political ambitions in both economic and social terms. She had a half-sister named Fabia, who as a child had become a Vestal Virgin, a great honour. Terentia was a strong willed woman and (citing Plutarch) \"she took more interest in her husband's political career than she allowed him to take in household affairs.\" In the 50s BC, Cicero's letters to Terentia became shorter and colder. He complained to his friends that Terentia had betrayed him but did not specify in which sense. Perhaps the marriage could not outlast the strain of the political upheaval in Rome, Cicero's involvement in it, and various other disputes between the two. The divorce appears to have taken place in 51 BC or shortly before. In 46 or 45 BC, Cicero married a young girl, Publilia, who had been his ward. It is thought that Cicero needed her money, particularly after having to repay the dowry of Terentia, who came from a wealthy"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " family. This marriage did not last long. Although his marriage to Terentia was one of convenience, it is commonly known that Cicero held great love for his daughter Tullia. When she suddenly became ill in February 45 BC and died after having seemingly recovered from giving birth to a son in January, Cicero was stunned. \"I have lost the one thing that bound me to life\" he wrote to Atticus. Atticus told him to come for a visit during the first weeks of his bereavement, so that he could comfort him when his pain was at its greatest. In Atticus's large library, Cicero read everything that the Greek philosophers had written about overcoming grief, \"but my sorrow defeats all consolation.\" Caesar and Brutus as well as Servius Sulpicius Rufus sent him letters of condolence. Cicero hoped that his son Marcus would become a philosopher like him, but Marcus himself wished for a military career. He joined the army of Pompey in 49 BC and after Pompey's defeat at Pharsalus 48 BC, he was pardoned by Caesar. Cicero sent him to Athens to study as a disciple of the peripatetic philosopher Kratippos in 48 BC, but he used this absence from \"his"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " father's vigilant eye\" to \"eat, drink and be merry.\" After Cicero's death he joined the army of the \"Liberatores\" but was later pardoned by Augustus. Augustus's bad conscience for not having objected to Cicero's being put on the proscription list during the Second Triumvirate led him to aid considerably Marcus Minor's career. He became an augur, and was nominated consul in 30 BC together with Augustus. As such, he was responsible for revoking the honors of Mark Antony, who was responsible for the proscription, and could in this way take revenge. Later he was appointed proconsul of Syria and the province of Asia.</s><s>Public career.</s><s>Public career.:Early legal activity. Cicero wanted to pursue a public career in politics along the steps of the. In 90\u201388 BC, he served both Pompeius Strabo and Lucius Cornelius Sulla as they campaigned in the Social War, though he had no taste for military life, being an intellectual first and foremost. Cicero started his career as a lawyer around 83\u201381 BC. The first extant speech is a private case from 81 BC (the ), delivered when Cicero was aged 26, though he refers throughout to previous defenses he"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " had already undertaken. His first major public case, of which a written record is still extant, was his 80 BC defense of Sextus Roscius on the charge of patricide. Taking this case was a courageous move for Cicero; patricide was considered an appalling crime, and the people whom Cicero accused of the murder, the most notorious being Chrysogonus, were favorites of Sulla. At this time it would have been easy for Sulla to have the unknown Cicero murdered. Cicero's defense was an indirect challenge to the dictator Sulla, and on the strength of his case, Roscius was acquitted. Soon after, Cicero again challenged Sulla, by criticising his disenfranchisement of Italian towns in a lost speech on behalf of a woman from Arretium. Cicero's case in the was divided into three parts. The first part detailed exactly the charge brought by Ericius. Cicero explained how a rustic son of a farmer, who lives off the pleasures of his own land, would not have gained anything from committing patricide because he would have eventually inherited his father's land anyway. The second part concerned the boldness and greed of two of the accusers, Magnus and Capito. Cicero told"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " the jury that they were the more likely perpetrators of murder because the two were greedy, both for conspiring together against a fellow kinsman and, in particular, Magnus, for his boldness and for being unashamed to appear in court to support the false charges. The third part explained that Chrysogonus had immense political power, and the accusation was successfully made due to that power. Even though Chrysogonus may not have been what Cicero said he was, through rhetoric Cicero successfully made him appear to be a foreign freed man who prospered by devious means in the aftermath of the civil war. Cicero surmised that it showed what kind of a person he was and that something like murder was not beneath him.</s><s>Public career.:Early political career. His first office was as one of the twenty annual quaestors, a training post for serious public administration in a diversity of areas, but with a traditional emphasis on administration and rigorous accounting of public monies under the guidance of a senior magistrate or provincial commander. Cicero served as quaestor in western Sicily in 75 BC and demonstrated honesty and integrity in his dealings with the inhabitants. As a result, the grateful Sicilians asked Cicero to prosecute Gaius Ver"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": "res, a governor of Sicily, who had plundered the province. His prosecution of Gaius Verres was a great forensic success{{cite book }} for Cicero. Governor Gaius Verres hired the prominent lawyer of a noble family Quintus Hortensius Hortalus. After a lengthy period in Sicily collecting testimonials and evidence and persuading witnesses to come forward, Cicero returned to Rome and won the case in a series of dramatic court battles. His unique style of oratory set him apart from the flamboyant Hortensius. On the conclusion of this case, Cicero came to be considered the greatest orator in Rome. The view that Cicero may have taken the case for reasons of his own is viable. Hortensius was, at this point, known as the best lawyer in Rome; to beat him would guarantee much success and the prestige that Cicero needed to start his career. Cicero's oratorical ability is shown in his character assassination of Verres and various other techniques of persuasion used on the jury. One such example is found in the speech \"Against Verres I\", where he states \"with you on this bench, gentlemen, with Marcus Acilius Glabrio as your president, I"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " do not understand what Verres can hope to achieve\". Oratory was considered a great art in ancient Rome and an important tool for disseminating knowledge and promoting oneself in elections, in part because there were no regular newspapers or mass media. Cicero was neither a patrician nor a plebeian noble; his rise to political office despite his relatively humble origins has traditionally been attributed to his brilliance as an orator. Cicero grew up in a time of civil unrest and war. Sulla's victory in the first of a series of civil wars led to a new constitutional framework that undermined (liberty), the fundamental value of the Roman Republic. Nonetheless, Sulla's reforms strengthened the position of the equestrian class, contributing to that class's growing political power. Cicero was both an Italian and a, but more importantly he was a Roman constitutionalist. His social class and loyalty to the Republic ensured that he would \"command the support and confidence of the people as well as the Italian middle classes\". The optimates faction never truly accepted Cicero, and this undermined his efforts to reform the Republic while preserving the constitution. Nevertheless, he successfully ascended the cursus honorum, holding each magistracy at or near the youngest possible age: quaestor"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " in 75 BC (age 30), aedile in 69 BC (age 36), and praetor in 66 BC (age 39), when he served as president of the \"Reclamation\" (or extortion) Court. He was then elected consul at age 42.</s><s>Consulship. Cicero, seizing the opportunity offered by optimate fear of reform, was elected consul for the year 63 BC; he was elected with the support of every unit of the centuriate assembly, rival members of the post-Sullan establishment, and the leaders of municipalities throughout post\u2013Social War Italy. His co-consul for the year, Gaius Antonius Hybrida, played a minor role. He began his consular year by opposing a land bill proposed by a plebeian tribune which would have appointed commissioners with semi-permanent authority over land reform. Cicero was also active in the courts, defending Gaius Rabirius from accusations of participating in the unlawful killing of plebeian tribune Lucius Appuleius Saturninus in 100 BC. The prosecution occurred before the and threatened to reopen conflict between the Marian and Sullan factions at Rome. Cicero defended the use of force as being authorised by a, which"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " would prove similar to his own use of force under such conditions.</s><s>Consulship.:The Catilinarian Conspiracy. Most famouslyin part because of his own publicityhe thwarted a conspiracy led by Lucius Sergius Catilina to overthrow the Roman Republic with the help of foreign armed forces. Cicero procured a \"senatus consultum ultimum\" (a recommendation from the senate attempting to legitimise the use of force) and drove Catiline from the city with four vehement speeches (the Catiline Orations), which remain outstanding examples of his rhetorical style. The Orations listed Catiline and his followers' debaucheries, and denounced Catiline's senatorial sympathizers as roguish and dissolute debtors clinging to Catiline as a final and desperate hope. Cicero demanded that Catiline and his followers leave the city. At the conclusion of Cicero's first speech (which was made in the Temple of Jupiter Stator), Catiline hurriedly left the Senate. In his following speeches, Cicero did not directly address Catiline. He delivered the second and third orations before the people, and the last one again before the Senate. By these speeches, Cicero wanted to prepare the Senate"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " for the worst possible case; he also delivered more evidence, against Catiline. Catiline fled and left behind his followers to start the revolution from within while he himself assaulted the city with an army of \"moral and financial bankrupts, or of honest fanatics and adventurers\". It is alleged that Catiline had attempted to involve the Allobroges, a tribe of Transalpine Gaul, in their plot, but Cicero, working with the Gauls, was able to seize letters that incriminated the five conspirators and forced them to confess in front of the Senate. The senate then deliberated upon the conspirators' punishment. As it was the dominant advisory body to the various legislative assemblies rather than a judicial body, there were limits to its power; however, martial law was in effect, and it was feared that simple house arrest or exile\u00a0\u2013 the standard options\u00a0\u2013 would not remove the threat to the state. At first Decimus Junius Silanus spoke for the \"extreme penalty\"; many were swayed by Julius Caesar, who decried the precedent it would set and argued in favor of life imprisonment in various Italian towns. Cato the Younger rose in defense of the death penalty and the entire Senate finally agreed on the matter. Cicero had the"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " conspirators taken to the Tullianum, the notorious Roman prison, where they were strangled. Cicero himself accompanied the former consul Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, one of the conspirators, to the Tullianum. Cicero received the honorific \"\"pater patriae\"\" for his efforts to suppress the conspiracy, but lived thereafter in fear of trial or exile for having put Roman citizens to death without trial. While the \"senatus consultum ultimum\" gave some legitimacy to the use of force against the conspirators, Cicero also argued that Catiline's conspiracy, by virtue of its treason, made the conspirators enemies of the state and forfeited the protections intrinsically possessed by Roman citizens. The consuls moved decisively. Antonius Hybrida was dispatched to defeat Catiline in battle that year, preventing Crassus or Pompey from exploiting the situation for their own political aims. After the suppression of the conspiracy, Cicero was proud of his accomplishment. Some of his political enemies argued that though the act gained Cicero popularity, he exaggerated the extent of his success. He overestimated his popularity again several years later after being exiled from Italy and then allowed back from exile. At this time, he claimed that"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " the republic would be restored along with him. Many Romans at the time, led by Populares politicians Gaius Julius Caesar and patrician turned plebeian Publius Clodius Pulcher believed that Cicero's evidence against Catiline was fabricated and the witnesses were bribed. Cicero, who had been elected consul with the support of the Optimates, promoted their position as advocates of the status quo resisting social changes, especially more privileges for the average inhabitants of Rome. Shortly after completing his consulship, in late 62 BC, Cicero arranged the purchase of a large townhouse on the Palatine Hill previously owned by Rome's richest citizen, Marcus Licinius Crassus. It cost an exorbitant sum, 3.5\u00a0million sesterces, which required Cicero to arrange for a loan from his co-consul Gaius Antonius Hybrida based on the expected profits from Antonius's proconsulship in Macedonia. At the beginning of his consulship, Cicero had made an arrangement with Hybrida to grant Hybrida the profitable province of Macedonia that had been granted to Cicero by the Senate in exchange for Hybrida staying out of Cicero's way for the"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " year and a quarter of the profits from the province. In return Cicero gained a lavish house which he proudly boasted was \"\"in conspectu prope totius urbis\"\" (in sight of nearly the whole city), only a short walk from the Roman Forum.</s><s>Exile and return. In 60 BC, Julius Caesar invited Cicero to be the fourth member of his existing partnership with Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus, an assembly that would eventually be called the First Triumvirate. Cicero refused the invitation because he suspected it would undermine the Republic. During Caesar's consulship of 59 BC, the triumvirate had achieved many of their goals of land reform, publicani debt forgiveness, ratification of Pompeian conquests, etc. With Caesar leaving for his provinces, they wished to maintain their hold on politics. They engineered the adoption of patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher into a plebeian family and had him elected as one of the ten tribunes of the plebs for 58 BC. Clodius used the triumvirate's backing to push through legislation that benefited them. He introduced several laws (the \"leges Clodiae\") that made him popular with the people, strengthening his"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " power base, then he turned on Cicero by threatening exile to anyone who executed a Roman citizen without a trial. Cicero, having executed members of the Catiline conspiracy four years previously without formal trial, was clearly the intended target. Furthermore, many believed that Clodius acted in concert with the triumvirate who feared that Cicero would seek to abolish many of Caesar's accomplishments while consul the year before. Cicero argued that the \"senatus consultum ultimum\" indemnified him from punishment, and he attempted to gain the support of the senators and consuls, especially of Pompey. Cicero grew out his hair, dressed in mourning and toured the streets. Clodius' gangs dogged him, hurling abuse, stones and even excrement. Hortensius, trying to rally to his old rival's support, was almost lynched. The Senate and the consuls were cowed. Caesar, who was still encamped near Rome, was apologetic but said he could do nothing when Cicero brought himself to grovel in the proconsul's tent. Everyone seemed to have abandoned Cicero. After Clodius passed a law to deny to Cicero fire and water (i.e. shelter) within four hundred miles"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " of Rome, Cicero went into exile. He arrived at Thessalonica, on 23 May 58\u00a0BC. In his absence, Clodius, who lived next door to Cicero on the Palatine, arranged for Cicero's house to be confiscated by the state, and was even able to purchase a part of the property in order to extend his own house. After demolishing Cicero's house, Clodius had the land consecrated and symbolically erected a temple of Liberty (\"aedes Libertatis\") on the vacant land. Cicero's exile caused him to fall into depression. He wrote to Atticus: \"Your pleas have prevented me from committing suicide. But what is there to live for? Don't blame me for complaining. My afflictions surpass any you ever heard of earlier\". After the intervention of recently elected tribune Titus Annius Milo, acting on the behalf of Pompey who wanted Cicero as a client, the Senate voted in favor of recalling Cicero from exile. Clodius cast the single vote against the decree. Cicero returned to Italy on 5 August 57\u00a0BC, landing at Brundisium. He was greeted by a cheering crowd, and, to his delight, his beloved daughter Tull"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": "ia. In his \"Oratio De Domo Sua Ad Pontifices\", Cicero convinced the College of Pontiffs to rule that the consecration of his land was invalid, thereby allowing him to regain his property and rebuild his house on the Palatine. Cicero tried to re-enter politics as an independent operator, but his attempts to attack portions of Caesar's legislation were unsuccessful and encouraged Caesar to re-solidify his political alliance with Pompey and Crassus. The conference at Luca in 56\u00a0BC left the three-man alliance in domination of the republic's politics; this forced Cicero to recant and support the triumvirate out of fear from being entirely excluded from public life. After the conference Cicero lavishly praised Caesar's achievements, got the Senate to vote a thanksgiving for Caesar's victories and grant money to pay his troops. He also delivered a speech 'On the consular provinces' () which checked an attempt by Caesar's enemies to strip him of his provinces in Gaul. After this, a cowed Cicero concentrated on his literary works. It is uncertain whether he was directly involved in politics for the following few years.</s><s>Governorship of Cilicia. In 51 BC he reluctantly accepted a promag"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": "istracy (as proconsul) in Cilicia for the year; there were few other former consuls eligible as a result of a legislative requirement enacted by Pompey in 52\u00a0BC specifying an interval of five years between a consulship or praetorship and a provincial command. He served as proconsul of Cilicia from May 51 BC, arriving in the provinces three months later around August. He was given instructions to keep nearby Cappadocia loyal to King Ariobarzanes III, which he achieved'satisfactorily without war'. In 53 BC Marcus Licinius Crassus had been defeated by the Parthians at the Battle of Carrhae. This opened the Roman East for a Parthian invasion, causing unrest in Syria and Cilicia. Cicero restored calm by his mild system of government. He discovered that a great amount of public property had been embezzled by corrupt previous governors and members of their staff, and did his utmost to restore it. Thus he greatly improved the condition of the cities. He retained the civil rights of, and exempted from penalties, the men who gave the property back. Besides this, he was extremely frugal in his outlays for staff and private expenses"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " during his governorship, and this made him highly popular among the natives. Previous governors had extorted enormous sums from the provincials in order to supply their households and bodyguards. Besides his activity in ameliorating the hard pecuniary situation of the province, Cicero was also creditably active in the military sphere. Early in his governorship he received information that prince Pacorus, son of Orodes II the king of the Parthians, had crossed the Euphrates, and was ravaging the Syrian countryside and had even besieged Cassius (the interim Roman commander in Syria) in Antioch. Cicero eventually marched with two understrength legions and a large contingent of auxiliary cavalry to Cassius's relief. Pacorus and his army had already given up on besieging Antioch and were heading south through Syria, ravaging the countryside again. Cassius and his legions followed them, harrying them wherever they went, eventually ambushing and defeating them near Antigonea. Another large troop of Parthian horsemen was defeated by Cicero's cavalry who happened to run into them while scouting ahead of the main army. Cicero next defeated some robbers who were based on Mount Amanus and was hailed as imperator by his troops. Afterwards he led his"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " army against the independent Cilician mountain tribes, besieging their fortress of Pindenissum. It took him 47 days to reduce the place, which fell in December. On 30 July 50 BC Cicero left the province to his brother Quintus, who had accompanied him on his governorship as his legate. On his way back to Rome he stopped in Rhodes and then went to Athens, where he caught up with his old friend Titus Pomponius Atticus and met men of great learning.</s><s>Julius Caesar's civil war. Cicero arrived in Rome on 4 January 49 BC. He stayed outside the pomerium, to retain his promagisterial powers: either in expectation of a triumph or to retain his independent command authority in the coming civil war. The struggle between Pompey and Julius Caesar grew more intense in 50 BC. Cicero favored Pompey, seeing him as a defender of the senate and Republican tradition, but at that time avoided openly alienating Caesar. When Caesar invaded Italy in 49 BC, Cicero fled Rome. Caesar, seeking an endorsement by a senior senator, courted Cicero's favor, but even so Cicero slipped out of Italy and traveled to Dyrrachium (Epidamnos), Ill"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": "yria, where Pompey's staff was situated. Cicero traveled with the Pompeian forces to Pharsalus in 48 BC, though he was quickly losing faith in the competence and righteousness of the Pompeian side. Eventually, he provoked the hostility of his fellow senator Cato, who told him that he would have been of more use to the cause of the \"optimates\" if he had stayed in Rome. After Caesar's victory at the Battle of Pharsalus on 9 August, Cicero refused to take command of the Pompeian forces and continue the war. He returned to Rome, still as a promagistrate with his lictors, in 47 BC, and dismissed them upon his crossing the pomerium and renouncing his command. Caesar pardoned him and Cicero tried to adjust to the situation and maintain his political work, hoping that Caesar might revive the Republic and its institutions. In a letter to Varro on c. 20 April 46 BC, Cicero outlined his strategy under Caesar's dictatorship. Cicero, however, was taken by surprise when the \"Liberatores\" assassinated Caesar on the ides of March, 44 BC. Cicero was not included in the conspiracy, even though the conspirators were sure of his sympathy. Marcus Junius"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " Brutus called out Cicero's name, asking him to restore the republic when he lifted his bloodstained dagger after the assassination. A letter Cicero wrote in February 43 BC to Trebonius, one of the conspirators, began, \"How I could wish that you had invited me to that most glorious banquet on the Ides of March!\" Cicero became a popular leader during the period of instability following the assassination. He had no respect for Mark Antony, who was scheming to take revenge upon Caesar's murderers. In exchange for amnesty for the assassins, he arranged for the Senate to agree not to declare Caesar to have been a tyrant, which allowed the Caesarians to have lawful support and kept Caesar's reforms and policies intact.</s><s>Opposition to Mark Antony and death. Cicero and Antony now became the two leading men in Rome: Cicero as spokesman for the Senate; Antony as consul, leader of the Caesarian faction, and unofficial executor of Caesar's public will. Relations between the two were never friendly and worsened after Cicero claimed that Antony was taking liberties in interpreting Caesar's wishes and intentions. Octavian was Caesar's adopted son and heir. After he returned to Italy, Cicero began to play"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " him against Antony. He praised Octavian, declaring he would not make the same mistakes as his father. He attacked Antony in a series of speeches he called the \"Philippics\", after Demosthenes's denunciations of Philip\u00a0II of Macedon. At the time Cicero's popularity as a public figure was unrivalled. Cicero supported Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus as governor of Cisalpine Gaul (\"Gallia Cisalpina\") and urged the Senate to name Antony an enemy of the state. The speech of Lucius Piso, Caesar's father-in-law, delayed proceedings against Antony. Antony was later declared an enemy of the state when he refused to lift the siege of Mutina, which was in the hands of Decimus Brutus. Cicero's plan to drive out Antony failed. Antony and Octavian reconciled and allied with Lepidus to form the Second Triumvirate after the successive battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina. The Triumvirate began proscribing their enemies and potential rivals immediately after legislating the alliance into official existence for a term of five years with consular \"imperium\". Cicero and all of his contacts and"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " supporters were numbered among the enemies of the state, even though Octavian argued for two days against Cicero being added to the list. Cicero was one of the most viciously and doggedly hunted among the proscribed. He was viewed with sympathy by a large segment of the public and many people refused to report that they had seen him. He was caught on 7 December 43\u00a0BC leaving his villa in Formiae in a litter heading to the seaside, where he hoped to embark on a ship destined for Macedonia. When his killers \u2013 Herennius (a Centurion) and Popilius (a Tribune) \u2013 arrived, Cicero's own slaves said they had not seen him, but he was given away by Philologus, a freedman of his brother Quintus Cicero. As reported by Seneca the Elder, according to the historian Aufidius Bassus, Cicero's last words are said to have been: He bowed to his captors, leaning his head out of the litter in a gladiatorial gesture to ease the task. By baring his neck and throat to the soldiers, he was indicating that he would not resist. According to Plutarch, Herennius first slew him, then cut off his head"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": ". On Antony's instructions his hands, which had penned the Philippics against Antony, were cut off as well; these were nailed along with his head on the Rostra in the Forum Romanum according to the tradition of Marius and Sulla, both of whom had displayed the heads of their enemies in the Forum. Cicero was the only victim of the proscriptions who was displayed in that manner. According to Cassius Dio, in a story often mistakenly attributed to Plutarch, Antony's wife Fulvia took Cicero's head, pulled out his tongue, and jabbed it repeatedly with her hairpin in final revenge against Cicero's power of speech. Cicero's son, Marcus Tullius Cicero Minor, during his year as a consul in 30\u00a0BC, avenged his father's death, to a certain extent, when he announced to the Senate Mark Antony's naval defeat at Actium in 31\u00a0BC by Octavian. Octavian is reported to have praised Cicero as a patriot and a scholar of meaning in later times, within the circle of his family. However, it was Octavian's acquiescence that had allowed Cicero to be killed, as Cicero was condemned by the new"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " triumvirate. Cicero's career as a statesman was marked by inconsistencies and a tendency to shift his position in response to changes in the political climate. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political and private change. \"Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self-control, and adversity with more fortitude!\" wrote C. Asinius Pollio, a contemporary Roman statesman and historian.</s><s>Legacy. Cicero has been traditionally considered the master of Latin prose, with Quintilian declaring that Cicero was \"not the name of a man, but of eloquence itself.\" The English words \"Ciceronian\" (meaning \"eloquent\") and \"cicerone\" (meaning \"local guide\") derive from his name. He is credited with transforming Latin from a modest utilitarian language into a versatile literary medium capable of expressing abstract and complicated thoughts with clarity. Julius Caesar praised Cicero's achievement by saying \"it is more important to have greatly extended the frontiers of the Roman spirit than the frontiers of the Roman empire\". According to John William Mackail, \"Cicero's unique and imperishable glory is that he created the"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " language of the civilized world, and used that language to create a style which nineteen centuries have not replaced, and in some respects have hardly altered.\" Cicero was also an energetic writer with an interest in a wide variety of subjects, in keeping with the Hellenistic philosophical and rhetorical traditions in which he was trained. The quality and ready accessibility of Ciceronian texts favored very wide distribution and inclusion in teaching curricula, as suggested by a graffito at Pompeii, admonishing: \"You will like Cicero, or you will be whipped\". Cicero was greatly admired by influential Church Fathers such as Augustine of Hippo, who credited Cicero's lost \"Hortensius\" for his eventual conversion to Christianity, and St. Jerome, who had a feverish vision in which he was accused of being \"follower of Cicero and not of Christ\" before the judgment seat. This influence further increased after the Early Middle Ages in Europe, which more of his writings survived than any other Latin author. Medieval philosophers were influenced by Cicero's writings on natural law and innate rights. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters provided the impetus for searches for ancient Greek and Latin writings scattered throughout European monasteries, and the subsequent rediscovery of classical antiquity"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " led to the Renaissance. Subsequently, Cicero became synonymous with classical Latin to such an extent that a number of humanist scholars began to assert that no Latin word or phrase should be used unless it appeared in Cicero's works, a stance criticised by Erasmus. His voluminous correspondence, much of it addressed to his friend Atticus, has been especially influential, introducing the art of refined letter writing to European culture. Cornelius Nepos, the first century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters contained such a wealth of detail \"concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government\" that their reader had little need for a history of the period. Among Cicero's admirers were Desiderius Erasmus, Martin Luther, and John Locke. Following the invention of Johannes Gutenberg's printing press, \"De Officiis\" was the second book printed in Europe, after the Gutenberg Bible. Scholars note Cicero's influence on the rebirth of religious toleration in the 17th century. Cicero was especially popular with the Philosophes of the 18th century, including Edward Gibbon, Diderot, David Hume, Montesquieu, and Voltaire."}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " Gibbon wrote of his first experience reading the author's collective works thus: \"I tasted the beauty of the language; I breathed the spirit of freedom; and I imbibed from his precepts and examples the public and private sense of a man...after finishing the great author, a library of eloquence and reason, I formed a more extensive plan of reviewing the Latin classics...\" Voltaire called Cicero \"the greatest as well as the most elegant of Roman philosophers\" and even staged a play based on Cicero's role in the Catilinarian conspiracy, called \"Rome Sauv\u00e9e, ou Catilina\", to \"make young people who go to the theatre acquainted with Cicero.\" Voltaire was spurred to pen the drama as a rebuff to his rival Claude Prosper Jolyot de Cr\u00e9billon's own play \"Catilina\", which had portrayed Cicero as a coward and villain who hypocritically married his own daughter to Catiline. Montesquieu produced his \"Discourse on Cicero\" in 1717, in which he heaped praise on the author because he rescued \"philosophy from the hands of scholars, and freed it from the confusion of a foreign language\". Montesquieu went on to"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " declare that Cicero was \"of all the ancients, the one who had the most personal merit, and whom I would prefer to resemble.\" Internationally, Cicero the republican inspired the Founding Fathers of the United States and the revolutionaries of the French Revolution. John Adams said, \"As all the ages of the world have not produced a greater statesman and philosopher united than Cicero, his authority should have great weight.\" Jefferson names Cicero as one of a handful of major figures who contributed to a tradition \"of public right\" that informed his draft of the Declaration of Independence and shaped American understandings of \"the common sense\" basis for the right of revolution. Camille Desmoulins said of the French republicans in 1789 that they were \"mostly young people who, nourished by the reading of Cicero at school, had become passionate enthusiasts for liberty\". Jim Powell starts his book on the history of liberty with the sentence: \"Marcus Tullius Cicero expressed principles that became the bedrock of liberty in the modern world.\" Likewise, no other ancient personality has inspired as much venomous dislike as Cicero, especially in more modern times. His commitment to the values of the Republic accommodated a hatred of the poor and persistent opposition to the advocates and mechanisms"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " of popular representation. Friedrich Engels referred to him as \"the most contemptible scoundrel in history\" for upholding republican \"democracy\" while at the same time denouncing land and class reforms. Cicero has faced criticism for exaggerating the democratic qualities of republican Rome, and for defending the Roman oligarchy against the popular reforms of Caesar. Michael Parenti admits Cicero's abilities as an orator, but finds him a vain, pompous and hypocritical personality who, when it suited him, could show public support for popular causes that he privately despised. Parenti presents Cicero's prosecution of the Catiline conspiracy as legally flawed at least, and possibly unlawful. Cicero also had an influence on modern astronomy. Nicolaus Copernicus, searching for ancient views on earth motion, said that he \"first\u00a0... found in Cicero that Hicetas supposed the earth to move.\" Notably, \"Cicero\" was the name attributed to size 12 font in typesetting table drawers. For ease of reference, type sizes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 20 were all given different names.</s><s>Works. Cicero was declared a righteous pagan by the Early Church, and therefore"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " many of his works were deemed worthy of preservation. The Bogomils considered him a rare exception of a pagan saint. Subsequent Roman and medieval Christian writers quoted liberally from his works \"De re publica\" (\"On the Commonwealth\") and \"De Legibus\" (\"On the Laws\"), and much of his work has been recreated from these surviving fragments. Cicero also articulated an early, abstract conceptualization of rights, based on ancient law and custom. Of Cicero's books, six on rhetoric have survived, as well as parts of seven on philosophy. Of his speeches, 88 were recorded, but only 52 survive.</s><s>In archaeology. Cicero's great repute in Italy has led to numerous ruins being identified as having belonged to him, though none have been substantiated with absolute certainty. In Formia, two Roman-era ruins are popularly believed to be Cicero's mausoleum, the \"Tomba di Cicerone\", and the villa where he was assassinated in 43 BC. The latter building is centered around a central hall with Doric columns and a coffered vault, with a separate nymphaeum, on five acres of land near Formia. A modern villa was built on the site after the"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " Rubino family purchased the land from Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies in 1868. Cicero's supposed tomb is a 24-meter (79 feet) tall tower on an \"opus quadratum\" base on the ancient Via Appia outside of Formia. Some suggest that it is not in fact Cicero's tomb, but a monument built on the spot where Cicero was intercepted and assassinated while trying to reach the sea. In Pompeii, a large villa excavated in the mid 18th century just outside the Herculaneum Gate was widely believed to have been Cicero's, who was known to have owned a holiday villa in Pompeii he called his \"Pompeianum\". The villa was stripped of its fine frescoes and mosaics and then re-buried after 1763 \u2013 it has yet to be re-excavated. However, contemporaneous descriptions of the building from the excavators combined with Cicero's own references to his \"Pompeianum\" differ, making it unlikely that it is Cicero's villa. In Rome, the location of Cicero's house has been roughly identified from excavations of the Republican-era stratum on the northwestern slope of the Palatine Hill"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": ". Cicero's \"domus\" has long been known to have stood in the area, according to his own descriptions and those of later authors, but there is some debate about whether it stood near the base of the hill, very close to the Roman Forum, or nearer to the summit. During his life the area was the most desirable in Rome, densely occupied with Patrician houses including the \"Domus Publica\" of Julius Caesar and the home of Cicero's mortal enemy Clodius.</s><s>Notable fictional portrayals. In Dante's 1320 poem the \"Divine Comedy\", the author encounters Cicero, among other philosophers, in Limbo. Ben Jonson dramatised the conspiracy of Catiline in his play \"Catiline His Conspiracy\", featuring Cicero as a character. Cicero also appears as a minor character in William Shakespeare's play \"Julius Caesar\". Cicero was portrayed on the motion picture screen by British actor Alan Napier in the 1953 film \"Julius Caesar\", based on Shakespeare's play. He has also been played by such noted actors as Michael Hordern (in \"Cleopatra\"), and Andr\u00e9 Morell (in the 1970 \"Julius Caesar\"). Most recently, Cicero was portrayed by David"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " Bamber in the HBO series \"Rome\" (2005\u20132007) and appeared in both seasons. In the historical novel series \"Masters of Rome\", Colleen McCullough presents a not-so-flattering depiction of Cicero's career, showing him struggling with an inferiority complex and vanity, morally flexible and fatally indiscreet, while his rival Julius Caesar is shown in a more approving light. Cicero is portrayed as a hero in the novel \"A Pillar of Iron\" by Taylor Caldwell (1965). Robert Harris' novels \"Imperium\", \"Lustrum\" (published under the name \"Conspirata\" in the United States) and \"Dictator\" comprise a three-part series based on the life of Cicero. In these novels Cicero's character is depicted in a more favorable way than in those of McCullough, with his positive traits equaling or outweighing his weaknesses (while conversely Caesar is depicted as more sinister than in McCullough). Cicero is a major recurring character in the \"Roma Sub Rosa\" series of mystery novels by Steven Saylor. He also appears several times as a peripheral character in John Maddox Roberts' \"SPQR\" series. Samuel Barnett portrays Cicero in a 2017 audio drama"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " series pilot produced by Big Finish Productions. A full series was released the following year. All Episodes are written by David Llewellyn and directed and produced by Scott Handcock. Llewellyn, Handcock and Barnett re-teamed in the Doctor Who audio-drama Tartarus (also produced by Big Finish) starring Peter Davison as the 5th Doctor. It is not intended to be a part of the Cicero series; in Vortex (Big Finish's official free online magazine) Llewellyn revealed that he was \"worried that if we had Cicero meeting aliens people might go back to the Cicero series and see it through a sci-fi lens. Then I remembered that Simon Callow still performs as Charles Dickens, and that he played Dickens before reprising him in the Doctor Who TV episode, \"The Unquiet Dead\" \u2013 so I got over myself!\".</s><s>See also. - Caecilia Attica - Caecilia Metella (daughter of Metellus Celer) - \"Civis romanus sum\" - Clausula (rhetoric) - \"A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions\" - \"E pluribus unum\" - \"Esse quam videri"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": "\" - \"Ipse dixit\" - List of ancient Romans - Lorem ipsum - Marcantonius Majoragio - Marcus Tullius Tiro - Marius Nizolius - \"O tempora, o mores!\" - Otium - \"Socratici viri\" - Tempest in a teapot - Translation - Writings of Cicero</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - Badian, E: \"Cicero and the Commission of 146 B.C.\", \"Collection Latomus\" 101 (1969), 54\u201365. - - - Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero's letters to Atticus, Vol, I, II, IV, VI, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 1965 - Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Latin extracts of Cicero on Himself, translated by Charles Gordon Cooper, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1963 - Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Political Speeches, Penguin Books Ltd, Great Britain, 1969 - Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De Officiis (On Duties), translated by Walter Miller. Harvard University Press, 1913, - Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Selected Works, Penguin Books Ltd, Great"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " Britain, 1971 - Cowell, F.R. (1948). \"Cicero and the Roman Republic\". Penguin Books - - - - - - Plutarch Penguins Classics English translation by Rex Warner, \"Fall of the Roman Republic, Six Lives by Plutarch: Marius, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Caesar, Cicero\" (Penguin Books, 1958; with Introduction and notes by Robin Seager, 1972) - Rawson, Beryl: \"The Politics of Friendship: Pompey and Cicero\" (Sydney University Press, 1978) - - - - Scullard, H.H. From the Gracchi to Nero, University Paperbacks, Great Britain, 1968 - Smith, R.E: \"Cicero the Statesman\" (Cambridge University Press, 1966) - Stockton, David: \"Cicero: A Political Biography\" (Oxford University Press, 1971) - - - Uttschenko, Sergej L. (1978): \"Cicero\", translated from Russian by Rosemarie Pattloch, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany.Cicero - - -</s><s>Further reading."}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " - Boissier, Gaston, Cic\u00e9ron et ses amis. \u00c9tude sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 romaine du temps de C\u00e9sar (1884) - - - Gildenhard, Ingo (2011). \"Creative Eloquence: The Construction of Reality in Cicero's Speeches\". Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. - Hamza, Gabor, L'optimus status civitatis di Cicerone e la sua tradizione nel pensiero politico. In: Tradizione romanistica e Costituzione. Cinquanta anni della Corte Costituzionale della Repubblica Italiana. vol. II. Napoli, 2006. 1455\u20131468. - Hamza, Gabor, Ciceros Verh\u00e4ltnis zu seinen Quellen, mit besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung der Darstellung der Staatslehre in De re publica. KLIO \u2013 Beitr\u00e4ge zur alten Geschichte 67 (1985) 492\u2013497. - Hamza, Gabor, Cicero und der Idealtypus des"}, {"title": "Cicero", "text": " iurisconsultus. Helixon 22\u201327 (1982\u20131987) 281\u2013296. - Hamza, Gabor, Il potere (lo Stato) nel pensiero di Cicerone e la sua attualit\u00e0. Revista Internacional de Derecho Romano (RIDROM) 10 (2013) 1\u201325. Revista Internacional de Derecho Romano \u2013 Index - Hamza, Gabor, Zur Interpretation des Naturrechts in den Werken von Cicero. P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny Law Review 2 (2014) 5\u201315. - - - - - - - Treggiari, S. (2007). \"Terentia, Tullia and Publilia. The women of Cicero's family. \"London: Routledge.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Cicero", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000332", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of John Craven.", "docs": [{"title": "John Craven", "text": "<s>John Craven John Raymond Craven (born 16 August 1940) is an English journalist and television presenter, best known for presenting the BBC programmes \"Newsround\", \"Countryfile\" and \"Beat the Brain\".</s><s>Early life. Craven was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, and educated at Leeds Modern School. Craven's father was held as a prisoner of war in Japan for three years during the Second World War. He left school aged 16, and began an apprenticeship at Yorkshire Copperworks, writing for the company magazine.</s><s>Career. He began his professional life in print journalism as a junior reporter on a local newspaper, the \"Harrogate Advertiser\", before working for the \"Yorkshire Post\" and as a freelance correspondent and writer for national newspapers.</s><s>Career.:Television. He joined the BBC staff in Newcastle upon Tyne to work on local radio and television, before moving to the BBC in Bristol in 1970. From 1972, Craven was the eponymous host of a regular children's news programme, \"Newsround\", originally called \"John Craven's Newsround\". The first such programme ever produced by British television, it drew on the full journalistic resources of the BBC. It featured a number of"}, {"title": "John Craven", "text": " news scoops, including the Space Shuttle \"Challenger\" disaster in 1986, which occurred minutes before the programme went on air. Craven became associated with children's TV, and presented news items on other children's programmes such as \"Multi-Coloured Swap Shop\" and \"Saturday Superstore\". Years later he also became editor of \"Newsround\". Craven left the \"Newsround\" programme in 1989, having presented more than 3,000 episodes, and began presenting a countryside news programme, \"Countryfile\", for the BBC. In 2015, he presented the BBC Two game show series \"Beat the Brain\", which began airing on 11 May.</s><s>Career.:Other work. In 2014, Craven took part in Gareth Malone's All Star Choir. They released a cover version of the single \"Wake Me Up\" in November 2014 to raise money for the BBC's Children in Need charity. The choir were filmed for a two-part documentary called \"Gareth's All Star Choir\". It was shown on 3 and 10 November 2014 on BBC One.</s><s>Career.:Charity. Craven is one of nine presidents of the Young People's Trust for the Environment. He is vice-president of the Waterways Trust and Patron of SP"}, {"title": "John Craven", "text": "ANA. On 10 July 2016, he was appointed as President of Radio Horton, the charitable hospital radio station for Banbury's Horton General Hospital.</s><s>Personal life. Craven is married and has two daughters. He lives in Oxfordshire. Of his career, he has said he expected he would be retired at some future time rather than give up the work he liked so much.</s><s>Awards and honours. In 1996, he was elected a member of the Royal Television Society, and awarded the RTS Baird Medal in 2002. He was awarded the OBE in the 2000 New Year Honours for services to rural and children's broadcasting. He is a fellow of the Linnean Society of London. In November 2011, Craven attended the British Academy Children's Awards to collect a Special Award for \"Newsround\" in recognition of its contribution to television.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "John Craven", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000333", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of A. K. Ramanujan.", "docs": [{"title": "A. K. Ramanujan", "text": "<s>A. K. Ramanujan Attipate Krishnaswami Ramanujan (16 March 1929 \u2013 13 July 1993) was an Indian poet and scholar of Indian literature and Linguistics. Ramanujan was also a professor of Linguistics at University of Chicago. Ramanujan was a poet, scholar, Linguist, philologist, folklorist, translator, and playwright. His academic research ranged across five languages: English, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Sanskrit. He published works on both classical and modern variants of this literature and argued strongly for giving local, non-standard dialects their due. Though he wrote widely and in a number of genres, Ramanujan's poems are remembered as enigmatic works of startling originality, sophistication and moving artistry. He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award posthumously in 1999 for \"The Collected Poems\".</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Childhood. Ramanujan was born in Mysore City on 16 March 1929. His father, Attipat Asuri Krishnaswami, an astronomer and professor of mathematics at Mysore University, was known for his interest in English, Kannada and Sanskrit languages."}, {"title": "A. K. Ramanujan", "text": " His mother was a homemaker.</s><s>Biography.:Education. Ramanujan was educated at Marimallappa's High School, Mysore, and at the Maharaja College of Mysore. In college, Ramanujan majored in science in his freshman year, but his father persuaded him to change his major from science to English. Later, Ramanujan became a Fellow of Deccan College, Pune in 1958\u201359 and a Fulbright Scholar at Indiana University in 1959\u201362. He was educated in English at the University of Mysore and received his PhD in Linguistics from Indiana University.</s><s>Career. Ramanujan worked as a lecturer of English at Quilon and Belgaum; he later taught at The Maharaja Sayajirao University in Baroda for about eight years. In 1962, he joined the University of Chicago as an assistant professor. He was affiliated with the university throughout his career, teaching in several departments. He taught at other US universities as well, including Harvard University, University of Wisconsin, University of Michigan, University of California at Berkeley, and Carleton College. At the University of Chicago, Ramanujan was instrumental in shaping the South Asian Studies program. He worked in the departments"}, {"title": "A. K. Ramanujan", "text": " of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, Linguistics, and with the Committee on Social Thought. In 1976, the Government of India awarded him the Padma Shri, and in 1983, he was given the MacArthur Prize Fellowship (Shulman, 1994). In 1983, he was appointed the William E. Colvin Professor in the Departments of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, of Linguistics, and in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago. That same year, he received a MacArthur Fellowship. As an Indo-American writer, Ramanujan had the experience of the native as well as foreign milieu. His poems such as the \"Conventions of Despair\" reflected his views on the cultures and conventions of the east and west. A. K. Ramanujan died in Chicago on 13 July 1993 as result of an adverse reaction to anaesthesia during preparation for surgery.</s><s>Contributions to Indian studies. A. K. Ramanujan's theoretical and aesthetic contributions span several disciplinary areas. In his cultural essays such as \"Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?\" (1990), he explains cultural ideologies and behavioral manifestations thereof in terms of an Indian psychology he calls \"context-sensitive\" thinking. In his work in folklore studies, Ram"}, {"title": "A. K. Ramanujan", "text": "anujan highlights the inter-textuality of the Indian oral and written literary tradition. His essay \"Where Mirrors Are Windows: Toward an Anthology of Reflections\" (1989), and his commentaries in \"The Interior Landscape: Love Poems from a Classical Tamil Anthology\" (1967) and \"Folktales from India\", \"Oral Tales from Twenty Indian Languages\" (1991) are good examples of his work in Indian folklore studies.</s><s>Controversy regarding his essay. His 1991 essay \"\" courted controversy over its inclusion in the B.A. in History syllabus of the University of Delhi in 2006. In this essay, he wrote of the existence of many versions of \"Ramayana\" and a few versions that portrayed \"Rama\" and \"Sita\" as siblings, which contradicts the popular versions of the Ramayana, such as those by Valmiki and Tulsidas. The comments written by A K Ramanujan were found to be derogatory by some Hindus and some of them decided to go to court for removal of the text from the Delhi University curriculum. ABVP, a nationalist student organisation, opposed its inclusion in the syllabus, saying it hurt the majority Hindu sentiment, who viewed \"Rama\""}, {"title": "A. K. Ramanujan", "text": " and \"Sita\" as incarnations of gods and who were husband and wife. They demanded the essay be removed from the syllabus. In 2008, the Delhi High Court directed Delhi University to convene a committee to decide on the essay's inclusion. A four-member committee subsequently gave its 3-1 verdict in favor of its inclusion in the syllabus. The academic council, however, ignored the committee's recommendation and voted to scrap the essay from its syllabus in Oct 2011. This led to protests by many historians and intellectuals, accusing Delhi University of succumbing to the \"diktat\" (\"views\") of non-historians.</s><s>Selected publications. His works include translations from Old Tamil and Old Kannada, such as: - Translations and Studies of Literature - \"The Interior Landscape: Love Poems from a Classical Tamil Anthology\", 1967 - \"Speaking of Siva\", Penguin. 1973.. - \"The Literatures of India\". Edited with Edwin Gerow. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974 - \"Hymns for the Drowning\", 1981 - \"Poems of Love and War\". New York: Columbia University Press, 1985 - \"Folktales from India, Oral Tales from Twenty Indian Languages"}, {"title": "A. K. Ramanujan", "text": "\", 1991 - \"Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?\" in \"India Through Hindu Categories\", edited by McKim Marriott, 1990 - \"When God Is a Customer: Telugu Courtesan Songs by Ksetrayya and Others\" (with Velcheru Narayana Rao and David Shulman), 1994 - \"A Flowering Tree and Other Oral Tales from India\", 1997 - Essays - Three Hundred Ramayanas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation - Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan - \"A Flowering Tree: A Women's Tale\". In: \"Syllables of Sky: Studies in South Indian Civilization\". Oxford University Press, 1995. pp. 20-42.. (posthumous article) - Poetry - \"The Striders\". London: Oxford University Press, 1966 - \"Relations\". London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1971 - \"Selected Poems\". New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1976 - \"Second Sight\". New York: Oxford University Press, - \"The Collected Poems\". New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997 - Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies - \"Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets\" (1976) ed. by R."}, {"title": "A. K. Ramanujan", "text": " Parthasarathy and published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi - \"The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets\" (1992) ed. by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra and published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi - \"The Golden Treasure of Writers Workshop Poetry\" (2008) ed. by Rubana Huq and published by Writers Workshop, Calcutta - Kannada - \"Samskara\". (translation of U R Ananthamurthy's Kannada novel) Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1976 - \"Hokkulalli Huvilla\" (translated to English - \"No Flower in the Navel\"). Dharwad, 1969 - \"Mattu Itara Padyagalu\" (translated to English - \"And Other Poems\"). Dharwad, 1977 - \"Kuntobille\" (translated to English - \"Hopscotch\") - \"Mattobbana Atma Charitre\" (translated to English - \"Yet Another Man's Autobiography\") - Haladi Meenu (Kannada Translation of Shouri's English Novel) - A. K. Ramanujan Samagra (Complete Works of A. K. Ramanu"}, {"title": "A. K. Ramanujan", "text": "jan in Kannada) - A. K. Ramanujan Avara Aayda Kavitegalu - A. K. Ramanujan Avara Aayda Barahagalu - \"In the kingdom of fools\" ( 9th class english (supplementary)</s><s>See also. - List of translators into English</s><s>Further reading. - Guillermo Rodriguez, \"When Mirrors are Windows: A View of AK Ramanujan\u2019s Poetics \" ( OUP, 2016)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "A. K. Ramanujan", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000334", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Riccardo Tisci.", "docs": [{"title": "Riccardo Tisci", "text": "<s>Riccardo Tisci Riccardo Tisci (; born 1974) is an Italian fashion designer. He studied in Italy at the Design Istituto d\u2019Arte Applicata in Cant\u00f9 until the age of 17, and then graduated from London's Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in 1999. In 2005, Tisci was given the title of creative director for Givenchy Women's haute couture and ready-to-wear lines. In May 2008 he was additionally named as menswear and accessories designer of the Givenchy men's division. In March 2018, it was announced he had been appointed chief creative officer of Burberry, succeeding Christopher Bailey. Tisci's apparent fascination with Gothic touches (dark, languid dresses for fall couture) and space-age minimalism (one ready-to-wear show featured white-clad models drifting around a sterile-white sphere) has drawn new attention to the Givenchy brand. Reviews and output so far have been mixed and inconsistent, but many, including influential fashion critics (such as Cathy Horyn of \"The New York Times\" and Suzy Menkes of the \"International Herald Tribune\") have honed in on Tisci's conceptual"}, {"title": "Riccardo Tisci", "text": " leanings, as well as his future potential for revitalizing the Givenchy brand and infusing it with his precision and imagination.</s><s>Early life and education. Tisci was born in Taranto and raised in Como. He graduated from London's Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in 1999.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early beginnings. Upon graduation, Tisci worked for companies such as Puma, Antonio Berardi and Coccapani before signing a three-year contract with Ruffo Research, a company that has helped launch the careers of several fashion designers, such as Sophia Kokosalaki. Tisci has mentioned in an interview that he would like to work with an Iranian brand, although it is not known how realistic his wish is. Upon the expiration of his contract in July 2004, Tisci spent time living in India, where he began to work on his own collection. In September 2004, during the Milan Fashion Week, Tisci debuted his first Riccardo Tisci Collection for Fall 2005/2006 in an off-calendar show.</s><s>Career.:Givenchy, 2005\u20132017. In February 2005, Tisci was appointed as the creative director of the haute cout"}, {"title": "Riccardo Tisci", "text": "ure, ready-to-wear and accessories lines for Givenchy. Brought to Givenchy by LVMH COO Antonio Belloni and Givenchy CEO Marco Gobbetti, Gobbetti called Tisci a \"perfect fit for us... He [Tisci] has an elegance that is very modern, very contemporary and romantic at the same time\". Tisci presented his first Givenchy haute couture collection in July 2005 during the Fashion Week in Paris. Tisci, under Givenchy, designed the costumes for Madonna's \"Sticky & Sweet Tour\" in 2008, following Jean Paul Gaultier and Dolce & Gabbana. In 2009, for the encore of the tour he designed another costume for the tour's opening song \"Candy Shop\". In February 2017 Tisci stepped down as creative director of Givenchy, \"I now wish to focus on my personal interests and passions.\"</s><s>Career.:Burberry, 2018\u20132022. In 2018, Tisci was named by Burberry to replace Christopher Bailey as the brand's chief creative officer. His tenure lasted through to September 2022 when it was announced that Tisci would be replaced at the helm of Burberry's creative efforts by English designer Daniel Lee"}, {"title": "Riccardo Tisci", "text": ".</s><s>Style. Unlike the designers before him who succeeded Mr. Givenchy himself, Tisci has had particular success in haute couture, where he asserts \"When I arrived we had five customers. Now we have 29\". Riccardo Tisci's runway presentations are highly stylized in terms of architecture and space. Tisci says of this: \"My way of showing is very melancholic... I love romanticism and sensuality\". For the Givenchy Fall-Winter 2010 collection, he included a new model, Lea T, a transgender woman from Brazil, his longtime personal assistant.</s><s>Collaborations. Throughout his career, Tisci's numerous connections and relationships have enabled him to collaborate with well-known artists on various projects: - 2008\u2014Was invited to curate the issue 8 of A-Anna Magazine curated by. - 2010\u2014Celebrated the end of the exhibit \"The artist is present\" at a dinner for Marina Abramovi\u0107; afterwards, she was chosen to appear in a campaign for Spring-Summer 2013 of Givenchy. - 2011\u2014Guest-edited Visionaire's RELIGION issue. - 2011\u2014Collaborated with the perfumer Francois Demachy to make the perfume Le Dahlia Noir."}, {"title": "Riccardo Tisci", "text": " - 2011\u2014Curated issue #8 of A Magazine, in which he featured artwork by Ray Caesar as a source of his creative inspiration. - 2013\u2014Dressed the singer Rihanna for her Diamond World Tour. - 2014\u2014Collaborated with Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z for the On the Run Tour. - 2014\u2014Collaborated with Nike to create a series of Air Force 1 shoes. - 2016\u2014Launched a 30 piece sportswear collaboration with Nike called NikeLab x RT: Training Redefined, aimed at Olympic athletes for the 2016 Summer Olympics as everyday gym users. - 2018\u2014Collaborated with NikeLab again, creating a fictional basketball team's apparel and footwear. In addition to his position at Givenchy, Tisci has collaborated with the choreographers Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui and Damien Jalet on the costume design of the orchestral ballet Bol\u00e9ro by Maurice Ravel at the Op\u00e9ra Garnier. Italian model Mariacarla Boscono often appears in his runway shows and ad campaigns, owing possibly to the fact that Tisci has had a friendship with her since before his days at Givenchy. Tisci also collaborated with American rappers Jay-Z and Kanye West to create the cover for"}, {"title": "Riccardo Tisci", "text": " \"Watch the Throne\", as well as the covers for singles H\u2022A\u2022M and Otis. He has also collaborated again with Kanye West for his label GOOD Music on their album \"Cruel Summer\".</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Riccardo Tisci", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000335", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Daniel Ek.", "docs": [{"title": "Daniel Ek", "text": "<s>Daniel Ek Daniel Ek (born 21 February 1983) is a Swedish billionaire entrepreneur and technologist. He is the co-founder and CEO of music streaming service Spotify.</s><s>Early life and education. Ek grew up in the R\u00e5gsved district of Stockholm, Sweden. He graduated from high school in IT-Gymnasiet in Sundbyberg in 2002, and subsequently studied engineering at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, before dropping out to focus on his IT career.</s><s>Business career.</s><s>Business career.:Career. Ek served in a senior role at Nordic auction company Tradera which was acquired by eBay in 2006. Ek also served as the CTO of the browser-based game and fashion community Stardoll. Ek later started another company Advertigo, an online advertising company. Advertigo was sold to TradeDoubler in 2006. After selling Advertigo, Ek briefly became the CEO of \u03bcTorrent, working with \u03bcTorrent founder Ludvig Strigeus. This ended when \u03bcTorrent was sold to BitTorrent on December 7, 2006. Strigeus would later join Ek as a Spotify developer.</s><s>Business career.:Spotify. The sale of Advertigo as well as his previous work made Ek wealthy enough"}, {"title": "Daniel Ek", "text": " that he decided to retire. However, after a few months, he realized he wanted a new project, leading to his founding Spotify. Ek first had the idea for Spotify in 2002 when peer-to-peer music service Napster shut down and another illegal site Kazaa took over. Ek said he \"realized that you can never legislate away from piracy. Laws can definitely help, but it doesn't take away the problem. The only way to solve the problem was to create a service that was better than piracy and at the same time compensates the music industry \u2013 that gave us Spotify.\" Ek incorporated Spotify AB with Martin Lorentzon in Stockholm, Sweden in 2006. Lorentzon had previously worked at and co-founded TradeDoubler which had acquired Ek's previous company Advertigo. In October 2008, the company launched its legal music streaming service Spotify. Initially, Spotify ran on a peer-to-peer distribution model, similar to \u03bcTorrent, but switched to a server-client model in 2014. Ek serves as CEO of Spotify. In October 2015, Spotify co-founder Martin Lorentzon announced he would be stepping down as chairman and Ek would be taking over alongside his current role as CEO. As of April 2019, Spotify has 217 million"}, {"title": "Daniel Ek", "text": " active users and as of June 2017 had raised over $2.5 billion in venture funding. In 2017, Ek was named the most powerful person in the music industry by \"Billboard\". In May 2022, Ek invested an additional $50 million to acquire more Spotify shares, citing an optimistic future outlook for the streaming giant. Spotify at that time had 182 million paying subscribers and was growing at 15% year on year.</s><s>Political positions. In 2016, Ek and fellow Spotify co-founder Martin Lorentzon wrote an open letter on the blogging platform Medium to the Swedish government saying that if certain changes to Swedish law regarding housing, taxation, and education are not made, Spotify will be forced to relocate from the country. More specifically, Ek claims that the high taxes in Sweden on stock options makes it difficult to incentivize programmers to work at startups when startups have trouble competing with larger companies on salary. Moreover, Ek claims the Swedish permitting policy is overly restrictive, limiting the supply of affordable housing.</s><s>Personal life. In 2016, Ek married Sofia Levander, his longtime partner, at Lake Como. At Ek's wedding, Bruno Mars was invited to perform and Chris Rock officiated; he invited numerous guests, including Mark Zuckerberg. Ek and his wife have two"}, {"title": "Daniel Ek", "text": " children together. Ek is a lifelong supporter of Premier League club Arsenal, and, in April 2021, expressed an interest in purchasing the football club if it were put up for sale. In May 2021, Ek made an offer to buy the club for approximately \u00a31.8 billion, which was rejected by the owners.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Daniel Ek", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000336", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jeremy Northam.", "docs": [{"title": "Jeremy Northam", "text": "<s>Jeremy Northam Jeremy Philip Northam (born 1 December 1961) is an English actor and singer. After a number of television roles, he earned attention as Mr. Knightley in the 1996 film adaptation of Jane Austen's \"Emma\". He has appeared in the films \"An Ideal Husband\", \"Gosford Park\", \"Amistad\", \"The Winslow Boy\", \"Enigma\", \"Cypher\", \"Dean Spanley\", and \"Martin and Lewis\", amongst others. He also played Thomas More in the Showtime series \"The Tudors\". From 2016 to 2017 he appeared as Anthony Eden in the Netflix series \"The Crown\".</s><s>Early life and education. Northam was born in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, the youngest of four children. His mother, Rachel (n\u00e9e Howard), was a potter and professor of economics, and his father, John Northam, was a professor of literature and theatre, as well as being an Ibsen specialist and lecturer (first at Clare College, Cambridge and later at Bristol). He has described his upbringing as not wealthy, but warm. Northam was educated at King's College School, Cambridge, Bristol Grammar School and Bedford College, London (B.A. English, 1984"}, {"title": "Jeremy Northam", "text": ") now part of Royal Holloway, University of London,{{Citation }} and trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Screen and stage. Northam performed at the Royal National Theatre\u00a0\u2013 he replaced both Ian Charleson and Daniel Day-Lewis in the role of \"Hamlet\" (1989) when they had to withdraw and won the Olivier Award in 1990 for \"most promising newcomer\" for his performance in \"The Voysey Inheritance\". He has appeared frequently in British films such as \"Carrington\" (1995), \"Emma\" (1996), \"The Winslow Boy\" (1999), \"An Ideal Husband\" (1999), \"Enigma\" (2001) and as Welsh actor and singer Ivor Novello in \"Gosford Park\" (2001). He made his American film debut in \"The Net\" (1995). In 2002 he starred in the film \"Cypher\". That same year, he portrayed singer Dean Martin in the CBS film \"Martin and Lewis\" and golfer Walter Hagen in \"\" in 2004. In 2007 and 2008, he portrayed Thomas More on the Showtime series, \"The Tudors\". He played John Brodie Innes in the 2009 film \""}, {"title": "Jeremy Northam", "text": "Creation\", based on the life of Charles Darwin. In the 2015 film \"The Man Who Knew Infinity\", he portrayed the philosopher Bertrand Russell. He played British Prime Minister Anthony Eden in the 2016 Netflix drama series \"The Crown\".</s><s>Career.:Other work. His audiobook work includes \"The Silver Chair\" by C. S. Lewis for Harper Audio and \"A Death Divided\" by Clare Francis for Macmillan. For SilkSoundBooks, he recorded \"The Real Thing and Other Short Stories\" and \"The Aspern Papers\", both written by Henry James. In 2007 he recorded Gerard Manley Hopkins poems for \"The Great Poets\" edition for Naxos Audiobooks. In 2009, he recorded \"Our Man in Havana\" by Graham Greene for CSA Word. He recorded the audio book \"Dark Matter\", a ghost story by Michelle Paver, in September 2010; it was released on 21 October 2010, by Orion. In the \"Gosford Park\" soundtrack, Northam sings the Ivor Novello songs \"And Her Mother Came Too\", \"What a Duke Should Be\", \"Why Isn't It You\", \"I Can Give You the Starlight\" and \"The Land of Might Have Been\" accompanied"}, {"title": "Jeremy Northam", "text": " by his brother Christopher on piano.</s><s>Theatre. - Edward Voysey, \"The Voysey Inheritance\", National Theatre Company, Cottesloe Theatre, London, 1989 - Also appeared in productions of \"School for Scandal\" and \"The Shaughraun\", National Theatre Company. - Osric, then later title role, \"Hamlet\", National Theatre Company, Olivier Theatre, London, 1989 - \"The Three Sisters\", 1991 - \"The Way of the World\", 1992 - Philip, \"The Gift of the Gorgon\", Royal Shakespeare Company, The Pit (theatre), London, 1992 - Elomire, \"La B\u00eate\", Really Useful Theatre Company, 1993 - Berowne, \"Love's Labour's Lost\", Royal Shakespeare Company, Barbican Theatre, London, 1994 - Mr. Horner, \"The Country Wife\", Royal Shakespeare Company, Pit Theatre, 1994 - Obstetrician, \"Certain Young Men\", Almeida Theatre, London, 1999 - \"Old Times\", Donmar Warehouse Theatre, London, 2004 - Richard Greatham, \"Hay Fever\", No\u00ebl Coward Theatre, London, 2012</s><s>Personal life. Northam married Canadian film/television make-up artist Liz Moro in April"}, {"title": "Jeremy Northam", "text": " 2005, though they later divorced. He has said he wished he took life less seriously.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jeremy Northam", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000337", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Charley Boorman.", "docs": [{"title": "Charley Boorman", "text": "<s>Charley Boorman Charley Boorman (born 23 August 1966) is a British TV presenter, travel writer and actor. A motorbike enthusiast, Boorman has made three long-distance motorcycle rides with his friend Ewan McGregor, documented in \"Long Way Round\" (2004), \"Long Way Down\" (2007), and \"Long Way Up\" (2020).</s><s>Early life and background. Born in Wimbledon, London, Boorman spent much of his formative years in County Wicklow, Ireland. Boorman is the son of German costume designer Christel Kruse and film director Sir John Boorman. Lee Marvin, a lifelong friend of his father, was Charley's godfather. Boorman attended three schools in Ireland: St Gerard's School (Bray, County Wicklow) and St Oliver Plunkett Primary School (Monkstown, County Dublin), both Roman Catholic schools, the latter a school dedicated to teaching children with dyslexia. He also attended the German-language medium school, St Kilians Deutsche Schule (Dublin). In England, he went on to attend Sibford School, a Quaker school near Banbury, Oxfordshire (from 1980 to 1983).</s><s>Early life and background.:Marriage."}, {"title": "Charley Boorman", "text": " He and his wife Olivia have two daughters and live in London.</s><s>Acting career. At an early age, Boorman started appearing in films directed by his father. His first role was in \"Deliverance\" (1972). Boorman played a young Mordred in \"Excalibur\" (1981) (joined by his older sister Katrine Boorman who played Ygraine, Mordred's grandmother), then in 1985 played a leading role in \"The Emerald Forest\". In 1987 he had a non-speaking role in \"Hope and Glory\" as a young German Luftwaffe pilot parachuting into wartime London, having been shot down; his sister Katrine also appeared in that film. His further acting appearances include \"The Serpent's Kiss\" (1997), on which he met Ewan McGregor, and \"The Bunker\" (2001).</s><s>Theatre show. In 2007, Boorman appeared on stage in Newcastle upon Tyne at the Tyne Theatre. The 'evening with' style show then went on a tour around the UK and Ireland in 2010. Around this time Boorman revealed he had testicular cancer. Caught early, he had a testicle removed and has since been a supporter of Movember. Boorman was given the"}, {"title": "Charley Boorman", "text": " all-clear, but continued telling audiences across the country about his ordeal, encouraging more men to be aware and get checked out early if there was any concern. In 2011, the Charley Boorman Live show toured the UK and Ireland again, following a similar format to the first tour but without support acts. Boorman also began promoting African Adventures, which are commercial 17-day BMW motorcycle trips across Africa. Taking 50 riders from Cape Town to Victoria Falls, Boorman used various technologies to help promote the trip, including a GPS satellite tracking device allowing people to follow the trip day by day.</s><s>Charity work. Boorman has supported the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) since 2004, carrying out a number of visits to UNICEF projects, which have been noted in his television programmes \"Long Way Round\", \"Long Way Down\" and \"By Any Means\". In 2009, Boorman was made president of Dyslexia Action; he is dyslexic. Boorman has been on many visits to Dyslexia Action's regional centres and was involved in the charity's appeal \"It's ME!\". He also supported its school initiative \"P4L\" (Partnership for Literacy). Boorman recently participated in a live web chat for"}, {"title": "Charley Boorman", "text": " the charity where he answered questions about his dyslexia and his various adventures. In 2009, Boorman went to Helmand Province, Afghanistan and visited troops. Kandahar and Bastion were the two key camps he visited, just before Christmas. In February 2014 and November 2016 Boorman presented Gold Duke of Edinburgh's Awards  at St James's Palace, on behalf of The Duke of Edinburgh.</s><s>Accident. Boorman was involved in a serious accident whilst test riding a motorbike with journalists in Portugal in 2016. Boorman broke both legs after colliding with a wall whilst avoiding a car that pulled out in front of him. He then broke his hip riding a Vespa whilst still in recovery. After a period reliant on a wheelchair, Boorman is back riding, but now walks with a limp as his left leg is 1\u00a0cm shorter than his right after operations to repair the breaks.</s><s>Presenting career.</s><s>Presenting career.:\"Long Way Round\". In 2004, Ewan McGregor and Boorman undertook an international motorcycle journey from London to New York, riding east across Europe, Asia, and North America. This was recorded for a popular television series and book.</s><s>Presenting career.:\"Race to Dakar\". Along with producer Russ"}, {"title": "Charley Boorman", "text": " Malkin (from \"Long Way Round\") and a motorbike team, Boorman competed in the 2006 Dakar Rally in January 2006. The event was filmed and the series \"Race to Dakar\" began on Sky2 in the United Kingdom in October 2006. During the rally Boorman injured himself and was forced to retire from the race after five days.</s><s>Presenting career.:\"Long Way Down\". In 2007, he took another journey with McGregor: \"Long Way Down\", a trip from John o' Groats in Scotland, to Cape Town, South Africa. This was televised on BBC2 starting in October 2007. During this initial programme, it became public knowledge that Boorman's wife was undergoing treatment for pneumonia, but had insisted that he complete the trip.</s><s>Presenting career.:\"By Any Means\". In 2008, Boorman produced \"By Any Means\", which started in his hometown in County Wicklow, ending in Sydney. He set out to complete the journey \"by any means\", using local transport appropriate to the area being travelled, and using air travel only when necessary.</s><s>Presenting career.:\"Right to the Edge: Sydney to Tokyo By Any Means\". In 2009, Boorman undertook a journey titled \"Right to the Edge:"}, {"title": "Charley Boorman", "text": " Sydney to Tokyo By Any Means\", travelling from Sydney to Tokyo via the Pacific Rim. The programme documenting this trip has been shown on BBC2 in the UK.</s><s>Presenting career.:\"World's Most Dangerous Roads: Alaska\". Boorman appeared with Sue Perkins in Series 1 of the BBC TV series \"World's Most Dangerous Roads: Alaska\", shown in 2011, in which they drove the Dalton Highway.</s><s>Presenting career.:\"Charley Boorman's Extreme Frontiers\". In 2011, Boorman presented a prime-time adventure series for Channel 5, \"Charley Boorman's Extreme Frontiers\". This show was another collaboration between Boorman and producer-director Russ Malkin, who made frequent on-screen appearances. \"Extreme Frontiers\" claimed to 'take in all four extremities of Canada'. Accompanying the show was book and DVD. In 2012, Boorman continued the series in a South African setting. From 9 June to 22 July 2012, Boorman and his team journeyed around South Africa on two motorbikes and a 4-wheel vehicle.</s><s>Presenting career.:\"Charley Boorman USA Adventure\". Boorman and Malkin returned on Channel 5 at the end of 2013 for his next trip, which was in"}, {"title": "Charley Boorman", "text": " the US. Starting in Hawaii, he moves to Alaska, then to the Eastern seaboard and down to the Southern states, inland to the Gulf of Mexico, up again to the Rockies and finishing on the Pacific Coast at Los Angeles</s><s>Presenting career.:\"Long Way Up\". Boorman and McGregor traveled in 2019 from the southernmost tip of South America up to Los Angeles, on electric Harley-Davidson LiveWire motorbikes.</s><s>Presenting career.:\"Motorbike TV\". In 2022 Boorman began presenting Motorbike TV, a motorcycle magazine entertainment show for Motorsport.TV.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Film. - \"Deliverance\" (1972) - Ed's Boy - \"Excalibur\" (1981) - Boy Mordred - \"Nemo\" (1984) - Cunegond / lift Operator - \"The Emerald Forest\" (1985) - Tomme - \"Hope and Glory\" (1987) - Luftwaffe Pilot - \"Ada dans la jungle\" (1988) - Nancy - \"Mister Frost\" (1990) - Thief - \"Connemara\" (1990) - Loup - \"Massacres\" (1991) - Ronny - \"Beyond Rang"}, {"title": "Charley Boorman", "text": "oon\" (1995) - Photographer - \"Two Nudes Bathing\" (1995, Short) - The Painter - \"The Serpent's Kiss\" (1997) - Secretary - \"Cannes Man\" (1997) - Himself - \"Cash in Hand\" (1998) - George Tompkins - \"The Bunker\" (2001) - Pfc. Franke - \"I, Cesar\" (2003) - Charley Fitzpatrick - \"In My Country\" (2004) - Adam Hartley - \"Travellers\" (2011) - Brian Seaborn - \"David Knight: Iron Man of Enduro\" (2004) - Himself - Narrator</s><s>Bibliography. - \"Long Way Round\" (2004 \u2013 With Ewan McGregor) - \"Race to Dakar\" (2006) - \"Long Way Down\" (2007 \u2013 With Ewan McGregor) - \"By Any Means\" (2008) - \"\" (2009) - \"Extreme frontiers\" (2011) - \"Long Way Back\" - Autobiography (2017)</s><s>References. - Holmstrom, John. \"The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995\". Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p.\u00a0363.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Charley Boorman", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000338", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Erich Hartmann.", "docs": [{"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": "<s>Erich Hartmann Erich Alfred Hartmann (19 April 1922\u00a0\u2013 20 September 1993) was a German fighter pilot during World War II and the most successful fighter ace in the history of aerial warfare. He flew 1,404 combat missions and participated in aerial combat on 825 separate occasions. He was credited with shooting down a total of 352 Allied aircraft: 345 Soviet and seven American while serving with the Luftwaffe. During the course of his career, Hartmann was forced to crash-land his fighter 16 times due either to mechanical failure or damage received from parts of enemy aircraft he had shot down; he was never shot down by direct enemy action. Hartmann, a pre-war glider pilot, joined the Luftwaffe in 1940 and completed his fighter pilot training in 1942. He was posted to the veteran Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG\u00a052) on the Eastern Front and placed under the supervision of some of the Luftwaffes most experienced fighter pilots. Under their guidance, Hartmann steadily developed his tactics. On 29 October 1943, Hartmann was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for 148 enemy aircraft destroyed and the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross for 202 enemy aircraft on 2 March 1944. Exactly"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " four months later, he received the Swords to the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves for 268 enemy aircraft shot down. Ultimately, Hartmann earned the coveted Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds on 25 August 1944 for 301 aerial victories. At the time of its presentation to Hartmann, this was Germany's highest military decoration. Hartmann achieved his 352nd and last aerial victory at midday on 8 May 1945, hours before the German surrender. Along with the remainder of JG\u00a052, he surrendered to United States Army forces and was turned over to the Red Army. In an attempt to pressure him into service with the Soviet-aligned East German National People's Army, he was tried on war crimes charges and convicted. Hartmann was initially sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment, later increased to 25 years, and spent 10 years in Soviet prison camps and gulags until he was released in 1955. In 1997, the Russian Federation (posthumously) relieved him of all charges. In 1956, Hartmann joined the newly established West German Air Force in the \"Bundeswehr\", and became the first \"Geschwaderkommodore\" of Jagdgeschwader 71 \"Richthofen\". He was forced"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " into retirement in 1970 due to his opposition to the procurement of the F-104 Starfighter over safety concerns. In his later years, after his military career had ended, he became a civilian flight instructor. Hartmann died on 20 September 1993 at age 71.</s><s>Early life and career. Erich Hartmann was born on 19 April 1922 in Weissach, W\u00fcrttemberg, to Doctor Alfred Erich Hartmann and his wife, Elisabeth Wilhelmine Machtholf. The economic depression that followed World War I in Germany prompted Doctor Hartmann to find work in China, and Erich spent his early childhood there. The family was forced to return to Germany in 1928, when the Chinese Civil War broke out. During World War II, Hartmann's younger brother, Alfred, also joined the Luftwaffe, serving as a gunner on a Junkers Ju 87 in North Africa. Alfred Hartmann was captured by the British and spent four years as a prisoner of war. Hartmann was educated at the \"Volksschule\" in Weil im Sch\u00f6nbuch (April 1928 \u2013 April 1932), the Gymnasium in B\u00f6blingen (April 1932 \u2013 April 1936), the National Political Institutes of Education (Nazi Secondary Education School"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": ") in Rottweil (April 1936 \u2013 April 1937), and the Gymnasium in Korntal (April 1937 \u2013 April 1940), from which he received his Abitur. It was at Korntal that he met his wife-to-be, Ursula \"Usch\" Paetsch. Hartmann's flying career began when he joined the glider training program of the fledgling Luftwaffe and was taught to fly by his mother, one of the first female glider pilots in Germany. The Hartmanns also owned a light aircraft but were forced to sell it in 1932 as the German economy collapsed. The rise to power of the Nazi Party in 1933 resulted in government support for gliding, and, in 1936, Elisabeth Hartmann established the glider club in Weil im Sch\u00f6nbuch for locals and served as instructor. The 14-year-old Hartmann became a gliding instructor in the Hitler Youth. In 1937, he gained his pilot's license, allowing him to fly powered aircraft. Hartmann began his military training on 1 October 1940 at the 10th Flying Regiment in Neukuhren. On 1 March 1941, he progressed to the \"Luftkriegsschule\" 2 (Air War School"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " 2) in Berlin-Gatow, making his first flight with an instructor four days later, followed in just under three weeks by his first solo flight. He completed his basic flying training in October 1941 and began advanced flight training at pre-fighter school 2 in Lachen-Speyerdorf on 1 November 1941. There, Hartmann learned combat techniques and gunnery skills. His advanced pilot training was completed on 31 January 1942, and, between 1 March 1942 and 20 August 1942, he learned to fly the Messerschmitt Bf 109 at the \"Jagdfliegerschule\" 2 (Fighter Pilot School 2). Hartmann's time as a trainee pilot did not always go smoothly. On 31 March 1942, during a gunnery training flight, he ignored regulations and performed some aerobatics in his Bf\u00a0109 over the Zerbst airfield. His punishment was a week of confinement to quarters with the loss of two-thirds of his pay in fines. Hartmann later recalled that the incident saved his life: That week confined to my room actually saved my life. I had been scheduled to go up on a gunnery flight the afternoon that I was confined. My roommate took the flight instead of me, in an aircraft"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " I had been scheduled to fly. Shortly after he took off, while on his way to the gunnery range, he developed engine trouble and had to crash-land near the Hindenburg-Kattowitz railroad. He was killed in the crash. Afterward, Hartmann practised diligently and adopted a new credo which he passed on to other young pilots: \"Fly with your head, not with your muscles.\" During a gunnery practice session in June 1942, he hit a target drogue with 24 of the allotted 50 rounds of machine-gun fire, a feat that was considered difficult to achieve. His training had qualified him to fly 17 different types of powered aircraft, and, following his graduation, he was posted on 21 August 1942 to \"Erg\u00e4nzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost\" (Supplementary Fighter Group, East) in Krak\u00f3w, Upper Silesia, where he remained until 10 October 1942.</s><s>World War II. In October 1942, Hartmann was assigned to fighter wing \"Jagdgeschwader\" 52 (JG\u00a052), based at Maykop on the Eastern Front in the Soviet Union. The wing was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109G, but Hart"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": "mann and several other pilots were initially given the task of ferrying Junkers Ju 87 Stukas down to Mariupol. His first flight ended with brake failure, causing the Stuka to crash into and destroy the controller's hut. Hartmann was assigned to III. \"Gruppe\" of JG\u00a052, led by \"Gruppenkommandeur\" (group commander) Major Hubertus von Bonin, and placed under the experienced \"Oberfeldwebel\" Edmund \"Paule\" Ro\u00dfmann, although he also flew with such experienced pilots as Alfred Grislawski, Hans Dammers and Josef Zwernemann. After a few days of intensive mock combats and practice flights, Grislawski conceded that, although Hartmann had much to learn regarding combat tactics, he was a talented pilot. Hartmann was placed as wingman to Paule Ro\u00dfmann, who acted as his teacher, and one of the factors that enabled Hartmann's success. Grislawski also gave Hartmann pointers on where to aim. Hartmann eventually adopted the tactic \"See \u2013 Decide \u2013 Attack \u2013 Break\". The tactics were learned from Ro\u00dfmann who had been injured in one arm and was not"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " able to fly in physically demanding dogfights. Ro\u00dfmann's solution was to \"stand off\", evaluate the situation, then select a target that was not taking evasive action and destroy it at close range.</s><s>World War II.:Early aerial combat. On 19 September 1942, III. \"Gruppe\" had relocated to an airfield named Soldatskaja, located approximately halfway between Mozdok and Pyatigorsk. The \"Gruppe\" stayed at this airfield until 1 January 1943. During this period, the pilots occasionally also operated from airfields at Mozdok (15, 18, 19, 21, 22 and 23 October) and from Digora (5 to 17 November 1942), supporting Army Group A in the Battle of the Caucasus. Hartmann flew his first combat mission on 14 October 1942 as Ro\u00dfmann's wingman. When they encountered 10 enemy aircraft below, an impatient Hartmann opened full throttle and separated from Ro\u00dfmann. He engaged an enemy fighter, but failed to score any hits and nearly collided with it. He then ran for cover in low cloud, and his mission subsequently ended with a crash landing after his aircraft ran out of fuel. Hartmann had violated almost every rule of air-to-air"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " combat, and von Bonin sentenced him to three days of working with the ground crew. According to G\u00fcnther Rall, who later became Hartmann's \"Gruppenkommandeur\", Ro\u00dfmann refused to fly with Hartmann again following this incident. Hartmann was then paired up with Grislawski as his wingman. Twenty-two days later, Hartmann claimed his first victory, an Ilyushin Il-2 \"Sturmovik\" of the 7th Guards Ground Attack Aviation Regiment, but by the end of 1942, he had added only one more victory to his tally. As with many high-claiming aces, it took him some time to establish himself as a consistently successful fighter pilot. On 5 November 1942, debris from an Il-2 damaged his Bf\u00a0109\u00a0G-2 engine resulting in a forced landing at Digora. His \"Gruppe\" was moved to the combat area of the Kuban bridgehead on 1 April 1943 where it was based at an airfield at Taman. Operating from Taman until 2 July, III. \"Gruppe\" also flew missions from Kerch on 12 May, from Sarabuz and Saky on 14 May, Z\u00fc"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": "richtal, present-day Solote Pole, a village near the urban settlement Kirovske on 23 May, and Yevpatoria on 25/26 June. Hartmann's youthful appearance earned him the nickname \"Bubi\" (the hypocoristic form of \"young boy\" in the German language; roughly equivalent to \"Kid\"), and Walter Krupinski, to whom Hartmann was assigned as wingman, would constantly urge him: \"Hey, Bubi, get in closer\" or chastise him with \"What was that, Bubi?\" The danger of this method was evident on 25 May 1943 when he collided with a Soviet fighter instead of shooting it down. Nevertheless, Hartmann steadily improved. In Krupinski's absence, from the third week of May to the first week of August, Hartmann's number of claims rose from 17 to 60. In preparation for Operation Citadel, III. \"Gruppe\" was relocated to the central sector of the eastern Front. The \"Gruppe\" first moved to Zaporizhzhia and then to Ugrim on 3 July. There, under the command of \"Luftflotte\" 4, they supported Army Group South fighting on the southern flank of the salient. On 5"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " July Hartmann claimed four victories during the large dogfights that took place during the Battle of Kursk. The day ended badly when Hartmann was unable to prevent Krupinski from being shot down and wounded over Ugrim airfield. Hartmann remarked; \"the departure of Krupinski was a severe strike against the \"Staffel\", and particularly against me.\" According to authors Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Krupinski was injured when his aircraft flipped on its back during landing in an attempt to evade other Bf\u00a0109s taking off. During Krupinski's convalescence, Hartmann served as temporary \"Staffelkapit\u00e4n\" (squadron leader) of 7. \"Staffel\" until 12 August. Hartmann began to score successes regularly in a target rich environment. On 7 July, he for the first time became an \"ace-in-a-day\", claiming seven aerial victories that day, three Il-2 ground attack aircraft and four Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov (LaGG) fighters. This figure includes two Il-2s from the 1 ShAK regiment claimed shot down on an early morning mission. On 8 July, he claimed four"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " aerial victories and three the next day. On the former date, Hartmann claimed two aircraft on each mission he flew. In the first, Soviet records show at least one La-5 was lost. Major Tokarev of the 40\u00a0IAP (Fighter Aviation Regiment\u2014\"Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk\") was killed. In the afternoon, a two-man patrol with Rall resulted in two claims, and a third for Rall. A Soviet after-battle analysis mentioned this specific engagement; \"Eight Yak-1s in the Provorot region observed two Me 109s off their flight path. Paying no attention to the enemy aircraft our fighters continued. Seizing a convenient moment, the German fighters attacked our aircraft and shot down three Yak-1s.\" At the start of August 1943, his tally stood at 42, but Hartmann's tally had more than doubled by the end. The Red Army began a counteroffensive in the region to contain the German operation and destroy its forces (Operation Kutuzov and Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev). JG\u00a052 was engaged in defensive operations throughout the month. On 1 August 1943, Hartmann again became an \"ace-in-a day\" by claiming"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " five victories over LaGG fighters. Another four followed on 3 August and five on 4 August. On 5 August, III. \"Gruppe\" was ordered to an airfield named Kharkov-Rogan, east of Kharkov where they fought against the Soviet Belgorod\u2013Kharkov offensive operation. That day, he again claimed five aircraft destroyed, followed a single on 6 August, and a further five on 7 August. On 8 and 9 August he claimed another four Soviet fighters. Hartmann's last claim of the month came on the 20th, when he accounted for an IL-2 for his 90th victory. The next month, on 2 September, he was appointed \"Staffelkapit\u00e4n\" of 9./JG\u00a052. He replaced \"Leutnant\" Berthold Korts in this capacity who had been reported missing in action on 29 August. In his first year of operational service, Hartmann felt a distinct lack of respect towards Soviet pilots. Most Soviet fighters did not even have effective gunsights and their pilots, some cases in the early weeks, were forced to draw one on the windscreen by hand: \"In the early days, incredible as it may seem, there was no reason for you to"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " feel fear if the Russian fighter was behind you. With their hand-painted gunsights they couldn't pull the lead properly (deflection shooting) or hit you.\" Hartmann also considered the Bell P-39 Airacobra, the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, and the Hawker Hurricane to be inferior to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and Bf\u00a0109, although they did provide the Soviets with valuable gunsight technology. Hartmann said the German pilots themselves still learned from their enemy. Oil freezing in the DB 605 engines of the Bf\u00a0109G-6s made them difficult to start in the extreme cold of the Russian winter. A captured Soviet airman showed them how pouring fuel into the aircraft's oil sump would thaw the oil and enable the engine to start on the first try. Another solution, also learned from the Soviets, was to ignite fuel under the engine.</s><s>World War II.:Fighting techniques. In contrast to Hans-Joachim Marseille, who was a marksman and expert in the art of deflection shooting, Hartmann was a master of stalk-and-ambush tactics, preferring to ambush and fire at close range rather than dogfight. When the decorated British test pilot"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " Captain Eric Brown asked Hartmann how he had accomplished his total, Hartmann remarked, that along with firing at close range, inadequate Soviet defensive armament and manoeuvre tactics allowed him to claim a victim in every attack. His preferred method of attack was to hold fire until extremely close ( or less), then unleash a short burst at point-blank range\u2014a technique he learned while flying as wingman of his former commander, Walter Krupinski, who favoured this approach. This technique, as opposed to long-range shooting, allowed him to: - Reveal his position only at the last possible moment - Compensate for the low muzzle velocity of the slower-firing 30\u00a0mm MK 108 equipping some of the later Bf\u00a0109 models (though most of his victories were claimed with Messerschmitts equipped with the high-velocity 20mm MG 151 cannon) - Place his shots accurately with minimum waste of ammunition - Prevent the adversary from taking evasive action Hartmann's guidance amplified the need to detect while remaining undetected. His approach was described by himself by the motto: \"See\u2013Decide\u2013Attack\u2013Reverse\"; observe the enemy, decide how to proceed with the attack, make the attack, and then disengage to re"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": "-evaluate the situation. Hartmann's instinct was to select an easy target or withdraw and seek a more favorable situation. Once the attack was over, the rule was to vacate the area; survival was paramount. Another attack could be executed if the pilot could re-enter the combat zone with the advantage. If attacked in-kind Hartmann flew straight and used the rudder [yaw] to point the Bf 109 in a slightly different direction to mislead the attacker in the amount of deflection needed. Hartmann then forced the column into the corner of the cockpit beginning the outside rotation of an oblique loop. It was an emergency measure if ambushed and it saved his life several times. These tactics inflated Hartmann's successes over the summer of 1943. By 7 July he had claimed 21 Soviet aircraft destroyed and by 20 September he had claimed over 100.</s><s>World War II.:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. The demands on fighter pilots increased after Kursk. In early August Hartmann flew 20 missions totalling 18 hours and 29 minutes in six days. By late August 1943, Hartmann had 90 aerial victories. On 20 August, in combat with Il-2s, his Bf\u00a0109\u00a0G-6 (\"Werknummer"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": "\" 20485\u2014factory number) was damaged by debris, and he was forced to land behind Soviet lines at 06:20 in the vicinity of Artemivsk. Hartmann's \"Geschwaderkommodore\", Dietrich Hrabak, had given orders to Hartmann's unit to support the dive bombers of \"Sturzkampfgeschwader 2\", led by Hans-Ulrich Rudel in a counter-attack. The flight of eight German fighters engaged a mass of Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9 and Lavochkin La-5 fighter aircraft. Hartmann claimed two enemy aircraft before his fighter was hit by debris and he was forced to make an emergency landing. In accordance with regulations, he attempted to recover the precision board clock. As he was doing so, Soviet soldiers approached. Realising that capture was unavoidable, he faked internal injuries. Hartmann's acting so convinced the Soviets that they put him on a stretcher and placed him on a truck. When Hartmann's Crew Chief, Heinz Mertens, heard what had happened, he took a rifle and went to search for Hartmann. Mertens was another important factor behind Hartmann's success, ensuring the aircraft was reliable. Hartmann subsequently escaped"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": ", and returned to his unit on 23 August. At least one source suggests the cause of the crash-landing was enemy fire. Lieutenant P. Yevdokimov, flying an IL-2, from the 232 ShAP, may have hit Hartmann. This period was very successful; during five days of August 1943, Hartmann claimed 24 Soviet aircraft in 20 missions. On 18 September, Hartmann downed two Yaks from the 812\u00a0IAP regiment for claims 92 and 93. On 20 September 1943, Hartmann was credited with his 100th aerial victory\u2014he claimed four this day to end it on 101. He was the 54th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. Nine days later, Hartmann downed the Soviet ace Major Vladimir Semenishin of the 104\u00a0GvIAP (Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment\u2014\"Gvardeyskiy Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk\") while protecting bombers from \"Kampfgeschwader\" 27 for his 112th victory. In October 1943, Hartmann claimed another 33 aerial victories. On 2 and 12 October he accounted for four victories and achieved a treble on 14, 15 and 20 October and double claims on 24, 25 and 29"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " October. On 29 October, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (), at which point his tally stood at 148. By the end of the year, this had risen to 159. On 14 November 1943, his Bf\u00a0109\u00a0G-6 (\"Werknummer\" 20499) suffered engine failure resulting in a forced landing at Kirovohrad airfield. On 10 January 1944, III. \"Gruppe\" moved to an airfield at Novokrasne located approximately south-southwest of Novoukrainka. While based at Novokrasne, elements of the \"Gruppe\" also operated from Ivanhorod (11 to 13 January), at Velyka Lepetykha (3 to 22 February), and Mykolaiv (2 to 23 February). In the first two months of 1944, Hartmann claimed over 50 Soviet aircraft. On 22 February, he crashed another Bf\u00a0109\u00a0G-6 on a transfer flight to Uman. The successes included four on 17 January 1944 and on 26 February, a further 10 fighters were claimed shot down; all of them Soviet-flown P-39s to reach 202. His spectacular rate of success raised a few eyebrows even in the Lu"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": "ftwaffe High Command; his claims were double and triple-checked, and his performance closely monitored by an observer flying in his formation. By this time, the Soviet pilots were familiar with Hartmann's radio call sign of \"Karaya 1\", and the Soviet Command had put a price of 10,000 rubles on the German pilot's head. Hartmann was nicknamed the \"Cherniy Chort\" (\"Black Devil\") because of his skill and paint scheme of his aircraft. This scheme was in the shape of a black tulip on the engine cowling; though this became synonymous with Hartmann in reality he flew with the insignia on only five or six occasions. Hartmann's opponents were often reluctant to stay and fight if they noticed his personal design. As a result, this aircraft was often allocated to novices, who could fly it in relative safety. On 21 March, it was Hartmann who claimed JG\u00a052s 3,500th victory of the war. Adversely, the supposed reluctance of the Soviet airmen to fight caused Hartmann's kill rate to drop. Hartmann then had the tulip design removed, and his aircraft painted just like the rest of his unit. Consequently, in the following two months, Hartmann claimed"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " over 50 victories. In March 1944, Hartmann, Gerhard Barkhorn, Walter Krupinski and Johannes Wiese were summoned to Adolf Hitler's \"Berghof\" in Berchtesgaden. Barkhorn was to be honoured with the Swords, while Hartmann, Krupinski and Wiese were to receive the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (). According to Hartmann, all four of them got drunk on cognac and champagne. On arrival at Berchtesgarden, Hartmann was reprimanded by Hitler's adjutant for intoxication and for handling Hitler's hat.</s><s>World War II.:Diamonds to the Knight's Cross. In April and May 1944, 9./JG\u00a052 resisted the Soviet Crimean Offensive. In April Hartmann claimed five victories. In May, Hartmann filed claims number 208 to 231 which included six on 6 May. On 8 May 1944, JG\u00a052 fled the region as the German defence collapsed. JG\u00a052 subsequently took part in the fighting on the Romanian border. III. \"Gruppe\" relocated to Roman on 18 May. Three days later, Hartmann engaged United States Army Air Forces aircraft in Defence of the Reich for the first time flying in defence of"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " the Ploie\u0219ti oilfields and engaging North American P-51 Mustang fighters for the first time over Romania. On 24 June, the United States Army Air Forces' (USAAF) Fifteenth Air Force attacked various targets in Romania with 377 bombers. A fraction of this attack force, consisting of 135 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers and Lockheed P-38 Lightning and P-51 fighters, headed for the Ploie\u0219ti oilfields. Defending against this attack, Hartmann claimed a P-51 shot down. Only one other claim against this type was made by Hartmann in 1945. Later that month, P-51s ran his Messerschmitt out of fuel. During the intense manoeuvring, Hartmann ran out of ammunition. One of the P-51Bs flown by Lt. Robert J. Goebel of the 308th Squadron, 31st Fighter Group, broke away and headed straight for Hartmann while he hung in his parachute. Goebel was making a camera pass to record the bailout and banked away from him only at the last moment, waving at Hartmann as he went by. On 15 August, III. \"Gruppe\" moved to Warzyn Pierwszy, Poland. The"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " airfield was located approximately west of J\u0119drzej\u00f3w. Two days later, Hartmann became the top scoring fighter ace, surpassing fellow JG\u00a052 pilot Gerhard Barkhorn, with his 274th victory. On 23 August, Hartmann claimed eight victories in three combat missions, an \"ace-in-a-day\" achievement, bringing his score to 290 victories. He passed the 300-mark on 24 August 1944, a day on which he shot down 11 aircraft in two combat missions south of Radom-Lublin, representing his greatest ever victories-per-day ratio (a \"double-ace-in-a-day\") and bringing the number of aerial victories to an unprecedented 301. Hartmann became one of only 27 German soldiers in World War II to receive the Diamonds to his Knight's Cross. Hartmann was summoned to the \"F\u00fchrerhauptquartier Wolfsschanze\", (the \"Wolf's Lair\") Adolf Hitler's military headquarters near Rastenburg, to receive the coveted award from Hitler personally. Hartmann was asked to surrender his side arm \u2013 a security measure heightened by the aftermath of the failed assassination attempt on 20 July 1944. According to one account, Hartmann refused and"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " threatened to decline the Diamonds if he were not trusted to carry his pistol. During Hartmann's meeting with Hitler, Hartmann discussed at length the shortcomings of fighter pilot training. Allegedly, Hitler admitted to Hartmann that he believed that, \"militarily, the war is lost,\" and that he wished the Luftwaffe had \"more like him and Rudel.\" The Diamonds to the Knight's Cross also earned Hartmann a 10-day leave. On his way to his vacation, he was ordered by \"General der Jagdflieger\" Adolf Galland to attend a meeting in Berlin-Gatow. Galland wanted to transfer Hartmann to the Messerschmitt Me 262 test program but, at Hartmann's request, the transfer was cancelled on the grounds of his professed attachment to JG\u00a052. Hartmann argued to G\u00f6ring that he best served the war effort on the Eastern Front. On 10 September, Hartmann married his long-time teenage love, Ursula \"Usch\" Paetsch. Witnesses to the wedding included his friends Gerhard Barkhorn and Wilhelm Batz. On 25 May, II. \"Gruppe\" was ordered to transfer one \"Staffel\" to the west in Defence of"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " the Reich. Barkhorn, the commander of II. \"Gruppe\", selected \"Leutnant\" Hans Waldmann's 4. \"Staffel\" which was officially assigned to the II. \"Gruppe\" of \"Jagdgeschwader\" 3 \"Udet\" (JG\u00a03\u20143rd Fighter Wing). On 10 August, this squadron officially became the 8. \"Staffel\" of JG\u00a03. In consequence, Hartmann was transferred on 30 September and tasked with creation and leadership of a new 4. \"Staffel\" of JG\u00a052. Command of his former 9. \"Staffel\" was passed on to \"Leutnant\" Hans-Joachim Birkner. At the time, II. \"Gruppe\" was based in Nagyr\u00e1b\u00e9, Hungary. Before flying further combat missions, Hartmann had to train the new inexperienced pilots. He led this squadron until 16 January 1945 when he was given command of I. \"Gruppe\" of JG\u00a052, thus succeeding \"Major\" Barkhorn in this capacity. Hartmann transferred command of 4. \"Staffel\" to \"Leutnant\" Friedrich Haas.</s><s>World War II.:Last combat missions"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": ". On 31 January 1945, Hartmann transferred command of I. \"Gruppe\" of JG\u00a052 to \"Major\" Batz. From 1\u201314 February, he then briefly led I. \"Gruppe\" of \"Jagdgeschwader\" 53 as acting \"Gruppenkommandeur\" until he was replaced by \"Hauptmann\" Helmut Lipfert. At the time, the \"Gruppe\" was based in Veszpr\u00e9m and was fighting in the siege of Budapest. He claimed his only aerial victory with JG\u00a053 on 4 February when he shot down a Yak-9 fighter. In March 1945, Hartmann, his score now standing at 337 aerial victories, was asked a second time by General Adolf Galland to join the Me\u00a0262 units forming to fly the new jet fighter. Hartmann attended the jet conversion program led by Heinrich B\u00e4r. Galland also intended Hartmann to fly with \"Jagdverband\" 44. Hartmann declined the offer, preferring to remain with JG\u00a052. Some sources report that Hartmann's decision to stay with his unit was due to a request via telegram made by \"Oberstleut"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": "nant\" Hermann Graf. On 1 February, Hartmann was appointed \"Gruppenkommandeur\" of I./JG\u00a052, succeeding \"Hautpmann\" Adolf Borchers. Hartmann claimed his 350th aerial victory on 17 April, in the vicinity of Chrudim. The last wartime photograph of Hartmann known was taken in connection with this victory. Hartmann's last aerial victory occurred over Brno, Czechoslovakia, on 8 May, the last day of the war in Europe. Early that morning, he was ordered to fly a reconnaissance mission and report the position of Soviet forces. Hartmann took off with his wingman at 08:30 and spotted the first Soviet units just away. Passing over the area, Hartmann saw a Yak-9, ambushed it from his vantage point at and shot it down. When he landed, Hartmann learned that the Soviet forces were within artillery range of the airfield, so JG\u00a052 destroyed \"Karaya\" One, 24 other Bf\u00a0109s, and large quantities of ammunition. Hartmann and Hermann Graf were ordered to fly to the British sector to avoid capture by Soviet forces while the remainder of JG\u00a052 was ordered to surrender to the"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " approaching Soviets. As \"Gruppenkommandeur\" of I./JG\u00a052, Hartmann chose to surrender his unit to members of the US 90th Infantry Division.</s><s>Prisoner of war. After his capture, the U.S. Army handed Hartmann, his pilots, and ground crew over to the Soviet Union on 14 May, where he was imprisoned in accordance with the Yalta Agreements, which stated that airmen and soldiers fighting Soviet forces had to surrender directly to them. Hartmann and his unit were led by the Americans to a large open-air compound to await the transfer. In Hartmann's account, the Soviets attempted to convince him to cooperate with them. He was asked to spy on fellow officers, but refused and was given ten days' solitary confinement in a chamber. He slept on a concrete floor and was given only bread and water. On another occasion, according to Hartmann, the Soviets threatened to kidnap and murder his wife (the death of his son was kept from Hartmann). During similar interrogations about the Me 262, Hartmann was struck by a Soviet officer using a cane, prompting Hartmann to hit the assailant with a chair, knocking him out. Expecting to be shot, he"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " was transferred back to the small bunker. Hartmann, not ashamed of his war service, opted to go on a hunger strike and starve rather than fold to \"Soviet will\", as he called it. The Soviets allowed the hunger strike to go on for four days before force-feeding him. More subtle efforts by the Soviet authorities to convert Hartmann to communism also failed. He was offered a post in the East German Air Force, which he refused: If, after I am home in the West, you make me a normal contract offer, a business deal such as people sign every day all over the world, and I like your offer, then I will come back and work with you in accordance with the contract. But if you try to put me to work under coercion of any kind, then I will resist to my dying gasp.</s><s>Prisoner of war.:War crimes charges. During captivity, Hartmann was first arrested on 24 December 1949, and three days later, sentenced to 20 years in prison. The sentence was carried out by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Ivanovo district. The preliminary criminal investigation was carried out only formally. He was condemned for atrocities against Soviet citizens, the attack on military objects and destruction of Soviet aircraft and therefore significant damage to the"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " Soviet economy. Hartmann protested multiple times against this judgment. In June 1951, he was charged for a second time as an alleged member of an anti-Soviet group. The second trial was carried out under military authority in the military district of Rostov-on-Don. Hartmann was charged with war crimes, specifically the \"deliberate shooting of 780 Soviet civilians\" in the village of Briansk, attacking a bread factory on 23 May 1943, and destroying 345 \"expensive\" Soviet aircraft. He refused to confess to these charges and conducted his own defence, which was, according to Hartmann, denounced by the presiding judge as a \"waste of time\". Sentenced to 25 years of hard labour, Hartmann refused to work, and was put into solitary confinement, which led to a riot by some of his fellow detainees, who overpowered the guards and temporarily freed him. He made a complaint to the \"Kommandant\"s office, asking for a representative from Moscow and an international inspection, as well as a new trial hearing to overturn his sentence. This was refused, and he was transferred to a camp in Novocherkassk, where he spent five more months in solitary confinement. He was later put before a new tribunal, which upheld"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " the original sentence. He was subsequently sent to another camp, this time at Diaterka in the Ural Mountains. In late 1955, Hartmann was released as a part of the last \"Heimkehrer\". In January 1997, over three years after his death, Hartmann's case was reviewed by the Chief Military Prosecutor in Moscow, Russia, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and he was acquitted of all historical charges against him in Russian law. The government agency stated that he had been wrongly convicted.</s><s>Post-war years. During his long imprisonment, Hartmann's son, Erich-Peter, was born in 1945 and died as a three-year-old in 1948, without his father ever having seen him. Hartmann later had a daughter, Ursula Isabel, born on 23 February 1957. When Hartmann returned to West Germany, he reentered military service in the \"Bundeswehr\" and became an officer in the West German Air Force, where he commanded West Germany's first all-jet unit from 6 June 1959 to 29 May 1962, \"Jagdgeschwader 71\" \"Richthofen\". This unit was initially equipped with Canadair Sabres and later with Lockheed F-104 Starfighters"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": ". Hartmann also made several trips to the United States, where he trained on U.S. Air Force equipment. In 1957, Hartmann began training with American instructors. He and other German pilots were trained at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona. The Republic F-84 Thunderjet fighter course lasted 60 days and consisted of 33 hours of flight time in the Lockheed T-33 and 47 hours in the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak. Hartmann and the former Luftwaffe pilots needed only familiarisation training. Hartmann considered the F-104 a fundamentally flawed and unsafe aircraft and strongly opposed its adoption by the Air Force. Already in 1957, Hartmann had recommended to Kammhuber to first buy and evaluate a few new and unfamiliar aircraft before committing the air force to a new aircraft type. Although events subsequently validated his low opinion of the aircraft (269 crashes and 116 German pilots killed on the F-104 in non-combat missions, along with allegations of bribes culminating in the Lockheed scandal), Hartmann's outspoken criticism proved unpopular with his superiors, and he was forced into early retirement in 1970. From 1971 to 1974, Hartmann worked as a flight instructor in Hangelar, near Bonn, and also flew in fly-ins with other wartime"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " pilots. Hartmann died on 20 September 1993, at the age of 71 in Weil im Sch\u00f6nbuch. In 2016, Hartmann's former German Air Force unit, JG\u00a071, honoured him by applying his tulip colour scheme to their aircraft.</s><s>In popular culture. Hartmann was the subject of a biography by the American authors Trevor J. Constable and Raymond F. Toliver, under the title \"The Blond Knight of Germany\". Originally released in the United States in 1970, it was published in Germany the next year, as \"Holt Hartmann vom Himmel!\" (\"\"Shoot Hartmann down!\"\"). \"The Blond Knight\" was a commercial success and enjoyed a wide readership among both the American and the German public. The book has been criticised by some as ahistorical and misleading in recent American and German historiography. Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies, in their work \"The Myth of the Eastern Front\", describe it as one of the key works that promoted the myth of the \"clean Wehrmacht\". Historian Jens Wehner notes that the German-language version of the book was immensely popular in Germany, but contained serious flaws in its presentation of historical realities. These included"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " uncritical borrowing from the Nazi propaganda elements of the \"Fliegerasse\" (\"aces\") and stereotypes about the Soviet Union. According to Wehner, the latter could be traced to prevailing attitudes during the Cold War. Furthermore, the political and social consequences of World War II were completely ignored.</s><s>Summary of career.</s><s>Summary of career.:Aerial victory claims. According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Hartmann was credited with 352 aerial victories. Spick also lists Hartmann with 352 aerial victories claimed in 1,425 combat missions, all of which on the Eastern Front. Mathews and Foreman, authors of \"Luftwaffe Aces \u2013 Biographies and Victory Claims\", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 352 aerial victory claims, plus two further unconfirmed claims. This number includes two claims over United States Army Air Forces flown P-51 Mustangs, and 350 Soviet Air Forces piloted aircraft on the Eastern Front. According to the authors Daniel and Gabor Horvath, comparison to enemy loss reports showed that the number of aircraft destroyed by Hartmann may actually be much lower than the 352 he claimed, regardless of enemy nationality.</s><s>Summary of career.:Decorations. - Front Flying Clasp of the"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant \"1300\" - Pilot/Observer Badge in Gold with Diamonds (25 August 1944) - Eastern Front Medal - Iron Cross (1939) - 2nd Class (17 December 1942) - 1st Class (7 March 1943) - Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 13 September 1943 as \"Leutnant\" and pilot - German Cross in Gold on 17 October 1943 as \"Leutnant\" in the III./\"Jagdgeschwader\" 52 - Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds - Knight's Cross on 29 October 1943 as \"Leutnant\" and pilot in the 9./\"Jagdgeschwader\" 52 - 420th Oak Leaves on 2 March 1944 as \"Leutnant\" and \"Staffelf\u00fchrer\" of the 9./\"Jagdgeschwader\" 52 - 75th Swords on 2 July 1944 as \"Oberleutnant\" and \"Staffelkapit\u00e4n\" of the 9./\"Jagdgeschwader\" 52 - 18th Diamonds on 25 August 1944 as \"Oberleutnant\" and \"Staffelkapit"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": "\u00e4n\" of the 9./\"Jagdgeschwader\" 52 Hartmann had kept the whereabouts of his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross secret from his captors during his time as a prisoner of war, claiming that he had thrown it away. The hiding place was in a small stream. His comrade Hans \"Assi\" Hahn managed to hide the Knight's Cross in a double bottom cigar box and smuggled it back to Germany when he was released from captivity.</s><s>Summary of career.:Dates of rank. Hartmann joined the military service in \"Wehrmacht\" on 1 October 1940. His first station was Neukuhren in East Prussia, where he received his military basic training as a Luftwaffe recruit. Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) - 1 April 1942: \"Leutnant\" (second lieutenant) - 1 May 1944: \"Oberleutnant\" (first lieutenant) - 1 September 1944: \"Hauptmann\" (captain) - 8 May 1945: \"Major\" (major) Luftwaffe (Bundeswehr) - 12 December 1960: \"Oberstleutnant\" (lieutenant colonel) - 26 July 1967: \""}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": "Oberst\" (colonel)</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - {{Cite book |last=Barbas - {{Cite book |last=Barbas - {{Cite book |last=Berger - {{Cite book |last=Bergstr\u00f6m - {{Cite book |last=Bergstr\u00f6m - {{Cite book |last=Braatz - {{Cite book |last1=Brown - {{Cite journal |last=Corum - {{Cite book |last=Deac - {{Cite book |last=Fellgiebel - {{Cite book |last=Fraschka - {{Cite book |last1=Hartmann - {{Cite journal |last=Harvey - {{Cite journal |last=Harvey - {{Cite book |last1=Horvath - {{Cite book |last=Kaplan - {{Cite book |last=Maerz - {{Cite book |last1=Mathews - {{Cite book |last=Mitcham - {{Cite web |website=H-Soz-Kult - {{Cite book |last=Obermaier - {{C"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": "ite journal |last=Patton - {{Cite book |last1=Patzwall - {{Cite book |last1=Patzwall - {{Cite book |last=Prien - {{Cite book |last1=Prien - {{Cite book |last1=Prien - {{Cite book |last=Rall - {{Cite book |last=Reynolds - {{Cite book |last=Scherzer - {{Cite book |last=Schreier - {{Cite book |last1=Smelser - {{Cite book |last=Spick - {{Cite book |last=Spick - {{Cite book |last=Stockert - {{Cite journal |last=Sullivan - {{Cite book |last=Thomas - {{Cite book |last1=Thompson - {{Cite journal |last=Tillman - {{Cite book |last=Wagenlehner - {{Cite book |last=Weal - {{Cite book |last=Weal - {{Cite book |last1=Williamson - {{Cite book |editor-last=Zabecki - {{Cite book |editor-last=Zabecki"}, {"title": "Erich Hartmann", "text": " - {{Cite journal |last=Zegenhagen - {{Cite magazine |magazine=Der Spiegel - {{Cite web |website=Bundeswehr - {{Cite web |website=Bundeswehr - {{cite web |website=leo-bw.de</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Erich Hartmann", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000339", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Timothy Evans.", "docs": [{"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": "<s>Timothy Evans Timothy John Evans (20 November 1924 \u2013 9 March 1950) was a Welshman who was wrongfully accused of murdering his wife (Beryl) and infant daughter (Geraldine) at their residence in Notting Hill, London. In January 1950, Evans was tried and convicted of the murder of his daughter, and on 9 March he was executed by hanging. During his trial, Evans accused his downstairs neighbour, John Christie, who was the chief prosecution witness, of committing the murders. Three years after Evans's execution, Christie was found to be a serial killer who had murdered several other women in the same house, including his own wife (Ethel). Christie was himself sentenced to death, and while awaiting execution, he confessed to murdering Mrs. Evans. An official inquiry concluded in 1966 that Christie had probably murdered Evans's daughter (Geraldine), and Evans was granted a posthumous pardon. The High Court dismissed proceedings to officially quash Evans's murder conviction in 2004 on the grounds of the cost and resources that would be involved, but acknowledged that Evans did not murder his wife or his daughter, a full 54 years after his wrongful execution by the British government. The case generated much controversy and is acknowledged to be a miscarriage of justice. Along with those"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " of Derek Bentley and Ruth Ellis, the case played a major part in the removal of capital punishment for murder in 1965 and, later, its abolition for all crimes.</s><s>Early life. Evans was a native of Merthyr Tydfil in Glamorgan, Wales. His father Daniel abandoned the family in April 1924 before Evans's birth.Oates, p. 43 Evans had an older sister, Eileen, born in 1921 and a younger half-sister, Maureen, who was born in September 1929. Evans's mother remarried in September 1933. As a child, Evans had difficulty learning to speak and struggled at school. Following an accident when he was eight, Evans developed a tubercular verruca on his right foot that never completely healed and caused him to miss considerable amounts of time from school for treatments, further setting back his education. As a result, when he reached adulthood Evans possessed low literacy skills, often needing others to read lengthy documents to him, although he did possess some ability to read simple passages such as in comics, newspaper football reports and on his wages and receipts. He liked boxing and football, supporting Queens Park Rangers, as did Christie. He was also prone to inventing stories about himself to boost his self-esteem,"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " a trait that continued into adulthood and interfered with his efforts to establish credibility when dealing with the police and courts. In 1935, his mother and her second husband moved to London, and Evans worked as a painter and decorator while attending school. He returned to Merthyr Tydfil in 1937 and briefly worked in the coal mines but had to resign because of continuing problems with his foot. In 1939, he returned to London to live again with his mother, and in 1946 they moved to St Mark's Road, Notting Hill. This was just over two minutes' walk from 10 Rillington Place, his future residence after he married. Evans was fined 60 shillings at West London Magistrates court on 25 April 1946 for stealing a car, and driving without insurance or a licence.</s><s>Married life. On 20 September 1947, Evans married Beryl Susanna Thorley, whom he had met in January 1947 on a blind date. The couple initially lived with Evans's family at St Mark's Road but after Beryl discovered she was pregnant in 1948 they moved into the top-floor flat at 10\u00a0Rillington Place in the Ladbroke Grove area of Notting Hill. Their neighbours in the ground-floor flat were the serial killer John Christie, then working"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " as a post office clerk, and his wife, Ethel Christie. Timothy's and Beryl's daughter Geraldine was born on 10 October 1948. Their marriage was characterised by angry quarrels; Beryl was alleged to be a poor housekeeper and incapable of managing the family's finances, while Timothy misspent his wages on alcohol, and his heavy drinking at the time exacerbated his already short temper. The arguments between Timothy and Beryl were loud enough to be heard by the neighbours and physical violence between them was witnessed on several occasions. In 1949, Beryl revealed to Timothy that she was pregnant with their second child. Since the family was already struggling financially, Beryl decided to have an abortion. After some initial reluctance, Evans agreed to this course of action.</s><s>Events leading to Evans's arrest. Several weeks later, on 30 November 1949, Evans informed police at Merthyr Tydfil that his wife had died in unusual circumstances. His first confession was that he had accidentally killed her by giving her something in a bottle that a man had given him to abort the foetus; he had then disposed of her body in a sewer drain outside 10\u00a0Rillington Place. He told the police that after arranging for Geraldine to be looked after, he had"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " gone to Wales. When police examined the drain outside the front of the building, however, they found nothing and, furthermore, discovered that the manhole cover required the combined strength of three officers to remove it. When re-questioned, Evans changed his story and said that Christie had offered to perform an abortion on Beryl. Evans stated that he had left Christie out of his first statement in order to protect him (abortion being illegal in the UK at this time). After some deliberation between Evans and his wife, they had both agreed to take up Christie's offer. On 8 November, Evans had returned home from work to be informed by Christie that the abortion had not worked and that Beryl was dead. Christie had said that he would dispose of the body and would make arrangements for a couple from East Acton to look after Geraldine. He said that Evans should leave London for the meantime. On 14 November, Evans left for Wales to stay with relatives. Evans said he later returned to 10\u00a0Rillington Place to ask about Geraldine, but Christie had refused to let him see her. In response to Evans's second statement, the police performed a preliminary search of 10\u00a0Rillington Place but did not uncover anything incriminating, despite the presence of a"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " human thigh bone supporting a fence post in the tiny (about ) garden. On a more thorough search on 2 December, the police found the body of Beryl Evans, wrapped in a tablecloth in the wash-house in the back garden. Access to the locked wash-house was only possible by using a knife kept by Mrs Christie. Significantly, the body of Geraldine was also found alongside Beryl's body \u2013 Evans had not mentioned he had killed his daughter in either of his statements. Beryl and Geraldine had both been strangled. Although they examined the garden, the police did not find traces of the skeletal remains of two prior victims of Christie, despite their shallow burial. Christie actually removed the skull of Miss Eady when his dog dug it up from the garden around this time, and he disposed of it in a bombed-out building nearby. This vital clue was ignored when the skull was then discovered by children playing in the ruins and handed in to police. When Evans was shown the clothing taken from the bodies of his wife and child, he was also informed that both had been strangled. This was, according to Evans's statement, the first occasion in which he was informed that his baby daughter had been killed. He was asked whether he was responsible"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " for their deaths. To this, Evans apparently responded, \"Yes.\" He then apparently confessed to having strangled Beryl during an argument over debts and strangling Geraldine two days later, after which he left for Wales. This confession, along with other contradictory statements Evans made during the police interrogation, has been cited as proof of his guilt. Several authors who have written about the case have argued that the police provided Evans with all the necessary details for him to make a plausible confession, which they may have in turn edited further while transcribing it. Furthermore, the police interrogated Evans over the course of late evening and early morning hours to his physical and emotional detriment, a man already in a highly emotional state. Evans later stated in court that he thought he would be subjected to violence by the police if he did not confess, and this fear along with the shock of discovering that both his wife and daughter had been strangled, likely induced him to make a false confession. The police investigation was marred by a lack of forensic expertise, with significant evidence overlooked. \"The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions\" (2003) states that some of the phraseology of the confession seemed more in line with language a police officer might use, rather than that used by an illiterate"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " man as Evans was. Evans was kept in solitary confinement for two days before being handed over to the London police. He did not know what was happening other than his wife's body had not been found in the drain as expected. At Notting Hill police station, he was shown his wife's and daughter's clothing, and the ligature which had been used to strangle his daughter. This book cites Kennedy as a source for the conclusion that Evans felt tremendous guilt over not doing more to prevent the deaths of his wife and daughter, and particularly that his daughter's murder must have been a tremendous shock.</s><s>Trial and execution. Evans was put on trial for the murder of his daughter on 11 January 1950 before Mr Justice Lewis and a jury. In accordance with legal practice at the time, the prosecution proceeded only with the single charge of murder, that concerning Geraldine. Beryl's murder, with which Evans was still formally charged, was not formally before the court, though evidence that he had murdered Beryl was used with the aim of establishing Evans's guilt of the murder of Geraldine. Evans, who was represented by Malcolm Morris, withdrew his confession during consultations with his solicitor and alleged that Christie was responsible for the murders in accordance with his second statement given to the police"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " at Merthyr Tydfil. Although this allegation was dismissed by the court as \"fantastic\" and Evans's solicitors had also warned him that it was difficult to prove, Evans maintained this defence until his execution. It was subsequently found that his allegation was true. Christie and his wife, Ethel, were key witnesses for the prosecution. Christie denied that he had offered to abort Beryl's unborn child and gave detailed evidence about the quarrels between Evans and his wife. The defence sought to show that Christie was the murderer, highlighting his past criminal record. Christie had previous convictions for several thefts and for malicious wounding. The latter case involved Christie striking a woman on the head with a cricket bat. But his apparent reform, and his service with the police as a special constable, may have impressed the jury. The defence also could not find a motive for which a respected person like Christie would murder two people, whereas the prosecution could use the explanation in Evans's confessions as Evans's motive. Unlike Christie, Evans had no previous convictions for violence, though he had been fined for theft and motoring offences. His conflicting statements undermined his credibility. Had the police conducted a thorough search of the garden and found the bones of two previous victims of Christie, the trial of"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " Evans might not have occurred at all. The case largely came down to Christie's word against Evans's and the course of the trial turned against Evans. The trial lasted only three days and much key evidence was omitted, or never shown to the jury. Evans was found guilty \u2013 the jury taking just 40 minutes to come to its decision. After a failed appeal held before the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Goddard; Mr Justice Sellers and Mr Justice Humphreys on 20 February, Evans was hanged on 9 March 1950 by Albert Pierrepoint, assisted by Syd Dernley at Pentonville Prison. The safety of Evans's conviction was severely criticised when Christie's murders were discovered three years later. During interviews with police and psychiatrists prior to his execution, Christie admitted several times that he had been responsible for the murder of Beryl Evans. If these confessions were true, Evans's second statement detailing Christie's offer to abort Beryl's baby is likely to be the true version of events that took place at Rillington Place on 8 November 1949. Ludovic Kennedy provided one possible reconstruction of how the murder took place, surmising that an unsuspecting Beryl let Christie into her flat, expecting the abortion to be carried out, but was instead attacked and then strangled. Christie claimed to have"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " possibly engaged in sexual intercourse with Beryl's body after her death (he claimed to be unable to remember the precise details) but her post-mortem had failed to uncover evidence of sexual intercourse. In his confessions to Beryl's death, Christie denied he had agreed to carry out an abortion on Beryl. He instead claimed to have strangled her while being intimate with her, or that she had wanted to commit suicide and he helped her do so. One important fact was not brought up in Evans's trial: two workmen were willing to testify that there were no bodies in the wash-house when they worked there several days after Evans supposedly hid them. They stored their tools in the wash-room (a small outhouse measuring ) and cleaned it out completely when they finished their work on 11 November. Their evidence in itself would have raised doubts about the veracity of Evans's alleged confessions, but the workmen were not called to give evidence. Indeed, the police re-interviewed the workmen and forced them to change their evidence to fit the preconceived idea that Evans was the sole murderer. The murderer, Christie, would have hidden the bodies of Beryl and Geraldine in the temporarily vacant first-floor flat, and then moved them to the wash-"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": "house four days later when the workmen had finished.</s><s>John Christie. Three years later, Christie vacated his premises at 10 Rillington Place and the landlord allowed an upstairs tenant, Beresford Brown, to use Christie's kitchen. Brown found the bodies of three women (Kathleen Maloney, Rita Nelson and Hectorina Maclennan) hidden in a papered-over kitchen pantry, a recess immediately next to the wash-house where Beryl and Geraldine Evans had been found. A further search of the building and grounds turned up three more bodies: Christie's wife, Ethel, under the floorboards of the front room; Ruth Fuerst, an Austrian nurse and munitions worker; and Muriel Eady, a former colleague of Christie, who were both buried in the right-hand side of the small back garden of the building. Christie had even used one of their thigh bones to prop up a trellis in the garden, which the police had missed in their earlier searches of the property. Christie was arrested on 31 March 1953, and during the course of interrogation confessed four separate times to killing Beryl Evans. He never admitted to killing Geraldine Evans, however. He confessed to murdering Fuerst and Eady"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": ", saying he had stored their bodies in the wash-room before burying them in shallow graves in the garden. It was in the same wash-room that the bodies of Beryl and Geraldine Evans had been found during the investigation into their murders. Christie was found guilty of murdering his wife and was hanged on 15 July 1953 by Albert Pierrepoint, the same hangman who had executed Evans at the same prison three years prior. Because Christie's crimes raised doubts about Evans's guilt in the murders of his wife and daughter, the serving Home Secretary, David Maxwell-Fyfe, commissioned an inquiry to investigate the possibility of a miscarriage of justice. It was chaired by the Recorder of Portsmouth, John Scott Henderson, QC. The inquiry ran for one week and its findings upheld Evans's guilt in both murders with the explanation that Christie's confessions of murdering Beryl Evans were unreliable because they were made in the context of supporting his defence that he was insane. The conclusion was met with scepticism by the press and the public alike: if Christie's confessions were unreliable, why should those of Evans be acceptable? The inquiry ignored vital evidence and led to more questions in Parliament, especially from Geoffrey Bing, Reginald Paget, Sydney Silverman, Michael Foot and many other MPs"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": ". The controversy was to continue until it led eventually to the exculpation of Evans and a declaration of his innocence of the murder of both his wife and his daughter. The murder of Beryl Evans was never a primary charge in the trials of either Evans or Christie. The former had been charged with the murder of his daughter and the latter with the murder of Mrs Christie. Hence questions that went to the murder of Mrs Evans were not those with which the trials were especially concerned. When Christie was later the subject of the Scott Henderson Inquiry, questions drafted by a solicitor representing Evans's mother were deemed not relevant and Scott Henderson retained the right of deciding if they could be asked.</s><s>Campaign to overturn Evans's conviction. In 1955, David Astor, editor of \"The Observer\", Ian Gilmour, editor of \"The Spectator\", John Grigg, editor of \"The National and English Review\", and Sir Lynton Andrews, editor of \"The Yorkshire Post\", formed a delegation to petition the Home Secretary for a new inquiry because of their dissatisfaction with the conclusions of the Scott Henderson Inquiry. In the same year, barrister Michael Eddowes examined the case and wrote the book \"The Man on Your Conscience\", which argued that Evans could not have been the"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " killer on the basis that if he were there were a number of extraordinary coincidences with his crimes and Christie's, most notably that two strangler murderers, who both used a ligature to kill their victims, had been living in the same property at the same time, unknown to each other. The television journalist Ludovic Kennedy's book \"Ten Rillington Place\" criticised the police investigation and evidence submitted at the 1950 trial in which Evans was found guilty. This produced another Parliamentary debate in 1961 but still no second inquiry. In 1965, Liberal Party politician Herbert Wolfe of Darlington, County Durham contacted Harold Evans, then editor of \"The Northern Echo\". He and Kennedy formed the Timothy Evans Committee. The result of a prolonged campaign was that the Home Secretary, Sir Frank Soskice, ordered a new inquiry chaired by High Court judge Sir Daniel Brabin in 1965\u201366. Brabin found it was \"more probable than not\" that Evans murdered his wife and that he did not murder his daughter. This was contrary to the prosecution case in Evans's trial, which held that both murders had been committed by the same person as a single act. The victims' bodies had been found together in the same location and had been murdered in the same way by strangulation. Br"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": "abin went to great lengths to prefer police evidence wherever possible and exonerate them of any misconduct, and he did not address the allegations made by Kennedy about the validity of several of the confessions allegedly made by Evans. He also did not consider the incompetence of the police in their searches of the garden at Rillington Place. The enquiry did little to settle the many issues which arose from the case, but, by exonerating Evans of killing his child, was crucial in subsequent events. Since Evans had only been convicted of the murder of his daughter, Roy Jenkins, Soskice's successor as Home Secretary, recommended a royal pardon for Evans, which was granted in October 1966. In 1965, Evans's remains had been exhumed from Pentonville Prison and reburied in St Patrick's Roman Catholic Cemetery in Leytonstone, Greater London. The outcry over the Evans case contributed to the suspension and then abolition of capital punishment in the United Kingdom.</s><s>Status of Evans' guilty verdict. In January 2003, the Home Office awarded Timothy Evans's half-sister, Mary Westlake, and his sister, Eileen Ashby, \"ex gratia\" payments as compensation for the miscarriage of justice in Evans's trial. The independent assessor for the Home"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " Office, Lord Brennan QC, accepted that \"the conviction and execution of Timothy Evans for the murder of his child was wrongful and a miscarriage of justice\" and that \"there is no evidence to implicate Timothy Evans in the murder of his wife. She was most probably murdered by Christie.\" Lord Brennan believed that the Brabin Report's conclusion that Evans probably murdered his wife should be rejected given Christie's confessions and conviction. On 16 November 2004, Westlake began an application for judicial review in the High Court, challenging a decision by the Criminal Cases Review Commission not to refer Evans's case to the Court of Appeal to have his conviction formally quashed. She argued that Evans's pardon had not formally expunged his conviction of murdering his daughter, and although the Brabin report had concluded that Evans probably did not kill his daughter, it had not declared him innocent. The report also contained the \"devastating\" conclusion that Evans had probably killed his wife. The request to refer the case was dismissed on 19 November 2004, with the judges saying that the cost and resources of quashing the conviction could not be justified, although they did accept that Evans did not murder either his wife or his child.</s><s>In the media. - Ewan MacColl wrote the song \"The Ball"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": "ad of Tim Evans\" (also known as \"Go Down You Murderer\") about the case. MacColl said in his autobiography that the song was used in many news programmes and documentaries, but that many broadcasters were uncomfortable with the last verse which reads \"They sent Tim Evans to the drop for a crime he did not do / It was Christy was the murderer and the judge and jury too.\" In some recordings of the song, this is altered to: \"It was Christy was the murderer and everybody knew / They sent Tim Evans to the drop for a crime he didn't do.\" The song was covered by the American folk singer Judy Collins. - The film \"10 Rillington Place\" was released in the UK on 10 February 1971. It was directed by Richard Fleischer and starred Richard Attenborough as John Christie, Judy Geeson as Beryl Evans, John Hurt as Timothy Evans, and Pat Heywood as Ethel Christie. - In the 2016 BBC dramatisation \"Rillington Place\", Evans was portrayed by Nico Mirallegro. - According to \"Yes, Minister\" co-writer Antony Jay, the Evans case was part of the inspiration for the television satire because of Frank Soskice's refusal to reopen the case despite having himself"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": " appealed for an inquiry while in opposition. - \"The Ballad of Tim Evans\" is used as background in a scene in \"A Bucket of Blood\" and performed by actor and musician Alex Hassilev. The song serves as foreshadowing.</s><s>See also. - Francis Camps - List of miscarriage of justice cases - Mahmood Hussein Mattan, who was also wrongfully executed in the United Kingdom - Philip Allen, Baron Allen of Abbeydale</s><s>Bibliography. - Report of an inquiry into certain matters arising out of the deaths of Mrs. Beryl Evans and of Geraldine Evans and out of the conviction of Timothy John Evans of the murder of Geraldine Evans. Report by Mr. J. Scott Henderson, Q.C. Cmd. 8896. HMSO, July 1953. - The case of Timothy John Evans. Supplementary Report by Mr. J. Scott Henderson, Q.C. Cmd. 8946. HMSO, September 1953. - Michael Eddowes, \"The Man on Your Conscience: An Investigation of the Evans Murder Trial\", Cassell and Co (1955). - - - The case of Timothy John Evans. Report of an Inquiry by The Hon. Mr. Justice Brabin. Cm"}, {"title": "Timothy Evans", "text": "nd. 3101. HMSO, October 1966. - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Timothy Evans", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000340", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Levi Roots.", "docs": [{"title": "Levi Roots", "text": "<s>Levi Roots Keith Valentine Graham (born 24 June 1958), better known as Levi Roots, is a British-Jamaican reggae musician, television personality, celebrity chef, author and businessman currently residing in Brixton, in South London. According to the Sunday Times Rich List, Roots is worth an estimated \u00a330m.</s><s>Background. Roots was born in Clarendon, Jamaica. He was raised by his grandmother after his parents moved to the United Kingdom, until he joined them at age 11. He was raised as a Christian, but converted to the Rastafari faith aged 18.</s><s>Music. Roots has performed with James Brown and Maxi Priest and was nominated for a Best Reggae Act MOBO award in 1998. He was a friend of Bob Marley when he resided in the UK and performed \"Happy Birthday Mr. President\" for Nelson Mandela in 1996 on his trip to Brixton. He gained widespread fame after appearing on the UK television programme \"Dragons' Den\" in 2007, where he gained \u00a350,000 funding for his Reggae Reggae Sauce.</s><s>Reggae Reggae Sauce. Levi Roots' Reggae Reggae Sauce is a jerk barbecue sauce. In 2006, 4,"}, {"title": "Levi Roots", "text": "000 bottles of the sauce were sold at the Notting Hill Carnival. He later took the sauce to a food trade show, where he was spotted by a BBC producer who approached him to appear on \"Dragons' Den\". He appeared in the first episode of the fourth series in February 2007, seeking \u00a350,000 of investment from the Dragons in return for a 20% equity stake in Reggae Reggae Sauce. Despite erroneously claiming that he had an order for 2.5\u00a0million litres of the sauce (when in fact the order was for 2,500 kilograms), he was offered the \u00a350,000 for a 40% stake in his business by Peter Jones and Richard Farleigh. Shortly after his appearance on the programme, Sainsbury's announced that they would be stocking the sauce in 600 of their stores. Roots falsely claimed that his sauce recipe had been passed down to him by his grandmother. He later admitted in court that this was not true. Leading from the success of his spicy sauce, Roots released an extended version of his song \"Reggae Reggae Sauce\" which features one of his children (Joanne) on backing vocals. The music video features a cameo from Peter Jones. All of the money raised went to Comic Relief. The"}, {"title": "Levi Roots", "text": " song, which formed part of his pitch on \"Dragons' Den\" (and was also sung by Roots in an appearance on Harry Hill's \"TV Burp\"), was also released as a download single. \"Proper Tings (The Reggae Reggae Sauce Song)\" received its first play on Allan Lake's breakfast show on Core. A news story in \"The Grocer\" magazine in 2010 states that a range of ready meals were to be launched, and that Roots had stated that the value of the brand had then increased to \u00a330\u00a0million.</s><s>Restaurants. Levi Roots' first London restaurant, the Papine Jerk Centre, was on the Winstanley Estate in Battersea, Clapham Junction from 2010-2012. His children were working alongside him. The shop would also provide a lunchtime service to a local school (Thames Christian College) before closing. In December 2015, Levi Roots opened his first franchise restaurant in Westfield Stratford City. It closed in 2019.{{cite web | url = https://www.thecaterer.com/news/restaurant/levi-roots-closes-caribbean-smokehouse-in-westfield-stratford"}, {"title": "Levi Roots", "text": "-city | title = Levi Roots closes Caribbean Smokehouse in Westfield Stratford City | last = Lake | first = Emma | date = 2019-06-26 | website = The Caterer | access-date = 2020-03-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200322075231/https://www.thecaterer.com/news/restaurant/levi-roots-closes-caribbean-smokehouse-in-westfield-stratford-city</s><s>Books and television. \"Levi Roots' Reggae Reggae Cookbook\" was published in 2008, with a foreword by Roots' investor, Peter Jones. The book has chapters on Roots' story of coming to London and an introduction to Caribbean ingredients. To coincide with the release of his recipe book, Roots appeared on the 3 June 2008 episode of BBC's \"Ready Steady Cook\" as a celebrity. He achieved second place against Lesley Waters. Roots had a television cooking show, \"Caribbean Food Made Easy\", on BBC2, with a book of the same name published in August 2009. The show followed Roots as he travelled the UK and Jamaica demonstrating easy ways"}, {"title": "Levi Roots", "text": " to cook Caribbean food at home. Roots appeared on \"Celebrity Mastermind\" in 2010, coming second with 13 points. He also appeared on \"Big Brother\", where he cooked a Caribbean barbecue for the housemates. Roots also made a special appearance in the 2011 urban comedy movie \"Anuvahood\" where he plays himself. On 22 February 2018 he appeared in the 8th episode of the 7th series of the BBC detective programme \"Death in Paradise\". He played the part of Billy Springer.</s><s>Interviews. On 12 July 2017, an interview with Levi was published in \"The Guardian\" by Katherine Hassell; the interview was titled \"Levi Roots: \u2018My parents moved to Britain when I was four. I didn\u2019t see them again until I was 11\u2019\". On 8 November 2020, an interview with Levi was published in \"Business Digest Magazine\" by Fanele Moyo, titled \"Levi Roots: \u2018My success tips for the unemployed black youth\u2019\".</s><s>Personal life. When he appeared on BBC Radio 4's \"Desert Island Discs\" Roots revealed that his relationship with his father had been a difficult one, because his father was \"a bit of a stranger.\" He said: \""}, {"title": "Levi Roots", "text": "My brothers and sisters all went to school before they left Jamaica but, being the youngest, I never got any education while I was there. I think that I was a bit of a disappointment to him.\u201d Roots has eight children with seven different mothers, including son Christopher. Roots has previously been imprisoned for drug offences.{{Cite web }} Levi was appointed Chair of St Pauls Carnival in Bristol in 2021.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Levi Roots", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000341", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Andriy Yarmolenko.", "docs": [{"title": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "text": "<s>Andriy Yarmolenko Andriy Mykolayovych Yarmolenko (; born 23 October 1989) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a winger or forward for Emirati UAE Pro League club Al Ain and captains the Ukraine national team. Yarmolenko has been a full international for Ukraine since 2009, scoring 45 goals in 112 matches and playing at UEFA Euro 2012, Euro 2016, and Euro 2020.</s><s>Early life. Yarmolenko's parents, native Ukrainians, were originally from Smolianka village, Kulykivka Raion, Chernihiv Oblast. After their marriage, Valentyna and Mykola Yarmolenko moved to Leningrad (modern-day Saint Petersburg) where Andriy was born in 1989. He has a younger sister. After a period of three years (after the collapse of the Soviet Union), the family moved back to their native country and settled in the city of Chernihiv. His mother recollected that Andriy began to play with the ball from the age of 4\u20135 years. \"In the beginning he did not even have a proper ball, so had to play with a self-made one. We were poor and real football was a"}, {"title": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "text": " luxury in those times\". Yarmolenko was noticed by Mykola Lypoviy who invited him to football school (Youth Sports School \"Yunist\" in Chernihiv) and became his first coach.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Yarmolenko is a graduate of the Chernihiv Youth Sports School \"Yunist\". He joined the Dynamo Kyiv Youth Academy at age of 13. However, he returned to Chernihiv after a year being unable to meet physical requirements in training. Before his move to FC Dynamo Kyiv in 2007, he played for Yunist Chernihiv, Desna Chernihiv, Lokomotyv Kyiv, Vidradnyi Kyiv and again Yunist Chernihiv</s><s>Club career.:Desna Chernihiv. In the summer 2006, from Yunist Chernihiv, he joined to Desna Chernihiv, the main club in Chernihiv, under the coach Oleksandr Tomakh. Here he played in the season 2006\u201307 in Ukrainian First League, where he made nine appearances and scored four goals.</s><s>Club career.:FC Dynamo 2 Kyiv. In 2007, Yarmolenko signed a five-year contract"}, {"title": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "text": " with Ukrainian club Dynamo Kyiv, where he joined its second team, Dynamo-2, which plays in lower leagues, for a couple of seasons. The talented youngster was praised as the \"new Andriy Shevchenko\" by journalists, who noted his qualities of good physique, shot and especially his speed. The then vice-president of Dynamo, Yozhef Sabo, also praised the youngster, saying, \"Yarmolenko has all the makings to become a top-level player.\"</s><s>Club career.:Dynamo Kyiv. On 11 May 2008, Yarmolenko debuted for Dynamo's first team in an away match against Vorskla Poltava and scored the winning goal in Kyiv's 1\u20132 victory. He scored 7 goals in 21 games in his first season and 11 in 19 in his second. He is now regularly used as a left or centre forward.</s><s>Club career.:Dynamo Kyiv.:Feud with Taras Stepanenko. In a match in October 2015, Yarmolenko committed a dangerous challenge which almost broke Shakhtar Donetsk player Taras Stepanenko's leg. The two reconciled after the game and exchanged jerseys, but afterwards Yarmolenko threw Stepan"}, {"title": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "text": "enko's shirt on the ground while he thanked the Dynamo fans. In the Shakhtar\u2013Dynamo derby in April 2016, after the former won 3\u20130, Stepanenko stepped in front of the Dynamo fans kissing his Shakhtar badge. In a brawl that escalated, Yarmolenko kicked Stepanenko to the ground.</s><s>Club career.:Borussia Dortmund. On 28 August 2017, Yarmolenko signed a four-year contract with Borussia Dortmund. On 10 September 2017, Yarmolenko made his debut for Dortmund as a substitute in the 79-minute against Freiburg. He then got his first start for Dortmund against Tottenham Hotspur in a Champions League fixture, where he scored Dortmund's only goal in the 3\u20131 defeat.</s><s>Club career.:West Ham United. On 11 July 2018, Yarmolenko signed for Premier League club West Ham United on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut on 12 August in a 4\u20130 defeat by Liverpool. Making his first start for West Ham on 16 September, he scored his first two goals for the club in a 3\u20131 away win against Everton, the club's first Premier League win of the 2018\u201319 season. Yarm"}, {"title": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "text": "olenko suffered an Achilles tear on 20 October 2018 in a 1\u20130 loss against Tottenham Hotspur, which ruled him out for the remainder of the season. Yarmolenko returned to the first team squad for the start of the 2019\u201320 season. On 31 August 2019, he scored his first goal since his return from injury, doubling West Ham's lead with a left-footed volley in a 2\u20130 win over Norwich City. He scored again in West Ham's next home match in the Premier League, opening the scoring in their 2\u20130 defeat of Manchester United. In December 2019 he tore his adductor muscle and had still not returned to playing when football was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. He returned to training in May 2020 and on 1 July 2020, in his second appearance since 2019, he scored the winning goal against Chelsea in a 3\u20132 win. On 25 November 2021, Yarmolenko scored against Rapid Wien at the Allianz Stadion and provided the penalty for the 2\u20130 away win for West Ham in the UEFA Europa League group stage. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Yarmolenko was given time off by manager David Moyes. He returned on"}, {"title": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "text": " 13 March, substituting an injured Michail Antonio and scoring the opening goal in a 2\u20131 victory over Aston Villa. Four days later, Yarmolenko scored an extra-time winner for West Ham in their 2\u20131 aggregate win over Spanish club Sevilla in the Europa League round of 16, allowing West Ham to progress to a European quarter-final for the first time since 1981. In May 2022, West Ham announced that Yarmolenko would be allowed to leave at the end of his current contract in June 2022.</s><s>Club career.:Al-Ain. On 13 July 2022, Yarmolenko signed for the United Arab Emirates club Al-Ain on a one-year contract.</s><s>International career. On 11 August 2007 Yarmolenko represented Ukraine under-19 team in an away exhibition game against Japan, winning 1\u20130. He also participated in the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification. After the qualification on 10 October 2008, Yarmolenko was invited to the under-21 squad which played against the Netherlands. He later participated in qualification and finals of the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. On 5 September 2009, in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification game against Andorra, Yarmolen"}, {"title": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "text": "ko made his first senior appearance for Ukraine and scored in a 5\u20130 win. On 2 September 2011, in an international friendly against Uruguay in Kharkiv, Yarmolenko set a national team record by scoring 14 seconds into the match, the fastest time in which a Ukraine national team player has scored a goal. Yarmolenko scored a hat-trick on 15 November 2014, netting all of Ukraine's goals in a 3\u20130 victory away to Luxembourg in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying. In November 2015, Yarmolenko scored in both legs of Ukraine's 3\u20131 play-off victory over Slovenia to qualify the nation for Euro 2016 final stages. Yarmolenko was subsequently included in Ukraine's squad for Euro 2016, where he played in all three matches as Ukraine failed to score and finished bottom of the group. Yarmolenko scored against Netherlands at Johan Cruyff Arena in Amsterdam and against North Macedonia at Arena Na\u021bional\u0103 in Bucharest for UEFA Euro 2020 and he has been elected Star of the Match. On 1 September 2021, Yarmolenko played his 100th game for Ukraine, in a 2022 World Cup qualification game against Kazakhstan. On 12 October 2021 he scored against Bosnia and Herzegovina at"}, {"title": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "text": " Arena Lviv in Lviv and was voted player of the match. On 5 June 2022, Yarmolenko scored an own goal in Ukraine's defeat to Wales in a qualification game for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The only goal of the game, he deflected a free-kick by Gareth Bale past goalkeeper, Heorhiy Bushchan as Wales qualified for their first World Cup since 1958. The decisive goal was later awarded to Bale at the end of June.</s><s>Outside of professional football. Yarmolenko has three sons with wife Inna. In 2020, Dmitry Adehiro created a mural with the image of Yarmolenko, during the reconstruction of the building of the Yunost Youth Sports School, just beside the Yunist Stadium in Chernihiv. On 7 October 2021, together with Igor Cheredinov (the trainer of Olena Kostevych), he was elected an honorary citizen of Chernihiv. In November 2021, a competition for the Andriy Yarmolenko Cup took place in the city of Chernihiv at the Yunist Stadium. In February 2022, Yarmolenko gave \u00a375,000 to the Armed Forces of Ukraine to help defend the country in the wake of Russia's invasion."}, {"title": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "text": " He also flew to the Ukraine border to rescue his wife and child after they fled the country following the invasion, according to former Ukrainian international Andriy Shevchenko. Chernihiv mayor Vladyslav Atroshenko and the governor of the Chernihiv Oblast Vyacheslav Chaus thanked Yarmolenko personally for his efforts. Yarmolenko helped save Roman Yaremchuk's wife's parents. The striker of the national team of Ukraine and Benfica, currently playing for Club Brugge (Belgium), Roman Yaremchuk told how his wife's parents were able to be taken out of Chernihiv with the help of Andriy Yarmolenko. \"I turned to Andriy Yarmolenko, knowing that he was from Chernihiv, and said, \"\"Help me as much as you can, thank you\".\" Of course, Andriy responded to my request and two days later they were taken away. The situation was quite difficult,\" Yaremchuk said. In March 2022, Yarmolenko after the winner for West Ham over Spanish club Sevilla in the Europa League, he gave West Ham shirt to fan holding Ukraine flag and Mark Noble was in tears as Hammers beat"}, {"title": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "text": " Sevilla to reach Europa League quarter-finals on famous night. In May 2022, Yarmolenko presented an ambulance to his hometown Chernihiv, sending it from London.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Dynamo Kyiv - Ukrainian Premier League: 2008\u201309, 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316 - Ukrainian Cup: 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315 - Ukrainian Super Cup: 2009, 2011, 2016 Individual - Best Young Player of Ukraine: 2010, 2011 - Ukrainian Premier League Footballer of the Year: 2011, 2014 - Ukrainian Footballer of the Year: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 - Ukrainian Premier League Player of the Year: 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316, 2016\u201317 - Football Stars of Ukraine \u2013 Best UPL player: 2016 - UEFA awards 100 caps</s><s>See also. - List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Andriy Yarmolenko", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000342", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Zubaira Tukhugov.", "docs": [{"title": "Zubaira Tukhugov", "text": "<s>Zubaira Tukhugov Zubaira Alikhanovich Tukhugov (born January 15, 1991) is a Russian mixed martial artist, who fought in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional MMA competitor since 2010, Tukhugov made a name for himself, fighting in promotions like Cage Warriors, ProFC, Fight Nights (EFN) and others, before joining the UFC in 2014.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career. Tukhugov made his professional debut in 2010 beating his three opponents by winning Pankration Atrium Cup 2 eight man, one night tournament. After a 10-3 mixed martial arts records, he would be signed by the Russian promotion, Fight Nights, where he won all of his 3 fights, defeating Romano De Los Reyes, Harun Kina and Vaso Bakocevic. During his time on Fight Nights, Tukhugov did a fight for Cage Warriors, defeating Denys Pidnebesnyi at CWFC 58.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship. In December 2013, it was announced that Tukhugov had signed a contract with UFC and was scheduled to make his promotional debut"}, {"title": "Zubaira Tukhugov", "text": " against Thiago Tavares on February 15 at. However, Tavares was forced to pull out due to an undisclosed injury, and was replaced by UFC newcomer Douglas Silva de Andrade. Tukhugov dominated the fight and got a unanimous decision win. Tukhugov later faced Ernest Chavez on October 4, at. He won the fight via technical knockout due to punches in the first round. Tukhugov was expected to face Thiago Tavares on June 6, 2015 at  However, the pairing was scrapped after Tukhugov suffered a rib injury. Tukhugov faced Phillipe Nover on December 10, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 80. He won the fight by split decision. Tukhugov next faced Renato Moicano on May 14, 2016 at UFC 198. In a controversial series of events, despite Tukhogov suffering a kick to the groin in the first round and again in the second round, referee Eduardo Herdy signaled the competitors to continue. Tukhogov lost the fight via split decision. Tukhugov was expected to face Tiago Trator on December 9, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 102. However, on November 14, Tukhugov was"}, {"title": "Zubaira Tukhugov", "text": " pulled from the card after being notified by USADA of a potential anti-doping violation stemming from an out-of-competition sample collected earlier. In February 2018, it was announced that Tukhugov received a two years USADA suspension and contributed USD ten thousand dollar for the arbitration proceedings in testing positive for ostarine from a sample collected on October 29, 2016. Tukhugov was scheduled to face Artem Lobov on October 27, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 138. However, it was reported that Tukhugov was removed from the fight due his role in the UFC 229 post-fight melee. After a three-year lay-off, Tukhugov returned to face Lerone Murphy on September 7, 2019 at UFC 242. The back-and-forth fight ended in a split draw with one judge assigning each fighter a 29-28 win and the third seeing it as a 28-28 draw. Tukhugov faced Kevin Aguilar on February 23, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 168. He won the fight via TKO in the first round. Tukhugov faced Hakeem Dawodu on September 27, 2020 at UFC 253. At the weigh-ins, Tukh"}, {"title": "Zubaira Tukhugov", "text": "ugov weighed in at 150 pounds, four pounds over the non-title featherweight fight limit. The bout proceeded at a catchweight and Tukhugov was fined a percentage of his purse, which went to his opponent Dawodu. Tukhugov lost the fight via split decision. Tukhugov was scheduled to face Ricardo Ramos on March 13, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 187. A week before the event, Tukhugov pulled out due to undisclosed reasons. Promotion officials elected to remove Ramos from the card entirely. The Ramos bout was rescheduled for October 30, 2021 at UFC 267. He won the bout via unanimous decision. Tukhugov was scheduled to face Nate Landwehr on August 6, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 40, However, Tukhugov pulled out of the fight due to alleged visa issues which restricted his travel. Tukhugov was scheduled to face Lucas Almeida on October 22, 2022 at UFC 280. The bout was canceled just minutes before weigh-ins, due to weight management issues. Tukhugov was scheduled to face Joel \u00c1lvarez on February 14, 2023 at UFC 284. However, Alvarez withrew from the event for undisclosed"}, {"title": "Zubaira Tukhugov", "text": " reasons and he was replace by promotional newcomer Elves Brenner. At the weigh-ins, Tukhugov weighed in at 157.5 pounds, one and a half pound over the lightweight non-title fight limit. The bout proceeded at catchweight and Tukhugov was fined 30% of his purse, which went to Brenner. He lost the fight via split decision. On February 28, 2023 Tukhugov was released from the UFC roster.</s><s>Controversies.</s><s>Controversies.:UFC 229 Nurmagomedov-McGregor post-fight incident. At UFC 229, Khabib Nurmagomedov jumped the cage after his victory and charged toward Conor McGregor's team mate Dillon Danis. Soon after, McGregor and Khabib's cousin Abubakar Nurmagomedov attempted to exit the octagon, but a scuffle broke out between them after McGregor hit Abubakar, who then punched him back. Tukhugov jumped the cage and punched McGregor before security pulled him  and Asadulla Emiragaev away. On January 29, 2019, the NSAC announced a one-year suspension for Tukhugov, (retroactive to October 6, 2018"}, {"title": "Zubaira Tukhugov", "text": ") and a $25,000 fine. On May 22, 2019, NSAC reduced the suspensions by 35 days which allowed Tukhugov to be eligible to compete again on September 1, 2019.</s><s>Mixed martial arts record.</s><s>See also. - List of male mixed martial artists</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Zubaira Tukhugov", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000343", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Gretl Braun.", "docs": [{"title": "Gretl Braun", "text": "<s>Gretl Braun Margarete Berta \"Gretl\" Braun (; 31 August 1915 \u2013 10 October 1987) was one of the two sisters of Eva Braun. She was a member of the inner social circle of Adolf Hitler at the Berghof. Gretl became the sister-in-law of Hitler following his marriage to Eva, less than 40 hours before the couple killed themselves together. Braun married SS-Gruppenf\u00fchrer Hermann Fegelein, a liaison officer on Hitler's staff, on 3 June 1944. In the closing days of World War II, Fegelein was shot for desertion. Despite Gretl's ties to the Nazi regime, she managed to survive the war nearly completely unscathed. She changed her name, remarried, and lived a quiet life until her death in 1987.</s><s>Early life. Braun was the youngest of three daughters of school teacher Friedrich \"Fritz\" Braun and seamstress Franziska \"Fanny\" Kronberger. After dropping out of secondary school at the age of 16, she worked as a clerk for the photography company of Heinrich Hoffmann, the official photographer for the Nazi Party, who also employed her sister Eva. Hitler provided the sisters with a three-bedroom"}, {"title": "Gretl Braun", "text": " apartment in Munich in August 1935,  and the next year with a villa in Bogenhausen. Their father was not pleased with this arrangement and wrote to Hitler to protest about it. The sisters were keen photographers; in 1943 Gretl attended the Bavarian State School of Photography.</s><s>With Eva at the Berghof. Gretl spent much time with Eva at Hitler's Berghof retreat in the Obersalzberg of the Bavarian Alps, where she enlivened the formal atmosphere by having fun, smoking, and flirting with the orderlies. According to Hitler's secretary, Traudl Junge, Hitler explained to her at length why he detested smoking, but she would not give up the habit. Gretl fell for Hitler's SS adjutant Fritz Darges, but he was suddenly dismissed by Hitler and posted to command a unit on the Eastern Front following an insubordinate comment at a meeting in 1944.</s><s>Marriage. On 3 June 1944, she married SS-Gruppenf\u00fchrer Hermann Fegelein, who served as Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS Heinrich Himmler's liaison officer on Hitler's staff. Their wedding took place at the Mirabell Palace in"}, {"title": "Gretl Braun", "text": " Salzburg with Hitler, Himmler, and Martin Bormann as witnesses. Her sister Eva made all the wedding arrangements. A wedding reception at the Berghof and party at the Eagle's Nest at Obersalzberg lasted three days. The marriage provided Hitler with a formal link to Eva and a reason to include her at public functions. Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs.</s><s>Downfall of the Third Reich. Three days after Gretl's wedding, the Normandy Landings took place. The social scene at the Berghof effectively ended on 14 July 1944 when Hitler left for his military headquarters, never to return. On 19 January 1945, Gretl and Eva arrived at the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, but they left for Berchtesgaden on 9 February. Eva later returned alone. On 23 April she wrote her last letter to Gretl and included a request for her to destroy all her business papers, but to retain the personal correspondence or bury it. None of these documents have been found. Gretl was pregnant and still at the Berghof when her husband was arrested for desertion on 28 April 1945 in an apartment in Berlin, having gone missing from the F\u00fchrer"}, {"title": "Gretl Braun", "text": "bunker. Initially, out of consideration for Eva, Hitler considered ordering Fegelein assigned to the defence of Berlin. However, after learning of Himmler's offer to surrender to the western Allies, Hitler ordered Himmler arrested and Fegelein shot. Hitler married Eva Braun in the early morning hours of 29 April. On the afternoon of 30 April 1945 the couple committed suicide. On 5 May 1945 at Obersalzberg, Gretl gave birth to a daughter, whom she named Eva Barbara in memory of her sister. Eva Barbara committed suicide in 1971, after her boyfriend was killed in a car accident.</s><s>Later life. Braun married Kurt Berlinghoff on 6 February 1954 in Munich. She died on 10 October 1987 in Steingaden, Bavaria, aged 72.</s><s>References. Notes Bibliography - {{cite book | last = Beevor - {{cite book | last = Bullock - {{cite book | last = G\u00f6rtemaker - {{cite book | last = Joachimstaler - {{cite book | last = Junge - {{cite book | last = Kershaw - {{cite book | last = Knopp - {{cite book | last = Lambert - {{c"}, {"title": "Gretl Braun", "text": "ite book | last = Linge - {{cite book | last = Miller - {{cite book | last = Williamson</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Gretl Braun", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000344", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Will Keane.", "docs": [{"title": "Will Keane", "text": "<s>Will Keane William David Keane (born 11 January 1993) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Championship club Wigan Athletic and the Republic of Ireland national team. He began his career with Manchester United, having joined them at the age of 11, but made just three appearances for the first team and had loan spells with Wigan Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield Wednesday and Preston North End before making a permanent move to Hull City in 2016. Following a loan spell at Ipswich Town in 2019, he was released by Hull at the end of the 2018\u201319 season. Keane joined Ipswich permanently on a one-year deal in August 2019. Keane joined Wigan Athletic on a 3-month contract in October 2020 after his release by Ipswich. After scoring 5 goals in 12 appearances by January 2021, he was offered a contract until the end of the season. Keane then signed a new 2-year deal with Latics ahead of the 2021\u201322 season. In September 2021, at the age of 28, Keane was called up to the Republic of Ireland squad for the first time, having declared his interest in playing for Ireland in 2019. He qualifies for Ireland through his father. His twin brother, Michael, is also a professional footballer who plays as a defender"}, {"title": "Will Keane", "text": " for Everton and England. Ironically, Michael became a full England international after an underage career with the Republic of Ireland.</s><s>Early life. Born in Stockport, Greater Manchester, Keane and his twin brother Michael grew up in the suburb of Heaton Mersey and attended St Bede's College in south Manchester. They were spotted playing football for South Manchester by Manchester United at the age of 11, and soon joined the club's academy coaching system.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester United. Keane worked his way up through the Manchester United academy, and made his first appearance for the under-18s on 21 April 2007 against Sheffield United, a game in which both sides had agreed to field their under-16 teams; at the age of 14, Keane came on as a substitute for goalscorer Tomos Roberts in the 77th minute of a 4\u20130 away win. His next appearance for the under-18s came almost two years later, when he started in central midfield in a 1\u20130 home defeat to Stoke City on 21 February 2009. Shortly before their 16th birthday earlier in the year, both Keanes were awarded three-year scholarships with Manchester United, which began in July 2009. The following season, Keane became a regular starter"}, {"title": "Will Keane", "text": " for the under-18s, scoring 13 goals in 26 appearances in 2009\u201310, including all three goals in a 3\u20130 win at home to Manchester City; he also made several substitute appearances for the reserves. His reserve debut came as a substitute in a 1\u20130 league win away to Everton on 6 October 2009, and he scored his first goal five months later, in Manchester United's penultimate group match in the Manchester Senior Cup against Stockport County on 8 March 2010; after coming on for Nicky Ajose on the hour mark, Keane scored 14 minutes later to give Manchester United a 1\u20130 win. At the end of the season, Keane made a substitute appearance for the reserves in the Premier Reserve League Play-off Final against Aston Villa. After the game finished 1\u20131, the teams went to penalties, where Keane missed United's third penalty in a 3\u20132 shoot-out victory to win the Premier Reserve League title. Keane's performances during the 2009\u201310 season saw him receive the Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year award. Despite making just 17 appearances for the under-18s in 2010\u201311, Keane finished as the team's top scorer with 16 goals, including eight in just six FA Youth Cup matches \u2013 three in the semi"}, {"title": "Will Keane", "text": "-final second leg against Chelsea and three more over the two legs of the final against Sheffield United. He also scored six goals in 10 appearances for the reserves; only a missed penalty denied him a hat-trick in a 5\u20131 win over Newcastle United on 16 December 2010, Ole Gunnar Solskj\u00e6r's final match as manager. Keane was ever-present for the reserves in the league in 2011\u201312, scoring 14 times in 22 appearances, as well as four more in seven cup appearances. His best performance of the season came on 16 April 2012, when he scored four in a 6\u20133 win away to Newcastle United to confirm Manchester United as winners of the Premier Reserve League North. They again faced Aston Villa in the championship play-off, and again the match went to penalties, but this time Keane scored from his kick as United won 3\u20131. Keane was on the scoresheet again a week later as United made it a double with a 2\u20130 victory over Manchester City in the final of the Manchester Senior Cup. After being named as an unused substitute for a 2\u20131 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers in the Premier League on 5 February 2011 and a 3\u20130 win over Aldershot Town in the fourth round of the"}, {"title": "Will Keane", "text": " 2011\u201312 Football League Cup on 25 October 2011, Keane made his senior debut on 31 December 2011 in a 3\u20132 defeat at home to Blackburn Rovers in the Premier League, coming on as a late substitute for Rafael. A knee ligament injury suffered while on international duty with the England under-19s in May 2012 kept Keane out for the entire 2012\u201313 season. He made his return for the under-21s at home to Bolton Wanderers on 16 September 2013, scoring the first goal in a 4\u20131 win. Three more goals followed in the under-21s' next two matches, against Bury and Bolton in the Manchester Senior Cup.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester United.:Wigan Athletic (loan). On 28 November 2013, Keane joined fellow Manchester United youngster Nick Powell on a one-month loan at Wigan Athletic. He made his debut at home to Derby County the following weekend, only to be replaced by Grant Holt at half-time with Wigan 3\u20130 down; they went on to lose the game 3\u20131. After failing to find the net in four appearances for Wigan, Keane returned to Manchester United in December 2013 having suffered a groin injury.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester United.:Queens Park Rangers"}, {"title": "Will Keane", "text": " (loan). After recovering from injury, Keane made a loan move to Queens Park Rangers on 31 January 2014 until the end of the 2013\u201314 season. He made 10 appearances during the second half of the 2013\u201314 season as QPR won promotion to the Premier League through the Championship play-offs.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester United.:Sheffield Wednesday (loan). On 22 January 2015 Keane joined Sheffield Wednesday on loan for the remainder of the season. He made his Wednesday debut on 27 January in a 0\u20130 draw at Hillsborough against Birmingham City. His first senior goal came from the penalty spot to draw level in the Owls' 1\u20131 home draw to Cardiff City on 7 February. He made 13 appearances during his loan at Sheffield Wednesday, scoring 3 goals.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester United.:Preston North End (loan). On 8 July 2015, Keane signed on a season-long loan deal with Preston North End. On 31 December 2015, Manchester United recalled Keane from his loan. He made 22 appearances in all competitions during his loan spell at Deepdale, scoring twice.</s><s>Club career.:Hull City. On 30 August 2016, Keane signed a permanent deal with Hull City; the player moved to the \"T"}, {"title": "Will Keane", "text": "igers\" on a three-year deal, reuniting with ex-Manchester United assistant manager Mike Phelan. He made his debut on 10 September 2016 away to Burnley when he came off the bench to replace Adama Diomande after 70 minutes. On 6 November 2016, during a match against Southampton, Keane suffered the second serious knee ligament injury of his career, putting him out of action until January 2018. He scored his first goal for the club on 10 April 2018, the final goal in a 0\u20135 away win against Burton Albion.</s><s>Club career.:Hull City.:Ipswich Town (loan). On 4 January 2019, Keane signed for Ipswich Town on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut for the club as a second-half substitute in a 0\u20131 FA Cup away loss to Accrington Stanley at the Crown Ground. He scored his first goal for the club on his home debut in a 1\u20130 win over Rotherham United at Portman Road, on 12 January 2019. He made 12 appearances for the Tractor Boys during his loan spell, scoring 3 goals. He was released by Hull City at the end of the 2018\u201319 season.</s><s>Club career.:Ipswich Town"}, {"title": "Will Keane", "text": ". On 20 August 2019, Keane signed with Ipswich Town permanently on a free transfer. He signed a one-year contract, with the option of an additional 12 months. He made his first appearance following his return to the club as a second-half substitute in a 0\u20130 draw with Doncaster Rovers at Portman Road on 14 September. He scored his first goal of the season on 8 October, netting the fourth goal in a 4\u20130 home win over Gillingham in a group stage match of the EFL Trophy. Keane scored his first league goal of the season on 7 December in a 1\u20131 draw with Coventry City. With football suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and with his contract expiring, on 18 May 2020 the club announced they had decided against taking up the additional 12 month option in Keane's contract, or offer him a new deal, and he subsequently left the club. He had scored 6 goals in 29 appearances in all competitions during the season.</s><s>Club career.:Return to Wigan Athletic. On 9 October 2020, Keane joined Wigan Athletic on a short-term contract until 9 January 2021, as Latics rebuilt their squad after entering administration and suffering relegation from the Championship in the 2019\u201320"}, {"title": "Will Keane", "text": " season. He made his debut a day later, starting in a 0\u20133 loss to Crewe Alexandra. He scored his first goal for Wigan on 24 October, scoring the equalising goal in a 1\u20131 draw with Plymouth Argyle. On 15 January 2021, Keane signed a contract extension to keep him at the club for the rest of the season. By May, Keane had scored 11 goals in 34 games for Wigan in all competitions in the 2020\u201321 season. In June 2021, Keane signed a new two-year contract with Wigan. In the 2021-22 EFL League One campaign, Keane would finish as top goalscorer with 26 goals.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:England youth. Born in England to an Irish father, Keane was eligible to play for either England or the Republic of Ireland. Keane debuted for the England under-16 team in a 3\u20131 win against Russia in 2009. He scored one goal in three appearances for the side. He was part of the England under-17 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship, appearing in the final. He made a total of 15 appearances and scored three goals for the team. He then progressed to the under-19 side where he"}, {"title": "Will Keane", "text": " made six appearances and scored one goal. He received a call up to the under-21 side managed by Stuart Pearce in November 2011, and received praise from Manchester United reserve team manager Warren Joyce, with Joyce saying Keane deserved the call up after his good form for the reserve team. He made his first appearance during a 5\u20130 win against Iceland, coming off the bench to replace midfielder Josh McEachran in the 78th minute. He appeared in the following game four days later against Belgium, this time coming on as a substitute for Marvin Sordell. On 25 May 2012, he scored twice as England under-19s beat Slovenia 5\u20130 at Deepdale.</s><s>International career.:Republic of Ireland. In 2019, it was reported that Keane was set to declare for the Republic of Ireland after he met with Ireland manager Mick McCarthy. In February 2019, in Ipswich match notes, he confirmed that he wanted to play for Ireland and that he hoped to be included in Ireland squads in the coming months, confirming that he had declared for Ireland. On 30 September 2021, Republic of Ireland manager Stephen Kenny included Keane in his squad for the upcoming 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Azerbaijan and the international friendly against Qatar, although Keane did not make the matchday squad for"}, {"title": "Will Keane", "text": " either game. He made his debut for Ireland in a World Cup qualifier against Portugal on 11 November 2021.</s><s>Honours. Manchester United - FA Youth Cup: 2010\u201311 Wigan Athletic - EFL League One: 2021\u201322 England U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2010 Individual - Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year: 2009\u201310 - EFL League One Golden Boot: 2021\u201322 - PFA Team of the Year: 2021\u201322 League One</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Will Keane", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000345", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Cheyenne Brando.", "docs": [{"title": "Cheyenne Brando", "text": "<s>Cheyenne Brando Tarita Cheyenne Brando (20 February 1970\u00a0\u2013 16 April 1995) was a French fashion model. She was the daughter of actor Marlon Brando by his third wife Tarita Teriipaia, an actress from French Polynesia whom he met while filming \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" in 1962.</s><s>Early life. Born in 1970, Brando was raised by her mother Tarita on the island of Tahiti, south of Papeete. Her parents divorced in 1972. While growing up, Marlon Brando did not allow Cheyenne and her brother Tehotu to visit him in the United States. In 1976 he stated, \"I don't think I will let them [Cheyenne and Tehotu] go to the States. As Tahitians, they are too trusting. They would be destroyed in the pace of life in the States.\" As a child, Cheyenne reportedly adored her father and bragged about him. As she entered her teenage years, her feelings towards her father changed. In a 1990 interview she stated, \"I have come to despise my father for the way he ignored me when I was a child. He came to the island maybe once a year"}, {"title": "Cheyenne Brando", "text": " but really didn't seem to care whether he saw me or not. He wanted us but he didn't want us.\" Cheyenne eventually dropped out of high school and began taking drugs including LSD, PCP, marijuana, and tranquilizers. During this time, she began a modeling career. In 1989, Cheyenne was seriously injured in a car accident when she crashed a Jeep she was driving after her father refused to allow her to visit him while he was filming \"The Freshman\" in Toronto. She sustained a broken jaw, a laceration under her eye, and a torn ear. Marlon Brando flew Cheyenne to Los Angeles to undergo extensive reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. The accident effectively ended her modeling career. After the accident, she began experiencing bouts of depression and attempted suicide.</s><s>Death of Dag Drollet. In May 1987, Cheyenne began dating 23-year-old Dag Drollet. His father, Jacques Drollet, was a member of the Assembly of French Polynesia. The pair were introduced through a get-together, as the Brandos and Drollets had been longtime friends. In 1989, Cheyenne became pregnant with their child. At Marlon Brando's request, the couple moved"}, {"title": "Cheyenne Brando", "text": " to the United States and into Marlon's Mulholland Drive home to await the birth of their child. On 16 May 1990, Drollet was fatally shot by Cheyenne's elder half-brother Christian at their father's home. Christian Brando maintained that the shooting was accidental. He stated that earlier in the evening, Cheyenne told him that Drollet was physically abusing her. Later that night, Christian confronted Drollet about the abuse. Christian claimed that the gun went off after Drollet tried to take the gun away from him. Christian Brando was immediately arrested and charged with first-degree murder two days later. The prosecutors of the case attempted to subpoena Cheyenne to testify at Christian's trial as they felt her account of the night's event was crucial in proving the shooting was premeditated. However, she refused to testify and fled to Tahiti. On 26 June 1990, she gave birth to a son she named Tuki Brando. Soon after Tuki's birth, Cheyenne attempted suicide twice and was hospitalized for drug detoxification in a psychiatric hospital. On 22 December 1990, Cheyenne was declared \"mentally disabled\" by a French judge and was deemed unable to testify in her brother's trial."}, {"title": "Cheyenne Brando", "text": " Without Cheyenne's testimony, prosecutors felt they could no longer prove that Drollet's death was premeditated. They presented Christian Brando with a plea deal. Christian took the deal and pleaded guilty to the lesser charge of voluntary manslaughter. He was sentenced to ten years in prison. He served a total of five years and was placed on three years' probation. In an interview given after his release, Christian stated that he doubted Cheyenne's accusations of physical abuse against Drollet due to her mental instability. \"I feel like a complete chump for believing her,\" he said.</s><s>Aftermath and final years. In the years following Drollet's death and her half-brother Christian's trial, Cheyenne's mental health steadily declined. She repeatedly entered drug rehab and psychiatric hospitals. Cheyenne also publicly accused her father of molesting her and accused him of being an accomplice in Drollet's death; Marlon Brando denied both accusations. Cheyenne was later formally diagnosed with schizophrenia, became isolated from her former friends, and ultimately lost custody of her son, Tuki, to her mother, who raised him in Tahiti. As an adult, Tuki Brando entered medical school and, like his mother,"}, {"title": "Cheyenne Brando", "text": " would go into modeling.</s><s>Death. On 16 April 1995, Cheyenne shot herself at her mother's house in Puna'auia, Tahiti. Neither her father nor her half-brother Christian were able to attend her funeral in Tahiti. She was buried in the Roman Catholic Uranie Cemetery in Papeete in the family crypt of Dag Drollet's family.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Cheyenne Brando", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000346", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Pratibha Patil.", "docs": [{"title": "Pratibha Patil", "text": "<s>Pratibha Patil Prathibha Devisingh Patil (born 19 December 1934) is an Indian politician and lawyer who served as the 12th president of India spanning from 2007 to 2012. She is the first woman to become the president of India. A member of the Indian National Congress, she previously served as the Governor of Rajasthan from 2004 to 2007, and was a member of Lok Sabha from 1991 to 1996.</s><s>Early life. Patil was born in a Marathi family on 19 December 1934 in the village of Nadgaon in Jalgaon, Maharashtra. She is the daughter of Narayan Rao Patil. She was educated initially at R. R. Vidyalaya town and subsequently was awarded a master's degree in Political Science and Economics by Mooljee Jetha College, Jalgaon (then under Poona University), and then a Bachelor of Law degree by Government Law College, Bombay, affiliated to the University of Bombay (now University of Mumbai). Patil then began to practice law at the Jalgaon District Court, while also taking interest in social issues such as improving the conditions faced by Indian women. Patil married Devisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat on 7 July 1965."}, {"title": "Pratibha Patil", "text": " The couple has a daughter, Jyoti Rathore and a son, Raosaheb Shekhawat, who is also a politician.</s><s>Political career. In 1962, at the age of 27, she was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for the Jalgaon constituency. Thereafter she won in the Muktainagar (formerly Edlabad) constituency on four consecutive occasions between 1967 and 1985, before becoming a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha between 1985 and 1990. In the 1991 elections for the 10th Lok Sabha, she was elected as a Member of Parliament representing the Amravati constituency. A period of retirement from politics followed later in the decade. Patil had held various Cabinet portfolios during her period in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and she had also held official positions while in both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. In addition, she had been for some years the president of the Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee and also held office as Director of the National Federation of Urban Co-operative Banks and Credit Societies and as a Member of the Governing Council of the National Co-operative Union of India. On 8 November 2004 she was appointed the 17th Governor of Rajasthan, the first woman to hold that office.</s><s>Presidential"}, {"title": "Pratibha Patil", "text": " election. Patil was announced as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) candidate on 14 June 2007. She emerged as a compromise candidate after the left-wing parties of the alliance would not agree to the nomination of former Home Minister Shivraj Patil or Karan Singh. Patil had been loyal to the INC and the Nehru\u2013Gandhi family for decades and this was considered to be a significant factor in her selection by INC leader Sonia Gandhi, although Patil said that she had no intention of being a \"rubber-stamp president\". In the same month that she was selected, as a member of the UPA Patil was accused of shielding her brother, G. N. Patil, in the 2005 Vishram Patil murder case. Vishram Patil had narrowly defeated G. N. Patil in an election to be the President of the District Congress Committee of Jalgaon and in September of that year had been murdered. Vishram Patil's widow eventually accused G. N. Patil of involvement in the crime and claimed that Pratibha Patil had influenced the criminal investigation and that the issue needed to be examined before presidential immunity became active. Her accusations were rejected by the courts in 2009 but in 2015 G. N"}, {"title": "Pratibha Patil", "text": ". Patil was charged. No reference to the alleged involvement of Pratibha Patil was made at this time. Due to the presidential role being largely a figurehead position, the selection of the candidate is often arranged by consensus among the various political parties and the candidate runs unopposed. Contrary to the normal pattern of events, Patil faced a challenge in the election. The BBC described the situation as \"the latest casualty of the country's increasingly partisan politics and [it] highlights what is widely seen as an acute crisis of leadership\". It \"degenerated into unseemly mudslinging between the ruling party and the opposition\". Her challenger was Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, the incumbent vice-president and a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) veteran. Shekhawat stood as an independent candidate and was supported by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a group led by the BJP, although the Shiv Sena party, which was a part of NDA, supported her because of her Marathi origin. Those opposed to Patil becoming president claimed that she lacked charisma, experience, and ability. They also highlighted her time spent away from high-level politics and queried her belief in the supernatural, such as her"}, {"title": "Pratibha Patil", "text": " claim to have received a message from Dada Lekhraj, a dead guru. Various specific issues were raised, such as a comment made by her in 1975 that those suffering from hereditary diseases should be sterilized. Another alleged that while a Member of Parliament for Amravati she diverted Rs 3.6 million from her MPLADS fund to a trust run by her husband. This was in violation of Government rules which barred MPs from providing funds to organization's run by their relatives. The parliamentary affairs minister denied any wrongdoing on Patils' part, and noted that the funds are used under MPLADS, by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Patil won the election held on 19 July 2007. She garnered nearly two-thirds of the votes and took oath on 25 July 2007, as India's 12th president but 1st woman President.</s><s>Presidency. Patil's term as the President of India saw various controversies and is widely considered as lacklustre. She commuted death sentences of 35 petitioners to life, a record. President's Office, however, defended this by saying that President had granted clemency to the petitioners after due consideration and examining the advice of the Home Ministry. Patil was noted for having spent more money"}, {"title": "Pratibha Patil", "text": " on foreign trips, and having taken a greater number of foreign trips, than any previous president. Sometimes accompanied by as many as 11 members of her family, there had been 12 foreign trips spanning 22 countries by May 2012, when she was away on her 13th trip. Those completed travels had cost Rs 205 crore (Rs 2.05 billion). The Ministry of External Affairs said that taking family members \"was not abnormal\". The Office of President has a five-year term and Patil retired from the role in July 2012. Patil allegedly used public funds to build a retirement mansion on a plot of military land in Pune. Tradition is that a retiring president either takes residence in Government accommodation in Delhi or moves back to their residence in their home state; her use of government money to build a retirement home at the end of the presidential term was unprecedented. Other controversies that arose after her retirement included her desire to claim both an official government car and fuel allowance for the running of a private car, despite rules clearly stipulating that this was an either/or situation. She also took possession of many gifts that had been given to her in her official role and was later forced to return them.</s><s>Business interests. Patil set up Vidya Bharati Shikshan Pras"}, {"title": "Pratibha Patil", "text": "arak Mandal, an educational institute which runs a chain of schools and colleges in Amravati, Jalgaon, Pune and Mumbai. She also set up Shram Sadhana Trust, which runs hostels for working women in New Delhi, Mumbai and Pune; and an engineering college for rural students in Jalgaon district. She also co-founded a cooperative sugar factory known as Sant Muktabai Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana at Muktainagar. In addition, Patil founded a cooperative bank, Pratibha Mahila Sahakari Bank, that ceased trading in February 2003 when its licence was cancelled by the Reserve Bank of India. Among other failings, the bank had given illegal loans to her relatives that exceeded the bank's share capital. It had also given a loan to her sugar mill which was never repaid. The bank waived these loans, and this drove it into liquidation. The government liquidator of the bank, P. D. Nigam, said, \"The fact that relatives of the founder chairperson (Pratibha Patil) were among those indiscriminately granted loans and that some illegal loan waivers were done has come up in our audit.\" Six of the top ten defaulters in the bank were linked"}, {"title": "Pratibha Patil", "text": " to her relatives. The INC claimed that Patil had not been involved with the bank since 1994 but \"The Indian Express\" reported that it had official documents showing her involvement as late as 2002.</s><s>Positions held. Pratibha Patil has held various official offices during her career. These are:</s><s>Honours. - : Grand Cross, Special Class of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (awarded 3 August 2018 - presented 1 June 2019).</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Pratibha Patil", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000347", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Walter Model.", "docs": [{"title": "Walter Model", "text": "<s>Walter Model Otto Moritz Walter Model (; 24 January 1891\u00a0\u2013 21 April 1945) was a German field marshal during World War II. Although he was a hard-driving, aggressive panzer commander early in the war, Model became best known as a practitioner of defensive warfare. His relative success as commander of the Ninth Army in the battles of 1941\u20131942 determined his future career path. Model first came to Hitler's attention before World War II, but their relationship did not become especially close until 1942. His tenacious style of fighting and loyalty to the Nazi regime won him plaudits from Hitler, who considered him one of his best field commanders and repeatedly sent him to salvage apparently desperate situations on the Eastern Front. Their relationship broke down by the end of the war after the German defeat at the Battle of the Bulge. In the aftermath of the encirclement and defeat of Army Group B at the Ruhr Pocket, Model committed suicide on 21 April 1945.</s><s>Early life and career. Model's decision to burn all his personal papers at the end of World War II means relatively little is known about his early years. Born to a music teacher in Genthin, Saxony, he belonged to a middle-class, non-"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": "military family. Following schooling at the \"B\u00fcrgerschule\" (citizen school) in Genthin, he graduated with his \"Abitur\" from the \"Domgymnasium\" Naumburg, a humanities-oriented secondary school, on Easter 1909. He entered the army officer cadet school (\"Kriegsschule\") in Neisse (now Nysa, Poland) in 1909, where he was an unexceptional student, and was commissioned a lieutenant (\"Leutnant\") in the 52nd Infantry Regiment \"von Alvensleben\" in 1910. He made few friends among his fellow officers and soon became known for his ambition, drive, and blunt outspokenness. These were characteristics that marked his entire career.</s><s>Early life and career.:World War I. In World War I, the 52nd Infantry Regiment formed part of the 5th Division which fought on the Western Front. Model served as the adjutant of his regiment's 1st Battalion. In May 1915, he was severely wounded near Arras, and in October he won the Iron Cross, First Class. His deeds brought him to the attention of his divisional commander who, despite misgivings about his \"uncomfortable subordinate\", recommended Model"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " for a posting on the German General Staff. Among other things, this meant that Model took part in only the initial stages of the Battle of Verdun and escaped the carnage of the Battle of the Somme, to which his division was committed in his absence. Model completed the abbreviated staff officers' course and returned to the 5th Division as adjutant of the 10th Infantry Brigade, followed by postings as a company commander in both the 52nd Infantry Regiment and the 8th Life Grenadiers. He was promoted to captain (\"Hauptmann\") in November 1917, and in 1918 was assigned to the staff of the Guard Ersatz Division, which fought in the German spring offensive of that year. He ended the war with the 36th Reserve Division.</s><s>Early life and career.:Inter-war years. By the end of the war, Model had gained a reputation as a capable officer with great potential. Early on in his military career, Model had written a book on the Prussian general August Neidhardt von Gneisenau. In addition, he was already known to Hans von Seeckt, head of the slimmed-down Reichswehr, from his staff postings during the war, and he was equipped with an excellent reference from"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " Major-General Franz von Rantau, commander of the 36th Reserve Division. It was thus no surprise that he was one of the 4,000 officers retained in the Reichswehr. Model generally kept away from politics in the chaotic period that marked the birth of the Weimar Republic, although as an army officer he was involved in the bloody suppression of the 1920 communist uprising in the Ruhr. The next year he married Herta Huyssen; they had three children, Christa, Hella, and Hansgeorg. Model hated war stories and never discussed politics or the war with his wife. In 1925, Model was posted to the 3rd Infantry Division, an elite formation of the Reichswehr and one that was heavily involved in testing the technical innovations of that era. From 1928, he lectured in tactics and war studies for the basic General Staff training course, and in 1930 he was transferred to the Training Branch of the Truppenamt. He became known both for his enthusiastic support of military modernization and for his complete lack of tact. In 1938, the year he became a major general (\"Generalmajor\"), he led a testfiring of the M\u00f6rser 18 on mocked-up Czech fortifications, which did not impress Hitler"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": ". As were many army officers at the time, Model was a supporter of the Nazi government; his time in Berlin also brought him into contact with senior members of the Nazi regime. Closer relationships with Goebbels and Speer developed during the war.</s><s>World War II. Model spent the first year of World War II as a chief of staff, first of IV Corps during the invasion of Poland, and then of Sixteenth Army during the Battle of France. He was promoted to lieutenant general (\"Generalleutnant\") in April 1940, and earned his first senior command posting in November that year, when he was assigned to lead the 3rd Panzer Division. He immediately proceeded to ignore all formalities of organization and command, which endeared him to his men and exasperated his staff\u2014who often had to clean up the mess he left behind. He also instituted a combined arms training program where his men were thrown together in various ad-hoc groupings regardless of their parent unit: tankers trained with infantry, engineers with recon units, and so on. Model thus anticipated by some months the regular German use of Kampfgruppen in World War II. While this became routine later on, it was still not a universal practice in the Wehrm"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": "acht in late 1940 and early 1941.</s><s>World War II.:Invasion of the Soviet Union. For Operation Barbarossa, the 3rd Panzer Division was assigned to the XXIV Panzer Corps, itself part of the 2nd Panzer Group, commanded by Heinz Guderian. The campaign opened on 22 June 1941, with Guderian urging his divisions forward at breakneck speed. This suited Model, and by 4 July, his advance elements leading the panzer group's charge had reached the Dnieper, an exploit that earned him the Knight's Cross. Crossing it in strength was another matter, however, as the Red Army was prepared to defend the river line. 3rd Panzer's vanguard was thrown back by the Soviet 21st Army, and it was not until 10 July that the Germans were in a position to force a crossing. For this operation, Model, now reinforced with additional troops, reorganized his command into three groups: an infantry-heavy force that would cross the river and establish a bridgehead, a mobile armored group that would pass through the bridgehead and continue the advance, and a fire support group containing nearly all his artillery. The plan worked so successfully that the river crossing cost scarcely any casualties. There followed two weeks of hard fighting"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " to defend the panzer group's flank, during which he was assigned the 1st Cavalry Division in addition to 3rd Panzer as \"Gruppe Model\", who then attacked to break up Soviet forces massing near Roslavl. After the fall of Smolensk, Hitler ordered a change of direction, and Guderian's panzer group turned south into Ukraine. Its objective was to trap the Soviet forces defending Kiev, an unsupported advance of 275\u00a0km (172\u00a0mi), and again 3rd Panzer would form the spearhead. From 24 August to 14 September, Model conducted a lightning thrust into the rear of the Soviet Southwestern Front. The maneuver reached its conclusion when 3rd Panzer made contact with the 16th Panzer Division from Army Group South at Lokhvitsa. While it took several more days to eliminate all resistance, the trap around Kiev had been closed.</s><s>World War II.:Before Moscow. Shortly thereafter, Model was promoted to \"General der Panzertruppe\" (general) and placed in command of XLI Panzer Corps, which was embroiled in Operation Typhoon, the assault on Moscow. The attack had begun on 2 October 1941, and Model arrived at his new command on 14 November, in the midst of the battle"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": ". The corps, part of Georg-Hans Reinhardt's Third Panzer Group, was located at Kalinin, 160\u00a0km (100\u00a0mi) northwest of Moscow. It was worn out, at the end of a long and tenuous supply line (Model had been promoted on 28 October, and needed two weeks just to get to Kalinin), and the cold weather was starting to hamper the Germans. Nevertheless, morale remained high, and the final push towards Moscow began shortly after his arrival. Model was a whirlwind of energy, touring the front and exhorting his troops to greater efforts: he also ran roughshod over the niceties of protocol and chains of command, and, in general, left his staff trailing in his wake. By 5 December, XLI Panzer Corps' 6th Panzer Division had reached Iohnca, just from the Kremlin. There, the advance stopped, as the winter took hold. Temperatures dropped 20 to 40\u00a0\u00b0C below zero, weapons and vehicles froze solid, and the Germans were forced to call a halt to offensive operations. Just as the Germans had made the halt decision, the Soviet Kalinin, Western and Southwestern Fronts launched a massive counteroffensive, aimed at driving Army Group Centre back from Moscow"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": ". The attacks were especially strong against Third Panzer Group, which had made some of the closest penetrations to the city. In three weeks of confused, savage fighting, Reinhardt extricated his troops from potential encirclement and fell back to the Lama River line. Placed in charge of covering the retreat, Model's harsh, almost brutal, style of leadership now paid dividends as panic threatened to infect the German columns. On several occasions, he restored order at a congested crossroads with a drawn pistol, but the retreat never became a rout. During this period, Model noticed that the Soviet attack\u2014human wave attacks with poor tactical coordination\u2014tended to be most successful when the Germans employed a strongpoint defense instead of a continuous line. Moreover, Soviet logistics were still inadequate to support a fast-moving battle; thus, even if a gap was made, it did not automatically mean a crisis. Therefore, he ordered his men to spread themselves out, which exploited his corps' advantage in artillery over the Soviets, while he created small mechanized kampfgruppen to deal with any breakthrough. His tactics were successful, if costly (by the end of 1941, 6th Panzer Division mustered 1,000 men, including all frontline, support and staff personnel"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": "). He continued to advocate similar tactics throughout the remainder of his career.</s><s>World War II.:Rzhev. Model's success in holding his front had not gone unnoticed, and in January 1942 he was placed in charge of the Ninth Army occupying the Rzhev salient, leapfrogging at least 15 more senior commanders in Army Group Centre alone. Just prior to his departure for the front, the new army commander had held lengthy consultations with both Hitler and Halder. They impressed upon Model that great firmness would be necessary to save the army from destruction, and his vehement tone in reply so impressed Hitler that upon the General's departure he remarked: \"Did you see that eye? I trust that man to do it, but I wouldn't want to serve under him\". When Model took over, his sector was in a shambles: the Kalinin Front had broken through the line and was threatening the Moscow\u2013Smolensk railway, the main supply route for Army Group Centre. Despite the danger, he realized the precarious position the attackers themselves were in and immediately counterattacked, cutting off the Soviet 39th Army. To hold the line Model threw every available man to the front, drafting construction units and the like to replenish the enormous"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " German losses. In the ferocious battles that followed, he repelled multiple Soviet attempts to relieve their trapped soldiers, the last being in February. He then squeezed out the pocket at his leisure, in a series of operations culminating in mid-July. For this, he was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross and promoted to colonel general (\"Generaloberst\"). Having restored Ninth Army's front, Model set about holding it. His defensive doctrine, which combined conventional thinking with his own tactical innovations, was based on the following principles: - Up-to-date intelligence, based on frontline sources and reconnaissance instead of relying on reports from rear-area analysts. - A continuous front line, no matter how thinly held. - Tactical reserves to halt any imminent breakthrough. - Centralized artillery command and control. Since the end of World War I, German divisions had had their artillery spread out amongst their component regiments, which made it difficult to bring the maximum weight of fire to bear on any one point. Model reorganized his artillery into special battalions under the direct control of the divisional and corps commanders. - Multiple static lines of defense, to delay the enemy's advance. Hitler had in fact forbidden the construction of multiple lines, saying that soldiers would be tempted to abandon their"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " current line in favor of falling back to the next; Model ignored this order. The expediency of preparing rearward defense lines, although these went against the express wishes of Hitler, meant that Model's influence was felt even when he was absent from the battlefield. At the end of July 1942 the front erupted as a new Soviet offensive tore through the German defense at Rzhev. Model was on convalescent leave, having been hit by a chance rifle shot whilst flying over the front, and General von Vietinghoff was in temporary command. Model returned to Ninth Army on the 10 August and immediately made his presence felt. He ordered the creation of scratch battle groups made up of soldiers returning from leave and threw them into the fighting. At almost exactly the same time he forcefully demanded extra divisions from Kluge at Army Group headquarters, or \"provide detailed instructions as to how the battle is to be continued.\" By the close of September, the Soviet offensive was temporarily spent, but Zhukov, unhappy with the results of the summer and still aware of opportunities around the Rzhev salient, tried again with even more force in November. Code named Operation Mars, Soviet forces struck simultaneously at the Ninth Army from four directions. Model's defensive abilities were once again put to"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " the test, and his forces were once again able to contain and then cut off and destroy Soviet spearheads, even though the German losses were again extensive. Model emerged from a year of fighting around Rzhev with an enhanced reputation as a \"Lion of defense\" (L\u00f6we der Abwehr\"). Liddell Hart wrote that he had \"the amazing capability to collect a reserve from an almost empty battlefield\". Ninth Army eventually evacuated the salient in Operation B\u00fcffel in March 1943, as part of a general shortening of the line. Large-scale anti-partisan sweeps were carried out in the weeks before the operation (the army's sector was a hotbed for partisan activity), in which an estimated 3,000 Russians were killed, the great majority of whom were unarmed, as shown by the inventory of the seized weapons: 277 rifles, 41 pistols, 61 machine guns, 17 mortars, 9 antitank rifles and 16 small artillery pieces. The withdrawal itself was precisely planned and took two weeks, with minimal casualties or disruption in a move of an Army group numbering approximately 300,000 men, 100 tanks and 400 artillery pieces. In its wake, Model personally ordered the deportation of all male civilians, wells poisoned, and at least two dozen villages r"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": "azed in a scorched earth policy to hinder the Red Army's follow up in the area. The official Soviet report published on 7 April 1943 showed the effects of the German policy. In Viazma, out of 5,500 buildings, only 51 small houses were still standing; at Gzhatsk, 300 out of 1,600; in Rzhev, 500 out of 5,400. 15,000 people were deported from the three towns alone. The rural areas suffered equally; in the Sychevka area, for example, 137 villages out of 248 had been burned down. British war correspondent Alexander Werth visited the area soon after the liberation and saw for himself the results of Model's orders. The report listed Model at the top of the list of the war criminals responsible for the \"deliberate extermination policy\" and noted that most of the killings of civilians were carried out by regular Wehrmacht units, not just the Gestapo or the SD. In the same month, Model received the Swords to his Knight's Cross, and Ninth Army received orders to move into Oryol.</s><s>World War II.:Kursk and Oryol. On 5 July 1943, Model led the northern assault on Kursk during Operation Citadel,"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " a plan which had caused great controversy within the German high command. G\u00fcnther von Kluge and Erich von Manstein, commanding Army Groups Centre and South respectively, had originally urged that the salient be attacked in May, before the Soviets could prepare their defenses. Others, including Heinz Guderian, felt that attacking was unnecessary, since it would occasion heavy tank losses and thus upset plans for increasing German armored strength. Model was also skeptical of the plan's chances, pointing out that Konstantin Rokossovsky's Central Front was strongly dug in and outnumbered him two to one in men, tanks and artillery. Rather than conclude that the offensive be called off, however, he said it should be postponed until he could receive further reinforcements, in particular the new Panther tanks and Ferdinand tank destroyers. Model's true opinion on the value of the offensive remains unclear. Manstein took his recommendation at face value, while Guderian said that he was categorically against attacking. It has similarly been suggested that Model, in fact, hoped to scuttle the operation by causing it to be delayed until the Soviet forces launched their own attack. Model's assault was a failure, as Ninth Army quickly became enmeshed in the elaborate Soviet fortifications. The"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " Red Army's strength in the salient was, in fact, growing much faster than that of the attacking force. Nor did his tactical plan of attack meet with great success. Having less armor and more artillery than Manstein in the south, and fearing that the deep Soviet defenses would stall an armor-heavy attack (the hallmark of the German \"Blitzkrieg\"), he decided to use his infantry to breach Rokossovsky's line before unleashing his armor. It did not work. The Germans took heavy losses to advance less than 12\u00a0km (8\u00a0mi) in seven days, and were unable to break through to open ground. Model threw his armor into the fray, but with little effect, beyond incurring more casualties. (As mitigating factors, the Red Army had concentrated more of their strength facing Model in the north; and Rokossovsky had correctly anticipated where the attack would come, defending that sector heavily. Model's use of infantry assaults also meant his losses in armor were lower than those of Manstein.) Prior to Kursk, Model had anticipated the possibility of a Soviet attack into the Oryol Salient, and had (without OKH's knowledge) constructed extensive defensive works to meet such an attack. Following the st"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": "alling of his advance, the Soviet counter-offensive, Operation Kutuzov, duly opened on 12 July. It involved not just Rokossovsky's Central Front, but also the Bryansk and Western Fronts, a greater concentration of forces than Model had assaulted in Operation Citadel. For the battle, Kluge placed him in command of Second Panzer Army in addition to Ninth Army\u2014again, a larger total force than he had commanded in \"Citadel\". The Soviet preponderance of strength was such that Stavka expected it to take only 48 hours to reach Oryol, splitting the German forces into three parts; instead, the battle ended three weeks later with Model's orderly withdrawal from the salient. An idea of the scale of the fighting compared to \"Citadel\" can be gained from the combined casualty lists for Second Panzer and Ninth Armies: from 1 to 10 July, the Germans took 21,000 casualties, and from 11 to 31 July, 62,000. Despite these losses he had inflicted similarly heavy casualties on the three Red Army Fronts, shortened the line, and avoided annihilation. Similar to Rzhev withdrawal, Model ordered his troops to carry out the same scorched earth policy in the Oryolsalient,"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " destroying the infrastructure and harvest, and deporting 250,000 civilians in inhuman conditions. After the loss of Oryol, Model withdrew to the Dnieper as the Red Army went on the offensive from Smolensk in the north to Rostov in the south. He was relieved of command of the Ninth Army at the end of September, and took the opportunity to go on three months' leave in Dresden with his family.</s><s>World War II.:Estonia. Model's relief is believed not to have been a sign that he had lost Hitler's confidence, but rather that he had gained it, the F\u00fchrer wanting him available should another emergency break out which needed his attention. Thus, on 31 January 1944, he was urgently sent to command Army Group North, which, two weeks earlier, had seen its stranglehold on Leningrad broken by the Volkhov, Leningrad and 2nd Baltic Fronts. The situation was dire: the Eighteenth Army had been shattered into three parts and on the same time, the front had virtually dissolved. The army group's previous commander, Georg von K\u00fcchler, had pleaded for permission to withdraw to the Panther Line in Estonia, which was still only half-completed at that"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " stage. Model immediately cracked down on such talk, instituting a new policy he called Shield and Sword (\"Schild und Schwert\"). Under this doctrine, ground would only temporarily be ceded, to gather reserves for an immediate counter-attack that would drive the Red Army back and relieve pressure on other areas of the front. These statements of aggressive intent won over Hitler and OKH, who had no substantial reserves to send him, but were still unwilling to lose territory. Historians have since debated their significance, some claiming that Shield and Sword was Hitler's invention, while others say they were a calculated ploy by Model to disguise his true intent\u2014to pull back to the Panther Line. Regardless, the \"temporary\" loss of ground usually became permanent, as Model conducted a fighting withdrawal to the Panther Line. He delegated responsibility for the Narva front to Johannes Friessner commanding Army Detachment Narva, while he concentrated on extricating Eighteenth Army from its predicament. Without OKH's notice or approval, he constructed a series of interim defensive lines to cover its retreat, slowing down and inflicting heavy losses on the pursuing Soviet forces in the process. By 1 March, the withdrawal was complete. His forces were mostly intact, but the fighting had been fierce: his Shield"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " and Sword counter-attacks alone had cost him some 10,000\u201312,000 men. These counter-attacks usually failed to recover ground, but they kept the Red Army off-balance and won Model time to pull his units back. They also allowed him to say to Hitler that he was pursuing an aggressive approach, even as the front moved steadily to the west. On 1 March Model was promoted to \"Generalfeldmarschall\". His rise from colonel to field marshal had taken just six years.</s><s>World War II.:Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. On 30 March 1944, Model was placed in command of Army Group North Ukraine in Galicia, which was withdrawing under heavy pressure from Zhukov's 1st Ukrainian Front. He replaced Manstein, who had fallen out of favor with Hitler. Despite Manstein's previous victories, the F\u00fchrer wanted someone whom he anticipated would be unyielding in defense. On 28 June, Model was sent to rescue Army Group Centre, which had been torn apart by Operation Bagration, the Soviet offensive in Belorussia. The Ninth Army (Model's old command) and Fourth Army were trapped, and the Red Army was about to liberate Minsk. Despite the catastrophic situation, Model believed"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " he could still hold Minsk, but this would require Fourth Army to break out of its pocket, and reinforcements to counter-attack the Soviet advance. The reinforcements, in turn, could only be obtained by pulling back, thus shortening the line and freeing up troops. The general consensus is that the German position was doomed, regardless of what Model could have done, but Hitler refused to sanction either Fourth Army's escape or a general withdrawal, until it was too late. Minsk was liberated by the Soviet 1st and 3rd Belorussian Fronts on 3 July, but Model still hoped to re-establish the front to the west of the city, with the aid of divisions from Army Groups North and North Ukraine. However, German strength was unequal to the task, and he had been driven out of Vilnius and Baranovichi by 8 July. At the same time, the 1st Ukrainian Front (now commanded by Ivan Konev) and the 1st Belorussian Front's left wing (which had been uncommitted thus far) opened up a fresh offensive against Army Group North Ukraine. In this battle, the First Panzer Army managed to hold the line east of Lvov using Model's defensive tactics, but was forced to retreat when the Fourth Panzer"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " Army, weakened by the steady flow of units to Army Group Centre, was unable to stem the Soviet penetrations of its front. Model encircled and destroyed the Soviet 3rd Tank Corps in a large-scale tank battle near Radzymin and stopped the Red Army's advance just short of Warsaw by 3 August, setting up a continuous front from south of Shaulyay to the right boundary on the Vistula near Pulawy. At various times in 1944, Model commanded each of the three major army groups on the Eastern Front, and for a short period in the middle of the year was commanding both Army Groups Centre and North Ukraine simultaneously.</s><s>World War II.:Normandy. On 17 August 1944, Model received from Hitler Diamonds to go with his Knight's Cross with Oakleaves and Swords, in reward for his shoring up of the Eastern Front. Simultaneously, he was transferred to the west, replacing Kluge as commander-in-chief of Army Group B and OB West. The front in Normandy had collapsed after nearly two months of severe fighting, the U.S. Third Army was driving for the Seine, and an Army group was in danger of being annihilated in the Falaise pocket. Model's first order"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " was that Falaise be defended, which did not impress his staff. However, he quickly changed his mind, convincing Hitler to authorize the immediate escape of the German Seventh Army and Panzer Group Eberbach\u2014something that Kluge, with his limited political clout, had not been able to do. He was thus able to rescue a high proportion of the units involved, albeit at the cost of nearly all their armor and heavy materiel. When Hitler demanded that Paris be held, Model replied that he could do so, but only if given an extra 200,000 men and several panzer divisions\u2014an act that has been described as na\u00efvet\u00e9 by some, and canny bargaining by others. The reinforcements were not forthcoming, and the city's liberation took place on 25 August. Meanwhile, Model fell back to the German border. After the fighting in Normandy, Model established his headquarters at Oosterbeek, near Arnhem in the Netherlands, where he set about the massive task of rebuilding Army Group B. On 17 August 1944, Model was appointed to the temporary command of OB West, upon Kluge's recall to Berlin to answer charges that he had involvement with the failed 20 July Plot. (Kluge committed suicide en route.) Model retained command of OB West"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " for eighteen days before Hitler appointed Gerd von Rundstedt as permanent replacement for Kluge, allowing Model to return to the command of Army Group B.</s><s>World War II.:Retreat to Germany. On 17 September, his lunch was interrupted when the British 1st Airborne Division dropped into the town launching Operation Market Garden, the Allied attempt to capture the bridges on the lower Rhine, Maas and Waal. Model initially thought they were trying to capture him and his staff, but the seemingly vast scale of the assault soon convinced him otherwise. When he perceived what the Allies' real objective was, he ordered the II SS Panzer Corps into action. The corps, containing the 9th SS Panzer and 10th SS Panzer Divisions refitting after Normandy, had been overlooked by Allied intelligence. Whilst still seriously understrength, it was composed of veterans and was a deadly threat to lightly equipped paratroopers. 9th SS Panzer took on the British at Arnhem, while the 10th moved south to defend the bridge at Nijmegen. Model believed that the situation represented not just a threat, but also an opportunity to counter-attack and possibly clear the Allies out of the Southern Netherlands. Towards this end, he forbade SS General Willi Bitt"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": "rich and SS Lieutenant General Heinz Harmel, commanding II SS Panzer Corps and 10th SS Panzer respectively, from destroying the Nijmegen bridge. With the exception of this tactical error, Model is considered to have fought an outstanding battle and handed the Allies a sharp defeat. The bridge at Arnhem was held and the 1st Airborne Division destroyed, dashing the Allies' hopes for a foothold over the Rhine before the end of the year. Despite the failed German counter offensive to evict the allies from the Island in early October, Arnhem restored much of Model's self-confidence, which had been shaken by the experience of Normandy. From September to December, he fought another Allied thrust to a standstill, this time by Omar Bradley's U.S. 12th Army Group into the H\u00fcrtgen Forest and Aachen. While he interfered less in the day-to-day movements of his units than at Arnhem, he still kept himself fully informed on the situation, slowing the Allies' progress, inflicting heavy casualties and taking full advantage of the fortifications of the \"Westwall\", known to the Allies as the Siegfried Line. The H\u00fcrtgen Forest cost the U.S. First Army at least 33,000 killed and incapac"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": "itated, including both combat and non-combat losses: German casualties were at least 28,000. Aachen eventually fell on 22 October, again at high cost to the U.S. Ninth Army. The Ninth Army's push to the Roer River fared no better, and did not manage to cross the river or wrest control of its dams from the Germans. H\u00fcrtgen was so costly that it has been called an Allied \"defeat of the first magnitude\", the credit for which has been personally assigned to Model's leadership.</s><s>World War II.:Battle of the Bulge. Following the Wehrmacht's recent defensive victories in the West, Hitler decided to launch a last-ditch offensive aiming to catch the Anglosphere forces by surprise, with the objective of retaking Antwerp, striking the seam between the British and Americans that leads to political as well as military disharmony between the Allies, isolate the 21st Army Group, thereby allowing their encirclement and destruction before the American leadership (particularly the political leadership) could react and erasing the enemy ground threat to the Ruhr. Model, along with all the other commanders involved, believed this aim was unachievable given the resources available to the Wehrm"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": "acht on the West Front at this late point in the war. His first reaction to the plan was caustic in the extreme: \"This plan hasn't got a damned leg to stand on.\" At the same time, both he and Rundstedt felt that the purely defensive posture as had been adopted since retirement from Normandy could only delay Germany's defeat, not prevent it. Thus, he prepared Operation Herbstnebel, a less ambitious attack that did not aim to cross the Meuse, but would still, if successful, have inflicted a severe setback on the Western Allied Army groups now bearing down on the Franco-German border. A similar plan had been developed by Rundstedt at OB West, and the two field marshals combined their idea to present a joint \"small solution\" to Hitler. Hitler however rejected this compromise, and the \"big solution\" of aiming for Antwerp was ordered. For this operation Model had at his disposal Sixth SS Panzer Army, Fifth Panzer Army and Seventh Army. These armies, with over 2,000 panzers and 2,000 airplanes represented the last strategic reserve of the crumbling Third Reich. Despite his misgivings, Model threw himself into the task with his usual energy, cracking down on any defeatism he"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " might find. When a staff officer complained about shortages, Model snapped: \"If you need anything, take it from the Americans\". When Ludwig Heilmann warned Model that his command 5th Parachute Division was only a Class IV outfit, Model, who by now must have been surfeited with complaints on lack of equipment and insufficient training, merely replied that success would be won by the paratroopers' \"usual audacity.\" He remained acutely aware of both the operation's significance, and its most likely outcome. When Colonel Friedrich August von der Heydte, ordered to lead a parachute drop as part of the operation, said that the jump had no more than a 10 percent chance of success, he replied: \"Well, then it is necessary to make the attempt, since the entire offensive has no more than a 10 percent chance of success. It must be done, since this offensive is the last remaining chance to conclude the war favorably.\" The operation was launched on 16 December 1944 and enjoyed initial success, but it quickly suffered from a lack of air cover and the inexperience in some of its infantry component, and critically short fuel supply. Sixth SS Panzer Army met heavy allied resistance, and while Fifth Panzer Army managed to make a deep thrust into Allied line, Model"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " was unable to exploit the breakthrough there. He had failed to capture a vital road junction at Bastogne, and this in combination with poor weather and difficult terrain, caused the German columns to back up into huge traffic jams on the roads behind the front. Starved of fuel and ammunition, the attack had broken down by 25 December, and was abandoned on 8 January.</s><s>World War II.:Defeat at the Ruhr. The failure of \"Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein\" marked the end of Model's special relationship with Hitler, who on 21 January 1945 issued an order that all the divisions of Army Group B would thenceforth be personally responsible to him to limit Model's operational freedom of decision. Any suggestion of its withdrawal back to the river Rhine to obtain a better fighting position\u2014given the Third Reich's weakening strength against the Allied torrent of men and material\u2014was forbidden, and it was ordered to conduct its actions from now on upon the strategic basis of not yielding an inch of ground and an abandonment of tactical maneuver. By mid-March Model and Army Group B had been forced back in fighting of attrition with the Americans across the Rhine river into Germany itself after the stunning failure to destroy the Ludendorff Bridge during the Battle"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " of Remagen. On 1 April Army Group B found itself completely surrounded in the Ruhr by the U.S. First and Ninth Armies. Hitler's response was to declare the Ruhr a fortress, from which he commanded that there was to be no surrender or attempt to break out, in an order similar to that which he had issued at Stalingrad. He further ordered that its physical economic infrastructure\u2014the heart of Germany's industrial power\u2014be destroyed by Army Group B to prevent it falling into Allied hands. Model ignored these instructions. On 15 April, after the Allies had split the pocket into two, Major-General Matthew Ridgway commanding the U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps called upon Model to surrender rather than throw the lives of the soldiers under his command away in an impossible tactical situation for Army Group B. Model's reply was that he still considered himself bound by his oath to Adolf Hitler and his sense of honor as a German field marshal, and in consequence a formal surrender was out of the question. Instead of surrendering, Model ordered Army Group B's dissolution. The oldest and youngest soldiers were discharged from military service and the remaining men were granted leave by order, to either surrender or attempt to break out at their own discretion"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": ". The Fifth Panzer Army had already laid down its arms before this order was given and Model's command communications in the pocket were disintegrating. On 20 April, Joseph Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry in Berlin publicly denounced Army Group B as traitors to the Reich, marking the final act between Model and the Nazi regime he had served.</s><s>Suicide. Model's decision to dissolve his command ended the war for his men, but he had little desire to witness the aftermath of defeat. He said to his staff before dissolving his command: \"Has everything been done to justify our actions in the light of history? What can there be left for a commander in defeat? In antiquity they took poison\". His decision to commit suicide was sealed when he learned that the Soviets had indicted him for war crimes, specifically the deaths of 577,000 people in concentration camps in Latvia and the deportation of 175,000 others as slave labor. He shot himself in the head in a forest on 21 April 1945. The site of the event, between Duisburg and the village of Lintorf, is today part of the city of Ratingen. Model was buried in the place where he shot himself. In 1955, his son, Hansgeorg Model, future brigadier"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " general in the Bundeswehr, had Model's remains recovered from its field grave with the help from his former adjutant, Colonel Theodor Pilling, who buried him, and organized a reburial in the \"Soldatenfriedhof Vossenack\", a German military cemetery in the H\u00fcrtgen Forest.</s><s>Generalship.</s><s>Generalship.:Limitations. Unlike Erwin Rommel, another field marshal who preferred to lead from the front, Walter Model was almost universally disliked by those who had to work with him. For example, when he was made commander of the XLI Panzer Corps in 1941, the entire corps staff asked to be transferred. He made a habit of being abusive and foul-mouthed, micromanaging his subordinates, changing plans without consultation, and bypassing the chain of command when it suited him. He was oblivious to the niceties of etiquette, often reprimanding or castigating his officers in public. When he departed Army Group North in March 1944 after being sent to Ukraine, the army group's chief of staff remarked, \"the 'Swine' is gone\". It was a reference to Model's nickname among his staffers, that he had earned during his time at XLI Panzer Corps,"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " namely 'Frontline Pig' (\"Frontschwein\"). He was considered a thorough and competent leader but known to \"demand too much, and that too quickly\", accepting no excuses for failure from either his own men or those who outranked him. His troops were said to have \"suffered under his too-frequent absences and erratic, inconsistent demands\", for he frequently lost sight of what was or was not practically possible. Yet his dislike of bureaucracy and his crude speech often made him well liked by many under his command. Model's B\u00fcffel movement, the retreat on the Hagen line during the Red Army's Oryol offensive and the improvisation during the restoration of the front at Army Group Center and in the west must count as examples of extraordinary retreat operations. His command style had worked when he was leading a division or corps, but once promoted to command of an army, it opened him to criticism over whether the advantages gained were enough to offset the loss of efficiency that followed. The statement that he was no strategist can find merit as it was observed that he showed little inclination to contemplate those stretches of the front he did not command and therefore disregarding the strategic field to conduct warfare. But the conditions, by then, did not exist for any general"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " in the Third Reich.</s><s>Generalship.:Strengths. Model is regarded as being an excellent defensive commander of the Third Reich, and having an \"outstanding talent for improvisation\". At 3rd Panzer Division he was a pioneer in the use of Kampfgruppen, which would soon become standard practice for the Germans. He had a formidable memory and eye for detail, which allowed him to dominate his staff officers, especially those in charge of specialist areas such as artillery, transport and communications. Before the war he was put in charge of analyzing technical advances at home and abroad and his enthusiasm for innovation earned him the nickname \"Armee Modernissimus\" (\"the army modernization fanatic\"). Model fought nearly all his battles in the northern and central parts of the Eastern Front; he was never tested on the steppes of southern Russia, where the open terrain would have made mobile warfare a more attractive proposition. Nevertheless, his defensive record indicated the value of his approach. At Rzhev, Oryol, in Galicia and in Estonia he stymied opponents who expected to overwhelm him. He had the reputation of a ruthless commander, willing to inflict and take casualties to stabilize his front. The splitting up of units was continually practiced by Model and"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " took place on the regimental and divisional level. The objective was always to give necessary reinforcements to the centers of gravity when no reserves were available. From an operational viewpoint this allowed Model to achieve defensive successes, which would not have been possible otherwise. According to Newton, the sending of theatre or operational reserves into the line where the fighting was toughest was meant to preserve the units Model saw as organically tied to his own command. For example, he was given the elite \"Gro\u00dfdeutschland\" Division in September 1942, when his Ninth Army was under heavy attack during Operation Mars. Though he was told that the division was not to be broken up, Model nonetheless split it into battalions and companies, which he used to plug any gaps that appeared. \"Gro\u00dfdeutschland\" took nearly 10,000 casualties out of a strength of 18,000 men, and at one point was reportedly close to mutiny; but from Model's viewpoint these losses were acceptable because they meant that Ninth Army's own troops did not have to suffer them. According to Newton, Model reasoned that the elite units would be eventually withdrawn and reformed, an option which may not have been available to his regular army divisions. That said, he did not simply treat these reserve units as disposable."}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " In early 1942, the \"Der F\u00fchrer\" Regiment of the 2nd SS Division \"Das Reich\" was reduced to a handful of men in three weeks of bitter fighting\u2014but in that time it also received reinforcements including 88 mm guns, artillery pieces, and StuG III assault guns, and Model himself visited the sector daily, calculating the minimum support that would be needed to hold off the Soviet attacks. Model was aware of the negative effects of the splitting up of units. For example, on 7 October 1944 he forbade the splitting up of regiments into autonomous battalions to be used outside the division. Allied to this were his boundless determination and vigor and stubborn refusal to countenance defeat. He held himself to the same high standard as he held those around him, saying: \"He who leads troops has no right to think about himself\". His visits to the front may not have helped operational efficiency, but they energized his men, who consistently held him in much higher regard than did his officers. As commanding general of Ninth Army he was once recorded as personally leading a battalion attack against a Soviet position, pistol in hand. In combat he spared neither himself nor his subordinates. His peers respected his ability and iron will, even though they may have"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " detested his personality. Guderian thought him the best choice to command Army Group Centre during the crisis of Operation Bagration; the Ninth Army's War Diary recorded, after he arrived at army group headquarters in Minsk: \"The news of Field Marshal Model's arrival is noted with satisfaction and confidence.\" Model was the master of the type of defense which can be called 'defense limited in time'; in which one defends as long as possible but then retreats to avoid breakthrough and destruction. He was always at the critical points and took away battlegroups or even single battalions from less threatened sectors. With these units holes were plugged at other locations or short counterattacks were executed and so opportunities were created for bigger solutions. Thus, a closed front was guaranteed while the mixing and tearing apart of units was viewed as the smaller evil. This exceptional skill at defensive tactics earned Model the nickname of Hitler's \"\"Feuerwehrmann\"\" ('fireman'), due to his repeated successful rescue of the Third Reich from dire military situations as the war began to turn against Germany.</s><s>Assessment.</s><s>Assessment.:Relationship with Hitler. Before the war, Model had been content to leave politics to the politicians, preferring instead to concentrate on military affairs. Despite this,"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " he became one of the Wehrmacht's field marshals most closely identified with Hitler. Postwar opinions on him have varied. Some historians have called him \"blindly loyal\", a \"convinced Nazi\" or a \"zealous disciple\" of Hitler; others see in Model a coldly calculating opportunist who used the F\u00fchrer to his advantage, whether or not he was committed to him or the ideals of Nazism; some regard him as \"apolitical to a fault\", loyal to Hitler but never sycophantic. The contradictions between his Lutheran upbringing and his later association with the Nazis have similarly been the subject of comment. As one of the few German generals of middle class upbringing, Model's background appealed to Hitler, who distrusted the old Prussian aristocratic order that still dominated the Wehrmacht's officer corps. His defensive tactics were a much better fit to Hitler's instincts never to give ground, than talk of \"elastic defense\"\u2014even if Model stood fast out of sheer necessity, and not due to fanaticism. His stubbornness, energy and ruthlessness were more qualities that Hitler found admirable, and Model's blunt and direct manner of speaking also made an impression. In a much-noted incident, Model had"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " to deal with an attempt by Adolf Hitler to interfere with his arrangements. A telephone call from Army Group Center's chief of staff on 19 January 1942 informed him that Hitler, having become nervous about the direct Soviet threat against Vyazma, had decided that XLVII Panzer Corps, 2nd SS Division \"Das Reich\" and 5th Panzer Division were not to be employed in the imminent counterattack but reserved for other use in the rearguard. Immediately, Model drove back from Rzhev to Vyazma in a raging blizzard and boarded a plane for East Prussia. Bypassing the figure of field marshal G\u00fcnther von Kluge, his immediate superior, he sought a personal confrontation with Hitler. At first he attempted to lay out his reasons in the best, dispassionate General Staff manner, only to find the F\u00fchrer unmoved by logic. Suddenly, glaring at Hitler through his monocle, Model brusquely demanded to know: \"Mein F\u00fchrer, who commands Ninth Army, you or I?\". Hitler, shocked at the defiance of his newest army commander, tried to find another solution favorable for both, but Model still was not satisfied. \"Good, Model\", the exasperated"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " Hitler finally responded. \"You do it as you please, but it will be your head at risk\". According to the Hitler's Table Talk recorded that night, the F\u00fchrer commented: \"I distrust officers who have exaggeratedly theoretical minds. I'd like to know what becomes of their theories at the moment of action\". But when an officer \"is worthy of command\", he told \"Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS\" Heinrich Himmler, \"he must be given the prerogatives corresponding to his functions\". Shortly after Model's departure to Rzhev area, Hitler also stated that: \"Generals must be tough, pitiless men, as crabbed as mastiffs\u2014gross-grained men, such as I have in the Party\". Importantly, however, Model never challenged Hitler on political issues: a point that has been identified as the secret to their successful relationship. Helped by his defensive successes, he thus gained Hitler's full trust and confidence; the F\u00fchrer called him \"my best field marshal\" and (after Operation Bagration) \"the savior of the Eastern Front\". In turn, this granted Model a degree of flexibility available to no other German general. He frequently disputed, ignored or bypassed orders"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " that he felt unsupportable: at Rzhev and Oryol he had constructed defensive fortifications in defiance of a ban, and his use of Shield and Sword tactics while at Army Group North proved to be simply a cover for a staged withdrawal. His relationships with his superiors were marked by dissembling, where what he wrote in his reports could bear little resemblance to what was actually happening.</s><s>Assessment.:Model and Nazism. Many of Model's fellow officers considered him a Nazi. He frequently harangued his troops to have faith in the F\u00fchrer and uphold the virtues of National Socialism. He accepted the offer of \"SS-Gruppenf\u00fchrer\" Hermann Fegelein to appoint a Waffen-SS officer as his adjutant at Army Group North in 1944, after the \"Heerespersonalamt\" had refused him an adjutant, and filled the \"Nationalsozialistischer F\u00fchrungsoffizier\" post at Army Group B that had been vacant before his arrival. His habit of parroting the F\u00fchrer's orders caused him to be viewed as a sycophant, even if he often undermined or ignored those orders in practice. Following"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " the 20 July Plot, Model was the first senior commander to reaffirm his loyalty to Hitler, yet he also refused to give up General Hans Speidel, his chief of staff at Army Group B who was implicated in the plot, to the Gestapo. Model was well aware of Speidel's political leanings, as were his predecessors at Army Group B, Erwin Rommel and G\u00fcnther von Kluge. Like them, he shielded Speidel for as long as possible, while ignoring such treasonous talk as might take place. While on the Eastern Front, Model showed no objection to the treatment of civilians by the SS in the areas under his command and oversaw several anti-partisan operations, mostly while commanding the 9th Army. These operations, conducted by Wehrmacht troops as well as SS, were bloody, although not unusual by German Eastern Front standards. In conjunction with the ruthless scorched earth policies he followed during his retreats, they would lead to the Soviet Union declaring him a war criminal. Despite this, while commanding Army Group Centre, he refused to dispatch troops to put down the Warsaw uprising (a task that was carried out by the SS), viewing it as a rear-area matter. He stated that the revolt arose from the mistreatment of"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " the Polish population by the Nazis and the army should have nothing to do with it. On the other hand, he showed no hesitation in clearing the Warsaw suburbs of Praga and Saska K\u0119pa, through which vital supply lines ran. Model's biographer, the military historian Steven Newton, argues that the best explanation for Model's behavior is that he was not necessarily a Nazi but an authoritarian militarist who saw in Hitler the strong leader that Germany needed. According to Newton, Model saw himself as the professional, apolitical soldier; he possessed a strong sense of German nationalism, with the accompanying tenets of racial prejudice against Slavs and Jews. This characterized many in the German officer corps, but in Model's case it was accompanied by a cynical willingness to placate the Nazi regime to expedite his own goals. The historian Gerhard Weinberg states that Model had benefited from the hastening of the evolution that occurred in the relationship of Hitler to the military following the defeat at Stalingrad. Hitler had always resented his dependence on a professional higher officer corps whom he hoped to replace at the earliest opportunity with men more ideologically attuned to National Socialism. After Stalingrad, Hitler relieved his generals with greater frequency, while pushing up into the higher ranks those \"whose dedication"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " to extreme National Social views made them more congenial to his way of thinking\". Weinberg includes Model, alongside Ferdinand Sch\u00f6rner and Heinz Guderian, in this group. The historian Ben H. Shepherd opines that Model was \"not the most fanatical Nazi\". The reasons Hitler favored him lay with Model's middle-class background and his ruthlessly utilitarian warfare style. Like Newton, Forczyk suspects that postwar testimonies of Model's negative aspects are exaggerated, considering that Model was not very charismatic (although he actually got along well with most of his staff) and already dead; many staff officers wanted to promote commanders who allowed them a more agreeable life-style, instead of dragging them through snow and mud like Model (in one case, when discussing Manstein's replacement by Model, Friedrich von Mellenthin made resentful remarks about Model's personality and abilities, although he had never served on Model's staff). According to Forczyk, Model only cared about politics if this would give him more troops.</s><s>Summary of career.</s><s>Summary of career.:Dates of rank. - \"Leutnant\" \u2013 22 August 1910 - \"Oberleutnant\" \u2013 25 February 1915 - \"Hauptmann\" \u2013 March 1918 - \""}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": "Major\" \u2013 1929 - \"Oberstleutnant\" \u2013 1932 - \"Oberst\" \u2013 1 October 1934 - \"Generalmajor\" \u2013 1 March 1938 - \"Generalleutnant\" \u2013 1 April 1940 - \"General der Panzertruppe\" \u2013 26 October 1941 - \"Generaloberst\" \u2013 28 February 1942 - \"Generalfeldmarschall\" \u2013 30 March 1944</s><s>Summary of career.:Service history. - 1909: Officer cadet training - 1910: 52nd Infantry Regiment \"von Alvensleben\" - 1917: Staff assignments - 1925: Commanding officer, 9th Company, 8th Infantry Regiment - 1928: Staff officer, 3rd Division, Berlin - 1930: Staff officer, Section 4 (Training), Truppenamt, Berlin - 1932: Chief of Staff, Reich Kuratorium for Youth Fitness - 1933: Battalion commander, 2nd Infantry Regiment - 1935: Head of Section 8, General Staff, Berlin - 1938: Chief of Staff, IV Corps - 1939: Chief of Staff, Sixteenth Army - 1940: Commander, 3rd Panzer Division - 1941: Commander, XLI Panzer Corps - 1942: Commander, Ninth Army - January\u2013March 1944: Commander, Army Group North - March\u2013June"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " 1944: Commander, Army Group North Ukraine - June\u2013August 1944: Commander, Army Group Centre - August\u2013September 1944: Commander-in-Chief, OB West - August 1944 \u2013 April 1945: Commander, Army Group B</s><s>Summary of career.:Awards and decorations. - Iron Cross of 1914 - 2nd Class: 20 September 1914 - 1st Class: 19 October 1915 - Military Merit Order, 4th class with Swords (Bavaria, 29 March 1915) - Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords (26 February 1917) - Military Merit Cross, 2nd class (Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 22 November 1917) - Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with War Decoration (Austria-Hungary, 22 November 1917) - Ottoman War Medal (Turkish: \"Harp Madalyas\u0131\"), better known as the \"Gallipoli Star\" or the \"Iron Crescent\" (22 November 1917) - Wound Badge (1918) in black (27 August 1918) - Spanish Cross (31 May 1939) - Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) - 2nd Class: 22 September 1939 - 1st Class: 2 October 1939 - Panzer Badge in"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " Silver (29 August 1941) - Wound Badge (1939) in Gold (25 May 1942) - Eastern Front Medal (15 July 1942) - Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds - Knight's Cross on 9 July 1941 as \"Generalleutnant\" and commander of the 3. Panzer-Division - 74th Oak Leaves on 17 February 1942 as \"General der Panzertruppe\" and commanding general of the XXXXI. Panzerkorps - 28th Swords on 2 April 1943 as \"Generaloberst\" and commander-in-chief of 9. Armee - 17th Diamonds on 17 August 1944 as \"Generalfeldmarschall\" and commander-in-chief of Heeresgruppe Mitte</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - {{cite book | last = Adair - - {{cite book | last = Clark - - {{cite book | last = D'Este - - {{cite book | last = Glantz - {{cite book | last1 = Glantz - {{cite book | last = G\u00f6rlitz - {{cite book | last = Haupt - {{cite book |"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": " last = Hitler - {{cite book | last = MacDonald - MacDonald, Charles B. \"The Last Offensive (Publication 7\u20139)\". Retrieved July 24, 2016. - {{cite book | last = Mitcham - {{cite book | last = Mitcham - {{cite book | last1 = Model - {{cite book | last = Newton - {{cite book | last = Newton - {{cite book | last = Niepold - {{cite book | last = Parker - {{cite book | last = Scherzer - {{cite book | last = Seaton - - {{cite book | last = Speidel - {{cite book | last = Stein - {{cite book | last = Stockert - {{cite book | last = Thomas - {{cite book | last = Toland - {{Cite book |last=Weinberg - {{cite book | last = Werth - {{cite book | last = Whiting - {{cite book | last = Zaloga - {{cite book | last1 = Zetterling - {{cite book | last = Ziemke - {{cite book | last = Zimmermann</s><s>Further reading. - {{"}, {"title": "Walter Model", "text": "cite book | last = Hastings</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Walter Model", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000348", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Belisarius.", "docs": [{"title": "Belisarius", "text": "<s>Belisarius Flavius Belisarius, better known simply as, Belisarius, (; ;  \u2013 565) was a military commander of the Byzantine Empire under the emperor Justinian I. He was instrumental in the reconquest of much of the Mediterranean territory belonging to the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century prior. One of the defining features of Belisarius' career was his success despite varying levels of available resources. His name is frequently given as one of the so-called \"Last of the Romans\". He conquered the Vandal Kingdom of North Africa in the Vandalic War in nine months and conquered much of Italy during the Gothic War. He also defeated the Vandal armies in the battle of Ad Decimum and played an important role at Tricamarum, compelling the Vandal king, Gelimer, to surrender. During the Gothic War, despite being significantly outnumbered, he and his troops recaptured the city of Rome and then held out against great odds during the siege of Rome. He also won an important battle against the Persians at Dara but was defeated at Callinicum. He successfully repulsed a Hunnish incursion at Melantias. He was also known for military deception; he"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " repulsed a Persian invasion by deceiving their commander and lifted the siege of Ariminum without a fight.</s><s>Early life and career. Belisarius was probably born in Germania, a fortified town of which some archaeological remains still exist, on the site of present-day Sapareva Banya in south-west Bulgaria, within the borders of Thrace and Paeonia, or in \"Germen\", a town in Thrace near Orestiada, in present-day Greece. Born into an Illyrian, Thracian, or Greek family, he became a Roman soldier as a young man, serving in the bodyguard of Emperor Justin I. After coming to the attention of Justin and Justinian as an innovative officer, he was given permission by the emperor to form a bodyguard regiment. It consisted of elite heavy cavalry that he later expanded into a personal household regiment, 7,000 strong. Belisarius' guards formed the nucleus of all the armies he would later command. Armed with lances, (possibly Hunnish style) composite bows, and spatha (long sword), they were fully armored to the standard of heavy cavalry of the day. A multi-purpose unit, the Bucellarii (\"bisc"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "uit-eaters\") were capable of shooting at a distance with bows, like the Huns, or could act as heavy shock cavalry, charging an enemy with lance and sword. In essence, they combined the best and most dangerous aspects of both of Rome's greatest enemies, the Huns and the Goths.</s><s>Early life and career.:Iberian War. In his early career, Belisarius participated in multiple Byzantine defeats. In the first battle where he held an independent command (together with Sittas, most likely a dual command) he suffered a clear defeat, but he and Sittas were noted as successful raiders, plundering Persian territory, for example, during the first invasion of Persarmenia of the war, taking place shortly before. The next battle was fought at Tanurin (south of Nisbis), where Belisarius played a leading role again. He fled with his troops after his colleagues were lured into a trap. His army was then defeated at Mindouos, but he was promoted shortly afterward, meaning he was not likely held responsible for the defeat. At first, he was likely a junior partner to some higher placed commander like Sittas, while at Thanurin there was no overall commander."}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " Mindouos was probably the first battle in which he led the army entirely on his own. Following Justin's death in 527, the new emperor, Justinian I, appointed Belisarius to command a Roman army in the east, despite earlier defeats. In June/July 530, during the Iberian War, he led the Romans to a stunning victory over the Sassanids in the Battle of Dara. This victory caused the Persian king Kavad I to open peace negotiations with the Byzantines. At the battle Belisarius had dug trenches in order to direct the more mobile Sassanian force to a location where he could attack them from the rear, this was adopted from the Sasanians at Tanurin two years earlier. On other fronts, the Byzantine forces were also winning. The Persians and their Arab allies, with a mobile force of 15,000 high-quality cavalries, invaded Byzantine lands again, now via Euphratensis, a route they had never taken before. Belisarius was taken by surprise and was unsure whether this was a feint or a real attack, so at first, he did not move. He called upon Roman-allied Arab tribes for help and received 5,000 troops. He forced the Pers"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "ians to retreat with a successful strategic maneuver but he kept pursuing the fleeing Persians, reportedly because his soldiers threatened mutiny if no battle was fought. With 20,000 Byzantines and 5,000 Arabs he moved against the Persians, but he was defeated by Callinicum (modern Raqqa) despite heavy numerical superiority, as the opposing commander, Azarethes, was a tactician as good as himself. Belisarius fled the field probably long before the fighting was over. This setback cost Justinian a chance to sign an early peace treaty as the shah regained confidence in the war effort. While the war went on after Dara and Callinicum, the death of the Persian shah, Kavad I, soon led to a peace treaty. The new shah, Khosrow, saw Justinian was anxious to sign for peace and thought he could quickly reach a favorable peace, such as the so-called eternal peace which heavily favored the Persians. Belisarius was recalled to Constantinople and charged with incompetence and responsibility for the defeats at Thannuris and Callinicum, but after an investigation, he was cleared of the charges against him.</s><s>Early life and career.:Nika riots. In Constantinople, Justinian had been"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " carrying out reforms of the empire. In this, he had been assisted by John the Cappadocian and Tribunianus, who were corrupt. The corruption of John and Tribunianus; the curbing of corruption of other influential figures; loss of influence and employment because of a decrease in funding for the civil service; Justinian's low birth; extremely high taxes; cruel methods of tax collection; the curbing of the power of the chariot racing factions; and the execution of rioters led to great anger among the population, culminating in the Nika riots of 532. The riots were led by the chariot racing factions\u2014the blues and the greens. At the time the riots broke out, Belisarius was in Constantinople. Belisarius, Mundus\u2014the \"magister militum per Illyricum\"\u2014renowned as a great commander, and Narses, a eunuch and confidant of Justinian who would later also be known as a great commander, were called upon to suppress the revolt. At this point, much of the city had been burned by the rioters, but the blue faction began to calm down, and after Narses distributed gifts to them, many returned home while others began spreading moderate"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " views among the other rebels. Belisarius tried to enter the hippodrome, where the rioters were gathered, through the emperor's box but was blocked by its guards. Belisarius was surprised and informed Justinian, who ordered him to enter from another direction. Entering the hippodrome, he wanted to arrest Hypatius, who was declared emperor by the rioters. Hypatius was defended by guards who Belisarius would first need to eliminate, but if he attacked, the rioters would be at his rear. Belisarius decided to deal with the rioters and, bypassing the door to Hypatius' location, charged into the crowd. Mundus, hearing the sound of battle, also charged while Narses blocked the other exits in order to trap the rioters. Thus the revolt ended in a massacre. At least 30,000 and up to 60,000 died, mostly unarmed civilians.</s><s>Vandal War.</s><s>Vandal War.:Prelude. In 533, Belisarius began a campaign against the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. The Byzantines had political, religious, and strategic reasons for such a campaign. The Vandals, being Arians, persecuted Nicene Christians, refused"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " to mint coins with depictions of the emperor on them, and had banished the Roman nobility, replacing them with a Germanic elite. The recent Byzantine emperors had spent much effort on reunifying pro-Chalcedonian and anti-Chalcedonian Christians and uniting the eastern and western parts of the church, so the prosecution of \"good\" Christians by Arian heretics was an especially big issue. The persecution had started after the popular and successful Vandal military leader Gelimer had overthrown his cousin, the king, Hilderic, a childhood friend of Justinian, in the year 530. In a recent war against the native Berbers, the Vandals had lost 5,000 men in two decisive defeats; only when Gelimer was appointed commander did the tide shift. As king, Gelimer acquired a reputation for greed and cruelty and became unpopular with the people and nobility. Two revolts broke out at nearly exactly the same time, probably orchestrated by Justinian. With a large number of Vandals killed by the Berbers, and the Ostrogoths still angry because of the actions of Hilderic, the Vandals were perceived to be weak. Using the fact that Gelimer had defied him, and the pleas of African Catholics as justification, Justin"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "ian sent an invasion force.</s><s>Vandal War.:Belisarius appointed. There were multiple reasons to choose Belisarius to lead such an expedition. He had shown military competence at Dara, been cleared of incompetence in his other battles by an inquiry, and was a friend to the emperor and thus obviously loyal to him. As an inhabitant of Germana, which was in or near Illyricum and west-oriented, and a \"native\" speaker of Latin, he wasn't considered an untrustworthy Greek by the natives. Belisarius was reappointed Magister Militum per Orientem and given command of the expedition. This time Belisarius would be free from dual command for the duration of the war.</s><s>Vandal War.:Belisarius' army. The expedition consisted of 5,000 high quality Byzantine cavalry under multiple commanders, 10,000 infantry under overall command of John of Epidamnus, Belisarius' guard, mercenaries (including 400 Heruls led by Pharas, noted by Procopius for their excellence, and 600 Huns under multiple commanders) and finally a contingent of foederati of unknown size led by Dorotheus, Magister Militum per Armeniam, and Solomon, Bel"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "isarius' \"domesticus\". As praetorian prefect, in charge of the logistics of the army, Belisarius got Archelaus, an extremely experienced officer, in order to lighten the burden of command. In total the force is estimated to have been around 17,000 strong, while 500 transport ships and 92 warships crewed by 30,000 sailors and 2,000 marines were also put under Belisarius' command. While it is the view of many that Belisarius set sail for North Africa with \"only\" 15,000 soldiers to conquer the region, his force included more troops and many sailors. It was a well balanced force with quite possibly a larger percentage of high-quality troops than the armies facing Persia. Gelimer probably had only 20,000 men at his disposal at this time and his force had no horse archers or units fit to fight them, and he had fewer and lower-quality officers.</s><s>Vandal War.:Voyage to Africa. In June 533, the army embarked from Constantinople. On the expedition alcohol was forbidden. When on the way two drunken Huns killed another soldier, Belisarius had them executed to reinforce discipline. Such a cruel measure might have undermined his authority and given him the"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " reputation of a cruel leader, but he prevented negative repercussions with a speech. Belisarius had the staff-ships marked and lanterns put up so that they would always be visible. The use of signals kept the fleet organized and sailing close together, even at night, and was praised heavily by Procopius. By the time they arrived at Sicily, 500 men had died after eating improperly prepared bread. Belisarius quickly acquired fresh bread from the locals. He would make several extra stops during his journey to acquire extra bread during the voyage. In Methone he also organized his forces. Before the Byzantines could cross over to Gothic Sicily, where they were allowed to stop on their way to Africa by the pro-Byzantine, anti-Vandal queen Amalasuntha, they had to cross the Adriatic Sea. Despite acquiring fresh water, the weather caused the water supply to spoil before arrival, and only Belisarius and a select few others had access to unspoiled water. In Sicily Procopius was sent to acquire supplies from Syracuse and gather intelligence about the Vandals' recent activities. There he found out that the Vandals had taken no measures to defend against a Byzantine invasion, and in fact were unaware one was coming."}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " Procopius also found out that most of the Vandal fleet was occupied around Sardinia. At this point Dorotheus died and Belisarius and his troops were demoralized, but when they heard Procopius' discovery they quickly left for Africa. In total, unfavorable winds had protracted their journey to 80 days. Despite the long duration, the journey went better than that of any other Roman invasion of Vandal Africa; all three others ended before reaching the coast. During and before the journey to Africa, Belisarius had no chance to personally train his units, which would make his campaign in Africa more difficult. This was in contrast to his campaign in the east; unit cohesion was especially lacking during this invasion. While the full conquest of Africa is often portrayed as the original objective of the campaign, it is unlikely this was actually the case. Belisarius had the full authority to act in any way he saw fit. Only when Belisarius was already in Sicily was the choice made to sail straight for the Vandal heartland. If the Vandal fleet had been ready, such an operation would have been unlikely to succeed. When information arrived in Constantinople it was already weeks, if not months, old, so it seems unlikely that Justinian in Constantinople would have"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " made the decision on whether to move on the area at all. Only at Sicily would one be in any kind of position to decide on how to proceed. Since Justinian had been reluctant to launch a campaign in the first place and Hilderic was still alive at this point, conquest seems not to have been the absolute intention. On the other hand, Justinian had lost almost all of his prestige and much of his power through defeat by Persia, the Nika riots, the slow progress of the current legal reforms and the failure of his quest for reconciliation in the church. He would need some kind of victory to repair his prestige. Capturing the undefended region of Tripolitania, which lacked Vandal settlement almost entirely, was currently rebelling, and whose vulnerability could be detected from Constantinople, would be such a victory. As such, this seems likely to have been his minimal demand. If successful, the Byzantines could use this region as a springboard to conquer the entire country later on, giving an extra reason to make it the minimal demand of the campaign. As such, it is Belisarius' decision at Sicily that initiated Justinian's reconquest.</s><s>Vandal War.:Campaign. With Gelimer being four days inland and his troops scattered"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": ", Belisarius could have taken Carthage before the Vandals even knew he was coming and certainly before they were in a position to react. Archelaus argued in favor of this approach, pointing out that Carthage was the only place in the Vandal Kingdom which had a fortified harbor. Belisarius considered potentially being cornered in Carthage, with the Vandals holding a superior naval position, his forces vulnerable to attack when landing, and no information on the position of the Vandals to be too dangerous. There also was the risk of unfavorable winds which had led to disaster in 468; they might be trapped in an unfavorable situation before even reaching Carthage. Instead the Byzantines landed at Caput Vada, away from Carthage. Belisarius ordered fortification to be constructed, guards to be posted and a screen of lightships to be deployed to defend the army and fleet, so that this invasion would not be a repeat of the Battle of Cape Bon where the Byzantines were defeated by fire ships. During the construction of the base, a spring was found, which Procopius called a good omen from God. When he heard of the Byzantine landing, Gelimer rapidly moved to consolidate his position. He had Hilderic and other captives"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " executed, ordered his treasury to be put on a ship ready for evacuation to Visigothic Iberia if necessary, and began gathering his troops. He had already made a plan to ambush and encircle the Byzantines at Ad Decimum. Gelimer had instantly recognized that the Byzantines would move to Carthage via the coastal road, but still sent garrisons to guard other roads. At the same time that Gelimer was preparing his ambush, Belisarius was gathering information on the local inhabitants and preparing to move to Carthage via the coastal road, as Gelimer expected. During the first night on African soil, some Byzantine soldiers had picked some fruit without asking the locals for permission, and Belisarius had them put to death. Only after he had already ordered the soldiers to be executed did Belisarius gather his men and tell them how to behave. He warned his men that if they didn't have the support from the locals, the expedition would end in defeat. Next, he sent a unit of his personal guards under Boriades to the town of Syllectus (Salakta) to test the willingness of the locals to join his side. Boriades was denied entry to the town, but after three days eventually gained"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " entry by joining a group of wagons entering the town. When the locals found out the Byzantines were in the town, they submitted without a fight. The Byzantines also captured a Vandal messenger who Belisarius decided to release. The messenger was paid to spread the message that Justinian was only waging war on the man who had imprisoned their rightful king, and not against the Vandal people. The messenger was too afraid of the possible repercussions to tell it to anyone but close friends. Even though this early attempt failed, Belisarius made it well known throughout the campaign that he was only there to restore the rightful king. When Belisarius advanced again, he positioned his troops in such a way that he and his guards could rapidly reinforce any position that could be attacked, especially the flank, as the last known Vandal position was to the south and the army moved north. He also sent 300 guards ahead to scout while the 600 Huns guarded his left flank, and the fleet his right flank. When the army arrived in Syllectus, their civilized behavior caused the city to give their full support to the Byzantines. This positive reputation of the Byzantine army began immediately spreading, causing much of the population to support the Byzantines. Marching"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " at the speed of around  to  a day, the Byzantines advanced on Carthage, their speed dictated by the need to build a fortified camp every day. When Belisarius was away from Carthage, he knew the Vandals would be near at this point and that they would act before he could reach Carthage, but he was not aware of the location and wanted to gather information of his situation first. Part of the rearguard encountered a Vandal force sent ahead by Gelimer, which gave Belisarius the knowledge that at least some Vandal troops were behind his own force. His journey now became increasingly dangerous as the fleet had to sail around Cape Bon and the road curved inland so it became impossible to rapidly evacuate, which he could have done at any time he wanted until this point. Belisarius ordered Archelaus and the naval commander Calonymus remain at a distance of at least from Carthage. He advanced on land with about 18,000 men himself. Soon he would encounter Gelimer at Ad Decimum.</s><s>Vandal War.:Battle of Ad Decimum. The Byzantines were located in between the Vandal forces in the north and the south. Gelimer needed a victory at Ad Decimum to unite his forces"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": ". Numbering about 10,000\u201312,000, the Vandals were outnumbered. The valley in which the ambush was to take place was narrow, and as two of the three roads to Carthage became one in the valley, it seemed like a great spot for an ambush to Gelimer. Ammatus, with 6,000\u20137,000 men, was ordered to block the northern exit and attack the Byzantines head-on, then drive them further back into the valley and cause disorder. Meanwhile, 5,000\u20136,000 Vandals under Gelimer were already advancing towards Belisarius from the south as the earlier clash showed; these would be in the near vicinity when Belisarius entered the valley and would attack them from behind, after all the Byzantines had moved into the valley. Brogna states that this plan was doomed to fail, as coordination over dozens of miles was needed, however, Hughes disagrees and calls the plan \"elegant and simple\", but does state that the plan relied too much on hard to pull off timing and synchronization. The battle consisted of four separate stages. Four miles (6.5\u00a0km) from Ad Decimum, Belisarius found an ideal spot to camp. Leaving the infantry behind"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " to build a camp, he rode out with his cavalry to meet the Vandals who he suspected were nearby. This way he left his infantry, baggage, and wife in a secure position. Unlike the large infantry force, he would easily be able to control this small force of cavalry, which was the main strength of the Byzantine army. When Belisarius arrived at the battlefield, the first three stages of the battle had already taken place. The Byzantines sent ahead to scout and the Huns guarding the flank had routed the numerically superior forces opposing them. Before Belisarius arrived at the field of battle, he encountered some units routed by Gelimer's army, who informed him of the situation in the third stage, when Gelimer himself arrived. As Belisarius arrived, Gelimer saw his brother Ammatus killed in combat. Mourning, he remained idle and allowed Belisarius to attack his force while it was in a disorganized state in the fourth and last stage of the battle.</s><s>Vandal War.:Carthage and Tricamarum. After this victory, Belisarius marched on Carthage. He arrived at nightfall. He then camped outside the city as he was afraid of a Vandal ambush in its streets and"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " of his troops sacking the city under the cover of darkness. When Calonymus heard of the victory, he used part of his fleet to rob a number of merchants. Belisarius ordered him to give everything back, even though Calonymus secretly managed to keep it. The Vandals hiding in Carthage and the surrounding area were gathered in Carthage by Belisarius, who guaranteed their safety. When Tzazo, the Vandal commander fighting the rebellion on Sardinia, sent a message of his victory to Carthage, the messenger was captured, providing Belisarius with intelligence on the strategic situation. Belisarius also had Carthage's wall repaired. The news of the capture of Carthage had reached Iberia by then, and its king refused to make an alliance with the envoy Gelimer had sent earlier. Due to Belisarius' benevolence, many cities of Africa changed sides, so it became impossible for Gelimer to fight a protracted campaign. Before making his next move, Gelimer had received reinforcements under Tzazo and tried to convince some of Belisarius' forces to desert. Belisarius prevented their desertion, but for example, the Huns would not take part in the battle until after the winner had been practically"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " decided. When a Carthaginian civilian was caught working for the Vandals, Belisarius had him publicly executed. Later a second battle was fought at Tricamarum. In this battle, Belisarius played only an advisory role to John the Armenian as he arrived at the battlefield later on. After winning that battle, Belisarius sent John the Armenian to chase Gelimer. John was killed by accident and Gelimer managed to escape to Medeus, a town on Mount Papua (probably part of Mount Aurasius) The 400 Heruls under Pharis were to besiege it. Gelimer's treasure failed to depart and was captured and the king of the Visigoths, Theudis, refused an alliance with Gelimer. After a failed assault in which Pharis lost 110 men, Gelimer surrendered. Meanwhile, Belisarius himself had been reorganizing the captured territory and had sent Cyril on a mission to capture Sardinia which would capture that island, and later also Corsica. The effort to locate and gather Vandal soldiers was still going on; in this way, the class on which the entire Vandal military and political systems were based could be wholly deported to the east and Vandal power forever broken. Jealous subordinates now contacted Justinian"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " and claimed Belisarius wanted to rebel. Belisarius was presented with a choice by Justinian: he could either continue governing the new territory as its official governor or return to Constantinople and get a triumph. If he wanted to rebel he was sure to choose the governorship, but instead he chose the triumph, convincing Justinian of his loyalty once again. The entire war was over before the end of 534. While east, Belisarius was not only awarded a triumph but also made consul.</s><s>Vandal War.:Mutiny. Sometime after Belisarius left, a mutiny broke out in Africa. Soldiers angry about religious persecution by the Byzantines, and the inability of the empire to pay them, rose up en masse and nearly broke Byzantine rule in the area. Belisarius would return for a short while, just before the Gothic War, to help fight the revolt. When the rebels heard of his arrival, they lifted the siege of Carthage, which at the beginning of the siege had numbered 9,000 plus many slaves. Belisarius attacked them with just 2,000 troops, winning a victory in the Battle of the River Bagradas. During the battle, Stotzas, the rebel leader, tried to move"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " his army into a new position in front of the Byzantine force. When the units moved, Belisarius took advantage of their temporary disarray and launched a successful attack against them, which caused the entire rebel army to panic and flee. The rebels' power was broken and Belisarius left for Italy.</s><s>Gothic War. In 535, Justinian commissioned Belisarius to attack the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy. The Ostrogothic king Theodahad had gained the throne by marriage. Power had been held, however, by the pro-Byzantine queen Amalasuintha, until Theodahad had her imprisoned and then killed. Seeing internal division similar to that in Africa, Justinian expected the Goths to be weak. Belisarius assembled 4,000 troops, which included regular troops and possibly foederati, 3,000 Isaurians, 300 Berbers and 200 Huns. In total, including his personal guards, his force numbered roughly 8,000. Belisarius landed in Sicily and took the island in order to use it as a base against Italy, while Mundus recovered Dalmatia. Justinian wanted to pressure Theodahad into relinquishing his throne and to then annex his"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " kingdom through diplomacy and limited military action. This worked at first, but the army in the Balkans retreated. and the war continued. Belisarius pushed on in Sicily. The only Ostrogothic resistance came at Panormus, which fell after a quick siege. Here Belisarius used archer fire from the top of the masts of his ships to subdue the garrison. He made a triumphal entry to Syracuse on 31 December 535. The preparations for the invasion of the Italian mainland were interrupted in Easter 536 when Belisarius sailed to Africa to counter an uprising of the local army (as described above). His reputation made the rebels abandon the siege of Carthage, and Belisarius pursued and defeated them at Membresa. Afterwards he returned to Sicily and then crossed into mainland Italy, where he captured Naples in November and Rome in December 536. Before reaching Naples, he had met no resistance as the troops in southern Italy were disgusted by Theodahad and switched sides. At Naples a strong Gothic garrison resisted the Byzantines using its strong fortifications. Belisarius could not operate safely at Rome with such a strong garrison in his rear. He could neither storm the strong fortifications nor conduct a lengthy siege which could be interrupted by"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " Gothic reinforcements, while bribery and negotiation attempts also failed. He couldn't use his fleet either as there was artillery on the wall. Then Belisarius cut the aqueduct, but the city had enough wells, so he resorted to making many costly, failed assaults. After their failure, Belisarius planned on abandoning the siege and marching on Rome. By chance, however, an entrance to the city via an aqueduct was found and a small Byzantine force entered the city. When this force had entered the city, Belisarius launched an all-out assault so the Goths couldn't concentrate against the intruders. Despite having taken the city by force, he showed leniency to the city and garrison, so as to entice as many other Goths to join his side or surrender later on; this way he would avoid costly action as much as possible and preserve his small force. The failure to reinforce the city caused Theodahad to be deposed. While the new Gothic king, Vitiges, had sent a garrison to Rome, the city was left undefended as the troops fled after noticing the pro-Byzantine attitude of the population. Much of Tuscany submitted willingly to Belisarius' troops at this point. Belis"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "arius garrisoned towns on the supply lines from the Gothic heartland in the north to Rome, forcing Vitiges to besiege these towns before he could march on Rome.</s><s>Gothic War.:Siege of Rome. From March 537 to March 538 Belisarius successfully defended Rome against the much larger army of Vitiges. He inflicted heavy casualties by launching many successful sorties. While the range of the horse archers Belisarius used has often been credited with the success of these raids in the terrain around Rome, this wouldn't make sense. Instead, it was the Gothic unpreparedness and the command expertise of Byzantine officers which made sure the Goths were unable to respond. When Vitiges tried to post units to prevent these raids, Belisarius sent out bigger units that encircled them; the Gothic officers proved unable to counter this. Eighteen days into the siege, the Goths launched an all-out assault, and Belisarius ordered a number of archers to shoot at the oxen pulling the siege equipment. As a result, the assault failed with heavy casualties. When the Goths retreated from a certain section of the wall, Belisarius launched an attack on their rear, inflicting extra casualties. However, when"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " he tried to end the siege by sallying out with a large force, Vitiges used his numbers to absorb the attack and then to counter-attack, winning the battle. Regardless, Vitiges was losing the siege, so he decided to make one last attempt on the wall which ran along the Tiber, where the wall was much less formidable. He bribed men to give the guards drugged wine, but the plot was revealed and Belisarius had a traitor tortured and mutilated as a punishment. An armistice had been signed shortly before, but with both the Goths and the Byzantines openly breaking it, the war continued. By then Byzantine forces had captured Ariminum (Rimini) and approached Ravenna, so Vitiges was forced to retreat. The siege had lasted from March 537 to March 538. Belisarius sent 1,000 men to support the population of Mediolanum (Milan) against the Goths. These forces captured much of Liguria, garrisoning the major towns in the region. Belisarius captured Urbinum (Urbino) in December 538, when the Gothic garrison ran out of water after a three-day siege.</s><s>Goth"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "ic War.:Deposition of Pope Silverius. During the siege of Rome, an incident occurred for which the general would be long condemned: Belisarius, a Byzantine Rite Christian, was commanded by the monophysite Christian Empress Theodora to depose the reigning Pope, who had been installed by the Goths. This Pope was the former subdeacon Silverius, the son of Pope Hormisdas. Belisarius was to replace him with the Deacon Vigilius, Apocrisarius of Pope John II in Constantinople. Vigilius had in fact been chosen in 531 by Pope Boniface II to be his successor, but this choice was strongly criticised by the Roman clergy and Boniface eventually reversed his decision. In 537, at the height of the siege, Silverius was accused of conspiring with the Gothic king and several Roman senators to secretly open the gates of the city. Belisarius had him stripped of his vestments and exiled to Patara in Lycia in Asia Minor. Following the advocacy of his innocence by the bishop of Patara, he was ordered to return to Italy at the command of the Emperor Justinian, and if cleared by investigation, reinstated. However, Vigilius had already been"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " installed in his place. Silverius was intercepted before he could reach Rome and exiled once more, this time on the island of Palmarola (Ponza), where by one account he is said to have starved to death, while others say he left for Constantinople. However that may be, he remains the patron saint of Ponza today. Belisarius, for his part, built a small oratory on the site of the present church of Santa Maria in Trivio in Rome as a sign of his repentance. He also built two hospices for pilgrims and a monastery, which have since disappeared.</s><s>Gothic War.:Belisarius and Narses. Belisarius ordered the cavalry garrison of Ariminum to be replaced by infantry. In this way the cavalry could join with other cavalry forces and use their mobility outside of the city, while the infantry under some obscure commander guarding the city would draw less attention to the city than a strong cavalry force under John. Vitiges sent a large army to retake Mediolanum while he moved to besiege Ariminum himself. Vitiges tried to hinder the Byzantine movement by garrisoning an important tunnel on the road to Ancona. This garrison was defeated, while Vitig"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "es had to maneuver himself around a number of Byzantine garrisons to avoid losing time in fighting useless engagements. Ultimately, the Byzantines were successful in reinforcing Ariminum, however, John refused to leave the city. John managed to prevent the siege tower used by the Goths from reaching the walls which caused Vitiges to withdraw. John wanted to prevent this withdrawal and sallied out but was, like Belisarius at Rome, defeated, which caused Vitiges to keep besieging the now weakened garrison. Needing fewer men, as no assault was to be made, Vitiges sent troops against Ancona and reinforced Auximus. Belisarius could either take Auximus and move on Ariminum with a secure rear, or bypass Auximus to save time. If it took too long to get there, Ariminum might fall. The Byzantines were divided into two groups; one led by Narses wanted to move on Ariminum immediately, while the other wanted to first take Auximus. A message from John eventually convinced Belisarius to move to Ariminum. During this operation Belisarius would station a part of his forces near Auximus to secure his rear. The arrival of a"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " Byzantine relief force under Belisarius and Narses compelled the Ostrogoths to give up the siege and retreat to their capital of Ravenna. The force had been too small to actually challenge the Goths, but through deception, Belisarius had managed to convince the Goths otherwise. Belisarius had approached from multiple sides including over the sea, which convinced the Goths they faced a huge force. The troops were also ordered by Belisarius to light more campfires than necessary to strengthen the deception. John made it a point to thank Narses for his rescue instead of Belisarius or Ildiger, the first officer to reach the city. This might have been to insult Belisarius or to avoid being indebted according to the Roman patronage tradition of which some remnants were probably still part of Byzantine culture. John (and Narses) might not have been convinced of Belisarius' competence, as the Vandals and Goths were by then perceived as weak, while he had been relatively unsuccessful against the Persians. Narses' supporters tried to turn Narses against Belisarius, claiming that a close confidant of the emperor should not take orders from a \"mere general\". Belisarius, in turn, warned Nars"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "es that his followers were underestimating the Goths. He pointed out that their current position was surrounded by Gothic garrisons, and proposed to relieve Mediolanum and besiege Auximus simultaneously. Narses accepted the plan, with the provision that he and his troops would move into the region of Aemilia. This would pin down the Goths at Ravenna, and as such put Belisarius' forces in a secure position, as well as preventing the Goths from reclaiming Aemilia. Narses claimed that if this wasn't done, the rear of the troops besieging Auximus would be open to attack. Belisarius ultimately decided against this, as he was afraid this would spread his troops too thin. He showed a letter from Justinian that said that he had absolute authority in Italy to act \"in the best interests of the state\" to force Narses into accepting the decision. Narses replied that Belisarius wasn't acting in the best interests of the state. From the later part of the siege of Rome onwards, reinforcements had arrived in Italy; during the siege of Ariminum, another 5,000 reinforcements landed in Italy, close to the siege where they were needed, clearly by design. The"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " last group of reinforcements was 7,000 strong and led by Narses. After these arrived, the Byzantines had around 20,000 troops in Italy in total. John claimed that about half of the troops were loyal to Narses instead of Belisarius. Belisarius gave up his original plan and instead of sending forces to besiege Urviventus (Orvieto) and himself besieging Urbinus. Narses refused to share a camp with Belisarius and he and John claimed the city could not be taken by force and abandoned the siege. As Belisarius sent the assault forwards, the garrison surrendered, as the well in the city stopped working. Narses reacted by sending John to take Caesena. While that attack failed miserably, John quickly moved to surprise the garrison at Forocornelius (Imola), and so secured Aemilia for the Byzantines. Shortly after Belisarius' arrival, the Urviventus garrison ran out of supplies and surrendered. In late December, shortly after the siege of Urbanus and Urviventus, Belisarius sent troops to reinforce Mediolanum. Unsure of the Gothic numbers, they requested aid from John and other"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " troops under Narses. John and the other commanders refused to follow Belisarius' order to assist, stating that Narses was their commander. Narses repeated the order but John fell ill and they paused for him to recover. Meanwhile, the revolt at Mediolanum was bloodily suppressed by the Goths. The desperate garrison had been promised safety in return for abandoning the city, which they subsequently did. As the population had revolted, they were considered traitors and many were slaughtered. Subsequently, the other cities in Liguria surrendered to avoid the same fate. Narses was subsequently recalled.</s><s>Gothic War.:Finishing the conquest. In 539, Belisarius set up siege forces around Auximum and sent troops to Faesulae, starving both cities to submission by late 539. He led the siege of Auximum himself; knowing he couldn't storm the city, he tried to cut the water supply but this failed. When the captured leaders from the Faesulae garrison were paraded in front of the city, its garrison too surrendered. If he moved on Ravenna his rear would now be secure. Vitiges hadn't been able to reinforce these places, as there was a food shortage"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " throughout Italy and he couldn't gather enough supplies for the march. Belisarius stationed his army around the Ostrogothic capital of Ravenna in late 539. The grain shipment to the city hadn't been able to proceed to the city, so when the Byzantines advanced on Ravenna, the grain was captured. Ravenna was cut off from help on its seaward side by the Byzantine navy patrolling the Adriatic Sea. When Belisarius besieged Ravenna, the Gothic nobles, including Vitiges, had offered the throne of the \"western empire\" to him. Belisarius feigned acceptance and entered Ravenna via its sole point of entry, a causeway through the marshes, accompanied by a \"comitatus\" of \"bucellarii\", his personal household regiment (guards). He also prepared a grain shipment to enter the city when it surrendered. Soon afterward, he proclaimed the capture of Ravenna in the name of the Emperor Justinian. The Goths' offer raised suspicions in Justinian's mind and Belisarius was recalled. He returned home with the Gothic treasure, king and warriors.</s><s>Later campaigns.</s><s>Later campaigns.:Against Persia. For his next assignment, Belisarius went to the east to"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " fight the Persians. Unlike during the Gothic and Vandalic wars, he wasn't accompanied by his wife. The Byzantines expected that Khosrow, like in the previous year, would move through Mesopotamia, but instead, Khosrow attacked Lazica, where the population was treated poorly by the Byzantines. The Lazicans had invited Khosrow, who concealed his movement by claiming he was going to fight the Huns in the north while instead, the Huns assisted Khosrow. When Belisarius arrived in the east he sent spies to gather information. He was told that the Persians were moving north to fight the Huns. Meanwhile, Belisarius had trained and organized his troops who had been terrified of the Persians before his arrival. He decided he could attack Persia in relative safety. Some of Belisarius' officers protested, as staging an offensive would leave the Lakhmids free to raid the eastern provinces. Belisarius pointed out that the Lakhmids would be filling the next months with religious celebrations and that he would be back within two months. With the same reasoning he used in Italy for the siege of Auximus and other sieges and the marching column in Africa, he determined that N"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "isibis had to be taken first to secure his rear if he moved further into Persia. Meanwhile, the war was going poorly for the Byzantines to the north, Lazica was taken and a significant Byzantine garrison changed sides, possibly not having been paid for years. When Belisarius approached Nisibis he ordered a camp to be set up at a significant distance from the city. His officers protested at this, but he explained to them that this was so that if the Persians sallied out and were defeated, the Byzantines would have more time to inflict casualties during the retreat. At the battle of Rome, during the siege of Rome, Belisarius had been defeated, but much of his army was able to retreat the short distance back to the city, something which he did not want to occur when the roles were reversed. Some of his officers disagreed so vehemently that they left the main force and camped close to the city. Belisarius warned them that the Persians would attack just before the first Byzantine meal, but the officers still sent their men to get food at this time and as a result, were caught in disorder by an attack. Belisarius observed what was going on and was already marching to their aid before messengers"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " requesting aid even arrived. He turned the tide and won the battle. Having defeated the garrison but still being not being in a strong enough position to storm the fortifications, he moved past the city. He didn't fear being attacked from the rear by the garrison anymore, mostly because their confidence was broken. While he besieged Sisauranon, he sent troops to raid the rich lands beyond the Tigris. While Belisarius' assaults on the city were repulsed by its 800-strong garrison and suffered heavy losses, the city ran out of supplies and the garrison changed sides. At this point, the troops raiding Persia returned home without informing Belisarius. At this point, up to a third of Belisarius' forces had caught a fever, and the Lakhmids were about to take up arms again. As he did with other major decisions, Belisarius asked his officers' opinions; they concluded they should retreat. Procopius heavily criticized this, claiming that Belisarius could have marched on and taken Ctesiphon. He disregarded the fact that no information on Persian dispositions was available and Belisarius hadn't been able to take Sisauranon by force, making it unlikely he could have stormed Ctesiphon."}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " In the campaign of 542, Belisarius got the Persians to call off their invasion using trickery. Khosrow had wanted to raid Byzantine territory again but Belisarius moved to the area. When Khosrow sent an ambassador, Belisarius took 6,000 of his best men with him for a meeting. Taking only hunting equipment with them, it seemed like it was a hunting party from a larger equally high-quality force. Fooled by the deception, the Persians, knowing that if they were defeated they would be trapped in Byzantine territory, retreated. Belisarius also sent 1,000 cavalry into the Persian retreat route; if an engagement was fought this might have pointed out Byzantine weakness. During the retreat, Belisarius constantly kept the pressure on, preventing Khosrow from raiding. In return for the Persian withdrawal from imperial lands, the Byzantines sent ambassadors, as the Persian ambassador had requested from Belisarius at their meeting. The meeting had been just a ruse to spy on the Byzantine troops, and as such, when Belisarius took the pressure off, Khosrow attacked some Byzantine towns. Sacking Callinicum, Khosrow could claim success. Some claimed that by not harassing Khosrow, Bel"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "isarius had made a serious error, but this view was not brought up in court. Despite Callinicum, Belisarius was acclaimed throughout the East for his success in repelling the Persians. Crucial to the success of Belisarius' deception had been Khosrow's fear of catching the plague if he remained in Byzantine territory for too long, which made maintaining a tactical position in Byzantine territory highly dangerous. By showing his best troops in the open, Belisarius made clear that his army was not weakened by the plague and seemingly not afraid to catch it.</s><s>Later campaigns.:Return to Italy. While Belisarius was in the east, the situation in Italy had vastly deteriorated. The governor sent to the area, a man named Alexander, was corrupt. He trimmed the edges of coins and kept the trimmings of precious metal to increase his own wealth. He charged many soldiers with corruption and demanded they pay fines, and he decreased military spending and demanded that tax withheld from the Goths would be instead paid to the Byzantines. As a result, many Byzantine soldiers defected or mutinied. The command of the troops in Italy was divided by Justinian to prevent any commander from becoming too powerful. Most of the time these commanders refused"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " to work together as Justinian's plague made it dangerous to leave the base. Meanwhile, the Goths under the brilliant and energetic leadership of Ildibad and Totila went on the offensive and recaptured all of northern Italy and parts of the south. Apparently Totila considered the opportunity to win an easy victory greater than the risk of losing his force due to plague. As a result, they won many engagements against the uncoordinated Byzantines including the Battle of Treviso, the siege of Verona, the Battle of Faventia, the Battle of Mucellium and the siege of Naples. But by now they weren't powerful enough to capture Rome. In 544, Belisarius was reappointed to hold command in Italy. Before going to Italy, Belisarius had to recruit troops. When he finished his force numbered roughly 4,000 men. Justinian wasn't able to allocate significant resources, as most troops were still needed in the east and the plague had devastated the empire. During the upcoming campaign, Totila mostly wanted to avoid sieges. The Byzantines had proven themselves adept at sieges, but he had proven multiple times he could defeat them in open battle. Therefore, he razed the walls of towns he"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " took; he wanted neither to be besieged there nor to have to besiege them later. Belisarius, on the other hand, wanted to avoid battle; he had entirely avoided battle after the battle of Rome. With forces as small as his, he wanted to avoid losing too many men and instead avoid the Goths from making progress through other means. In Italy, many soldiers were mutinous or changed sides, which Belisarius hoped would stop when he was reappointed; it didn't. The Byzantine garrison at Dryus were running out of supplies and made plans to surrender, but when Belisarius arrived, he quickly arranged for supplies to be sent by ship. The Goths failed to notice the ships until it was too late and abandoned the siege. Now Belisarius himself sailed to Italy, landing at Pola. Totila quickly heard of this and sent spies pretending to be Byzantine messengers. Belisarius fell for the ruse, so Totila immediately knew the state of his army; he wouldn't be deceived like Khosrow. Belisarius himself didn't remain idle and went to Ravenna to recruit extra troops. While people respected Belisarius, they were smart enough to notice that a fair deal made with Belisarius would be ruined"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " by his often corrupt and incompetent successors. As a result, not a single man enlisted. This also meant that Belisarius' normal strategy of winning over the people through benevolence wouldn't work. Not wanting to remain idle, Belisarius sent troops into Aemilia. This was successful until the Illyrian troops went home to deal with a Hunnish incursion. The remaining Byzantines successfully ambushed a significant Gothic force, and the incursion ended in a victory. Next, Belisarius sent some men to assist the besieged Auximus, they succeeded but they were defeated while moving back. Still wanting to retain some initiative, Belisarius sent men to rebuild some nearby forts. Belisarius undertook no other operations, so despite winter arriving, Totila started the sieges of some towns, secure from the Byzantine threat. When requesting reinforcement, Belisarius asked for barbarian horse archers, as he knew the Goths were unable to counter these. Justinian was fighting wars on many fronts and the plague was devastating Constantinople for a second time; he was thus unable to provide even the equipment and money needed to re-equip and pay the forces already in Italy. Totila was enjoying great success in his recent sie"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "ges. Herodian, commander of a garrison, surrendered very quickly to the Goths, having seen the unfavorable treatment Justinian had given Belisarius after his recent Persian campaign. By now the Goths had acquired enough strength to move on Rome. Like Herodian, the commander of the Roman garrison, Bessas, was afraid of poor treatment or even being prosecuted after the siege was lifted. As a result, he remained idle when Belisarius ordered him to assist in the relief of the city. When Belisarius attempted to assist the city with supplies, he came up against a blockade on the Tiber. He overcame this using a siege tower with a boat on top. The boat was filled with burnable materials, so when it was thrown into one of the Gothic towers in the middle of the blockade, the entire garrison died either on impact or because of the fire. Belisarius had left a force under Isaac the Armenian to guard Portus with orders not to leave the city under any circumstances. Now Belisarius heard he had been captured and rushed back to Portus. Isaac had left the city and was captured outside its walls, and the city was safe. With surprise lost, no assistance from Bessas or John, who was blocked off in"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " Calabria, and with little resources, Belisarius wasn't able to prevent Totila from eventually capturing the city. However, it is worth noting a letter that Belisarius wrote to Totila, according to Procopius, reportedly prevented Totila from destroying Rome:While the creation of beauty in a city which has not been beautiful before could only proceed from men of wisdom who understand the meaning of civilization, the destruction of beauty which already exists would be naturally expected only of men who lack understanding, and who are not ashamed to leave to posterity this token of their character. Now among all the cities under the sun, Rome is agreed to be the greatest and the most noteworthy. For it has not been created by the ability of one man, nor has it attained such greatness and beauty by a power of short duration, but a multitude of monarchs, many companies of the best men, a great lapse of time, and an extraordinary abundance of wealth have availed to bring together in that city all other things that are in the whole world, and skilled workers besides. Thus, little by little, have they built the city, such as you behold it, thereby leaving to future generations memorials of the ability of them all, so that insult to these monuments would"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " properly be considered a great crime against the men of all time; for by such action, the men of former generations are robbed of the memorials of their ability, and future generations of the sight of their works. Such then, is the facts of the case, be well assured of this, that one of two things must necessarily take place: either you will be defeated by the emperor in this struggle, or, should it so fall out, you will triumph over him. Now, in the first place, supposing you are victorious, if you should dismantle Rome, you would not have destroyed the possession of some other man, but your own city, excellent Sir, and, on the other hand, if you preserve it, you will naturally enrich yourself by a possession the fairest of all; but if in the second place, it should perchance fall to your lotto experience the worse fortune, in saving Rome you would be assured of abundant gratitude on the part of the victor, but by destroying the city you will make it certain that no plea for mercy will any longer be left to you, and in addition to this you will have reaped no benefit from the deed. Furthermore, a reputation that corresponds with your conduct will be your portion among all men, and"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " it stands to wait for you according to you decide either way. For the quality of the acts of rulers determines, of necessity, the quality of the repute which they win from their acts.Meanwhile, Totila had also been very successful in his other efforts. Famine had spread throughout much of Italy and as he did not have to fear Belisarius sending aid to besieged towns, he could take full advantage. Belisarius had spent the winter in Epidamnus and when he sailed back (before attempting to relieve Rome) to Italy, he did so with reinforcements from Justinian. He split his force in two, one part successfully campaigning in Calabria under John nephew of Vitalianus, the other part, under Belisarius' command, tried to lift the siege of Rome but failed. A force sent by Totila prevented John from leaving Calabria. After capturing Rome, Totila sought peace, sending a message to Justinian. He received the reply that Belisarius was in charge of Italy. Belisarius decided to march on Rome himself after Totila left the area. On the way, however, he marched into an ambush. Despite successfully ambushing Belisarius, the fighting eventually turned in favor of the Byzantines."}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " Belisarius retreated, as it was obvious he wouldn't be able to surprise the city, but later marched on Rome again and took it. Totila marched on the city again but quickly abandoned the siege. Rome remained in Byzantine hands until after Belisarius left. Following this disappointing campaign, mitigated by Belisarius' success in preventing the total destruction of Rome, in 548\u201349, Justinian relieved him. In 551, after economic recovery (from the effects of the plague) the eunuch Narses led a large army to bring the campaign to a successful conclusion; Belisarius retired from military affairs. At the Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople (553), Belisarius was one of the Emperor's envoys to Pope Vigilius in their controversy over The Three Chapters. The Patriarch Eutychius, who presided over this council in place of Pope Vigilius, was the son of one of Belisarius' generals.</s><s>Later campaigns.:Last battle. The retirement of Belisarius came to an end in 559, when an army of Kutrigur Bulgars under Khan Zabergan crossed the Danube River to invade Roman territory and approached Constantinople. Zabergan wanted to cross into Asia"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " Minor as it was richer than the often ravaged Balkans. Justinian recalled Belisarius to command the Byzantine army. Belisarius got only 300 heavily armed veterans from the Italian campaign and a host of civilians, including or entirely consisting of 1,000 conscripted refugees fleeing from the Huns, to stop the 7,000 Huns. These were probably retired soldiers living in the region. Belisarius camped close to the Huns and had the civilians dig a trench for protection, and lit many torches to exaggerate their numbers. Determining the path the Hunnish advance would take, he stationed 100 veterans on each side and another 100 to block their advance. In the narrow defile the Huns wouldn't be able to maneuver, exploit their greater numbers. and use their arrow fire effectively. When 2,000 Huns attacked, Belisarius had his 100 veterans who were blocking the path charge, while the civilians made a lot of noise behind him. This confused the Huns, and when he struck their rear they were pressed together so tightly that they could not draw their bows. The Huns fled in disorder, and Belisarius applied so much pressure to them during the retreat that they didn't even use the Parthian shot to harass"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " their pursuers. After the defeat the Huns fled back over the Danube. In Constantinople Belisarius was once again referred to as a hero.</s><s>Later life. In 562, Belisarius stood trial in Constantinople, having been accused of participating in a conspiracy against Justinian. His case was judged by the prefect of Constantinople, named Prokopius, and this may have been his former secretary Procopius of Caesarea. Belisarius was found guilty and imprisoned but not long after, Justinian pardoned him, ordered his release, and restored him to favor at the imperial court, contrary to a later legend that Belisarius had been blinded.{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/byzantineprof/status/1175067752219971584|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920155650/https://twitter.com/byzantineprof/status/1175067752219971584|archive-date=2019-09-20|title=The Myth of the Blinding of Belisarius (a thread)|author=David Parnell|date=2019-09-20|access-date=20"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "22-01-20 }} In the first five chapters of his \"Secret History\", Procopius characterizes Belisarius as a cuckolded husband, who was emotionally dependent on his debauched wife, Antonina. According to the historian, Antonina cheated on Belisarius with their adopted son, the young Theodosius. Procopius claims that the love affair was well known in the imperial court and the general was regarded as weak and ridiculous; this view is often considered biased, as Procopius nursed a longstanding hatred of Belisarius and Antonina. Empress Theodora reportedly saved Antonina when Belisarius tried to charge his wife at last. Belisarius and Justinian, whose partnership had increased the size of the empire by 45 percent, died within a few months of each other in 565. Belisarius owned the estate of Rufinianae on the Asiatic side of the Constantinople suburbs. He may have died there and been buried near one of the two churches in the area, perhaps Saints Peter and Paul.</s><s>Assessment.</s><s>Assessment.:Tactics. During his first Persian campaign, Belisarius was on the winning side once, at Dara. In his first few battles he"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " did not hold overall command and as he was promoted soon after these defeats, his performance was probably positive. At Dara, he won a resounding victory by predicting and influencing enemy movement. When the enemy concentrated and broke through, he moved against their rear and defeated them. At the next battle, at Callinicum, he probably tried to copy his own success at Dara. However, he positioned himself at the low ground and was not able to see it when the enemy concentrated to breakthrough. He had created no reserve at all, so he was not able to plug the gap, despite superior numbers. Belisarius' failure to position himself properly, make a cohesive plan, take advantage of the terrain, and plug the created gap caused a disastrous defeat. Once the Persians had concentrated for a decisive attack, they held numerical superiority at the point of pressure, despite inferior numbers overall. In Africa, he walked accidentally into the battle of Ad Decimum. His ability to see an opportunity to gain the advantage and to take it contrasts positively with Gelimer's inactivity. As such, Hughes judges his generalship during that battle to be superior. In Italy, he mostly relied on sieges to defeat the Goths. At this he was so efficient that Totila"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " refused to engage in them until Belisarius was unable to take the initiative due to supply shortages.</s><s>Assessment.:Strategies. In Italy, to deal with a changing situation, he made multiple strategies inside the span of a year. Meanwhile, his opponent Vitiges had no coherent strategy after the failure of the siege of Rome. Belisarius tried to keep his strategic rear secure, besieging, for example, Auximus so he could safely move on Ravenna. When he saw fit, he sometimes did operate with a force in his strategic rear, like at the siege of Ariminum, or when he planned to move on Rome without having taken Naples. In the east, he understood that the Persian garrison of Nisibis would be afraid to give the battle a second time after being defeated in the open earlier. Here too, Belisarius operated with a force in his strategic rear. He wanted not to split his forces into two small contingents, like Gelimer had been forced to do at Ad Decimum, so when Narses proposed a plan to operate with a secure strategic rear, Belisarius refused it with the reason that he would divide his forces too much. In Belisarius' campaigns, Brogna sees"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " the overarching theme of the strategic offensive then tactical defense followed by offense. This forced his enemy to attack strong defensive positions, like the walls of Rome, suffering horrendous losses. Belisarius could then finish off the enemy with the main strength of his force, his cavalry, which contained horse archers to which the Goths and Vandals had no effective response. Helmuth von Moltke the Elder would come up with the idea to use so-called offensive-defensive campaigns to defend Germany centuries later. In these he would also go on a strategic offensive, take up defensive positions on enemy supply lines, and have the larger Russian and French forces attack his strong position. In both cases, the purpose of this kind of strategy was to defeat larger enemy forces effectively. When using such tactics, the higher quality of Byzantine troops, compared to the \"barbarians\", was exploited to the fullest, as wave after wave of Goths, relying on brute force to win, was defeated. In his assessment of the commander, Hughes concludes that Belisarius' strategic abilities were unrivaled.</s><s>Assessment.:Character. At both Thannuris and Callinicum, he fled before the battle was over. While not improving the battlefield situation, this did prevent his"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " own troops from being destroyed. At the battle of Dara, he refused to duel with a Persian champion, and instead sent a champion of his own. At Rome, however, he fought at the frontline with his soldiers. While he was not willing to take an unnecessary risk in the form of a duel, he wanted, and was able, to inspire his men in combat, and seems not to have lacked bravery. Procopius' portrayal of Belisarius being weak-willed can often also be explained with a good understanding of politics; taking action against his wife, for example, would not have been appreciated by empress Theodora at all. Just like the weak-mindedness in relation to his wife, the influence his soldiers had on him was probably not enough to convince him to move out of Rome. Instead, it was probably overconfidence on his own part. For the rest of his career, he became a cautious commander, which is in line with the notion that Belisarius knew his limits and tried to act within them. He often moved out with only a small force, with which he would have no control and communication problems. Another example of this is when at the battle of Tricamerum he merely advised John, not taking full command"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": ". He recognized John was competent and knew more about the situation, and as such John remained in overall command, winning a great victory. One of the attributes of Belisarius' campaigns was his benevolence towards soldiers and civilians alike. This caused the local population to support him, which was vital to winning, for example, the battle of Ad Decimum. Many enemy garrisons also changed sides, as they could expect leniency. It also put Gelimer under time constraints, and as such forced him to fight the battle of Tricamerum. He is also noted for his calmness in danger. At Rome, when a rumor spread that the Goths were already in the city, and his men begged him to flee, he instead sent men to verify whether the claim was true and made clear to the officers that it was his job and his alone to deal with such a situation.</s><s>Assessment.:Overall performance. Belisarius is generally held in extremely high regard among historians. This is mostly because of the victories at Dara, Ad Decimum and Tricamarum. Little attention has been paid to his defeats in the east and at the Battle of Rome. Brogna puts him among the best commanders in history, Hughes says of him"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " that he remains behind Alexander the Great and Caesar, but not by much.</s><s>Legend as a blind beggar. According to a story that gained popularity during the Middle Ages, Justinian is said to have ordered Belisarius' eyes to be put out, and reduced him to the status of a homeless beggar near the Pincian Gate of Rome, condemned to asking passers-by to \"give an obolus to Belisarius\" (), before pardoning him. Most modern scholars believe the story to be apocryphal. Philip Stanhope, a 19th-century British philologist who wrote \"Life of Belisarius\", believed the story to be true, based on his review of the available primary sources. After the publication of Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Marmontel's novel \"B\u00e9lisaire\" (1767), this account became a popular subject for progressive painters and their patrons in the later 18th century, who saw parallels between the actions of Justinian and the repression imposed by contemporary rulers. For such subtexts, Marmontel's novel received a public censure by Louis Legrand of the Sorbonne, which contemporary theologians regarded as a model exposition of theological knowledge and clear thinking. Marmontel and the"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " painters and sculptors depicted Belisarius as a kind of secular saint, sharing the suffering of the downtrodden poor\u2014for example, the bust of Belisarius by the French sculptor Jean-Baptiste Stouf. The most famous of these paintings, by Jacques-Louis David, combines the themes of charity (the alms giver), injustice (Belisarius), and the radical reversal of power (the soldier who recognizes his old commander). Others portray him being helped by the poor after his rejection by the powerful.</s><s>In art and popular culture. Belisarius was featured in several works of art before the 20th century. The oldest of them is the historical treatise by his secretary, Procopius. The \"Anecdota\", commonly referred to as the \"Arcana Historia\" or \"Secret History\", is an extended attack on Belisarius and Antonina, and on Justinian and Theodora, indicting Belisarius as a love-blind fool and his wife as unfaithful and duplicitous. Other works include:</s><s>In art and popular culture.:Belisarius as a character.</s><s>In art and popular culture.:Belisarius as a character.:Sculpture."}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " - \"Bust of Belisarius\" by the French baroque sculptor Jean-Baptiste Stouf. The sculpture at the J. Paul Getty Villa depicts the general as blind beggar in a manner that suggests a philosopher or saint.</s><s>In art and popular culture.:Belisarius as a character.:Painting. - \"Belisarius\": (late 1650s) by Salvator Rosa (1615\u20131673). Given to Lord Townshend in 1726 by King Friedrich William 1st of Prussia, and hung in the 'Belisarius Chamber' at Raynham Hall, Norfolk. Valued at 10,000 guineas in 1854 (2019 \u2013 \u00a31.7m); sold for \u00a3273 (2019 \u2013 \u00a333,500) in the 'Townshend Heritage Sale' at Christies in 1904 to Sir George Sitwell of Renishaw Hall, where it now hangs.</s><s>In art and popular culture.:Belisarius as a character.:Drama. - \"Belasarius\": a play by Jakob Bidermann (1607) - \"The life and history of Belisarius, who conquered Africa and Italy, with an account of his disgrace, the ingratitude"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " of the Romans, and a parallel between him and a modern hero\": a drama by John Oldmixon (1713) - \"Belisarius\": a drama by William Philips (1724)</s><s>In art and popular culture.:Belisarius as a character.:Literature. - \"El ejemplo mayor de la desdicha\": a play by Antonio Mira de Amescua (1625) - \"B\u00e9lisaire\": a novel by Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Marmontel (1767) - \"Belisarius: A Tragedy\": by Margaretta Faug\u00e8res (1795). Though she wrote it as a play, Faug\u00e8res \"intended [this work] for the closet,\" i.e., to be read and not performed. Her preface voices complaints about \"maledictions\" and long-winded rhetoric in popular tragic drama, which she says tend to bore and even outrage a reader, and announces her intent to \"substitute concise narrative and plain sense.\" The drama's plot and character development are secondary to moral conflicts, mainly between vengeance and mercy/pity, respectively associated with pride and humility. - \"Beliar\": 18th-century poem by Friedrich"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " de la Motte Fouque - \"A Struggle for Rome\": a historical novel by Felix Dahn (1867) - \"Belisarius\", 19th-century poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - \"Count Belisarius\": a novel by Robert Graves (1938); Ostensibly written from the viewpoint of the eunuch Eugenius, servant to Belisarius' wife, but actually based on Procopius' history, the book portrays Belisarius as a solitary honorable man in a corrupt world, and paints a vivid picture of not only his startling military feats but also the colorful characters and events of his day, such as the savage Hippodrome politics of the Constantinople chariot races, which regularly escalated to open street battles between fans of opposing factions, and the intrigues of the emperor Justinian and the empress Theodora. - \"Lest Darkness Fall\": a 1939 alternative history novel by L. Sprague de Camp. Belisarius appears first as the Roman opponent of the time traveler Martin Padway who tries to spread modern science and inventions in Gothic Italy. Eventually, Belisarius becomes a general in Padway's army and secures Italy for him. - The Belisarius series: six books by Eric Flint and"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " David Drake (1998\u20132006). Science Fiction/Alternative History. - The character \"Bel Riose\" in \"Foundation and Empire\" by Isaac Asimov is based on Belisarius (1952) - \"A Flame in Byzantium\": a historical horror fiction novel by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro (1987) - \"The Last Dying Light\" (2020) by William Havelock, Book 1 of The Last of the Romans. Told from the perspective of Pharas (Varus) the Herulian, and recounts the chaos of the early-6th-century Roman Empire. Under Justinian's patronage, Belisarius becomes one of the foremost generals of the Roman Army. \"The Last Dying Light\" discusses Belisarius' earliest years of generalship, while \"The Last of the Romans\" covers each of Belisarius' wars in turn. - \"\": historical novel by Peter Keating Vanguard Press (2021) \u2013 written from the view point of Belisarius as he recounts his life after being discharged from the service of Justinian\u2014it paints a different portrait of the man loyal to his emperor, but under the sway of the two most powerful women, the Empress Theodora and his wife Antonina. This work covers his"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " rise to prominence in the service of Justinian, his initial military campaigns in the East, then dealing with the \"Nika\" riot and finally becoming the first Roman to completely defeat the Vandals in North Africa and then capture Sicily.</s><s>In art and popular culture.:Belisarius as a character.:Opera. - \"Belisario\": tragedia lirica by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Salvatore Cammarano after Luigi Marchionni's adaptation of Eduard von Schenl's \"Belisarius\" (1820), scenography by Francesco Bagnara, premiered during the Stagione di Carnevale, 4 February 1836, Venezia, Teatro La Fenice.</s><s>In art and popular culture.:Belisarius as a character.:Music. - \"Let There Be Nothing\": a 2020 album by Power Metal band Judicator following Belisarius' life</s><s>In art and popular culture.:Belisarius as a character.:Films. - Belisarius was portrayed by Lang Jeffries in the 1968 German movie \"Kampf um Rom\", directed by Robert Siodmak.</s><s>In art and popular culture.:Belisarius as a character.:Gaming"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": ". - The Archmagos Belisarius Cawl of Warhammer 40,000 also draws his namesake and inspiration from Belisarius. - Belisarius appears as the playable main protagonist in the Last Roman campaign DLC for \"\" as well as the Historical Battle of Dara, The player receives missions of historical context. Starting at the beginning of the Vandal Wars, he leads the Roman Expedition to reconquer the West (North Africa, Italy, Gaul, Spain), officially for Justinian, but there's always the option to Declare Independence and turn Belisarius himself the Emperor of the West and what he conquers. - His name is mentioned, and his \"ancient palace\"/\"sunken city\" ruins\u2014below a Mosque in Istanbul\u2014are a playable level in \"Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb\". - Belisarius is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms. - Belisarius is a general in the game and is in the \"Rise of Byzantium\" Conquest leading the \"Byzantine Expedition\" where you start in a war against the Vandals but there is always a chance to declare war on the Byzantines.</s><s>See also. - Anastasian War - Asinarius"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": " - Aspar - Battle of Taginae - Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty - Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty - Conon (general under Justinian I) - Constantinianus - Cyprian (Byzantine commander) - Aetius (general) - Liberius (praetorian prefect) - Military deception - Ostrogothic Kingdom - Stilicho - Strategikon of Maurice - Teia - Theodoric the Great - Tribonian - Uraias - Vacis - Vandal Kingdom - Widin</s><s>Sources.</s><s>Sources.:Primary sources. - Procopius, \"The Secret History of the Court of Justinian\", online at Gutenberg Project</s><s>Sources.:Secondary sources. - \"Belisarius\" Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Online. 27 Apr 2009 - - R. Boss, R. Chapman, P. Garriock, \"Justinian's War: Belisarius, Narses and the Reconquest of the West\", Montvert Publications, 1993, - - - Glanville Downey, \"Belisarius: Young general of Byzantium\", Dutton, 1960 - Edward Gibbon has much to say on Belisarius in \"The History of the Decl"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "ine and Fall of the Roman Empire\", Chapter 41 online. - - Lillington-Martin, Christopher 2006\u20132013: - 2006, \"Pilot Field-Walking Survey near Ambar & Dara, SE Turkey\", British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara: Travel Grant Report, Bulletin of British Byzantine Studies, 32 (2006), pp. 40\u201345 - 2007, \"Archaeological and Ancient Literary Evidence for a Battle near Dara Gap, Turkey, AD 530: Topography, Texts and Trenches\" in: BAR \u2013S1717, 2007 The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest Proceedings of a colloquium held at Potenza, Acerenza and Matera, Italy edited by Ariel S. Lewin and Pietrina Pellegrini, pp.\u00a0299\u2013311 - 2008, \"Roman tactics defeat Persian pride\" in \"Ancient Warfare\" edited by Jasper Oorthuys, Vol. II, Issue 1 (February 2008), pp. 36\u201340 - 2009, \"Procopius, Belisarius and the Goths\" in: \"Journal of the Oxford University History Society\",(2009) Odd Alliances edited by Heather Ellis and Graciela Iglesias Rogers"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": "., pp. 1\u2013 17, Issue 7 (Special Issue \u2013 Colloquium 2009) jouhsinfo - 2010, \"Source for a handbook: Reflections of the Wars in the Strategikon and archaeology\" in: Ancient Warfare edited by Jasper Oorthuys, Vol. IV, Issue 3 (June 2010), pp. 33\u201337 - 2011, \"Secret Histories\", Secret Histories, with Christopher Lillington-Martin - 2012, \"Hard and Soft Power on the Eastern Frontier: a Roman Fortlet between Dara and Nisibis, Mesopotamia, Turkey, Prokopios' Mindouos?\" in: \"The Byzantinist\", edited by Douglas Whalin, Issue 2 (2012), pp.\u00a04\u20135, - 2013a, \"La defensa de Roma por Belisario\" in: Justiniano I el Grande (Desperta Ferro) edited by Alberto P\u00e9rez Rubio, 18 (July 2013), pp. 40\u201345, - 2013b, \"Procopius on the struggle for Dara and Rome\" in: War and Warfare in Late Antiquity: Current Perspectives (Late Antique Archaeology 8.1\u20138.2 2010\u201311"}, {"title": "Belisarius", "text": ") by Sarantis A. and Christie N. (2010\u201311) edd. (Brill, Leiden 2013), pp.\u00a0599\u2013630, - - Lord Mahon, \"The Life of Belisarius\", 1848. Reprinted 2006 (unabridged with editorial comments) Evolution Publishing, - Lord Mahon, \"The Life of Belisarius\", J. Murray, 1829. With a new critical introduction and further reading by Jon Coulston. Westholme Publishing, 2005. - \"Ancient Warfare\" magazine, Vol. IV, Issue 3 (Jun/Jul, 2010), was devoted to \"Justinian's fireman: Belisarius and the Byzantine empire\", with articles by Sidney Dean, Duncan B. Campbell, Ian Hughes, Ross Cowan, Raffaele D'Amato, and Christopher Lillington-Martin - Hanson, Victor Davis. The Savior Generals: How Five Great Commanders Saved Wars That Were Lost. Bloomsbury Press, 2013. online edition</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Belisarius", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000349", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Bastian Schweinsteiger.", "docs": [{"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": "<s>Bastian Schweinsteiger Bastian Schweinsteiger (; born 1 August 1984) is a German former professional footballer who usually played as a central midfielder. Earlier in his career, he primarily played as a wide midfielder. Schweinsteiger is regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of all time, due to his tactical awareness, positioning, passing and also due to his ability to read and control the flow of the game. Former Germany national team manager Joachim L\u00f6w has referred to Schweinsteiger as one of the greatest players the country has ever produced. He spent 17 seasons at Bayern Munich, playing in exactly 500 matches across all competitions and scoring 68 goals. His honours at the club include eight Bundesliga titles, seven DFB-Pokal titles, a UEFA Champions League title, a FIFA Club World Cup title and a UEFA Super Cup title. He joined Manchester United in 2015, playing sparingly for 18 months before moving to Chicago Fire. He announced his retirement from playing in October 2019. Schweinsteiger played for the German national team from 2004 to 2016. He is Germany's fourth-most-capped player of all time, having earned 121 caps and scored 24 goals. He was selected in their squads for four"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " European Championships and three World Cups, including their victory at the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Also, in 2014 FIFA World Cup, he was widely regarded as one of the most important contributors in Germany's victorious campaign, playing an especially important role in defending Lionel Messi in the Final. Following Philipp Lahm's international retirement on 2 September 2014, Schweinsteiger was named captain of the national team. He played his last match for Germany against Finland on 31 August 2016, after which he retired from international football.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich. Schweinsteiger signed with FC Bayern Munich as a youth team player on 1 July 1998 and rose through the club's youth sides. A talented youth ski racer, he had to decide between pursuing a professional career in skiing or one in football. Having won the German youth championship in July 2002, Schweinsteiger quickly earned a place in the reserves, producing a string of solid third-division displays. He initially earned a reputation for being a rebel off the pitch, making headlines for the wrong reasons but has since settled down. During his first appearances in the titular eleven, he played left-back. After just two training sessions with the first team, coach Ottmar Hitzfeld gave Schwein"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": "steiger his debut, at the age of 18, as a late substitute in a UEFA Champions League game against RC Lens in November 2002, and the youngster made an immediate impact, creating a goal for Markus Feulner within minutes. He signed a professional contract the following month and went on to appear in 14 Bundesliga games in 2002\u201303, helping Bayern to a league and cup double. The next season, he played 26 Bundesliga games. He scored his first Bayern goal against VfL Wolfsburg in September 2003. Surprisingly sent back to Bayern's reserve team by new coach Felix Magath at the beginning of the 2005\u201306 season despite his international exploits of the summer in the Confederations Cup, Schweinsteiger swiftly returned to play a role in the double-winning campaign and scored in Bayern's Champions League quarter-final first leg defeat at Chelsea. Over the next three seasons, up until the end of 2007\u201308, Schweinsteiger made 135 appearances in all competitions for Bayern Munich (Champions League, Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal), scoring 10 goals in the process. On 15 August 2008, Schweinsteiger scored the first Bundesliga goal of the 2008\u201309 season. In December 2010, he extended his contract with Bayern until 2016. On 25"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " April 2012, Schweinsteiger scored from the last and match-clinching penalty kick against Real Madrid to send Bayern through to the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final, where they would face Chelsea. The match, played at Bayern's Allianz Arena, ended 1\u20131 and went to a penalty shoot-out. With the shoot-out poised at 3\u20133, Petr \u010cech tipped Schweinsteiger's shot onto the post, allowing Didier Drogba to seal the title for Chelsea with the next kick. In the 2012\u201313 season, Schweinsteiger performed considerably well, continuing his duties as central midfielder along with new signing Javi Mart\u00ednez. On 6 April 2013, Schweinsteiger scored a backheel flick goal against Eintracht Frankfurt which sealed the Bundesliga title for Bayern. The season ended on a high for Schweinsteiger, as Bayern secured a treble of Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal and Champions League. Schweinsteiger received the 2013 German player of the year due to his performance for Bayern Munich. He was described by then manager Jupp Heynckes as the best midfielder in the world and Heynckes wanted either Schweinsteiger, Rib\u00e9ry or"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " Thomas M\u00fcller to win the Ballon d'Or. He scored an equaliser goal in the match against Manchester United in the first leg of their 2013\u201314 UEFA Champions League quarter-final at Old Trafford but saw a red card later in that match. He made his 2014\u201315 season debut in a 4\u20130 win against 1899 Hoffenheim. He came in for Mario G\u00f6tze in the 78th minute. On 16 May 2015, with Bayern having already won the league, he scored the opening goal in a 2\u20131 defeat at SC Freiburg. On 23 May 2015, Schweinsteiger scored on his 500th appearance for Bayern. This proved to be his last match with the club. He transferred to Manchester United on 13 July 2015, having been at Bayern for 17 years. Schweinsteiger was a fan favourite at Bayern and was usually called \"Fu\u00dfballgott\" (football god) by Bayern's fans.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester United. On 13 July 2015, Manchester United completed the signing of Schweinsteiger on a three-year contract for a fee of \u20ac9\u00a0million (\u00a36.5\u00a0million). Manchester United had never before fielded a German in the first team; Markus Neumayr and"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " Ron-Robert Zieler were at the club before him, but neither made it into the first team. Schweinsteiger was given shirt number 23 in pre-season, but switched to 31, which he wore at Bayern, before the official start to the season. Schweinsteiger made his pre-season debut for Manchester United in a friendly match against Club Am\u00e9rica on 17 July 2015. United defeated the Mexican club 1\u20130 in Seattle. His Premier League debut came on 8 August, as a 60th-minute substitute for Michael Carrick as the season began with a 1\u20130 home victory over Tottenham Hotspur, being booked eight minutes into his first appearance for a foul on Nacer Chadli. On 28 November he scored his first goal for the club, equalising with a header in a 1\u20131 draw against Leicester City. On 7 December 2015, Schweinsteiger was punished with a three-match retrospective ban by The Football Association for striking West Ham United's Winston Reid in the throat in their meeting two days earlier. After the arrival of new manager, Jos\u00e9 Mourinho, Schweinsteiger was demoted and sent to training with the under-23 team. A number of high-profile former teammates have criticised Mourinho's handling of the"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " matter, accusing Mourinho of showing a lack of respect for Schweinsteiger. He returned to first team training towards the end of 2016, and made his first appearance since March when he came on as a late substitute in the EFL Cup quarter-final against West Ham United on 30 November 2016. He made his first start in over a year in a 4\u20130 win in the FA Cup fourth round home tie against Wigan Athletic on 29 January 2017, in which he scored his first Old Trafford goal for Manchester United with an overhead finish. For his goal, as well as his assist to Marouane Fellaini for the opening goal, he was voted \"Man of the Match\" by the fans.</s><s>Club career.:Chicago Fire. On 21 March 2017, Manchester United allowed Schweinsteiger to join Major League Soccer side Chicago Fire, subject to a medical and a visa being secured. The move was completed on 29 March. A few days later, Mourinho stated that he \"regretted\" the way he had treated Schweinsteiger. On 1 April, Schweinsteiger debuted for Chicago Fire, scoring in a 2\u20132 home draw against Montreal Impact. By mid-season, he would help guide Chicago to the top of the MLS standings"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " and be voted into the \"MLS All-Star Fan XI\" (along with teammate Nemanja Nikoli\u0107) to face Real Madrid at the 2017 MLS All-Star Game in Chicago. After guiding the Fire back into the playoffs after a five-year drought, Schweinsteiger was awarded the contract option of another year in 2018. Schweinsteiger netted a goal and also provided an assist to Alan Gordon's equalising goal in the stoppage time in a 2\u20132 draw against Toronto FC on 29 April 2018. On 5 August, he scored a long-range goal to level the scoreline after coming on as a substitute in the second half, but his side were defeated in a 2\u20131 away loss against Real Salt Lake. On 11 July, Schweinsteiger scored a goal in the stoppage time and provided one assist to Aleksandar Katai's goal in a 4\u20133 home defeat against Philadelphia Union.</s><s>Club career.:Retirement. On 8 October 2019, Schweinsteiger announced his retirement from professional football. A few days after his retirement from active sports in October 2019, the ARD announced that Schweinsteiger will be accompanying live broadcasts of football matches as an expert in Qatar for the next three"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " years up to and including the 2022 FIFA World Cup.</s><s>International career. Schweinsteiger made his international debut in June 2004 in a friendly against Hungary and earned 121 caps before his retirement from international football in 2016. He was part of the Germany squad for every major tournament from UEFA Euro 2004 until Euro 2016.</s><s>International career.:Euro 2004. Right after taking part in the under-21s' disappointing run at the 2004 European Championships, he was called up for Euro 2004. He set up the opening goal for Bayern teammate Michael Ballack in Germany's 2\u20131 loss against the Czech Republic.</s><s>International career.:2006 FIFA World Cup. He scored his first two international goals on 8 June 2005 against Russia and scored his first goal in a competitive match against Tunisia on 18 June 2005 at the Confederations Cup in Germany. He was called up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup on home soil and shot into prominence at the tournament with his two brilliant long-range strikes in the third-place match against Portugal, which won him the Man of the Match award. The match ended 3\u20131 with the 21-year-old nearly claiming a hat-trick but his deflected free kick was credited as an own-goal to Armando Petit. At"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " the age of 22, he had already played 41 matches for the German national team, a record for any German player at the time. This record was soon broken, however, by Lukas Podolski who was capped 44 times at the age of 22. At the same age, Lothar Matth\u00e4us (the German all-time record holder with 150 caps) had only played 13 times for the German national team.</s><s>International career.:Euro 2008. During Euro 2008 qualifiers, he scored two goals en route to a record 13\u20130 win over San Marino in San Marino. He scored the third goal in Germany's 4\u20131 win over Slovakia in Bratislava. Schweinsteiger lost his place in the starting 11 when Germany manager Joachim L\u00f6w moved striker Lukas Podolski to Schweinsteiger's usual position on the left wing to accommodate the strike partnership of Miroslav Klose and Mario G\u00f3mez, and he made two substitute appearances in the group stage. In the second match against Croatia, he was shown a straight red card for reacting to a challenge from Jerko Leko as Germany succumbed to a shock 2\u20131 defeat. After serving his suspension by missing the game against Austria, he returned"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " to the starting line-up in the quarterfinal against Portugal, as L\u00f6w reverted to the old 4\u20134\u20132 formation when G\u00f3mez was benched after failing to make an impression. Once again he was instrumental in Germany's 3\u20132 win, scoring one goal and setting up the other two. He also scored his country's first goal in the 3\u20132 semifinal victory against Turkey. He captained the team for the first time in a friendly against the United Arab Emirates.</s><s>International career.:2010 FIFA World Cup. Schweinsteiger featured often in 2010 World Cup qualifying, playing nine of the 10 games and contributing three goals. He started in Germany's third pre-warm-up game vs. Bosnia on 3 June 2010, and scored two penalties in a 3\u20131 victory in the space of four minutes, but in the 87th minute he was substituted off for Bayern Munich teammate Toni Kroos. During the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Schweinsteiger was charged with replacing the injured Michael Ballack at the centre of midfield. He performed admirably in this role, adding valuable leadership and international experience to a very young German side. He was vital to both the German attack and defence, as was apparent when he was"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " named the Man of the Match after the quarter-final match against Argentina, where he provided two assists while also managing to contain Lionel Messi. Germany subsequently lost to Spain in the semi-finals. Germany was able to rally for a 3\u20132 victory over Uruguay in the third-place match, and, with Philipp Lahm resting on the bench because of illness, Schweinsteiger served as captain. Overall, Schweinsteiger recorded three assists in seven matches in South Africa, which tied him for the most assists in the finals with Dirk Kuyt, Kak\u00e1, Thomas M\u00fcller and Mesut \u00d6zil. In recognition of his excellent play throughout the tournament, he was chosen as one of 10 finalists for the prestigious Golden Ball, awarded to the most outstanding player of the tournament.</s><s>International career.:Euro 2012. Schweinsteiger established himself as first choice as defensive midfielder in Germany's qualifying group. He played five matches \u2013 once against each opponent: Belgium, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Austria and Turkey \u2013 and helped Germany win 10 out of 10 games, scoring once and providing one assist. Schweinsteiger started all five of Germany's matches at the UEFA Euro 2012 finals and assisted both of Mario G\u00f3mez goals in the 2\u20131 Group"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " B win over rivals the Netherlands.</s><s>International career.:2014 FIFA World Cup. Schweinsteiger made five appearances as Germany qualified for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. On 15 October 2013, he won his 100th cap for the national team in a 5\u20133 win over Sweden. After making a substitute appearance in the team's second match against Ghana, Schweinsteiger was selected to start in the third group game against the United States. He retained his place in the team for Germany's round of 16 match, a 2\u20131 win against Algeria. He was instrumental in the World Cup finals against Argentina and led the mid-field with sweeping passes for the German attack. Germany won the World Cup final 1\u20130 through Mario G\u00f6tze's 113th-minute goal.</s><s>International career.:Euro 2016 and retirement. Prior to the start of qualification, Schweinsteiger was appointed as the new captain for Germany after Philipp Lahm's retirement. On 23 March 2016 he sustained damage on his knee while he was training with the German national team which made him miss the rest of the Premier League season but he recovered just in time to be selected for Germany's 27-man provisional squad for UEFA Euro 2016. On 31 May, Schweinsteiger was selected"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " for Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. During this time, Schweinsteiger also took part in a collaboration between the German Football Association and The LEGO Group, who in 2016 released a Europe-exclusive collectible minifigure series, with Schweinsteiger featured as the seventh of sixteen minifigures in the collection. On 12 June 2016, Schweinsteiger scored in stoppage time after coming on late in a 2\u20130 group stage victory over Ukraine. Nine days later, Schweinsteiger set a new record for German player with the most appearances in a European Championship match. After the tournament, Schweinsteiger announced his retirement from competitive international football, having played in 120 games, scoring 24 goals. One month later, he participated in his last ever international appearance for Germany, against Finland in a friendly match. He was succeeded as captain by Manuel Neuer.</s><s>Style of play. Schweinsteiger largely operated in the centre, but he was versatile enough to provide an option on the wing, either on the left or right flank. During his years with Bayern, he was regarded as one of the best midfielders in the world. Schweinsteiger possessed a fearsome shot from range, as well as excellent crossing"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " and a wicked delivery from set-pieces, while his boundless energy also serves him well. Described as a \"two-way player\" by Nick Amies, he was also used in a variety of other roles, including as a holding midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, in a box-to-box role, as a playmaker, in a deep-lying midfield role, or even as a right-back. A powerful, physical, and elegant player, who also possessed good technique, skill, passing ability, vision, and creativity, Schweinsteiger was known for his ability to control and dictate the flow of his team's play in midfield, build attacks, and create chances for his teammates with his distribution. Dubbed the \"Midfield Motor\", Schweinsteiger was also a superb reader of the game and scored spectacularly due to his good positioning. He was called \"the brain\" of the German national team by coach Joachim L\u00f6w, and was also described as a \"midfield mastermind\". Beyond his offensive and creative capabilities, he was also known for his defensive skills, work-rate, and tackling ability. For his performances, he was voted as the best German player of the year in 2013. Jonathan Wilson, when writing"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " for \"The Guardian\" during the same year, labelled Schweinsteiger as a type holding midfielder that he described as a \"carrier\" or \"surger,\" namely \"a player capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet.\" During his time with Chicago, Schweinsteiger was also occasionally deployed as a central defender or sweeper in a three-man back-line, in addition to his usual role in midfield, courtesy of his vision and defensive skills; in this deeper role, he was not only given defensive responsibilities, such as marking opposing players, but was also given offensive duties, and was tasked with playing the ball out from the back, retaining possession, advancing into midfield, and controlling the play. Because of Schweinsteiger's wide range of skills, his former Chicago Fire manager, Veljko Paunovi\u0107, described him upon his retirement in 2019 as \"unique and special,\" also commenting: \"He's a complete player, a total player. In Germany, where they know him even better than us, they call him a 'Fussballgott' [a \"football god,\" in German] because he represents everything.\"</s><s>Personal life. Schweinsteiger is a Roman Catholic. He is known to"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": " fans as \"Schweini\" or \"Basti\", the latter to distinguish him from his elder brother, Tobias, a professional footballer who also played for Bayern Munich, albeit in the reserve team. Schweinsteiger was in a relationship with model Sarah Brandner from 2007 until July 2014. They lived in Munich together. In September 2014, he began a relationship with Serbian tennis player Ana Ivanovic. The couple married on 12 July 2016 in Venice, Italy. They have two sons, born in 2018 and 2019. In February 2023, the couple announced that they were expecting their third child together. Schweinsteiger was a talented ski racer and is childhood friends with Felix Neureuther.</s><s>Honours. Bayern Munich Juniors - Under 17 Bundesliga: 2001 - Under 19 Bundesliga: 2002 Bayern Munich II - Regionalliga S\u00fcd: 2003\u201304 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga: 2002\u201303, 2004\u201305, 2005\u201306, 2007\u201308, 2009\u201310, 2012\u201313, 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315 - DFB-Pokal: 2002\u201303, 2004\u201305, 2005\u201306, 2007\u201308, 2009\u201310, 2012\u201313, 2013\u201314 - DFL-Ligapokal"}, {"title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": ": 2007 - DFL-Supercup: 2010 - UEFA Champions League: 2012\u201313 Manchester United - FA Cup: 2015\u201316 Germany - FIFA World Cup: 2014; third place: 2006, 2010 - UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008 - FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005 Individual - Silbernes Lorbeerblatt: 2006, 2010, 2014 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2010 - FIFA World Cup Most assists: 2010 (3, shared with Thomas M\u00fcller, Mesut \u00d6zil, Kak\u00e1, and Dirk Kuyt) - Germany national team Player of the Year: 2010 - ESM Team of the Year: 2012\u201313 - Footballer of the Year in Germany: 2013 - UEFA Best Player in Europe Award: 2013 (7th place) - FIFA FIFPro World XI 3rd team: 2013 - FIFA FIFPro World XI 4th team: 2014 - Bambi Award: 2016 - MLS All-Star: 2017, 2019 - FC Bayern Munich Hall of Fame: 2018 Orders - Bavarian Order of Merit: 2018</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000350", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Amr Diab.", "docs": [{"title": "Amr Diab", "text": "<s>Amr Diab Amr Diab (, ; born on 11 October 1961) is an Egyptian singer, composer and actor. He has established himself as a globally acclaimed recording artist and author. He is a Guinness World Record holder, the best selling Middle Eastern artist, a seven-times winner of World Music Awards and five-times winner of Platinum Records.</s><s>Early life. Diab was born as Amr Abdel Basset Abdel Azeez Diab (Arabic: \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0628) on 11 October 1961 in Port Said to a middle-class Muslim family from the Egyptian countryside of Menia Elamh, in Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. Diab graduated with a bachelor's degree in music from the Cairo Academy of Arts in 1986.</s><s>Music career. Diab released his first album entitled'in 1983. Diab's second album,'(1984), was the first of a series of records he released with Delta Sound; including'(1986),'(1987), and'(1988), with the title track becoming one of the top 10 songs in the world at the time. His later"}, {"title": "Amr Diab", "text": " releases include'(1989),'(1990),'(1991),'(1992),'(1993),'(1994), and'(1995). By 1992, he became the first Egyptian and Middle Eastern artist to start making high-tech music videos. In 1996, Diab released his first album with Alam El Phan entitled ', and he won the World Music Award for the first time, which proved an international success and gained Diab recognition beyond the Arabic-speaking world. Diab recorded four more albums with Alam El Phan, including'(1999). Diab also collaborated with Khaled (on the song \"\") and with Angela Dimitriou (on the song \"Bahebak Aktar\"). According to research by Michael Frishkopf, he has created a style in the song \"\", termed as \"Mediterranean music\", a blend of Western and Egyptian rhythms. In the summer of 2004, Diab, having left Alam El Phan, released his first album with Rotana Records, \",\" which he followed up with the hugely successful'(2005), and'(2007). On 18 October 2009, Diab won four 2009 African Music Awards in the categories of best artist, album, vocalist and song for \"\"; Diab"}, {"title": "Amr Diab", "text": " had been nominated by the Big Apple Music Awards. In February 2011, Diab released his hit single'(\"Egypt spoke\"), followed by the release of his album'in September, produced by Rotana. In 2012, Diab hosted the first Google Hangout in the Middle East during his performance in Dubai. In October 2014, Diab released his album ', which topped his last album'and again became the best-selling album in Egypt on iTunes. In July 2015, Diab released a music video for his song \"\" from his album '. In March 2016, he released ', his first album since he left Rotana Music. The album was produced by the record label Nay For Media. His new album \" was released in July 2017 with Nay Records. His 2014 album \" peaked at No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" World Albums Charts, making him the first Egyptian and Middle Eastern performer to accomplish such a feat. In October 2018, he released a new album called '. In 2019, he released a mini-album, ', and in February 2020 he released his 35th album, \"\", which included 16 songs. In February 2022, Anghami announced an exclusive partnership that will see the Diab's entire Nay Label audio and video catalogue and future releases available"}, {"title": "Amr Diab", "text": " only on Anghami.</s><s>Musical style. Diab is known as the \"father of Mediterranean music\". David Cooper and Kevin Dawe refer to his music as \"the new breed of Mediterranean music\". According to author Michael Frishkopf, Diab has produced a new concept of Mediterranean music, especially with his international hit, \"\". Moreover, Diab is known as a composer, having composed more than 97 of his own songs.</s><s>Music videos. Diab is one of the first singers to popularize music videos in the whole MENA region and is the first Egyptian singer to appear in music videos.</s><s>Film career. Diab's fame in the music industry has led him to experiment with other forms of media, such as film. Diab played himself in his first film, ', which was released in 1989. It also starred Madiha Kamel. His second film was Hussein El-Imam's production \"Ice Cream in Gleam\" ('), in which Diab starred in 1992, was chosen as one of the best five Egyptian musical films by the University of California, Los Angeles (ULCA) School of Theater, Film and Television. The film was featured in the UCLA Film and Television Archive's new program \""}, {"title": "Amr Diab", "text": "Music on the Nile: Fifty Years of Egyptian Musical Films\" at James Bridges Theater at UCLA on 6, 8 and 10 April 1999. David Chute of the \"LA Weekly\" termed it \"observant\" and \"a big leap\". His third movie was released in 1993, and was named \"\" (\"Laughter and Fun\"). The film premiered in the Egyptian Film Festival in 1993. Diab played alongside international Egyptian movie star Omar Sharif (\"Lawrence of Arabia\", \"Doctor Zhivago\") and Yousra. Overall, Diab did not experience the same level of success in film that he had with his music career. Since 1993, Diab has focused on his singing career.</s><s>Film career.:Amr Diab in movies. Diab's songs have been used in several films, including: - \"\" in \"Divine Intervention\" (2002) - \"\" in \"The Dancer Upstairs\" (2002) - \"\" and \"\" in \"O Clone\" (2001) - \"\" in \"Double Whammy\" (2001) - \"\" and \"\" in \"Coco\" (2009) - \"\" in \"The Dictator\" (2012)</s><s>Egyptian Revolution. During the 2011 uprising, some protesters criticized Diab for staying silent, and"}, {"title": "Amr Diab", "text": " for fleeing Egypt for London. A few days after former President Hosni Mubarak stepped down, Diab composed and sang a memorial song, \"\" (Egypt Said), and released it in conjunction with a music video showing pictures of the martyrs who died in the uprising. He initiated a charity campaign \"\" (\"Truly Egyptian\"). His online radio station Diab FM often presents talks and discussions about what the Diab FM team can offer to the community as well as applying it practically by being present in different sites across Egypt with a new humanitarian project each week.</s><s>Personal life. Diab has an elder daughter from his first marriage to Egyptian actress Shereen Reda. In 1994, he was married to Saudi businesswoman Zeina Ashour. They have three children. In 2018, he went on to marry Egyptian actress, Dina El Sherbiny, after his relationship with Ashour ended. It is unknown whether they were separated or divorced. However, Diab and El Sherbiny separated in late 2020.</s><s>Awards. He has been awarded the World Music Award for Best Selling Middle Eastern Artist four times: 1996 for album ', 2001 for album \"Akter Wahed\", 2007 for album \"El Lillady\" and 2013 for'album. He has also"}, {"title": "Amr Diab", "text": " won (Best Egyptian Artist, Best Male Arab Artist and World's Best Arab Male Artist Voted Online) at the World Music Awards 2014. Amr Diab is the only Middle Eastern artist to have received 7 World Music Awards. Five of his albums reached the top 10 of \"Billboard\"'s World Albums chart, with reaching No. 1 in 2014, the first for an Arabic performer. Alongside that accomplishment, two of his albums (2014's and 2016's ) both peaked at 29 and 14 respectively on Billboard's Heatseekers charts. On 28 September 2016, Diab announced that he achieved a Guinness World Records title for \"Most World Music Awards for Best Selling Middle Eastern Artist\".</s><s>Awards.:List of awards received by Amr Diab. - Seven World Music Awards (1997/2001/2007/2014/2020) - Six African Music Awards (2009/2010) - Two All Africa Music Awards (2016/2017) - Guinness World Record (2016)</s><s>Program \"Al-helm\". A program produced by Amr Afifi, consisting of 12 parts aired on Rotana Music, Rotana Cinema and Egyptian Channel 1 station. The program detailed the biography of Diab and was scheduled to be launched simultaneously with the release of Amr Di"}, {"title": "Amr Diab", "text": "ab's new album, but the album's release was postponed to a later date.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Amr Diab", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000351", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Danny Almonte.", "docs": [{"title": "Danny Almonte", "text": "<s>Danny Almonte Danny Almonte Rojas (born April 7, 1987) is a Dominican-American former baseball player who is currently an assistant baseball coach at Cardinal Hayes High School in New York City. Born in Moca in the Dominican Republic, Almonte was a Little League pitcher who threw up to. Considered a phenomenon as he led his Bronx team to a third-place finish in the 2001 Little League World Series, Almonte was revealed to have actually been two years too old to play Little League baseball. Although there were many allegations during the 2001 Series, the truth was not revealed until weeks later.</s><s>Little League phenomenon. In 2000, Danny Almonte moved to The Bronx, New York City, where he began playing Little League baseball. His father, Felipe, who had moved to the U.S. six years earlier, had begun a youth baseball league in Moca that still bears his name. With his high leg kick and a fastball that reached a top speed of 76 miles per hour (the equivalent, for that distance, of a 102\u00a0mph major-league fastball), the 5-foot-8 Danny soon became a sensation. His imposing frame won him the nickname \"Little Unit,\" a nod to Randy \"Big"}, {"title": "Danny Almonte", "text": " Unit\" Johnson. He threw a no-hitter in the 2001 Mid-Atlantic Regional finals against State College, Pennsylvania, sending his team to the Little League World Series in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. In a round-robin game four days later, Almonte threw the first perfect game in the Little League World Series since 1979, against the team from Apopka, Florida. However, his team was defeated by the same Florida team in the U.S. championship game (Almonte could not pitch in the championship game under Little League rules, as he had pitched a complete game the day before). He finished the 2001 tournament with 62 strikeouts (out of 72 batters faced), giving up only three hits in three starts, and only one unearned run. Almonte's team, nicknamed \"the Baby Bombers\" because they played in the shadow of Yankee Stadium, was the feel-good story of the Little League World Series, and were honored before a New York Yankees game shortly after the Series. They also received the key to the city from Mayor Rudy Giuliani.</s><s>Concerns about age. Almonte's imposing appearance and command on the mound, as well as the velocity of his fastball, led to rumors that he was older than"}, {"title": "Danny Almonte", "text": " 12 years old, the age limit for Little League Baseball. A team from Staten Island hired a private investigator to look into the ages of the entire team. A similar investigation was conducted by a team from Pequannock Township, New Jersey. Neither turned up any evidence that the players were too old. Rolando Paulino, the league president, adamantly insisted that Almonte had in fact been born on April 7, 1989. Paulino was initially backed by Little League and Dominican officials, who said the Baby Bombers had followed all proper procedures regarding age verification. Officials at Little League headquarters even took the unusual step of checking each of the player documents due to the rumors surrounding the team. Little League officials had increased scrutiny of player eligibility after the 1992 Series, in which the champions from Zamboanga City in the Philippines were stripped of their title due to a large number of out-of-district and overage players. Reporters from \"Sports Illustrated\" went to the civil records building in Moca two weeks after the end of the 2001 Series. They discovered a notation in the birth ledger showing that in 1994, Felipe Almonte had registered his son's birth date as April 7, 1987 at Dr. Toribio Bencosme Hospital\u2014which"}, {"title": "Danny Almonte", "text": " would have made him 14 years old at the time of the 2001 Series. It was common for Dominican parents to wait years before registering the birth of a child. Their report, posted on the magazine's website just before being published, triggered a full investigation by Little League, even as Almonte and his teammates were being feted in the Bronx. Almonte's mother, Sonia Rojas Breton, owned a handwritten birth certificate saying that he had been born at home in Jamao with the help of a midwife in 1989. She had registered Danny's 1989 birth date in 2000. Both of Almonte's parents, though separated, insisted their son was born in 1989, condemning the other documents as false. Felipe Almonte appeared on \"Good Morning America\" at the time of the investigation, proclaiming his son's innocence.</s><s>Almonte's real age. As part of Dominican officials' investigation, Victor Romero, head of the national public records office, interviewed the witnesses whose signatures appeared on the 1989 birth certificate. They both denied knowing Danny's parents, let alone signing the certificate. On August 31, Romero announced that Danny had in fact been born in 1987. As a result, Danny Almonte was retroactively declared ineligible, and the"}, {"title": "Danny Almonte", "text": " Baby Bombers had to forfeit all their wins in tournament play. All of their records were removed from the books, and the team was required to demonstrate compliance with all regulations before entering the 2002 tournament. Felipe was banned from Little League competition for life. Paulino was also banned, since Little League rules make the league president responsible for player eligibility. Dominican prosecutors filed criminal charges against Felipe for falsifying a birth certificate. Danny, who did not speak English at the time, apparently knew nothing about the falsified documents and was cleared of wrongdoing. Little League president Stephen Keener said that Danny and his teammates had been \"used... in a most contemptible and despicable way\" and that \"millions of Little Leaguers around the world were deceived.\" ESPN's Jim Caple called Felipe \"the worst stereotype of the Little League parent sprung to life.\" Danny's godmother later begged forgiveness, saying that \"we had to commit this little fraud\" to give Danny a chance to compete in a tournament as significant as the Little League World Series. About the same time, New York City child welfare officials discovered that Danny had not been enrolled in school for the 2000\u201301 year\u2014which would be a violation of state law, and grounds for placing him in foster care."}, {"title": "Danny Almonte", "text": " Danny's registration listed him as attending Public School 70 in the Bronx. However, Dominican school officials said they had records that Danny had actually attended school in the Dominican Republic until June 15. This would have made him ineligible for the Little League World Series even if he had actually been 12 years old. Little League rules require a player to have appeared in at least half of his team's games by June 15 in order to be eligible for the all-star team that competes in the tournament. Danny then enrolled at Public School 52 in the Bronx in September.</s><s>Aftermath. After his father's visa expired, Danny Almonte remained in New York under the guardianship of Rolando Paulino. He played, along with four of his former teammates, in the 2004 Public Schools Athletic League championship. In early 2005, Almonte moved to the Miami area, where he did not play baseball due to residency requirements. The following year he returned to New York, where he pitched for James Monroe High School in the Bronx. In May 2006, Almonte announced he was married to 30-year-old Rosy Perdomo. The wedding took place in 2005, when Almonte was 18. While in the National Amateur Baseball Federation (NABF) wood-"}, {"title": "Danny Almonte", "text": "bat summer league, he played for Youth Service. There had been some reports that Almonte would be selected in the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft, though this did not happen. He attended a Major League tryout in October 2006. After the draft he said he would play baseball for New Mexico Junior College in Hobbs, New Mexico. The team made it to the National Junior College championship game in 2007. Later that year, Almonte joined the Southern Illinois Miners of the Frontier League, an independent minor-league circuit\u2014and thus forfeited his NCAA collegiate eligibility. He pitched his first game on May 27, 2007, against the Evansville Otters. The Miners lost, 3\u20132. He was released on June 30, 2007. Almonte's record was 0\u20131, with a 5.29 ERA in six appearances. By at least one account, his poor performance was due to his being out of shape at the time. In fall 2007, Almonte enrolled as a freshman in Western Oklahoma State College, a community college in Altus, Oklahoma, where he pitched and played right field for the Pioneers. Almonte and the Pioneers were ranked fourth in the National Junior College Athletic Association Division 2 poll and advanced to the NJ"}, {"title": "Danny Almonte", "text": "CAA D-2 World Series. Almonte finished as one of the top hitters in JUCO baseball, hitting.497 with fourteen home runs and going 7\u20131 with one save as a pitcher. In his second year at the school, Almonte hit.472, with eighteen home runs, and had a pitching record of 9\u20130. Despite those statistics, however, he was not selected by any Major League Baseball organization in the Rule 4 draft. Forced to give up pitching due to a sore arm, Almonte played semi-pro baseball in the summer of 2009 as an outfielder. As of 2010, Almonte had returned to the Bronx, where he was serving as a volunteer assistant coach for his high school alma mater's baseball team. At that time, he was reportedly no longer with his wife, though he would not discuss details of the relationship. Almonte indicated an intent to return to semi-pro baseball that summer, after the end of the school year, but said that he no longer held expectations of some day playing in the Major Leagues.</s><s>In popular culture. The episode \"Foul Play\" of the legal drama series \"Law & Order\" was inspired by Almonte's story.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Danny Almonte", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000352", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lunay (singer).", "docs": [{"title": "Lunay (singer)", "text": "<s>Lunay (singer) Jefnier Osorio Moreno (born October 4, 2000), known professionally as Lunay, is a Puerto Rican singer and rapper. He rose to fame in the Latin and reggaeton scene with the songs \"A Solas\", \"Luz Apaga\", \"Soltera\", and \"Soltera (Remix)\". On October 25, 2019, he released his debut album \"\u00c9pico\".</s><s>Early life. As a child, his true passion was the drums and soccer. Thanks to the sport of soccer Osorio found his vocation in music. At an early age he knew he wanted to be part of the urban genre, motivated by what other singers of the genre in Latin America were achieving. At age 12, he began recording freestyle raps, which he uploaded to Facebook. He used to improvise in front of his soccer teammates, with several of his clips going viral. His freestyle raps caught the attention of producers like Chris Jeday and Gaby Music.</s><s>Career. In 2017, he started uploading small musical projects to SoundCloud under the name of \"Jefnier\", entering more seriously in the music industry. In 2017, he launched \"Aparentas\","}, {"title": "Lunay (singer)", "text": " reaching thousands of reproductions on this platform, attracting the attention of two of the most recognized producers in Puerto Rico: Chris Jeday and Gaby Music. Both producers contacted the young Puerto Rican offering him a record deal and after signing, in May 2018, he changed his stage name to Lunay. That same month he released the song \"Si Te Vas Conmigo\", and a month later \"Dejame Saber\". The same year they came out with \"A Solas\" featuring Lyanno and \"Como La Primera Vez\" with Amarion. One of his first collaborations was \"Luz Apaga\" with Ozuna, Rauw Alejandro and Lyanno, reaching millions of views on YouTube. At the end of 2018, the remix of \"A Solas\" was released with Anuel AA, Brytiago and Alex Rose, positioning for several days on the YouTube Trending page. In March 2019, he released his single \"Soltera\", which achieved more than five million views in five days on YouTube. \"Soltera\" was also remixed in a version with Puerto Rican rappers Daddy Yankee and Bad Bunny. On August 5, 2020, he also collaborated with fellow American rapper Lil Mosey on the single \"Top Gone"}, {"title": "Lunay (singer)", "text": "\". The single appeared on the deluxe edition of the latter's second studio album \"Certified Hitmaker\".</s><s>Musical style. On his musical style, Lunay has commented that his songs do not encourage violence or denigrate women. In an interview he gave to the top 40, he said: \"Not necessarily, even if I am in this world of urban music, [do] I have to be fostering violence, which is against God's purpose. I just do what I like and I know the relationship I have with Him.\" He won the award for artist \"on the rise\" at the 2019 Premios Juventud.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lunay (singer)", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000353", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Andry Rajoelina.", "docs": [{"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": "<s>Andry Rajoelina Andry Nirina Rajoelina (Malagasy: ; born 30 May 1974) is a Malagasy politician and businessman who has been the President of Madagascar since 2019. He was previously president of a provisional government from 2009 to 2014 following a political crisis and military-backed coup, having held the office of Mayor of Antananarivo for one year prior. Before entering the political arena, Rajoelina was involved in the private sector, including a printing and advertising company called Injet in 1999 and the \"Viva\" radio and television networks in 2007. He formed political party Young Malagasies Determined and was elected Mayor of Antananarivo in 2007. While in this position, he led an opposition movement against then-President Marc Ravalomanana that culminated in a 2009 political crisis. Rajoelina was appointed as President of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar (HTA) by a military council, in a move characterised as a coup d'\u00e9tat by the international community. Rajoelina dissolved the Senate and National Assembly, and transferred their powers to a variety of new governance structures responsible for overseeing the transition toward a new constitutional authority. This conflicted with an internationally mediated process to"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": " establish a transitional government. Voters approved a new constitution in a controversial national referendum in November 2010, ushering in the Fourth Republic. He held the Presidency of the HTA until general elections were held in 2013, and stepped down in 2014. He won the 2018 presidential election and was inaugurated President of Madagascar on 19 January 2019. His tenure has included directing the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar, during which he promoted misinformation and unproven treatments for the disease, as well as a 2021 food insecurity crisis and Cyclone Batsirai.</s><s>Family and early years. Andry Rajoelina was born on 30 May 1974 to a relatively wealthy family in Antsirabe. His father, now-retired Colonel Roger Yves Rajoelina, held dual nationality and fought for the French army in the Algerian War. Although his family could afford a college education for their son, Andry Rajoelina opted to discontinue his studies after completing his baccalaur\u00e9at to launch a career as an entrepreneur. In 1994, Rajoelina met his future spouse Mialy Razakandisa, who was then completing her senior year at a high school in Antananarivo. The couple cour"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": "ted long-distance for six years while Mialy completed her undergraduate and masters studies in finance and accounting in Paris; they were reunited in Madagascar in 2000 and wed the same year. Their marriage produced two boys, Arena (born 2002) and Ilonstoa (born 2003), and a daughter born in 2005 whom the couple named Ilona.</s><s>Media entrepreneur. In 1993, at the age of 19, Rajoelina established his first enterprise: a small event production company called \"Show Business.\" In the following year, he organized an annual concert called \"Live\" that brought together foreign and Malagasy musical artists. The event gathered 50,000 participants on its tenth anniversary. In 1999, he launched Injet, the first digital printing technology company available on the island, which gained quick traction with its expansion of billboard advertising throughout the capital. Following his marriage in 2000, Andry and Mialy Rajoelina acquired Domapub, a competing Antananarivo-based billboard advertising business owned by Andry's in-laws. The couple worked together to manage the family businesses, with Andry responsible for Injet and his wife handling the affairs of Domapub. In May 2007, Andry Rajoelina purchased the \"R"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": "avinala\" television and radio stations, and renamed them \"Viva TV\" and \"Viva FM\".</s><s>Mayor of Antananarivo (2007\u20132009).</s><s>Mayor of Antananarivo (2007\u20132009).:Elections. In 2007, Rajoelina created and led the political association \"Tanora malaGasy Vonona\" (TGV), meaning \"determined Malagasy youth\", and shortly afterward announced his candidacy to run for Mayor of Antananarivo. His very young age became a lever to gain a quick popularity throughout the nation (\"\" of politics). Rajoelina was elected on 12 December 2007 with 63.3% of the vote on a 55% voter turnout, beating TIM party incumbent Hery Rafalimanana.</s><s>Mayor of Antananarivo (2007\u20132009).:Opposition movement against Ravalomanana. The first conflicts between Andry Rajoelina and president Marc Ravalomanana date back to 2003, when the government required the removal of Antananarivo's first Trivision advertising panels, which Rajoelina had installed at a major roundabout in the capital. In November and December 2008, the government became embroiled in two scandals. A July"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": " 2008 deal with Daewoo Logistics to lease half the island's arable land for South Korean cultivation of corn and palm oil, and the November 2008 purchase of a second presidential jet, a Boeing 737, at a cost of US$60 million, which led the World Bank and the IMF to suspend $35 million worth of financial support to the Island. Rajoelina used this to garner support against Ravalomanana's government. Upon taking office, the city's treasury had a debt of 8.2 billion Malagasy Ariary (approximately US$4.6 million). On 4 January 2008, due to unpaid debts to the Jirama, the city of Antananarivo was hit by a general water cutoff, and brownouts of the city's street lights. After an audit, it was found that the Jirama owed about the same amount of money to the City Hall, and the sanction on the city's population was retrieved. On 13 December 2008, the government closed Andry Rajoelina's Viva TV, stating that a Viva interview with exiled former head of state Didier Ratsiraka was \"likely to disturb peace and security\". Within a week Rajoelina met with twenty of Madagascar's most prominent opposition leaders"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": ", referred to in the press as the \"Club of 20\", to develop a joint statement demanding that the Ravalomanana administration improve its adherence to democratic principles. Rajoelina also promised to dedicate a politically open public space in the capital which he would call \"Place de la D\u00e9mocratie\" (\"Democracy Plaza\"). Beginning in January 2009, Andry Rajoelina led a series of political rallies in downtown Antananarivo. On 13 January, he launched an ultimatum to the government to restore \"Viva TV\". A week later, the transmission failure message of \"Viva TV\" was changed to a still picture of Andry Rajoelina, which led the authorities to seize the channel's transmitter by force. On 17 January, Andry Rajoelina gathered 30,000 supporters at a public park which he renamed \"Place de la D\u00e9mocratie\" to defy the public executive power of Ravalomanana. At a rally on 31 January 2009, Rajoelina announced that he was in charge of the country's affairs, declaring: \"Since the president and the government have not assumed their responsibilities, I therefore proclaim that I will run all national affairs as of today.\" He added that a request for"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": " President Ravalomanana to formally resign would shortly be filed with the Parliament of Madagascar. This self-declaration of power discredited Rajoelina's democratic aims, and the number of attendees at subsequent rallies declined, averaging around 3,000 to 5,000 participants.</s><s>Mayor of Antananarivo (2007\u20132009).:Destitution. On 3 February, the Ministry of Domestic Affairs dismissed Rajoelina as mayor of Antananarivo and appointed a special delegation headed by Guy Randrianarisoa to manage the affairs of the capital. Andry Rajoelina contested the decision.</s><s>President of the High Transitional Authority (2009\u20132014).</s><s>President of the High Transitional Authority (2009\u20132014).:Resignation of Ravalomanana. On 7 February, Andry Rajoelina organized a new rally during which the leaders of the orange movement declared the constitution of a High Transitional Authority and Andry Rajoelina as its president. The crowd then marched towards the Presidential palace to state its claim to power. The presidential guards opened fire, killing 31 protesters, and wounding more than 200. This massacre dramatically diminished the Presidency's popularity in the crisis, and led to losing its support from the Army which"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": " blamed the President for ordering the shooting. On 6 March, after the Malagasy authorities attempted to arrest him, Andry Rajoelina took refuge in the French embassy. On 10 March, the Army released a 72-hour ultimatum, urging the political leaders to find a solution to the crisis. On 15 March, Ravalomanana went on air to declare a referendum to solve the crisis, an offer refused by Rajoelina who instead called for the President's arrest. The following day, Ravalomanana dissolved the government, resigned, and transferred the Presidential seal to a senior committee of the Army. On 18 March, the Army transferred power directly to Rajoelina, making him president of the High Transitional Authority (HAT). Madagascar's constitutional court deemed the double-transfer of power (Ravalomanana-Army-Rajoelina) to be legal. Rajoelina was sworn in as President on 21 March at Mahamasina stadium before a crowd of 40,000 supporters. He was 35 years of age when sworn in, making him the youngest president in the country's history and the youngest head of government in the world at that time.</s><s>President of the High Transitional Authority (2009\u20132014)."}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": ":Resolution of the political conflict. On 19 March 2009, SADC announced it did not recognize the new government. The African Union described the events as a coup d'\u00e9tat and suspended Madagascar and threatened sanctions if the constitutional government had not been restored within six months. The United States, Madagascar's largest bilateral donor and provider of humanitarian aid, also refused to acknowledge the Rajoelina administration, and ordered all nonessential embassy employees to leave the Island. In August 2009, the historic Presidents of Madagascar (Rajoelina, Ravalomanana, Ratsiraka & Zafy) signed the Maputo Accords, which provided guidelines for a period of consensual political transition. In 11 October 2009, Andry Rajoelina appointed Eugene Malganza as Prime Minister. Further guidelines were defined during the Addis Ababa reunion to split the presidential power with 2 co-presidents. The Malagasy former presidents were authorized to return to the Island, and Rajoelina named a new Prime Minister. In November 2010, a constitutional referendum resulted in the adoption of the state's fourth constitution with 73% in favor and a voter turnout of 52.6%. One change made by the new constitution was to lower the minimum age for presidential candidates from"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": " 40 to 35, making Rajoelina eligible to eventually stand in presidential elections. The new constitution mandated the leader of the High Transitional Authority \u2013 the position held by Rajoelina \u2013 be kept as interim president until an election could take place, and required presidential candidates to have lived in Madagascar for at least six months prior to the elections, effectively barring Ravalomanana and other opposition leaders living in exile from running in the next election. In June 2010, the EU announced the extension of its $600-million financial aid to Madagascar. In November 2011, his talk at the UN 66th Session of the United Nations General Assembly marked the first major form of international recognition of the Transition government. On 13 May 2011, Andry Rajoelina met with Alain Jupp\u00e9, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, and on 7 December 2011 he was officially received by the French President Nicolas Sarkozy. In May 2013, when Ravalomanana's wife announced her candidacy for the 2013 elections, Rajoelina saw it as a breach of contract and reintroduced his own candidacy for the elections. This situation led to the elections to be postponed many times. A special electoral court ruled in August 2013 that the candidatures of Rajoelina, Raval"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": "omanana and Ratsiraka were invalid and not be permitted to run in the 2013 election. Andry Rajoelina then announced his endorsement of presidential candidate Hery Rajaonarimampianina, who won the presidential election race. Andry Rajoelina officially stepped down on 25 January 2014. Rajaonarimampianina set up the MAPAR committee to organize the selection of his cabinet, a process that extended over several months. During this time, Rajoelina sought to be nominated for the position of Prime Minister of Madagascar but Rajaonarimampianina picked Roger Kolo, with the support of the majority in the parliament. On 18 April, a cabinet was announced that comprised 31 members with varied political affiliations.</s><s>President of the High Transitional Authority (2009\u20132014).:Policies and governance. Upon taking office, Rajoelina dissolved the Senate and Parliament to transfer their powers to his cabinet, the officials of the HAT, and the newly established Council for social and economic strengthening, through which his policies were issued as decrees. Legislative authority rested in practice with Rajoelina and his cabinet, composed of his closest advisers. A military committee established in April increased HAT control"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": " over security and defense policy. The following month, after the suspension of the country's 22 regional governors, the Transitional government strengthened its influence over local government by naming replacements. The National Inquiry Commission (CNME) was established shortly thereafter to strengthen HAT effectiveness in addressing judicial and legal matters. One of Andry Rajoelina's first measures as President was to cancel Ravalomanana's unpopular deal with Daewoo Logistics. On 2 June 2009, Ravalomanana was fined 70 million US dollars (42 million British pounds) and sentenced to four years in prison for alleged abuse of office which, according to HAT Justice Minister Christine Razanamahasoa, included the December 2008 purchase of a second presidential jet (\"Air Force II\") worth $60 million. Rajoelina also pursued legal action against Ravalomanana's company Tiko to reclaim 35 million US dollars in back taxes. Additionally, on 28 August 2010, the HAT sentenced Ravalomanana \"in absentia\" to hard labor for life and issued an arrest warrant for his role in the protests and ensuing deaths. He also rejected Ravalomanana's medium term development strategy, termed the Madagascar Action Plan, and abandoned education reforms initiated by his predecessor that adopted Malag"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": "asy and English as languages of instruction, instead returning to the traditional use of French. Later in 2012, he sold the controversial Boeing 747 bought by his predecessor with public funds. Sanctions and suspension of donor aid amounted to 50% of the national budget and 70% of public investments, which obstructed the government's management of state affairs. Rajoelina occasionally organized events to distribute basic items to the population, including medicines, clothing, house maintenance materials and school supplies. His administration spent billions of ariary to subsidize basic needs like electricity, petrol, and food staples. In 2010, two years after Rajoelina launched the project as mayor of Antananarivo, the HAT completed the reconstruction of the \"Hotel de Ville\" (town hall) of Antananarivo which had been destroyed by arson during the \"rotaka\" political protests of 1972. During this ceremony, Andry Rajoelina announced that 11 December was a new holiday in the Malagasy calendar, and the fourth Constitution of the country was enacted. Through the \"trano mora\" (\"affordable house\") initiative, the HAT built several subsidized housing developments intended for young middle class couples. Numerous other construction projects were planned or completed, including the restoration"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": " of historic staircases in Antananarivo built in the 19th century during the reign of Queen Ranavalona I; the repaving of the heavily traveled road between Toamasina and Foulpointe; the construction of a 15,000-capacity municipal stadium and new town hall in Toamasina; and the construction of a hospital built to international standards in Toamasina.</s><s>2018 presidential campaign. In early August 2018, Andry Rajoelina was the first to register his candidacy for the 2018 presidential elections. He had previously introduced the Initiative for the Emergence of Madagascar (IEM) that define the lines of his campaign program. One campaign promise is to close the Senate to save money and build universities instead. He also aims to increase access to electricity, to work towards agricultural self-sufficiency, and to increase security. The campaign started in October 2018, with Andry Rajoelina facing his historical opponents Ravalomanana and Rajaonarimampianina, the favorites in a campaign of 46 candidates. In the first round of the elections on 7 November, he took the lead with 39.19% (1,949,851) of the votes (Ravalomana 35.29% or 1,"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": "755,855 votes). A televised debate between the two final candidates was aired live on 10 December. Rajoelina won the election with 55.66 % of the votes and was inaugurated on 19 January 2019.</s><s>President of Madagascar (2019\u2013present).</s><s>President of Madagascar (2019\u2013present).:COVID-19 pandemic. In April and May 2020, President Rajoelina gained media attention when he launched an untested COVID-19 \"cure\" dubbed \"Covid-Organics\". The herbal tea was developed by the Madagascar Institute of Applied Research (MIAR) using artemisia and other locally-sourced herbs. The military distributed batches of \"Covid-Organics\" to the public. Drinking the herbal tea was made obligatory in school. Several African countries including Tanzania, Liberia, Equatorial Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau have purchased the herbal tea. Matshidiso Moeti of the Africa regional office of the World Health Organization (WHO) said there was no available proof for the effectiveness of this cure. It had not undergone proper clinical trials and no peer-reviewed data existed. The National Academy of Medicine of Madagascar (ANAMEM) was also skeptical. A WHO advert on Google"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": " said: \"Africans deserve to use medicines tested to the same standards as people in the rest of the world\". The African Union has sought to test the technical efficiency of the herbal tea. On 4 April, Arphine Helisoa (the pseudonym of Arphine Rahelisoa), a publishing director and journalist at the \"Ny Valosoa\" newspaper, was placed in custody awaiting trial charged with spreading fake news after she was accused of criticizing the president's handling of the pandemic and of \"incitement of hatred\" towards President Rajoelina. She was released after a month.</s><s>President of Madagascar (2019\u2013present).:Environment. Rajoelina has blamed climate change for the food insecurity in parts of his country and has called on powerful nations to fight it. During the COP26 meeting in Glasgow, Rajoelina, linked the risks of deforestation and biodiversity in Madagascar, and vowed to protect the forests of Madagascar, while also announcing the use of bioethanol and gas-based stoves in the country to fight the effects of climate change. Rajoelina also pledged more financial aid to protect the aforementioned biodiversity in Madagascar; which represents the world's 5%.</s><s>President of Madagascar (2019\u2013present)."}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": ":2021\u20132022 Madagascar famine. In June 2021, a severe drought caused hundreds of thousands of people, with some estimations claiming more than one million people, to suffer from food insecurity in the south of the country. Rajoelina jointly announced a plan to combat hunger along with US ambassador to the country Michael Pelletier. Among other measures, Rajoelina ordered the distribution of butane gas stoves to replace charcoal as an alternative for people in the poorest areas of the country. The measure reached a total of 15,000 households. Rajoelina has promised to empower women during the famine while stating that the current food crisis in Madagascar is a consequence of a climate crisis which Malagasy people are suffering and in which \"they did not participate\". Rajoelina asked for a \"radical and lasting change\" during an International Development Association summit in Ivory Coast.</s><s>President of Madagascar (2019\u2013present).:2021 assassination plot. On 22 July 2021, police announced they had arrested six people, including foreign nationals, after months of investigation into a plot to kill Rajoelina. The attorney general filed charges against them on different charges. The next day, the attorney general announced that at least one French citizen was among those arrested"}, {"title": "Andry Rajoelina", "text": ", and said that he was a former member of the French Armed Forces. France responded by saying that they were working with consular aid in Madagascar.</s><s>President of Madagascar (2019\u2013present).:Disasters. As president, he suffered two related disasters in December 2021; a large shipwreck and a helicopter crash in which his police minister Serge Gell\u00e9 was one of the people on board.</s><s>Awards. - 2000: Entrepreneur of the Year by the magazine \"\u00c9cho Australe\" which named then-mayor of Antananarivo Marc Ravalomanana their Entrepreneur of the Year in 1999, bestowed the same honor on Rajoelina in 2000. - 2003: Best young entrepreneur in Madagascar by French bank BNI Cr\u00e9dit Lyonnais</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Andry Rajoelina", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000354", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Joseph Kony.", "docs": [{"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": "<s>Joseph Kony Joseph Rao Kony (born c. 1961) is a Ugandan militant who founded the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a Christian fundamentalist organization, designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Peacekeepers, the European Union and various other governments. An Acholi, Kony was born into a middle-class family. Kony's father Luizi Obol and his mother Nora Oting were both farmers. Kony dropped out of school at a young age. In 1987, he formed the Lord's Resistance Army. Kony declared a military offensive in Uganda, aiming to overthrow Yoweri Museveni's Ugandan government and establish a theocratic state based on the dominion theology. After Kony's terror activities, he was banished from Uganda, and shifted to South Sudan. Kony described himself as a freedom fighter, struggling for a Christian Uganda. Kony has long been one of Africa's most notorious warlords. He is currently one of the most wanted African militants as well. He has been accused by government entities of ordering the abduction of children to become child soldiers and sex slaves. Approximately 66,000\u00a0children became soldiers, and 2\u00a0million people were displaced internally from 1986 to 2009 by his forces. Kony was indicted"}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": " in 2005 for war crimes and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague, but he has evaded capture. He has been subject to an Interpol Red Notice at the request of the ICC since 2006. Since the Juba peace talks in 2006, the Lord's Resistance Army no longer operates in Uganda. Sources claim that they are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAR), or South Sudan. In 2013, Kony was reported to be in poor health, and Michel Djotodia, president of the CAR, claimed he was negotiating with Kony to surrender., Kony was still at large, but his force was reported to have shrunk to approximately 100\u00a0soldiers, down from an estimated high of 3,000. Both the United States and Uganda ended the hunt for Kony and the LRA, believing that the LRA was no longer a significant security risk to Uganda.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life. Kony was likely born in 1961, in Odek, a village east of Gulu in northern Uganda, to farmers Luizi Obol and Nora Oting. He is a member of the Acholi people. He was either the"}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": " youngest or second youngest of six children in the family. Kony enjoyed a good relationship with his siblings, but was quick to retaliate in a dispute and when confronted would often resort to physical violence. His father was a lay catechist of the Catholic Church, and his mother was an Anglican. His older sister, Gabriela Lakot, still lives in Odek. Kony never finished elementary school. He was an altar boy until 1976. He dropped out of school at age 15.</s><s>Biography.:Rebel leader. In 1995, Kony rose to prominence in Acholiland after the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Auma (also known as Lakwena and to whom Kony is believed to be related). The overthrow of Acholi President Tito Okello by Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army (NRA) during the Ugandan Bush War (1981\u20131986) had culminated in mass looting of livestock, rape, burning of homes, genocide, and murder by Museveni's army. The acts committed by the Museveni's NRA, now known as the Uganda People's Defence Force, led to the creation of the LRA by Joseph Kony. The insurgencies gave rise to concentration camps in northern Uganda"}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": " where over 2 million people were confined. The government burned people's properties using helicopter gunships, killing many. There were forced displacements in the northern region. International campaigns called for all camps to be dismantled, and for the people to return to their former villages. In 2006, in the Juba peace talks with the LRA rebels, Museveni's government gave permission for the local people to return to their villages. This marked the beginning of the rehabilitation of homes, roads, and so on.</s><s>Biography.:Lord's Resistance Army. Kony has been implicated in abduction and recruitment of child soldiers. The LRA have had battle confrontations with the government's NRA or UPDF within Uganda and in South Sudan for ten years. In 2008 the Ugandan army invaded the DRC in search for the LRA in Operation Lightning Thunder. In November 2013, Kony was reported to be in poor health in the eastern CAR town of Nzoka. Looking back at the LRA's campaign of violence, \"The Guardian\" stated in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 and the abduction of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves."}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": " The actual number of LRA militia members has varied significantly over the years, reaching as high as 3000 soldiers. By 2017, the organization's membership had shrunk significantly to an estimated 100 soldiers. In April 2017, both the US and Ugandan governments ended efforts to find Kony and fight the LRA, stating that the LRA no longer posed a significant security risk to Uganda. While initially purporting to fight against government oppression, the LRA allegedly turned against Kony's own supporters, supposedly to \"purify\" the Acholi people and turn Uganda into a theocracy. Kony proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a spirit medium and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits, including a Chinese phantom. Ideologically, the group is a syncretic mix of mysticism, Acholi nationalism, and heterodox Christian fundamentalism, and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on the Ten Commandments and local Acholi tradition.</s><s>Biography.:Indictment. In October 2006, the ICC announced that arrest warrants had been issued for five members of the Lord's Resistance Army for crimes against humanity following a sealed indictment. On the next day, Ugandan defense minister Amama Mbabazi revealed that the warrants include Kony,"}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": " his deputy Vincent Otti, and LRA commanders Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo, and Dominic Ongwen. The Ugandan army killed Lukwiya on 12 August 2006. The BBC received information that Otti had been killed on 2 October 2007, at Kony's home. In November 2006, Kony met Jan Egeland, the UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator. Journeyman Pictures released a 2006 interview with Kony in which he proclaims: \"I am a freedom fighter, not a terrorist.\" He told Reuters: \"We don't have any children. We only have combatants.\"</s><s>Religious beliefs. Kony's followers, as well as some detractors, believe he is possessed by spirits. Kony tells his child soldiers that a cross on their chest drawn in oil will protect them from bullets. He is a proponent of polygamy, and is thought to have had 60 wives, and to have fathered 42 children. Kony insists that he and the LRA are fighting for the Ten Commandments, and defended his actions in an interview, saying, \"Is it bad? It is not against human rights. And that commandment was not given by Joseph. It was not given by"}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": " LRA. No, those commandments were given by God.\" Ugandan political leader Betty Bigombe recalled that Kony and his followers used oil to ward off bullets and evil spirits. Kony believes himself to be a spirit medium. In 2008, responding to a request by Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni to engage in peace talks via telephone, he said, \"I will communicate with Museveni through the holy spirits and not through the telephone.\" During peace talks in 1994, Kony was preceded by men in robes sprinkling holy water. According to Francis Ongom, a former LRA officer who defected, Kony \"has found Bible justifications for killing witches, for killing [those who farm or eat] pigs because of the story of the Gadarene swine, and for killing [other] people because God did the same with Noah's flood and Sodom and Gomorrah.\"</s><s>Action against Kony.</s><s>Action against Kony.:Uganda. Before the insurgency, he escaped in 1989 to Uganda. He was later captured by the Ugandan government. He was released in 1992 after the government no longer viewed him as a threat. The Ugandan military has attempted to kill Kony throughout the insurgency. In"}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": " Uganda's attempt to track down Kony, former LRA combatants have been enlisted to search remote areas of the CAR, Sudan, and the DRC where he was last seen.</s><s>Action against Kony.:United States. After the September 11 attacks, the United States designated the LRA as a terrorist group. In August 2008, the US Department of State declared Joseph Kony a Specially Designated Global Terrorist pursuant to Executive Order 13224, a designation that carries financial and other penalties. In November 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush signed the directive to the United States Africa Command to provide financial and logistical assistance to the Ugandan government during the unsuccessful 2008\u20132009 Garamba offensive, code-named \"Operation Lightning Thunder\". No U.S. troops were directly involved. 17 U.S. advisers and analysts provided intelligence, equipment, and fuel to Ugandan military counterparts. The offensive pushed Kony from his jungle camp, but he was not captured. One hundred children were rescued. In May 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama signed into law the Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act, legislation aimed at stopping Kony and the LRA. The bill passed unanimously in the United States Senate on 11 March"}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": ". On 12 May 2010, a motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill was agreed to by voice vote (two-thirds being in the affirmative) in the House of Representatives. In November 2010, President Obama delivered a strategy document to Congress asking for more funding to disarm Kony and the LRA. In October 2011, President Obama authorized the deployment of approximately 100 combat-equipped U.S. troops to central Africa. Their goal is to help regional forces remove Kony and senior LRA leaders from the battlefield. In a letter to Congress, Obama stated: \"Although the U.S. forces are combat-equipped, they will only be providing information, advice, and assistance to partner nation forces, and they will not themselves engage LRA forces unless necessary for self-defense\". On 3 April 2013, the Obama administration offered rewards of up to US$5 million for information leading to the arrest, transfer, or conviction of Kony, Ongwen, and Odhiambo. On 24 March 2014, the U.S. announced they would deploy at least four CV-22 Ospreys and refuelling planes, and 150 Air Force special forces personnel to assist in the capture of Kony.</s><s>Action against Kony.:African Union. On"}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": " 23 March 2012, the African Union announced its intentions to \"send 5,000 soldiers to join the hunt for rebel leader Joseph Kony\" and to \"neutralize\" him while isolating the scattered LRA groups responsible for 2,600 civilian killings since 2008. This international task force was stated to include soldiers \"from Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic and Congo, countries where Kony's reign of terror has been felt over the years.\" Prior to this announcement, the hunt for Kony had primarily been carried out by troops from Uganda. The soldiers began their search in South Sudan on 24 March 2012, and the search \"will last until Kony is caught\".</s><s>Action against Kony.:\"Kony 2012\". Joseph Kony and the LRA received a surge of attention in early March 2012, when a 30-minute documentary titled \"Kony 2012\" by US filmmaker Jason Russell for the campaign group Invisible Children, Inc. was released. The intention of the production was to draw attention to Kony in an effort to increase US involvement in the issue and have Kony arrested by the end of 2012. A poll suggested that more than half of young adult Americans heard about \"Kony 2012\" in the days following the video's release. Several weeks after"}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": " the release of the video, a resolution condemning Kony and supporting US assistance fighting the LRA was introduced in the US Senate, passing several months later. \"Kony 2012\" has been criticized for simplifying the history of the LRA conflict, and for failing to note that Kony was already pushed out of Uganda six years before the film was made.</s><s>Action against Kony.:Surrender of Ongwen. Dominic Ongwen served as a key member of the LRA and constituted one of Kony's senior aides in the organization. Kidnapped as a child, he became a soldier in the LRA, then rose through the organization's hierarchy. Ongwen surrendered himself to representatives of the CAR in January 2015, which was a major blow to Kony's group. Ugandan army spokesman Paddy Ankunda stated that the event \"puts the LRA in the most vulnerable position\" and that it \"is only Kony left standing\". Of the five LRA commanders charged by the ICC in 2004, only Kony remained at large at that time. With only a few hundred fighters remaining loyal to him, it was mistakenly thought that he would be unable to evade capture for much longer. In February 2021, Ongwen was convicted by the International Criminal Court"}, {"title": "Joseph Kony", "text": " of 61 counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes.</s><s>Action against Kony.:LRA neutralization and U.S. stand-down. In April 2017, Ugandan and US military forces ended their hunt for Kony and his group, with a Ugandan spokesperson stating that \"the LRA no longer poses a threat to us as Uganda\". At that time, his force was estimated to have shrunk to around 100 soldiers.</s><s>Action against Kony.:Current Whereabouts. As of 2022, Kony is believed to be hiding in the Darfur region of Sudan where he continues to give orders to his fighters. He was previously provided with armed and logistical support from former president Omar al Bashir.</s><s>See also. - International Criminal Court investigations - Lord's Resistance Army insurgency - List of fugitives from justice who disappeared - Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</s><s>Bibliography. - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Joseph Kony", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000355", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Diego God\u00edn.", "docs": [{"title": "Diego God\u00edn", "text": "<s>Diego God\u00edn Diego Roberto God\u00edn Leal (born 16 February 1986) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n club V\u00e9lez Sarsfield and captains the Uruguay national team. Regarded as one of the best defenders of his generation, he started his professional career with Cerro and three years later was transferred to Primera Divisi\u00f3n side Nacional. He since spent most of his professional career in Spain, representing Villarreal and Atl\u00e9tico Madrid and winning eight titles with the latter club, including the La Liga title in the 2013\u201314 season. He also played in Italy with Inter Milan and Cagliari, and in Brazil with Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro. A Uruguay international since 2005, God\u00edn is the country's all-time most-capped player. He represented the national side at four World Cups and six Copa Am\u00e9rica tournaments, winning the 2011 edition of the latter competition.</s><s>Early life. God\u00edn was born in Rosario to Julio God\u00edn and Iris Leal. Aged 4, during a family gathering, he nearly drowned after trying to catch fish in a river, but eventually swam to shore without the help of anybody."}, {"title": "Diego God\u00edn", "text": "</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Uruguay and Villarreal. God\u00edn started his professional career with Cerro at the age of 17. After his good performances, he was transferred to Primera Divisi\u00f3n powerhouse Nacional, where he quickly became captain due to his maturity and professionalism. In August 2007, God\u00edn signed a five-year deal with La Liga side Villarreal, scoring in just his second game, a 3\u20132 away loss against Osasuna on 7 October, and participating in 24 matches in their best league placement ever (second). He consolidated his starting position in the subsequent seasons, mostly partnering Argentine Gonzalo Rodr\u00edguez in the heart of the back four.</s><s>Club career.:Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. On 4 August 2010, after experiencing his best season at Villarreal\u00a0\u2013 36 games, three goals\u00a0\u2013 God\u00edn joined Atl\u00e9tico Madrid on a five-year contract, after the two clubs agreed an initial fee believed to be around \u20ac8 million or \u00a36.6 million. He made his official debut for the \"Colchoneros\" on the 27th, playing the entire 2\u20130 win against Inter Milan in the UEFA Super Cup. God\u00edn signed a new contract"}, {"title": "Diego God\u00edn", "text": " with Atl\u00e9tico on 1 November 2013, keeping him at the club until 2018. He scored four league goals during the campaign, including one on the last matchday on 17 May 2014 against Barcelona which equalised the game at 1\u20131 to earn his team its first league title in 18 years. A week later, again through a header, he repeated the feat in the final of the UEFA Champions League to put his team ahead, but Real Madrid eventually won 4\u20131. In 2015, God\u00edn rejected a transfer to Manchester City, managed by his former Villarreal boss Manuel Pellegrini. On 28 October 2017 he became the foreign player with most appearances for the club, surpassing fellow stopper Luis Perea after his 315th against Villarreal; he was nominated for the 2016 and 2018 Ballon d'Or awards. On 20 February 2019, God\u00edn scored the second goal in 2\u20130 home victory over Juventus in the Champions League round of 16. On 7 May, the 33-year-old announced he would be departing the Metropolitano Stadium after a nine-year tenure and, on 1 June, he symbolically handed over the captain armband to Koke in the 1\u20131 draw against Sevilla.</s><s>Club"}, {"title": "Diego God\u00edn", "text": " career.:Inter Milan. On 1 July 2019, Inter Milan announced they had signed God\u00edn for free on a three-year deal. It was reported that he had already agreed to a pre-contract the previous January. He made his debut in Serie A on 1 September, coming on for Antonio Candreva for the final 11 minutes of a 2\u20131 win at Cagliari. In a season in which Inter finished one point behind champions Juventus, God\u00edn scored his first \"Nerazzurri\" goal on 13 July 2020 in a 3\u20131 home victory over Torino. On 21 August he equalised against Sevilla in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final in Cologne, a 3\u20132 loss for his side; only five other men had scored in the finals of European football's two top tournaments.</s><s>Club career.:Cagliari. On 24 September 2020, God\u00edn joined Cagliari on a three-year contract. He played his first match for them on 4 October, in a 5\u20132 away defeat to Atalanta where he also scored. God\u00edn left on 12 January 2022 by mutual agreement.</s><s>Club career.:Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro. On 12 January 2022, the 36-year-old God\u00edn"}, {"title": "Diego God\u00edn", "text": " agreed to a one-year deal with Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro. He scored on his debut on 6 February, a 3\u20130 win over Patrocinense in the Campeonato Mineiro. On 20 February, he started in the 2022 Supercopa do Brasil which Atl\u00e9tico won after beating Flamengo in a penalty shootout. In April 2022, God\u00edn said that one of the reasons for which he had returned to South American football was to play the Copa Libertadores, his return marking the first time he appeared in the tournament after a 15-year hiatus. On 20 June, after failing to break into the starting team and aiming to play at the upcoming World Cup for Uruguay, he announced his departure in mutual terms.</s><s>Club career.:V\u00e9lez Sarsfield. On 21 June 2022, God\u00edn joined V\u00e9lez Sarsfield on a one-and-a-half year contract.</s><s>International career. In 2005, at the age of 19, God\u00edn made his debut for Uruguay in a friendly defeat against Mexico in Guadalajara. His first international goal came in another exhibition game, with Serbia and Montenegro in May 2006. He represented the nation at the 2007 Copa Am\u00e9rica"}, {"title": "Diego God\u00edn", "text": ", playing in the opening 0\u20133 defeat to Peru before losing his place to Andr\u00e9s Scotti in Uruguay's run to fourth place. God\u00edn was selected for the squad at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. He started in the opening match against France (0\u20130) in Cape Town, and played in a further four matches for the eventual semi-finalists. In 2011, God\u00edn featured in Uruguay's successful 2011 Copa Am\u00e9rica campaign, making one appearance as a late substitute in a 3\u20130 defeat of Paraguay in the final after being bedridden for several days with a virus. He also participated in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, partnering Diego Lugano in defence in four of the team's five matches as they reached the semi-finals. God\u00edn was selected by coach \u00d3scar Tab\u00e1rez for the 2014 World Cup and captained the team in three of their four games due to Lugano's absence through injury. On 24 June, he headed the only goal against Italy in the final group fixture, sending the country through to the knockout stage. In May 2015, God\u00edn was named as captain for Uruguay's defence of the Copa Am\u00e9rica during the 2015 continental tournament in Chile. He was also picked for"}, {"title": "Diego God\u00edn", "text": " the Copa Am\u00e9rica Centenario squad, heading home from a Carlos S\u00e1nchez long cross in the opener against Mexico where both teams ended with ten players (1\u20133 loss). He won his 100th cap in the following match, a 0\u20131 defeat to Venezuela at the Lincoln Financial Field. God\u00edn was also selected for the 2018 World Cup. The following 25 March, at the 2019 China Cup, he made his 126th appearance against Thailand, surpassing Maxi Pereira as the most capped player in the national team's history. In June 2019, God\u00edn skippered the team to the quarter-finals of the Copa Am\u00e9rica in Brazil. He repeated the feat two years later, in the same country. He played the full 90 minutes of his 150th cap on 10 October 2021, a 3\u20130 loss away to Argentina in 2022 World Cup qualification.</s><s>Style of play. Despite his lack of pace or significant athleticism, God\u00edn was regarded by pundits as one of the best and most consistent defenders in the world, and as one of the leading centre-backs of his generation. During the 2018 World Cup, Jack Watson of \"The Independent\" described him as \"the best central defender in the world.\" An intelligent centre"}, {"title": "Diego God\u00edn", "text": "-back, God\u00edn was mainly known for his leadership, positioning and calm composure, which allowed him to organise his back-line, read the game and anticipate plays. Aggressive, competitive and physical, he was also known for his aerial ability and his capacity to time his jumps effectively, which enabled him to defend high balls, score goals with his head on set pieces, and beat out larger players to the ball in the air. God\u00edn also stood out for his capacity to time his challenges, make blocks, interceptions and win the ball. Moreover, he was strong in one\u2013on-one situations as his defensive positioning often allowed opposition players little time or space on the ball. In addition to his defensive skills, he was also known for his technique, ball\u2013playing ability and capacity to carry the ball out from the defence, which allowed him start plays from the back and create chances for teammates.</s><s>Personal life. God\u00edn married Sofia, daughter of Jos\u00e9 Herrera, a Uruguayan international who played in Serie A for Cagliari alongside compatriot Enzo Francescoli. He is close friends with Antoine Griezmann, who played with him at Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. During the 2018 World Cup quarter-finals match against France, the"}, {"title": "Diego God\u00edn", "text": " latter did not celebrate his goal out of respect for the former and also club teammate Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Gim\u00e9nez; God\u00edn is also godfather to Griezmann's daughter.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Atl\u00e9tico Madrid - La Liga: 2013\u201314 - Copa del Rey: 2012\u201313 - Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a: 2014 - UEFA Europa League: 2011\u201312, 2017\u201318 - UEFA Super Cup: 2010, 2012, 2018 - UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2013\u201314, 2015\u201316 Inter Milan - UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2019\u201320 Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro - Supercopa do Brasil: 2022 - Campeonato Mineiro: 2022 Uruguay - Copa Am\u00e9rica: 2011 - China Cup: 2018, 2019 Individual - La Liga Player of the Month: April 2014, May 2014 - La Liga Team of the Season: 2013\u201314, 2015\u201316 - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2013\u201314, 2015\u201316, 2016\u201317 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2014 - UEFA Champions League Team of the Group Stage: 2015 - La Liga Best"}, {"title": "Diego God\u00edn", "text": " Defender: 2015\u201316 - UEFA La Liga Team of the Season: 2015\u201316 - European Sports Media Team of the Year: 2015\u201316 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2017\u201318 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2018 - IFFHS Men's World Team: 2018</s><s>See also. - List of footballers with 100 or more caps</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Diego God\u00edn", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000356", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ayman al-Zawahiri.", "docs": [{"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": "<s>Ayman al-Zawahiri Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri (); June 19, 1951 \u2013 July 31, 2022) was an Egyptian-born terrorist and physician who served as the second emir of al-Qaeda from June 16, 2011, until his death on July 31, 2022. Al-Zawahiri graduated from Cairo University with a degree in medicine and a master's degree in surgery and was a surgeon by profession. He became a leading figure in the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, an Egyptian Islamist organization, and eventually attained the rank of emir. He was imprisoned from 1981 to 1984 for his role in the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. His actions against the Egyptian government, including his planning of the 1995 attack on the Egyptian Embassy in Pakistan, resulted in him being sentenced to death \"in absentia\" during the 1999 \"Returnees from Albania\" trial. A close associate of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, al-Zawahiri held significant sway over the group's operations. Al-Zawahiri was wanted by the United States and the United Nations, respectively, for his role in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania and in the 2002 Bali bombings. He merged"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " the Egyptian Islamic Jihad with al-Qaeda in 2001 and formally became bin Laden's deputy in 2004. He succeeded bin Laden as al-Qaeda's leader after bin Laden's death in 2011. In May 2011, the U.S. announced a $25 million bounty for information leading to his capture. On July 31, 2022, al-Zawahiri was killed in a U.S. drone strike in Afghanistan.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Early life. Ayman al-Zawahiri was born June 19, 1951, in Giza, in what was then the Kingdom of Egypt, to Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri and Umayma Azzam. \"The New York Times\" in 2001 described al-Zawahiri as coming from \"a prosperous and prestigious family that gives him a pedigree grounded firmly in both religion and politics\". Al-Zawahiri's parents both came from prosperous families. Al-Zawahiri's father, Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri, came from a large family of doctors and scholars from Kafr Ash Sheikh Dhawahri, Sharqia, in which one of his grandfathers was Sheikh Muhammad al-Ahmadi al-Zaw"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": "ahiri (1887\u20131944) who was the 34th Grand Imam of al-Azhar. Mohammed Rabie became a surgeon and a professor of pharmacy at Cairo University. Ayman Al-Zawahiri's mother, Umayma Azzam, came from a wealthy, politically active clan, the daughter of Abdel-Wahhab Azzam, a literary scholar who served as the president of Cairo University, the founder and inaugural rector of the King Saud University (the first university in Saudi Arabia) as well as ambassador to Pakistan, while his own brother was Azzam Pasha, the founding secretary-general of the Arab League (1945\u20131952). From his maternal side yet another relative was Salem Azzam, an Islamist intellectual and activist, for a time secretary-general of the \"Islamic Council of Europe\" based in London. The wealthy and prestigious family is also linked to the Red Sea Harbi tribe in Zawahir, a small town in Saudi Arabia, located in the Badr. He also has a maternal link to the house of Saud: Muna, the daughter of Azzam Pasha (his maternal great-uncle), is married to Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud, the son of the"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " late King Faisal. Ayman Al-Zawahiri said that he has a deep affection for his mother. Her brother, Mahfouz Azzam, became a role model for him as a teenager. He has a younger brother, Muhammad al-Zawahiri, and a twin sister, Heba Mohamed al-Zawahiri. Heba became a professor of medical oncology at the National Cancer Institute, Cairo University. She described her brother as \"silent and shy\". Muhammad was sentenced on charges of undergoing military training in Albania in 1998. He was arrested in the UAE in 1999, and sentenced to death in 1999 after being extradited to Egypt. He was held in Tora Prison in Cairo as a political detainee. Security officials said he was the head of the Special Action Committee of Islamic Jihad, which organized terrorist operations. After the Egyptian popular uprising in the spring of 2011, on March 17, 2011, he was released from prison by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, the interim government of Egypt. His lawyer said he had been held to extract information about his brother Ayman al-Zawahiri. On March 20, 2011, he was re-arrested. On August 17, 2013, Egyptian"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " authorities arrested Muhammad al-Zawahiri at his home in Giza. He was acquitted in 2017.</s><s>Personal life.:Early life.:Youth. Ayman al-Zawahiri was reportedly a studious youth. He excelled in school, loved poetry, and \"hated violent sports\", which he thought were \"inhumane.\" Al-Zawahiri studied medicine at Cairo University and graduated in 1974 with \"gayyid giddan\", or roughly on par with a grade of \"B\" in the American grading system. Following that, he served 1974\u20131978 as a surgeon in the Egyptian Army after which he established a clinic near his parents in Maadi. In 1978, he also earned a master's degree in surgery. He spoke Arabic, English, and French. Al-Zawahiri participated in youth activism as a student. He became both quite pious and political, under the influence of his uncle Mahfouz Azzam, and lecturer Mostafa Kamel Wasfi. Sayyid Qutb preached that to restore Islam and free Muslims, a vanguard of true Muslims modeling itself after the original Companions of the Prophet had to be developed. Ayman al-Zawahiri was influenced by Q"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": "utb's Manichaean views on Islamic theology and Islamic history.</s><s>Personal life.:Early life.:Underground cell. By the age of 15, al-Zawahiri had formed an underground cell with the goal to overthrow the government and establish an Islamist state. The following year the Egyptian government executed Sayyid Qutb for conspiracy. Following the execution, al-Zawahiri, along with four other secondary school students, helped form an \"underground cell devoted to overthrowing the government and establishing an Islamist state.\" It was at this early age that al-Zawahiri developed a mission in life, \"to put Qutb's vision into action.\" His cell eventually merged with others to form al-Jihad or Egyptian Islamic Jihad.</s><s>Personal life.:Marriages and children. Ayman al-Zawahiri was married at least four times. His wives include Azza Ahmed Nowari and Umaima Hassan. In 1978, al-Zawahiri married his first wife, Azza Ahmed Nowari, a student at Cairo University who was studying philosophy. Their wedding, which was held at the Continental Hotel in Opera Square, was very conservative, with separate areas for both men and women, and no"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " music, photographs, or gaiety in general. Many years later, when the United States attacked Afghanistan following the September 11 attacks in October 2001, Azza apparently had no idea that al-Zawahiri had supposedly been a jihadi emir (commander) for the last decade. Al-Zawahiri and his wife, Azza, had four daughters, Fatima (born 1981), Umayma (born 1983), Nabila (born 1986), and Khadiga (born 1987), and a son, Mohammed (also born in 1987; the twin brother of Khadiga), who was a \"delicate, well-mannered boy\" and \"the pet of his older sisters,\" subject to teasing and bullying in a traditionally all-male environment, who preferred to \"stay at home and help his mother.\" In 1997, ten years after the birth of Mohammed, Azza gave birth to their fifth daughter, Aisha, who had Down syndrome. In February 2004, Abu Zubaydah was waterboarded and subsequently stated that Abu Turab Al-Urduni had married one of al-Zawahiri's daughters. Ayman al-Zawahiri's first wife Azza and two of their six children, Mohammad"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " and Aisha, were killed in an airstrike on Afghanistan by US forces in late December 2001, following the September 11 attacks on the U.S. After an American aerial bombardment of a Taliban-controlled building at Gardez, Azza was pinned under the debris of a guesthouse roof. Concerned for her modesty, she \"refused to be excavated\" because \"men would see her face\" and she died from her injuries the following day. Her son, Mohammad, was also killed outright in the same house. Her four-year-old daughter with Down syndrome, Aisha, had not been hurt by the bombing, but died from exposure in the cold night while Afghan rescuers tried to save Azza. In the first half of 2005, one of Al-Zawahiri's three surviving wives gave birth to a daughter, named Nawwar. In June 2012, one of al-Zawahiri's four wives, Umaima Hassan, released a statement on the internet congratulating the role played by Muslim women in the Arab Spring. She is also known to have written a leaflet explaining women's role in jihad.</s><s>Medical career. In 1981, Ayman al-Zawahiri traveled to Peshawar, Pakistan, where he"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " worked in a Red Crescent hospital treating wounded refugees. There, he became friends with Ahmed Khadr, and the two shared a number of conversations about the need for Islamic government and the needs of the Afghan people. Ayman al-Zawahiri worked as a surgeon. In 1985, al-Zawahiri went to Saudi Arabia on Hajj and stayed to practice medicine in Jeddah for a year. As a reportedly qualified surgeon, when his organization merged with bin Laden's al-Qaeda, he became bin Laden's personal advisor and physician. He had first met bin Laden in Jeddah in 1986. According to other sources, they met the first time in 1986 at a hospital in Peshawar. In 1993, al-Zawahiri traveled to the United States, where he addressed several mosques in California under his \"Abdul Mu'iz\" pseudonym, relying on his credentials from the Kuwaiti Red Crescent to raise money for Afghan children who had been injured by Soviet land mines\u2014he raised only $2000.</s><s>Militant activity.</s><s>Militant activity.:Assassination plots.</s><s>Militant activity.:Assassination plots.:Egypt. In 1981, Al-Zawahiri was one of hundreds arrested"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " following the assassination of President Anwar Sadat. Initially, the plan was derailed when authorities were alerted to Al-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information, in February 1981. President Sadat ordered the roundup of more than 1,500 people, including many Al-Jihad members, but missed a cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, who succeeded in assassinating Sadat during a military parade that October. His lawyer, Montasser el-Zayat, said that al-Zawahiri was tortured in prison. In his book, \"Al-Zawahiri as I Knew Him\", Al-Zayat maintains that under torture by the Egyptian police, following his arrest in connection with the murder of Sadat in 1981, Al-Zawahiri revealed the hiding place of Essam al-Qamari, a key member of the Maadi cell of al-Jihad, which led to Al-Qamari's \"arrest and eventual execution.\" Cited in  He was released from prison in 1984. In 1993, al-Zawahiri's and Egyptian Islamic Jihad's (EIJ) connection with Iran may have led to a suicide bombing in an attempt on"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " the life of Egyptian Interior Minister Hasan al-Alfi, the man heading the effort to quash the campaign of Islamist killings in Egypt. It failed, as did an attempt to assassinate Egyptian prime minister Atef Sidqi three months later. The bombing of Sidqi's car injured 21 Egyptians and killed a schoolgirl, Shayma Abdel-Halim. It followed two years of killings by another Islamist group, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, that had killed over 200 people. Her funeral became a public spectacle, with her coffin carried through the streets of Cairo and crowds shouting, \"Terrorism is the enemy of God!\" The police arrested 280 more of al-Jihad's members and executed six. For their leading role in anti-Egyptian Government attacks in the 1990s, al-Zawahiri and his brother Muhammad al-Zawahiri were sentenced to death in the 1999 Egyptian case of the Returnees from Albania.</s><s>Militant activity.:Assassination plots.:Pakistan. The 1995 attack on the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, was carried out by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad under al-Zawahiri's leadership, but Bin Laden had disapproved of the operation. The bombing alienated Pakistan, which"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " was \"the best route into Afghanistan\". In July 2007, Al-Zawahiri supplied direction for the Lal Masjid siege, codename Operation Silence. This was the first confirmed time that Al-Zawahiri was taking militant steps against the Pakistani Government and guiding Islamic militants against the State of Pakistan. The Pakistan Army troops and Special Service Group taking control of the Lal Masjid (\"Red Mosque\") in Islamabad found letters from al-Zawahiri directing Islamic militants Abdul Rashid Ghazi and Abdul Aziz Ghazi, who ran the mosque and adjacent madrasah. This conflict resulted in 100 deaths. On December 27, 2007, al-Zawahiri was also implicated in the assassination of former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.</s><s>Militant activity.:Assassination plots.:Sudan. In 1994, the sons of Ahmad Salama Mabruk and Mohammed Sharaf were executed under al-Zawahiri's leadership for betraying Egyptian Islamic Jihad; the militants were ordered to leave the Sudan.</s><s>Militant activity.:Assassination plots.:United States. In 1998, Ayman al-Zawahiri was listed as under indictment in the United States for his role in"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings: a series of attacks on August 7, 1998, in which hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous truck bomb explosions at the United States embassies in the major East African cities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya. In 2000, the USS \"Cole\" bombing encouraged several members to depart. Mohammed Atef escaped to Kandahar, al-Zawahiri to Kabul, and Bin Laden also fled to Kabul, later joining Atef when he realised no American reprisal attacks were forthcoming. On October 10, 2001, al-Zawahiri appeared on the initial list of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation's top 22 Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by U.S. President George W. Bush. In early November 2001, the Taliban government announced they were bestowing official Afghan citizenship on him, as well as Bin Laden, Mohammed Atef, Saif al-Adl, and Shaykh Asim Abdulrahman.</s><s>Militant activity.:Organizations.</s><s>Militant activity.:Organizations.:Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Al-Zawahiri began reconstituting the Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": ") along with other exiled militants. In Peshwar, al-Zawahiri was thought to have become radicalized by other Al-Jihad members, abandoning his old strategy of a swift coup d'\u00e9tat to change society from above, and embracing the idea of takfir. In 1991, EIJ broke with al-Zumur, and al-Zawahiri grabbed \"the reins of power\" to become EIJ leader. Ayman al-Zawahiri was previously the second and last \"emir\" of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, having succeeded Abbud al-Zumar in the latter role when Egyptian authorities sentenced al-Zumar to life imprisonment. Ayman al-Zawahiri eventually became one of Egyptian Islamic Jihad's leading organizers and recruiters. Al-Zawahiri's hope was to recruit military officers and accumulate weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch \"a complete overthrow of the existing order.\" Chief strategist of Al-Jihad was Aboud al-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose plan was to kill the main leaders of the country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing \u2013 he expected \u2013 \"a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country.\"</s><s>Militant activity.:Organizations.:Maktab al-Khadamat. In Peshawar, he made contact with Osama bin Laden, who was running a base for \"mujahideen\" called Maktab al-Khadamat (MAK); founded by the Palestinian Sheikh Abdullah Yusuf Azzam. The radical position of al-Zawahiri and the other militants of Al-Jihad put them at odds with Sheikh Azzam, with whom they competed for bin Laden's financial resources. Al-Zawahiri carried two false passports, a Swiss one in the name of Amin Uthman and a Dutch one in the name of Mohmud Hifnawi. British journalist Jason Burke wrote: \"Al-Zawahiri ran his own operation during the Afghan war, bringing in and training volunteers from the Middle East. Some of the $500 million the CIA poured into Afghanistan reached his group.\" Former FBI agent Ali Soufan mentioned in his book \"The Black Banners\" that Ayman al-Zawahiri is suspected of ordering Azzam's assassination in 1989"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": ".</s><s>Militant activity.:Organizations.:Al-Qaeda. According to reports by a former al-Qaeda member, al-Zawahiri worked in the al-Qaeda organization since its inception and was a senior member of the group's \"shura\" council. He was often described as a \"lieutenant\" to Osama bin Laden, though bin Laden's chosen biographer has referred to him as the \"real brains\" of al-Qaeda. On February 23, 1998, al-Zawahiri issued a joint fatwa with Osama bin Laden under the title \"World Islamic Front Against Jews and Crusaders\". Al-Zawahiri, not bin Laden, is thought to have been the actual author of the fatwa. Bin Laden and al-Zawahiri organized an al-Qaeda congress on June 24, 1998. A week prior to the beginning of the conference, a group of well-armed assistants to al-Zawahiri had left by jeeps in the direction of Herat. Following the instructions of their patron, in the town of Koh-i-Doshakh, they met three unknown Slavic-looking men who had arrived from Russia via Iran. After their arrival in Kandahar, they split up."}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " One of the Russians was directly escorted to al-Zawahiri and he did not participate in the conference. Western military intelligence succeeded in acquiring photographs of him, but he disappeared for six years. According to Axis Globe, in 2004, when Qatar and the U.S. investigated Russian embassy officials whom the United Arab Emirates had arrested in connection to the murder of Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev in Qatar, computer software precisely established that a man who had walked to the Russian embassy in Doha was the same one who visited al-Zawahiri prior to the Al-Qaida conference. Al-Zawahiri was placed under international sanctions in 1999 by the United Nations' Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee as a member of the Salafi-jihadist group al-Qaeda. In June 2001, al-Zawahiri formally merged the Egyptian Islamic Jihad into al-Qaeda. In late 2001, a computer was seized that was stolen from an office used by al-Qaeda immediately after the fall of Kabul in November. This computer was mainly used by al-Zawahiri and contained the letter with an interview request for Ahmad Shah Massoud. The journalists who conducted the interview assassinated Massoud on September 9, 2001.</s><s>"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": "Militant activity.:Organizations.:Al-Qaeda.:Emergence as al-Qaeda's chief commander. In late 2004 bin Laden named al-Zawahiri officially as his deputy. On April 30, 2009, the U.S. State Department reported that al-Zawahiri had emerged as al-Qaeda's operational and strategic commander, and that Osama bin Laden was now only the ideological figurehead of the organization. After the 2011 death of bin Laden, a senior U.S. intelligence official said intelligence gathered in the raid showed that bin Laden remained deeply involved in planning: \"This compound (where bin Laden was killed) in Abbottabad was an active command-and-control center for al-Qaeda's leader. He was active in operational planning and in driving tactical decisions within al-Qaeda.\" Following the death of bin Laden, former U.S. Deputy National Security Advisor for Combating Terrorism Juan Zarate said that al-Zawahiri would \"clearly assume the mantle of leadership\" of al-Qaeda. A senior U.S. administration official said that although al-Zawahiri was likely to be al-Qaeda's next leader, his authority was not \"universally accepted\" among al-Qaeda's followers,"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " particularly in the Gulf region. Zarate said that al-Zawahiri was more controversial and less charismatic than bin Laden. Rashad Mohammad Ismail (AKA \"Abu Al-Fida\"), a leading member of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, stated that al-Zawahiri was the best candidate. Hamid Mir is reported to have said that he believed that Ayman al-Zawahiri was the operational head of al-Qaeda, and that \"[h]e is the person who can do the things that happened on September 11.\" Within days of the attacks, al-Zawahiri's name was put forward as bin Laden's second-in-command, with reports suggesting he represented \"a more formidable US foe than bin Laden.\"</s><s>Militant activity.:Organizations.:Al-Qaeda.:Formal appointment. Al-Zawahiri became the leader of al-Qaeda following the May 2, 2011 killing of Osama bin Laden. His succession to that role was announced on several of their websites on June 16, 2011. On the same day, al-Qaeda renewed its position that Israel was an illegitimate state and that it would not accept any compromise on Palestine. The delayed announcement led some analysts to speculate that"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " there was quarreling within al-Qaeda: \"It doesn't suggest a vast reservoir of accumulated goodwill for him,\" said one celebrity journalist on CNN. Both U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mike Mullen maintain that the delay didn't signal any kind of dispute within al-Qaeda, and Mullen reiterated U.S. death threats toward al-Zawahiri. According to US officials within the Obama administration and Robert Gates, al-Zawahiri would find the leadership difficult as, while intelligent, he lacks combat experience and the charisma of Osama bin Laden.</s><s>Militant activity.:Activities in Iran. Al-Zawahiri allegedly worked with the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of al-Qaeda. Author Lawrence Wright reports that EIJ operative Ali Mohammed \"told the FBI that al-Jihad had planned a coup in Egypt in 1990.\" Al-Zawahiri had studied the 1979 Islamist Islamic Revolution and \"sought training from the Iranians\" as to how to duplicate their feat against the Egyptian government. In public, al-Zawahiri harshly denounced the Iranian government. In December 2007, he said, \"We discovered Iran collaborating with America in its invasions of Afghanistan"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " and Iraq.\" In the same video messages, he moreover chides Iran for \"repeating the ridiculous joke that says that al-Qaida and the Taliban are agents of America,\" before playing a video clip in which Ayatollah Rafsanjani says, \"In Afghanistan, they were present in Afghanistan, because of Al-Qa'ida; and the Taliban, who created the Taliban? America is the one who created the Taliban, and America's friends in the region are the ones who financed and armed the Taliban.\" Al-Zawahiri's criticism of Iran's government continues when he states, Al-Zawahiri said that \"Iran of the Islamic Nation.\" In April 2008, al-Zawahiri blamed Iranian state media and Al-Manar for perpetuating the \"lie\" that \"there are no heroes among the Sunnis who can hurt America as no-one else did in history\" in order to discredit the Al Qaeda network. Al-Zawahiri was referring to some 9/11 conspiracy theories that claim that Al Qaeda was not responsible for the 9/11 attacks. On the seventh anniversary of the attacks of September 11, 2001, al-Zawahiri released a 90-minute tape in which he \"the guardian"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " of Muslims in Tehran\" for recognizing \"the two governments\" in Iraq and Afghanistan.</s><s>Militant activity.:Activities in Russia. At some point in 1994, al-Zawahiri was said to have \"become \" but is thought to have traveled widely to \"Switzerland and Sarajevo\". A fake passport he was using shows that he traveled to Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. On December 1, 1996, Ahmad Salama Mabruk and Mahmud Hisham al-Hennawi \u2013 both carrying false passports \u2013 accompanied al-Zawahiri on a trip to Chechnya, where they hoped to re-establish the faltering Jihad. Their leader was traveling under the pseudonym \"Abdullah Imam Mohammed Amin\", and trading on his medical credentials for legitimacy. The group switched vehicles three times, but were arrested within hours of entering Russian territory and spent five months in a Makhachkala prison awaiting trial. The trio pleaded innocence, maintaining their disguise while other al-Jihad members from \"Bavari-C\" sent the Russian authorities pleas for leniency for their \"merchant\" colleagues who had been wrongly arrested. Russian Member of Parliament Nadyr Khachiliev echoed the pleas for"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " their speedy release as al-Jihad members Ibrahim Eidarous and Tharwat Salah Shehata traveled to Dagestan to plead for their release. Shehata received permission to visit the prisoners. He is believed to have smuggled $3000 to them, which was later confiscated, and to have given them a letter which the Russians didn't bother to translate. In April 1997 the trio were sentenced to six months, were subsequently released a month later, and absconded without paying their court-appointed attorney Abulkhalik Abdusalamov his $1,800 legal fee, citing \"poverty\". Shehata was sent on to Chechnya where he met with Ibn Khattab. There have been doubts as to the true nature of al-Zawahiri's encounter with the Russians in 1996. Jamestown Foundation scholar Evgenii Novikov has argued that it seems unlikely that the Russians would not have been able to determine who he was, given Russia's well-trained Arabists and the suspicious acts of Muslims crossing borders illegally with multiple Arabic false identities and encrypted documents. Assassinated former FSB secret service officer Alexander Litvinenko alleged, among other things, that during this time al-Zawahiri was trained"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " by the FSB and that he was not the only link between al-Qaeda and the FSB. Former KGB officer, Voice of America commentator and writer Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy supported Litvinenko's claim. He said that Litvinenko \"was responsible for securing the secrecy of Al-Zawahiri's arrival in Russia, who was trained by FSB instructors in Dagestan, Northern Caucasus, during 1996\u20131997.\"</s><s>Militant activity.:Activities in Egypt. Al-Zawahiri was convicted of dealing in weapons and received a three-year sentence, which he completed in 1984, shortly after his conviction. Al-Zawahiri learned of a \"Nonviolence Initiative\" organized in Egypt to end the terror campaign that had killed hundreds and resulting government crackdown that had imprisoned thousands. Al-Zawahiri angrily opposed this \"surrender\" in letters to the London newspaper \"Al-Sharq al-Awsat\". Together with members of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, he helped organize a massive attack on tourists at the Temple of Hatshepsut to sabotage the initiative by provoking the government into repression. The attack by six men dressed in police uniforms succeeded in machine-"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": "gunning and hacking to death 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians, including \"a five-year-old British child and four Japanese couples on their honeymoons,\" and devastated the Egyptian tourist industry for a number of years. Nonetheless, the Egyptian reaction was not what al-Zawahiri had hoped for. The attack so stunned and angered Egyptian society that Islamists denied responsibility. Al-Zawahiri blamed the police for the killing, but also held the tourists responsible for their own deaths for coming to Egypt, Al-Zawahiri was sentenced to death \"in absentia\" in 1999 by an Egyptian military tribunal.</s><s>Militant activity.:Activities and whereabouts after the September 11 attacks. In December 2001, al-Zawahiri published a book entitled \"Fursan  Rayat al Nabi\" (\"Knights Under the Prophet's Banner\") which outlined ideologies of al-Qaeda. English translations of this book were published; excerpts are available online. Following the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, al-Zawahiri's whereabouts were unknown, but he was generally thought to be in tribal Pakistan. Although he released videos of himself frequently, al-Zawahiri did not appear alongside bin Laden in any of them after"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " 2003. In 2003, it was rumored that he was under arrest in Iran, although this was later discovered to be false. On January 13, 2006, the Central Intelligence Agency, aided by Pakistan's ISI, launched an airstrike on Damadola, a Pakistani village near the Afghan border where they believed al-Zawahiri was located. The airstrike was supposed to kill al-Zawahiri and this was reported in international news over the following days. Many victims of the airstrike were buried unidentified. Anonymous U.S. government officials claimed that some terrorists were killed and the Bajaur tribal area government confirmed that at least four terrorists were among the dead. Anti-American protests broke out around the country and the Pakistani government condemned the U.S. attack and the loss of innocent life. On August 1, 2008, CBS News reported that it had obtained a copy of an intercepted letter dated July 29, 2008, from unnamed sources in Pakistan, which urgently requested a doctor to treat al-Zawahiri. The letter indicated that al-Zawahiri was critically injured in a US missile strike at Azam Warsak village in South Waziristan on July 28 that also reportedly killed al Qaeda explosives expert Abu Khabab al-Masri."}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " Taliban Mehsud spokesman Maulvi Umar told the Associated Press on August 2, 2008, that the report of al-Zawahiri's injury was false. In early September 2008, Pakistan Army claimed that they \"almost\" captured al-Zawahiri after getting information that he and his wife were in the Mohmand Agency, in northwest Pakistan. After raiding the area, officials didn't find him. In two videos posted on Jihadist websites in 2012, al-Zawahiri called on Muslims to \"capture\" foreign citizens to leverage the release of Omar Abdel-Rahman, mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. In the videos, al-Zawahiri cited to the successful kidnapping of Jewish American Warren Weinstein in 2011 as precedent for further kidnappings. Al-Zawahiri also called for the institution of Sharia law in Egypt and questioned the views of then-President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi. In June 2013, al-Zawahiri arbitrated against the merger of the Islamic State of Iraq with the Syrian-based Jabhat al-Nusra into Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant as was declared in April by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Abu Mohammad al-Julani, leader of al-Nusra Front,"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " affirmed the group's allegiance to al-Qaeda and al-Zawahiri. In September 2015, al-Zawahiri urged Islamic State (ISIL) to stop fighting al-Nusra Front, the official al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria, and to unite with all other jihadists against the supposed alliance between America, Russia, Europe, Shiites and Iran, and Bashar al-Assad's Alawite regime. Ayman al-Zawahiri released a statement supporting jihad in Xinjiang against Chinese, jihad in the Caucasus against the Russians and naming Somalia, Yemen, Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan as battlegrounds. al-Zawahiri endorsed \"jihad to liberate every span of land of the Muslims that has been usurped and violated, from Kashgar to Andalusia, and from the Caucasus to Somalia and Central Africa\". Uyghurs inhabit Kashgar, the city which was mentioned by al-Zawahiri. In another statement he said, \"My mujahideen brothers in all places and of all groups... we face aggression from America, Europe, and Russia... so it's up to us to stand together as one from East Turkestan to Morocco\". In 2015, the Turkistan Islamic Party (East Turkistan Islamic"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " Movement) released an image showing Al Qaeda leaders Ayman al-Zawahiri and Osama Bin Laden meeting with Hasan Mahsum. The Uyghurs East Turkestan independence movement was endorsed in the serial \"Islamic Spring\"'s 9th release by Al-Zawahiri. Al-Zawahiri confirmed that the Afghanistan war after 9/11 included the participation of Uyghurs and that the jihadists like Zarwaqi, Bin Ladin and the Uyghur Hasan Mahsum were provided with refuge together in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. Uyghur fighters were praised by al-Zawahiri, before a Turkistan Islamic Party performed a Bishkek bombing on August 30. Uighur jihadists were hailed by Ayman al-Zawahiri. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan B\u00fclteni Haber Ajans\u0131 reported that the Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party was praised by Abu Qatada along with Abdul Razzaq al Mahdi, Maqdisi, Muhaysini and al-Zawahiri. Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi and Abu Qatada were referenced by Muhaysini. Osama bin Laden and al-Zawahiri were"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " by Muhaysini. The Rewards for Justice Program of the U.S. Department of State offered a reward of up to US$25\u00a0million for information about al-Zawahiri's location. On July 31, 2022, al-Zawahiri was killed in a US strike in Kabul, Afghanistan. He had been rumoured\u00a0to be in Pakistan's tribal area or inside Afghanistan. His death is considered to be the biggest hit to the terrorist group since Osama Bin Laden was killed in 2011. Others described his death as \"anticlimactic to Al Qaeda's demise\", stating \"[h]is moves as leader of the shrinking group were watched more by analysts than by jihadists\" at the time of his death.</s><s>Views.</s><s>Views.:Islamism. As a leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, al-Zawahiri conceived of Islamism in Egypt as a revolutionary movement of heroic fighters who the masses would join in the wake of their victories. The movement was mostly a failure, including its crushing defeat and suppression by the Egyptian government following the assassination of Anwar Sadat. The popular uprising envisioned by al-Zawahiri never came to be, and some Islamist leaders agreed to cease-fire terms with the government."}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " After these events, al-Zawahiri joined Al-Qaeda, which had aims that were international in scope and was focused on the conflict with the United States rather than the ongoing localized conflict with the secular regime in Egypt.</s><s>Views.:Loyalty and enmity. In a lengthy treatise titled \"Loyalty and Enmity\", al-Zawahiri said that Muslims must at all times be loyal to Islam and to one another, while hating or avoiding everything and everyone outside of Islam.</s><s>Views.:Female combatants. Al-Zawahiri said in an April 2008 interview that the group does not have women combatants and that a woman's role is limited to caring for the homes and children of al-Qaeda fighters. This resulted in a debate regarding the role of mujahid women like Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi.</s><s>Views.:Iranians. In 2008 he claimed that \"Persians\" are the enemy of Arabs and that Iran cooperated with the U.S. during the occupation of Iraq.</s><s>Promotional activities. Al-Zawahiri placed supreme importance on winning public support, and castigated Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in this regard"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": ": \"In the absence of this popular support, the Islamic mujahid movement would be crushed in the shadows.\"</s><s>Promotional activities.:Video and audio messages.</s><s>Promotional activities.:Video and audio messages.:2000s. - August 4, 2005: al-Zawahiri issues a televised statement blaming former British prime minister Tony Blair and his government's foreign policy for the July 2005 London bombings. - September 1, 2005: al-Jazeera broadcasts a video message from Mohammed Sidique Khan, one of bombers of the London Underground. His message is followed by another message from al-Zawahiri, blaming again Tony Blair for the 7/7 bombings. - September 19, 2005: al-Zawahiri claims responsibility for the London bombings and dismisses U.S. efforts in Afghanistan. - April 3, 2008: al-Zawahiri said that al-Qaeda doesn't kill innocents and that its [former] leader Osama bin Laden is healthy. The questions asked his views about Egypt and Iraq, as well as Hamas. - April 22, 2008: An audio interview in which, among other subjects, al-Zawahiri attacks the Shiite Iran and Hezbollah for blaming the 9/11 attacks on Israel, and"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " thus discrediting al-Qaeda. - On the 7th anniversary of the attacks of September 11, 2001, al-Zawahiri released a 90-minute tape, in which he blasted \"the guardian of Muslims in Tehran\" for \"the two hireling governments\" in Iraq and Afghanistan. - January 7, 2009: An audio message released, where al-Zawahiri vows revenge for Israel's air and ground assault on Gaza and calls the Jewish state's actions against Hamas militants \"a gift\" from U.S. President-elect Barack Obama for the recent uprising conflict in Gaza. - October 4, 2009: \"The New York Times\" reported that al-Zawahiri had asserted that Libya had tortured Ibn Al Sheikh Al Libi to death.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2009/10/04/world/international-us-qaeda-libya-militant.html - December 14, 2009: In an audio recording released on December 14, 2009, al-Zawahiri renewed calls to establish an Islamic state in Israel and urged his followers to \"seek jihad against Jews\" and their supporters. He also called for jihad against America and the West"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": ", and labeled Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak, King Abdullah II of Jordan, and King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia as the \"brothers of Satan\".</s><s>Promotional activities.:Video and audio messages.:2010s. - June 8, 2011: al-Zawahiri released his first video since the killing of Osama bin Laden, praising bin Laden and warning the U.S. of reprisal attacks, but without staking a claim on the leadership of al-Qaeda. - September 3, 2014: In a 55-minute-long video, al-Zawahiri announced the formation of a new wing called al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS), which would wage jihad \"to liberate its land, to restore its sovereignty, and to revive its Caliphate.\" Reaction amongst Muslims in India to the formation of the new wing was one of fury. - March 2018: al-Zawahiri posts a video entitled \"America is the First Enemy of the Muslims\", where he defends the Muslim Brotherhood and claims that the US is \"working with Saudi Arabia to train imams and rewrite religious textbooks\". This is his sixth video in 2018. He refers to Rex Tillerson's firing as US Secretary of State in the Trump administration"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": ". - September 11, 2019: al-Zawahiri posts a 9/11 18th anniversary propaganda video entitled \"And They Shall Continue to Fight You\" through al-Qaeda media outlet As Sahab. Al-Zawahiri condemns Islamic scholars who condemned al-Qaeda for the 9/11 attacks and continues to call for jihad regarding Israel and Palestine. Clips of Donald Trump and Benjamin Netanyahu were inter-spaced in the video.</s><s>Promotional activities.:Video and audio messages.:2020s. - In September 2021, on the 20th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, after a month of Taliban takeover in Afghanistan, a video of al-Zawahiri surfaced, but he did not mention the Taliban takeover. - In April 2022, al-Zawahiri's video was released on the hijab controversy in the Indian state of Karnataka, where he expressed support for a student who wore a burqa to her college.</s><s>Promotional activities.:Online Q&A. In mid-December 2007, al-Zawahiri's spokespeople announced plans for an \"open interview\" on a handful of Islamic Web sites. The administrators of four known jihadist web sites have been authorized to collect and forward questions, \"unedited"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": "\", they pledge, and \"regardless of whether they are in support of or are against\" al-Qaeda, which would be forwarded to al-Zawahiri on January 16.{{cite web }} al-Zawahiri responded to the questions later in 2008; among the things he said were that al-Qaeda didn't kill innocents, and that al-Qaeda would move to target Israel \"after expelling the occupier from Iraq\".</s><s>Promotional activities.:Publications. - \"Fursan  Rayat al Nabi\" (\"Knights Under the Prophet's Banner\") - Co-author of Fat\u0101wa of Osama bin Laden (1998) - World Islamic Front Statement (1998)</s><s>Death. Al-Zawahiri was killed on July 31, 2022, shortly after 6:00 AM local time in an early-morning drone strike conducted by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in the upscale Sherpur neighborhood of Kabul, reportedly in a house owned by a top aide to Sirajuddin Haqqani, a senior official in the Taliban government. In a statement to reporters, a senior administration official said \"over the weekend, the United States conducted a counterterrorism operation against a significant Al Qaeda target in Afghanistan. The"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": " operation was successful and there were no civilian casualties.\" The United States Department of Defense denied responsibility for the strike, while the United States Central Command declined to comment. On August 1, delayed by two days to allow time for proper verification of the operation's success, President Joe Biden announced at the White House that the U.S. Intelligence Community had located al-Zawahiri as he moved into downtown Kabul in early 2022 and that President Biden had authorized the operation a week prior. Biden also stated that the operation did not harm any members of al-Zawahiri's family or other civilians. According to U.S. government sources, Al-Zawahiri was killed by Hellfire missiles fired from a Reaper drone. Press sources have speculated that the missiles may have been R9X Hellfire missiles, which are designed to kill by impact and with blades instead of explosion to avoid unintended casualties. Al Qaeda in December 2022 released a video it stated was narrated by al-Zawahiri. The video was undated and did not mention when the recording of the audio was done. In February 2023, the United Nations reported that many member countries believed Saif al-Adel to be the de-facto successor of al-Zawahiri"}, {"title": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "text": ", but al-Qaeda had not formally named him to probably avoid scrutiny against the Taliban for giving shelter to the latter and due to al-Adel living in Iran.</s><s>See also. - FBI Most Wanted Terrorists - List of fugitives from justice who disappeared - Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif - Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden</s><s>Notes and references.</s><s>Notes and references.:Works cited. - -</s><s>Notes and references.:General references. - al-Zawahiri, Ayman, \"L'absolution\", Milelli, Villepreux, (French translation of Al-Zawahiri's latest book). - Ibrahim, Raymond (2007), \"The Al Qaeda Reader\", Broadway Books,. - Kepel, Gilles; & Jean-Pierre Milelli (2010), \"Al Qaeda in Its Own Words\", Harvard University Press, Cambridge & London,. - Mansfield, Laura (2006), \"His Own Words: A Translation of the Writings of Dr. Ayman Al Zawahiri\", Lulu Pub.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000357", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Abraham Ancer.", "docs": [{"title": "Abraham Ancer", "text": "<s>Abraham Ancer Abraham Ancer (; born 27 February 1991) is a Mexican-American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour and is currently playing on the LIV Golf tour. He won the 2018 Emirates Australian Open and the 2021 WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational for his first PGA Tour career victory.</s><s>Amateur career. Ancer was born in McAllen, Texas; raised partially in Reynosa, Mexico; and has dual American and Mexican citizenship. He attended Sharyland High School in Mission, Texas. He played college golf at Odessa College and the University of Oklahoma, from which he graduated in 2013 with a degree in General Studies. During his one year at Odessa, Ancer was a first-team All-American and finished in a tie for second in the Junior College National Golf Championship. At Oklahoma, he saw his most success during his first year, winning twice while having the sixth-lowest scoring average in Oklahoma history of 72.03. During his entire career, he ended up second in all-time scoring average.</s><s>Professional career. Ancer turned professional in 2013. In December 2014, he tied for 35th place at the Web.com Tour Qualifying School final stage."}, {"title": "Abraham Ancer", "text": " He played on the Web.com Tour in 2015, where he finished runner-up at the Brasil Champions in March and won the Nova Scotia Open in July. He finished 11th in the regular season money list, which earned him a PGA Tour card for the 2016 season. In his rookie year, Ancer didn't perform consistently, with a best finish of T-18 at the FedEx St. Jude Classic. He finished 190th in FedEx Cup points and couldn't maintain his card for the 2017 season, which sent him back to the Web.com Tour. During the 2017 Web.com Tour, Ancer carded five top-5 finishes, including three runner-up finishes, which allowed him to secure his PGA Tour card for the 2018 season by finishing in 3rd place on the regular season money list. During the 2018 season, Ancer finished 9th at the OHL Classic at Mayakoba, 8th at the Houston Open, 4th at the Quicken Loans National, 5th at the RBC Canadian Open, and 7th at the Dell Technologies Championship. The Quicken Loans National was part of the Open Qualifying Series and his high finish gave him an entry to the 2018 Open Championship, his first major championship, where he had"}, {"title": "Abraham Ancer", "text": " rounds of 71 and 78 and missed the cut. In the PGA Tour season Ancer earned US$1.7 million and finished 60th in the FedEx Cup. Ancer had a good start to the 2018\u201319 season with top-5 finishes in the CIMB Classic and the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open, results that lifted him into the world top-100 for the first time. He followed this up with a 5-stroke victory in the Australian Open, a week before representing Mexico in the World Cup of Golf. His Australian Open win gave him an entry to the 2019 Open Championship. Ancer finished second in the Northern Trust in August 2019 and ended the year by tying for 21st at the Tour Championship. This earned him $478,000 in FedEx Cup bonus money. Ancer's strong play in 2019 qualified him for the 2019 Presidents Cup International team. The event was held at Royal Melbourne Golf Club in December 2019. The U.S. team defeated the Internationals 16\u201314. Ancer went 3\u20131\u20131. His lone loss came in the Sunday singles, 3 & 2 against U.S. playing-captain Tiger Woods. Ancer had told media prior to the event that he wanted to play Woods in singles"}, {"title": "Abraham Ancer", "text": ". Woods said afterward \"Abe wanted it, he got it.\" At the 2020 RBC Heritage, Ancer finished runner-up shooting \u221221, earning him $773,900. Ancer led the tournament in Driving Accuracy (82.1%) and Greens In Regulation (90.3%). In May 2021, Ancer finished second at the Wells Fargo Championship. One shot behind Rory McIlroy. In late July/early August he played in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, finishing tied for 14th place with Norway's Viktor Hovland after scoring 12-under-par for the four rounds of the Men's Tournament. The following week he obtained his first career victory in a PGA Tour event after winning the 2021 WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational after two sudden-death playoff holes against Hideki Matsuyama and Sam Burns. With the win, Ancer became the fourth Mexican player to win on the PGA Tour and the first to win on the European Tour. Ancer joined LIV Golf in June 2022 following the U.S Open, and was subsequently suspended from the PGA Tour. Ancer has yet to win individually on the tour, but did win the team trophy in Bangkok. In February 2023, Ancer won the P"}, {"title": "Abraham Ancer", "text": "IF Saudi International on the Asian Tour. He shot a final-round 68 to win by two shots ahead of Cameron Young and claim a wire-to-wire victory.</s><s>Amateur wins. - 2009 Odessa College Invitational - 2010 Omega Chemical/Midland College, Texas Junior College Championship, NJCAA District 2 Championship - 2011 Desert Shootout, NCAA East-VA Tech Regional Source:</s><s>Professional wins (4).</s><s>Professional wins (4).:PGA Tour wins (1). PGA Tour playoff record (1\u20130)</s><s>Professional wins (4).:European Tour wins (1). European Tour playoff record (1\u20130)</s><s>Professional wins (4).:Web.com Tour wins (1). Web.com Tour playoff record (1\u20131)</s><s>Results in major championships. \"Results not in chronological order before 2019 and in 2020.\" CUT = missed the half-way cutbr \"T\" = tiedbr NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic</s><s>Results in major championships.:Summary. - Most consecutive cuts made \u2013 6 (2020 PGA \u2013 2021 PGA) - Longest streak of top-10s \u2013 1 (twice)</s><s>Results in The Players"}, {"title": "Abraham Ancer", "text": " Championship. \"T\" indicates a tie for a placebr C = Cancelled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic</s><s>World Golf Championships.</s><s>World Golf Championships.:Results timeline. Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemicbr QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match playbr NT = no tournamentbr \"T\" = tiedbr Note that the Championship and Invitational were discontinued from 2022.</s><s>Team appearances. - World Cup (representing Mexico): 2018 - Presidents Cup (representing the International team): 2019</s><s>See also. - 2015 Web.com Tour Finals graduates - 2017 Web.com Tour Finals graduates</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Abraham Ancer", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000358", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vicente Guerrero.", "docs": [{"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": "<s>Vicente Guerrero Vicente Ram\u00f3n Guerrero (; baptized August 10, 1782 \u2013 February 14, 1831) was a Mexican soldier and statesman who become the nation's second president. He was one of the leading generals who fought against Spain during the Mexican War of Independence. During his presidency, he abolished slavery in Mexico. Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion by his Vice-President Anastasio Bustamante.</s><s>Early life. Vicente Guerrero was born in Tixtla, a town 100 kilometers inland from the port of Acapulco, in the Sierra Madre del Sur; his parents were Mar\u00eda Guadalupe Rodr\u00edguez Salda\u00f1a, and Juan Pedro Guerrero. His father's family included landlords, wealthy farmers, and traders with broad business connections in the south, members of the Spanish militia, and gun and cannon makers. In his youth, he worked for his father's freight business that used mules for transport, a prosperous business during this time. His travels took him to different parts of Mexico where he heard of the idea of independence. There is controversy regarding Guerrero's ethnic origin, with some authors describing him as indigenous, mestizo, or African. However, no portraits of him were made during"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " his lifetime and those made posthumously may not be reliable. Fellow insurgent Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Morelos described him as a \"young man with bronzed or tanned skin (\"broncineo\" in Spanish), tall and strong (N.B. \"forbid\", strapping, muscular), aquiline nose, bright and light-colored eyes and big sideburns\". Vicente's father, Juan Pedro, supported Spanish rule, whereas his uncle, Diego Guerrero, had an important position in the Spanish militia. As an adult, Vicente was opposed to the Spanish colonial government. When his father asked him for his sword in order to present it to the viceroy of New Spain as a sign of goodwill, Vicente refused, saying, \"The will of my father is for me sacred, but my Fatherland is first.\" \"\"Mi patria es primero\"\" is now the motto of the southern Mexican state of Guerrero, named in honor of the revolutionary. Guerrero enlisted in Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Morelos's insurgent army of the south in December 1810. He was married to Mar\u00eda Guadalupe Hern\u00e1ndez; their daughter Mar\u00eda Dolores Guerrero Hern\u00e1ndez married Mariano Riva Palacio, who was the defense"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " lawyer of Maximilian I of Mexico in Quer\u00e9taro, and was the mother of late nineteenth-century intellectual [Vicente Riva Palacio].</s><s>Insurgent. In 1810, Guerrero joined in the early revolt against Spain, first fighting in the forces of secular priest Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Morelos. When the Mexican War of Independence began, Guerrero was working as a gunsmith in Tixtla. He joined the rebellion in November 1810 and enlisted in a division that independence leader Morelos had organized to fight in southern Mexico. Guerrero distinguished himself in the Battle of Iz\u00facar, in February 1812, and had achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel when Oaxaca was claimed by rebels in November 1812. Initial victories by Morelos's forces faltered, and Morelos himself was captured and executed in December 1815. Guerrero joined forces with Guadalupe Victoria and Isidoro Montes de Oca, taking the position of \"Commander in Chief\" of the rebel troops. In 1816, the royal government under Viceroy Apodaca sought to end the insurgency, offering amnesty. Guerrero's father carried an appeal for his son to surrender, but Guerrero refused. He remained the only major rebel leader still at large and kept"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " the rebellion going through an extensive campaign of guerrilla warfare. He won victories at Ajuchit\u00e1n, Santa Fe, Tetela del R\u00edo, Huetamo, Tlalchapa, and Cuautlotitl\u00e1n, regions of southern Mexico that were very familiar to him. Hoping to extinguish the rebellion, the royal government sent Agust\u00edn de Iturbide against Guerrero's forces. Guerrero was victorious against Iturbide, who realized that there was a military stalemate. Guerrero appealed to Iturbide to abandon his royalist loyalty and to join the fight for independence. Events in Spain had changed in 1820, with Spanish liberals ousting Ferdinand VII and imposing the liberal constitution of 1812 that the king had repudiated. Conservatives in Mexico, including the Catholic hierarchy, began to conclude that continued allegiance to Spain would undermine their position and opted for independence to maintain their control. Guerrero's appeal to join the forces for independence was successful. Guerrero and Iturbide allied under the Plan de Iguala and their forces merged as the Army of the Three Guarantees. The Plan of Iguala proclaimed independence, called for a constitutional monarchy and the continued place of the Roman Catholic Church, and abolished the formal \"casta\" system of racial classification. Clause"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " 12 was incorporated into the plan: \"All inhabitants... without distinction of their European, African or Indian origins are citizens... with full freedom to pursue their livelihoods according to their merits and virtues.\" The Army of the Three Guarantees marched triumphantly into Mexico City on September 27, 1821. Iturbide was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico by Congress. In January 1823, Guerrero, along with Nicol\u00e1s Bravo, rebelled against Iturbide, returning to southern Mexico to raise rebellion, according to some assessments because their careers had been blocked by the emperor. Their stated objectives were to restore the Constituent Congress. Guerrero and Bravo were defeated by Iturbide's forces at Almolongo, now in the State of Guerrero, less than a month later. When Iturbide's imperial government collapsed in 1823, Guerrero was named one of Constituent Congress's ruling triumvirate.</s><s>1828 presidential election. Guerrero was a liberal by conviction, and active in the York Rite Masons, established in Mexico after independence by Joel Roberts Poinsett, the U.S. diplomatic representative to the newly independent Mexico. The Scottish Rite Masons had been established before independence. Following independence the \"Yorkinos\" appealed to a broad range of Mexico's populace"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": ", as opposed to the Scottish Rite Masons, who were a bulwark of conservatism, and in the absence of established political parties, rival groups of Masons functioned as political organizations. Guerrero had a large following among urban \"Yorkinos\", who were mobilized during the 1828 election campaign and afterwards, in the ouster of the president-elect, Manuel G\u00f3mez Pedraza. In 1828, the four-year term of the first president of the republic, Guadalupe Victoria, came to an end. Unlike the first presidential election and the president serving his full term, the election of 1828 was highly partisan. Guerrero's supporters included federalist liberals, members of the radical wing of the York Rite Freemasons. General G\u00f3mez Pedraza won the September 1828 election to succeed Guadalupe Victoria, with Guerrero coming in second and Anastasio Bustamante, third through indirect election of Mexico's state legislatures. G\u00f3mez Pedraza was the candidate of the \"Impartials\", composed of Yorkinos concerned about the radicalism of Guerrero and Scottish Rite Masons (\"Escoc\u00e9s\"), who sought a new political party. Among those who were Impartials were distinguished federalist Yorkinos Valent\u00edn G\u00f3me"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": "z Far\u00edas and Miguel Ramos Arizpe. The U.S. diplomatic representative in Mexico, Joel Roberts Poinsett was enthusiastic about Guerrero's candidacy, writing Guerrero himself did not leave an abundant written record, but some of his speeches survive. Two weeks after the September 1 election, Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna rose in rebellion in support of Guerrero. As governor of the strategic state of Veracruz and former general in the war of independence, Santa Anna was a powerful figure in the early republic, but he was unable to persuade the state legislature to support Guerrero in the indirect elections. Santa Anna resigned the governorship and led 800 troops loyal to him in capturing the fortress of Perote, near Xalapa. He issued a political plan there calling for the nullification of G\u00f3mez Pedraza's election and the declaration of Guerrero as president. In November 1828 in Mexico City, Guerrero supporters took control of the Accordada, a former prison transformed into an armory, and days of fighting occurred in the capital. President-elect G\u00f3mez Pedraza had not yet taken office and at this juncture he resigned and soon went into exile in England. With the resignation of the president-elect and the ineffective rule of the"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " sitting president, civil order dissolved. On 4 December 1828, a riot broke out in the Z\u00f3calo and the Pari\u00e1n market, where luxury goods were sold, was looted. Order was restored within a day, but elites in the capital were alarmed at the violence of the popular classes and the huge property losses. With the resignation of G\u00f3mez Pedraza, and Guerreros's cause backed by Santa Anna's forces and the powerful liberal politician Lorenzo de Zavala, Guerrero became president. Guerrero took office as president, with Bustamante, a conservative, becoming vice president. One scholar sums up Guerrero's situation, \"Guerrero owed the presidency to a mutiny and a failure of will on the part of [President] Guadalupe Victoria...Guerrero was to rule as president with only a thin layer of support.\"</s><s>Presidency. Liberal folk hero of the independence insurgency Guerrero became president on 1 April 1829, with conservative Anastasio Bustamante as his vice president. For some of Guerrero's supporters, a visibly mixed-race man from Mexico's periphery becoming president of Mexico was a step toward what one 1829 pamphleteer called \"the reconquest of this land by its legitimate owners\" and called"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " Guerrero \"that immortal hero, favorite son of Nezahualcoyotzin\", the famous ruler of prehispanic Texcoco. Some creole elites (American-born whites of Spanish heritage) were alarmed by Guerrero as president, a group that liberal Lorenzo de Zavala disparagingly called \"the new Mexican aristocracy\". Guerrero set about creating a cabinet of liberals, but his government already encountered serious problems, including its very legitimacy, since president-elect G\u00f3mez Pedraza had resigned under pressure. Some traditional federalists leaders, who might have supported Guerrero, did not do so because of the electoral irregularities. The national treasury was empty and future revenues were already liened. Spain continued to deny Mexico's independence and threatened reconquest. A key achievement of his presidency was the total abolition of slavery in Mexico. The slave trade had already been banned by the Spanish authorities in 1818, a ban that had been reconfirmed by the nascent Mexican government in 1824. A few Mexican states had also already abolished the practice of slavery, but it was not until September 16, 1829 that total abolition across the nation was proclaimed by the Guerrero administration. Slavery at this point barely existed throughout Mexico, and only the state of Coahuila y"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " Tejas was significantly affected, due to the immigration of slaveowners from the United States. Guerrero called for public schools, land title reforms, industry and trade development, and other programs of a liberal nature. As president, Guerrero championed the causes of the racially oppressed and economically oppressed. Initially, the leader of the colonization of Texas, Stephen F. Austin, proved enthusiastic towards the Mexican government. During Guerrero's presidency, the Spanish tried to reconquer Mexico but were defeated at the Battle of Tampico.</s><s>Fall and execution. Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion under Vice-President Anastasio Bustamante that began on 4 December 1829. Guerrero left the capital to fight in the south, but was deposed by the Mexico City garrison in his absence on 17 December 1829. Guerrero had returned to the region of southern Mexico where he had fought during the war of independence. Open warfare between Guerrero and his opponent in the region Nicol\u00e1s Bravo was fierce. Bravo had been a royalist officer and Guerrero was an insurgent hero. Bravo controlled the highlands of the region, including the town of Guerrero's birth, Tixtla. Guerrero had strength in the hot coastal regions of the Costa Grande and Tierra Caliente, with mixed race populations that had been"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " mobilized during the insurgency for independence. Bravo's area had a mixed population, but politically was dominated by whites. The conflict in the south occurred for all of 1830, as conservatives consolidated power in Mexico City. The war in the south might have continued even longer, but ended in what one historian has called \"the most shocking single event in the history of the first republic: the capture of Guerrero in Acapulco through an act of betrayal and his execution a month later.\" Guerrero controlled Mexico's principal Pacific coast port of Acapulco. An Italian merchant ship captain, Francisco Picaluga, approached the conservative government in Mexico City with a proposal to lure Guerrero onto his ship and take him prisoner for the price of 50,000 pesos, a fortune at the time. Picaluga invited Guerrero on board for a meal on 14 January 1831. Guerrero and a few aides were taken captive and Picaluga sailed to the port of Huatulco, where Guerrero was turned over to federal troops. Guerrero was taken to Oaxaca City and summarily tried by a court-martial. His capture was welcomed by conservatives and some state legislatures, but the legislatures of Zacatecas and Jalisco tried to prevent Guerrero's execution. The government's 50,000"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " peso payment to Picaluga was exposed in the liberal press. Despite pleas for his life, Guerrero was executed by firing squad in Cuilapam on 14 February 1831. His death did mark the dissolution of the rebellion in southern Mexico, but those politicians involved in his execution paid a lasting price to their reputations. Many Mexicans saw Guerrero as the \"martyr of Cuilapam\" and his execution was deemed by the liberal newspaper \"El Federalista Mexicano\" \"judicial murder\". The two conservative cabinet members considered most culpable for Guerrero's execution, Lucas Alam\u00e1n and Secretary of War Jos\u00e9 Antonio Facio, \"spent the rest of their lives defending themselves from the charge that they were responsible for the ultimate betrayal in the history of the first republic, that is, that they had arranged not just for the service of Picaluga's ship but specifically for his capture of Guerrero.\" Historian Jan Bazant speculates as to why Guerrero was executed rather than sent into exile, as Iturbide had been, as well as Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna, and long-time dictator of late-nineteenth century Mexico, Porfirio D\u00edaz. \"The clue is provided by Zavala who, writing several years later"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": ", noted that Guerrero was of mixed blood and that the opposition to his presidency came from the great landowners, generals, clerics and Spaniards resident in Mexico...Guerrero's execution was perhaps a warning to men considered as socially and ethnically inferior not to dare to dream of becoming president.\" Honors were conferred on surviving members of Guerrero's family, and a pension was paid to his widow. In 1842, Vicente Guerrero's remains were exhumed and returned to Mexico City for reinterment. He is known for his political discourse promoting equal civil rights for all Mexican citizens. He has been described as the \"greatest man of color\" to ever live.</s><s>Legacy. Guerrero is a Mexican national hero. The state of Guerrero is named in his honour. Several towns in Mexico are named in honor of this famous general, including Vicente Guerrero in Durango, Vicente Guerrero in Baja California and the Colonia Guerrero.</s><s>See also. - Filipino immigration to Mexico - Gaspar Yanga - History of Mexico - Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Larios - Liberalism in Mexico - List of presidents of Mexico - List of wars involving Mexico</s><s>Further reading. - Anna, Timothy E. \"The Mexican Empire of Iturbide\". Lincoln: University"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " of Nebraska Press 1990. - Anna, Timothy E. \"Forging Mexico, 1821\u20131835\". Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998. - Arrom, Silvia. \"Popular Politics in Mexico City: The Pari\u00e1n Riot, 1828\". Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 2 (May 1988): 245\u201368. - Avila, Alfredo. \"La presidencia de Vicente Guerrero\", in Will Fowler, ed., \"Gobernantes mexicanos\", Mexico City, Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, 2008, t. I, p.\u00a027\u201349.. - Bazant, Jan. \"From Independence to the Liberal Republic, 1821\u201367\" in \"Mexico since Independence\", edited by Leslie Bethelll. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991. - Gonz\u00e1lez Pedrero, Enrique. \"Pa\u00eds de un solo hombre: el M\u00e9xico de Santa Anna. Volumen II\" : La sociedad de fuego cruzado 1829\u20131836 : Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica.. - Green, Stanley C. \"The Mexican Republic: The First Decade 1823\u20131832\". Pittsburgh:"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": " University of Pittsburgh Press 1987. - Guardino, Peter F. \"Peasants, Politics, and the Formation of Mexico's National State: Guerrero 1800\u20131857\". Stanford: Stanford University Press 1996. - Hale, Charles A. \"Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora\". New Haven: Yale University Press 1968. - Hamnett, Brian. \"Roots of Insurgency: Mexican Regions, 1750\u20131824\". New York: Cambridge University Press 1986. - Harrell, Eugene Wilson. \"Vicente Guerrero and the Birth of Modern Mexico, 1821\u20131831\". PhD dissertation, Tulane University 1976. - - Ram\u00edrez Fentanes, Luis. \"Vicente Guerrero, Presidente de M\u00e9xico\". Mexico City: Comisi\u00f3n de Historia Militar 1958. - Richmond, Douglas W. \"Vicente Guerrero\" in \"Encyclopedia of Mexico\". Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp.\u00a0616\u201318. - Sims, Harold. \"The Expulsion of Mexico's Spaniards, 1821\u20131836\". Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1990. - Sprague, William. \"Vicente Guerrero, Mexican Liberator: A Study in Patriotism\". Chicago"}, {"title": "Vicente Guerrero", "text": ": Donnelley 1939. - Vincent, Theodore G. \"The Legacy of Vicente Guerrero, Mexico's First Black Indian President\". University of Florida Press 2001.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vicente Guerrero", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000359", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Asafa Powell.", "docs": [{"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": "<s>Asafa Powell Asafa Powell, CD (born 23 November 1982) is a retired Jamaican sprinter who specialised in the 100 metres. He set the 100 metres world record twice, between June 2005 and May 2008 with times of 9.77 and 9.74\u00a0seconds. Powell has consistently broken the 10-second barrier in competition, with his personal best of 9.72\u00a0s ranking fourth on the all-time list of men's 100-metre athletes. As of 1 September 2016, Powell has broken the ten-second barrier more times than anyone else\u201497 times. He currently holds the world record for the 100-yard dash with a time of 9.09 s, set on 27 May 2010 in Ostrava, Czech Republic. At the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, he won a gold medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay. Powell competed in the 100\u00a0m at the 2004, 2008 and 2012 Olympics, finishing fifth in 2004 and 2008 and eighth after injuring his groin during the race in 2012. At the 2007 Osaka World Championships, he won a bronze and a silver medal in the 100\u00a0m and 4 x 100\u00a0m relay respectively, and he was successful at the Commonwealth Games, winning two golds and one silver medal. At"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " the 2009 World Championships, he won the 100\u00a0m bronze and relay gold. Powell has won five times at the IAAF World Athletics Final and was the former 100\u00a0m world record holder in the event. In 2013, Powell tested positive for the stimulant oxilofrine along with teammate Sherone Simpson and voluntarily withdrew from the 2013 World Athletics Championships as a result, though both maintained they did not take any banned supplements knowingly or willfully. On 10 April 2014, they received an 18-month suspension from competing, which was set to expire in December that year. However the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) lifted both athletes' suspensions on 14 July 2014, finding that the positive tests were caused by the presence of oxilofrine, undisclosed by the manufacturer, in a supplement taken by the pair.</s><s>Biography and sprinting career. Born in Spanish Town, Jamaica, Asafa Powell is the youngest of six sons of two ministers. Asafa attended Ewarton Primary School and Charlemont High School, both in St. Catherine, Jamaica. Powell planned to be a mechanic before he took up running while studying in Kingston, Jamaica. His eldest brother Donovan, was a 60\u00a0m finalist in the 1999 World Indoor Championships. Running"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " runs in the family: His brothers clocked 9.5 seconds for the 100\u00a0yd dash, his mother 11.4 s, and his father 10.2 s. Powell is a member of the MVP (Maximising Velocity and Power) Track & Field Club based at the University of Technology, Jamaica and has been coached by Stephen Francis since 2001.</s><s>Biography and sprinting career.:2000\u20132005: Early career. Powell represented his school Charlemont High at the ISSA High School Championships. On 11 April he finished fourth in the Class 1 200\u00a0m, in 23.07 with a \u22121.7\u00a0m/s headwind. On 13 April, he finished third in his heat of the Boy's Class 1 100\u00a0m, recording 11.45 with a \u22122.3\u00a0m/s headwind. Neither time recorded in the heats was quick enough to advance him to the next round of competition. Powell again represented Charlemont High at the ISSA High School Boy And Girls Championships, finishing seventh in the Class 1 100\u00a0m Final. Recognizing some talent, coach Stephen Francis started coaching Powell one week later. The coach looked for a way to give the tall teenager a faster start. After searching the island, Stephen"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " Francis found a 100\u00a0m stretch of road with a 10% slope and trains his runners on that. Powell vindicated Francis by winning the Boys Under-20 100\u00a0m event in 10.50\u00a0seconds at the JAAA National Championships on 22 June. At the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, Powell finished fifth in the semi-finals of the 100\u00a0m event, setting a personal best of 10.26\u00a0s. Powell, along with Michael Frater, Dwight Thomas and Christopher Williams formed the Jamaican 4\u00d7100\u00a0m relay team that went on to win a silver medal. Powell finished just behind Darren Campbell in the last leg of the relay, with both men finishing in 38.62\u00a0s. Powell won the Jamaican 100 m National Championship in 2003. Powell came to attention within the world of athletics at the 2003 World Championships, when he suffered the ignominy of being 'the other athlete' disqualified for a false start in the quarter-final. This was when Jon Drummond memorably refused to leave the track having suffered the same fate, both athletes moved less than 0.1\u00a0s after the gun had fired, with Powell's reactions being timed at 0.086\u00a0s. Six days later Powell was added to the 4 \u00d7 100"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " m relay team for the semi-final, running as the anchor. He helped the team qualify for the final, recording the second fastest time. Powell never had a chance to run for a medal in the final as the second baton exchange was not executed cleanly and the Jamaican team failed to finish. During the 2003 season, Powell won two IAAF Grand Prix events, one of which was an AF Golden League event. He finished seventh in 10.23 s in the 100 m at the IAAF World Athletics Final. On 12 June, Powell recorded his first sub-10 100\u00a0m race time (9.99\u00a0s +1.8\u00a0m/s) while participating in the National Junior Track and Field Championships, held at the GC Foster College in Spanish Town. Two weeks later Powell became one of the favourites for a medal in the 100\u00a0m at the 2004 Athens Olympics after winning the Jamaican National Championships with a personal best time of 9.91\u00a0s. Although he ended the season with a record-equaling nine sub-10 second runs, Powell finished just fifth in the highly competitive Olympic final, with a time of 9.94\u00a0s. Following this he pulled out of the 200\u00a0m final, even though he had already qualified"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " eighth for it earlier on. Powell did not get the chance to run for a medal in the 4 \u00d7 100 m relay, as the Jamaican team failed to qualify for the final with a season best 38.71 s fourth-place finish in their heat. Following his Olympic disappointment Powell set a new national record of 9.87 s for the 100 m at the Memorial Van Damme in Bruxelles on 3 September. He recorded five IAAF Grand Prix wins in 2004. In addition, he became the first man to win both the 100\u00a0m and 200\u00a0m races at the World Athletics Final in championship record time. Powell was world ranked number one for the 100 m and number four for the 200 m at the end of the season. Powell set a new national record of 9.84 s at the Jamaica International Invitational in May. He gained some consolation for his Olympic performance by breaking the 100\u00a0m world record in Athens on 14 June 2005, setting a time of 9.77\u00a0s, beating American Tim Montgomery's 2002 record of 9.78\u00a0s (which was later annulled due to doping charges against Montgomery) by just 0.01\u00a0s. Coincidentally, Powell achieved the feat on the same track as Maurice Greene's 1999"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " world record run of 9.79\u00a0s. Wind assistance for Powell was measured at 1.6\u00a0m/s, within the IAAF legal limit of 2.0\u00a0m/s. Powell again won the 100\u00a0m final at the Jamaican National Championships. A groin injury in July cut short his season and forced him to miss the World Championships. His season ended with just two IAAF Grand Prix event wins. Despite his shortened season, Powell had the three fastest 100\u00a0m times of the year, received the Caribbean And Central American (CAC) Male Athlete of the Year award, and ranked second in the world.</s><s>Biography and sprinting career.:2006\u20132007: Worldwide success. 2006 was Powell's most successful season. He won the 2006 Commonwealth Games 100 metres race after a drama-filled semi-final which saw two disqualifications and three false starts. Powell himself ran into another competitor's lane while looking at the scoreboard, however he was held not to have impeded the runner. He also anchored the 4 \u00d7 100\u00a0m relay team, and finished the Commonwealth Games with two gold medals. In May, he won the 100 m at the Jamaica International Invitational in 9.95 s. In addition to winning the 200\u00a0m"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " at the Jamaican National Championships in June, he won ten 100\u00a0m IAAF Grand Prix events, including all six Golden League events. Powell then equalled his world record time on 11 June 2006 at Gateshead International Stadium with wind assistance measured at +1.5\u00a0m/s. The exact time was 9.7629 s, which was rounded up to 9.77 s as per IAAF rules. On 18 August 2006 in Z\u00fcrich, Powell equalled it again for the second time with wind assistance at +1.0\u00a0m/s. He won his sixth IAAF Golden League event (for the 100\u00a0m) in the same season, thus earning him a total of $250,000 in prize money. Powell also won the 100\u00a0m at the World Athletics Final, again setting a new championship record on 9 September. One week later at the World Cup in Athletics, the Americas team anchored by Powell recorded a DNF. In October, Powell again received the Caribbean And Central American (CAC) Male Athlete of the Year award. On 12 November 2006, he was awarded the title of 2006 Male IAAF World Athlete of the Year along with a cheque for $100,000. He also received the honour of Track"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " & Field Athlete of the Year for 2006. On 5 January 2007, Powell received the Commonwealth Games Sports Foundation Athlete of the Year award. On 3 February he was honoured at the International Sports Group (ISG) Awards Banquet, held in New York. In addition, Powell was nominated for the Laureus World Sports Awards Sportsman of the Year award. Suffering from knee Tendinitis and missing weeks of training Powell missed competing at the Penn Relays and the Jamaica International Invitational in May. Powell was again the Jamaican National Champion for the 100\u00a0m. Unfortunately, Powell again injured his groin while running the final at the Jamaica Championships. He only managed to finish third in the 100\u00a0m final at the 2007 World Championships in Osaka, Japan, behind Tyson Gay, who was considered Powell's biggest rival building up to the Championships. Derrick Atkins, Powell's second cousin, came second in 9.91\u00a0s. Powell himself finished in a time of 9.96\u00a0s (running in a 0.5\u00a0m/s headwind) after being passed by Tyson and Derrick Atkins in the late stages of the race. Later, Powell admitted that he panicked and gave up after seeing Tyson pass him, allowing Derrick Atkins also to overtake. Former American spr"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": "inter Michael Johnson was critical of Powell's performance, stating: However, Powell did help to win the silver medal in the 4 \u00d7 100 m relay race. Running the anchor leg for the Jamaican team, he came from fifth and passed Great Britain at the line to help record a Jamaican national record of 37.89\u00a0s. The United States meanwhile took gold. On 9 September 2007, in the opening heats of the IAAF Grand Prix in Rieti, Italy, Powell ran a new world record time of 9.74\u00a0s (+1.7\u00a0m/s) in the 100\u00a0m, thus fulfilling the promise he had made earlier after his bronze medal in Osaka, that he would break the record by the end of the year. This was intended to make up for the disappointment of not becoming World Champion. Remarkably, Powell eased up in the final few metres of his record-setting run, indicating that he was saving his strength for the final. In the final itself, Powell finished in 9.78\u00a0s (0\u00a0m/s windspeed) and bettered his semi-final time when adjusted for wind assistance. Unfortunately, Powell ended his season on 30 September with a left hamstring injury, which came about while running in the lead"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " of the 200\u00a0m race at the Super Track & Field meet in Yokohama, Japan. Powell finished 2007 with a total of five IAAF Grand Prix event wins, plus his second consecutive World Athletic Final 100\u00a0m win, with yet another championship record. For the third consecutive year Powell won the Caribbean And Central American (CAC) Male Athlete of the Year award. Powell closed the year receiving the IAAF Performance of the Year award, for his 9.74\u00a0s world record, and was ranked second in the world.</s><s>Biography and sprinting career.:2008\u20132009: Olympics and World Championships. On 29 January 2008, Powell received the RJR Sports Foundation's 2007 Sportsman of the Year award. Powell's 2008 season started much as his 2007 season ended: with another injury. Powell was forced to pull out of the Sydney Grand Prix meeting, having suffered a gash to his left knee that required four stitches. The injury was a result of tripping on the steps of his home, hours before getting on the flight to Sydney on 12 February. Powell was again injured in April, this time with damage to his pectoral muscles. The injury forced Powell out of competition for two months, and was sustained while weight training in Jamaica during"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " mid-April. Surgery was required, and a visible scar was left on his right underarm. On 31 May, fellow Jamaican Usain Bolt ran a time of 9.72\u00a0s at the Reebok Grand Prix in New York, breaking Powell's 3-year dominance of the 100\u00a0m world record. On 11 July, Powell suffered his third injury of 2008 while leading in Heat 1 of the Golden Gala Roma, eventually finishing fifth. He had injured his groin (described as a \"strain\" and a \"cramp\"), and was forced to miss the next two events on the Grand Prix schedule. Powell made his comeback at the DN Galan meet, where he beat the new World Record holder Bolt, in a close race. The meet's top performers were a Jamaican 1\u20132\u20133\u20134 with Nesta Carter and Michael Frater following the pair. This top four would later combine to run the 4 \u00d7 100\u00a0m relay at the Olympics. Prior to the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, Powell hit back at the claims saying he lacked the mental strength needed to win an Olympic gold medal. Despite his words, the 100\u00a0m final saw Powell again finish in a disappointing fifth, recording a time of 9.95\u00a0s. Team"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": "mates Bolt and Michael Frater also raced in the final. Bolt won and broke the record he set months earlier (finishing in 9.69\u00a0s) and Frater came sixth, recording his first sub-10 clocking at 9.97\u00a0s. Seven days later, Powell finally got his first Olympic medal as he anchored the Jamaican 4 \u00d7 100 m relay team to victory, helping establish a new world record in the process. His split time was recorded at 8.70\u00a0s (USATF High Performance Registered Split Analysis), bettering his previous record of 8.84\u00a0s set in Osaka, 2007. This is the fastest electronically timed anchor run in history, as Bob Hayes was hand timed as running between 8.6 and 8.9\u00a0seconds in the 1964 Olympics. The gold medal was later vacated by the IOC in 2017 when a retest of teammate Nesta Carter found the presence of the prohibited substance methylhexaneamine. On 2 September 2008, Powell ran a new personal best of 9.72\u00a0s in the 100\u00a0m with windspeed measured at +0.2\u00a0m/s. He accomplished this feat at the Athletissima Grand Prix in Lausanne, Switzerland. After the run, he said that Bolt's"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " record performance at the Olympics had inspired him to target a time of 9.59\u00a0s: Powell was optimistic about his future chances on the track, and philosophical as to why he could not peak in past major championships: Following his fifth-place finish in Beijing on 16 August, Powell recorded seven consecutive 100\u00a0m races under 9.90\u00a0s, including two races under 9.80\u00a0s. In addition, 2008 was Powell's second-best season on the Grand Prix circuit, claiming seven victories, plus his third consecutive win (and fourth overall) in the 100\u00a0m at the World Athletics Final. On his return to Jamaica, Powell was honoured in a homecoming celebration and received an Order of Distinction (Commander Rank) in recognition of his achievements at the Olympics. For the second consecutive year Powell ranked second in the world. Powell opened his season on 31 January at the Grace Jackson Invitational, held at Stadium East, Kingston, Jamaica. He ran the 400 metres, winning his heat in 47.75\u00a0s, placing him second overall in the four heat time-final. Powell ran the anchor leg for two relay teams at the Milo Western Relays held at the GC Foster College on 14 February. In his first race, his MVP team recorded a"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " new meet record and world leading time of 38.72\u00a0s for the 4 \u00d7 100\u00a0m relay. Later, he was timed at 46.27 s for his leg of the 4 \u00d7 400 metres relay, again winning the race for his MVP team. Powell next competed at the Sydney Track Classic in Australia on 28 February, again running the anchor leg in the 4 x 100\u00a0m relay and winning it in a new world leading time of 38.62\u00a0s. Two hours later, he ran a 400\u00a0m race, finishing 4th in a new personal best 45.94\u00a0s and shaving 1.23\u00a0s off his previous best time. After the 400\u00a0m race, Powell said: Five days later, Powell ran his first 100\u00a0m race of the season. Competing at the Melbourne Track Classic he ran a world leading 10.23\u00a0s, wind measuring \u22121.4\u00a0m/s on the coldest day of the year to date. On 16 April, Powell was nominated for the Laureus World Team of the Year award, as a member of the 2008 Jamaica Olympic Sprint Team. Powell then found himself involved in controversy when he was a last-minute \"no show\" at the UTech Track and Field Classic on 18 April"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": ". He had previously been advertised to run the 200 m and 4 \u00d7 100 m relay races. Powell attended as a spectator. A press conference called three days later by the MVP Track Club did not fully answer questions as to why Powell did not compete. The matter was reported to the Jamaica Fair Trading Commission which started investigations on 23 April. Powell was next to run at the Penn Relays on 25 April, but on the morning of the event, the Jamaica Observer reported that he had withdrawn from the 4 \u00d7 100 m relay. His manager Paul Doyle stated that Powell would not run due to concerns with his ankle while running the curve on the Franklin Field track. The Jamaica Observer cited a \"highly placed source\" when reporting that Powell had turned his ankle in training at Utech. Despite the report, Powell ran the anchor leg of the relay but aggravated the ankle injury, pulled up and finished ninth in 41.24 s. Scheduled to run at the IAAF Super Grand Prix in Doha on 8 May, Powell withdrew from the event, citing the need for sufficient time for his injured ankle to properly heal. He finished seventh in his first event returning from injury, the Reebok Grand Prix held in New York at Icahn Stadium on 30 May. When interviewed he stated that"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " his ankle was very weak but not painful. He finished second in his next event, the Prefontaine Classic eight days later. On 27 June, he qualified for the 100\u00a0m at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics with a second-place finish in 9.97 s at the Jamaican national championships. At the Bislett Games on 3 July, Powell overcame a poor start to win the 100 m in a 10.07 s photo finish. Four days later he recorded the same time in winning the Athletissima 100 m. Although he improved his season's best to 9.88 s, he finished second to Tyson Gay at the Golden Gala Roma on 10 July. Powell next ran the 100 m at the International Meeting of Athletics' Sports Solidarity, a charity event that encourages the participation of disabled athletes, finishing third. At the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, Powell took bronze in the finals of the 100 m meet with a time of 9.84 seconds, while compatriot Bolt broke his own world record by running 9.58 seconds. Eight days later, on 22 August, Powell helped Jamaica claim gold in the 4 \u00d7 100 m relay by running the anchor leg. The time of 37.31 seconds set was a new Championship Record for the event.</s><s>"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": "Biography and sprinting career.:2010\u20132011. Asafa Powell opened his 2010 season on 20 February at the UWI Invitational Meet in Jamaica by competing in the 400\u00a0m. He won his heat in a time of 47.56\u00a0s but was placed 3rd overall according to his time. He then ran the 200\u00a0m at the UTech Classic on 17 April 2010, also in his homeland. He competed in the 200\u00a0m in heavy rain and cold conditions. Powell opened up a huge lead in the first 100\u00a0m, after which he slowed drastically and won his heat in 21.27\u00a0s in a 1\u00a0m/s headwind. Later, it was reported that Powell had suffered minor cramps on his left calf muscles, which was why he had to slow down. Powell was next scheduled to run in the highly anticipated 4x100\u00a0m Penn Relays featuring Jamaica Yellow, and competing against Usain Bolt (Jamaica Black). However, he pulled out of the race as it was reported by his assistant coach that he had an injured toe, which would need some time to heal. At the IAAF Diamond League in Doha, Powell made a wind aided time of 9.75\u00a0s in the heat and 9."}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": "81\u00a0s in the final, also wind-aided. He subsequently set a 100\u00a0m world leading time of 9.83\u00a0s. En route to this performance, he also set the rarely run 100 yards dash world best at 9.07 s, beating the previous record of 9.21 s set by Charlie Greene. Powell next competed at the DKF Bislett Games in Oslo, Norway, where he powered to a splendid victory with a wind-aided 9.72 s. A week later, he competed at the Golden Gala in Rome, Italy, where he overcame a very poor reaction time at the start to take another victory in a World Leading time of 9.82\u00a0s. It was reported that Powell ended his six-year contract with leading sports brand Nike due to sponsorship problems, and rumours spread that he has a new contract with fast upcoming Chinese sports brand Li-Ning. Asafa next competed in the 200\u00a0m of the Jamaican Senior Trials where he won the final in 19.97 s, his second fastest ever. There, for the first time, he promoted his new Li Ning outfit. Powell next competed in Gateshead where he got off to a terrific start but lost to fast finishing Tyson Gay, who took the victory"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " in 9.94\u00a0s to Powell's 9.96\u00a0s in a strong 1.7\u00a0m/s headwind. Powell was not very disappointed as he mentioned that he got too relaxed, thus allowing Gay to outdo him in the final strides. The next race in Paris against Usain Bolt was a disappointing one. Although he had a good start, Bolt caught him at halfway point, and Asafa began to lose his fluent running form. He finished 2nd to Bolt in 9.91\u00a0s, 0.07\u00a0s slower than his rival and also into a slight headwind. Asafa said that he had a very bad race, which he hoped to improve in his upcoming races. Unfortunately for Powell, there was not a 'next race' for him. He picked up strains from his Paris meeting, which aggravated to hamstring and back problems. Powell missed his next two outings where he was scheduled to clash against Bolt and Gay. Powell ended his splendid 2010 season on a disappointing note, even though he expressed satisfaction on the races that he competed for the year. Asafa opened his 2011 season on 16 April at the National Stadium in Kingston, Jamaica. He ran the 200\u00a0m where he came in third after what looked to be a good first 140"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": "\u00a0m, slowing down significantly at the last quarter of the race. His time was 20.55\u00a0s for the race behind Yohan Blake and Daniel Bailey. Powell ran his next race was the 4 x 100\u00a0m relay, USA vs The World, at the Penn Relays 2011, on 28 April. He ran the unusual first leg for Jamaica as he blasted off like a bullet to give Jamaica the lead. Jamaica won the event in a world leading time of 38.33\u00a0s, ahead of USA Red and USA Blue teams respectively. He stated after the run that he was in good shape, and looking forward to do great things in the year ahead. Powell next ran the 200\u00a0m at the Jamaica International Invitational Meet on 7 May. He looked promising in the first 120\u00a0m, after which he slowed down drastically, finishing in last place with a time of 21.40\u00a0s, in a race won by Jamaican Nickel Ashmeade. He later stated that he felt a minor pain in his hamstring, and backed off as a precaution, but insisted that it was nothing serious. In the second meeting of the 2011 IAAF Diamond League at Shanghai Golden Grand Prix, Powell won the 100 m with a time of 9.95 seconds. Powell next"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " ran at the IAAF Diamond League in Rome against Usain Bolt on 26 May. Powell had a superb start and mid, but he faded towards the end, only to allow the world record holder to surpass him in the final 10\u201312\u00a0m of the race. Bolt won in 9.91\u00a0s, and Powell came second in 9.93s. He said that he had lost focus, but is confident about beating Bolt after what he had done that day. Powell next competed in the IAAF World Challenge in Rabat, Morocco, in a low key meet. There, after running the first 20 m, he pulled up and finished last in 36.13\u00a0s, citing a precaution against a serious hamstring injury. Reports said that it was nothing serious, and he would be ready for the Jamaican Trials later in the month. At the Jamaican Trials 23\u201324 July, Powell looked impressive as he qualified through the rounds. He posted a season best of 9.90s in his semi-final, despite easing off in the final 1 5m. Later, after overcoming a bad start, Powell won the final to be titled National Champion for the fifth time in his career. He won in a time of 10.08\u00a0s into a 1."}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": "8\u00a0m/s headwind. Yohan Blake and Steve Mullings were second and third respectively with only 0.01\u00a0s separating them. Next up for Powell was the Diamond League Athletissima in Lausanne on 30 June. In chilly conditions not ideal for sprinting, the former world record holder bulleted out of his blocks and ran to the tape, recording a world-leading 9.78\u00a0s with a following wind of 1.0\u00a0m/s. Powell was indeed happy with his strong performance, his fastest in three years, and full of confidence about the rest of the season and IAAF World Championships in Daegu, South Koreaa in late August. Next up for Powell was the IAAF Diamond League Meeting in Birmingham, England on 10 July. He became the first man in history to break the 10 seconds barrier in the Sir Alexander Stadium when he clocked a very easy looking 9.95\u00a0s in his heat. Later, in the final, he eased to a 9.91 s victory where compatriots Nesta Carter and Michael Frater finished second and third respectively. Powell was satisfied with both his races, stating that he took both the races easy due to very chilly and rainy conditions. Asafa seemed more and more confident heading"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " into the World Championships in late August. Powell next competed on 30 July in Budapest at the Hungarian Grand Prix. He ran 9.90 s in his heats and eased through the final to win in 9.86\u00a0s, having followed winds of 1.8\u00a0m/s and 2.0\u00a0m/s respectively, in cold conditions. Powell was next slated to run the Aviva London Grand Prix, but he pulled out, citing a groin strain. Later in late August, just a couple of days before the start of the World Championships in Daegu, Powell shocked the world by pulling out of the highly anticipated 100\u00a0m as his groin strain was re-aggravated and did not allow him to compete. Powell expressed great disappointment but vowed to come back strong for the London Olympics in 2012, but still hoped to run the 4x100\u00a0m relay in Daegu. However, he was unfit to run the relay and had to watch his compatriots win gold in a world record time of 37.04\u00a0s. Powell competed in the 100\u00a0m at the Diamond League Final in Zurich on 9 September. He looked very impressive in the first 60\u00a0m, but faded to second place as newly crowned world champion, Yohan Blake, took victory in"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " 9.82\u00a0s. Powell registered a 9.95\u00a0s run, which was impressive given the fact that his injury was still present. By completing the race, the sprinter took the Samsung Diamond Trophy with $40,000 in cash. Powell ended his season with another injury, almost a repeat of year 2010, where he showed excellent form in the first half of the year but unfortunately suffered injuries.</s><s>Biography and sprinting career.:2010\u20132011.:2012 London Olympics. In a ceremony held on 24 February, Powell received the University of Technology (UTech) Chancellor's Medal as well as Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Award International Ambassador role. He ran a personal best for the 60 metres at the Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix, setting a time of 6.50\u00a0seconds. On the 2012 IAAF Diamond League circuit, he was narrowly beaten by Justin Gatlin in Doha (runner-up in 9.88\u00a0seconds), then won the 100\u00a0m at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix a week later. On 5 August 2012, Asafa Powell ran in the final of the 100 m race at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. After back-to-back 5th-place finishes in Athens and Beijing, 2004 and 2008 respectively"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": ", Powell had his most disastrous final yet when he finished dead last with a time of 11.99 seconds, pulling up after seeing others pulling ahead of him, but it was ultimately due to a persistent groin injury. Powell said:\"It was my old groin injury that reoccurred. I felt it and it started to go. You never want to get injured, but it is a bit of a disaster when it happens in the Olympic final.\" Usain Bolt took the gold with Yohan Blake getting the silver and Justin Gatlin the bronze. As a result, Powell along with longtime rival Tyson Gay who finished 4th, remain as two of the three fastest men of all time to never have won any individual Olympic medals of any type. After the race, Jamaica's track and field manager Ludlow Watts lavished praise on Powell:Powell actually started this great change in our sprinting, and he's still a champion. Following the race, Powell had an ultrasound showing new tears in his adductor muscles as well as scar tissue in a previous injury. The groin injury appears to be season-ending as manager Paul Doyle believes he will miss the remainder of the year. \"I don't think it looks good for the rest of the season for Asafa,\" he lamented"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": ". Powell was not able to compete for Jamaica in the men's 4 \u00d7 100 m relay on 10 August. Powell released an apparel and accessories line branded \"Sub 10 King\" and many others, also opening up his personal website www.iamasafa.com for people's viewing and a platform to purchase his products.</s><s>Biography and sprinting career.:2010\u20132011.:2013-14 Suspension & Appeal. On 14 July 2013 Powell announced he had had tested positive for the banned drug oxilofrine in 2013 and withdrew from the 2013 World Athletics Championships as a result, but maintained that he did not take any banned supplements knowingly or willfully. Powell and fellow Jamaican sprinter, Sherone Simpson had taken the supplement Ephiphany D1 as part of their training regimen, not knowing it contained oxilofrine. It was later revealed that Acacia was substituted with oxilofrine, and not revealed by the manufacturer. The duo sued the company that sold the supplement, Dynamic Life Nutrition (DLN), in order to clear their names. Both Powell and Simpson reached an out of court settlement for an undisclosed amount in September 2015. After the settlement, Simpson released a statement stating: \"Both Asafa and I are happy that we were able to settle"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " this out of court.\" In April 2014, the Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission suspended him for 18 months over doping charges, expiring in December that year. However, after he and Simpson appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), the suspensions were reduced to the 6 months already served as CAS accepted the explanation that the offense was minor and due to contamination of the Epiphany D1 supplement.</s><s>Biography and sprinting career.:2010\u20132011.:2016 Rio Olympics. On 19 August 2016, Powell made a triumphant Olympic return, competing as part of the Jamaican 4 \u00d7 100 m men's relay team and winning a gold medal. After Jamaican team gold medal in 2008 Olympics were stripped, this medal win will be his only gold medal at Olympic Games.</s><s>Biography and sprinting career.:Physiology and running style. Despite Powell's size ( tall, weighing ), he has fast initial acceleration. In the Japanese sports Science institute in 2008, Asafa Powell was measured to have a small cross sectional area of his quadriceps tendon stretched with 114 kilograms of pull force, compared to sprinter Nobuharu Asahara's measurement of 59 kilograms, and the average mans as being 43 kilograms. Powell was also noted as having a"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " large Psoas major muscle in the Japanese sports science institute. Coupled with comparatively high stiffness in his ligaments and tendons, his long legs provide a long stride of 2.6 metres with rapid progression between each stride.</s><s>Personal life. Powell is deeply religious, citing his mother and father and his strict upbringing as the reason for this. In 2002, tragedy struck the Powell family when one of Asafa's brothers, Michael Powell, was shot dead in a taxi in New York. This emotional event happened the week of the Jamaica National Trials. In 2003, Asafa lost another brother during the week of the Jamaica National Championships. One year after the death of Michael, Vaughn Powell suffered a heart attack while playing a game of American football. In April 2007, Corey Reid, an uncle of Powell, was stabbed in Waterloo, Ewarton, St. Catherine. He later died in hospital. Powell married Canadian model Alyshia Powell in 2019. Powell has four children-two with his wife, Amieke Powell and Azhaf Powell and two from previous relationships, Avani Powell and Liam Powell. Powell is known to be occasionally shy but nonetheless good-natured and somewhat of a joker. He is good friends with compatriot, 100 and 200"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": "-metre world record holder Usain Bolt. The two are often seen joking around and do meet off the track. Powell is an avid car enthusiast. Powell announced his retirement from Track and Field on November 23, 2022. He and his wife, Alyshia have successfully grown an online audience through The Powells Youtube vlog, which reached 100,000 subscribers in March 2023. They also recently launched The Fast Lane Lifestyle podcast, which the couple says is \"a show about our life, raw and unfiltered\". Powell will continue to further his business interests, vlogging, podcast, foundation and much more with his wife, Alyshia. Their fans from all over the world are looking forward to seeing what's next for the Powells!</s><s>Sponsorship. - Powell has been under contract with Nike since 2004, representing them in all his IAAF races, and agreed to appear in various advertising campaigns for the company. Nike designed and built the Zoom Aerofly shoes for him, which were used at the 2008 Beijing Games. However, Powell ended his contract with Nike in mid-2010, and signed up with leading Chinese sports brand Li Ning. He has signed with Puma in 2015. - GlaxoSmithKline, through its"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " energy drink Lucozade, has sponsored Powell since he first broke the 100 m World Record in 2005. They honoured his Beijing achievements in a small function in October 2008. - In January 2006, Powell signed as a global brand spokesperson for Nutrilite. Nutrilite products are sold through the Amway corporation. On 14 January 2009 Amway's Team Nutrilite ended the sponsorship agreement with Powell.</s><s>Accomplishments and major competition results.</s><s>Accomplishments and major competition results.:Competition record. - 60 metres 100 metres - 200 metres - 4\u00d7100 metres relay</s><s>Accomplishments and major competition results.:Miscellaneous accomplishment. - Sub-10.0 runs, Season (100 m) - Powell was the first man to have run legally under 10.00 seconds 15 times in a single season (2008). - IAAF World Athletics Tour wins Powell has recorded a total of 35 wins in IAAF Grand Prix events, 14 coming in Golden League events and 12 in IAAF Super Grand Prix events. In the seven-year history of the IAAF World Athletics Final (2003\u20132009), Powell won the most competitions of any male athlete and took home the most prize money in the male events. In his seven appearances at"}, {"title": "Asafa Powell", "text": " the competition, he won the 100\u00a0m four times and 200\u00a0m once, winning US$173,000 in total. - Time progression in the 100 m</s><s>See also. - Athletics in Jamaica - Jamaica at the Olympics - Jamaica at the 2006 Commonwealth Games - World record progression 100 metres men</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Asafa Powell", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000360", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kevin Anderson (tennis).", "docs": [{"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": "<s>Kevin Anderson (tennis) Kevin Michael Anderson (born 18 May 1986) is a South African former professional tennis player. He achieved his career-high Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) ranking of world No. 5 on 16 July 2018. He was the first South African to be ranked in the top 5 since Kevin Curren was No. 5 on 23 September 1985. On 6 February 2011, Anderson defeated Somdev Devvarman in his hometown of Johannesburg to capture the South African Open title for his first ATP Tour-level title. His second ATP title came at the 2012 Delray Beach Open when he defeated Marinko Matosevic. Anderson won his third championship in 2015 at the Winston-Salem Open with a victory over Pierre-Hugues Herbert. He ended 2017 winning the exhibition World Tennis Championship. His fourth title came in February 2018 at the New York Open. Anderson reached his maiden Grand Slam final at the 2017 US Open, where he lost to Rafael Nadal.{{Cite news }} In the 2018 Wimbledon semifinals, Anderson reached his second major final by defeating American John Isner in the second-longest match in the history of major tournaments. The match, which lasted 6 hours and 36 minutes, was only beaten in length by"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " the 2010 match between Isner and France's Nicolas Mahut. He then lost to Novak Djokovic in the final in straight sets. On 3 May 2022, Anderson announced his retirement at age 35.</s><s>Early years. Anderson started playing tennis at age 6 and was competitive in 800-metre races at school. On the eve of their meeting in the finals at the 2017 US Open, it emerged that as a 12-year old, Anderson regularly competed against future world number one Rafael Nadal on the juniors circuit.{{cite web }}</s><s>Collegiate career. Anderson played three seasons of college tennis in the United States at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He was a three-time All-American in singles and two-time All-American in doubles. During his sophomore year (2005\u201306), he won the national doubles championships with playing partner Ryan Rowe.{{cite web }} In 2007, Anderson led Illinois to a runner-up team finish, losing to host Georgia on their home courts. In the championship dual match, Anderson lost at #1 singles to future ATP top-ten player, John Isner. During the singles tournament, Anderson lost in the semifinals to eventual two-time national champion, Som"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": "dev Devvarman of Virginia. In doubles, Anderson and partner, Ryan Rowe, fell short of repeating as champions, losing in the championship match to Marco Born and Andreas Siljestr\u00f6m of Middle Tennessee State in three sets, after having a couple match points.</s><s>Professional career highlights.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2003\u20132007: Early career. At age 17, Anderson entered his first professional tournament, winning four main-draw matches in the four-week tournament to earn a world ranking of No. 1178 from his only tournament of the year. He also finished the year with a doubles ranking of No. 902. In November, Anderson entered his third pro tournament and won the Botswana F1 to push his ranking to No. 769. He followed that up the next two weeks in South Africa, reaching the final in F1 and the semifinals in F2 to finish the year ranked No. 665 in singles from just 3 tournaments. At age 19, Anderson continued to play at the Futures level, exclusively in the United States, reaching the semifinals of USA F21 in August. In November, he played his first Challenger event in Champaign, qualifying and beating No. 192 Jan-Michael Gambill in the first round. He"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " finished the year ranked No. 766. In 2005, Anderson played his first pro tournaments of the year in June, again in the United States, reaching the finals of USA F13 and F21. He returned to Champaign again in November, beating No. 107 Kevin Kim to reach his first Challenger quarterfinal. He finished the year ranked No. 517. In doubles, he won a pair of USA Futures back to back in June and finished the year ranked No. 530. In 2006, Anderson again waited until June to play his first tournaments. He repeated as a finalist in USA F12, and then won USA F13 before qualifying two weeks later in the Winnetka Challenger and reaching the final to push his ranking to No. 310. He recorded his first win over a top-100 opponent in the qualifying for the ATP tournament in New Haven, beating No. 88 Chris Guccione, before losing in the main draw to No. 41 Arnaud Cl\u00e9ment. In September 2007 in the Challenger in New Orleans, he needed to qualify to make the main draw in both singles and doubles, and won all 13 matches that week to take the singles and doubles titles, beating four top-200 singles players and the top three seeded doubles teams"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": ". His Challenger success in New Orleans helped him to career-high rankings at the end of 2007 of No. 221 in singles and No. 398 in doubles.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2008: First Grand Slam entry. Anderson began 2008 with a bit of success, reaching the quarters of the Challenger in New Caledonia before qualifying in his first Grand Slam attempt in Australia. He lost in the main draw first round to No. 84 Alejandro Falla in 5 sets, but his efforts got his ranking to a career high of No. 190. At the 2008 Tennis Channel Open in Las Vegas, as a qualifier, he managed to defeat sixth seed Micha\u00ebl Llodra in straight sets, 6\u20132, 7\u20136. In the second round he beat giant John Isner 7\u20136, 7\u20135. He beat Evgeny Korolev in his first ever ATP quarter-final 6\u20132, 6\u20130. In the semi-finals he won in straight sets against Robby Ginepri to reach his first ever ATP tour final. In the final, he fell to Sam Querrey in 3 sets. In the second round of the Sony Ericsson Open in Key Biscayne, Florida, he beat Novak Djokovic"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " for his first win against a top-10 player. At Wimbledon, Anderson and partner Robert Lindstedt of Sweden reached the quarterfinals before losing to the eventual tournament champions, Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonji\u0107. Anderson also represented South Africa in the Beijing Olympics, defeating Komlavi Loglo before losing to Nicolas Kiefer 4\u20136, 7\u20136, 4\u20136 in the singles tournament and losing (with his partner Jeff Coetzee) to Nicol\u00e1s Almagro and David Ferrer of Spain 6\u20133, 3\u20136, 4\u20136.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2009: Victory at Sanremo Challenger. After a slow start to the year, he won the Sanremo Challenger in May, beating Bla\u017e Kav\u010di\u010d in the final in three sets. At the Aegon Championships (Queen's Club, London), Anderson won three matches to qualify, and then defeated no. 57 Fabio Fognini in the first round of the main draw, before losing to no. 46 Sam Querrey in the second round.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2010: 3rd Round at US Open and Canadian Masters. At Wimbledon, he was defeated by seventh seed Nikolay Dav"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": "ydenko after winning the first two sets. Anderson advanced to the semifinals of the 2010 Atlanta Tennis Championships in July, upsetting fifth seed Janko Tipsarevi\u0107 in the first round. He qualified and reached the third round of the Rogers Cup in Toronto, beating Leonardo Mayer and Sam Querrey before losing to no. 1 Rafael Nadal. He then won his first Grand Slam match at the US Open over Somdev Devvarman in straight sets and backed it up with a five-set win over 26th seed Thomaz Bellucci.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2011: First Career ATP title. He began the 2011 season by advancing to the semifinals of the Brisbane International Tournament, before losing to Andy Roddick in three sets. He then went on to lose in the first round of the Australian Open to Bla\u017e Kav\u010di\u010d. At the SA Open, (Anderson's home event), he claimed his maiden ATP Tour title, by beating Indian Somdev Devvarman, rising 19 positions in the ATP rankings to a career high of No. 40. He reached a career-high of world no. 33 after making the quarterfinals of the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open. At the Atlanta Tennis Championships, Anderson reached the quarterfinals as the"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " second seed, defeating Michael Russell, before losing in straight sets to Gilles M\u00fcller. Next at the Legg Mason Tennis Classic, Anderson defeated Chris Guccione in the second round, before being defeated by Victor Troicki in the third round. At the 2011 Rogers Cup, he defeated Pablo And\u00fajar in straight sets before beating an out-of-sorts Andy Murray in the second round with an easy victory.{{cite web }} He was defeated in the third round by Stanislas Wawrinka in a tight three set contest.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2012: Second ATP title. Anderson opened 2012 with a third-round loss at the 2012 Australian Open. He followed it up with a win in Delray Beach, defeating qualifier Marinko Matosevic in the final. At the French Open, he reached a career-best third round, where he was defeated by seventh seed Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych in five sets.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2013: Grand Slam 4th-round appearance. Anderson started the year at the Sydney International, where he reached the final, but lost to Australian Bernard Tomic in three sets. At the 2013 Australian Open, he defeated Fernando Verdasco in the third round, but lost"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " to Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych in the fourth round. This was his career best in any Grand Slam event. He played at Indian Wells, where he knocked out fourth seed David Ferrer. He reached the quarterfinals there before losing to Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych. He reached the fourth round of the French Open, before falling to Ferrer in straight sets. At Wimbledon, he lost in the third round to Berdych. He reached the final in Atlanta in July, but lost his third final of the year in three tiebreaks to John Isner.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2014: Four wins against top-5 opponents. Anderson started the year by reaching the fourth round of the Australian Open, before being knocked out in straight sets by Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych. He then reached the final at Delray Beach, before losing to Marin \u010cili\u0107 in two tiebreaks. At the Mexican Open held in Acapulco, he again reached the final, losing to Grigor Dimitrov in three sets, with tiebreaks in the first and third sets. In the Indian Wells Masters, Anderson reached the quarterfinals, after beating third seed Stan Wawrinka in three sets. He lost to Roger Federer in straight sets."}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " At the 2014 Madrid Open, he beat Radek \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek, before losing to Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych. He repeated his success of 2013 by again reaching the fourth round in the French Open, before losing to fifth seed David Ferrer in four sets. He then reached the quarterfinals of the AEGON Championships held at the Queen's Club, London, before losing to Radek \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek. At the Wimbledon Championships he defeated Fabio Fognini to reach the fourth round, where he lost to Andy Murray. Anderson made it to the quarterfinals of the Masters 1000 event in Toronto after defeating Fognini and Stanislas Wawrinka. At the Cincinnati Masters, he had a disappointing first-round, straight-set exit at the hands of John Isner. He made it to the third round of the US Open, where he lost to eventual champion Marin \u010cili\u0107. At the Paris Masters he again defeated Wawrinka to reach the quarterfinals, after which Tomas Berdych beat him. The South African ended the year no. 16 in the ATP year-end rankings.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2015: Top-10 debut. Anderson"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " made the final in Memphis, losing to Kei Nishikori, but he made early exits in Estoril and Madrid. He then at Queen's Club made the final before being defeated by Andy Murray in straight sets. He again reached the fourth round at Wimbledon, where he led eventual champion Novak Djokovic two sets to love, taking both sets through tiebreakers. However, he was unable to sustain his form for the next three sets and eventually lost the match in five sets. Anderson became the champion of the ATP 250 in Winston-Salem, earning his third career singles title. Anderson's big moment came in the US Open, where he defeated Andy Murray, advancing to his first quarterfinals in a Grand Slam after seven attempts. He won the first two sets, then lost the third set via tiebreaker, but after a fourth set, Anderson pulled away, winning the tiebreaker 7\u20130 and captured the victory. He would next face Stan Wawrinka, whom he had beaten the last four times they played, including once that year. This was their eighth match overall, but the first at Grand Slam level. Wawrinka levelled the head-to-head at 4\u20134, beating Anderson in straight sets, including a bag"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": "el in the third. Following the US Open, Anderson traveled to Asia for the Japan Open, where he lost in the round of 32 to Gilles M\u00fcller. Despite this loss, he reached a career-high ranking of No. 10 on 12 October, the first South African tennis player in the top 10 in 18 years. He then traveled to Shanghai for the Shanghai Masters (tennis), where he was defeated in the quarterfinals by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. This was followed by the Vienna Open, where he lost to Steve Johnson in the quarterfinals. Traveling to Basel next, he was defeated by yet another American in Donald Young in the Round of 16. He reached the third round in the 2015 BNP Paribas Masters, but failed to capitalise on a match point against Rafael Nadal.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2016: Injury struggles. Anderson started his season at Auckland as the fourth seed. He defeated Robin Haase in the second round, but lost to Jack Sock in the quarterfinals, despite winning the first set. Anderson was then scheduled to play at the Chennai Open, but withdrew due to a left knee injury. Anderson exited the Australian Open early in the first round and was advised to take some time off to sort out"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " problems with his shoulder. He took the break and also had minor surgery on his ankle while he was out. Anderson then returned to Delray Beach as the top seed. He lost the first set of his match against Austin Krajicek in the first round and then retired before the second set. Anderson did not play again on tour until May at the Madrid Open. He lost in the first round against 13th seed Ga\u00ebl Monfils. Anderson then played in Rome as the 16th seed. Anderson won his first-round match against Feliciano L\u00f3pez, but lost in the second round to Juan M\u00f3naco, despite winning the first set. Anderson then competed in Nice as the third seed. He defeated qualifier Diego Schwartzman, before losing to fifth seed Jo\u00e3o Sousa. Anderson then played at the French Open as the 18th seed, where he lost in the first round to St\u00e9phane Robert. Anderson started his grass season at Queen's Club. Since he entered late, he had to go through qualifying. Anderson defeated Edward Corrie and Ji\u0159\u00ed Vesel\u00fd, both in straight sets, to enter the main draw. He then lost to Bernard Tomic in the first round of the main draw. Anderson then"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " played at Nottingham as the top seed. He defeated Ivan Dodig and 14th seed Fernando Verdasco to reach the quarterfinals, where he lost to sixth seed and eventual champion Steve Johnson. Anderson then played at Wimbledon as the 20th seed. He lost in the first round to Denis Istomin, despite winning the first two sets. Anderson played at the Citi Open as the ninth seed. He lost in the second round to Malek Jaziri, despite winning the first set. Anderson then played in the Rogers Cup. He won his first-round match against Viktor Troicki. He then defeated sixth seed Dominic Thiem because Thiem had to retire. He then reached the quarterfinals after he defeated 12th seed Bernard Tomic for the first time. Anderson, however, lost to Stan Wawrinka in straight sets. The US Open saw his best performance in a Grand Slam for the year, defeating both Yoshihito Nishioka and Vasek Pospisil in straight sets, before bowing out to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the third round, also in straight sets.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2017: US Open final. 2017 was a better year for Anderson, despite a slow start. He began the"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " year at the Memphis Open in February, where he lost in the first round to Bosnian Damir D\u017eumhur. He also lost in the first round of the Delray Beach Open to resurgent Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro. In March, he made it to the second round of Indian Wells, where he lost to Steve Johnson. In Miami, he again made it to the second round, where he was defeated by Kei Nishikori. In Houston, he played doubles with Sam Querrey, making it to the semifinals before losing to Dustin Brown and Francis Tiafoe. He then traveled to Barcelona, where he got past Carlos Berlocq and David Ferrer, losing in the third round to eventual champion Rafael Nadal. In May, he defeated Richard Gasquet in the quarterfinals of Estoril, before succumbing to an in-form Gilles M\u00fcller in the semifinals. He had to go through qualifying in Rome, only to lose in the first round to eventual champion Alexander Zverev. He then traveled to Geneva, where he made it to the quarterfinals, falling again to Kei Nishikori in three tight sets. At the French Open, he had to retire from his fourth-round match against Marin \ufffd"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": "\ufffdili\u0107. Anderson was back in action on the grass-court swing, making it to the second round of Eastbourne, where he lost to Richard Gasquet. At Wimbledon, he made it to the fourth round before falling to Sam Querrey in five sets. He had his best result at the Citi Open in Washington, where he defeated Dominic Thiem in the second round and Jack Sock in the semifinals to earn a runner-up finish against Alexander Zverev. Anderson also made the quarterfinals in Montr\u00e9al, again falling to Zverev. After losing in the first round in Cincinnati, he withdrew from Winston-Salem. Anderson reached the quarterfinals at the 2017 US Open and defeated Sam Querrey in four sets. He defeated Pablo Carre\u00f1o Busta in the semi-finals. In his first ever Slam final, he lost to Rafael Nadal in three sets.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2018: 4th & 5th ATP titles, Wimbledon final, World No. 5. Anderson began his year at the 2018 Maharashtra Open in Pune, India. He reached the final, but fell 6\u20137, 2\u20136 to Gilles Simon. His next endeavor was at the 2018 Australian Open, where he"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " lost his first match in five sets to eventual semifinalist Kyle Edmund, despite being two sets up to one. The inaugural New York Open, his third tournament of the year, yielded his first tournament win of 2018. All of his matches went to three sets; his path to the final included beating American rising star Frances Tiafoe and 2014 US Open finalist Kei Nishikori. He defeated American Sam Querrey in three sets. The win propelled him back into the top 10 since 2015 to be World No. 9, a new high.{{cite web }} This was followed up by his participation in the Mexican Open at Acapulco, where he beat Hyeon Chung in the quarterfinals. He reached the final but lost 4\u20136, 4\u20136 to Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro. He reached the quarter-finals at the first two Masters 1000 events of the year, Miami and Indian Wells, losing to Borna Coric and Pablo Carre\u00f1o Busta respectively, both times in a third set tiebreak. At the French Open, Anderson lost to the 5'7\" Diego Schwartzman in the fourth round. Schwartzman broke Anderson's serve nine times, the most times Anderson had ever been broken in one match."}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": "{{cite news }} At Wimbledon, Anderson was seeded eighth. He defeated Norbert Gombos, Andreas Seppi, 25th seed Philipp Kohlschreiber, and Ga\u00ebl Monfils to reach his first quarterfinal at the tournament, where he faced eight-time champion, defending champion, and top seed Roger Federer. Federer dominated the match early, quickly claiming the first two sets and holding match points in the third. However, Anderson came back to upset Federer in what became a four-hour, five-set epic, winning 13\u201311 in the fifth set. He then faced John Isner in the semifinals, in what became the second longest match in Grand Slam history and the third longest men's singles match ever, lasting 6 hours and 36 minutes, ending 7\u20136, 6\u20137, 6\u20137, 6\u20134, 26\u201324. This was also the longest semifinal match in Grand Slam history. By reaching the final, Anderson became the first South African player to reach the Wimbledon men's singles final since Kevin Curren in 1985. He then lost to Novak Djokovic in the final in straight sets, despite having five set point chances in the third. However, with this run to"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " the final, he rose to a new career high of World No. 5. Anderson saw a strong start to the hard court season at the Rogers Cup, defeating fifth seed Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinals before losing in three close sets to Stefanos Tsitsipas in the semifinals. At the US Open, he was seeded fifth, defeating Ryan Harrison, Jeremy Chardy, and 28th seed Denis Shapovalov, being defeated by ninth seed Dominic Thiem in straight sets in the fourth round.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2019: Sixth ATP title. Anderson began his season at the Maharashtra Open in Pune. He defeated Laslo \u0110ere, seventh seed Jaume Munar, third seed Gilles Simon, and Ivo Karlovi\u0107 to win the title. At the Australian Open, Anderson was seeded fifth. He defeated Adrian Mannarino in four sets before being upset by Frances Tiafoe in the second round. Anderson was seeded fifth at Indian Wells but withdrew due to a right elbow injury. He was then seeded sixth at the Miami Open and progressed into the quarterfinals, where he was defeated in straight sets by in-form and eventual champion Roger Federer.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2020: Right knee surgery. At the"}, {"title": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "text": " 2020 Australian Open, Anderson lost to Taylor Fritz in five-sets. In February, he underwent surgery on his right knee for a torn meniscus.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2021: Seventh ATP title and 350th ATP tour win. Kevin Anderson rebounded from his knee surgery and won his 7th ATP title at the Hall of Fame Tennis Championships by defeating Jenson Brooksby 7\u20136, 6\u20134. The championship victory marked his 350th win on the ATP tour.</s><s>Professional career highlights.:2022: Retirement. Anderson announced his retirement from professional tennis on 3 May 2022. He ended his singles career ranked No. 107. He played his last singles match at the 2022 Miami Open where he fell in a tough three sets to Juan Manuel Cerundolo as a lucky loser.</s><s>Personal life. Anderson married his college girlfriend, golfer Kelsey O'Neal, in 2011, and they bought a home in Delray Beach, Florida. His daughter, Keira, was born in September 2019. He is a permanent resident of the United States. Anderson plays the guitar and is a fan of the British rock band Dire Straits and Mark Knopfler.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kevin Anderson (tennis)", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000361", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva.", "docs": [{"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "<s>Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva (; born Luiz In\u00e1cio da Silva; 27 October 1945), known as Lula, is a Brazilian politician who is the 39th and current president of Brazil. A member of the Workers' Party, he previously served as the 35th president of Brazil from 2003 to 2010. Of working-class origin, Lula migrated as a child from Pernambuco to S\u00e3o Paulo with his family. As a teenager, he began his career as a metalworker and became a trade unionist. During the military dictatorship in Brazil, he led major workers' strikes between 1978 and 1980, and helped start the Workers' Party in 1980, during Brazil's political opening. Lula was one of the main leaders of the Diretas J\u00e1 movement, which demanded democratic elections. In the 1986 Brazilian legislative election, he was elected as a federal deputy in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, with the most votes nationwide. He ran his first major campaign in the 1989 Brazilian presidential election, losing in the second round to Fernando Collor de Mello. He went on to lose two other presidential elections in 1994 and 1998 to Fernando Henrique Cardoso, before"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " becoming president in the 2002 Brazilian presidential election, in which he defeated Jos\u00e9 Serra in the runoff. In 2006, he was re-elected as president, defeating Geraldo Alckmin in the second round. Described as left-wing, his first presidency, which coincided with the first pink tide in the region, was marked by the consolidation of social welfare programs such as Bolsa Fam\u00edlia and Fome Zero, which propelled Brazil to leave the United Nations' Hunger Map. During his two terms in office, he undertook radical reforms in the country, which eventually led to growth in GDP, reduction in public debt and inflation, and helping 20 million Brazilians escape poverty. Poverty, inequality, illiteracy, unemployment, infant mortality, and child labor rates fell significantly, while the minimum wage and average income increased, and access to school, university, and health care was expanded. He also played a prominent role in foreign policy, both on a regional level (as part of the BRICS) and as part of global trade and environmental negotiations. Lula was considered one of the most popular politicians in the history of Brazil, and was one of the most popular in the world while president. Although popular, his first term was marked by notable scandals, such as the Mens"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "al\u00e3o scandal and. After the 2010 Brazilian general election, he was succeeded by his former Chief of Staff, Dilma Rousseff. After his first presidency, Lula remained active in politics, and began giving lectures in Brazil and abroad. In 2016, he was appointed as Rousseff's Chief of Staff, but the appointment was suspended by the Supreme Federal Court. In July 2017, Lula was convicted on charges of money laundering and corruption in a controversial trial that was later nullified in April 2021 by the Supreme Court Justices, due to the court lacking proper jurisdiction over his case. Lula attempted to run in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election but was disqualified under Brazil's Ficha Limpa law. Before the annulment of his cases, he was sentenced to nine and a half years in prison, and after an unsuccessful appeal, Lula was arrested in April 2018 and spent 580 days in jail, until being released in November 2019, when the Supreme Federal Court ruled that his imprisonment was unlawful. In March 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal judge presiding over the case, Sergio Moro, who served as Minister of Justice and Public Security in the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro, was biased, and all of the cases Moro had brought against L"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "ula were annulled in June 2021. Following the court ruling, Lula was legally allowed to make another run for president in the 2022 elections, defeating Bolsonaro in the runoff. He became the first Brazilian president to have been elected to a third term, and the first to have defeated an incumbent president in an election. At age 77, he was sworn in on 1 January 2023, as the oldest Brazilian president at the time of inauguration. A week later, the Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes was attacked in an invasion led by pro-Bolsonaro rioters. Lula condemned the attack and promised to punish everyone involved.</s><s>Early life. Luiz In\u00e1cio da Silva was born on 27 October 1945 (registered with a date of birth of 6 October 1945) in Caet\u00e9s (then a district of Garanhuns), located 250\u00a0km (150 miles) from Recife, capital of Pernambuco, a state in the Northeast of Brazil. He was the seventh of eight children of Aristides In\u00e1cio da Silva and Eur\u00eddice Ferreira de Melo, a couple of farmers who experienced the famine in one of the poorest parts of the agreste. Two weeks after"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " Lula's birth, his father moved to Santos, S\u00e3o Paulo, with Valdomira Ferreira de G\u00f3is, a cousin of Eur\u00eddice. He was raised Roman Catholic. Lula's mother was of Portuguese and partial Italian descent. In December 1952, when Lula was seven years old, his mother moved the family to S\u00e3o Paulo to rejoin her husband. After a journey of 13 days in a \"pau-de-arara\" (open truck bed), they arrived in Guaruj\u00e1 and discovered that Aristides had formed a second family with Valdomira. Aristides's two families lived in the same house for some time, but they did not get along very well, and four years later, Eur\u00eddice moved with her children to a small room behind a bar in S\u00e3o Paulo. After that, Lula rarely saw his father, who died an alcoholic in 1978.</s><s>Personal life. Lula has been married three times. In 1969, he married Maria de Lourdes, who died of hepatitis in 1971 while pregnant with their first son, who also died. In 1974, Lula had a daughter, Lurian, with his then girlfriend, Miriam Cordeiro. The two were"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " never married, and he only began participating in his daughter's life when she was already a young adult. In 1974, Lula married Marisa Let\u00edcia Rocco Casa, a widow, with whom he then had three sons. He also adopted Marisa's son from her first marriage. Lula and Marisa remained married for 43 years, until her death on 2 February 2017 after a stroke. Still in 2017, he met and started a relationship with Ros\u00e2ngela da Silva, known as Janja, but it only became public in 2019 while he was serving time in jail in Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, due to corruption charges that were later dropped. Lula and Janja married on 18 May 2022.</s><s>Education and work. Lula has had little formal education. He did not learn to read until he was ten years old and quit school after the second grade to work and help his family. His first job at age 8 was still in Guaruj\u00e1 as a street vendor. When he was 12, he worked as shoeshiner and street vendor in S\u00e3o Paulo. In 1960, when he was 14, he got his first formal job in a warehouse. In 1961, he started working as an apprentice of press operator while studying"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " in a vocational course in a metallurgical industry that produced screws. In this period, Lula had his first contact with strike movements. After the movement failed in the negotiations, Lula left the company for another metallurgical industry. There, age 19, he lost his left pinkie finger in an accident, while working as a press operator in the factory. After the accident, he had to run to several hospitals before he received medical attention. This experience increased his interest in participating in the Workers' Union. Around that time, he became involved in union activities and held several important union posts.</s><s>Union career. Inspired by his brother Frei Chico, Lula joined the labour movement when he worked at, rising steadily through the ranks. He was elected in 1975, and reelected in 1978, as president of the Steel Workers' Union of S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo and Diadema. Both cities are located in the ABCD Region, home to most of Brazil's automobile manufacturing facilities, including Ford, Volkswagen, Toyota, Mercedes-Benz and others, and are among the most industrialized in the country. In the late 1970s, when Brazil was under military rule, Lula helped organize union activities, including major strikes. Labour courts found the"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " strikes illegal, and Lula was jailed for a month. Due to this, and like other people imprisoned for political activities under the military government, Lula was awarded a lifetime pension after the fall of the military regime.</s><s>Political career. On 10 February 1980, a group of academics, intellectuals, and union leaders, including Lula, founded the \"Partido dos Trabalhadores\" (PT) or Workers' Party, a left-wing party with progressive ideas created in the midst of Brazil's military government. In 1982, he added the nickname Lula to his legal name. In 1983, he helped found the Central \u00danica dos Trabalhadores (CUT) union association. In 1984, PT and Lula joined the popular \"Diretas J\u00e1!\" (\"Direct [Elections] Now!\") campaign, demanding a direct popular vote for the next Brazilian presidential election. According to the 1967 constitution, Presidents were at that time elected by both Houses of Congress in joint session, with representatives of all State Legislatures; this was widely recognised as a mere sham as, since the March 1964 coup d'\u00e9tat, each \"elected\" President had been a retired general chosen in a closed military caucus. Lula and the PT"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " supported the public demand for a change in the electoral system. But the campaign was defeated by a vote in Congress that rejected an amendment calling direct elections for the following year, and, in 1985, a civilian president, Tancredo Neves, was elected by the same indirect procedure, with Lula's support. Only four years later, as a direct result of \"Diretas J\u00e1!\" and after years of popular struggle, the 1989 elections were the first in 29\u00a0years to elect a president by direct popular vote.</s><s>Political career.:Elections. Lula first ran for office in 1982, for the state government of S\u00e3o Paulo, and lost. In the 1986 elections, Lula won a seat in Congress with the most votes nationwide. The Workers' Party helped write the country's post-military government Constitution, ensuring strong constitutional guarantees for workers' rights, but failed to achieve a proposed push for agrarian reform in the Constitutional text. Under Lula's leadership, the PT took a stance against the Constitution in the 1988 Constituent Assembly, reluctantly agreeing to sign the agreed draft at a later stage. In 1989, still as a Congressman, Lula ran as the PT candidate in the first democratic elections for president since 1960. Lula"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " and Leonel Brizola, two popular left-wing candidates, were expected to tie for first place. Lula was viewed as the more left-leaning of the two, advocating immediate land reform and a default on the external debt. A minor candidate, Fernando Collor de Mello, former governor of Alagoas, quickly amassed support among the nation's elite with a more business-friendly agenda. Collor became popular taking emphatic anti-corruption positions; he eventually beat Lula in the second round of the 1989 elections. In 1992, Collor resigned, under threat of impeachment for his alleged embezzlement of public money. Lula refused to run for re-election as a Congressman in 1990, busying himself with expanding the Workers' Party organizations around the country. As the political scene in the 1990s came under the sway of the Brazilian real monetary stabilization plan, which ended decades of rampant inflation, former PSDB Minister of Finance Fernando Henrique Cardoso defeated Lula in 1994 and again, by an even wider margin, in 1998. A 2010 article in \"The Washington Post\" said that, before winning the presidency, Lula had been a \"strident union organizer known for his bushy beard and Che Guevara T-shirts"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "\". In the 2002 campaign, Lula forswore both his informal clothing style and his platform plank of linking the payment of Brazil's foreign debt to a prior thorough audit. This last point had worried economists, businessmen and banks, who feared that even a partial Brazilian default along with the existing Argentine default would have a massive ripple effect through the world economy. Embracing political consultant Duda Mendon\u00e7a's advice to pursue a more media-friendly image, Lula led the field in the first round of the 2002 election, held on 6 October, with a nearly two-to-one margin over PSDB candidate Jos\u00e9 Serra. He then defeated Serra in the runoff, to become the country's first leftist president following the fall of the military dictatorship in Brazil, with 61.3 percent of the vote. At the 1 October 2006 general elections, Lula came within a few thousand votes of being reelected in a single round (to date, Cardoso is the only person to win a first-round victory since the return of direct elections in 1989). He faced a run-off on 29 October and won by a substantial margin over the PSDB's Geraldo Alckmin, albeit with a slightly smaller share of the vote than he'd won in the 2002"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " runoff (60.83 percent vs 61.3 percent). In an interview published 26 August 2007, he said that he had no intention to seek a constitutional change so that he could run for a third consecutive term; he also said that he wanted \"to reach the end of [his] term in a strong position in order to influence the succession.\" In early September 2018, Brazil's top electoral court banned former president Lula da Silva from running for president on the 2018 general election due to his corruption conviction, in accordance with Lei da Ficha Limpa. Instead, Fernando Haddad ran for president on the Workers Party ticket and was defeated by Jair Bolsonaro, after securing nearly 45 percent of the popular vote in a run-off between the candidates.</s><s>First presidency (2003\u20132010). Lula served two terms as president from 2003 through 2010 and left office on 1 January 2011. During his farewell speech he said he felt an additional burden to prove that he could handle the presidency despite his humble beginnings. \"If I failed, it would be the workers' class which would be failing; it would be this country's poor who would be proving they did not have what it takes to rule.\"</s><s>First presidency (2003\u20132010).:Political"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " orientation. Very few of the proposed reforms were actually implemented during Lula's terms of office. Some wings of the Worker's Party disagreed with the increasing moderation in focus since the late eighties and have since left the party to form parties, such as the Workers' Cause Party, the United Socialist Workers' Party and during Lula's presidency the Socialism and Liberty Party. Alliances with old, traditional oligarch politicians, like former presidents Jos\u00e9 Sarney and Fernando Collor, have been a cause of disappointment for some.</s><s>First presidency (2003\u20132010).:Social projects. Lula put social programs at the top of his agenda during the campaigns and after election. From very early on his leading program was to eradicate hunger, following the lead of projects already put into practice by the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration, but expanded by the new \"Fome Zero\" (\"Zero Hunger\") program. The program combined a series of programs with the goal of ending hunger in Brazil through the construction of water cisterns in Brazil's semi-arid region of Sert\u00e3o, countering teenage pregnancy, strengthening family agriculture, distributing a minimum amount of cash to the poor and many other measures. Lula launched a housing aid program that was far superior in scope to the policies developed"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " until then. More than 15 billion euros were invested in water purification and the urbanization of favelas, and more than 40 billion in housing. As a priority, the government proposed to relocate the poor populations that occupy the \"risk zones\", prone to floods or landslides, and then to extend the electricity network, to launch work to relocate the streets and to improve the precarious housing. The government undertook to democratize access to real estate credit. During Lula's first term, child malnutrition decreased by 46%. In May 2010, the UN World Food Programme (WFP) awarded Lula da Silva the title of \"World Champion in the Fight against Hunger\". The largest assistance program was \"Bolsa Fam\u00edlia\" (Family Allowance), which was based upon the previous \"Bolsa Escola\" (School Allowance), which was conditional on school attendance, first introduced in the city of Campinas by then-mayor Jos\u00e9 Roberto Magalh\u00e3es Teixeira. Not long thereafter, other municipalities and states adopted similar programs. President Fernando Henrique Cardoso later federalized the program in 2001. In 2003, Lula formed \"Bolsa Fam\u00edlia\" by combining \"Bolsa Escola\" with additional allowances for food"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " and kitchen gas. This was preceded by the creation of a new ministry \u2013 the Ministry of Social Development and Eradication of Hunger. This merger reduced administrative costs and bureaucratic complexity for both the families involved and the administration of the program. \"Fome Zero\" has a government budget and accepts donations from the private sector and international organizations. The \"Bolsa Fam\u00edlia\" program has been praised internationally for its achievements, despite internal criticism accusing it of having turned into an electoral weapon. Along with projects such as \"Fome Zero\" and \"Bolsa Fam\u00edlia\", another Lula administration flagship program was the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC). The PAC had a total budget of $646\u00a0billion reais (US$353\u00a0billion) by 2010, and was the Lula administration's main investment program. It was intended to strengthen Brazil's infrastructure, and consequently to stimulate the private sector and create more jobs. The social and urban infrastructure sector was scheduled to receive $84.2\u00a0billion reais (US$46\u00a0billion).</s><s>First presidency (2003\u20132010).:Economy. As Lula gained strength in the run-up to the 2002 elections, the fear of drastic measures, and comparisons with Hugo Ch\u00e1vez of Venezuela,"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " increased internal market speculation. This led to some market hysteria, contributing to a drop in the value of the real, and a downgrade of Brazil's credit rating. Lula also chose Henrique Meirelles of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, a prominent market-oriented economist, as head of the Brazilian Central Bank. As a former CEO of the BankBoston he was well known to the market. Meirelles was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 2002 as a member of the opposing PSDB, but resigned as deputy to become Governor of the Central Bank. Lula and his cabinet followed, to an extent, the lead of the previous government, by renewing all agreements with the International Monetary Fund, which were signed by the time Argentina defaulted on its own deals in 2001. His government achieved a satisfactory primary budget surplus in the first two years, as required by the IMF agreement, exceeding the target for the third year. In late 2005, the government paid off its debt to the IMF in full, two years ahead of schedule. The Brazilian economy was generally not affected by the mensal\u00e3o scandal, which related to vote buying in the Brazilian Congress. In early 2006, Antonio Palocci resigned as finance minister due to his involvement in an abuse of"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " power scandal. Lula then appointed Guido Mantega, a member of the PT and an economist by profession, as finance minister. Mantega, a former Marxist who had written a PhD thesis (in Sociology) on the history of economic ideas in Brazil from a left-wing viewpoint, was known for his criticism of high interest rates, something he claimed satisfied banking interests. Mantega was also supportive of a higher level of employment by the state. Not long after the start of his second term, Lula's government announced the Growth Acceleration Program (\"\", PAC), an investment program to solve many of the problems that prevented the Brazilian economy from expanding more rapidly. The measures included investment in the creation and repair of roads and railways, simplification and reduction of taxation, and modernization of the country's energy production to avoid further shortages. The money pledged to be spent on this program was considered to be around R$ 500\u00a0billion (more than 250\u00a0billion dollars) over four years. Prior to taking office, Lula had been a critic of privatization. His administration created public-private partnership concessions for seven federal roadways. After decades with the largest foreign debt among emerging economies, Brazil became a net creditor for the first time in January 2008. By mid-2008,"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " both Fitch Ratings and Standard & Poor's had elevated the classification of Brazilian debt from speculative to investment grade. Banks made record profits under Lula's government. Lula's second term was much more confident; Lula was then not only the undisputed object of popular affection, as the first president to bring a modest well-being to many people, but also in complete control of his own administration. His two leading ministers were gone. Palocci was no longer needed to calm the nerves of overseas investors and Lula had never liked and somewhat feared Jos\u00e9 Dirceu, a virtuoso of cold political calculation and intrigue. Their joint elimination freed Lula for sole command in Brasilia. When, midway through his second term its test came, he handled it with aplomb. The crash of Wall Street in 2008 might have been a tsunami in the US and Europe, he declared, but in Brazil it would be no more than a little 'ripple' (\"\"). The phrase was seized on by the Brazilian press as proof of reckless economic ignorance and irresponsibility. In 2008, Brazil enjoyed economic good health to fight the global financial crisis with a large economic stimulus lasting, at least, until 2014. The Lula administration's economic policies also helped to significantly raise"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " living standards, with the percentage of Brazilians belonging to the consumerist middle class rising from 50% to 73% of the population. According to \"The Washington Post\":</s><s>First presidency (2003\u20132010).:Environmental policy. In terms of environmental protection, the creation of conservation areas and indigenous reserves led to a substantial decrease in deforestation starting in 2004. Initially, Lula's administration pushed for progressive policies that significantly curbed deforestation in the Amazon. Despite this, he did not support legislation that would have required the country to phase out its fossil fuels. During his 2022 election campaign, he focused more on environmental issues and espoused more environmentally conscious policies.</s><s>First presidency (2003\u20132010).:Foreign policy. Leading a large and competitive agricultural state, Lula generally opposed and criticized farm subsidies, and this position has been seen as one of the reasons for the walkout of developing nations and subsequent collapse of the Canc\u00fan World Trade Organization talks in 2003 over G8 agricultural subsidies. Brazil played an important role in negotiations regarding internal conflicts in Venezuela and Colombia, and concentrated efforts on strengthening Mercosur. During the Lula administration, Brazilian foreign trade increased dramatically, changing from deficits to several surpluses after 2003. In 2004, the surplus was US$"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "29\u00a0billion, due to a substantial increase in global demand for commodities. Brazil also provided UN peace-keeping troops and led a peace-keeping mission in Haiti. According to \"The Economist\" of 2 March 2006, Lula had a pragmatic foreign policy, seeing himself as a negotiator, not an ideologue, a leader adept at reconciling opposites. As a result, he befriended both Venezuelan president Hugo Ch\u00e1vez and U.S. President George W. Bush. Lula also gained increasing stature in the Southern hemisphere through economic growth in Brazil. In 2008, he was said to have become a \"point man for healing regional crises,\" as in the escalation of tensions between Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. Former Finance Minister, and current advisor, Delfim Netto, said: \"Lula is the ultimate pragmatist.\" He travelled to more than 80 countries during his presidency. A goal of Lula's foreign policy was for the country to gain a seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. In this he was unsuccessful. Lula was considered to have pulled off a major coup with Turkey in regards to getting Iran to send its uranium abroad in contravention of western calls. The condemnation of Iranian Sakineh Mohammadi Asht"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "iani for the crime of adultery, with a sentence of execution by stoning, led to calls for Lula da Silva's intervention on her behalf. On the issue, Lula commented that \"I need to respect the laws of a [foreign] country. If my friendship with the president of Iran and the respect that I have for him is worth something, if this woman has become a nuisance, we will receive her in Brazil.\" The Iranian government declined the offer. Lula da Silva's actions and comments sparked controversy. Mina Ahadi, an Iranian Communist politician, welcomed Lula da Silva's offer of asylum for Ashtiani, but also reiterated a call for an end to stoning altogether and requesting a cessation of recognition and support for the Iranian government. Jackson Diehl, Deputy editorial page Editor of \"The Washington Post\", called Lula da Silva the \"best friend of tyrants in the democratic world\" and criticised his actions. Shirin Ebadi, Iranian human rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner viewed Lula da Silva's intervention in a more positive light, calling it a \"powerful message to the Islamic Republic.\" In the final month of his administration, his government officially recognized Palestine as a state, with a number of Latin American countries following suit.</s>"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "<s>Corruption scandals and controversy.</s><s>Corruption scandals and controversy.:Mensal\u00e3o. Lula's administration was plagued by numerous corruption scandals, notably the Mensal\u00e3o scandal and in his first term. Brazilian attorney general \u00c1lvaro Augusto Ribeiro Costa presented charges against 40 politicians and officials involved in the Mensal\u00e3o affair, including several charges against Lula himself. Lula stated on Brazilian public television that he knew nothing about the scandals. Top officials involved, such as Roberto Jefferson, Jos\u00e9 Dirceu, Luiz Gushiken and Humberto Costa have corroborated this; but one of his own party members, Arlindo Chinaglia, alleged that Lula had been warned about the matter. Having lost numerous government aides in the face of political turmoil, Lula survived largely unscathed in the eyes of the public, with overwhelming approval rates.</s><s>Corruption scandals and controversy.:Politicking. His administration was heavily criticized for relying on local, right-of-centre political barons, like Jos\u00e9 Sarney, Jader Barbalho, Renan Calheiros and Fernando Collor to ensure a majority in Congress. Another frequent reproach was his ambiguous treatment of the left wing of the PT. Analysts"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " felt that he would occasionally give in to left-wing calls for tighter government control on media and increased state intervention: in 2004, he pushed for the creation of a \"Federal Council of Journalists\" (CFJ) and a \"National Cinema Agency\" (Ancinav), the latter designed to overhaul funding for electronic communications. Both proposals ultimately failed amid concerns over the effect of state control on free speech.</s><s>Corruption scandals and controversy.:Statement on the Great Recession. Before a G-20 summit in London in March 2009, Lula caused an uproar by declaring that the economic crisis was caused by \"the irrational behavior of white people with blue eyes, who before seemed to know everything, and now have shown they don't know anything.\"</s><s>Corruption scandals and controversy.:Cesare Battisti. When wanted Italian terrorist Cesare Battisti was arrested in Rio de Janeiro on 18 March 2007 by Brazilian and French police officers, Brazilian Minister of Justice Tarso Genro granted him status as a political refugee, a controversial decision which divided Italy and the Brazilian and international press. On 5 February 2009, the European Parliament adopted a resolution in support of Italy and held a minute's silence in memory of Battisti's victims. On 18 November 2009, the Brazilian"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " Supreme Court declared the refugee status illegal and allowed Battisi's extradition, but also stated that the Brazilian constitution gave the president personal powers to deny the extradition if he chose to, effectively putting the final decision in the hands of Lula. Lula barred Battisti's extradition. On 31 December 2010, Lula's last day in office, the decision not to allow extradition was officially announced. Battisti was released on 9 June 2011 from prison after the Brazilian Constitutional Court denied Italy's request to extradite him. Italy planned to appeal to the International Court of Justice in The Hague. Battisti was extradited in December 2018.</s><s>Corruption scandals and controversy.:Operation Car Wash: corruption investigation and prosecution. In 2014, Brazil began \"Opera\u00e7\u00e3o Lava Jato\" (English: Operation Car Wash), resulting in several arrests and convictions, including nine suits against Lula. In April 2015, the Public Ministry of Brazil opened an investigation into allegations of influence peddling by Lula, which alleged that between 2011 and 2014 he had lobbied for government contracts in foreign countries for the Odebrecht company and had also persuaded the Brazilian Development Bank to finance the projects in Ghana, Angola, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic. In June 2015, Marcelo"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " Odebrecht, president of Odebrecht, was arrested on charges that he had paid politicians $230 million in bribes. Three other company executives were also arrested, as well as the chief executive of Andrade Gutierrez, another construction conglomerate. On 4 March 2016, as part of \"Operation Car Wash\", Brazilian authorities raided Lula's home. After the raid, the police detained Lula for questioning. A police statement alleged that Lula had collaborated in illegal bribes from the oil company Petrobras to benefit his political party and presidential campaign. Prosecutor Carlos Fernando said, \"The favors to Lula from big construction companies involved in the fraud at Petrobras were many and hard to quantify\". On 16 March 2016, Rousseff appointed Lula as her chief of staff, a position comparable to that of prime minister. This would have shielded him from arrest due to the immunity that went with the position. Cabinet ministers in Brazil are among close to seven hundred senior government officials enjoying special judicial standing, which means they can only be tried by Brazil's Supreme Federal Court. Supreme Court Judge Gilmar Mendes suspended Lula da Silva's appointment on the grounds that Rousseff was trying to help Lula circumvent prosecution. On 14 September 2016, prosecutors filed corruption charges against Lula"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": ", accusing him of being the mastermind or'maximum commander of the scheme'. On 19 September 2016, 13th Circuit (Paran\u00e1) federal judge Sergio Moro, who was leading the corruption probe, accepted an indictment for money laundering against Lula and his wife Marisa Leticia Lula da Silva. On 11 May 2017, Lula answered a summons by appearing in Curitiba and was questioned by Moro. The closed-court hearing lasted five hours. Thousands of Lula supporters went to Curitiba, together with Dilma Rousseff. After the hearing, Lula and Rousseff gave speeches to his supporters; Lula attacked what he called bias in the Brazilian media. Lula was found guilty by the lower court of accepting in bribes ($1.2 million US) in the form of improvements to his beachfront house, made by construction company, which in turn received lucrative contracts from the state-owned oil company Petrobras. Lula also faced other charges, including money laundering, influence peddling and obstruction of justice. On 12 July 2017, Sergio Moro sentenced Lula to nine and a half years in prison. Lula remained free pending his appeal. Lula's lawyer accused the judge of bias and the judge replied that nobody, not"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " even the former president, should be above the rule of law. On 25 January 2018, the Appeal Court of Porto Alegre found Lula guilty of corruption and money laundering and increased his sentence to 12 years of prison for one of the nine charges, while the other eight were still pending. On 26 March 2018, that same court upheld its own sentence, thus ending the case in that court. On 23 March 2021, the Supreme Federal Court ruled by a 3\u20132 decision that Moro, who had overseen Lula's trial in a case, was biased against him. It upheld the ruling on 23 June by a 7\u20134 decision. Judge Gilmar Mendes of the Supreme Federal Court on 24 June annulled the two other cases Moro had brought against Lula, reasoning that there was a link between them and the case in which Moro was declared biased. This meant that all evidence Moro had collected against Lula is inadmissible in court and fresh trials would be needed.</s><s>Corruption scandals and controversy.:Operation Car Wash: corruption investigation and prosecution.:Prison. On 5 April 2018, Brazil's Supreme Federal Court (STF) voted 6\u20135 to deny Lula's habeas corpus petition. The court ruled that"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " Lula must begin serving the sentence relating to 12 July 2017 conviction, despite not having exhausted all of his appeals. Lula and his political party vowed to continue his campaign from prison following the court's decision that he must surrender himself by 6 April. The head of Brazil's army, General Eduardo Villas Boas, called for Lula to be placed behind bars. Lula failed to turn himself in at the scheduled time, but he did so on the following day on 7 April 2018. After the imprisonment of Lula, protesters took to the streets in cities across Brazil. Lula's imprisonment led to the formation of the Free Lula Movement. On 8 July 2018, federal judge for the 4th region Rog\u00e9rio Favreto ordered Lula's release. Moro immediately stated that Favreto did not have the power to release Lula and Favreto's ruling was overturned the same day by the Judge Pedro Gebran Neto, president of the 4th regional court. On 9 June 2019, \"The Intercept\" published leaked Telegram messages between the judge in Lula's case, Sergio Moro, and the Operation Car Wash lead prosecutor, Deltan Dallagnol, in which they allegedly conspired to convict Lula to prevent"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " his candidacy for the 2018 presidential election. Moro was accused of lacking impartiality in Lula's trial. Following the disclosures, the resumption of legal proceedings was determined by the Supreme Court. Moro denied any wrongdoing or judicial misconduct during the course of Operation Car Wash and his investigation of the former president, claiming that the conversations leaked by \"The Intercept\" were misrepresented by the press and that conversations between prosecutors and judges are normal. Moro became Minister of Justice and Public Security after the election of president Jair Bolsonaro, and it is disputed whether an agreement was in place prior to Bolsonaro's election. The information published by \"The Intercept\" prompted reactions both in Brazil and overseas. A group of seventeen lawyers, ministers of Justice, and high court members from eight countries reacted to the leaks by describing former President Lula as a political prisoner and calling for his release. United States Senator Bernie Sanders said Lula should be released and his conviction annulled. Ro Khanna asked the Trump administration to investigate Lula's case, saying that \"Moro was a bad actor and part of a larger conspiracy to send Lula to jail\". American political commentator Michael Brooks, a vocal advocate for the former president, stated that Lula's imprisonment and Moro"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "'s alleged political motives had rendered the results of the 2018 election \"fundamentally illegitimate.\" On 8 November 2019, Lula was released from prison after 580 days when the Brazilian Supreme Court ended mandatory imprisonment of convicted criminals after their first appeal failed. On 27 November, the in Porto Alegre increased Lula's sentence to 17 years. Judge Edson Fachin of the Supreme Federal Court annulled all convictions against Lula on 8 March 2021, ruling that the court in Curitiba which convicted him lacked jurisdiction to do so, and ordered a retrial in Brasilia. A full Supreme Court bench later upheld the ruling by an 8\u20133 decision on 15 April.</s><s>Corruption scandals and controversy.:Operation Car Wash: corruption investigation and prosecution.:UN Human Rights Committee. After the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court refused to consider alleged violations of fundamental human rights by Judge Moro, Lula's defense lawyers appealed to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. In the lawsuit, the lawyers requested that the Committee provide an opinion on the accusations that Moro violated Lula's right to privacy, his right to not be arbitrarily arrested and his right to the presumption of innocence until proven guilty. They presented as proof of abusive practices: 1. Coercive conduct against L"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "ula on 4 March 2016. 2. The leaking of confidential data to the press. 3. The leaking of illegally obtained phone conversation recordings to the press. 4. An abusive strategy of temporary and preemptive imprisonments in order to obtain plea-bargaining deals implicating the former president. Because the judge's chief of staff had posted on her Facebook page a petition calling for Lula's imprisonment and the presiding judge of the appellate panel had praised Moro's decision to convict Lula for corruption, before Moro had issued his decision, an op-ed in \"The New York Times\" concluded that \"Brazil's democracy is now weaker than it has been since military rule ended\". The newspaper was joined by a number of international intellectuals, activists and political leaders, from Noam Chomsky to a group of twelve United States Congressmen, who complained that the legal proceedings appeared to be designed to prevent Lula (the front-runner in opinion polls) from running for president in 2018. On 28 July 2016, Lula filed a 39-page petition with the UN's Human Rights Committee outlining alleged abuses of power. The petition stated that \"Lula is a victim of abuse of power by a judge, with the complicity of prosecutors and the media\". The petition was the first"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " ever taken against Brazil which ratified the committee's protocol in 2009. The UN accepted the case and Brazil was given six months to respond to the petition. The committee was made of 18 international jurists. In November 2016, Lula's legal team filed additional evidence of abuses by the Brazilian justice system, and another document was filed on 5 October 2017, in Geneva, Switzerland, reporting other facts, such as Judge Moro's attendance at the premiere of a film that depicted former President Lula as guilty, despite the lack of any definitive decision against him at that time. Following Judge Moro's issuance of an arrest warrant for the ex-President, on 6 April 2018, Lula appealed to the UN's Human Rights Committee to ask the government to prevent his arrest until he had exhausted all appeals. Lula argued that the Brazilian Supreme Court had narrowly adopted its ruling with only six votes against five, which \"shows the need for an independent court to examine if the presumption of innocence was violated\" in his case. The Human Rights Committee received a request for \"interim measures\" and was deliberating the request. The UN Human Rights Committee denied the request seeking emergency action against his imprisonment. On 28 May 2018, the Committee initiated a formal investigation into violations against basic judicial guarantees in"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " Lula's case. In August, the UN Human Rights Committee \"requested Brazil to take all necessary measures to ensure that Lula can enjoy and exercise his political rights while in prison, as candidate in the 2018 presidential elections.\" On 2 August 2018, Pope Francis received three former allies of Lula in Rome: Celso Amorim, Alberto Fern\u00e1ndez and Carlos Ominami. At the conclusion of the hour-long meeting, Pope Francis was given a copy of Lula's biography \"The Truth Will Win\" by Amorim. Later, he addressed a handwritten note to Lula (posted on his Twitter account) with the following text: \"To Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva with my blessing, asking him to pray for me, Francisco\". In the same month, President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff, who had previously served as Chief of Staff to President Lula da Silva from 2005 to 2010, confirmed that the Pope also sent her an unofficial letter, the content of which was not disclosed.</s><s>Corruption scandals and controversy.:Operation Zelotes. Lula, along with his former chief of staff and five others, was indicted in a corruption probe as part of regarding payment of R$6 million in bribe. According to prosecutors"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": ", they helped pass Provisional Measure 471 (which was later converted into Law 12,218/2010) in 2009 in order to benefit the automotive companies CAOA and MMC. Judge Frederico Botelho de Barros Viana of the 10th Federal Court of Brasilia acquitted all the accused on 21 June 2021, stating that the prosecution could not convincingly demonstrate that the defendants were involved in a criminal conspiracy.</s><s>Post-presidency.</s><s>Post-presidency.:Health. On 29 October 2011, through the Syrian-Lebanese Hospital of S\u00e3o Paulo, it was announced that Lula had a malignant tumor in his larynx. He had chemotherapy to counteract the tumor, and on 16 November, his press office released photos of his wife shaving his beard and hair, leaving him bald, although he retained his moustache. It was the first time that he had been seen without his beard since he left office. He was treated with radiation, and the cancer went into remission. Lula announced his recovery in March 2012, as well as his return to politics. Fellow politician Dilma Rousseff, then president of Brazil, welcomed the news. Contrary to rumors, Lula stated in early 2013 that he was not a presidential"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " candidate, supporting Dilma Rousseff for a second term. The appointment raised concerns about his arrest and investigation. On 21 January 2021, Lula said that he tested positive for COVID-19 while participating in the filming of an Oliver Stone documentary in Cuba, five days after arriving on the island. He did not need hospital admission and was able to recover. On 13 March 2021, Lula received his first dose of the CoronaVac vaccine.</s><s>Post-presidency.:2018 presidential campaign. In 2017, Lula announced he would stand as the Workers' Party candidate for president again in the 2018 election. In September, he led a caravan of supporters which travelled through the states of Brazil, starting with Minas Gerais, whose governor was Lula's political ally Fernando Pimentel. While traveling through the South of Brazil, the caravan became the target of protests. In Paran\u00e1, a campaign bus was shot, and in Rio Grande do Sul, rocks were thrown at pro-Lula militants. Despite Lula's imprisonment in April 2018, the Workers' Party kept Lula as the party's presidential candidate. In a poll conducted by Ibope in June 2018, Lula led with 33% of vote intentions, with the PSL candidate Jair"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " Bolsonaro polling second with 15%. Lula negotiated a national coalition with the PCdoB and regional alliances with the Socialist Party. The Workers' Party officially nominated Lula as its candidate on 5 August 2018, in S\u00e3o Paulo. Actor S\u00e9rgio Mamberti read a letter written by Lula, who was unable to attend because of his prison sentence. Former S\u00e3o Paulo mayor Fernando Haddad was named as Lula's running mate and intended to represent Lula in events and debates. In the event that Lula were declared ineligible, Haddad would replace Lula as candidate, with Manuela d'\u00c1vila replacing Haddad as the vice presidential candidate. In response to an appeal considering Lula as a political prisoner, the UN Human Rights Committee ruled on 17 August 2018 that it had requested the Brazilian government to allow Lula to exercise his political rights. In a 26 August poll, Lula had 39 percent of vote intentions within one month of the first round. The same opinion polling put Lula ahead of all his challengers in a second round run-off, including the nearest one, PSL candidate Jair Bolsonaro, by 52 to 32. Lula's candidacy was denied by the Superior Electoral Court on 31 August"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " 2018, when the majority of the seven-judge panel voted to bar Lula from running in the presidential race. On 11 September 2018, Lula officially dropped out of the election and was replaced by Fernando Haddad, whom Lula endorsed.</s><s>Second presidency (2023\u2013present).</s><s>Second presidency (2023\u2013present).:2022 election. In May 2021, Lula stated that he would run for a third term in the October 2022 general election, against the incumbent President Jair Bolsonaro, with opinion polls at the end of July 2021 suggesting he would comfortably beat Bolsonaro. He was 17% ahead of Bolsonaro in a poll in January 2022. In April 2022, Lula announced that his running mate would be Geraldo Alckmin, a three-term governor of Sao Paulo state who ran against Lula in the 2006 presidential elections. On 2 October, the vote of the first round, Lula was in first place with 48.43% of the electorate, qualifying for the second round with Bolsonaro, who received 43.20% of the votes. Lula was elected in the second round on 30 October, three days after his seventy-seventh birthday. He became the first president of Brazil"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " elected to three terms and the first since Get\u00falio Vargas to serve in non-consecutive terms. He is also the first candidate to unseat an incumbent president. He was sworn in on 1 January 2023.</s><s>Second presidency (2023\u2013present).:Tenure. Lula said that his main commitments were the reconstruction of the country in the face of the economic crisis; democracy, sovereignty and peace; economic development and stability; fight against poverty; education; implementation of a National System of Culture and the expansion of housing programs.</s><s>Political positions and philosophy. In Brazil, \"liberal\" is often avoided by leftists because of connotations with pro-business policies during neoliberalism or the military dictatorship. He advocated \"socialism of the 21st century\", but Lulism is considered to be substantially similar to social liberalism. Although he showed a moderate centre-left liberal tendency economically, he highlighted his closeness with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and negatively evaluated Juan Guaid\u00f3 during the Venezuelan crisis. He is \"personally against\" abortion, but maintains that it should be treated as a public health issue.</s><s>Honours and awards. The list of Lula's awards since 2003: - In 2008 he was awarded the UNESCO"}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": " F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny Peace Prize. - In 2012 he received the Four Freedoms Award.</s><s>In popular culture. Academy Award-nominated film director F\u00e1bio Barreto directed the 2009 Brazilian film \"Lula, Son of Brazil\" that depicts the life of Lula up to 35 years of age. The film was a commercial and critical failure. Critics charged that it was election propaganda, fostering a cult of personality. The series \"The Mechanism\" on Netflix deals with Operation Car Wash and features a character that alludes to Lula, Jo\u00e3o Higino, played by Arthur Kohl. The 2019 documentary \"The Edge of Democracy\", written and directed by Petra Costa, chronicled the rise and fall of Lula and Dilma Rousseff and the socio-political upheaval in Brazil during the period.</s><s>Further reading. - Silva, Luis In\u00e1cio da; Castro, Cassiana Rosa de; Machado, Sueli de F\u00e1tima; Santos, Alveci Oliveira de Orato; Ferreira, Luiz Tarc\u00edsio Teixeira; Teixeira, Paulo; Suplicy, Marta; Dutra, Ol\u00edvio ("}, {"title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "2003). \"The programme for land tenure legalization on public land in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.\" \"Environment and Urbanization\" 15 (2): 191\u2013200. - Bourne, R (2008). \"Lula of Brazil : The story so far\". Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.. - Goertzel, Ted (2011). \"Brazil's Lula: The Most Popular Politician on Earth\". Boca Raton, Florida: Brown Walker Press.. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000362", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vicente Carrillo Fuentes.", "docs": [{"title": "Vicente Carrillo Fuentes", "text": "<s>Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Vicente Carrillo Fuentes (born 16 October 1962), commonly referred to by his alias El Viceroy, is a Mexican convicted drug lord and former leader of the Ju\u00e1rez Cartel, a drug trafficking organization. The cartel is based in Chihuahua, one of the primary transportation routes for billions of dollars' worth of illegal drug shipments entering the United States from Mexico annually. He was one of Mexico's most-wanted drug lords until his capture in 2014.</s><s>Early life. Vicente Carrillo Fuentes was born in Guamuchilito, Navolato, Sinaloa, Mexico on 16 October 1962 to Vicente Carrillo and Aurora Fuentes. He had seven siblings: Ang\u00e9lica, Amado, Cipriano, Guadalupe, Alberto, Rodolfo and Jos\u00e9 Cruz Carrillo Fuentes (Vicente being the fourth one). All are nephews of Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, a former drug lord.</s><s>Family relations and alliances. The Ju\u00e1rez Cartel was founded by his brother Amado Carrillo Fuentes following the death of Pablo Acosta Villarreal. Cipriano Carrillo"}, {"title": "Vicente Carrillo Fuentes", "text": " Fuentes died in the mid-1980s by gunshot under mysterious circumstances. Amado began in the drug business under the tutelage of his uncle and eventually formed the Ju\u00e1rez Cartel by 1993. Amado brought in his brothers and eventually his son Vicente Carrillo Leyva, who was arrested on 1 April 2009. When Amado died on 3 July 1997 following complications from plastic surgery, a brief turf war began in Juarez over the leadership of the cartel. Vicente would emerge as the victor after defeating the Mu\u00f1oz Talavera brothers for control of the cartel. Vicente formed a partnership with Juan Jos\u00e9 Esparragoza Moreno, his brother Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes, his nephew Vicente Carrillo Leyva, Ricardo Garcia Urquiza and the Beltr\u00e1n Leyva brothers. He kept in service several lieutenants formally under his brother, such as \"El Chacky\" Hernandez. The organization was in flux by the time Vicente took control of the cartel and the death of Amado created a large power vacuum in the Mexican underworld. The Arellano F\u00e9lix brothers became the most powerful organization during the 1990s while Vicente was able to avoid direct conflict and increase the strength of"}, {"title": "Vicente Carrillo Fuentes", "text": " the Ju\u00e1rez Cartel. The relationship between the Carrillo Fuentes clan and the other members of the organization grew unstable towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s. In 2001 after the escape from prison by Joaqu\u00edn Guzm\u00e1n Loera, many of the Ju\u00e1rez Cartel members defected to Guzm\u00e1n's Sinaloa cartel. In 2004 Rodolfo Carrillo was killed outside of a movie theatre allegedly at the behest of Guzm\u00e1n Loera. Vicente Carrillo responded by having Guzm\u00e1n Loera's brother \"El Pollo\" assassinated in prison. This sparked off a turf war; however, it seemed that the war between the two was on hold during 2005 and 2006 because the Sinaloa Cartel was engaged in a vicious war with their rival, the Gulf Cartel. During this time, the leadership of the cartel was between Vicente Carrillo and Ricardo Garc\u00eda Urquiza, who was arrested in November 2005. The cartel had become factionalized between the groups loyal to the Carrillo family and the groups loyal to Juan Jos\u00e9 Esparragoza Moreno and Guzm\u00e1n Loera's Sinaloa Cartel. The Ju\u00e1rez Cartel, under"}, {"title": "Vicente Carrillo Fuentes", "text": " the control of Vicente Carrillo Fuentes and his nephew Vicente Carrillo Leyva, was placed under a large degree of pressure following the \"House of Death\" case, in which the organization was penetrated by law enforcement, but was corrupted by the fact that the informant participated in murders. In 2008, 200 murders occurred in the first three months and it appeared that the war between the Sinaloa Federation and the remnants of the Ju\u00e1rez Cartel was back on. President Calder\u00f3n sent thousands of troops to Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez. The Ju\u00e1rez Cartel, at one time the most powerful in Mexico, is a shadow of its former self.</s><s>Charges. Carrillo Fuentes was charged in a forty-six count indictment in the Western District of Texas with continuing criminal enterprise, importation and possession with intent to distribute cocaine and marijuana, conspiracy to import and possess with intent to distribute cocaine and marijuana, as well as with money laundering, tampering with a witness, ordering the intentional killing of individuals to prevent communication of information by them to U.S. law enforcement, and murder in furtherance of a continuing criminal enterprise. The U.S. Departments of State offered a reward of up to $5 million USD for information leading"}, {"title": "Vicente Carrillo Fuentes", "text": " to the arrest and/or conviction of Vicente Carrillo Fuentes.</s><s>Charges.:Kingpin Act sanction. On 1 June 2000, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Carrillo Fuentes under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (sometimes referred to simply as the \"Kingpin Act\"), for his involvement in drug trafficking along with eleven other international criminals. The act prohibited U.S. citizens and companies from doing any kind of business activity with him, and virtually froze all his assets in the U.S.</s><s>Arrest. Carrillo Fuentes was arrested in a joint operation by the Mexican Army and Federal Police in Torre\u00f3n, Coahuila on 9 October 2014. He was then sent to Mexico City and transferred to the federal installations of SEIDO, Mexico's anti-organized crime investigatory agency, where he gave a formal declaration. Two days later, he was formally charged with drug trafficking and organized crime offenses. On 14 October 2014, Carrillo Fuentes was transferred to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 2, a federal maximum-security prison (commonly referred to as \"Puente Grande\"), in Jalisco state. That same day, he was formally charged by a federal court"}, {"title": "Vicente Carrillo Fuentes", "text": " in Jalisco for violating Mexico's Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives.</s><s>Sentence. On 14 September 2021, a Mexican court sentenced Fuentes to 28 years in prison.</s><s>In popular culture. A character loosely based on Vicente Carrillo Fuentes was featured in the 2017 TV series \"El Chapo\". Vicente Carrillo Fuentes is portrayed by Fernando Bonilla in the third season of the Netflix Series \"\".</s><s>See also. - List of fugitives from justice who disappeared - List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords - M\u00e9rida Initiative - Mexican Drug War</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vicente Carrillo Fuentes", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000363", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jackson Mart\u00ednez.", "docs": [{"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": "<s>Jackson Mart\u00ednez Jackson Arley Mart\u00ednez Valencia (; born 3 October 1986) is a Colombian former professional footballer who played as a striker. He started his career with Independiente Medellin in 2004 and becoming the league's top scorer in 2009, before being signed by Chiapas in January 2010. He spent three years with the Mexican side before moving to Portugal to play for Porto, where he was the Primeira Liga's top scorer in all three of his seasons with the club. In July 2015, Mart\u00ednez joined Atl\u00e9tico Madrid for \u20ac35 million, and six months later Guangzhou Evergrande of China for \u20ac42 million. He suffered an ankle injury in late 2016 that ruled him out for two years, before ending his career back in Portugal with Portimonense in 2020. Mart\u00ednez represented Colombia 40 times between 2009 and 2015, scoring nine goals for the country. He played for them at the Copa Am\u00e9rica in 2011 and 2015, as well as the 2014 FIFA World Cup, where he scored two goals against Japan.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Independiente Medell\u00edn. Born in Quibd\u00f3 in the Choc\u00f3 Department, Mart\u00ed"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": "nez joined Independiente Medell\u00edn's youth academy in 2001 until being called up to the first team for the 2004 Finalizaci\u00f3n. He made his debut on 3 October 2004, his 18th birthday, in a 2\u20132 draw against Junior. His first professional goal came roughly a month later in a 1\u20131 draw against Deportivo Pereira on 7 November. This was the last matchday of the regular season and his goal sealed Medellin's qualification into the playoffs. With three goals in the Finalizacion playoffs, Martinez looked like he had a bright future ahead, but the following seasons were very slow-paced. From 2005 to 2007, he scored 12 goals, only 2 per tournament. But the 2008 season was his breakthrough season under manager Santiago Escobar, where he scored 11 goals as Medellin finished runner-up in December 2008 to Am\u00e9rica de Cali. In January 2009, Martinez scored his first career hat-trick in a 4\u20130 victory against Pe\u00f1arol in the 2009 Copa Libertadores first stage. Martinez began the 2009 Apertura campaign in great form, scoring 4 goals in 4 matches. However, he suffered an injury in March 2009 before a Copa Libertad"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": "ores match against America de Cali, which saw him miss the rest of the 2009 Apertura campaign, as Medellin had a rough campaign and finished in last place. Despite this setback, he bounced back and was the top goalscorer of the 2009 Torneo Finalizacion with 18 goals, including braces against Real Cartagena, Am\u00e9rica de Cali, Atl\u00e9tico Huila, and Envigado, while leading \"El Poderoso\" to its fifth league title with a goal in each leg of the finals against Huila.</s><s>Club career.:Chiapas. Mart\u00ednez attracted interest from South Korean club Ulsan Hyundai and Argentine clubs San Lorenzo de Almagro and Racing Avellaneda. He initially signed a pre-contract with Ulsan Hyundai, but the club could not reach an agreement with him. As a result, Mart\u00ednez was eventually signed by Chiapas from the Liga MX on a three-year-contract for an undisclosed fee in January 2010. He scored his first two goals with the club on 30 January in a 2\u20132 draw against Tigres UANL. Two weeks later, he scored against Pachuca, and then scored three in the next"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": " three games. He ended his first season with the club, the 2010 Torneo Bicentenario, with nine goals, placing him fourth in the top scorer's table. In August 2010, he had an ankle operation and was ruled out for a month. In the following season, the 2010 Apertura, he didn't perform well, only scoring two in fourteen appearances, but scored a match winner against Atlas in the penultimate matchday to give Chiapas a spot in the playoffs, where they were eliminated by eventual champions Santos Laguna. In the 2011 Clausura, Martinez missed most of the season due to an injury he suffered in the Copa Libertadores match against Alianza Lima on 27 January, which ruled him out for almost three months. In his return on 30 April, he scored a brace in a 4\u20131 victory against Quer\u00e9taro, but his team finished bottom of the table. However, in the Copa Libertadores, Chiapas had much better form and Mart\u00ednez was a key player for them, scoring in both legs of the round of 16 encounter against Colombian club Junior to help his team go through on away goals. In the first leg at Estadio V\u00edctor Manuel Reyna"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": ", he scored in a 1\u20131 draw, and then scored a double in the second leg, despite being shown a red card during the 3\u20133 draw in Barranquilla. Chiapas were eventually eliminated by Paraguayan side Cerro Porte\u00f1o in the quarter finals, with the Colombian playing in the second leg. In the Apertura 2012 season, he scored eight goals, including braces against San Luis and Pumas UNAM, and added to his tally by scoring once in each leg of the playoffs against Santos, but Chiapas were eliminated. Mart\u00ednez was named captain of the squad at the beginning of the Clausura 2012 season, where he scored eight goals, with two braces again, this time in victories against Atlas and Queretaro. In the playoffs, Chiapas were paired up with Santos again, and Martinez scored a brace in the first leg, but his team were not able to get revenge and were eliminated by Santos again for the third time in eighteen months.</s><s>Club career.:Porto.</s><s>Club career.:Porto.:2012\u201313 season. On 7 July 2012, Porto announced that they had signed Mart\u00ednez on a four-year contract worth \u20ac8.8 million, in"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": " addition to setting a \u20ac40 million release clause. On 11 August, he played his first competitive match in the 2012 Superta\u00e7a against Acad\u00e9mica de Coimbra, also scoring his first goal. He scored in the 90th minute, which gave Porto their 19th victory of the tournament, and was named as the man of the match. Mart\u00ednez scored his first league goal on 25 August with a Panenka penalty against Vit\u00f3ria de Guimar\u00e3es, with Porto winning the game 4\u20130. On 22 September against Beira-Mar, he scored a bicycle kick from a chipped pass by fellow countryman James Rodr\u00edguez. Against rivals Sporting CP, he scored a back-heel volley in a 2\u20130 win. In the Champions League group stage on 24 October, Mart\u00ednez scored his first two goals in European competitions, during a match which ended in a 3\u20132 victory for Porto against Dynamo Kyiv. Mart\u00ednez continued his goal scoring streak in a 2\u20131 victory over Estoril on 28 October, assisting Silvestre Varela and scoring the game winner five minutes later. On 2 November, he scored two more goals in a 5\u20130 victory"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": " against Mar\u00edtimo. He was named the SJPF Player of the Month for October and November. In December, Spanish sports newspaper \"Marca\" ranked him number 8 in a list of the Top 10 South American players of 2012. Mart\u00ednez scored five goals in January 2013: the only goal against Nacional on 5 January, in \"O Cl\u00e1ssico\" against rivals Benfica on 13 January, a double ten days later in a 3\u20130 away victory against Vitoria Setubal, and against Gil Vicente on 28 January. By the halfway point of the league season, he had scored 14 goals in the first 15 league games, surpassing Falcao's numbers of 10 goals in 14 games. On 2 February, he scored a hat-trick against Vit\u00f3ria de Guimar\u00e3es, which included two headers, making it his first hat-trick for Porto. He scored a brace on 23 February, including a penalty and a volley, to help Porto turn around a 0\u20131 deficit into a 2\u20131 victory against Rio Ave at Est\u00e1dio do Drag\u00e3o. He was named the February SJPF Player of the Month. In the final match of the league season against"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": " Pa\u00e7os de Ferreira, Mart\u00ednez sealed the 2\u20130 victory after scoring the second goal and assuring Porto's third consecutive league title, undefeated and one point ahead of rivals Benfica. The goal also marked his 26th goal in the league, securing him the Bola da Prata. Following his debut season in Europe, ESPN noted Mart\u00ednez as one of the best signings for the 2012\u201313 season.</s><s>Club career.:Porto.:2013\u201314 season. In the 2013 Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira, Mart\u00ednez scored the second goal in a 3\u20130 victory against Vit\u00f3ria de Guimar\u00e3es at the Est\u00e1dio Municipal de Aveiro, claiming his second Portuguese SuperCup in a row. In the opening league match against Vit\u00f3ria de Set\u00fabal on 18 August, Mart\u00ednez scored the third goal in a 3\u20131 win. He continued the season in excellent form, adding four more goals in the next four matchdays. On 6 October, he scored a double against recently promoted Arouca in a win by the same score. He scored the only goal of the game in the Europa League round of 16 first leg against Nap"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": "oli on 13 March, and Porto eventually qualified to the next round by winning 3\u20132 on aggregate. On 19 January 2014, Mart\u00ednez scored his 50th goal in all competitions for Porto in a 3\u20130 win over Vit\u00f3ria. On 6 April, he scored a double, including a penalty, in a 3\u20131 victory against Acad\u00e9mica. He ended up being the league's top scorer for the second consecutive season with 20 goals, becoming the first player to be top scorer for two consecutive seasons since Mario Jardel from 1997 to 2000 in the process.</s><s>Club career.:Porto.:2014\u201315 season. After the 2014 World Cup, Martinez was linked with many clubs, in particular Chelsea, Arsenal, and Valencia. However, in August 2014, he extended his contract with Porto until 2017. On 30 September, he came on as a substitute in a Champions League group stage match away to Shakhtar Donetsk, and his team was trailing 2\u20130 to the Ukrainian hosts at the 85th minute. He scored two goals in four minutes; in the 89th minute, he scored a penalty and then equalised in added time to level the scoreline at 2\u20132, which completed a comeback that was dubbed as"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": " \"stunning\" and \"remarkable\" by UEFA. Martinez was voted Player of the Month for December 2014 and January 2015. In the Champions League quarter-final first leg on 15 April 2015 against Bayern Munich, he scored the last goal in a 3\u20131 victory and also won the penalty that Ricardo Quaresma scored for the opening goal after being fouled by goalkeeper Manuel Neuer. Mart\u00ednez netted again in the second leg six days later, heading a consolation from H\u00e9ctor Herrera's cross as Porto lost 1\u20136 at the Allianz Arena, thus being eliminated from the competition.</s><s>Club career.:Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. Mart\u00ednez was linked heavily with Arsenal again following his departure from Porto, but on 27 June 2015, he confirmed that he was moving to Spanish side Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. Four days later, it was announced on Porto's official website that Atl\u00e9tico were willing to pay the full \u20ac35 million release fee for the Colombian player. On 15 July, Atl\u00e9tico officially announced the transfer, and he signed a four-year-contract running until 2019. He was officially presented at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n Stadium on 26 July in front of around 10,000 people. Mart\u00ednez"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": " made his La Liga debut on 22 August, being substituted after an hour for Fernando Torres in a 1\u20130 home win over Las Palmas. A week later, Mart\u00ednez came off the bench and scored his first goal for Atl\u00e9tico in a 3\u20130 victory over Sevilla. On 21 October, he scored his first UEFA Champions League goal for the club against FC Astana in a 4\u20130 win, and four days later, he opened the scoring in a 2\u20131 victory against Valencia. On 12 November, while playing for the Colombia national team against Chile, he suffered an ankle injury and had to be taken off the field on a stretcher, which ruled him out for a month. He made his return on 30 December in a 0\u20132 away win against Rayo Vallecano, entering the pitch in the 70th minute and assisting Antoine Griezmann's goal in the last minute. He left the club a few weeks later because he struggled to adapt to Diego Simeone's playing style, as he was more accustomed to playing as a lone striker with Porto. The press labelled him \"a flop\" and some of his teammates said he was not confident, with club president Enrique Cerezo adding that the player \""}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": "wasn't at the level of the club\".</s><s>Club career.:Guangzhou Evergrande. On 3 February 2016, Mart\u00ednez was transferred to Chinese Super League side Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao with a fee of \u20ac42 million, a record for an Asian team. The record was broken two days later, when Alex Teixeira signed for Jiangsu Suning for \u00a338.4 million (roughly \u20ac50 million). On 24 February, he made his debut against South Korean club Pohang Steelers. On 6 March, he scored on his Chinese Super League debut in an eventual 2\u20131 loss away at Chongqing Lifan. A week later, he scored and gave an assist in a 3\u20130 win against Changchun Yatai.{{cite web|url = http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.aspx?id=323202|title=Guangzhou Evergranded rout Changchun 3-0 in Chinese Super League In October 2016, after playing 16 games, Mart\u00ednez suffered an ankle injury that ruled him out for two years. He had another ankle surgery in July 2017. In March 2018, Guangzhou Ever"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": "grande terminated his contract and released him because of his injuries, believing that there was no point of paying his salary if he could not play.</s><s>Club career.:Portimonense. On 31 August 2018, Mart\u00ednez returned to Portugal's top flight, joining Portimonense on a season-long loan. The deal was subsequently made permanent, but only until the end of 2019. He made his debut in a 3\u20132 victory against Vit\u00f3ria de Guimar\u00e3es on 23 September, playing the last 17 minutes of the match. On 3 November, he scored his first goal for the club, a penalty, in a 1\u20131 draw against Belenenses SAD. On 7 December, he returned to the Est\u00e1dio do Drag\u00e3o for the first time since leaving Porto, playing 75 minutes and receiving a standing ovation by the fans and players as he was substituted. A week later, he scored a brace in a 3\u20131 win against Vit\u00f3ria de Set\u00fabal. On 11 May 2019, he scored an 88th-minute winner against Maritimo in a 3\u20132 victory. In October 2019, Jackson scored his first goal for the club in the Ta\u00e7a de Portugal against Acad\u00e9mica de Co"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": "imbra, a match which Portimonense lost 2\u20131. In January 2020, he signed a new contract with the Portuguese club, keeping him until 2022. However, still troubled by his chronic ankle injuries, Mart\u00ednez left Portimonense in August 2020, stating that he wanted to return to Independiente Medell\u00edn. On 7 December 2020, after spending six months as a free agent, Mart\u00ednez officially announced his retirement.</s><s>International career. A Colombian international at the age of 22, he made his debut and scored his first international goal on 5 September 2009 in a 2\u20130 victory against Ecuador as part of the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. Four days later, he came on as a substitute and scored his second international goal against Uruguay, although Colombia lost 3\u20131. On 7 June 2011, he was selected by Hern\u00e1n Dar\u00edo G\u00f3mez to the 23-man-squad for the 2011 Copa Am\u00e9rica. On 2 June 2014, Mart\u00ednez was named by coach Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9kerman in Colombia's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. After a substitute appearance in the team's opening match win over Greece, Mart\u00ednez was selected to start in"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": " the final group game against Japan, where he scored twice in a 4\u20131 win and was named man of the match. Mart\u00ednez was also chosen for the 2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica in Chile. The last time he was called up to the national team was for a 2018 World Cup qualification match against Chile on 12 November 2015, where he suffered an injury.</s><s>Personal life. His nickname \"Cha Cha Cha\" came from his father, Orlando Martinez, who was a second division footballer in Colombia. Orlando would celebrate his goals by doing the \"Cha Cha Cha\" dance, so his teammates began to call him that. The nickname was passed on to Jackson and he often does the celebration as well. He moved with his family to Villa Hermosa, Medell\u00edn at age 15, and spent a year hopping around local clubs before joining Independiente Medellin's academy aged 16. Mart\u00ednez married Tatiana Caicedo in March 2013, and the couple have two children; a son named Josue, born in 2012, and a daughter named Samantha, born in January 2015. He is a Christian. In September 2018, he released a seven-track Christian hip hop album titled \"No Temer\u00e9\" (\"I Will"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": " Not Fear\"). Martinez has two sisters. In his youth, Mart\u00ednez played baseball, basketball, and volleyball. He said these sports helped improve his agility and jumping ability, which he used to score acrobatic goals. Mart\u00ednez also runs a foundation named after him, called \"Fundacion Jackson Martinez\", which aims to help kids living in poverty buy adequate football gear, play competitive matches, and get scouted.</s><s>Style of play. Mart\u00ednez was known as a prolific goalscorer, being able to use both feet effectively, and having excellent volleying technique. He combined his volleying technique with his agility, which allowed him to score multiple acrobatic goals throughout his career. His height made him an aerial threat, and he combined this with his strength to win aerial battles. His strength also made it difficult for opponents to knock him off the ball. Former Porto player Paulo Futre compared his traits to those of George Weah. Noted BBC journalist Tim Vickery described him as \"an out-and-out goalscorer, a front-to-goal centre-forward who can finish off both feet, and with an excellent jump that makes him an aerial threat.\" Manager Arsene Wenger said in 2015 that"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": " Martinez \"could play in the Premier League because he has the body to make the difference,\" and that he was \"a good finisher.\"</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:International. Source:</s><s>Career statistics.:International goals. \"Scores and results list Colombia's goal tally first.\"</s><s>Honours. Independiente Medell\u00edn - Categor\u00eda Primera A: 2009-II Porto - Primeira Liga: 2012\u201313 - Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira: 2012, 2013 Guangzhou Evergrande - Chinese Super League: 2016 - Chinese FA Super Cup: 2016 - Chinese FA Cup: 2016 Individual - Categor\u00eda Primera A Top goal scorer: 2009 Finalizacion - Categoria Primera A Best Player: 2009 Finalizacion - Categoria Primera A Dream Team: 2009 Finalizacion - Superta\u00e7a C\u00e2ndido de Oliveira Man of the match: 2012 - SJPF Player of the Month: October 2012, November 2012, February 2013, December 2014, January 2015 - O Jogo Team of the Year: 2012, 2013 - Primeira Liga Top goal scorer: 2012\u201313, 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315 - FC Porto"}, {"title": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "text": " Athlete of the Year: 2014, 2015</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jackson Mart\u00ednez", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000364", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of S\u00e9rgio Moraes.", "docs": [{"title": "S\u00e9rgio Moraes", "text": "<s>S\u00e9rgio Moraes S\u00e9rgio Ricardo de Moraes (born July 23, 1982) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who formerly competed in the welterweight and middleweight division's for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He was a competitor on \"\".</s><s>Background. Moraes is often called \u201cO Orgulho da Cohab\u201d meaning literally \u201cThe Pride of Cohab\u201d. Moraes was born in Cohab. Moraes is a 4-time Brazilian Jiu Jitsu World Champion but his most famous fight was when he defeated Kron Gracie at the 2008 World Championship. Moraes's affiliation is the Alliance Jiu Jitsu Team. S\u00e9rgio is currently the head Jiu Jitsu instructor at Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o Thai in Curitiba, Brazil. Currently instructing at Reza Martial Arts Center Bahrain.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Early career. Moraes made his professional MMA debut in October 2006 in his native Brazil. Over the next five years, he amassed a record of 6 wins and 1 loss, with 5 of his 6 wins coming via submission. Moraes made his United States debut in June 2009 for Bellator Fighting Championships"}, {"title": "S\u00e9rgio Moraes", "text": ". After being rocked early in the round, Moraes was able to get a takedown and quickly lash up a Triangle choke to defeat Josh Martin via submission in the first round at Bellator 12.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:The Ultimate Fighter. In March 2012, Moraes appeared as a fighter on \"\". In the opening elimination fight, he defeated former Muay Thai World Champion Thiago Rela by submission due to a heel hook from the 50/50 guard, midway through round 1 to get into the TUF house. In the first round of the competition, Moraes fought Delson Heleno. Moraes defeated Heleno via submission (rear naked choke) early in the first round to move onto the semi-final round. There, Moraes fought Daniel Sarafian for a spot at the finals. Moraes was knocked out by Sarafian in the first round by a flying knee.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship. Moraes made his UFC debut on June 23, 2012 at UFC 147 against Cezar Ferreira to determine the winner of. He stepped in as a replacement for Sarafian, who was injured. Moraes lost the fight by unanimous decision after"}, {"title": "S\u00e9rgio Moraes", "text": " being knocked down twice by Ferreira. Moraes fought fellow alumnus Ren\u00e9e Forte on October 13, 2012 at UFC 153. After being outstruck for much of the bout, Moraes rallied back in the third round and defeated a visibly exhausted Forte by submission due to a rear naked choke. Moraes faced Neil Magny on August 3, 2013 at UFC 163. Moraes won the fight via triangle choke in the first round. The win also earned him his first \"Submission of the Night\" bonus award. Moraes was expected to face Zak Cummings on November 30, 2013 at. However, Cummings and Moraes had to pull out of the event due to injury and were replaced by Sean Spencer and Drew Dober respectively. Moraes was expected to face Peter Sobotta on April 11, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 64. However, Sobotta was forced out of the bout citing injury and was replaced by Gasan Umalatov. In turn, Umalatov also pulled out with injury and was replaced by promotional newcomer Micka\u00ebl Lebout. Moraes won the fight via unanimous decision. The fight with Sobotta was rescheduled for June 20, 2015 at UFC Fight Night"}, {"title": "S\u00e9rgio Moraes", "text": " 69. On June 9, the fight was scrapped once again as Moraes pulled out for undisclosed reasons. He was replaced by promotional newcomer Steve Kennedy. Moraes faced Omari Akhmedov on December 10, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 80. He won the fight via KO in the third round. Moraes was expected to face Kamaru Usman on May 14, 2016 at UFC 198. However, Usman was replaced on the card for undisclosed reasons by promotional newcomer Luan Chagas. The fight was scored a split draw. Moraes was expected to face Michael Graves on November 19, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 100. However, Graves was removed from the fight on October 3 after he was arrested on a misdemeanor battery charge. Moraes instead faced Zak Ottow on the card. Moraes was awarded a split decision victory. Moraes was expected to face Max Griffin but Griffin pulled out of the fight and Moraes faced promotional newcomer Davi Ramos on March 11, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 106. He won the fight via unanimous decision. After the fight with Ramos, Moraes signed a new, six-fight deal with UFC. A rescheduled bout with Kamaru Usman eventually took place on September 16"}, {"title": "S\u00e9rgio Moraes", "text": ", 2017 at UFC Fight Night 116. Moraes lost the fight via knockout in the first round. Moraes was scheduled to face promotional newcomer Abubakar Nurmagomedov on February 3, 2018 at. Within the same day, for undisclosed reasons, Nurmagomedov was replaced by Tim Means. Moraes won the fight via split decision. Moraes faced Ben Saunders on September 22, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 137. He won the fight via a submission in round two. Moraes faced Anthony Rocco Martin on March 9, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 146. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. Moraes faced Warlley Alves on May 11, 2019 at UFC 237. He lost the fight via knockout in the third round. Moraes faced James Krause on November 16, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 22. He lost the fight via knockout in round three and was subsequently released from the UFC.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Post-UFC career. On September 8, 2020, news surfaced that Moraes had signed with Taura MMA and made his promotional debut against Jared Revel at Taura MMA 10 on October 23, 2020. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.</s><s>Champions"}, {"title": "S\u00e9rgio Moraes", "text": "hips and accomplishments.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Mixed martial arts. - Ultimate Fighting Championship - Submission of the Night (One time)</s><s>Mixed martial arts record.</s><s>See also. - List of current UFC fighters - List of male mixed martial artists</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "S\u00e9rgio Moraes", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000365", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Adel Emam.", "docs": [{"title": "Adel Emam", "text": "<s>Adel Emam Adel Emam (; born 17 May 1940 is an Egyptian film, television, and stage actor. He is primarily a comedian, but he has starred in more serious works and, combined comedy with romance especially in his earlier films, which included \"My Wife, the Director General\", \"My Wife's Dignity\" and \"My Wife's Goblin\" with Salah Zulfikar and Shadia. Emam earned a bachelor's degree in Agriculture from Cairo University. Since then he has appeared in over 103 movies and 10 plays. He is one of the most famous actors in Egypt and the in the Arab world. His contributions to the stage and film industries through addressing social and political issues in film and television earned him a cult following and a worldwide reputation that made him one of the most influential Arab public figures in the 1980s and 1990s. Adel Imam is considered by a huge mass of cult followers as a cultural icon in the history of modern Egypt. In January 2000, the United Nations appointed Emam as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNHCR.</s><s>Career. Emam launched his career in theater in \"Ana w Howa w Heya\" (1962) with Fouad El-Mohandes and Shwikar"}, {"title": "Adel Emam", "text": " and in cinema he acted in \"My Wife, the Director General\" (1966), \"My Wife's Dignity\" (1967), and \"My Wife's Goblin\" (1968) with leading actors Salah Zulfikar and Shadia. In early 1970s, he co-starred in \"Virgo\" (1970) with Salah Zulfikar, and shared the lead in \"Find a scandal\" (1973) with Mervat Amin and Samir Sabry. Later, he started to act in starring roles in the 1980s and 1990s including \"The Suspect\" (1981), and \"Love in a Jail Cell\" (1983), both films alongside Soad Hosny. He was an important national figure in Egypt largely because of the Egyptian political roles he took on in many of his films and plays, he always focused on Egypt's politics and religious problems. These roles, whether he intended it or not, often put him in a critical position vis-\u00e0-vis the president or the government, such as \"The Terrorist\" (1994) alongside Salah Zulfikar in Zulfikar's final film role. He has been cast several times by the producer Emad Adeeb in movies like \"Morgan"}, {"title": "Adel Emam", "text": " Ahmed Morgan\" (2007), and \"Hassan and Marcus\" (2008) starring Omar Sharif. In 2005, he starred in \"The Embassy in the Building\", playing a Cairene everyman inconvenienced when the Embassy of Israel moves into his apartment building. In the following year, Emam was one of the ensemble cast of \"The Yacoubian Building\", a film reputed to be the highest-budgeted in Egyptian cinema and adapted from the novel of the same name. The story is a sharp look at contemporary Egyptian life through the prism of a faded downtown Cairo apartment building. Emam portrays an aging \"rou\u00e9\" whose misadventures form a central strand of the film's complex narrative.</s><s>Personal life. Adel Emam married to a woman named Hala El-Shalaqani and has three children: the director Rami Imam, Sarah Emam, and Mohamed Emam, who also starred in the movie \"The Yacoubian Building\" as \"Taha ElShazli\". He's the brother of Esam Imam and Iman Imam. His brother-in-law was actor Mustafa Metwalli. Adel Emam stated on a talk show hosted by Hala Sarhan that Amin Shalaby"}, {"title": "Adel Emam", "text": " and the late Younes Shalaby as well as Saeed Saleh were his best friends since university. In February 2012, Emam was sentenced (in absentia) to three months in jail for offending Islam. Imam said he would appeal the sentence. On September 12, 2012, Emam won his appeal when a Cairo misdemeanours court cleared him of defaming Islam in his films.</s><s>Awards. Adel Emam received numerous awards through his five decades career. He won \"Horus\" Award twice for his leading roles in \"Omaret Yakobean\" and \"Al-irhabi\" at Cairo International Film Festival. He won the Honorary Award of the Festival at 2014 Marrakech International Film Festival. He won International Jury Award at S\u00e3o Paulo International Film Festival. In 2005 and 2008 Dubai International Film Festival awarded Adel Emam the Lifetime Achievement Award. He received the first Career Achievement Award in El-Gouna Film Festival in 2017.</s><s>Honours. - Commander of the Order of Merit (Egypt) - Knight (\"Achir\") of the National Order of Merit (Algeria) - Commander of the National Order of the Cedar - Commander of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite - Grand"}, {"title": "Adel Emam", "text": " Officier of the National Order of Merit of Tunisia</s><s>See also. - Salah Zulfikar filmography - List of Egyptian films of the 1970s - List of Egyptian films of the 1980s</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Adel Emam", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000366", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ian Khama.", "docs": [{"title": "Ian Khama", "text": "<s>Ian Khama Seretse Khama Ian Khama (born 27 February 1953) is a Botswana politician and former military officer who was the fourth President of the Republic of Botswana from 1 April 2008 to 1 April 2018. After serving as Commander of the Botswana Defence Force, he entered politics and was Vice-President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008, then succeeded Festus Mogae as President on 1 April 2008. He won a full term in the 2009 election and was re-elected in October 2014.</s><s>Early life. Ian Khama is the second child of Sir Seretse Khama (1 July 1921 \u2013 13 July 1980), Botswana's foremost independence leader and its president from 1966 to 1980, and Lady Khama. He was born in Chertsey, Surrey, while his father was living in exile in the United Kingdom, due to the opposition by the colonial government and the emergent apartheid regime in South Africa to his marriage to a white woman. He is also the grandson of Sekgoma II (1869\u20131925), who was the paramount chief of the Bamangwato people, and the great-grandson of Khama III (1837\u20131923), their king. His great-great grandfather of K"}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": "gosikgolo Sekgoma I was Chief of the Bamangwato people (1815\u20131885). The name \"Seretse\" means \u201cthe clay that binds together\u201d, and was given to his father to celebrate the recent reconciliation of his father and grandfather; this reconciliation assured Seretse Khama's ascension to the throne when his aged father died in 1925. Ian Seretse Khama is named after his father to continue this historical legacy. He is also known simply as Ian Khama to differentiate between himself and his father. Tshekedi Khama II, Ian Khama's brother, was named after their great uncle, Tshekedi Khama who was the regent and guardian for Seretse Khama, the first president of Botswana.</s><s>Education and military career. Ian Khama was educated at Waterford Kamhlaba, a United World College in Mbabane, and at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He is a qualified pilot. In April 1977, Khama was appointed as a brigadier general at age 24 during Sir Seretse Khama's Presidency, making him the Deputy Commander to late former Vice President Lt. Gen. Mompati Merafhe. He later"}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": " served as the Commander of the Botswana Defence Force (BDF) from his appointment in 1989, retiring from the position in 1998. During this time, Khama received military honours, including the Founder Officer Medal for being part of the Botswana Defence Force when it was created in 1977, the Duty Code Order for devotion to duty, and the Distinguished Service Medal in 1997 after 20 years of service.</s><s>Political career. Khama, serving as Commander of the Botswana Defence Force, announced on 16 December 1997 that he would retire from his command on 31 March 1998. Because this was the same date as the planned retirement of President Quett Masire, it fueled political speculation about Khama. On 1 April 1998, when Vice-President Festus Mogae succeeded Masire as President, Khama was appointed as the new Vice-President. However, Khama did not hold a seat in the National Assembly, and so could not immediately take office as Vice-President. In early July 1998 he overwhelmingly won a by-election in Serowe North, receiving 2,986 votes against 86 votes for the candidate of the opposition Botswana National Front. On 13 July, he took his seat in the National Assembly and was sworn in as Vice-President. By these"}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": " actions, he effectively renounced his hitherto unclaimed hereditary chieftaincy, as the constitutional monarchs of modern Botswana are legally barred from actively taking part in party politics. Be this as it may, many traditional Bamangwato continued to recognize him as their chief. Following the victory of the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) in the general election of October 1999, Khama remained Vice-President as well as Minister of Presidential Affairs and Public Administration. Mogae granted Khama a one-year leave later in the year, a decision that the opposition Botswana Congress Party and the Botswana Council of Non-Governmental Organizations sharply criticized. Khama's leave became effective on 1 January 2000. He returned to his duties as Vice-President on 1 September 2000, although he was replaced as Minister of Presidential Affairs and Public Administration at that time. Khama, already a member of the BDP Central Committee, was elected as Chairman of the BDP on 22 July 2003 at a party congress; he defeated the previous Chairman, Ponatshego Kedikilwe, receiving 512 votes against 219 for Kedikilwe. Khama had been backed for the post by President Mogae, paving the way for Khama to eventually succeed Mogae as"}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": " President. In 2007, Khama appeared on British television in the BBC's \"Top Gear\" motoring programme, meeting the presenters as they prepared to cross the Makgadikgadi Pan in northern Botswana by car. In April 2022, Ian Khama was summoned by the justice of his country. The former head of state is accused, among other things, of illegal possession of a firearm. The case dates back to 2016. In December 2022, a warrant for Khama's arrest was given for illegal possession of firearms. The warrant was given after he did not appear to the court summonings earlier in the year.</s><s>Presidency.</s><s>Presidency.:Interim term, 2008\u20132009. Mogae stepped down, as he had long said he would do, on 1 April 2008; Khama succeeded him as President. At his swearing-in ceremony in Gaborone, Khama said that there would be continuity in policy and no \"radical changes\", although he said that \"a change in style and special emphasis on a number of issues\" might be evident, and he emphasized his commitment to democracy. He immediately undertook a major cabinet reshuffle, and he appointed Mompati Merafhe, who had been Foreign Minister, as the new"}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": " Vice-President. Upon becoming President, Khama left his post as Chairman of the BDP; Daniel Kwelagobe was chosen to replace him. Khama was not elected to the presidency for his first year in office, being appointed due to his position as Vice President. Some political commentators such as Kenneth Good see as a flaw in the electoral system in Botswana. President Khama first articulated his desire to impose a 70% alcohol levy, meant to combat the problem of excessive drinking in Botswana. The practical effect of such a levy was soon seen to have a deleterious effect on the brewing industry, who resisted the imposition of such a levy, along with bars and other drinking establishments. The President later imposed a 30% levy after consulting with industry leaders, including the Botswana Confederation of Commerce, Industry and Manpower. SAB Miller secured British diplomatic representation to attempt to lower the levy. In 2008, The Media Practitioners Act passed into Botswana law, and has been criticized as inhibiting free speech by several outlets. The bill's language seeks to encourage a more professional journalistic standard. The law has proven to be difficult to enforce or implement. In 2009, Khama appeared on CNN's African Voices which painted a positive picture of Khama, and"}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": " named Botswana an African \"success story\".</s><s>Presidency.:2009 general election. In the 2009 Botswana general election, Khama was elected to the first of two terms as president. Politically, Khama's election campaign was dominated by internal squabbling in the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), which was clearly divided into two major factions, the A-Team and the Barata Phati factions. The A-Team was led by President Khama, Jacob Nkate, the former minister of education, and the late former vice president Mompati Merafhe. The Barata Phati faction was led by former BDP secretary general Daniel Kwelagobe, formerly the chairman of the party, the late Gomolemo Motswaledi, and also retired former vice president Ponatshego Kedikilwe, who wished to bring about constitutional reform not only to the BDP but also to the country's constitution. In the run-up to the 2009 elections, Motswaledi, who gave up on his ambition to run for a seat in Serowe in order to make way for Ian Khama's brother, Tshekedi Khama II, was also excluded from representing Gaborone when he ran"}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": " afoul of President Khama. Motswaledi lost a law suit against Khama when the High Court ruled that the president enjoyed constitutional immunity from litigation by virtue of his position. After this incident, critics accused Khama of authoritarian tendencies; More than half of the BDP central Committee at one time felt that Khama had on many instances acted beyond his powers. Others, including Khama and his legal representation, said that he was simply instilling discipline as part of his role as the head of the party. Khama won 53.26% of the vote, and a majority of seats in the National Assembly.</s><s>Presidency.:First term, 2009\u20132014. After the 2009 election, Motswaledi bowed out of the BDP to form another political party, the Botswana Movement for Democracy (BMD). Khama put in place a ban on Elephant hunting in 2014. The death of John Kalifatis, whose death resulted during the course of a robbery investigation, occurred early in Khama's presidency. The police statement on Kalifatis reads: \"The deceased, John Kalafatis, had a warrant of arrest issued against him on 12 January 2009 for armed robbery among others. All along, he was a fugitive from justice.\""}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": " The officers involved claimed that they mistakenly believed him to be reaching for his firearm at the time of the shooting. Other sources dispute this, and claim that Kalafatis had been executed by members of the Botswana Defense Force. The three members of the BDF responsible for the death of Kalifatis were found guilty of murder, and each sentenced to 11 years in prison. They received a presidential pardon from Khama in 2012. This was seen as proof by some sources that Khama was involved in the killing. The prosecuting lawyer for Kalifatis said \u201cWhat is his special interest in these particular offenders, how can we not suspect that he had a personal interest in the case\u2026?\u201d</s><s>Presidency.:2014 general election. In the 2014 Botswana general election, Khama won his second term. His party received 46.45% of the vote, and a majority of seats in the National Assembly. In the lead up to the election, opposition politician Gomolemo Motswaledi died in a traffic collision on 30 July 2014. While there was some speculation on the incident being politically motivated, the police force concluded that the death was an accident.</s><s>Presidency.:Second term, 2014\u20132018. In 2015, Khama was"}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": " awarded an honorary doctorate in political science from Konkuk University in South Korea. After he received the degree, Khama's official title was \"His Excellency the President Lieutenant General Dr Seretse Khama Ian Khama\".</s><s>Political opinions. Khama took a strong stance against the Zimbabwean government, particularly Robert Mugabe. He did so by refusing to recognize the government unless and until it included members of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) headed by Morgan Tsvangarai. Khama also condemned the action of Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir in the region of Darfur and became a vocal critic of despotic governments in Africa along with President Jakaya Kikwete of Tanzania and President Levy Mwanawasa of Zambia. Khama has been criticized by some figures for making poor decisions, including by former president Quett Masire, who claimed that the BDP had been taken over by opportunists looking to benefit from senior government positions. Under Khama, the government has also established the Directorate of Intelligence and Security Services (DISS) with police powers, which is seen as the Botswana equivalent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the United States. Although this type of organization is not new and is found in"}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": " many countries, it has critics in Botswana who charge that there are very few domestic or transnational threats that the police and the military could not handle. Some, including Executive director of the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Siphosami Malunga, have argued that the institution, initially headed by President Khama's close friend Issac Kgosi, could easily be manipulated and used against political enemies or others who criticize the President or his administration. On the economic front, Khama has been a vocal proponent of moving Botswana away from its over-reliance on diamonds and diversifying its economy, especially to the agriculture and tourism sector. Khama put in place a ban on elephant hunting during his time as President, and supported conservation efforts in Botswana. In 2018, he criticized President Donald Trump for encouraging elephant poaching. Khama has been strongly prohibitionist in his attitude towards alcohol, viewing it as a significant problem. Diplomatically, he took a strong stance on North Korea's human rights issues. After cutting ties with North Korea in 2014 over its egregious human rights violations, he described the human rights atrocities in the hermit kingdom 'worse than the African refugee issues', particularly during the mass famine in the 1990s. He gave an interview with the"}, {"title": "Ian Khama", "text": " Yonhap News Agency during his visit to Seoul, South Korea in 2015, criticizing the North's leaders 'living in the Stone Age' and their aggressive actions are unacceptable.</s><s>Retirement. On 1 April 2018, Mokgweetsi Masisi was sworn in as the 5th President of Botswana, succeeding Ian Khama and his full ten years of presidency. After several disagreements with Masisi, in particular criticizing Masisi for authoritarian tendencies, Khama decided to leave the BDP and join the Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF), a newly formed breakaway from the BDP. He campaigned for the BPF, which won three seats in the 2019 general elections in the Serowe area. In 2018, after resigning from the presidency, Khama became a member of the Board of Directors of the US-based organization Conservation International, which is also active in Botswana. In December 2022 a court in Botswana issued an arrest warrant for Khama for the possession of 5 illegal firearms after his failure to appear in court. In total he faces 14 charges.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ian Khama", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000367", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mike Adenuga.", "docs": [{"title": "Mike Adenuga", "text": "<s>Mike Adenuga Michael Adeniyi Agbolade Ishola Adenuga Jr  (born 29 April 1953) is a Nigerian billionaire businessman, and the sixth richest person in Africa. His company Globacom is Nigeria's second-largest telecom operator and also has a presence in Ghana and Benin. He owns stakes in the Equitorial Trust Bank and the oil exploration firm Conoil (formerly Consolidated Oil Company). \"Forbes\" estimated his net worth at $6.2 billion as of May 2021.</s><s>Early life and education. His father, the Oloye Michael Agbolade Adenuga Sr, was a school teacher while his mother, Omoba Juliana Oyindamola Adenuga (n\u00e9e Onashile, of Okesopin, Ijebu Igbo), was a businesswoman of royal Ijebu descent. Adenuga received his secondary school education at Ibadan Grammar School, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria and Comprehensive High School, Aiyetoro, for his Higher School Certificate (HSC). He worked as a taxi driver to help fund his university education. He graduated from Northwestern Oklahoma State University and Pace University, New York, with degrees in Business Administration.</s><s>Care"}, {"title": "Mike Adenuga", "text": "er. Adenuga made his first million in 1979, at age 26, selling lace and distributing soft drinks. In 1990, he received a drilling license and in 1991, his Consolidated Oil struck oil in the shallow waters of Southwestern Ondo State, the first indigenous oil company to do so in commercial quantity. He was issued a conditional GSM licence in 1999; after it was revoked, he received a second one when the government held another auction in 2003. He was named \"African Entrepreneur of The Year\" at the first African Telecoms Awards (ATA) in August 2007. In May 2015, Adenuga made a takeover bid to purchase Ivorian mobile telecom's operator Comium C\u00f4te d'Ivoire for $600 million.</s><s>Honours. In 2012, he was made Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger by the government of Nigeria. He holds a Yoruba tribal chieftaincy as the Otunba Apesin of the Ijebu clan. In 2018, he was decorated with the insignia of a Commander of the Legion of Honour by President Emmanuel Macron of France. Adenuga was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine in 2019.</s><s>See also. - List of"}, {"title": "Mike Adenuga", "text": " Yoruba people</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mike Adenuga", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000368", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Carlos Ghosn.", "docs": [{"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": "<s>Carlos Ghosn Carlos Ghosn Bichara (; ; ;, born 9 March 1954) is a Lebanese, Brazilian and French businessman and former automotive executive. Ghosn was the CEO of Michelin North America, chairman and CEO of Renault, chairman of AvtoVAZ, chairman and CEO of Nissan, and chairman of Mitsubishi Motors. Ghosn was also the chairman and CEO of the Renault\u2013Nissan\u2013Mitsubishi Alliance, a strategic partnership among those automotive manufacturers through a complex cross-shareholding agreement. The venture has held approximately 10% of the total market share since 2010, and as of 2017, was understood to be the largest automobile group worldwide. In 1996, Renault's CEO Louis Schweitzer hired Ghosn as his deputy and charged him with the task of turning the company around from near-bankruptcy. Ghosn developed a plan to cut costs for the period 1998\u20132000, reducing the workforce, revising production processes, standardising vehicle parts and pushing the launch of new models. The company also undertook major organisational changes, introducing a lean production system with delegate responsibilities inspired by Japanese systems (the \"Renault Production Way\"), reforming work methods and centralising research and development at its Technocent"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": "re to reduce vehicle conception costs while accelerating such conception. Ghosn became known as \"Le Cost Killer\". In the early 2000s he earned the nickname \"Mr. Fix It\", for orchestrating one of the auto industry's most aggressive downsizing campaigns and spearheading the turnaround of Nissan from its near-bankruptcy in 1999. Following the Nissan financial turnaround, in 2002 \"Fortune\" awarded him Asia Businessman of the Year. In 2003 \"Fortune\" identified him as one of the 10 most powerful people in business outside the U.S., and its Asian edition voted him Man of the Year. Surveys jointly published by the \"Financial Times\" and PricewaterhouseCoopers named him the fourth most respected business leader in 2003, and the third most respected business leader in 2004 and in 2005. He quickly achieved celebrity status in Japan and in the business world, and his life has been chronicled in Japanese comics. Ghosn stepped down as CEO of Nissan on 1 April 2017, while remaining Chairman of the company. He was arrested at Tokyo International Airport on 19 November 2018, on allegations of under-reporting his salary and gross misuse of company assets. On 22 November 2018, Nissan's board made a unanimous decision to dismiss Ghosn as Nissan's"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " Chairman, effective immediately. Mitsubishi Motors' executive board took similar action on 26 November 2018. Renault and the French government continued to support him at first, presuming him innocent until proven guilty. However, they ultimately found the situation untenable and Ghosn was made to retire as chairman and CEO of Renault on 24 January 2019. While out on bail granted in early March, Ghosn was re-arrested in Tokyo on 4 April 2019, over new charges of misappropriations of Nissan funds. On 8 April 2019, Nissan shareholders voted to oust Ghosn from the company's board. He was released again on bail on 25 April. In June, Renault uncovered 11 million euros in questionable expenses by him, leading to a French investigation and raids. With help from an American private-security contractor, hidden in a musical instrument box, Ghosn fled from Japan to Lebanon via Turkey on 30 December 2019, by private jet, breaking his bail conditions. On 2 January 2020, Interpol issued a red notice to Lebanon seeking Ghosn's arrest. Since his escape, he has frequently been interviewed by various media, published books, is the subject of a TV series in Europe, and a documentary by BBC's \"Storyville\".</s><s>Early life"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " and education. Ghosn's grandfather was Bichara Ghosn, a Maronite Catholic who emigrated from Ajaltoun, French Mandate Lebanon to Brazil at the age of 13, eventually settling in remote Guapor\u00e9, Rond\u00f4nia, near the border between Brazil and Bolivia. Bichara Ghosn was an entrepreneur and eventually headed several companies, in businesses including the rubber trade, the sale and purchase of agricultural products, and aviation. His son Jorge Ghosn married Rose Jazzar, a Nigerian-born Lebanese woman whose family came from Miziara in Lebanon then went to Brazil, where they settled in Porto Velho, the state capital of Rond\u00f4nia, and had four children. Carlos' father, Jorge Ghosn (died 2006) was a diamond trader and worked in the airline industry. Jorge was convicted of murdering a priest in Sawfar, Lebanon in 1960. Jorge fled to Brazil in 1975 at the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War. Carlos Ghosn was born on 9 March 1954, in Porto Velho. When he was about two years old he became sick after drinking unsanitary water, and his mother moved with him to Rio de Janeiro. He did not fully recover there, and in"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " 1960, when Ghosn was six years old, he and his mother and sister moved to Beirut, Lebanon, where his grandmother and two other sisters lived. Ghosn completed his secondary school studies in Lebanon, at the Jesuit school Coll\u00e8ge Notre-Dame de Jamhour. He then completed his classes pr\u00e9paratoires in Paris, at the Coll\u00e8ge Stanislas and the Lyc\u00e9e Saint-Louis. He graduated as an engineer from the \u00c9cole Polytechnique in 1974 and the \u00c9cole des Mines de Paris in 1978.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Michelin. After graduation in 1978, Ghosn spent 18 years at Michelin, Europe's largest tire maker, initially training and working in several plants in France and Germany. In 1981, he became plant manager in Le Puy-en-Velay, France. In 1984 he was named head of research and development for the company's industrial tyre division. In 1985, when Ghosn was 30 years old, he was appointed chief operating officer (COO) of Michelin's South American operations. He returned to Rio de Janeiro, reporting directly to Fran\u00e7ois Michelin, who tasked Ghosn with turning around the operation, which was"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " unprofitable and struggling under Brazil's hyperinflation. Ghosn formed cross-functional management teams to determine best practices among the French, Brazilian, and other nationalities working in the South American division. The multicultural experience in Brazil formed the basis of his cross-cultural management style and emphasis on diversity as a core business asset. \"You learn from diversity... but you're comforted by commonality\", Ghosn has said. The division returned to profitability in two years. After turning around Michelin's South American operations, Ghosn was appointed president and COO of Michelin North America in 1989, and moved to Greenville, South Carolina, with his family. He was promoted to CEO of Michelin North America in 1990. He presided over the restructuring of the company after its acquisition of the Uniroyal Goodrich Tyre Company.</s><s>Career.:Post-privatisation Renault. In 1996, Ghosn became executive vice president in charge of purchasing, advanced research, engineering and development, powertrain operations, and manufacturing at Renault; and he was also in charge of Renault's South American division, located in the Mercosur. Ghosn's radical restructuring of Renault successfully contributed to profitability of the company over 1997. His reputation of"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " successful performance under Fran\u00e7ois Michelin was repeated under the first CEO of the freshly privatized Renault.</s><s>Career.:Nissan and the Renault\u2013Nissan Alliance. In March 1999, Renault and Nissan formed the Renault\u2013Nissan Alliance, and in May 1999 Renault purchased a 36.8% stake in Nissan. While maintaining his roles at Renault, Ghosn joined Nissan as its chief operating officer (COO) in June 1999, became its president in June 2000, and was named chief executive officer (CEO) in June 2001. When he joined the company, Nissan had a consolidated interest-bearing net automotive debt of more than $20 billion (more than 2 trillion yen), and only three of its 46 models sold in Japan were generating a profit. Reversing the company's sinking fortunes was considered nearly impossible. Ghosn's \"Nissan Revival Plan\", announced in October 1999, called for a return to profitability in fiscal year 2000, a profit margin in excess of 4.5% of sales by the end of fiscal year 2002, and a 50% reduction in the current level of debt by the end of fiscal year 2002. Ghosn promised to resign if these goals were not met. Ghosn's Nissan Revival Plan called for cutting 21,"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": "000 Nissan jobs (14% of total workforce), mostly in Japan; shutting five Japanese plants; reducing the number of suppliers and shareholdings; and auctioning off prized assets such as Nissan's aerospace unit. Ghosn was the fourth non-Japanese person to lead a Japanese automaker, after Mark Fields, Henry Wallace and James Miller were appointed by Ford to run Mazda in the late 1990s. In addition to cutting jobs, plants, and suppliers, Ghosn spearheaded major and dramatic structural and corporate-culture changes at Nissan. He defied Japanese business etiquette in various ways, including by eliminating seniority-based and age-based promotion, by changing lifetime employment from a guarantee to a desired goal for when the company achieved high performance, and by dismantling Nissan's \"keiretsu\" system; an interwoven web of parts suppliers with cross-holdings in Nissan. When the Nissan Revival Plan was announced, the proposed dismantling of \"keiretsu\" earned Ghosn the nickname \"\"keiretsu\" killer\", and \"The Wall Street Journal\" quoted a Dresdner Kleinwort Benson analyst in Tokyo as saying Ghosn might become a \"target of public outrage\" if Nissan threw former affiliates out of its supply chain. Ghos"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": "n changed Nissan's official company language from Japanese to English, and included executives from Europe and North America in key global strategy sessions for the first time. In the first year of the Nissan Revival Plan, Nissan's consolidated net profit after tax climbed to $2.7 billion for fiscal year 2000, from a consolidated net loss of $6.46 billion in the previous year. Twelve months into his three-year turnaround plan, Nissan had returned to profitability, and within three years it was one of the industry's most profitable auto makers, with operating margins consistently above 9%; more than twice the industry average. The goals of the Nissan Revival Plan were all reached before 31 March 2002. In May 2002, Ghosn announced his next set of goals for the company, \"Nissan 180\", a three-year plan for growth based on the numbers 1, 8, and 0: By the end of September 2005, Nissan planned to increase its global sales by one million vehicles; and by the spring of 2005, it was committed to achieving an operating margin of at least 8% and reducing its net automotive debt to zero. These goals were all reached: In the spring of 2003, Nissan announced that its net automotive debt was eliminated in fiscal year 2002. Nissan's operating profit margin climbed"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " to 11.1% in fiscal year 2003; it had been 1.4% in fiscal year 1999. In October 2005, Nissan announced that its annual sales from 30 September 2004, to 30 September 2005, were more than 3.67 million, up from the 2.6 million vehicles sold in the fiscal year ended March 2002. In May 2005, Ghosn was named president and chief executive officer of Renault. When he assumed the CEO roles at both Renault and Nissan, Ghosn became the world's first person to run two companies on the Fortune Global 500 simultaneously. In 2005, billionaire investor Kirk Kerkorian acquired a 9.9% stake in General Motors (GM) and seated one of his representatives on the company's board, then urged GM to investigate a merger with Renault and Nissan with Ghosn as the new chairman of GM. In 2006, GM's embattled management rebuffed the takeover attempt, and by the end of the year, Kerkorian's Tracinda Corp. sold most of its GM stock. In 2006, Ford Motor Co. made Ghosn a formal offer to lead the company. Ghosn refused, reportedly saying the only way he would come to the struggling company was if he was named both the CEO and chairman of"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " the board. Bill Ford Jr. refused to give up his chairmanship. In 2007, Ghosn led the Renault\u2013Nissan Alliance into the mass-market zero-emission electric car market in a major way, and committed \u20ac4 billion (more than $5 billion) to the effort. In 2008, he confirmed that Nissan\u2013Renault would bring an \"entire lineup\" of zero-emission electric cars to the worldwide market by 2012. In 2009, he told the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business, \"If you're going to let developing countries have as many cars as they want\u2014and they're going to have as many cars as they want one way or another\u2014there is absolutely no alternative but to go for zero emissions. And the only zero-emissions vehicle available today is electric\u00a0... So we decided to go for it.\" The Nissan Leaf, an electric car billed as \"the world's first affordable zero-emission car\", debuted in December 2010. As of 2017, the Renault\u2013Nissan Alliance is the world's electric vehicle leader, selling more than twice as many electric cars as Tesla, and the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling electric vehicle by a wide margin. Ghosn was a visible"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " leader in recovery efforts after the Japanese earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011, one of the worst natural disasters in modern history. On 29 March 2011, he made the first of several visits to the hard-hit Iwaki engine plant in Fukushima prefecture, 50\u00a0km (31 miles) from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, and at his direction Nissan restored full operations at the Iwaki factory well ahead of expectations. He appeared on television in Japan to encourage optimism. In May 2011, Ghosn remained committed to building at least 1 million of Nissan's cars and trucks in Japan annually. In 2011 Ghosn was under scrutiny by the French government for mishandling a spying scandal related to Renault. In June 2012, Ghosn was named deputy chairman of the board of directors of Russian automobile manufacturer AvtoVAZ. In June 2013, he was appointed chairman of the Russian company, a position he retained through June 2016. Renault had begun a strategic partnership with AvtoVAZ in 2008 by acquiring a 25% stake in the company; this led to increasingly deeper partnerships between Renault\u2013Nissan and AvtoVAZ, ending in Renault\u2013Nissan Alliance control of the Russian automaker in 2014. In February 2017, Ghosn announced he would step down"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " as CEO of Nissan on 1 April 2017, while remaining chairman of the company. Hiroto Saikawa, succeeded Ghosn at Nissan. In November 2018, Renault owned 43.4% of Nissan, while Nissan owned non-voting shares equal to 15% of Renault's equity.</s><s>Career.:Mitsubishi. In October 2016, Nissan completed the acquisition of a controlling 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors. Ghosn became, in addition to his Renault\u2013Nissan posts, chairman of Mitsubishi, with an aim to rehabilitate the automaker after a months-long scandal involving fuel-economy misrepresentation and consequent falling revenues. The Nissan\u2013Mitsubishi partnership includes partnership in developing electric automobiles for Mitsubishi, and the Renault\u2013Nissan\u2013Mitsubishi Alliance creates the world's fourth-largest auto group, after Toyota, Volkswagen AG, and General Motors Co. Mitsubishi Motors board removed Ghosn from his role as chairman on 26 November 2018, following his arrest and ousting from Nissan for alleged financial misconduct.</s><s>Career.:Advisorships. Ghosn served on the International Advisory Board of Brazilian bank Banco Ita\u00fa (a major party in the privatisation of"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " Renault) until 2015. He is also a member of the advisory board of Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management in Beijing. He has received an honorary doctorate from American University of Beirut; and he is a member of the Strategic Council, Saint Joseph University of Beirut. In 2014 and 2015, he was elected president of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association. He serves as governor of the World Economic Forum.</s><s>Arrest in Tokyo, subsequent Nissan investigation and escape to Lebanon.</s><s>Arrest in Tokyo, subsequent Nissan investigation and escape to Lebanon.:Initial arrest. On 19 November 2018, Tokyo District Prosecutors arrested Ghosn at 4:30\u00a0p.m. upon his re-entry into Japan aboard a private jet that had come from Lebanon, for questioning over allegations of false accounting. Ghosn's top aide Greg Kelly, a Nissan director and former head of human resources, was also arrested upon his arrival from the U.S. that day. On the same day, Nissan chief executive Hiroto Saikawa announced at a press conference that Ghosn had been dismissed from Nissan's board and would be stripped of executive rights at a meeting to be held on 22 November. Saikawa stressed that the dismissal was the result of an internal inquiry by"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " Nissan, and alleged that Ghosn and Kelly had under-reported their compensation (a violation of securities law) and used company assets for personal use. While the allegations remained unproven in court, with due legal process pending, at the same news conference, Saikawa \"expressed disappointment, indignation, and despair at Ghosn's conduct, which included using company funds for personal investments and misusing corporate assets\" and also said, \"This is an act that cannot be tolerated by the company... It is sufficient grounds for his dismissal.\" Although the company did not provide details, reports in the Japanese media stated that Nissan was paying all or some of the costs at some amount of US$18 million for residences used by Ghosn in Rio de Janeiro, Beirut, Paris and Amsterdam, and that Ghosn charged family vacation expenses to the company. The purchases of some of these residences and the payment of expenses were handled by a shell company named Zi-A Capital BV based in the Netherlands, which Kelly had instructed Nissan's board to set up to make venture investments at the end of 2010 (around the same time as Ghosn's divorce from his first wife and beginning of a relationship with his second wife). Nissan funds were used to purchase Ghosn's"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " Paris apartment in 2005, and Zi-A funds were used to purchase his $5 million beachfront Rio apartment in 2012 and his Beirut mansion, which, with renovations, cost over $15 million. Nissan compliance auditors began trying to track Zi-A activity in 2014 but were stymied at first by the chain of shell companies used in Zi-A investments. In addition, to avoid reporting the full amount of his compensation in Nissan financials, as required by Japanese law beginning in 2010, Ghosn had Kelly structure complicated deferred payment plans which went unreported under an aggressive interpretation of the disclosure rules which Nissan's outside auditors had not signed off on, and which totaled around $80 million at the time of his arrest eight years later. According to \"Nikkei\" reports, Ghosn told investigators that he instructed Kelly to handle the compensation reporting in a legal manner, and Kelly told investigators that he acted on advice from outside law firms and the Financial Services Agency in handling the reporting. Leaks to the media said that Ghosn had planned to call a vote to fire Nissan CEO Saikawa and reinstate Kelly (who had semi-retired to the U.S. in 2015) to active service at the scheduled board meeting. Ghosn"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " was detained at the Tokyo Detention House, under Japanese rules that allow suspects to be detained for up to 23 days without criminal charges being filed. Ghosn and Kelly were reportedly arrested on information provided by an unidentified non-Japanese executive in Nissan's legal department, in the second deal ever struck under Japan's recently introduced plea bargaining system. Charges were filed against Ghosn and Kelly on the underreporting of deferred compensation on 10 December, along with allegations of additional charges that restarted a 10-day holding period without bail. Nissan also took control of the Rio and Beirut properties and changed the locks, which has led Ghosn's family to sue for access.</s><s>Arrest in Tokyo, subsequent Nissan investigation and escape to Lebanon.:Continued detention and new charges. On 21 December 2018, Ghosn was re-arrested on suspicion of shifting to Nissan personal losses of US$16.6 million related to a personal swap contract in October 2008 (during the global financial crisis). The introduction of those charges prevented Ghosn's release on bail later the same day, because the new charges permitted an additional 10\u201320 days of incarceration prior to a bail hearing. Subsequent reporting linked this charge to Ghosn's dealings with Sheikh Khaled al-J"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": "uffali, the vice chairman of one of Saudi Arabia's largest conglomerates and majority owner of a company which owns half of a regional joint venture called Nissan Gulf, with the other half held by a wholly owned Nissan subsidiary. In return for a personal letter of credit from Juffali to Ghosn during the 2008 crisis, which served as bank-demanded collateral for Ghosn's swap contract, Nissan indirectly paid $14.7 million from an internal discretionary fund known as the \"CEO Reserve\" to a wholly owned Juffali company in four installments between 2009 and 2012, although the internal documentation did not specify the ultimate recipient. According to Tokyo prosecutors, Kelly was not involved in this transaction and so was released on bail on 25 December. Ghosn made his first public appearance after his arrest at an arraignment on Tuesday, 8 January 2019, where he asserted his innocence, making a statement in response to the main allegations against him; however, his bid to be released from prison on these charges was rejected. Ghosn's imprisonment was set to end on 11 January 2019. That day, Ghosn was indicted on two additional charges: aggravated breach of trust and understating his income, once again extending his imprisonment. As a result, he could"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " remain in jail for months more before a trial would take place. Two days later, Nissan's investigation allegedly found that, in addition to the underreporting of salary already charged, Ghosn had paid himself an undisclosed $8 million in 2018 from a Netherlands-based joint venture owned by Nissan and Mitsubishi that was set up in 2017, without the knowledge of either company's directors because Ghosn had the sole authority to dispense cash from the venture. Ghosn again appealed the denial of bail from 8 January 2019 and offered to meet greater restrictions and higher guarantees of appearance in return for his release, including wearing an ankle bracelet and posting his Nissan stock as collateral. Additionally, on 14 January 2019 Ghosn's wife Carole published a letter that she wrote to Human Rights Watch protesting against his treatment in detainment. Nevertheless, on 21 January 2019, the Tokyo district court again denied bail. The Japanese term hitojichi shih\u014d (\"hostage justice\") has been brought up in some media reports. Takashi Takano, one of Ghosn's lawyers stated that the Japanese judicial system is a country risk.</s><s>Arrest in Tokyo, subsequent Nissan investigation and escape to Lebanon.:Further developments. On 11 January 2019 Jos\u00e9 Mu\u00f1oz, Nissan"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": "'s chief performance officer and head of its China operations, resigned from the company. Mu\u00f1oz, considered to be a close ally to Ghosn and a possible successor as CEO of Renault and Nissan, had been a \"person of interest\" in Nissan's internal investigation, with which he was reported to be uncooperative. One of Nissan's three independent directors opined that Nissan may simply eliminate the position of chairman and not replace Ghosn, a route previously taken by other scandal-plagued Japanese companies. The Reuters Japan news service reported that Nissan may file suit against Ghosn personally. At first the French government and Renault had been reported to be standing behind Ghosn during his imprisonment, on the presumption that Ghosn is innocent until proven guilty. However, France's financial minister Bruno Le Maire stated on 16 January that Renault may seek a new CEO to replace Ghosn due to his continued incarceration. Renault possibly worried about Nissan taking the chance to use the power vacuum at Renault to reshape the alliance's balance of power. After the French government called for leadership change and his bail requests were rejected by the Japanese courts, Ghosn finally agreed to step down. He resigned as chairman and CEO of Renault on 24 January 2019. On 30"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " January 2019, Ghosn said the charges were \"plot and treason\" by executives at Nissan who opposed the relationship with Renault and a future plan that was in the works to integrate Nissan, Mitsubishi and Renault. In mid-February 2019, Ghosn's lead counsel Motonari Otsuru stepped down and was replaced by Jun'ichir\u014d Hironaka, who has a record of success in a number of high-profile cases.</s><s>Arrest in Tokyo, subsequent Nissan investigation and escape to Lebanon.:Further developments.:Bail. In early March 2019, Ghosn was granted a request for bail in a Tokyo court. This was his third bail request, and the first by his new legal team under Hironaka. The court set bail at 1 billion yen (about US$9 million) subject to stringent conditions. He was not allowed to travel abroad, and had to remain at a given address under 24-hour camera surveillance, with no internet access. He was released on 6 March 2019. On 3 April 2019, Ghosn tweeted that he was \"ready to tell the truth\" and that he would hold a conference on 11 April 2019. He was re-arrested for the fourth time early on 4 April 2019 over"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " new suspicions of financial misconduct concerning alleged dealings via Oman. Ghosn released a statement claiming the arrest was \"outrageous and arbitrary\". Until that point in time he had been held for 108 days since he was first arrested in November 2018. On 8 April 2019, during an extraordinary shareholders meeting, Nissan shareholders voted to remove Carlos Ghosn from the company board. Shareholders also voted to remove Ghosn's former right-hand man Greg Kelly, and to appoint Renault chairman Jean-Dominique Senard as a director. The next day, Ghosn posted a YouTube video, where he publicly stated that he was \"innocent of all the accusations that came around these charges that are all biased, taken out of context, twisted in a way to paint a personage of greed, and a personage of dictatorship\". He also claimed that the payments to Juffali were meant to help Nissan fix a dispute with a local distributor, and to open a bank contract to convert his salary from yen to US dollars, in order to avoid currency swings. The Japanese court rejected an appeal filed by Ghosn's lawyers, and approved an initial 10 days detention for Ghosn, until 22 April 2019. He was released in late April, but confined to strict house"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " arrest, including having no contact with his wife for four months.</s><s>Arrest in Tokyo, subsequent Nissan investigation and escape to Lebanon.:Further developments.:Investigations in other countries. In June 2019 Renault published that in an internal audit they had uncovered 11 million euros in questionable expenses by Ghosn, which was followed by the French state opening its own investigation into his actions. Prosecutors in the district of Nanterre west of Paris stated that anti-fraud police had searched his residence in the town of L'\u00c9tang-la-Ville for evidence. In July Renault's headquarters in Boulogne-Billancourt were searched by 20 police personnel in relation to this case. July also saw Carlos Ghosn take action against French mass-media for libel. In August 2019 his wife Carole appealed to President Emmanuel Macron of France to intercede on behalf of her husband with Japanese leader Shinzo Abe at the 45th G7 summit held from 24 to 26 August at the French town of Biarritz. In September 2019, in one of the first legal accords of the saga, Ghosn settled with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission over claims of failing to disclose more than $140 million in pay to him from Nissan"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": ". He was fined $1 million while Nissan was fined $15 million and Greg Kelly $100,000. Although he neither admitted nor denied the SEC's charges, he accepted a ten-year ban from serving as an officer or director of a public company. Kelly accepted a five-year ban under similar terms. According to \"The New York Times\", the settlement all but ended Ghosn's career as a global business executive.</s><s>Arrest in Tokyo, subsequent Nissan investigation and escape to Lebanon.:Flight from Japan. On 30 December 2019, numerous media outlets reported that Ghosn had escaped from Japan and arrived in Beirut, Lebanon. Ghosn later confirmed these reports through a statement released by his press representative in New York. In his statement, Ghosn claimed that he would \"no longer be held hostage by a rigged Japanese justice system where guilt is presumed, discrimination is rampant and basic human rights are denied.\" Ghosn left his Tokyo apartment at around 14:30 on 29 December 2019 and joined two men at a nearby hotel. The three then took a bullet train from Shinagawa to Osaka and arrived at a hotel near Kansai International Airport just after 20:00. The team hired to extract him from Tokyo had noticed that Japanese security did"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " not follow Ghosn into hotels, which facilitated his escape. A few hours later, two men left the hotel carrying large containers, including an audio equipment box where Ghosn was hidden. The men then boarded a Bombardier Global Express private jet with Turkish registration TC-TSR. The large box carrying Ghosn was never x-rayed or checked by customs officials, because it was too big to fit inside the x-ray machine; the plane left Kansai Airport at 23:10, landing at Istanbul Atat\u00fcrk Airport at 5:26 on the morning of 30 December 2019. Within an hour of the plane's landing, a separate private jet left for Beirut. An employee at Turkish private jet operator MNG Jet admitted to falsifying passenger records, in which two separate planes were leased, one from Dubai to Osaka and then Osaka to Istanbul, while the other from Istanbul to Beirut. The Ambassador of Lebanon to Japan Nidal Yehya denied the involvement of the Embassy of Lebanon in Ghosn's escape, but \"always stressed to him that he must abide by all the conditions of his release, as decided by the Criminal Court in Tokyo\".</s><s>Arrest in Tokyo, subsequent Nissan investigation and escape to Lebanon.:Residence in Lebanon"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": ". Following Ghosn's arrival in Lebanon, a Tokyo court granted a request by Japanese prosecutors to revoke his bail. While Japan and Lebanon are both members of Interpol and have had diplomatic relations since 1954, there is no extradition agreement between the two countries. Interpol has issued a red notice for his arrest. Japanese authorities raided Ghosn's Tokyo apartment on 2 January looking for evidence. Ghosn later addressed reports that his family, including his wife Carole, may have played a role in his departure from Japan, stating that \"such speculation is inaccurate and false.\" On 7 January, prosecutors in Japan issued an arrest warrant for Carole Ghosn on suspicion of giving false testimony during a court hearing in April 2019. Carlos Ghosn held his first press conference since leaving Japan on 8 January 2020, in which he described his imprisonment conditions, pleaded innocence and named Nissan executives who plotted his demise. He claimed that when he left Japan, \"I fled injustice and political persecution.\" The next day, Judge Ghassan Ouiedat, a Lebanese prosecutor, imposed a travel ban on Ghosn. After his escape from Japan, Carlos Ghosn's Japanese lawyer and seven other members of his defense resigned. His lawyer, Junichiro Hironaka,"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " said his escape was a \"complete surprise\". On 10 February 2020, Ghosn hired former Disney president Michael Ovitz, co-founder of the Creative Artists Agency, as his Hollywood agent. On 12 February 2020, Nissan launched a $90 million lawsuit against Ghosn for alleged \u201ccorrupt\u201d actions, and on 29 February 2020, Japan's financial regulators fined Nissan 2.42 billion yen ($22 million) for underreporting remuneration of former Chairman Ghosn and other executives for years. On 8 July 2020, \"The Nikkei\" reported that $862,500 was paid from a Paris bank account related to Ghosn to Promote Fox, a company managed by Michael Taylor, an ex-Green Beret who helped him flee to Lebanon. Ghosn's house in Lebanon sustained damage following the August 2020 Beirut explosion, which occurred 5 kilometers (3 miles) away from the residence. On 3 November 2020, Lebanon's prosecutor general decided not to charge Ghosn for visiting Israel in 2008 because the statute of limitations had expired. Previously, some Lebanese lawyers wanted Ghosn prosecuted over his 2008 trip to Israel as the chairman of Renault-Nissan to meet Better Place founder Shai Agassi, which they claim violated the"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " Arab League boycott of Israel. In November 2020 the United Nations human rights group said that the Japanese government should give Ghosn \"compensation\" and \"other reparations\" due to the arrest and detention conditions in November 2018. In November 2020, a United Nations working group on arbitrary detention concluded that Ghosn's arrest and detention in Japan was \"fundamentally unfair\". }} Despite the fact that the Nelson Mandela Rules set a 15-day limit on how long prisoners can be kept in isolation, Kelly was held in solitary confinement for 37 days before he was granted bail, and Ghosn for 108 days. The Taylors were in solitary confinement for more than 100 days each. \u201cThe Carlos Ghosn case, including Greg Kelly and the Taylors, is an aberration,\u201d said William Cleary, an expert on Japanese law with a doctorate in criminal procedure. }} In December 2020, it was reported that French investigators would meet with Ghosn in January 2021 as part of a separate investigation of expenses covered by a Dutch subsidiary of Renault and Nissan. Ghosn is under two investigations in France, one that is focused on suspicious transactions between Renault and a distributor in Oman, as well as another investigation into alleged illegal payments for private"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " trips and events paid by Renault-Nissan's Netherlands-based holding company, RNBV. In a January 2021 interview, Ghosn questioned why France was questioning him over the charges, while Japan did not, and denied the charges.</s><s>Arrest in Tokyo, subsequent Nissan investigation and escape to Lebanon.:Prosecution and conviction of facilitators of his escape from Japan. Arrest warrants issued by Japanese prosecutors on 30 January 2020 claimed that the escape operation was orchestrated by former United States Army Special Forces soldier Michael Taylor, a private-security contractor with extensive contacts in Lebanon. The warrants also claimed that Michael was assisted by his son Peter Maxwell Taylor and a third American, George Antoine Zayek. Michael Taylor had conducted similar international rescue operations in the past. On 8 May, Turkey charged seven people accused of helping Ghosn flee to Lebanon via Istanbul. On 20 May, United States authorities arrested Michael and Peter Taylor on suspicion of helping Ghosn escape. On 30 October 2020, the US agreed to extradite the Taylors to Japan. In June 2021, Michael Taylor and his son Peter, pleaded guilty in Tokyo to helping Ghosn escape from Japan in December 2019. The Taylors later expressed their regret and apologized to the Japanese. In addition"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": ", it was revealed that Ghosn paid the Taylors more than $1 million for their services, in the form of bank transfers and bitcoin payments. In July 2021, the Taylors were convicted and sentenced in Japan for aiding Ghosn. Michael was sentenced to 2 years' imprisonment while his son received a 20 months' sentence.</s><s>Arrest in Tokyo, subsequent Nissan investigation and escape to Lebanon.:Further prosecutions. In April 2022, France issued an international warrant for Ghosn's arrest, in addition to four other individuals who administrated the Omani company Suhail Bahwan Automobiles, in which the latter had allegedly helped Ghosn to funnel millions of dollars of Renault funds through them for his personal use, including the purchase of a 120-foot yacht. Ghosn said the timing of this warrant was \"suspicious\" and later mentioned that he wanted to stand trial on charges of financial wrongdoing to clear his name.</s><s>Personal life. Ghosn's first marriage was to Rita Kordahi, who came originally from Rayfoun, Lebanon, and whom he met in France in 1984. Together they had four children: Caroline, Nadine, Maya and Anthony. They divorced in 2012. In May 2016, Ghos"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": "n married Lebanese-American Carole Nahas and, a few months later in October, threw a large party at the Grand Trianon of the Palace of Versailles, in the outskirts of Paris, to celebrate both the wedding and Carole's 50th birthday. He is reported by several Japanese media to have six private residences: in Tokyo, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Amsterdam, Beirut and New York. Ghosn, whom \"Forbes\" magazine called \"the hardest-working man in the brutally competitive global car business\", as of 2006 was splitting his time between Paris and Tokyo and logging roughly 150,000 miles (241\u00a0400\u00a0km) in airplanes per year. Japanese media called him \"Seven-Eleven\" (\"work very hard from early in the morning till late at night\"). He holds citizenship to Brazil and France. He has been noted for his direct, results-and-execution-oriented style in business strategy meetings, and for his interest in resolving problems from within a company by listening to workers and by cross-functional and cross-cultural team groupings. Ghosn is multilingual, speaking four languages fluently\u00a0\u2013 Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese\u00a0\u2013 and he has also studied Japanese. He is a partner"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " in Ixsir, a winery in the northern coastal town of Batroun, Lebanon. In 2012, he was named to the Honorary Board of the American Foundation of Saint George Hospital in Beirut. In 2020, he became a coach to business leaders at USEK. Ghosn was hailed as a potential presidential candidate in Lebanon in 2007. In a June 2011 survey by life-insurance company Axa, Ghosn was ranked No. 7 in a random poll asking Japanese people, \"Which celebrity do you want to run Japan?\" (Barack Obama was No. 9, and Prime Minister Naoto Kan was No. 19.) He has so far declined such overtures, saying he has \"no political ambitions\". Ghosn's lawyers have stated he has chronic kidney disease which they claim was worsened by his lack of access to proper treatment while imprisoned.</s><s>Personal life.:In the media. Beginning in November 2001, Ghosn's life story was turned into a superhero comic book series in Japan, titled \"The True Story of Carlos Ghosn\", in the manga comic book \"Big Comic Superior\". The series was published as a book in 2002. His face has been reproduced both in Lebanese postage stamps and in bento boxes in Japanese restaurants"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": ". Ghosn is the subject of a number of books in English, Japanese, and French. In English, he wrote a bestselling business book called \"Shift: Inside Nissan's Historic Revival\". He was the subject of another business book called \"Turnaround: How Carlos Ghosn Rescued Nissan\" by David Magee. He also provided strategic business commentary and on-the-job lessons to aspiring managers in a book called \"The Ghosn Factor: 24 Inspiring Lessons From Carlos Ghosn, the Most Successful Transnational CEO\" by Miguel Rivas-Micoud. Netflix in 2022 released a documentary titled \"Fugitive: The Curious Case of Carlos Ghosn\", which chronicles Ghosn's rise, as well as the internal rivalries and tensions he sparked within Nissan-Renault, and his dramatic arrest.</s><s>Awards and recognition. As a result of his achievements, Ghosn has had numerous awards and honors bestowed upon him. Some of these include: - In 2001, he topped \"TIME\" magazine's list of Global Influentials, beating Bill Gates and several other globally renowned businessmen. - In 2001, he was named Father of the Year by a Japanese community group. - In 2002, he was appointed a"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " Chevalier of the Legion of Honour (\"Knight of the Legion of Honour\") by the French government. - In 2002 \"Fortune\" awarded him Asia Businessman of the Year. - In 2003, he was named Man of the Year by \"Fortune\" magazine's Asian edition. - In 2003 \"Fortune\" listed him as one of the 10 most powerful business leaders outside the U.S. - In 2004, he became the first foreign business leader to receive the prestigious Blue Ribbon Medal from Emperor Akihito of Japan. - In 2004, he was added to the Automotive Hall of Fame. - In 2004, he was also added to the Japan Automotive Hall of Fame. - In 2006, Ghosn was made an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. - In 2010, \"CEO Quarterly\" magazine listed Ghosn as one of the \"Most Respected CEOs\". - In 2010, He was appointed as the jury member of the Takreem Award Committee between 2010 and 2018. - In 2011, CNBC listed Ghosn as Asia Business Leader of the Year. - In 2012, Ghosn was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite, an honorific designation to civilians in"}, {"title": "Carlos Ghosn", "text": " recognition of services that benefit Morocco. - In 2012, Ghosn received the Japan Society Award. - In 2012, Ghosn became the first person in the auto industry, and the fourth overall, to win a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Strategic Management Society, a non-profit group that promotes ethical and strategic business stewardship. - In 2012, Ghosn was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, an honorific designation to civilians in recognition of services that benefit Spain. - In 2013, he was appointed an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. - In 2017, Lebanon's national post office, LibanPost, unveiled a collectable stamp honoring Carlos Ghosn.</s><s>Bibliography.</s><s>Bibliography.:Books. - - - - - -</s><s>Bibliography.:Articles. -</s><s>Further reading. -  Japanese version: \"\u30ab\u30eb\u30ed\u30b9\u30fb\u30b4\u30fc\u30f3 \u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305f\u5149\u3068\u5f71\".</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Carlos Ghosn", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000369", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lupe V\u00e9lez.", "docs": [{"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": "<s>Lupe V\u00e9lez Mar\u00eda Guadalupe Villalobos V\u00e9lez (July 18, 1908 \u2013 December 13, 1944), known professionally as Lupe V\u00e9lez, was a Mexican actress, singer and dancer during the Golden Age of Hollywood cinema. V\u00e9lez began her career as a performer in Mexican vaudeville in the early 1920s. After moving to the United States, she made her first film appearance in a short in 1927. By the end of the decade, she was acting in full-length silent films and had progressed to leading roles in \"The Gaucho\" (1927), \"Lady of the Pavements\" (1928) and \"Wolf Song\" (1929), among others. V\u00e9lez made the transition to sound films without difficulty. She was one of the first successful Latin-American actresses in Hollywood. During the 1930s, her explosive screen persona was exploited in successful comedic films like \"Hot Pepper\" (1933), \"Strictly Dynamite\" (1934) and \"Hollywood Party\" (1934). In the 1940s, V\u00e9lez's popularity peaked while appearing as Carmelita Fuentes in eight \"Mexican Spitfire\" films, a series created to capitalize on"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " her fiery personality. Nicknamed \"The Mexican Spitfire\" by the media, V\u00e9lez's personal life was as colorful as her screen persona. She had several highly publicized romances with Hollywood actors and a stormy marriage with Johnny Weissmuller. V\u00e9lez died at age 36 in December 1944 of an intentional overdose of the barbiturate drug Seconal. Her death and the circumstances surrounding it were the subject of speculation and controversy.</s><s>Life and career.</s><s>Life and career.:Childhood and education. V\u00e9lez was born in the city of San Luis Potos\u00ed in Mexico, the daughter of Jacobo Villalobos Reyes, a colonel in the armed forces of the dictator Porfirio Diaz, and his wife Josefina V\u00e9lez, an opera singer according to some sources, or vaudeville singer according to others. She was one of five children; she had three sisters: Mercedes, Reina and Josefina and a brother, Emigdio. The Villalobos were considered a prominent, financially comfortable family in San Luis Potos\u00ed. According to V\u00e9lez's second cousin, they lived in a large home, and most of the male members received a college education. At the age of"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " 13, her parents sent her to study at Our Lady of the Lake (now Our Lady of the Lake University) in San Antonio, Texas, where V\u00e9lez learned to speak English and dance. She later admitted that she liked dance class, but was otherwise a poor student.</s><s>Life and career.:Beginnings in Mexico and arrival to the United States (1924\u201326). V\u00e9lez began her career in Mexican revues in the early 1920s. She initially performed under her paternal surname (see Hispanic American naming customs) of Villalobos, but after her father returned home from the war (he did not die in combat as some sources state), he was outraged that his daughter had decided to become a stage performer. She chose her maternal surname V\u00e9lez as her stage name. Their mother introduced V\u00e9lez and her sister Josefina to the popular Spanish Mexican vedette Mar\u00eda Conesa, \"La Gatita Blanca\". V\u00e9lez debuted in a show led by Conesa, where she sang \"Oh Charley, My Boy\" and danced the shimmy. In 1924, Aurelio Campos, a young pianist and friend of the V\u00e9lez sisters, recommended V\u00e9lez to stage producers Carlos Ortega"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " and Manuel Castro. Ortega and Castro were preparing a season revue at the Regis Theatre, and hired V\u00e9lez to join the company in March 1925. Later that year, V\u00e9lez starred in the revues \"Mexican Rataplan\" and \"\u00a1No lo tapes!\" (both parodies of the Bataclan's shows in Paris). Her suggestive singing and provocative dancing was a hit with audiences, and she soon established herself as one of the main stars of vaudeville in Mexico. After a year and a half, V\u00e9lez left the revue after the manager refused to give her a raise. She then joined the \"Teatro Principal\", but was fired after three months due to her \"feisty attitude\". V\u00e9lez was quickly hired by the \"Teatro Lirico\", where her salary rose to 100 pesos a day. V\u00e9lez, whose volatile and spirited personality and feuds with other performers were often covered by the Mexican press, also honed her ability for garnering publicity. Her most bitter rivals included the Mexican vedettes Celia Padilla, Celia Montalv\u00e1n, and Delia Maga\u00f1a. Called \"La Ni\u00f1a Lupe\" because of her youth"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": ", V\u00e9lez soon established herself as one of the main stars of vaudeville in Mexico. Among her admirers were notable Mexican poets and writers like Jos\u00e9 Gorostiza and Renato Leduc. In 1926, Frank A. Woodyard, an American who had seen V\u00e9lez perform, recommended her to stage director Richard Bennett (the father of actresses Joan and Constance Bennett). Bennett was looking for an actress to portray a Mexican cantina singer in his upcoming play \"The Dove\". He sent V\u00e9lez a telegram inviting her to Los Angeles to appear in the play. V\u00e9lez had been planning to go to Cuba to perform, but quickly changed her plans and traveled to Los Angeles. However, upon arrival, she discovered that she had been replaced by another actress. While in Los Angeles, she met the comedian Fanny Brice. Brice was taken with V\u00e9lez and later said she had never met a more fascinating personality. She promoted V\u00e9lez's career as a dancer and recommended her to Flo Ziegfeld, who hired her to perform in New York City. While V\u00e9lez was preparing to leave Los Angeles, she received a call from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer producer Harry Rapf, who offered her a screen test"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": ". Producer and director Hal Roach saw V\u00e9lez's screen test and hired her for a small role in the comic Laurel and Hardy short \"Sailors, Beware!\".</s><s>Life and career.:Breakthrough and success (1927\u201338). After her debut in the short film \"Sailors, Beware!\", V\u00e9lez appeared in the Hal Roach short, \"What Women Did for Me\", opposite Charley Chase. Later that year, she did a screen test for the upcoming Douglas Fairbanks full-length film \"The Gaucho\". Fairbanks was impressed by V\u00e9lez and he quickly signed her to a contract. Upon its release in 1927, \"The Gaucho\" was a hit and critics were duly impressed with V\u00e9lez's ability to hold her own alongside Fairbanks, who was well known for his spirited acting and impressive stunts. V\u00e9lez made her second major film, \"Stand and Deliver\" (1928), directed by Cecil B. DeMille. That same year, she was named one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars. In 1929, V\u00e9lez appeared in \"Lady of the Pavements\", directed by D. W. Griffith and \"Where East Is East\", playing a young Chinese woman. In the Western"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " film \"Wolf Song\", directed by Victor Fleming, she appears alongside Gary Cooper. As she was regularly cast as \"exotic\" or \"ethnic\" women that were volatile and hot tempered, gossip columnists took to referring to V\u00e9lez as \"Mexican Hurricane\", \"The Mexican Wildcat\", \"The Mexican Madcap\", \"Whoopee Lupe\" and \"The Hot Tamale\". By 1929, the film industry was transitioning from silents to sound films. Several stars of the era saw their careers abruptly end due to heavy accents or voices that recorded poorly. Studio executives predicted that V\u00e9lez's accent would probably hamper her ability to make the transition. That idea was dispelled after she appeared in her first all-talking picture in 1929, the Rin Tin Tin vehicle, \"Tiger Rose\". The film was a hit and V\u00e9lez's sound career was established. With the arrival of talkies, V\u00e9lez appeared in a series of Pre-Code films like \"Hell Harbor\" (directed by Henry King), \"The Storm\" (1930, directed by William Wyler), and the crime drama \"East Is West\" opposite Edward G. Robinson (1930). In 1931, she appeared in her second film for Cecil B. DeM"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": "ille, \"Squaw Man\", opposite Warner Baxter, and in \"Resurrection\", directed by Edwin Carewe. In 1932, V\u00e9lez filmed \"The Cuban Love Song\" (1931), with the popular singer Lawrence Tibbett. That same year, she had a supporting role in \"Kongo\" (a sound remake of \"West of Zanzibar\"), with Walter Huston. She also starred in Spanish-language versions of some of her movies produced by Universal Studios like \"Resurrecci\u00f3n\" (1931, the Spanish version of \"Resurrection\"), and \"Hombres en mi vida\" (1932, the Spanish version of \"Men in Her Life\"). V\u00e9lez soon found her niche in comedy, playing beautiful, but volatile, characters. In February 1932, V\u00e9lez took a break from her film career and traveled to New York City where she was signed by Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. to take over the role of \"Conchita\" in the musical revue \"Hot-Cha!\". The show also starred Bert Lahr, Eleanor Powell and Buddy Rogers. In 1933, V\u00e9lez appeared in the films \"The Half-Naked Truth\" with Lee Tracy and \"Hot"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " Pepper\", with Victor McLaglen and Edmund Lowe. Later that year, she returned to Broadway where she starred opposite Jimmy Durante in the musical revue \"Strike Me Pink\". In 1934, she filmed \"Palooka\" and \"Strictly Dynamite\" (both also with Durante). That same year, V\u00e9lez was cast as \"Slim Girl\" in \"Laughing Boy\" with Ram\u00f3n Novarro. The film was quietly released and largely ignored. The few reviews it received panned the film, but praised V\u00e9lez's performance. She had more success with her brief appearance in the all-comedy-cast film \"Hollywood Party\", where she has a magnificent egg-breaking routine with Laurel and Hardy. Although V\u00e9lez was a popular actress, MGM Studios did not renew her contract in 1934. Over the next few years, V\u00e9lez worked for various studios as a freelance actress; she also spent two years in England where she filmed \"The Morals of Marcus\" and \"Gypsy Melody\" (both 1936). She returned to Los Angeles the following year where she appeared in the final part of the Wheeler & Woolsey comedy \"High Flyers\" (1937). V\u00e9lez last Broadway performance was in the 1938"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " musical \"You Never Know\", by Cole Porter. The show received poor reviews from critics, but received a large amount of publicity due to the feud between V\u00e9lez and fellow cast member Libby Holman. Holman was also irritated by the attention V\u00e9lez garnered from the show with her impressions of several actresses including Gloria Swanson, Katharine Hepburn and Shirley Temple. The feud came to a head during a performance in New Haven, Connecticut after V\u00e9lez punched Holman between curtain calls and gave her a black eye. The feud effectively ended the show. Upon her return to Mexico City in 1938 to star in her first Mexican film, V\u00e9lez was greeted by ten thousand fans. The film \"La Zandunga\" directed by Fernando de Fuentes, co-starring Mexican actor Arturo de C\u00f3rdova, was a critical and financial success and V\u00e9lez was slated to appear in four more Mexican films. She instead returned to Los Angeles and went back to work for RKO.</s><s>Life and career.:Continued success and final roles (1939\u201344). In 1939, V\u00e9lez was cast opposite Leon Errol and Donald Woods in a B-comedy, \"The Girl from Mexico\". Despite being a B film"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": ", it was a hit with audiences and RKO re-teamed her with Errol and Woods for a sequel, \"Mexican Spitfire\". That film was also a success and led to a series of \"Spitfire\" films (eight in all). In the series, V\u00e9lez portrays \"Carmelita Lindsay\", a temperamental yet friendly Mexican singer married to Dennis \"Denny\" Lindsay (Woods), an elegant American gentleman. The \"Spitfire\" films rejuvenated V\u00e9lez's career. Moreover, they were films in which a Latina headlined for eight movies straight \u2013a true rarity. In addition to the \"Spitfire\" series, she was cast in other musical and comedy features for RKO, Universal Pictures, and Columbia Pictures. Some of these films were \"Six Lessons from Madame La Zonga\" (with Leon Errol, 1941), \"Playmates\" (opposite John Barrymore, 1941), and \"Redhead from Manhattan\" (1943). The latter film has V\u00e9lez playing the dual role of a Broadway star and her visiting twin sister, and offers the viewer a rare chance to hear Lupe V\u00e9lez's actual speaking voice. She plays the visiting sister with her customary, exaggerated Mexican accent"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": ", but plays the actress with her own, gently inflected voice, betraying only a trace of an accent. In 1943, the final film in the \"Spitfire\" series, \"Mexican Spitfire's Blessed Event\", was released. By that time, the mistaken-identity scripts and situations had been repeating themselves, and the novelty of the series had begun to wane, but V\u00e9lez's energy and Errol's clowning never flagged. V\u00e9lez co-starred with Eddie Albert in a 1943 romantic comedy, \"Ladies' Day\", about an actress and a baseball player. In 1944, V\u00e9lez returned to Mexico to star in an adaptation of \u00c9mile Zola's novel \"Nana\", which was well received. It would be her final film. After filming wrapped, V\u00e9lez returned to Los Angeles and began preparing for another stage role in New York.</s><s>Death. On the evening of December 13, 1944, V\u00e9lez dined with her two friends, the silent-film star Estelle Taylor and Venita Oakie. V\u00e9lez retired to her bedroom, where she consumed 75 Seconal pills and a glass of brandy. Her secretary, Beulah Kinder, said that she found the actress"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": "'s body on her bed later that morning. A suicide note addressed to Harald Ramond was found nearby. It read: To Harald, May God forgive you and forgive me too, but I prefer to take my life away and our baby's before I bring him with shame or killing him. \u2013 Lupe. On the back of the note, V\u00e9lez wrote: How could you, Harald, fake such a great love for me and our baby when all the time, you didn't want us? I see no other way out for me, so goodbye, and good luck to you, Love Lupe. The day after V\u00e9lez's death, Harald Ramond told the press that he was \"so confused\" by V\u00e9lez's suicide, and claimed that even though the two had broken up, he had agreed to marry V\u00e9lez. He admitted that he once asked V\u00e9lez to sign an agreement stating that he was only marrying her to \"give the baby a name\", but claimed he only did so because he and V\u00e9lez had had a fight, and he was in a \"terrible temper\". Actress Estelle Taylor, who was with V\u00e9lez from 9:00 the previous night until 3:30 the morning V"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": "\u00e9lez died, told the press that V\u00e9lez had told her of her pregnancy, but said she would rather kill herself than have an abortion. Beulah Kinder, V\u00e9lez's secretary, later told investigators that after V\u00e9lez broke off the relationship with Ramond, she planned to go to Mexico to have her baby. Kinder said V\u00e9lez soon changed her mind after concluding that Ramond \"faked\" the relationship and considered having an abortion. The day after V\u00e9lez's death, the Los Angeles County coroner requested that an inquest be opened to investigate the circumstances surrounding her death. On December 16, the coroner dropped the request, after determining that V\u00e9lez had written the notes, and that she had intended to kill herself. On December 22, a funeral for V\u00e9lez was held at the mortuary at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles. Among the pallbearers were V\u00e9lez's ex-husband, Johnny Weissmuller, and actor Gilbert Roland. After the service, V\u00e9lez's body was sent by train to Mexico City, where a second service was held on December 27. Her body was then interred at Pante\u00f3n Civil de Dolores Cemetery.</s><s>Death.:Alternative theories and urban legend. Despite"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " the coroner's ruling that V\u00e9lez committed suicide to avoid the shame of bearing an illegitimate child, some authors have speculated that this was not entirely true. In the book \"From Bananas to Buttocks: The Latina Body in Popular Film and Culture\", Rosa-Linda Fregoso wrote that V\u00e9lez was known for her defiance of contemporary moral convention, and that it seems unlikely that she could not have reconciled having a child out of wedlock. Fregoso believes that in the final year of her life, V\u00e9lez exhibited signs of extreme mania and depression. Fregoso goes on to speculate that V\u00e9lez's death may have been the result of an untreated mental illness such as bipolar disorder. Robert Slatzer (who later claimed to have been secretly married to Marilyn Monroe) claimed that a few weeks before V\u00e9lez's death, he interviewed her at her home and she confided in him that she was pregnant with Gary Cooper's child (by that time, Cooper was married to socialite Veronica \"Rocky\" Balfe). According to Slatzer, V\u00e9lez said that Cooper refused to acknowledge the child, believing that Harald Ramond was the father. After V\u00e9lez died, Slatzer said he"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " asked Cooper about the situation and Cooper confirmed that it was possible he might have been the father. Slatzer further claimed that he also interviewed Clara Bow (who had also dated Cooper in the 1920s), who revealed that shortly before V\u00e9lez's death, Cooper called her and screamed that he was going to kill Harald Ramond for impregnating V\u00e9lez. Slatzer claimed that Bow told him that she never believed V\u00e9lez's baby was fathered by Ramond, and that she was convinced that V\u00e9lez had attempted to get Ramond to marry her to protect Cooper's reputation. Biographer Michelle Vogel speculated that if Cooper was the father, his rejection of V\u00e9lez and their child coupled with the idea of having to raise a child alone may have sent V\u00e9lez \"over the edge\". In the 2002 book \"Tarzan, My Father\", Johnny Weissmuller Jr. recounted the events surrounding V\u00e9lez's death as a mystery caused by an attempt to \"put a lid\" on what happened. It states her housekeeper discovered her body and called Bo Roos, V\u00e9lez's business manager, who called his friend and Beverly Hills Police Chief Anderson to the scene. The book states after V\u00e9lez arranged to meet"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " Ramond, decorated her room, and dressed in a negligee, her ingestion of Seconal was either to calm her nerves to meet him or a failed dramatic gesture to scare him. The book also suggested the baby was fathered possibly by Cooper, not Ramond. V\u00e9lez's death was recounted in the 1959 book \"Hollywood Babylon\" by Kenneth Anger, and has become urban legend. In his telling, V\u00e9lez planned to stage a beautiful suicide scene atop her satin bed, but the Seconal did not mix well with the \"Mexi-Spice Last Supper\" she had eaten earlier that evening. As a result, she became violently ill, stumbled to the bathroom to vomit, slipped on the bathroom floor tile, and fell head first into the toilet, where she subsequently drowned. Anger claimed that V\u00e9lez's \"chambermaid\" Juanita found her the next morning. Despite the fact that his version of events contradicts published reports and the official ruling, his story is often repeated as fact or for comedic effect \u2013 it was recounted in the pilot episode of the television comedy series \"Frasier\", \u201cThe Good Son\u201d, (September 16, 1993), referred in an episode of the cartoon \"The Simpsons\" and mentioned in"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " the song \"I Wanna O.D.\" by the Demolition Doll Rods. V\u00e9lez's biographer, Michelle Vogel, points out that it would have been \"virtually impossible\" for V\u00e9lez to have \"stumbled to the bathroom\" or even get off her bed after having consumed such a large amount of Seconal. Seconal, a barbiturate, is noted for being fast acting even in small doses, and V\u00e9lez's death was probably instantaneous. Her death certificate lists \"Seconal poisoning\" due to \"ingestion of Seconal\" as the cause of death, not drowning. Further, there was also no evidence to suggest V\u00e9lez had vomited.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Public image and personality. Throughout her career, V\u00e9lez's onscreen persona of a hot-tempered, lusty \"wild\" woman was closely tied to her off-screen personality. The press often referred to her by such names as \"The Mexican Spitfire\", \"The Mexican It girl\" and \"The Mexican Kitten\". Publicly promoted with the \"Whoopee Lupe\" persona that tried to define her, she dismissed the idea that she was uncontrollably wild. In an interview,"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " she said: V\u00e9lez's off-screen behavior blurred the line between her onscreen persona and her real personality. After her death, journalist Bob Thomas recalled that V\u00e9lez was a \"lively part of the Hollywood scene\" who wore loud clothing and made as much noise as possible. She attended boxing matches every Friday night at the Hollywood Legion Stadium and would stand on her ringside seat and scream at the fighters. V\u00e9lez's temper and jealousy in her often tempestuous romantic relationships were well documented and became tabloid fodder, often overshadowing her career. V\u00e9lez was straightforward with the press and was regularly contacted by gossip columnists for stories about her romantic exploits. One such incident included V\u00e9lez chasing her lover Gary Cooper around with a knife during an argument and cutting him severely enough to require stitches. After their breakup, V\u00e9lez attempted to shoot Cooper while he boarded a train. During her marriage to actor Johnny Weissmuller, stories of their frequent physical fights were regularly reported in the press. V\u00e9lez reportedly inflicted scratches, bruises, and love-bites on Weissmuller during their fights and \"passionate love-making\". V\u00e9lez often targeted fellow actresses whom she deemed as rivals, professionally or otherwise, a habit"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " which began back in her vaudeville days and continued in films. V\u00e9lez's image was that of a wild, highly sexualized woman who spoke her mind and was not considered a \"lady\", while fellow Mexican actress Dolores del R\u00edo projected herself as sensual, but elegant and restrained, often hailing from aristocratic roots. V\u00e9lez hated del R\u00edo, and called her \"bird of bad omen\". Del R\u00edo was terrified to meet her in public places. When this happened, V\u00e9lez was scathing and aggressive. V\u00e9lez openly mimicked del R\u00edo, ironically making fun of her elegance. V\u00e9lez also disliked Marlene Dietrich whom she suspected of having an affair with Gary Cooper while filming \"Morocco\" in 1930. Her rivalries with Jetta Goudal, Lilyan Tashman and Libby Holman were also well documented. In retaliation, V\u00e9lez would perform scathing impersonations of the women she disliked at Hollywood parties. Also notable are her imitations of figures such as Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich, Fanny Brice, Gloria Swanson, Katharine Hepburn, Simone Simon, and Shirley Temple.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships and"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " marriage. V\u00e9lez was involved in several highly publicized and often stormy relationships. Upon arriving in Los Angeles, she was linked to actors Tom Mix, Charlie Chaplin and Clark Gable. Her first long-term, high-profile relationship was with Gary Cooper. V\u00e9lez and Cooper met while filming 1929s \"Wolf Song\" and began a two-year relationship that was passionate and often stormy. When angered, V\u00e9lez was reported to have physically assaulted Cooper. Cooper eventually ended the relationship in mid-1931, at the behest of his mother Alice who after meeting her, strongly disapproved of V\u00e9lez. With plans to marry him gone, she spoke to the press in 1931: \"I turned Cooper down because his parents didn't want me to marry him and because the studio thought it would injure his career. Now its over, I'm glad I feel so free... I must be free. I know men too well they are all the same, no? If you love them they want to be boss. I will never have a boss.\" The rocky relationship had taken its toll on Cooper, who had lost 45 pounds and was suffering from nervous exhaustion. Paramount Pictures ordered him to take a vacation to recuperate and while he was boarding the"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " train, V\u00e9lez showed up at the station and fired a pistol at him. After her breakup with Cooper, V\u00e9lez began a short-lived relationship with actor John Gilbert. They began dating in late 1931, while Gilbert was separated from his third wife Ina Claire. Rumors of an engagement were fueled by the couple, but Gilbert ended the relationship in early 1932, and attempted to reconcile with Claire. Shortly thereafter, V\u00e9lez met \"Tarzan\" actor Johnny Weissmuller while the two were in New York. They dated off and on when they returned to Los Angeles, while V\u00e9lez also dated actor Errol Flynn. On October 8, 1933, V\u00e9lez and Weissmuller were married in Las Vegas. There were reports of domestic violence and public fights. In July 1934, after ten months of marriage, V\u00e9lez filed for divorce citing \"cruelty\". She withdrew the petition a week later after reconciling with Weissmuller. On January 3, 1935, she filed for divorce a second time and was granted an interlocutory decree. That decree was dismissed when the couple reconciled a month later. In August 1938, V\u00e9lez filed for divorce for a third time, again charging Weissmuller with"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " cruelty. Their divorce was finalized in August 1939. After the divorce became final, V\u00e9lez began dating polo player Guinn \"Big Boy\" Williams in late 1940. The couple were engaged, but never married. In late 1941, she became involved with author Erich Maria Remarque. Actress Luise Rainer recalled that Remarque told her \"with the greatest of glee\" that he found V\u00e9lez's volatility wonderful when he recounted to her an occasion where V\u00e9lez became so angry with him that she took her shoe off and hit him with it. After dating Remarque, V\u00e9lez was linked to boxers Jack Johnson and Jack Dempsey. In 1943, V\u00e9lez began an affair with her \"La Zandunga\" co-star Arturo de C\u00f3rdova. De C\u00f3rdova had recently moved to Los Angeles after signing with Paramount. Despite the fact that de C\u00f3rdova was married to Mexican actress Enna Arana with whom he had four children, V\u00e9lez granted an interview to gossip columnist Louella Parsons in September 1943 and announced that the two were engaged. She told Parsons that she planned to retire after marrying de C\u00f3rdova to \"cook\u00a0... and keep house\". V\u00e9"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": "lez ended the engagement in early 1944, after de C\u00f3rdova's wife refused to give him a divorce. V\u00e9lez then met and began dating a struggling young Austrian actor named Harald Maresch, whose stage name was Harald Ramond. In September 1944, she discovered she was pregnant with Ramond's child. She announced their engagement in late November 1944. On December 10, four days before her death, V\u00e9lez announced she had ended the engagement and kicked Ramond out of her home.</s><s>Legacy. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, V\u00e9lez has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6927 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2017, artist Emilio Borjas's sculpture in honor of V\u00e9lez was placed in the Garden of San Sebastian, the neighborhood where the actress was born in San Luis Potos\u00ed, Mexico.</s><s>In popular culture.</s><s>In popular culture.:Books. - In Robert Stone's novel \"Children of Light\", a troubled actress refers to a suicide-by-drowning scene she has just acted out as \"Lupe V\u00e9lez takes a dunk\". - Richard Kadrey also mentions V\u00e9lez in the Sandman Slim novel Killing Pretty with reference to the diner,"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " Lupe's in Elysian Park, named after her as the place where she had her last dinner.</s><s>In popular culture.:Music. - The group Il Palco della Musica on their 2012 album \"Tantipiccolipezzi\" has a song \"Lupe V\u00e8lez\" (M. Tucci / S. Scotto).</s><s>In popular culture.:Films and television. - In 1949, the \"Los Angeles Daily News\" reported that the Puerto Rican dancer Marquita Rivera was chosen to star in a biographical film based on the life of the actress. However, due to the controversy over V\u00e9lez's suicide at that time, the film was never produced. The Cuban rumbera Amalia Aguilar was also in talks to star in a film about V\u00e9lez, but later decided not to work in Hollywood, and returned to Mexico. Latina actress Estelita Rodriguez, who had once played Spitfire-like ingenues for Republic Pictures, announced that she would star in a screen biography of V\u00e9lez, but the project died with Rodriguez in March 1966. - Andy Warhol's underground film, \"Lupe\" (1965), starring Edie Sedgwick as V\u00e9lez, is loosely based on"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " the night of her suicide. The film features Sedgwick (in her last film role for Warhol) preparing a \"beautiful suicide\" only to end up drowning in the toilet bowl. - James Leer (Tobey Maguire), while listing Hollywood suicides, says that Lupe V\u00e9lez died from taking \"a lot of pills\" in the 2000 film \"Wonder Boys\". - In August 2009, the short film \"Forever Lupe\" premiered at the Seattle Latino Film Festival. Directed by Mart\u00edn Caballero, the film is based on the life of V\u00e9lez and features Mexican actress Marieli Romo as V\u00e9lez. - In 2012, it was reported that Mexican director Carlos Carrera was preparing to film the life of Lupe V\u00e9lez in a Mexican-American production. Mexican actress Ana de la Reguera was chosen to play V\u00e9lez. - V\u00e9lez is played by the Cuban-Venezuelan actress Mar\u00eda Conchita Alonso in the 2014 film \"Return to Babylon\". - In the pilot episode of the sitcom \"Frasier\", \"The Good Son\", Frasier Crane's producer, Roz Doyle, tries to improve Frasier's outlook on his life by telling him the story"}, {"title": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "text": " of Lupe V\u00e9lez, who she says \"decided to take one final stab at immortality\". Roz re-tells the urban legend version of V\u00e9lez's suicide, reminding Frasier that \"even though things might not happen like we planned, they can work out anyway\". When Frasier asks \"how it worked out for Lupe\", Roz tells him that \"all she wanted was to be remembered. Will you ever forget that story?\" Later in the episode, Frasier asks a caller to his radio show: \"Have you ever heard of the story of Lupe V\u00e9lez?\" - In the 1997 \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Homer's Phobia\", guest star John Waters takes the Simpson family, sans Homer, on a driving tour of Springfield's shopping district. During the tour, he points out a store where he claims V\u00e9lez bought the toilet she drowned in.</s><s>References. Bibliography - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lupe V\u00e9lez", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000370", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of C\u00e9dric Bakambu.", "docs": [{"title": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "text": "<s>C\u00e9dric Bakambu C\u00e9dric Bakambu (born 11 April 1991) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Super League Greece club Olympiacos and the DR Congo national team. He made his professional debut for Sochaux in 2010, and played 107 official games for them over five seasons, scoring 21 goals. He then moved to Bursaspor for \u20ac1.8 million, finishing as top scorer as his team came runners-up in the Turkish Cup, before signing for Villarreal a year later. Born in France, he represented them internationally at youth level up to the under-20s, scoring eight goals in 38 games and winning the 2010 UEFA European Championship for the under-19s. In 2015, he made his senior debut for the DR Congo national team.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Sochaux. Born in Vitry-sur-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Bakambu began his career at local Ivry at the age of 10 before transferring to Sochaux four years later. On 1 May 2010, Bakambu played in the 2010 Coupe Gambardella Final and scored a goal for his team at the Stade de France. So"}, {"title": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "text": "chaux, however, lost the match 4\u20133 on penalties. He had previously scored a double in the team's 4\u20133 aggregate semi-final victory over Metz. Bakambu made his professional debut on 7 August 2010 in Sochaux's opening match of the Ligue 1 season against Arles-Avignon, appearing as an 83rd-minute substitute for Modibo Ma\u00efga in a 2\u20131 win at the Stade Auguste Bonal. The following month, he signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with the club until June 2013. On 17 September 2011, Bakambu scored his first professional goal, the first equaliser in a 2\u20132 draw at Lille OSC, eleven minutes after replacing Carl\u0101o. A year and nine days later, as a 66th-minute replacement for King Osanga, he scored twice in a 3\u20132 extra-time home win over Evian in the third round of the Coupe de la Ligue. Bakambu scored seven goals in 31 appearances over the 2013\u201314 Ligue 1 season, in which Sochaux were relegated; this included two on 21 December in a 2\u20131 home win over Rennes. Across the campaign, he"}, {"title": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "text": " was placed on the right wing by manager Herv\u00e9 Renard until he would become sufficiently mentally mature for a centre-forward role. On 23 March, he was sent off for handball in a 2\u20131 loss at Saint-\u00c9tienne.</s><s>Club career.:Bursaspor. On 1 September 2014, Bakambu left France for the first time, moving on a four-year transfer to Turkey's Bursaspor for a fee of \u20ac1.8 million and an annual salary of \u20ac800,000. He made his debut in the S\u00fcper Lig twelve days later, replacing Ozan \u0130pek in the 55th minute of a 2\u20131 win at Gen\u00e7lerbirli\u011fi. His first goals for the \"Green Crocodiles\" came on 19 October, in either half of a 2\u20132 draw against Eski\u015fehirspor at the Bursa Atat\u00fcrk Stadium, and six days later he scored a first professional hat-trick in a 5\u20130 win at Bal\u0131kesirspor. He finished his only league season in Bursa with 13 goals in 27 games. In the season's domestic cup, Bakambu was the top scorer with eight goals in"}, {"title": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "text": " 12 games as his team reached the final before a 3\u20132 home loss to Galatasaray. This tally included trebles in a 5\u20130 win at Mersin \u0130dmanyurdu on 27 January and a 3\u20130 victory over Fatih Karag\u00fcmr\u00fck nine days later, both in the group stage. As Galatasaray won the double, Bursaspor faced them in the 2015 Turkish Super Cup on 8 August, with Bakambu playing the whole of the 1\u20130 loss.</s><s>Club career.:Villarreal. On 19 August 2015, Spanish side Villarreal announced the signing of Bakambu on a five-year contract. He made his La Liga debut four days later, replacing L\u00e9o Baptist\u00e3o in the 61st minute of a 1\u20131 draw at Real Betis in the first game of the season; on the 28th he came on for the same player and scored two goals in the closing minutes of the fixture against Espanyol at Estadio El Madrigal, to secure a 3\u20131 victory for the \"Yellow Submarine\". Bakambu played his first game in European competition on 17 September, again as a substitute in a 2\u20131 loss at Rapid"}, {"title": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "text": " Wien in the group stage of the season's UEFA Europa League. On 22 October, he scored his first goals in the tournament, a first-half double in a 4\u20130 home win over Dinamo Minsk; he added another two the following 10 March against Bayer Leverkusen in the first leg of the last 16 (2\u20130 win, same aggregate). In the quarter-finals, he scored twice in each leg of a 6\u20133 aggregate win over Sparta Prague. He was one of four strikers named in the competition's Squad of the Season, and his 9 goals put him only one behind the top scorer, Athletic Bilbao's Aritz Aduriz. On 1 October 2017, Bakambu scored a hat-trick in a 3\u20130 home win over Eibar. He then scored two goals in a 2\u20131 win at Girona and another in a 4\u20130 win over Las Palmas to be named La Liga Player of the Month, the first African to win the award. In early January 2018, Villarreal manager Javier Calleja said that Bakambu was going through a transfer to Beijing Sinobo Guoan of the Chinese Super League. On 17 January 2018, Bakambu rescinded his"}, {"title": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "text": " contract with Villarreal. Two weeks later, however, Beijing Guoan still had not announced the signing of Bakambu who had already played and scored for the club. It was reported that Beijing Guoan were trying to avoid paying a 100 percent tax placed on incoming transfers worth over 45 million yuan (US$7 million) by the Chinese Football Association. The transfer went through in time for the start of the Chinese season with the full fees being paid.</s><s>Club career.:Beijing Guoan. On 28 February 2018, the final day of the Chinese transfer window, Bakambu's protracted transfer from Villarreal to Beijing Sinobo Guoan was finally confirmed with the club paid his \u20ac40million release clause, but Beijing did not announce the Congolese forward's signing amid confusion over whether they had to pay a 100 per cent levy on the transfer. He scored his first goal in China in his second game, in a 2\u20131 win over Jiangsu Suning. He won the Chinese FA Cup in his first season.</s><s>Club career.:Marseille. On 13 January 2022, Bakambu signed for French club Marseille on a contract until 30 June 2024. He scored in his first appearance for the club, after coming on as a"}, {"title": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "text": " substitute in a 2-0 win over Lens.</s><s>Club career.:Olympiacos. On 16 September 2022, Bakambu signed for Greek club Olympiacos on a contract until 30 June 2025.</s><s>International career. Bakambu was a French youth international and has represented the country at both under-18 and under-19 level. He was a part of the team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Championship on home soil. On 18 July, he scored twice in a 4\u20131 opening win over the Netherlands in Caen, and the 2\u20131 winner against Croatia in the semi-finals nine days later, also at the Stade Michel d'Ornano. He was also part of the team that came fourth at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia, opening a 2\u20130 win over Mali in the last group game in Cali. In March 2015, he opted to represent DR Congo at senior level. On arrival in Kinshasa he was greeted by fans with banners of him, later reflecting \"I hadn't even played a match yet they made banners for me. It's really something else. It was through football that I discovered my country.\" He was first called up in June ahead of a"}, {"title": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "text": " friendly against Cameroon on the 9th, and started that match, a 1\u20131 draw at the Stade Charles Tondreau in Mons, Belgium. On 26 March the following year, Bakambu scored his first international goal, opening a 2\u20131 win over Angola at the Stade des Martyrs with a penalty, in qualification for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. He added two more on 5 June, in a 6\u20131 win away to Madagascar. He was chosen in Florent Ibeng\u00e9's squad for the final tournament in Gabon, and started in the opening group match, a 1\u20130 win over Morocco at the Stade d'Oyem. He then did not play again until a seven-minute run in the quarter-finals where the Congolese lost 2\u20131 to Ghana. On 24 March 2019, Bakambu returned to action for DR Congo after missing previous qualifiers vs. rivals Congo to injury. He started and scored the winner in a 1\u20130 victory against Liberia. This secured The Leopards' qualification to the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, at the expense of their opponents. On 1 April 2022, following DR Congo's elimination from 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification at the hands of Morocco, Bakambu announced"}, {"title": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "text": " his retirement from the national team.</s><s>Personal life. Born in France to parents from the DR Congo, Bakambu said \"I grew up with both cultures and I am very proud of that. I think it's something that enriches you.\" Bakambu and international teammate Dieumerci Mbokani were at Brussels Airport when it was struck by terror attacks in March 2016; both escaped unharmed.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Bursaspor - Turkish Cup runner-up: 2014\u201315 Beijing Guoan - Chinese FA Cup: 2018 International France U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2010</s><s>Honours.:Individual. - UEFA European Under-19 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2010 - Turkish Cup Top goalscorer: 2014\u201315 - Facebook FA La Liga Best Breakthrough: 2016 - Villarreal's Rookie of the Year: 2015\u201316 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2015\u201316 - La Liga Player of the Month: October 2017 - Chinese Super League Top goalscorer: 2020 - Congolese Sportsperson of the Year: 2023 - Super League Greece Player of the Month:"}, {"title": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "text": " January 2023</s><s>Honours.:Records. - Top goalscorer in the history of Beijing Guoan</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "C\u00e9dric Bakambu", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000371", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Guillermo Rigondeaux.", "docs": [{"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": "<s>Guillermo Rigondeaux Guillermo Rigondeaux Ortiz (; born 30 September 1980) is a Cuban professional boxer. He is a former world champion in two weight classes, having held the unified WBA (Super), WBO and \"Ring\" magazine super bantamweight titles between 2013 and 2017, and the WBA (Regular) bantamweight title from 2020 to 2021. He has also challenged once for the WBO junior lightweight title in 2017. Possessing one of the greatest amateur records of all time, Rigondeaux won consecutive gold medals in the bantamweight division at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics. He is also a seven-time Cuban national champion at bantamweight (2000\u20132006), finishing his amateur career with a record of nearly 475 fights with 12 losses; the last of these losses occurring in 2003. After Rigondeaux's defection in 2009, he turned professional and remained undefeated for almost nine years. Rigondeaux has been lauded by boxing trainer Freddie Roach as being \"probably the greatest talent I've ever seen.\" He is known for his exceptionally fast hand speed, punching power, counterpunching abilities, athleticism, reflexes, footwork and defensive elusiveness.</s><s>Amateur career.</s><s>"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": "Amateur career.:Olympic results. 2000 - Defeated Moez Zemzeni (Tunisia) KO 1 - Defeated Kazumasa Tsujimoto (Japan) RSC 3 - Defeated Agasi Agaguloglu (Azerbaijan) 14-5 - Defeated Clarence Vinson (United States) 18-6 - Defeated Raimkul Malakhbekov (Russia) 18-12 2004 - Round of 32: Defeated Liu Yuan of China \u2013 PTS (21-7) - Round of 16: Defeated Mehar Ullah of Pakistan \u2013 RSC 3 - Quarterfinals: Defeated Gennady Kovalev of Russia \u2013 PTS (20-5) - Semifinals: Defeated Bahodirjon Sooltonov of Uzbekistan \u2013 PTS (27-13) - Gold Medal Match: Defeated Worapoj Petchkoom of Thailand \u2013 PTS (22-13)</s><s>Amateur career.:Other highlights. - 2000 Cuban national amateur champion - bantamweight - 2001 Cuban national amateur champion - bantamweight - 2001 World amateur champion - bantamweight (in Belfast, Northern Ireland) - Defeated Kaz"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": "umasa Tsujimoto (Japan) RSC 2 - Defeated Reidar Walstad (Norway) RSC 2 - Defeated Artur Mikaelian (Greece) 24-8 - Defeated Sergey Danilchenko (Ukraine) 15-6 - Defeated Aghasi Mammadov (Turkey) 30-24 - 2002 Cuban national amateur champion - bantamweight - 2002 World Cup champion - bantamweight (in Astana, Kazakhstan) - Defeated Justin Kane (Australia) RSC 1 - Defeated Keren Gurgen (Turkey) RSC 1 - Defeated Chotipat Wongprates (Thailand) 13-2 - Defeated Toljen Kanatov (Kazakhstan) 7-6 - 2003 Cuban national amateur champion - bantamweight - 2003 competed as a bantamweight at World championships in Bangkok, Thailand. Results were: - Defeated Andrzej Liczik (Poland) 15-1 - Lost to Aghasi Mammadov (Azerbaijan) 13-16 - 2003 Bantamweight gold medalist at Pan-American games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic - Defeated Argenis"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " Mendez (Dominican Republic) 17-2 - Defeated Alexander Espinoza (Venezuela) RSC 2 - Defeated Andrew Kooner (Canada) 22-2 - Defeated Abner Mares (Mexico) 17-7 - 2004 Cuban national amateur champion - bantamweight - 2005 Cuban national amateur champion - bantamweight - 2005 World amateur champion at bantamweight in competition held in Mianyang, PR China - Defeated Vladislav Sokolov (Latvia) RTD 2 - Defeated Ougonchulun Batkhuu (Mongolia) RSC - Defeated Bahodirjon Sooltonov (Uzbekistan) RSC 3 - Defeated Ali Hallab (France) 37-23 - Defeated Rustamhodza Rahimov (Germany) 19-9 - 2005 Bantamweight gold medalist at World Cup in Moscow, Russia. - Defeated Worapoj Petchkoom (Thailand) 34-16 - Defeated Zsolt Bed\u00e1k (Hungary) 28-11 - Defeated Murat Aiyrmasov (Kazakhstan) 34-7 - Defeated Maksim"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " Khalikov (Russia) 37-21 - 2006 Cuban national amateur champion - 2006 Bantamweight gold medalist at Central American Games in Cartagena, Colombia - Defeated Juan Velasquez (Puerto Rico) 10-1 - Defeated Jhonatan Romero (Colombia) walk-over - Defeated Arturo Santos Reyes (Mexico) 14-3 - 2006 Bantamweight gold medalist at Nations Cup in Baku, Azerbaijan - Defeated Mirzhan Rakhimzhanov (Kazakhstan) 28-10 - Defeated Rau'shee Warren (United States) 21-17 - Defeated Elshad Guliyev (Azerbaijan) walk-over - Defeated Ali Aliyev (Russia) RSC 3 Rigondeaux finished his amateur career having 386 fights under his belt, with a record of 374 wins, 12 losses.</s><s>Defection. On 22 July 2007, Rigondeaux and teammate Erislandy Lara failed to appear for their scheduled bouts at the Pan American Games in Brazil. It was initially announced that Rigondeaux was to turn professional, joining fellow 2004 Cuban Olympians Odlanier Solis, Yuriorkis Gam"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": "boa and Yan Bartelem\u00ed, who defected earlier in 2007. As with the other Cuban defectors, Rigondeaux signed a promotional deal with Ahmet Oener and ARENA Box-Promotion. However, on 2 August, Rigondeaux and Lara were taken into police custody in Brazil, stating that they wanted to return home to Cuba. However, Cuban leader Fidel Castro then stated that Rigondeaux and Lara could not box again for the Cuban team. In February 2009, Rigondeaux defected again via Mexico City to Miami, and signed with Arena Box-Promotion.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.:Early fights. On 23 February 2009, Rigondeaux was announced to have defected along with 2004 Olympic Silver Medalist Yudel Johnson, Yordanis Despaigne and Yuniel Dorticos. He would train in the same gym as Yuriorkis Gamboa, Erislandy Lara and Odlanier Solis and would continue his career as a professional once he completed all the residency requirements. He left behind his wife Farah Colina, a 7-year-old son and a 17-year-old stepson"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " in Cuba. He was also reportedly staying in the home of countryman and featherweight contender Yuriorkis Gamboa. Rigondeaux won his professional debut on 22 May with a third-round technical knockout (TKO) over Juan Noriega in Miami. Although he did not maintain a busy punch volume, Rigondeaux still landed hard shots. Noriega barely countered Rigondeaux's punches and the referee found the opportunity to stop the fight after Rigondeaux connected with a solid right to the head. On 17 July, he won his second pro fight against Robert Guillen by first round knockout. Rigondeaux wasn't active but he hit Guillen with a great hard counter punch to the body which left him rolling on the canvas in pain. On 18 September, Rigondeaux beat Giovanni Andrade by third-round TKO to win the NABA super bantamweight title, dropping Andrade once in each of rounds two and three. On 16 December 2009, Rigondeaux won a unanimous decision over Lante Addy in 8 rounds, dropping Addy once in round one. On 5 February 2010, Rigondeaux scored a first-round knockout against Adolfo Landeros, dropping Landeros with a hard left uppercut"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " to the body. Rigondeaux then signed a three-year contract with Bob Arum's Top Rank in July 2010. He is also co-promoted by Boris Arencibia's Caribe Promotions. On 13 November 2010, Rigondeaux fought Ricardo Cordoba on the undercard of the WBC super welterweight title fight between Manny Pacquiao vs. Antonio Margarito at the Cowboys Stadium, Dallas, in front of 41,734 people. This was the biggest fight in Rigondeaux's career to date. Rigondeaux knocked Cordoba down in the fourth round with a body shot, but was judged to be knocked down himself in the sixth, in what appeared to be a slip. Despite appearing to win clearly, the fight was judged a split decision, with Rigondeaux the victor and becoming a world champion in his seventh bout, winning the interim WBA super bantamweight title. On 19 March 2011, Rigondeaux fought Willie Casey at the City West Convention Centre, Dublin, Ireland. This was Rigondeaux's first defense of his interim WBA title. A sweeping left uppercut in the opening round caught Casey flush and sent him back on his rear causing his glove to touch the mat at 1 minute and"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " 45 seconds. He was up immediately and received a mandatory eight-count. A combination ending with a left hook sent Casey falling across the ring and down at 2 minutes and 19 seconds. He was able to make it to his feet but was visibly wobbled. A follow-up barrage sent Casey stumbling forward, prompting the referee to step in and call an end to the bout.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.:World super bantamweight champion. On 20 January 2012, Rigondeaux won the full WBA super bantamweight title by knocking out champion and \"The\" \"Ring\" magazine's No. 2 ranked super bantamweight, Rico Ramos (20-0, 11 KOs), in the sixth round. Rigondeaux controlled the opening round against a tentative Ramos. He quickly moved into range and fired the left hand both to the body and upstairs. A straight left hand caught Ramos against the ropes and sent him down at 2 minutes and 24 seconds of the opening round. He was up quickly and received a mandatory eight-count. Rigondeaux attacked but Ramos gathered himself and finished the round. Output waned in the second and third rounds with both fighters looking for counter-punch opportunities, neither seeming overly willing to open up. An"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " accidental clash of heads opened a small cut on the outside of Ramos' left eyebrow near the end of round 4. Rigondeaux was warned in round 6 for pulling down the back of Ramos' head. Immediately after the warning, Rigondeaux came forward with a barrage and landed a clean left hand to the body that sent Ramos to the canvas grimacing in pain. He remained down on his back as the referee reached the count of ten.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.:Miscellaneous defences. Despite Rigondeaux and his camp's efforts to make a fight with any of the other 122 pound champions, fights with champions such as Nonito Donaire, Toshiaki Nishioka, Jeffrey Mathebula and Abner Mares failed to materialise. Rigondeaux said, \"They are cowards\". On 9 June 2012, Rigondeaux made the first defence of his WBA super bantamweight title against Teon Kennedy on the undercard of the Manny Pacquiao vs. Timothy Bradley WBO welterweight title fight at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada. Rigondeaux knew the split decision victory against Ricardo Cordoba did not please the HBO people, and learned from it the importance of aggressiveness. From"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " the standpoint of promotion, the second appearance on HBO was crucial to him. He did not want to make the same mistake as he did two years ago. Rigondeaux impressively stopped Kennedy in the fifth round after knocking him down five times, all with his left cross, leading Kennedy to say \"He just hits you with punches that you can't see\". He has differentiated from the Cordoba fight. Now that he realized that he needed to not only win a fight but also entertain, his promoter Bob Arum stated that Rigondeaux could one day face Nonito Donaire, Jorge Arce, or Wilfredo V\u00e1zquez, Jr. On 15 September 2012, Rigondeaux fought Roberto Marroquin on the undercard of the Sergio Mart\u00ednez vs. Julio C\u00e9sar Ch\u00e1vez, Jr. fight at the Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. It was a relatively easy night for Rigondeaux, who outworked and outlanded Marroquin and seemed to just cruise through the fight. Rigondeaux gave his young opponent the first knockdown of his career in the fifth-round and scored another knockdown in the twelfth. The judges scored the bout 118-108, 118-108 and 118-109"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": ", all three in favour of Rigondeaux who retained his WBA title by unanimous decision.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Donaire. On 13 April 2013, Rigondeaux fought in a unification bout against WBO and \"The Ring\" champion Nonito Donaire at Radio City Music Hall, New York. Rigondeaux left his trainer Jorge Rubio in order to start training with his former amateur trainer Pedro Diaz for this fight. Donaire came into the fight as the No. 5 pound-for-pound fighter in the world. In front of a sellout crowd of 6,145, Rigondeaux defeated Donaire by unanimous (114\u2013113, 115\u2013112, and 116\u2013111), though the fight was considered much wider than the scorecards indicated, becoming the unified WBA (Super), WBO, \"The\" \"Ring\" and lineal super bantamweight champion. Rigondeaux frustrated Donaire early and often with his quick lead right hook, and left hand. Rigondeaux would continue to land the cleaner punches and dip out of range from Donaire for the first nine rounds of the fight. In the tenth-round, while Rigondeaux attempted to clinch with Donaire, he"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " was pushed off and caught with a left hook from Donaire, sending him to the canvas. Rigondeaux appeared to hurt Donaire with a straight left early in the twelfth-round, when Donaire covered up a severely swollen right eye and began bleeding from his mouth. Rigondeaux ended the round and fight targeting Donaire with his left hand, backing Donaire up. Rigondeaux landed 129 of 396 punches thrown (33%) and Donaire landed 82 of his 352 thrown (23%). Donaire was outlanded in 11 rounds. RingTV.com scored it 117\u2013110 in favor of Rigondeaux, and HBO's Harold Lederman had it 118\u2013109 for him. Donaire's purse was $1.32 million and Rigondeaux earned a career-high $750,000 purse. The fight averaged 1.1 million viewers on HBO.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Agbeko. Rigondeaux was next scheduled to fight former bantamweight titlist Joseph Agbeko on 7 December 2013, at the Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey. Rigondeaux retained his WBA (Super), WBO, \"The Ring\" and lineal super bantamweight"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " titles via unanimous decision, winning every round on all three judges scorecards (120-108). The fight was criticized for its lack of action. The fight averaged 550,000 viewers on HBO. Prior to the fight, there were rumours that a rematch could surface between Rigondeaux and Donaire. Rigondeaux was open to the idea but stated if the fight was to take place again, Donaire would need to accept the fight at 123 pounds and weigh no more than 133 the next day.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Kokietgym. Top Rank announced the next defense would be against veteran Sod Kokietgym (63\u20132\u20131, 28 KOs) on 19 July 2014, at the Cotai Arena, Macao. Rigondeaux won the bout, after the fight was stopped halfway through the first round. Kokietgym hit the canvas due to a hard, accidental clash of heads, he was given time to recover, however when he got up, the two touched gloves as respect before Rigondeaux threw an ungentlemanly'sucker punch' right hook to end the fight while they touched gloves with the other glove. This resembled the ending of the welterweight world"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " title bout between Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Victor Ortiz in Las Vegas. This was the first professional fight for Rigondeaux outside of the United States and Kokietgym entered the fight having not lost in over eight years. It was the last time Rigondeaux fought under the Top Rank banner. After the fight, Rigondeaux stated that he wanted to unify the division, proposing fights to fellow division titleholders Leo Santa Cruz and Kiko Martinez.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Amagasa, Francisco. On 31 December 2014, Rigondeaux retained his titles against Japan's Hisashi Amagasa at the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, Japan. Rigondeaux was down twice in the seventh round but stated one of them was a slip/push. Amagasa was down in the ninth. Referee Mike Ortega stopped the bout after Amagasa failed to get up off his stool after round 11, suffering swelling around his right eye and facial disfigurement from what appeared to be a broken left jaw or cheek. On 13 November 2015 it was announced that Rigondeaux would return to the United States after 23 months, and his first fight in 11 months on the Cotto"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": "-Canelo PPV undercard on 21 November 2015, at the Mandalay Bay Events Centre in Las Vegas against 33 year old Filipino boxer Drian Fancisco (28\u20133\u20131, 22 KOs). Rigondeaux won the fight via unanimous decision (97\u201393, 100\u201390 twice) in a very one-sided fight to claim the vacant WBC International Silver super bantamweight title.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.:Scheduled bout in UK and visa issues. Rigondeaux was scheduled to fight Liverpool's James 'Jazza' Dickens (22\u20131, 7 KOs) on 12 March 2016, at the Echo Arena, Liverpool, England, on the undercard of Terry Flanagan vs. Derry Matthews. This would be the UK debut for Rigondeaux, who was training in Russia. It was announced on the fight night that the fight was off and Rigondeaux had returned to the United States due to failing to obtain a UK visa. Dickens still fought on the undercard defeating Reynaldo Cajina. On 14 May 2016, Rigondeaux was reinstated as the WBA (Super) super bantamweight champion due to Carl Frampton being stripped of the belt for failing to negotiate his"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " first defence. Rigondeaux would most likely defend the title against Jazza Dickens or WBA bantamweight champion Jamie McDonnell. WBA ordered Rigondeaux to face interim titleholder Moises Flores (24\u20130, 17 KOs) by 1 August, in a mandatory defence.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Dickens. It was confirmed that Rigondeaux would defend his WBA (Super) and lineal titles against Jazza Dickens on 16 July at the Ice Arena, Cardiff, Wales. The fight was originally scheduled for March, but was cancelled due to Rigondeaux having VISA issues. This was Rigondeaux's first fight in the UK. Rigondeaux retained his belts after breaking Dickens, jaw in round 2 with a huge left hand. Dickens was forced to retire after the round.</s><s>Professional career.:Super bantamweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Flores. On 20 July 2016, in their continued desire to reduce the number of champions, the WBA ordered Rigondeaux to make a mandatory defence of his title against their interim titleholder, 29-year-old Mexican boxer Moises Flores (25\u20130, 17 KO). On 7 December, the WBA announced"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " a purse bid would be held on 19 December at the WBA headquarters in Panama City, with a minimum bid of $150,000 with Rigondeaux receiving the bigger split of 75% and 25% going to Flores. A deal was reached before the scheduled purse bids. Flores said he would be dedicating this fight to Alejandro Gonzalez, a boxer who was killed in Mexico in December. The fight would likely take place on the Roc Nation Sports card on 25 February 2017, live on HBO ppv, a co-feature to light-middleweight fight Cotto-Kirkland. Flores' IBO world title would also be at stake. The fight was officially announced on 25 January 2017. On 2 February, Kirkland picked up a nose injury which initially called off his ppv fight with Cotto. Later that day, it was announced that the whole card had been cancelled. A new date of March or April was then discussed for the Rigondeaux vs. Flores fight. The WBA ordered another purse bid to take place on 3 April 2017, at the Panama City headquarters, again with a minimum bid of $150,000. A deal was reached within a week on 31 March between both parties. The date being discussed was 17 June 2017, meaning it"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " would be an undercard fight for Ward-Kovalev II on HBO PPV. Flores' promoter Tom Brown confirmed the terms were being agreed. It was reported that Rigondeaux would earn a purse of $120,000 whilst Flores would earn $25,000. Rigondeaux retained his WBA and lineal titles as well as claim the IBO super bantamweight title after controversially knocking Flores out at the end of round 1. Before the bell sounded for the end of the round, both fighters locked in a flurry, with Rigondeaux holding Flores' head, both exchanged combinations. Whilst Flores missed his shots, Rigondeaux landed a hook to the head after the bell. As referee Vic Drakulich managed to separate the two, Flores, after a split second, fell backwards. The referee then turned his attention to Flores and after viewing ringside replay, without sound, ruled it a knockout win for Rigondeaux. Rigondeaux said, through a translator, \"We both threw punches at the same time and mine landed first. It was only a matter of time [until the knockout happened].\" Nevada State Athletic Commission executive director Bob Bennett was brought in to discuss the ending with HBO's Jim Lampley, and said if the"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " punch was thrown after the bell, they would review the decision. He also went on to say that it could turn out as a disqualification loss for Rigondeaux. Paulie Malignaggi, who was working as a pundit for Sky Sports, thought Flores had over-reacted when he fell onto the canvas, maybe looking for a DQ win. The next day, Bob Bennett fully reviewed the tape and agreed the punch landed after the bell but was unintentional, meaning the result could change to a no decision with the WBA possibly ordering a rematch. On 20 June, Bob Bennett told ESPN that there was plans to change the outcome of the fight to a 'no decision'. Bennett could not unilaterally change the result, nor can the commission chairman, although it must be voted on by the four commissioners. On 26 June, the result was officially changed to a no contest. On 6 July 2017, the WBA ordered an immediate rematch to take place between Rigondeaux and Flores, within 150 days of the first fight, meaning it would likely take place around November 2017. Flores was given a 60-day medical suspension from the Nevada commission. The two sides had until 17 August or it would go to purse bids.</s><s>Professional career.:Super featherweight."}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": "</s><s>Professional career.:Super featherweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Lomachenko. On 6 August, Arum stated that Vasiliy Lomachenko would fight for a third time in 2017, likely on 9 or 23 December. When asked who the potential options where, Arum stated, \"Well, there's a few guys. (Guillermo) Rigondeaux if he answers Dino (Duva's) call. There's (Orlando) Salido, who's sniffing around and the third is (Miguel) Berchelt.\" Arum also mentioned lightweight contender Ray Beltr\u00e1n, but said he would like to capture a world title at lightweight before a potential fight with Lomachenko. On 14 August, Arum spoke to LA Times and confirmed either Rigondeaux or Salido would be Lomachenko's next opponent. He stated if the bout with Rigondeaux was made, it would likely take place at the Madison Square Garden Theatre and a potential rematch with Salido would take place in Los Angeles. On 21 August, Arum stated both camps were closing in on finalising a deal for 9 December. On 15 September, the bout between Lomachenko and Rigondeaux was confirmed."}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " The fight was confirmed to take place at 130 pounds. On 18 November, Carl Moretti of Top Rank revealed a re-hydration clause on the contract. Both fighters agreed to weigh in at 09:00 on the morning of the fight, where they would not be able to exceed 138 pounds. Any fighter over the limit would face a penalty of more than $10,000. On 28 November, the WBA announced that Rigondeaux would lose his title at super bantamweight if he lost to Lomachenko. WBA president Gilberto Mendoza Jr. went on to say if Rigondeaux defeats Lomachenko, he would have five days to decide whether he is to return to the division or stay at super featherweight. He stated that special permission was granted because the bout was 'an important fight for boxing'. Upon receiving the news, Rigondeaux took to Twitter and stated he was disappointed. On fight night, Lomachenko weighed 137.4 pounds and Rigondeaux weighed 130 pounds. In front of a sell out crowd of 5,102 at the Theater, Lomachenko retained his WBO title using a combination of size, speed and angles, eventually forcing Rigondeaux to quit. Rigondeaux never landed"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " more than three punches per round. He said he could not continue because he broke his hand during the fight; it was later revealed that it was bruised, not broken. Rigondeaux became Lomachenko's fourth consecutive opponent to retire on his stool. The loss also marked the first time Rigondeaux had lost since 2003, when he was still an amateur. At the time of stoppage, Lomachenko was ahead on all three judges' scorecards, 60\u201353, 59\u201354 and 59\u201354. In the post-fight interviews, Lomachenko was asked about Rigondeaux being his fourth consecutive opponent to retire on his stool, to which Lomachenko joked, \"Maybe I should change my second name, now my name is 'No Mas Chenko'.\" He also went on to say, \"This is not his weight, so it's not a big win for me. But he's a good fighter. He's got great skills. I adjusted to his style, low blows and all.\" Speaking to an interpreter, Rigondeaux said, \"I lost, no excuses. I injured the top of my left hand in the second round. He's a very technical fighter. He's explosive. I'm gonna come back"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " because that's what I do. The weight was not a factor in this fight. It was the injury to my hand.\" According to CompuBox statistics, Lomachenko landed 55 of 339 punches thrown (16%) and Rigondeaux landed 15 of his 178 thrown (8%), landing no more than 3 punches per round. For the fight, Lomachenko was guaranteed a purse of $1.2 million whereas Rigondeaux earned a $400,000 purse. The card averaged 1.73 million viewers on ESPN, which did not include ESPN Deportes or the online streaming service. As stated by the WBA, in the January 2018 rankings, Rigondeaux was removed as their 'Super' champion.</s><s>Professional career.:Inactivity. Rigondeaux returned to training on 25 July 2018. On 2 August, Rigondeaux and Roc Nation Sports came to a mutual agreement to terminate their contract. With a year left on the contract, Dino Duva told ESPN, \"We weren't able to come up with anything significant for him, and he's in the later part of his career, so if he's a free agent, maybe he can go make a fight for himself. We're OK with that and we wish him the best.\""}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " Roc Nation promoted Rigondeaux in four bouts. On 20 November 2018, it was reported that Rigondeaux started training with Veteran trainer Ronnie Shields. Shields, a well known trainer who also trained Cuban boxer Erislandy Lara at the time, welcomed Rigondeaux to his training base in Houston, Texas.</s><s>Professional career.:Return at super featherweight. After signing with advisor Al Haymon, now fighting under the Premier Boxing Champions banner, it was announced on 29 November, Rigondeaux would make his ring return on either 22 December 2018 or 13 January 2019. It was reported that he would return to super bantamweight, but could see a move up to featherweight. Rigondeaux's co-manager Alex Bornote later confirmed he would fight on a date in January 2019.</s><s>Professional career.:Return at super featherweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Delgado. In December 2018, it was announced that Rigondeaux would fight journeyman Giovanni Delgado (16\u20138, 9 KOs) at the super featherweight limit on 13 January 2019, at the Microsoft Theater, Los Angeles, California. It was initially reported that Rigondeaux would fight Daniel Rosas (21\u20134\u20131, 13 KOs), before RingTV"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " announced the change. Delgado was originally scheduled to fight on the same card against Fernando Garcia. Rigondeaux stopped Delgado via first-round knockout. Delgado made it to the end of the first round when he was dropped hard by an overhand left to the head. Although the round had ended, referee Jack Reiss decided to stop it anyway at the count of nine. The official time of the stoppage was at 3 minutes of round 1. After the fight, Rigondeaux said, \"I came prepared and I am ready to face people that are undefeated. Whoever has a belt, I am taking it. You can expect me back in less than two months.\" Rigondeaux's purse for the fight was $25,000 compared to $14,500 for Delgado.</s><s>Professional career.:Move back down to super bantamweight.</s><s>Professional career.:Move back down to super bantamweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Ceja. Rigondeaux's next bout was scheduled to take place as a co-feature to the rematch between Tony Harrison and Jermell Charlo on 23 June 2019 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Paradise, Nevada. Rigondeaux's opponent was confirmed to be former WBC interim champion Julio"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " Ceja (32\u20133, 28 KOs), with the fight being a WBC eliminator. The PBC card aired live on Fox and Fox Deportes. Rigondeaux won the fight by an eight-round technical knockout. The fight was back-and-forth, with both fighters finding success, before Rigondeaux landed a left hook that floored Ceja at the very end of the round.</s><s>Professional career.:Bantamweight.</s><s>Professional career.:Bantamweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Sol\u00eds. Rigondeaux was scheduled to fight Liborio Sol\u00eds on 21 December 2020, for the vacant WBA (Regular) bantamweight title. The fight was set to precede the rematch between WBC junior middleweight champion Tony Harrison and Jermell Charlo. The fight was postponed as Solis was unable to enter the United States due to visa issues. PBC stated their plans to schedule the fight for early 2020. The fight was rescheduled for February 8, 2020. Rigondeaux won the fight by split decision, with two of the judges scoring the bout 114\u2013113 in his favor, while the third judge scored it 115\u2013112 for Sol\u00eds.</s><s>Professional career.:Bantamweight"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": ".:Rigondeaux vs. Casimero. Rigondeaux challenged the reigning WBO bantamweight champion John Riel Casimero on 14 August 2021. It was announced on 19 June that WBC champion Nonito Donaire would replace Rigondeaux, but when the fight between Casimero and Donaire fell apart over insults directed at the latter's wife, Rigondeaux stepped back in to fight Casimero as had been originally planned. His WBA (Regular) title was not on the line, as the WBA stripped him of the title upon his entry into the ring \"due to restrictions on behalf of the WBO\". In a low-key affair that saw the CompuBox record broken for fewest combined landed punches in a 12-round fight, Casimero pressured his opponent all night, fighting on the front foot and throwing more punches than Rigondeaux, who was reluctant to engage. Casimero was rewarded with a split decision victory, with scores of 117\u2013111 and 116\u2013112 in his favor, and 115\u2013113 in favor of Rigondeaux.</s><s>Professional career.:Bantamweight.:Rigondeaux vs. Astrolabio. On 26 February 2022, Rigondeaux suffered the third professional"}, {"title": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "text": " defeat of his career, losing a shock ten-round unanimous decision to the unheralded Vincent Astrolabio (16\u20133, 12 KO) at the Emirates Golf Club in Dubai. Rigondeaux was knocked down by a jab and straight right hand in the eighth round. The knockdown proved to be the difference on the judges' scorecards, with all three judges scoring the bout 95\u201394 in favor of Astrolabio.</s><s>In other media. A documentary on Rigondeaux, \"Split Decision\", has been in the works by filmmaker Brin-Jonathan Butler. Butler also published a biography of Rigondeaux in 2014, entitled \"A Cuban Boxer's Journey: From Castro's Traitor to American Champion\", published by Picador USA.</s><s>Personal life. In March 2022, Rigondeaux suffered serious eye injuries in a pressure cooker accident at his home in Miami.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Guillermo Rigondeaux", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000372", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Pablo Zabaleta.", "docs": [{"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": "<s>Pablo Zabaleta Pablo Javier Zabaleta Girod (; born 16 January 1985) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a right back. Zabaleta could operate on both sides of the pitch as a full-back and was known for his tenacious style of play, and has captained his club on numerous occasions. With Manchester City, Zabaleta won all of English football's major honours: the FA Cup (2011), the Premier League (2012 and 2014), the League Cup (2014 and 2016) and the Community Shield (2012). Moreover, Zabaleta is often considered to be a cult hero at Manchester City owing to his determination and passion for the club. Before joining Manchester City, Zabaleta played for La Liga club RCD Espanyol, where he won the 2005\u201306 Copa del Rey. He made 333 appearances over nine seasons for Manchester City before signing for London-based club West Ham United in the summer of 2017. A full international since 2005, Zabaleta represented Argentina at the 2011 and 2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica, and was part of their team which finished as runners-up in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He was also in their team which won gold at the 2008 Olympics.</s>"}, {"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": "<s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:San Lorenzo. Born in Buenos Aires, Zabaleta was raised in Arrecifes. He began his career at Club Atl\u00e9tico San Lorenzo de Almagro in 2002 after progressing through their youth ranks, having been signed at the age of 12 from local club \"Obras Sanitarias\". He started playing as a defensive midfielder but eventually moved to the right side of midfield.</s><s>Club career.:Espanyol. Zabaleta was transferred to Espanyol in 2005 for \u20ac3 million after being Argentina under-20s captain in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship, which Argentina won. During the 2005\u201306 season, Zabaleta helped Espanyol to win the Copa del Rey, playing the full 90 minutes in the 4\u20131 victory over Real Zaragoza in the final. In January 2007, Zabaleta suffered a shoulder injury that kept him off the pitch for almost three months, already having established himself as an undisputed first team choice. Later in the season, he featured in the 2006\u201307 UEFA Cup final, where Espanyol lost on penalties to fellow Spanish side Sevilla.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:"}, {"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": "2008\u20132012. In the summer of 2008, Zabaleta transferred to Premier League club Manchester City after rejecting an offer from Juventus. He stated upon joining that \"The offer is impossible to reject and not just because of the money... Juventus also wanted me but I wanted to come to England, and to Manchester.\" Having passed a medical and agreed personal terms, Zabaleta completed a five-year deal with City on 31 August 2008 for an undisclosed fee, believed to be the buy-out clause Zabaleta had attached to his contract of around \u00a36.45 million. Zabaleta joined a day before Manchester City was bought by the Abu Dhabi United Group, led by Sheikh Mansour, which enabled a wealth of investment in the club. On 13 September 2008, Zabaleta made his debut for Manchester City in a 3\u20131 defeat to Chelsea at the City of Manchester Stadium. On 5 October, he received his first red card in English football when he was sent off in a 3\u20132 loss to Liverpool in his fourth Premier League appearance. He scored his first goal for City on 17 January 2009, the only goal of the game in a 1\u20130 league win over Wigan Athletic. On 21 November 2010, Zabaleta scored his second Premier League goal"}, {"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": " in Manchester City's 4\u20131 win against Fulham. In the same match, he assisted a Carlos Tevez goal, helping his compatriot to earn his ninth goal for the club during the 2010\u201311 season. On 1 January 2011, Zabaleta played his 100th game for Manchester City in all competitions, coming off the bench against Blackpool in a 1\u20130 win at Eastlands. Two weeks later, on 15 January, Zabaleta made his second assist of the season in a 4\u20133 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers. This win meant that City went top of the league above local rivals Manchester United. However, City's title challenge faded with a loss of form in February and March 2011. On 1 May 2011, Zabaleta scored his second goal of the season in a Premier League match against West Ham United. This secured a 2\u20131 win for the Citizens and put them seven points ahead of Liverpool and Tottenham Hotspur in the race for fourth place. On 14 May 2011, Zabaleta appeared as an 88th-minute substitute for Carlos Tevez in the 2011 FA Cup Final as Manchester City beat Stoke City 1\u20130. In the summer of 2011, it was reported that Italian club Roma were keen on signing Zabaleta"}, {"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": ", but Manchester City insisted the player was not for sale and Zabaleta agreed a three-year contract in July 2011. On 1 October 2011, Zabaleta started and played the full 90 minutes at right-back in a 4\u20130 win over Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park in the Premier League, as regular starter Micah Richards was not available. On 23 October, he was an unused substitute in the convincing 6\u20131 win over rivals Manchester United at Old Trafford, with Richards starting at right-back. In November 2011, Zabaleta extended his contract with City until the summer of 2015. Zabaleta said, \"I'm in a very good team, and I try to do my best for the club, the team and the fans. I didn't think twice, I gave a quick answer because I was so happy to sign.\" In his first three-and-a-half years at the club, Zabaleta emerged as a cult hero amongst the Manchester City fans who admire his never-say-die attitude and commitment to the club. On 30 April 2012, he started and played the full 90 minutes in the right-back slot in a 1\u20130 victory over rivals Manchester United thanks to a first-half stoppage time header by"}, {"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": " Vincent Kompany from a corner at the City of Manchester Stadium. Zabaleta scored the first goal in City's dramatic 3\u20132 win over Queens Park Rangers on the final day of the season, a result which secured the first league title for the club since 1968. On 9 December 2012, Zabaleta scored a late equalising goal in a 3\u20132 defeat to Manchester United.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2013\u20132017. On 1 January 2013, he scored the opening goal in a 3\u20130 win at the City of Manchester Stadium over Stoke City, doubling his goal tally from the previous season. On 25 January 2013, Zabaleta scored his third goal of the season and the only goal of the match in a 1\u20130 win away against Stoke City in the FA Cup, fourth round. His goal took Manchester City through to the fifth round. Zabaleta was voted Manchester City's Player of the Month for both December 2012 and January 2013, and was stand-in captain for the club during Vincent Kompany's injury absence between January and March 2013. He was the only City player to be named in the 2012\u201313 Premier League PFA Team of the Year. After a superb season, Zabaleta was voted 2012\u201313"}, {"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": " Manchester City Player of the Year. Zabaleta was sent off in the 2013 FA Cup Final against Wigan Athletic for a second yellow card after a clear foul on Callum McManaman 84 minutes into the match. Wigan went on to win 1\u20130 through a Ben Watson goal in stoppage time. He was the third player to be sent off in an FA Cup final and first for the losing side. On 2 March 2014, Zabaleta played the full 90 minutes as Manchester City beat Sunderland 3\u20131 in the 2014 League Cup Final to complete a full set of major honours in English football. On 21 April, he scored his first goal of the season in a 3\u20131 defeat of West Bromwich Albion at the City of Manchester Stadium. On 11 May, Zabaleta was part of the victory against West Ham that won Manchester City the Premier League, his second in three seasons. On 21 September 2014, Zabaleta was sent off for a second yellow card due to a challenge on Chelsea's Diego Costa. Both players received a yellow card, Zabaleta for the initial challenge and Costa for his reaction. On 21 August 2015, it was announced that Zabaleta was out for a month with knee injury. On 17 January 2016, Z"}, {"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": "abaleta reached 200 appearances for Manchester City in the club's 4\u20130 victory over Crystal Palace. Zabaleta made 32 appearances in all competitions in the 2016\u201317 season scoring two goals; against Watford in the Premier League and against Huddersfield Town in the FA Cup. His final appearance for Manchester City came on 16 May 2017, a 3\u20131 home win against West Bromwich Albion. After the game he was praised by the City manager, Pep Guardiola, as a \"legend\". Zabaleta was given a lifetime season ticket for Manchester City and a shirt that read \"Zabaleta 333\", to mark the number of City appearances he made.</s><s>Club career.:West Ham United. On 26 May 2017, Zabaleta signed for Premier League club West Ham United on a free transfer, agreeing to a two-year contract. He was given number five as his squad number. On 22 May 2018, Manuel Pellegrini was confirmed as manager of West Ham United, reuniting him with his former manager at Manchester City. In May 2019, Zabaleta extended his contract with West Ham Until the summer of 2020. On 5 January 2020, Zabaleta scored his only goal for West Ham, in a 2\u20130 win against G"}, {"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": "illingham in the FA Cup third round. On 10 January 2020, in a match against Sheffield United, Zabaleta became the first Argentinean, and only the third South American, to record 300 Premier League appearances. In June 2020, West Ham confirmed his departure from the club at the end of the month. Zabaleta played 80 times for West Ham over three seasons, scoring one goal.</s><s>Club career.:Retirement. On 16 October 2020, Zabaleta officially announced his retirement from professional football after 18 years.</s><s>International career. At the age of 14, Zabaleta was called up by Hugo Tocalli to the Argentina under-15 squad. He took part in many youth tournaments, including the FIFA U-20 World Cup in 2003 and 2005, winning the latter in the Netherlands. He received over 75 caps to national youth sides, and started representing the senior side in 2005. He was also a member of the gold medal-winning team at the 2008 Summer Olympics, starting at right-back and playing all six matches. After the 2010 FIFA World Cup, for which Zabaleta was not selected by head coach Diego Maradona, under the new Argentina manager he has established himself as first-choice right-back. On 1 June"}, {"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": " 2011, Zabaleta captained Argentina for the first time in a friendly against Nigeria. In June 2014, Zabaleta was named in Argentina's squad for the 2014 World Cup. He made his World Cup debut in Argentina's 2\u20131 win over Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Est\u00e1dio do Maracan\u00e3, playing the full match in defence. At the 2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica in Chile, Zabaleta sent in the cross from which his Manchester City teammate Sergio Ag\u00fcero headed the only goal of the game as Argentina defeated holders Uruguay in their second group match.</s><s>Personal life. Zabaleta was born in Buenos Aires, to a family of Spanish (Basque) descent. Zabaleta has a tattoo on his chest which bears the name of his mother. In June 2018, he worked as a pundit for the BBC's \"Match of the Day\" 2018 World Cup coverage from Russia. Zabaleta again worked as a pundit for the BBC and \"Match of the Day\" during their coverage of the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. He now works for ESPN on their La Liga coverage.</s><s>Honours. Espanyol - Copa del Rey: 2005-06 Manchester City - Premier League: 2011\u2013"}, {"title": "Pablo Zabaleta", "text": "12, 2013\u201314 - FA Cup: 2010\u201311; runner-up: 2012\u201313 - Football League Cup: 2013\u201314, 2015\u201316 - FA Community Shield: 2012 Individual - PFA Team of the Year: 2012\u201313 Premier League - Manchester City Player of the Month: January 2009, December 2012, January 2013 - FIFPro World XI 5th team: 2013, 2014</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Pablo Zabaleta", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000373", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vadhir Derbez.", "docs": [{"title": "Vadhir Derbez", "text": "<s>Vadhir Derbez Vadhir Derbez Alejandro Gonz\u00e1lez Torres Prince (born 18 February 1991), better known as Vadhir Derbez, is a Mexican actor and singer who has worked for Televisa, Univision, Warner Brothers, Netflix, TV Azteca and Telemundo.</s><s>Personal life. Derbez was born in Mexico City. His father is comic actor Eugenio Derbez. He studied at military school Culver Academies for four years, where he practiced equestrianism. He rode in Barack Obama's Inaugural parade in Washington D.C. in 2009.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Television. Vadhir began his acting career in 1997 at age six on the program \"Derbez en Cuando\", where he participated in the sketches \"Tatiana y En Familia con Chabelo\" (2000), and \"Dise\u00f1ador do ambos sexos\" (2001). He earned his first featured part in the novela (soap opera) \"C\u00f3mplices Al Rescate\" (2002). \"La familia P. Luche\" (2002) was his next involved work, followed by \""}, {"title": "Vadhir Derbez", "text": "De pocas, pocas pulgas\" (2003), \"Par de ases\" (2004), \"Mujer, Casos de la Vida Real\" (2004). In 2006 he was on the famous program \"Vecinos\" as recurring character Marco L\u00f3pez P\u00e9rez for a total of 36 episodes. Derbez participated in Univision's first reality dance competition, \"Mira Quien Baila\" (2010) and was the winner of the shows first season. He acted in the famous series (2013) as Maximiliano 'Max' Zaga, one of the protagonists, alongside Alexis Ayala, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Torre, and Issabela Camil. In 2016, Vadhir played the role of \"C\u00e9sar Su\u00e1rez\", the psychopathic son of a drug lord in the soap opera \"La querida del Centauro\", a production of Sony Pictures, Teleset, and in collaboration with Telemundo, the show was aired in the United States, Mexico, and South America. In the same year the actor played a lead role in the first series shared amongst TV Azteca and Televisa Blim, \"Entre correr y vivir\", based on"}, {"title": "Vadhir Derbez", "text": " the lives of Ricardo and Pedro Rodr\u00edguez. This show was filmed in the race course of Mexico City and in it Vadhir played the role of the race pilot Rodrigo Hern\u00e1ndez. In 2019, he won the first season of \"\u00bfQui\u00e9n es la m\u00e1scara?\" as Camaleon. Entering the international market, the actor obtained a role on the Netflix series, \"Sense8\" (2016) alongside Miguel \u00c1ngel Silvestre and Alfonso Herrera.</s><s>Career.:Theatre. The actor made his theater debut playing Tom Sawyer, the lead role in \"Las aventuras de Tom Sawyer\"(2004), an adaption of the story by Mark Twain. In 2013 he took part in the musical \"Grease\", playing 3 different roles (Tacho, Kiko, and Danny Sucko) during this time. Afterwards he earned a lead part in the Broadway musical \"Rock of Ages\" (2014), playing the role of Jerry, along with the actress and singer Dulce Maria. He then played a lead role in Grease (2017) once more on \"Musical USA\" making rounds in a few cities in the United States.</s><s>Career.:Film."}, {"title": "Vadhir Derbez", "text": " Vadhir earned his first part on the big screen giving voice to the character \"Chuletas\" in the 2005 animated film \"Imaginum\", but it wasn not until 2015 that he had a role in a live-action film, appearing in the action film \"Ladrones\", alongside Fernando Colunga, Eduardo Y\u00e1\u00f1ez, Jessica Lindsay, and Miguel Varoni. In 2016, he obtained his first lead role in film \"El tama\u00f1o si Importa\", directed by Rafa Lara. The next year he was in the film \"3 Idiotas\", an adaptation of the popular Bollywood film \"3 Idiots\". After his success in Mexico, he made his Hollywood debut in the film \"How to Be a Latin Lover\" (2017), playing a younger version of the character played by his father Eugenio. In May 2019, Vadhir co-starred as Beto in the comedy film \"Dulce familia\".</s><s>Career.:Music. Derbez made his music debut with his first EP, \"Vadhir Derbez\" released 2 September 2016. It featured two singles: \"Te Olvid\u00e9\" and \"Me Haces Sentir\". \"Me Haces Sentir"}, {"title": "Vadhir Derbez", "text": "\" was later re-released on 14 February 2017 with the live version included. His musical and cinematic career briefly overlapped his song \"Al Final\" was released under the soundtrack of \"3 Idiotas\" on 7 March 2017, a movie which he was also featured on April 27, 2017, Derbez released his fourth single, \"Latin Lover\". After a period of almost two years, Vadhir released his next single \"Mala\" on 5 April 2019, and has announced that his last song \"Toda La Banda\" was released in June 2019.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Albums. EP - Vadhir Derbez (2016)</s><s>Discography.:Singles. - Me Haces Sentir (2016) - Te Olvide (2016) - Al Final (2016) - Latin Lover (2017) - Mala (2019) - Toda La Banda (2019) - Buena Suerte| VD ft. Mario Bautista & Yera (18/11/2020) - Luna| VD & Ir Sais (28/04/2021) - Te Confieso| VD ft. Ximena Sari\u00f1ana (16/07"}, {"title": "Vadhir Derbez", "text": "/2021) - Te Confieso Acoustic Session| VD Ft. Jass Reyes (15/12/2021)</s><s>Discography.:Soundtracks. - C\u00f3mplices al Rescate (2001) - De Pocas Pocas Pulgas (2003)</s><s>Accolades. On November 21, 2010, he won first place in \"Mira Quien Baila: First Season\".</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vadhir Derbez", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000374", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lucas Boy\u00e9.", "docs": [{"title": "Lucas Boy\u00e9", "text": "<s>Lucas Boy\u00e9 Lucas Ariel Boy\u00e9 (born 28 February 1996) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish La Liga club Elche and the Argentina national team.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Boy\u00e9 was called up by Ramon Diaz for River Plate's pre-season in Salta in January 2014. His unofficial debut took place on 29 January 2014 in a friendly against San Lorenzo de Almagro at the Estadio Padre Ernesto Martearena in Salta, when he replaced Jonathan Fabbro 23 minutes into the second half. River Plate lost the match to San Lorenzo 3\u20131. Soon after he returned to play for the first team in another friendly, this time against the provincial team of San Luis, entering at the beginning of the second half to replace Daniel Villalba in a match which River Plate won 3\u20131. He made his official debut against Ferro in the final tournament of the 2013\u201314 Copa Argentina, in a match which River Plate won 6\u20135 in a penalty shootout. His debut in the Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n came in a 1\u20131 tie against Gimnasia y Esgrima on the first day of the 2014 Torneo"}, {"title": "Lucas Boy\u00e9", "text": " de Transici\u00f3n. Four days later, on 31 August, Boy\u00e9 scored his first goal in the Primera Divisi\u00f3n off an assist from Tomas Martinez, the third in a match which River won 3\u20131 against San Lorenzo.</s><s>Club career.:Torino. On 1 February 2016, he signed a contract with Italian club Torino for four seasons, starting in July 2016.</s><s>Club career.:Torino.:Loan deals. On 31 January 2018, he moved on loan to Spanish club Celta. In the 2018\u201319 season Boy\u00e9 joined AEK on loan. On 28 October 2018 he scored his first goal for the club in a 4\u20130 home win game against Aris Thessaloniki. On 23 February 2019, he scored a brace, his first in his career, sealing a 2\u20131 home win game against Apollon Smyrnis. On 2 August 2019, English Championship club Reading announced the signing of Boy\u00e9 on a season-long loan deal from Torino. He scored his first goal for Reading in an EFL Cup tie against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 25 September 2019. However he also went on to miss a penalty in the shootout in the same game as Reading ultimately lost. On 21 September 2020,"}, {"title": "Lucas Boy\u00e9", "text": " the newly promoted La Liga team Elche announced that Boy\u00e9 had joined them on loan with an option to buy.</s><s>Club career.:Elche. On 13 May 2021, Elche announced that they had exercised the option to Boy\u00e9.</s><s>Style of play. Nicknamed \"El Tanque\" (The Tank) or \"El Toro\" (The Bull), Boy\u00e9 is described as a well structured, yet agile centre forward, with excellent technique and dribbling ability. He is noted for his work rate and willingness to sacrifice himself for the team. He is compared to former Roma forward Abel Balbo.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. River Plate - Copa Libertadores: 2015 - Copa Sudamericana: 2014 - Recopa Sudamericana: 2015 - Suruga Bank Championship: 2015 - Copa Euroamericana: 2015</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lucas Boy\u00e9", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000375", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Gulshan Kumar.", "docs": [{"title": "Gulshan Kumar", "text": "<s>Gulshan Kumar Gulshan Kumar Dua (5 May 1951 12 August 1997), was an Indian businessman, film and music producer who was the founder of the Super Cassettes Industries Limited (T-Series) music label in the Bollywood industry. He founded T-Series in the 1980s and established it as a leading record label in the 1990s. After his death, T-Series has since been run by his younger brother Krishan Kumar and son Bhushan Kumar. His daughters Tulsi Kumar and Khushali Kumar are also playback singers.</s><s>Biography. Born in 1956 in a Punjabi Hindu family, Gulshan Kumar Dua was the son of a fruit juice vendor who worked the streets of the Daryaganj neighbourhood in the heart of Delhi. His family came as refugees from the Jhang province of West Punjab after the anti-Hindu riots during the partition of India in 1947. Dua started working with his father from an early age. Gulshan Kumar was a devoted worshiper of Shiva and especially Vaishno Devi. He sung many religious and traditional songs in favour of almost all major deities in Hinduism. Due to traditional faith, love and respect towards Vaishno Devi, he ran a free"}, {"title": "Gulshan Kumar", "text": " of cost meal assistance service in which free meals are offered as \" 'Prasad\"' to all the devotees visiting Vaishno Devi Temple. It was first started in 1983 at \"Baan Ganga\" location which is situated in between of the Vaishno Devi Temple's pilgrimage. Even after his demise in 1997, the service still continues till today and is widely revered all across India. His son Bhushan Kumar now manages the service. Dua changed career paths when his family acquired a shop selling records and inexpensive audio cassettes, which foreshadowed the onset of a vast music empire.</s><s>Music business and film career. Gulshan Kumar started his own audio cassette operation known as \"Super Cassettes Industries,\" which turned in to a profitable business. He began a music production company in Noida. As his business started growing, he moved to Mumbai. His first movie in Bollywood was \"Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka\" in 1989. Next was the big hit \"Aashiqui\" in 1990 which is remembered for its music by Nadeem\u2013Shravan. His other movies included \"Bahaar Aane Tak\", \"Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin\", \"Ayee Milan Ki Raat\", \"Me"}, {"title": "Gulshan Kumar", "text": "era Ka Mohan\", \"Jeena Marna Tere Sang\" and Bewafa Sanam.</s><s>Music business and film career.:T-Series music label. T-Series emerged as one of the top music labels in India with the release of \"Aashiqui\" in 1990. In the early 1990s T-Series was largely responsible for sparking a boom for the Indian music industry. With its music and film production, the annual earnings of T-Series grew from () in 1985 to () in 1991, and by the time of Gulshan Kumar's death in 1997, had reached  (). It continues to be a major label. and controls more than 60% share of the Indian music market. In international market, T-Series enjoys a turnover in excess of $4.2\u00a0million, and exports to 24 countries across six continents. In India, it has the largest distribution network of over 2500 dealers.</s><s>Death. Gulshan Kumar Dua died in a shooting outside the Jeeteshwar Mahadev Mandir, a Hindu mandir dedicated to Lord Shiva of which he attended daily in Jeet Nagar, Andheri West suburb of Mumbai, on 12 August 1997. He was shot 16 times. On the day"}, {"title": "Gulshan Kumar", "text": " of the assassination, his bodyguard, provided by the Uttar Pradesh government, was sick. Although he had received two threatening calls, on 5 and 8 August 1997, Kumar refused to pay the extortion money. The hired killers, including Rauf and Abdul Rashid, conducted reconnaissance for a month, but did not proceed because of the armed bodyguard. At 10.40\u00a0am, while returning from the temple, he was confronted by one of the assassins who said: \"Bahut puja kar li, ab upar ja ke karna (you have done enough puja (prayer), now do it up there).\" Initially, Kumar survived and sought shelter in nearby huts, but residents shut their doors. His driver Suraj was shot in both legs as he tried to shelter Kumar. A Mumbai underworld organisation called D-Company is considered to have been responsible for this assassination. The police also accused film composer Nadeem Saifi of the music duo Nadeem-Shravan of having paid for the murder due to a personal dispute and fled the country after the murder. However, on 9 January 2001, Abdul Rauf Merchant (known as \"Raja\") confessed to being the murderer. On 29 April 2002, Sessions Judge M. L"}, {"title": "Gulshan Kumar", "text": ". Tahilyani sentenced Rauf to life imprisonment, stating that he was not imposing the death penalty because the prosecution had failed to prove that Rauf was a contract killer. The police alleged that Saifi paid Abu Salem, a known associate of Dawood Ibrahim, to assassinate Dua and assigned Rauf to the job, but it just so happened that Ibrahim and Abu Salem were already planning on murdering Dua as he had refused to pay protection money to D-Company as part of an extortion attempt. As per his family's wishes, Gulshan Kumar Dua was cremated in a \"shamshan\" (cremation ground) in Delhi. Abdul Rauf alias Daud Merchant was convicted in 2002 for the murder of Gulshan Kumar. He fled India after he was granted furlough by the Bombay high court in 2009. He was extradited from Bangladesh in 2016. He is currently in the high-security Arthur Road jail in Mumbai.</s><s>Legacy. T-Series is still running and operated and has a widespread base across India. In 2017, T-Series announced plans to produce a biographical film about Kumar titled \"Mogul \u2013 The Gulshan Kumar Story\".</s><s>See also. - Music"}, {"title": "Gulshan Kumar", "text": " of Bollywood</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Gulshan Kumar", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000376", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Takuma Asano.", "docs": [{"title": "Takuma Asano", "text": "<s>Takuma Asano His younger brother Yuya is also a professional footballer currently playing for J1 League side Sanfrecce Hiroshima.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Sanfrecce Hiroshima. After attending Yokkaichi Chuo Technical High School, Asano joined Sanfrecce Hiroshima at the age of 18 in January 2013. He went on to win the J1 League in his debut season, making one appearance in the process. Asano went on to win the Japanese Super Cup in 2014, while starting to break into the squad for the J1 League. He helped the side lift the league title for a second time in 2015, this time adding nine goals in 34 appearances. Due to his performances, Asano was named the J1 League Rookie of the Year.</s><s>Club career.:Arsenal. On 3 July 2016, Asano was announced as Arsenal's second signing of the season, subject to a medical and international clearance. Manager Ars\u00e8ne Wenger described him as \"a talented young striker and very much one for the future\". However, Asano was refused a work permit to play in the Premier League.</s><s>Club career.:Arsenal.:Loan to VfB Stuttgart. On 26 August 2016, Asano"}, {"title": "Takuma Asano", "text": " was loaned out to VfB Stuttgart until the end of the season with an option for a further year. He made his debut in a 2\u20131 home loss to 1. FC Heidenheim two weeks later. On 9 April 2017, Asano scored a brace to give his side a 2\u20130 win over Karlsruher SC. He helped the team win the 2. Bundesliga and take promotion to the top flight. On 22 June 2017, the loan deal with Stuttgart was extended for another season.</s><s>Club career.:Arsenal.:Loan to Hannover 96. On 23 May 2018, Asano was sent on season-long loan to Bundesliga side Hannover 96.</s><s>Club career.:Partizan. On 1 August 2019, Asano completed his move to Serbian club Partizan. He signed a three-year contract and was given the number 11 shirt, while becoming the first Japanese player in club history. Asano scored on his debut in an eventual 3\u20131 home win over Turkish club Yeni Malatyaspor in the first leg of the Europa League third qualifying round. He entered the field at the beginning of the second half instead of Filip Stevanovi\u0107 and scored his first goal for the club"}, {"title": "Takuma Asano", "text": " in the 67th minute. Partizan eliminated Yeni Malatyaspor and then the Norwegian Molde, thus qualifying for the Group L of the Europa League, with Manchester United, AZ Alkmaar and Astana as their opponents. Asano played in all European matches for Partizan this season and was also the scorer in the draw with AZ in Alkmaar (2\u20132) and in the victory over Astana (4\u20131) in Belgrade. Partizan finished on second place in the Serbian SuperLiga, behind Red Star, and Asano scored four goals in 23 league games. He also appeared in four games in the Serbian Cup, scoring two goals, both in the quarter-final match against Radnik Surdulica. However, Partizan did not manage to win the trophy in the Cup, as they were defeated by Vojvodina in the final game after a penalty shoot-out. In the 2020/21 season Partizan did not qualify for the group stage of the Europa League. After eliminating the Latvian RFS and the Romanian Sf\u00eentul Gheorghe, the club was defeated by the Belgian Charleroi in the third round. Asano appeared"}, {"title": "Takuma Asano", "text": " in all three European matches (only played one match each due to the pandemic), did not score a goal but recorded an assist to Seydouba Soumah for the only goal in the 2\u20131 away defeat against Charleroi after extra time. Having scored 18 goals in 33 league matches for Partizan in the ongoing championship, Asano announced on 2 May 2021 that he had rescinded his contract with the club.</s><s>Club career.:VfL Bochum. On 23 June 2021, VfL Bochum 1848 announced the club have signed Asano who was on free agent.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Youth. At youth level, Asano won a gold medal at the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship, scoring a brace against South Korea to give his side a 3\u20132 win in the final. He also represented Japan at the 2016 Summer Olympics, netting two goals in the tournament, as the team exited in the group stage.</s><s>International career.:Senior. On 7 May 2015, Asano was invited by Japan manager Vahid Halilhod\u017ei\u0107 for a two-day training camp. He was subsequently called up to the team for the upcoming 2015 EAFF East"}, {"title": "Takuma Asano", "text": " Asian Cup. Asano scored his first goal for \"Samurai Blue\" in a 7\u20132 win over Bulgaria at the 2016 Kirin Cup. In March 2018, manager Vahid Halilhod\u017ei\u0107 left out Asano and Yosuke Ideguchi for friendly matches with Mali and Ukraine in preparations for the 2018 World Cup due to lack of playing time at club level, commenting, \"It makes me sad that Asano and Ideguchi are not playing. They were the heroes of our qualifying game against Australia. They haven't been chosen this time, and if things continue the way they are, there is a chance that they won't be chosen for the World Cup\". In May, Asano was named in Japan's preliminary squad for the World Cup, but failed to make the final cut. In his first match in the 2022 World Cup, Asano scored a goal in the 83rd minute to give Japan an upset victory over Germany.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Sanfrecce Hiroshima - J1 League: 2013, 2015 - Japanese Super Cup: 2013, 2014, 2016 VfB Stuttgart - 2. Bundesliga: 2016\u2013"}, {"title": "Takuma Asano", "text": "17 Japan' - AFC U-23 Championship: 2016 Individual - J.League Rookie of the Year: 2015 - Japan Pro-Footballers Association awards: Best XI (2022)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Takuma Asano", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000377", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ros\u00e9 (singer).", "docs": [{"title": "Ros\u00e9 (singer)", "text": "<s>Ros\u00e9 (singer) Roseanne Park (born 11 February 1997), known mononymously as Ros\u00e9 (), is a Korean-New Zealand singer and dancer based in South Korea. Born in New Zealand and raised in Australia, Ros\u00e9 signed with South Korean label YG Entertainment following a successful audition in 2012 and trained for four years before debuting as a member of the girl group Blackpink in August 2016. In March 2021, Ros\u00e9 made her solo debut with her single album \"R\". The album sold 448,089 copies in its first week, the highest for a Korean female soloist. Its lead single \"On the Ground\" was a commercial success, peaking in the top five domestically and becoming the highest-charting song by a Korean female soloist on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the ARIA Singles Chart and the UK Singles Chart. It was the first song by a Korean solo artist to top the \"Billboard\" Global 200 and earned Ros\u00e9 two Guinness World Records. The album's second single \"Gone\" peaked in the top ten in South Korea as well.</s><s>Life and career.</s><s>Life and career.:1997\u20132012: Early life. Roseanne Park (; \"Park Chae"}, {"title": "Ros\u00e9 (singer)", "text": "-young\") was born on 11 February 1997 in Auckland, New Zealand, to South Korean immigrant parents. She has an older sister. In 2004, at the age of seven, Ros\u00e9 and her family moved to Melbourne, Australia. She began singing and learned to play guitar and piano as a child and performed in church choirs. She attended Kew East Primary School, and Canterbury Girls' Secondary College but dropped out before Year 11, after signing with South Korean record label YG Entertainment.</s><s>Life and career.:2012\u20132015: Pre-debut. In 2012, Ros\u00e9 attended an audition in Sydney, Australia for YG Entertainment (whose label's music she already liked) at her father's suggestion, she finished first among the 700 participants. She had initially presumed her father's idea was a joke due to the distance and difficulty of becoming a singer overseas, and \"she didn't think that there was much of a chance [...] to become a K-pop star [herself].\" Two months later, she had signed with the label as a trainee, and moved to Seoul, South Korea. The same year, Ros\u00e9 was given an opportunity to feature on labelmate G-Dragon's song \"Without You\" from his extended play (EP) \""}, {"title": "Ros\u00e9 (singer)", "text": "One of a Kind\" (2012). Her name was not publicised at the time of release, her credit revealed only following her announcement as a member of Blackpink. The song peaked at number ten on South Korea's Gaon Music Chart and at number 15 on the \"Billboard Korea\" K-pop Hot 100.</s><s>Life and career.:2016\u2013present: Debut with Blackpink and \"R\". Ros\u00e9 trained at YG Entertainment for four years before she was revealed as the final member of the girl group Blackpink on 22 June 2016. The group debuted on 8 August 2016 with the single album \"Square One\", which featured the singles \"Whistle\" and \"Boombayah\". Ros\u00e9 appeared on a variety of broadcast programs, such as \"King of Masked Singer\". Her vocal performance on the show was met with warm reception by the audience, to which Ros\u00e9 commented that she \"didn't know if the audience would like [her] singing\" and that she felt \"happy and relieved\" at the positive result. She later appeared as a performer on the second season of \"Fantastic Duo\". The show's production staff stated that her appearance was intended to \"reveal Ros\u00e9's vocal appeal, which is different"}, {"title": "Ros\u00e9 (singer)", "text": " from Blackpink\". On 1 June 2020, it was announced that Ros\u00e9 would debut as a solo artist following the release of Blackpink's first Korean language full-length album. On 30 December 2020, in an interview with South Korean media outlet \"Osen\", her label revealed that filming for her debut music video would begin in mid-January 2021. On 26 January 2021, a promotional teaser of Ros\u00e9's solo debut was released, revealing that a preview of her solo debut would be revealed through \"Blackpink Livestream Concert: The Show\" on 31 January 2021. Ros\u00e9's debut single album, titled \"R\", was released on 12 March 2021. With 41.6 million views in 24 hours of the music video for the lead single \"On the Ground\", she broke the almost eight-year record held by former labelmate Psy's \"Gentleman\" for the most viewed music video by a Korean soloist in 24 hours. \"On the Ground\" peaked at number 70 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming the highest-charting song by a Korean female soloist in the US. The song also debuted and peaked at number one on both the Global 200 and Global Excl. U.S. charts, the first"}, {"title": "Ros\u00e9 (singer)", "text": " song by a Korean solo artist to do so. \"R\" also set the record for the highest first-week sales by a Korean female soloist, with 448,089 copies sold. On 24 March, Ros\u00e9 received her first-ever music show win as a soloist with her single \"On the Ground\" on South Korean cable music program \"Show Champion\" and would go on to win five more. On 5 April, the music video for Ros\u00e9's song \"Gone\" was released. \"Hard to Love\", a pop-disco solo sung by Ros\u00e9, is featured as the fifth track of Blackpink's second studio album \"Born Pink\", which was released on 16 September 2022.</s><s>Artistry.</s><s>Artistry.:Influences and voice. In a radio interview, Ros\u00e9 cited labelmate Taeyang of Big Bang as a role model in her musical career. She also named American singer Tori Kelly as an inspiration towards her musical style. Since her debut with Blackpink, Ros\u00e9's voice has received acknowledgement in the K-pop industry for its distinct vocal timbre and is nicknamed \"the golden voice\" amongst fans. Following Ros\u00e9's performance on \"Fantastic Duo 2\", South Korean singer G"}, {"title": "Ros\u00e9 (singer)", "text": "ummy, whom Ros\u00e9 cited as a musical role model, complimented Ros\u00e9's voice for being \"so unique\" and describing it as \"the [type of] voice young people love\".</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Fashion and endorsements. In 2018, Ros\u00e9 and fellow Blackpink member Jisoo were selected as endorsement models for the Korean cosmetics brand Kiss Me. In October 2019, Ros\u00e9 was revealed as a promotional model for the Perfect World Entertainment's MMORPG \"Perfect World Mobile\". In August 2021, Ros\u00e9 became a model for Korean unisex casual brand \"5252 BY OIOI\" and contemporary brand \"OIOICOLLECTION\". In December 2021, she announced her collaboration with the mediation and sleep app Calm, featuring her own bedtime story titled \"Grounded With Ros\u00e9\". In February 2022, alongside actor Yeo Jin-goo, Ros\u00e9 was selected as one of the models for Korean retail store Homeplus for the brand's 25th anniversary promotions. In August 2022, Ros\u00e9 became a model for skincare brand Sulwhasoo's #SulwhasooRebloom campaign. In July 2020, Ros\u00e9 was named the global ambassador for Yves Saint Laurent by creative director"}, {"title": "Ros\u00e9 (singer)", "text": " Anthony Vaccarello, its first global ambassador in 59 years. She was the global face of Saint Laurent's Fall 2020 campaign. In January 2021, Ros\u00e9 became the muse for luxury cosmetics brand Yves Saint Laurent Beaut\u00e9. In September 2021, Ros\u00e9 attended the Met Gala, a fundraising event held annually at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Costume Institute in New York City, as Vaccarello's guest. As a result, she, alongside rapper CL, became the first female K-pop idols to attend the event. In April 2021, Ros\u00e9 became Tiffany & Co's global ambassador and starred in its 2021 Tiffany HardWear digital campaign. She stated, \"I\u2019ve always loved wearing Tiffany jewelry. To be part of an iconic brand that has been part of my life for a long time makes it that much more special to me. I am very honoured and excited to be a part of the HardWear campaign and I can't wait for everyone to see it.\" In March 2022, Ros\u00e9 became the face of 2022 Tiffany HardWear campaign. She was photographed by Mario Sorrenti wearing a new necklace, bracelet, and full pav\u00e9 diamond pieces.</s><s>Other ventures.:Philanthropy. During the 2019\u201320 Australian bushfire season"}, {"title": "Ros\u00e9 (singer)", "text": ", Ros\u00e9 posted on Instagram urging fans to support relief efforts, providing links to organisations that accepted donations and explaining, \"We can make a difference if we all join in. Please help to save my home country\".</s><s>Impact and influence. As of March 2023, Ros\u00e9 is among the top 10 most-followed Korean individuals on Instagram, with over 69 million followers. Since 2018, she has appeared on the Korean Business Research Institute's female celebrity brand reputation list, a chart that tracks Korean celebrities with the most online searches and engagements, and previously reached the top 10. Ros\u00e9 helped the Yves Saint Laurent's Women's Summer 21 collection showcase earn 27.3 million views on YouTube, 11 million views on Instagram and Facebook, and 30.6 million views on Weibo in one day. The video of Saint Laurent's 2021 Spring/Summer collection reached 100 million views after Ros\u00e9 was featured in the video. Ros\u00e9's impact extends to other artists in the music industry as well. On 10 February 2023, she released a cover of Stephen Sanchez's \"Until I Found You\" in honour of her birthday. The cover peaked at number one on \"Billboard\"s Hot Trending Songs chart, and the original version concurrently rose 8% in U"}, {"title": "Ros\u00e9 (singer)", "text": ".S. streams during the same week.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Composition credits. All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ros\u00e9 (singer)", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000378", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jemima Goldsmith.", "docs": [{"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": "<s>Jemima Goldsmith Jemima Marcelle Goldsmith (born 30 January 1974; known as Jemima Khan for work) is an English screenwriter, television, film and documentary producer and the founder of Instinct Productions, a television production company. She was formerly a journalist and associate editor of \"The New Statesman\", a British political and cultural magazine, and served as the European editor-at-large for the American magazine \"Vanity Fair\".</s><s>Early life and education. Born at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in London, Goldsmith is the eldest child of Lady Annabel Vane-Tempest-Stewart and financier Sir James Goldsmith (1933\u20131997). Her mother, from an aristocratic Anglo\u2212Irish family, is the daughter of the 8th Marquess of Londonderry. Goldsmith's father was the son of a luxury hotel tycoon and former Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), Major Frank Goldsmith, who was a member of the Goldsmith family of German\u2212Jewish descent. Her paternal grandmother was French. Goldsmith's parents were married to different partners at the time of her birth, but they married each other in 1978 in order to legitimize their children. She has two younger brothers, Zac Goldsmith and"}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": " Ben Goldsmith, and five paternal and three maternal half-siblings, including Robin Birley and India Jane Birley. Goldsmith grew up at Ormeley Lodge and attended the Old Vicarage preparatory school, then Francis Holland Girls School. From age 10 to 17, she was an equestrian in London. In 1993, Goldsmith enrolled at the University of Bristol and studied English, but she dropped out when she married Imran Khan in 1995. She eventually completed her bachelor's degree in March 2002 with upper second-class honours. She later studied at the School of Oriental and African Studies and was awarded a master of arts degree in Middle Eastern Studies, focusing on Modern Trends in Islam, from the University of London in 2003.</s><s>Film, television and theatre. In 2015, Jemima Khan founded Instinct Productions, a London-based content company specializing in television, documentaries and film with former Princess Productions managing director, Henrietta Conrad. Through Instinct Productions, Khan was the executive producer for the Emmy-nominated six-part documentary series \"The Clinton Affair\", alongside Alex Gibney and Emmy-winning director Blair Foster, for the A&E Network. She was the executive producer of Emmy-nominated \"The Case Against Adnan Sy"}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": "ed\", a TV documentary series for Sky Atlantic and HBO about the Adnan Syed case, which inspired the popular 'Serial' podcast which Academy Award nominee Amy Berg (\"Deliver Us from Evil\") directed. She was a producer on the Golden Globes and Emmy nominated, Ryan Patrick Murphy's FX \"American Crime Story\" Season Three, a 10 part drama series about the Clinton\u2013Lewinsky scandal. Khan wrote and produced \"What's Love Got to Do with It?\", a cross-cultural romantic comedy for Working Title Films and Studio Canal, starring Lily James and Emma Thompson which premiered at the 2022 Toronto Film Festival and won Best Comedy at the 2022 Rome Film Festival and is released in February 2023. Previously, she was the executive producer for the BAFTA nominated documentary film \"\" by Alex Gibney, released in 2013. She was also the co-executive producer for the documentary films \"Unmanned: America's Drone Wars\" (released in 2013) and \"Making A Killing: Guns, Greed and the NRA\" (released in 2016), both directed by Robert Greenwald.She co-produced the play \"Drones, Baby, Drones\" at the Arcola Theatre, directed by Nicolas Kent and Mehmet Ergen, that premiered in November 2016."}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": " Khan is also the executive producer of a TV drama series about the Rothschild banking dynasty written by Julian Fellowes. She was also a contributor to the fifth season of the historical drama series \"The Crown\", which would depict the final years of Diana, Princess of Wales; however, she asked for her contributions to be removed as she felt the \"storyline would not necessarily be told as respectfully or compassionately\" as she had hoped.</s><s>Journalism career. Although Goldsmith had written articles when she lived in Pakistan, she started contributing op-eds to the United Kingdom's newspapers and magazines including \"The Independent\", \"The Sunday Times\", \"The Evening Standard\" and \"The Observer\". In 2008, she was granted an exclusive interview with Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf on the eve of the elections for \"The Independent\". She was a \"Sunday Telegraph\" columnist from 21 October 2007 to 27 January 2008. She was a feature writer and a contributing editor for British Vogue from 2008 to 2011. In 2011, she was appointed \"Vanity Fair\"'s new European editor-at-large. She was also associate editor at \"The Independent\".{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Jemima|title=Jemima Khan appointed Associate Editor"}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": " of The Independent and i|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/i/jemima-khan-appointed-associate-editor-of-the-independent-and-i-2294724.html In April 2011, she guest-edited the \"New Statesman\" and themed the issue around freedom of speech. She interviewed the deputy prime minister Nick Clegg and included contributions from Russell Brand, Tim Robbins, Simon Pegg, Oliver Stone, Tony Benn, and Julian Assange, with cover art by Anish Kapoor and Damien Hirst. According to Nick Cohen in \"The Observer\", \"Jemima Khan was by a country mile the best editor of the \"New Statesman\" that the journal has had since the mid-1970s\". The magazine issue included \"an unexpected scoop\" from Hugh Grant who went undercover to hack Paul McMullan, a former \"News of the World\" journalist, who had been involved in hacking as a reporter. In November 2011, she joined as an associate editor of the \"New Statesman\".</s><s>Fashion. In 1998, Goldsmith launched an eponymous fashion label that employed poor Pakistani women to embroider western clothes with eastern handiwork to be"}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": " sold in London and New York. Profits were donated to her then husband's Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital. She ran the organisation until December 2001, when she shut down the business due to the economic situation following the September 11 attacks, and so she could focus on fundraising and on supporting her husband in Pakistani politics. In 2008, she modelled the relaunched \"Azzaro Couture\" fragrance and was a guest co-designer of a Spring 2009 collection for Azzaro, with her fee reportedly donated to UNICEF. As voted by \"Daily Telegraph\" readers, she won the Rover People's Award for the best dressed female celebrity at the 2001 British Fashion Awards. She was also featured on \"Vanity Fair\"'s Annual International Best-Dressed List in 2004, 2005 and 2007, the last of which she was inducted into their Best Dressed Hall of Fame.</s><s>Philanthropy. During her marriage, Goldsmith established the Jemima  Khan Afghan Refugee Appeal to provide tents, clothing, food, and healthcare for Afghan refugees at Jalozai camp in Peshawar. She became an Ambassador for UNICEF UK in 2001, and made field trips to Kenya, Romania, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Pakistan, the last of"}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": " which she later helped victims of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake by raising emergency funds. She has promoted UNICEF's Breastfeeding Manifesto, Growing Up Alone and End Child Exploitation campaigns in the UK. In 2003, she visited Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, Jordan, the West Bank and Gaza to promote the charity Hope and Optimism for Palestinians in the Next Generation (HOPING). She also supports the Soil Association and the HOPING foundation for Palestinian refugee children.</s><s>Politics and social action. In addition to her charitable work, Goldsmith campaigns for various social and political causes. She has campaigned against the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as well as for freedom of information; she attended Assange's extradition hearings and gave a speech at the Stop the War Coalition's rally in defence of Wikileaks alongside Tony Benn and Tariq Ali. Along with John Pilger and Ken Loach, she was part of the six-member group in Westminster Magistrates Court willing to post bail for Julian Assange when he was arrested in London on 7 December 2010. However, she later changed her mind about Assange, questioning his unwillingness to answer the sexual misconduct allegations which led to his arrest and what she described as his demand for \"cultish devotion\" from his supporters. In 2014, she"}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": " publicly backed the Hacked Off campaign group which advocates reform of British press regulation. In August 2014, she was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to \"The Guardian\" opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue. On 3 November 2018, Goldsmith criticised the fact that the Government of Pakistan was considering putting the Christian woman, Asia Bibi, on the exit control list despite the fact that she was acquitted by the Supreme Court, in order to compromise with the Islamist political party Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan.</s><s>Personal life. In 1995, Goldsmith married Imran Khan, a retired cricketer (who would later go on to serve as the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2018 to 2022), with whom she had two sons. The couple divorced in 2004. Goldsmith was a close friend of Diana, Princess of Wales, who visited her in Lahore in 1996. On 29 December 2000, Goldsmith and her family were on a British Airways jet to Kenya which was temporarily knocked off course and dived thousands of feet after a mentally ill passenger tried to seize controls in the cockpit. Her mother later said, \"Jemima was frightened of flying even before the incident; she's"}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": " petrified [now]\". In 2002, she was listed at number 18 with \u00a320 million on the \"Evening Standard's\" young millionaires list. Following her divorce in 2004, she returned to London and later became involved in a romantic relationship with Hugh Grant. A 2005 article in the \"Evening Standard\" noted that \"Jemima's profile\" changed from \"high during her first marriage\" to \"soaring since she became involved with Hugh Grant\". Her relationship was scrutinised extensively by the tabloids, but a 2005 survey of London visitors favoured them as \"the celebrity couple people would most like to show them round London\". In February 2007, Grant announced that the couple had \"decided to split amicably\". Grant's spokesman added that he \"has nothing but positive things to say about Jemima.\" In September 2013, \"The Daily Telegraph\" reported that she was dating British activist and actor Russell Brand. In September 2014, she and Brand separated.</s><s>Personal life.:Marriage to Imran Khan. On 16 May 1995, Goldsmith and Imran Khan  were married in a Nikah ceremony in Paris. They also had a civil ceremony on 21 June 1995 at the Richmond Register Office, followed by a midsummer ball at Ormeley Lodge. A few"}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": " months before her wedding, she converted to Islam, citing the writings of Muhammad Asad, Charles le Gai Eaton and Alija Izetbegovi\u0107 as her influences. After her marriage to Khan, she relocated to his hometown, Lahore, Pakistan, where she learned to speak Urdu and also wore traditional Pakistani clothes. She wrote in a 2008 article for \"The Times\" that she \"over-conformed in [her] eagerness to be accepted\" into the \"new and radically different culture\" of Pakistan. Goldsmith stated that prior to her conversion to Islam she was technically Anglican but \"was made familiar with Jewish traditions\", since her paternal grandfather Frank Goldsmith was German Jewish. During her marriage, her Jewish heritage was used by Khan's political opponents to question their credibility in Pakistani politics, especially concerning accusations that they supported the Jewish lobby. Goldsmith has two sons from her marriage to Khan: Sulaiman Isa (born 1996) and Kasim (born 1999). In 1999, she was charged in Pakistan with illegally exporting Islamic era antique tiles. She said that the charge was a fabrication to harass and damage her husband, but nevertheless left Pakistan to stay with her mother for fear of incarceration. After General Pervez Musharraf overthrew elected Prime Minister"}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": " Nawaz Sharif in a coup d'\u00e9tat in 1999, the Ministry of Culture and Archaeology verified the tiles were not antiques, and the court dropped the charges, allowing her to return to Lahore. Goldsmith supported her husband as he became more involved in his Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf party. On 22 June 2004, it was announced that the couple had divorced ending the nine-year marriage because it was \"difficult for Jemima to adapt to the political life of Imran Khan in Pakistan\". The marriage ended amicably. Khan has said the six months leading to the divorce and the six months after were the hardest year of his life. After the divorce, Goldsmith returned to Britain with the former couple's two sons. According to the divorce settlement, Khan's boys visit him in Pakistan during their school holidays, and when he comes to London to see them he stays with his former mother-in-law, Lady Annabel Goldsmith. According to Jemima Goldsmith, she and Khan remain on good terms. While she was married, she was described as being shy, but also modest, stylish and levelheaded. Goldsmith retained \"Khan\" as her family name until December 2014, when Imran Khan married news anchor Reham Khan"}, {"title": "Jemima Goldsmith", "text": ", but she has continued to be credited as Jemima Khan on work projects.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jemima Goldsmith", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000379", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Suthida.", "docs": [{"title": "Suthida", "text": "<s>Suthida Suthida Bajrasudhabimalalakshana (,, ), born Suthida Tidjai (; 3 June 1978), is Queen of Thailand as the fourth wife of King Vajiralongkorn. Before their marriage, she was a flight attendant. After joining the Thai military, she was promoted to King\u2019s bodyguard.</s><s>Early life and education. Suthida was born on 3 June 1978 to the Tidjai family, Kham (father) and Jangheang (mother). She is ethnically Hokkien, coming from a Thai Chinese family. She graduated from Hatyaiwittayalai Somboonkulkanya Middle School and Assumption University with a bachelor's degree in communication arts in 2000. Suthida was formerly a flight attendant for JALways \u2013 a Japan Airlines' subsidiary \u2013 from 2000 to 2003 and later Thai Airways International in 2003 until 2008.</s><s>Crown Prince's guard. Suthida was appointed commander of Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn's household guard in August 2014. As early as 2010, Suthida was linked romantically to the crown prince, who was then still married to Srirasmi Suwadee. In"}, {"title": "Suthida", "text": " October 2016, international media reports labeled her as the designated king's \"consort\", despite the palace never officially declaring their relationship. On 13 October 2017, she was named a Dame Grand Cross (First Class) of The Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao, which bestows the title Than Phu Ying (). She is the first female officer to receive this honour since 2004 and the first in the reign of King Rama X.</s><s>Royal Thai Army service. On 1 December 2016, she was appointed Commander of the Special Operations Unit of the King's Guard and promoted to the rank of general. She reached her present rank after only six years of service. She has successfully completed several military training courses. On 1 June 2017, she was appointed as acting commander of Royal Thai Aide-de-camp Department following the reorganization of the Royal Security Command.</s><s>Queen consort. On 1 May 2019, Suthida was made Queen of Thailand of King Vajiralongkorn whose coronation took place in Bangkok on 4\u20136 May 2019. The marriage registration took place at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall in Bangkok, with her sister-in-law Princess Sirindhorn and President of Privy Council Prem Tinsulanonda"}, {"title": "Suthida", "text": " as witnesses.</s><s>Title, styles, honours and awards. - Since 4 May 2019: \"Her Majesty\" Queen Suthida Bajarasudha Bimollaksana (\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e40\u0e14\u0e47\u0e08\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e19\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e08\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e17\u0e34\u0e14\u0e32 \u0e1e\u0e31\u0e0a\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e18\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e21\u0e25\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13 \u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e21\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e35)</s><s>Title, styles, honours and awards.:Honours. - Dame of The Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri - Dame of The Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems - Dame Grand Cross (First Class) of The Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao - Dame Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant - Dame Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand - Royal Cypher Medal of King R"}, {"title": "Suthida", "text": "ama IX - Royal Cypher Medal of King Rama X - Commemorative Medal on the Occasion of the 60th Birthday Anniversary of H.R.H. Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn - Commemorative Medal on the Occasion of the Coronation of H.M. King Rama X</s><s>Title, styles, honours and awards.:Military ranks. - 14 May 2010: Second Lieutenant - 14 November 2010: First Lieutenant - 1 April 2011: Captain - 1 October 2011: Major - 1 April 2012: Lieutenant Colonel - 1 October 2012: Colonel - 10 November 2013: Major-General - 26 August 2016: Lieutenant-General - 10 December 2016: General</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Suthida", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000380", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Uee.", "docs": [{"title": "Uee", "text": "<s>Uee Kim Yu-jin (born April 9, 1988), better known by her stage name Uee (sometimes romanized as U-), is a South Korean singer and actress. She is best known for being a former member of South Korean girl group After School from 2009 to 2017, and has acted in various television dramas including \"Queen Seondeok\" (2009), \"Ojakgyo Family\" (2011), \"Jeon Woo-chi\" (2012), \"Golden Rainbow\" (2013), \"High Society\" (2015), \"Marriage Contract\" (2016), and \"My Only One\" (2018). On May 31, 2017, Uee graduated and left After School and its agency, Pledis Entertainment.</s><s>Early life. Kim Yu-jin was born April 9, 1988, in Daejeon, South Korea. Her father,, is a retired professional baseball player and former head coach for the South Korean teams, Nexen Heroes and SK Wyverns. She has an older sister, Kim Yu-na. Uee attended Guwol Girls' Middle School and Incheon Physical Education High School. While in high school, she was a swimmer and competed in the Korean National Sports Festival. She later graduated"}, {"title": "Uee", "text": " from Sungkyunkwan University's School of Art, with a degree in Performing Arts.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:2007\u20132008: Five Girls and career beginnings. Uee originally desired to be an actress and went to many auditions, but she debuted as a singer first. In 2007, Uee was a member of the girl group Five Girls () under Good Entertainment, which also included Yubin, Jun Hyoseong, Yang Jiwon, and G.NA. The group starred in a reality show on MTV called \"Diary of Five Girls\", but disbanded before their scheduled debut due to Good Entertainment's financial troubles. Before debuting, she was once a hot topic in South Korea. On May 30, 2008, while watching her father's baseball game in Mok-dong Stadium, she was caught by the camera. The announcer introduced her as the daughter of Coach Kim Sung-kap. The name \"'Mok-dong Girl\"' became number 1 in internet search terms. In August 2008, after appearing as Yubin's friend in the MBC show \"Introducing the Star's Friend\", she again became popular because of her friendship with the Wonder Girls member and her resemblance to Moon Geun-young"}, {"title": "Uee", "text": ". She later joined Pledis Entertainment.</s><s>Career.:2009\u20132016: After School and acting career. In April 2009, Uee joined the girl group After School with their single \"Diva\". She became known for her \"honey thighs\" and proved popular with the general public, often topping online search rankings on various Korean websites. In July, she made her acting debut in MBC's historical drama, \"Queen Seondeok\", which was well received and won various awards. She was subsequently cast in SBS's musical drama \"You're Beautiful\", which started airing in October. Later that month, she joined the project group, 4Tomorrow, which consists Han Seung-yeon, Hyuna, and Gain; and released the single \"Dugeundugeun Tomorrow\" () on October 6, 2009. That same year, she joined the MBC's reality show \"We Got Married\" and was paired with Park Jae-jung. Uee ranked eighth on Forbes Korea's list of most hardworking idols in 2009\u20132010. Uee had lead roles in two television dramas in 2011. In \"Birdie Buddy\", she played a country girl who strives to become a professional golfer. The drama's director, Yun Sang-ho"}, {"title": "Uee", "text": ", praised Uee's \"flawless acting\", saying, \"I believe actors from idol groups such as Uee and Luna improve more quickly because they have so much talent and passion\". In \"Ojakgyo Family\", Uee played a university student with a difficult family history. She earned praise for her natural acting and received Best New Actress awards at the Paeksang Arts Awards and KBS Drama Awards. Uee released her first solo single, \"Sok Sok Sok\" (), on June 21, 2011. She also co-hosted the variety show \"Night After Night\". In January 2012, Uee became a permanent host on the KBS music show, \"Music Bank\", along with Lee Jang-woo. She continued hosting the show until April 2013. From November 2012 to February 2013, she starred as princess Hong Mu-yeon in \"Jeon Woo-chi\", a historical drama set during the Joseon Dynasty. When she was cast for the role, Uee expressed her desire to be seen as a serious actor, saying \"I want to do away with the 'idol singer-turned-actor' in this piece and really step up my performance\". During the shoot, she was praised for her ability to immerse"}, {"title": "Uee", "text": " herself in the character and give a detailed performance. Uee was a permanent cast member of SBS' survival variety show \"Barefooted Friends\" in 2013. During the show, she performed the song \"Hero\" at a special concert. The song was produced by Duble Sidekick and co-written by Uee, and subsequently released on the soundtrack album \"My Story, My Song\" on August 19. She had a lead role in the drama \"Golden Rainbow\", and received an Excellence Award at the 2013 MBC Drama Awards for the role. In mid-2014, Uee was a member of the survival variety show \"Law of the Jungle\", appearing in the Indian Ocean episodes. In April of that year, she told \"Ilgan Sports\" she had lost some of her passion for singing and dancing, and plans to further her acting career once she graduates from After School. In early 2015, Uee starred in tvN's romantic comedy \"Hogu's Love\", playing a national swimming champion. She was then cast in the SBS drama \"High Society\", playing a rich heiress who hides her identity in order to find true love. In an interview, Uee acknowledged that some viewers were disappointed with her performance, and she had \"never"}, {"title": "Uee", "text": " been more criticized for poor acting\". In October 2015, Uee joined the variety show, \"Fists of Shaolin Temple\", where the cast members received martial arts training. Uee's next drama, MBC's \"Marriage Contract\", began airing on March 5, 2016. She played single mother with a terminal illness who enters into a contract marriage. In November, Uee starred in the MBC drama \"Night Light\" where she plays a poor woman who turns her life around with an opportunity.</s><s>Career.:2017\u2013present: Focus on acting and other works. Uee's contract with Pledis Entertainment ended on May 31, 2017, therefore she graduated from After School. In June 2017, she signed with new management agency Yuleum Entertainment. She then starred alongside Kim Jae-joong in KBS's fantasy romance-comedy drama \"Manhole\". In 2018, Uee starred in the weekend dramas \"My Contracted Husband, Mr. Oh\" together with Kim Kang-woo; and \"My Only One\". In July 2019, it was confirmed that Uee signed an exclusive contract with King Entertainment. She was later picked as part of the cast for \"Cabin Crew Season 2\" in 2019. The show features four"}, {"title": "Uee", "text": " celebrities challenging to experience the real work of flight attendants, from job interview to training. Season 2 ended early 2020. On June 12, 2020, Uee appeared as guest on the Korean variety show \"I Live Alone\". The show features single celebrities and their everyday lives, both in and out of their homes. At the same month, she also appeared as a guest in the show \"Dogs Are Incredible\" along with her dog, Mango. On August 1, she also appeared on another variety show \"Omniscient Interfering View\" along with her manager. The show observes the lives of celebrities and their managers. Uee also played as Han Ji-won in the 7th episode of \"SF8\" titled \"Love Virtually\" alongside Choi Si-won. The episode was aired on September 25, 2020. After her love for spicy foods was shown her recent \"I Live Alone\" appearance, she was selected as the official endorser for Samyang Food's 'Fire Chicken Sauce' Series. On October 23, 2020, Uee hosted the 2020 Live in DMZ Concert along with Super Junior's Leeteuk. The concert was held in Gyeonggi-do to commemorate the 2nd anniversary of the September 2018 Pyongyang Joint Declaration. The"}, {"title": "Uee", "text": " concert was broadcast on October 24 via MBC. Uee currently hosts Glance TV's \"Last Fit with U-ie\", a fitness program showcasing beginner to advanced exercises that can be done at home while under quarantine. The first broadcast started in August via Naver TV. On February 8, 2021, it was reported that Uee had cut ties with King Entertainment. Following the report, the agency confirmed that their exclusive contract with the actress has expired.  On March 29, 2021, it was announced that she had signed an exclusive contract with Lucky Company. On June 3rd, it was announced that Uee will star in the variety program called \"Spicy Girls\" along with Sunny, Kim Shin-young, and Choi Yoo-jung. In the same month, it was also reported that she will star in the upcoming drama \"Ghost Doctor\" alongside Rain and Kim Bum. The drama premiered in January 2022.</s><s>Personal life. In 2016, it was confirmed by Uee's representatives that she was dating fellow actor Lee Sang-yoon. The couple broke up after a year of dating. In July 2017, Uee confirmed that she was dating \"Law of the Jungle\" co-star Kangnam. This confirmation came after Korean website \"Dispatch"}, {"title": "Uee", "text": "\" released photos of them on a date in \"Apgujeong\". Uee initially denied the rumors. After 3 months of dating, the couple announced that they had split up. Uee has been a target of hate and criticism since her debut, in particular with her weight and an alleged sponsorship she received from a large company. In 2018, her agency Yuleum Entertainment announced that they will take legal measures against the malicious and defamatory comments towards their talent. During her \"I Live Alone\" appearance, she revealed that rumors surrounding her weight caused her a lot of stress, leading her to eat only one meal a day for eight years. Since then she began to focus more on her health while getting back on track with her career.</s><s>Personal life.:Philanthropy. On April 8, 2022, Uee donated to international relief and development NGOs to fund hygiene products, such as sanity wear kits and sanitary pants coupons, alongside a monthly information brochure for 120 youths entering young women's homes across the country.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Uee", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000381", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Mukesh (actor).", "docs": [{"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": "<s>Mukesh (actor) Mukesh Madhavan (born 5 March 1957), known mononymously as Mukesh, is an Indian actor, film producer, television presenter, and politician who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema besides also having sporadically appeared in Tamil-language films. In a film career spanning four decades, he has acted in over 260 Malayalam films. His 1996 film \"Kaanaakkinaavu\" premiered at the IFFI and won the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration. He co-produced \"Kadha Parayumbol\" (2007)\",\" which won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value. He also produced the 2012 film \"Thattathin Marayathu,\" which is considered one of the defining films of the Malayalam New Wave. He made his onscreen debut in the 1982 film \"Balloon\" in a minor role\".\" He continued to do minor roles and rose to secondary lead roles in the following years. He rose to stardom after playing the lead in the comedy thriller film \"Ramji Rao Speaking\" (1989). By the early-1990s, he established himself as a bankable"}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": " leading actor after starring in several successful comedy films in the early 1990's directed by Siddique-Lal. He continued to appear in successful comedy films throughout the 1990's, establishing himself as one of the major stars of the Malayalam film industry. Towards the 2000's he switched back to supporting roles. He was the chairman of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy. Mukesh is the current MLA representing the Kollam constituency of Kerala state.</s><s>Early and personal life. Mukesh was born to actors O. Madhavan and Vijayakumari, in Kollam, Kerala, India on 5 March 1957. He has two sisters, Sandhya Rajendran and Jayasree. Sandhya and her husband, E.A. Rajendran are also actors (stage and film). He attended Infant Jesus School, Tangasseri and pursued a bachelor's degree in science (B.Sc.) from Sree Narayana College in Kollam. He holds a second bachelor's degree in law (LLB) from Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram. He was active in stage dramas before he entered the film industry. He married South Indian film actress Saritha in 1988, and"}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": " they have two sons. After a lengthy separation, they divorced in 2011. Their elder son Shravan made his acting debut in the 2018 film \"Kalyanam.\" Mukesh married dance scholar Methil Devika on 24 October 2013. The couple filed for divorce in 2021. He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly from Kollam constituency in the election of 2016.</s><s>Acting career.</s><s>Acting career.:1982\u20131989. Mukesh made his acting debut in 1982 with the film \"Balloon\". Later, that same year he landed his first leading role with the drama film \"Ithu Njangalude Katha,\" a remake of the Tamil-language film \"Palaivana Solai.\" The film was an average grosser, with the film's songs becoming chartbusters. In the mid-80's, he appeared in several comedy films directed by Priyadarshan, usually in supporting roles. His first film as solo hero came in 1985 with \"Mutharamkunnu P.O.\" Despite being an average grosser at the box office, the film has over the years attained a cult status. His first major commercial hit came with the 1985 film \"Boeing Boeing,\" directed by Priy"}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": "adarshan. He appeared in a supporting role in the film to Mohanlal. This was his first collaboration with Mohanlal. They would go on to star in several films in the late 1980's, usually starring Mohanlal in the lead role. Examples include \"Ninnishtam Ennishtam\" (1986)\", Adiverukal\" (1986), \"Hello My Dear Wrong Number\" (1986) and \"Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu\" (1986). He also appeared in supporting roles to Mammootty in the late-80's with successful films like \"Thaniyavarthanam\" (1987), \"1921\" (1988) and \"Sangham\" (1988). In 1988, he appeared as Chacko in the cult investigative thriller \"Oru CBI Diary Kurippu.\" The character of Chacko has over the years attained a cult status. He reprised his role as Chacko in the CBI series sequels in 1989, 2004, 2005 and 2022. Then, in 1989, he starred in \"Ramji Rao Speaking,\" a blockbuster that ran for 200 days in theatres and went on to become the second highest grossing film of the"}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": " year. The film gave Mukesh his major break. \"Ramji Rao Speaking\" is considered by audiences and critics to be one of the best comedy films made in Malayalam cinema. The film still has a huge cult following. The film has been subject to many memes, with Mukesh's dialogue in the film \"Kambilipothappu\" becoming a catchphrase. He also starred alongside Mohanlal in \"Vandanam\" (1989), which is considered a cult classic in Malayalam cinema.</s><s>Acting career.:1990\u20131999. In the beginning of the 1990, he made an extended guest role in Priyadarshan's \"Akkare Akkare Akkare,\" which was the sequal to \"Patanapravesham\" (1989). After the success of \"Ramji Rao Speaking,\" he was offered many leading roles. The film \"Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum\" was then released, which was a commercial success. Following the success of \"Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum\" he again collaborated with Siddique-Lal for \"In Harihar Nagar,\" which is considered to be one of the defining films of"}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": " the Malayalam golden age of comedy. The film was a box office success, running for 100 days in theatres. The film established Mukesh as a bankable lead actor in the industry. The film has over the years accumulated a cult following and huge fan base, with many scenes from the film being used in memes and online trolls today. Following the success of \"In Harihar Nagar\", a series of unrelated low budget comedy films featuring the principal cast of the film were produced. These films usually starred Mukesh, Jagadeesh or Siddique in the lead roles. In 1990 he also formed a successful onscreen pairing with another rising star, Jayaram with successful films like \"Thoovalsparsham\", \"Marupuram\" and \"Malayogom.\" He also starred as solo hero in commercially successful films like \"Gajakesariyogam, Ottayal Pattalam\" and \"Champion Thomas\" in the same year. His role as a serial womanizer in \"Kouthugal Vaartakal\" boosted his popularity as a lead actor. He also made his Tamil debut that same year in \"Manaivi Oru Manickam.\" He then, in 1991 starred in the classic comedy film, \""}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": "Godfather\" directed by Siddique-Lal, another blockbuster, the film ran for 417 days at Sreekumar Theatre in Trivandrum. \"Godfather\" became the longest running film in Malayalam film industry. The film established him as one of the major stars of the Malayalam film industry. He then teamed up with director P. G. Vishwambaran, who had earlier directed him in \"Ithu Njangalude Katha\" (1982), in several successful films like \"Innathe Programme\" and \"Irrikku M. D. Akathundu. \"He then starred in the 1991 cult slapstick comedy film \"Mookilla Rajyathu,\" in which he played the role of a mental patient who escaped from a mental asylum. The film is widely regarded as a classic in Malayalam cinema. He starred in the critically acclaimed \"Kakkathollayiram\" in which he played the role of the brother to mentally ill woman. He also worked with Shaji Kailas in \"Souhrudam\" (1991), in which he starred alongside Urvashi, Sai Kumar and Parvathy. However, \"Souhrudam\" was a box"}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": "-office bomb. The next year, he starred alongside Jayaram in Kamal's \"Aayushkalam\" (1992), a super hit at the box office. This was the first in a set of successful collabs with director Kamal. They then teamed up for the romantic comedy \"Ennodishtam Koodamo,\" another super hit. He then starred in \"Makkal Maahathmiam,\" which was written by Siddique-Lal. He then played the role of a petty thief in \"Manyanmar.\" This was his first onscreen pairing with Sreenivasan. The following year, he starred in the Balachandra Menon directorial \"Ammayane Sathyam.\" The film was also a box office success, running for 100 days in theatres. The next year, he starred in \"Malappuram Haji Mahanaya Joji,\" another box office success. It ran for 125 days in theatres and was one of the highest grossers of the year. By the mid-1990's Mukesh got stuck in an image trap, usually of a young man behaving, or thought to be behaving fraudulently under pressure, such as a bribe taking policeman, a thief on the"}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": " run, or someone lying to impress his parents, or to get a job. The mid-1990's also signaled the end of the golden age of comedy. In 1995, most of his films were failures at the box office, sparring a few such as \"Sipayi Lahala\" and \"Mannar Mathai Speaking\" (the sequel to \"Ramji Rao Speaking\"). The consecutive failures of his films forced him move on to supporting roles. He appeared in a supporting role to Mammootty in the 1996 comedy-drama film \"Hitler\", directed by Siddique of the Siddique-Lal duo. \"Hitler\" became the highest-grossing Malayalam film at the time, and completed a 300-day theatrical run. It became the most viewed film in the history of Mollywood. He then starred in Sibi Malayil's 1996 film \"Kanakkinavu,\" which was screened at the Indian Panorama section of the IFFI and won the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration. The film was also commercially successful. The next year, all of his films except for \"Kalyana Kacheri,\" bombed at the box office. The following year, he starred"}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": " in \"Mattupetti Machan,\" which was one of the highest grossers of the year and ran for 100 days in theatres. It was remade in Tamil as \"Banda Paramasivam\", in Hindi as \"Housefull 2\". He then made a cameo appearance as himself in the highly successful \"Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam.\" 1999 was a successful year for Mukesh as he starred in two super-hits namely, \"Friends,\" which was the highest grosser of the year (He starred alongside Jayaram for the first time in 7 years and Sreenivasan) and alongside Divya Unni in the Vinayan directorial \"Aakasha Ganga,\" which was the fourth highest grossing film of the year.</s><s>Acting career.:Later career. In the 2000s and 2010s, he struggled to escape an image trap. Regardless, he came back with interesting supporting roles in \"Udayananu Tharam\", \"Goal\", \"Vinodayathra\", \"Boyy Friennd\", \"Kaiyoppu\", \"Naalu Pennungal\" and \"Katha Parayumbol\". He has been a part of many of Mohan"}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": "lal's comedies, most of them directed by Priyadarshan. He also ventured into production with Sreenivasan, their first movie, \"Katha Parayumbol\", featured a cameo by Mammootty. Mukesh was the host of a Malayalam version of \"Deal or No Deal\", which was aired on Surya TV. In 2007, Mukesh authored a book based on experiences while he was a student at college, and tales from his life as a movie actor. titled \"Mukesh Kathakal \u2013 Jeevithathiley Nerum Narmavum\". It proved very successful. He is now acting in Badai bungalow, a comedy and celebrity talk show hosted by Ramesh Pisharody, launched on Asianet from 2013.</s><s>Awards. - 2007 : Asianet Film Award for Best Film (Producer) \u2013 \"Kadha Parayumbol\" - 2007 : Filmfare Award for Best Film \u2013 Malayalam (Producer) \u2013 \"Kadha Parayumbol\" - 2007 : Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value-\"Kadha Parayumbol\" - 2011 : ISC Award - 2013 :"}, {"title": "Mukesh (actor)", "text": " Kerala Film Critics Association Awards - Second Best Actor -, \"Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil\" - 2016 : Asianet Special Awards - Multifaceted personality of the year</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:As producer. - \"Katha Parayumbol\" (2007) - \"Thattathin Marayathu\" (2012)</s><s>Television career.</s><s>Television career.:Radio anchor. - \" Laksham Laksham Pinnale (2013) (Reality show-Super 94.7 fm)</s><s>Television career.:Theater performance. - Mukesh started Kalidasa Visual Magic for play productions. His first play \"Chayamukhi\" was in 2008 with Mohanlal and was written and directed by Prasanth Narayanan. He also appeared with his sister, Sandhya Rajendan and his wife Methil in the 2015 adaptation of \"Naaga\", directed by Suveeran.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Mukesh (actor)", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000382", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Samir Kochhar.", "docs": [{"title": "Samir Kochhar", "text": "<s>Samir Kochhar Samir Kochhar (born 23 May 1980) is an Indian actor and television presenter known for being the host of the pre-match Indian Premier League show, \"Extraaa Innings T20\". He currently stars in Netflix India's Sacred Games.</s><s>Career. Kochhar started his career with Doordarshan's AIDS awareness cum travel show \"Haath Se Haath Mila\" which he anchored with Sugandha Garg. He made his Bollywood film debut in 2003 with Sumeer Sabharwal's bilingual film \"Valentine Days\". Kochhar made his television debut with \"Dangerous\", a talk show on sex, which was broadcast on Zoom. He appeared as Rajat Kapur in the soap opera \"Bade Acche Lagte Hain\". In 2005, he appeared in Mohit Suri's \"Zeher\" (2005) and followed it with the thriller \"Jannat\" (2008), where he played a police inspector. Kochhar was part of \"Island City\" directed by Ruchika Oberoi, that received rave reviews at the Venice International Film Festival as well as the JIO MAMI Film Festival 2015 in Mumbai. He will also be seen in \"Mango Dreams\","}, {"title": "Samir Kochhar", "text": " a feature film set in India, directed by American director John Unchurch. Kochhar is also part of the CCL (Celebrity Cricket League) team Mumbai Heroes. Kochhar had two commercial releases in 2016 - Sajid Nadiadwala's \"Housefull 3\" with Akshay Kumar & Mango Dreams and \"Hume Tumse Pyaar Kitna\" with Karanvir Bohra directed by Lalit Mohan which is set to release in 2018</s><s>Personal life. Kochhar married his longtime girlfriend Radhika on 9 January 2010. In April 2015, they became parents to a baby boy whom they named Kabir and a baby girl named Sara in October 2017.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Samir Kochhar", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000383", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Maya Yoshida.", "docs": [{"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": "<s>Maya Yoshida</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Nagoya Grampus. Born in Nagasaki, Japan, Yoshida began playing football at Nanling FC in his second year at elementary school. His older brother, Honami, played an important role in starting his football career when he searched on the internet for Nagoya Grampus's U-15 team and this led Yoshida to join the U-15 side. Once Yoshida has joined, Yoshida relocated to Nagoya to be close at Nagoya Grampus and attended Toyota High School. After spending five years at Nagoya Grampus Youth Academy, he was promoted to the first team in the 2007 season, having signed his first professional contract. Yoshida joined the club's first team training soon after and started out in a defensive midfielder when playing for Grampus's youth team, but was converted to a centre back. After spending months on the substitute bench, Yoshida finally made his debut for the club, coming on as a second-half substitute, in a 2\u20131 loss against Oita Trinita on 3 May 2007. Since then, he became a first team regular for the side, playing in the centre\u2013back position. It wasn't until on"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " 5 November 2007 when Yoshida scored his first Nagoya Grampus goal, in a 3\u20131 win against Thespa Kusatsu in the fourth round of the Emperor's Cup. At the end of the 2007 season, he went on to make twenty\u2013four appearances and scoring once in all competitions. In the 2008 season, Yoshida began to feature in the starting line-up for most of the league matches with his Serbian teammate Milo\u0161 Bajalica. He started the season well when he helped the side go on an unbeaten with seven matches in all competitions. Yoshida continued to feature in the first team until he was called up to the Japan U23 squad in July. After Japan U23's elimination in the Summer Olympics, it wasn't until on 23 August 2008 when Yoshida returned to the starting line-up against Kashima Antlers and scored his first goal of the season, in a 2\u20131 win. Following this, he lost his first team place and was placed on the substitute bench for the next five matches, leading his playing time to be reduced. Yoshida's second goal then came on 2 November 2008 against FC Gifu in the fourth round of the Emperor's Cup and helped them win 1\u20130. By mid\u2013October"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": ", he regained his first team place for the remaining matches of the season and helped the side finish third place in the league. For his performance, Yoshida was award Rookie of the Year at the 14th Aichi Toyota \"Grand Pass Rankle Award\". At the end of the 2008 season, he went on to make twenty\u2013nine appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. At the start of the 2009 season, Yoshida switched number shirt to four. He scored Nagoya Grampus's historical first goal in the AFC Champions League in the game against Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i on 10 March 2009. Yoshida continued to regain his first team place for the side, playing in the centre\u2013back position. A month later on 26 April 2009, he scored his second goal of the season, in a 2\u20131 win against Yokohama F. Marinos. However, Yoshida suffered a calf injury that saw him sidelined for two weeks. Yoshida made his first team return on 18 July 2009 and started the whole game, in a 1\u20131 draw against Kyoto Sanga. He scored his third goal of the season, in a 2\u20131 win against FC Tokyo eleven days later on 29 July 2009, but the club was eliminated in the J"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": ".League Cup following a 6\u20133 on aggregate. Yoshida later added two more goals throughout September, scoring against Kashiwa Reysol and Kawasaki Frontale. Since returning to the first team, Yoshida regained his first team place for the remaining matches of the season. He later added two more goals throughout October. Yoshida scored his eighth goal of the season, in a 3\u20131 win against J\u00fabilo Iwata in the fourth round of the Emperor's Cup. He later helped the club to reach the Emperor's Cup final after beating Shimizu S-Pulse 5\u20134 on penalty shoot\u2013out following a 1\u20131 draw throughout 120 minutes. However, he started in the Emperor's Cup Final against Gamba Osaka, as Nagoya Grampus lost 4\u20131 in what turned out to be his last appearance for the club. At the end of the 2009 season, Yoshida went on to make forty\u2013eight appearances and scoring eight times in all competitions.</s><s>Club career.:VVV-Venlo. In December 2009, it was announced that Yoshida had transferred to Dutch club VVV-Venlo, signing a three\u2013year contract. He had desired to play for a club in Europe since he was young"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": ". Keisuke Honda, who was his teammate at Nagoya Grampus, introduced his agent, Tetsuro Kiyooka to support his future vision. Indeed, Yoshida followed the footsteps of Keisuke Honda who also played for VVV-Venlo before he joined them. However, Yoshida's start to VVV-Venlo career suffered a setback when he fractured his foot and left him sidelined for the rest of the 2009\u201310 season. At the start of the 2010\u201311 season, Yoshida continued to recover from his fractured foot. It wasn't until on 30 October 2010 when he made his VVV-Venlo debut, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute, and set up the club's third goal of the game, in a 5\u20133 loss against FC Groningen. Since making his debut, Yoshida quickly became a first team regular for the side. After spending January with Japan in the Asian Cup and winning the tournament, he made his first team return, starting the whole game, in a 3\u20130 win against NAC Breda on 5 February 2011. Yoshida later regained his first team place for the remaining matches of the season, as VVV-Venlo qualified for the"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " relegation play\u2013offs. He started all the four matches in the relegation play\u2013offs and helped the club retain their Eredivisie league status. At the end of the 2010\u201311 season, Yoshida went on to make twenty\u2013four appearances in all competitions. At the start of the 2011\u201312 season, Yoshida continued to retain his first team place for the side, playing in the centre\u2013back position. He scored a bicycle kick goal for VVV-Venlo off a corner kick on 11 September 2011 against PSV Eindhoven, as the match ended in a 3\u20133 draw. This goal was awarded as \"Goal of the Season 2011\u20132012\" of the Eredivisie. The Yoshida scored his second goal of the season, in a 4\u20131 win against RKC Waalwijk on 22 October 2011. It wasn't until on 18 February 2012 when he scored his third goal of the season, in a 4\u20131 win against De Graafschap. Yoshida's fourth goal of the season came on 3 March 2012, in a 2\u20131 win against NAC Breda. He scored his fifth goal of the season against Roda JC, but was sent off in the 73rd"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " minute for an unprofessional foul, in a 3\u20131 loss. After serving a two match suspension, Yoshida returned to the starting line-up, starting the whole game, in a 2\u20130 loss against PSV Eindhoven on 31 March 2012. He later started all the four matches in the relegation play\u2013offs and helped the club retain their Eredivisie league status once again. Yoshida's experience in the relegation play\u2013offs led him to write a blog about the subject. At the end of the 2011\u201312 season, Yoshida went on to make thirty\u2013seven appearances and scoring five times in all competitions as a central defender. In the 2012\u201313 season, Yoshida made two appearances for the side, including one against ADO Den Haag on 25 August 2012, in which he set up the club's first goal of the game, as they lost 4\u20132 in what turned out to be his last appearance for VVV-Venlo.</s><s>Club career.:Southampton. On 30 August 2012, Yoshida agreed to join newly\u2013promoted Premier League side Southampton on a three-year contract for a fee thought to be in the region of \u00a33 million and was joined by his teammate, Tadanari"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " Lee. Upon joining the club, he told the \"Southern Daily Echo\" that the move to England would help him grow as a player. Yoshida made his debut for the Saints on 15 September 2012, against Arsenal in a 6\u20131 defeat, coming on as a 28th-minute substitute for Jos Hooiveld. He then made his home debut a week later on 22 September 2012 in a 4\u20131 win over Aston Villa, playing the whole 90 minutes. Since joining the club, Yoshida quickly became a first team regular, playing in the centre\u2013back position and forming a partnership with Jos\u00e9 Fonte. During a 1\u20131 draw against Swansea City on 10 November 2012, Yoshida made a poor control to the ball that led to Nathan Dyer scoring an equaliser. Despite, he continued to retain his first team place against Queens Park Rangers and helped them win 3\u20131 on 15 November 2012. Along the way, he was rotated to playing in the left\u2013back and right\u2013back positions. Since making his debut for Southampton, Yoshida started in every match for the side and helped improve the results on both the club and the player, himself. Having started the 2012\u201313 season at the bottom of the table, results have improved and he helped the"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " side avoid relegation by finishing fourteenth place. In his first season at Southampton, he went on to make thirty\u2013four appearances in all competitions. However at the start of the 2013\u201314 season, Yoshida's first team opportunities became limited under the management of Mauricio Pochettino and he found himself on the substitute bench. Despite this, he made his first appearance of the season, in a 5\u20131 win against Barnsley on 27 August 2013. Yoshida then scored his first goal for Southampton in a 2\u20131 defeat to Sunderland in the League Cup on 6 November 2013. A month later on 4 December 2013, he made his first Premier League appearance, starting the whole game, in a 3\u20132 loss against Aston Villa. At the start of January, Yoshida had a first team run in following an injury to Dejan Lovren, starting the next six matches and improved with the results. He scored his first Premier League goal in a 3\u20131 defeat at West Ham United on 22 February 2014 after a Steven Davis free kick. But following Lovern's return, he was once again behind the pecking order in the centre\u2013back competitions, as well as, his own injury concerns. At the end of the 2013\u201314 season, Yoshida"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " went on to make fourteen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. At the start of the 2014\u201315 season, Yoshida regained his first team place, playing in the centre\u2013back position, following Lovern's departure. However, during a 1\u20130 win against Swansea City on 20 September 2014, he suffered ankle injury that saw him substituted in the second half, resulting in him sidelined for four weeks. Although Yoshida returned from injury, he was placed on the substitute bench until on 30 November 2014 against Manchester City, coming on as a second\u2013half substitute, in a 3\u20130 loss. His next goal came on 20 December 2014, in a 3\u20130 victory over Everton, with Steven Davis again providing the assist. Two weeks later on 8 January 2015, Southampton announced that Yoshida and the club had agreed terms to an extension of his contract until 2018. After spending January with Japan's campaign at the AFC Asian Cup, he returned to the starting line-up and played the whole game, in a 1\u20130 loss against Swansea City on 1 February 2015. In a follow\u2013up match against Queens Park Rangers, Yoshida played an important role in the game when he set up the only goal of the game, in a 1\u20130 win. Towards"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " the end of the season, he found himself in and out of the starting line-up in the first team and demoted on the substitute bench. Despite this, Yoshida helped the club finish seventh place in the league, resulting in their qualifying for the UEFA Europa League next season. At the end of the 2014\u201315 season, he went on to make twenty\u2013three appearances and scoring once in all competitions. At the start of the 2015\u201316 season, Yoshida started the season well when he helped a clean sheet in both legs by beating Vitesse 5\u20130 on aggregate in the third round of the UEFA Europa League. However, Yoshida was unable to help Southampton reach the Group Stage of the tournament after losing 2\u20131 on aggregate against Midtjylland. Despite this, Yoshida helped the club keep three consecutive clean sheets between 23 August 2015 and 23 September 2015. Having started playing in the centre\u2013back position, he played in the right\u2013back position, due to increase competitions among the centre\u2013backs. During a match against Manchester United on 21 September 2015, Yoshida was at fault when his back pass backfired, allowing Anthony Martial to score, as Southampton lost 3\u20132. Following this, Yoshida mostly appeared for the side from"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " the substitute bench, due to strong competitions in the defence. On 28 October 2015, he scored his first goal of the 2015\u201316 season with a 20-yard strike against Aston Villa in the League Cup. Yoshida's second goal of the season came on 6 February 2016 in a 1\u20130 victory at St. Mary's over West Ham United. The club later finished sixth place in the league, resulting their qualification of the UEFA Europa League once again next season. At the end of the 2015\u201316 season, he went on to make twenty\u2013seven appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. At the start of the 2016\u201317 season, Yoshida started the match against Watford in the opening game of the season, resulting a 1\u20131 draw. However, he became a backup in the club's centre\u2013back position behind Virgil van Dijk and Fonte. Despite this, national newspaper Daily Mirror mentioned Yoshida in their article of Premier League pace-setters. It wasn't until on 6 November 2016 when he made his return to the starting line-up against Hull City and won a penalty, leading Charlie Austin to successfully convert, leading Southampton losing 2\u20131. Amid to the league, Yoshida started all six matches in the UEFA Europa League"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": ". He helped the side keep two clean sheets in the first two matches. After a famous 2\u20131 win against Inter Milan on 3 November 2016, their forms declined and were eliminated from the tournament. It wasn't until on 7 January 2017 when Yoshida scored his first goal of the season, in a 2\u20132 draw against Norwich City in the third round of the EFL Cup. Following the match, he dedicated his goal to his newly born baby daughter. Yoshida captained the side for the first time in his Southampton's career, beating Norwich City 1\u20130 in the third round of the FA Cup replay. Despite indifferent form on the part of both Yoshida and Southampton as a whole, Southampton became the first team in history to reach the final without conceding a single goal after beating Liverpool 2\u20130 on aggregate in the EFL semi\u2013finals. Yoshida previously helped Southampton keep three clean sheets in a built up to the EFL Cup semi\u2013finals. However, he started in the final, as Southampton lost 3\u20132 to Manchester United on 26 February 2017. Following Fonte's departure from the club, Yoshida regained his first team place for the rest of the season. It wasn't until on 5 April 2017 when he scored his second goal of"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " the season, in a 3\u20131 win against Crystal Palace. After the match, Manager Claude Puel praised Yoshida's performance, saying he was \"fantastic\" and mentioned that he could be \"a captain\" for Southampton. In a follow\u2013up, Yoshida captained the side once again, in a 1\u20130 win against West Bromwich Albion. He then made his 100th appearance for Southampton and Premier League overall, becoming the first Japanese player to reach the milestone, in a 0\u20130 draw against Hull City on 29 April 2017. At the end of the 2016\u201317 season, which saw the club finish in seventh place, Yoshida went on to make thirty\u2013seven appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. In the 2017\u201318 season, Yoshida appeared in the first three league matches of the season, including winning a penalty and it was successfully converted by Austin, in a 3\u20132 win against West Ham United on 19 August 2017. It was announced on 24 August 2017 that Yoshida signed a further extension of his contract with Southampton until 2020. He continued to remain in competitions among the centre\u2013backs, which saw him placed on the substitute bench. It wasn't until on 30 September 2017 when Yoshida scored his first goal of"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " the season, scoring from a volley in the 75th minute in a 2\u20131 loss against Stoke City. By the end of 2017, he captained six out of the eight matches for the side. Yoshida also scored his second goal of the season, in a 4\u20131 loss against Leicester City on 13 December 2017. However, Yoshida suffered a hamstring injury that kept him out for two weeks. It wasn't until on 27 January 2018 when he made return from injury, coming on as a 67th-minute substitute, in a 1\u20130 win against Watford. Yoshida's return was short\u2013lived when he suffered a knee injury that kept him out for two months. It wasn't until on 8 April 2018 when Yoshida returned to the starting line-up and played for 72 minutes before being substituted, in a 3\u20132 loss against Arsenal. Throughout the 2017\u201318 season, the club have found themselves in a relegation zone, putting their Premier League status under threat. However, in the penultimate match of the season, a 1\u20131 draw with Everton on 5 May 2018, he was sent\u2013off for a second bookable offence, so was suspended for the visit to Swansea City from which Southampton needed a win to survive at their hosts'"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " expense. The match was won by Southampton, so Swansea City were relegated. At the end of the 2017\u201318 season, Yoshida went on to make twenty\u2013eight appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. Ahead of the 2018\u201319 season, Yoshida was linked a move away from Southampton, with Saudi Arabian side Al Hilal interested. But the transfer speculation came to an end after Yoshida announced his intention to stay at the club. At the start of the season, he found his first team opportunities limited under the management of Mark Hughes. It wasn't until on 27 August 2018 when Yoshida made his first appearance of the season, starting the whole game, in a 1\u20130 win against Brighton & Hove Albion in the second round of the EFL Cup. He soon had a first team run, starting a lot of matches by the end of 2018. Following his international commitment with Japan at the AFC Asian Cup came to an end, it wasn't until on 27 February 2019 when Yoshida returned to the starting line-up and helped the side keep a clean sheet, in a 2\u20130 win against Fulham. Since returning to the first team, he regained his place for the rest of the season and helped Southampton avoid relegation once again. Despite being"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " sidelined with an illness that eventually saw him out for the rest of the 2018\u201319 season, Yoshida went on to make twenty appearances in all competitions. In the 2019\u201320 season, Yoshida made his first appearance of the season, starting the whole game, in a 2\u20131 loss against Liverpool on 17 August 2019. He soon had a first team run ins for the next two months. Following a 9\u20130 loss to Leicester City in October, Yoshida was dropped to the bench and only played two further times for the team.</s><s>Club career.:Sampdoria. On 31 January 2020, Yoshida joined Serie A side Sampdoria on loan until the end of the season. Local newspaper the Southern Daily Echo described Yoshida's departure as the \"end of an era\". Having appeared on the substitute bench for two matches, Yoshida made his Sampdoria debut against Hellas Verona on 8 March 2020 and played the whole game, as the club won 2\u20131. Following his debut for Sampdoria, he quickly became a fan favourite among the club's supporters. However, this turns out to be his only appearance for Sampdoria, as the season was suspended because of the COVID-19 pandemic. He remained an integral"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " part of the club once the season resumed behind closed doors. In a match against Udinese on 12 July 2020, Yoshida set up a goal for Manolo Gabbiadini to help Sampdoria secure a 3\u20131 win. By the end of the 2019\u201320 season, Yoshida made fourteen appearances in all competitions. After two months of negotiations over a permanent move, Yoshida returned to Sampdoria, signing a one\u2013year contract with the club and took a pay cut upon doing so. His first game after signing for Sampdoria on a permanent basis came in the opening game of the season against Juventus, coming on as a second half substititute, in a 3\u20130 loss. Since joining the club, he found himself facing competitions in the centre\u2013back positions with Omar Colley and Lorenzo Tonelli. Despite this, Yoshida continued to remain in the starting line\u2013up, forming a centre\u2013back partnership with either Colley or Tonelli. Halfway through the 2020\u201321 season, Yoshida played in the right\u2013back position three times between 23 December 2020 and 6 January 2021, due to the absent of Bartosz Bereszy\u0144ski. Following the return of Bereszy\u0144ski, he returned to"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " playing in the centre\u2013back position for the rest of the 2020\u201321 season. On 19 January 2021, Yoshida signed a two\u2013year contract with the club, keeping him until 2022. He scored his first goal for the \"Blucerchiati\" on 24 January 2021 against Parma. Despite suffering setbacks on two occasions throughout the 2020\u201321 season, Yoshida made thirty\u2013four appearances and scoring once in all competitions.</s><s>Club career.:Schalke 04. On 5 July 2022, he was unveiled as a new Schalke 04 player, signing a one-year contract extending until 30 June, with a renewal option in his contract.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Youth career. Yoshida earned a call-up for Japan's U-23 team in April 2008 for the first time following good performance at Nagoya Grampus. A month later on 22 May 2008, he made his Japan U23 debut in the Toulon Tournament and started the whole game, in a 2\u20131 win against France. Yoshida went on to make two appearances in the tournament, as Japan U-23 finished fourth place after reaching the semi\u2013finals. It was announced on 14 July 2008 that Yoshida was called up to"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " the Japan U-23 team for the 2008 Summer Olympic in Beijing. After appearing twice as an unused substitute, he made his debut in the tournament, starting the whole game, in a 1\u20130 loss against Netherlands on 13 August 2008 and the side was eliminated from the tournament. Four years later, Yoshida was called up to the Japan U-23 team for the second time ahead of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Ahead of the tournament, he was named as captain by Manager Takashi Sekizuka. Yoshida's first match as captain came on 26 July 2012 against Spain and helped the side keep a clean sheet, in a 1\u20130 win. In the next two matches, he helped the side keep two more clean sheets against Morocco U23 and Honduras U23 with a win and draw respectively, resulting in Japan U23 qualifying for the knockout stage. Yoshida scored his first goal of the tournament, scoring a header from Hiroshi Kiyotake's free kick, in a 3\u20130 against Egypt U23 in the quarter\u2013finals. However, he continued to lead Japan U23 finished fourth place in the Olympics after losing to Mexico U23 and South Korea U23. After the match, Yoshida said: \"I can appreciate that the team whose"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " initial expectation was not so high has advanced to the top four for the first time in 44 years. I do not think why I could not go on it or got a medal The Olympics are a gathering of young athletes called the U-23, and it is important that as many athletes go into the national team as A and stand on the World Cup stage.\" In June 2021, Yoshida was named in the squad for his third Olympic tournament, this time on home soil, as one of three available over-age players. It was also announced that he would be the captain for the tournament. Prior to the start of the Olympics, Yoshida was featured in three out of the four friendly matches for the Samurai Blue. During which, he said about the Olympics event without spectators, saying: \"I'm sorry for the non-audience. A lot of customers came to see us today, and the supporters' cheers helped us during the last 5 minutes and 10 minutes. It's a difficult situation. Now it's a difficult situation no matter which one you comment on.\" Yoshida soon clarified his statement, saying it was his \"personal idea\". He helped Japan win all three matches in the group stage to advance to the knockout stage. In the quarter\u2013final against New Zealand"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": ", Yoshida captained the whole game throughout 120 minutes with a goalless result and successfully converted the winning kick in the penalty shootout, as the Samurai Blue won 4\u20132 to reach the semi\u2013finals. However, Japan lost the next two matches in the semi\u2013finals and bronze medal match against Spain and Mexico respectively. Despite failing to win a medal as he hoped for, Yoshida reflected about being captain for Japan in the Olympics, saying: \"I had a lot of fun. I thought I could give everyone something, but young players could absorb a lot of things. I think I was able to grow as a player. Let's be proud and go home. I want to be proud and go home. This is not the end. Still, my soccer life will continue.\"</s><s>International career.:Senior career. In December 2009, Yoshida was called up to the senior national team for the first time. He made his full international debut for Japan on 6 January 2010 in a 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualifier against Yemen. Yoshida later reflected on his debut, saying: \"Of course Yemen war of 2010 (3-2) because it was all the way to the target, I was happy.\" After fracturing his fingers, Yoshida stated that he was determined"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " to recovery from his injury and hope to get called up for the 2010 World Cup squad. However, Yoshida did not make the cut. In December 2010, Yoshida was called up for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar. Under the management of Alberto Zaccheroni, it's emerged that Yoshida is expecting to start in the centre\u2013back position ahead of the tournament. He scored his first Japan goal, in a 1\u20131 draw against Jordan on 9 January 2011. Yoshida started two more matches in the group-stage, as Japan progressed through the knockout stage. However, Yoshida was sent\u2013off for a second bookable offence, in a 3\u20132 win against Qatar in the quarter\u2013finals of the AFC Asian Cup. After serving a one match suspension, Yoshida returned to the starting line-ups in the AFC Asian Cup Final against Australia and played 120 minutes, as they beat the Socceroos 1\u20130 to win the AFC Asian Cup, thanks to Tadanari Lee. Between 7 June 2011 and 2 September 2011, Yoshida kept three consecutive three cleans; including once against North Korea, which he scored the only goal of the game. Yoshida kept an additional three more clean sheets between 7 October 2011 and 11 November 2011. Following the Olympics"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": ", Yoshida continued to help Japan by keeping three consecutive clean sheets between 6 September 2012 and 12 October 2012 against UAE, Iraq and France. He later helped Japan qualify for the World Cup after drawing 1\u20131 against Australia on 4 June 2013. Two days later, Yoshida was called up to the Samurai Blue for the 2013 Confederations Cup squad. He was featured three times in the tournament, as Japan loss all three matches and was eliminated in the Group Stage. In May 2014, Yoshida was named in Japan's preliminary squad for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. In the end, he made it to the final cut for the 23-man squad. Yoshida started all three matches despite facing competitions from the centre\u2013back and subsequently, Japan was eliminated from the tournament in the group stage, without winning any matches. Despite this, he kept a clean sheet in a 0\u20130 draw against Greece on 20 June 2014. Later in 2014, Yoshida scored his first Japan's goal in three years, as they beat Honduras 6\u20130 on 14 November 2014. In December 2014, Yoshida was selected as a member of the Japanese team for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup in Australia. He played Japan's opener match against debutant Palestine and scored the final goal in a 4"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": "\u20130 win. Yoshida helped Japan keep two more clean sheets to advance through to the quarter\u2013finals. However, he conceded a goal from Ali Mabkhout before Japan equalised and the match was played throughout 120 minutes; ultimately, they were eliminated after losing in penalty\u2013shootout. After the match, Yoshida acknowledged his fault for conceding a goal from the opposition team. Throughout Japan's matches in the World Cup Qualifying Round, Yoshida then scored again in a 3\u20130 win against Cambodia on 3 September 2015. He later helped Japan keep two more clean sheets against Afghanistan and Syria. Yoshida kept four more clean sheets in the World Cup Qualifying Round between 12 November 2015 and 29 March 2016. During the run, he scored two goals against Singapore and Afghanistan. Three months later on 3 June 2016, Yoshida scored a brace, scoring in the fourth and five goal, in a 7\u20132 win against Bulgaria. The following March, he captained Japan for the first time in his career and helped the Samurai Blue beat United Arabs Emirates 2\u20130. After the match, Yoshida said: \"I have played several times in my team, but it is a big thing to be the captain of the national team. I felt it.\" In"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " a follow\u2013up match against Thailand, he scored again, in a 4\u20130 win. Three months later, on 31 August 2017, Yoshida started the whole match against Australia and helped Japan qualify for the World Cup after beating the Socceroos 2\u20130. On 31 May 2018, Yoshida was selected in the 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. It was expected once again that Yoshida will be starting in the centre\u2013back position ahead of the tournament. He played every single minute in all the group stage matches against Colombia, Senegal and Poland. His side were knocked out of the tournament after losing 3\u20132 to Belgium in the round of 16 match. His performance in the World Cup earned praises from the British media, such as, The Guardian and BBC Sport. In December 2018, Yoshida was one of 23 Japanese players selected for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. Ahead of the tournament, he was given the captaincy once again. Yoshida started the tournament as captain well when he helped Japan win 3\u20132 against Turkmenistan. In a follow\u2013up match against Oman, Yoshida led the side to keep a clean sheet, in a 1\u20130 win to advance to the knockout stage. He later helped Japan keep three clean"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " sheets that led the Samurai Blue reaching the final for the first time since 2011. In the AFC Asian Cup final against Qatar, Yoshida started and captained the side, as they lost 3\u20131, finishing as runner\u2013up in the process. During the match, he was penalised for handball, leading Qatar to successfully convert the penalty to give the opposition team a 3\u20131 lead. After the match, Yoshida said: \"I felt that the team had a good performance in the (semi-final) match against Iran, and they felt that they were going to be able to go this way and be able to go this way. I couldn't control, and I didn't win. I feel unhappy.\" However, Yoshida's call-up to the tournament caused squad selection problems for new Southampton manager Ralph Hasenh\u00fcttl during his absence. In response, he acknowledged the risk he took by playing for Japan in the Asian Cup. Following the conclusion of the AFC Asian Cup, Yoshida didn't receive an international call\u2013up until August. He was also given the captaincy. Yoshida captained the remaining matches of 2019 with clean sheets. During this run, he scored his first international goal of the year, in a 6\u20130"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " win against Mongolia on 10 October 2019. On 14 November 2019, Yoshida also played his 100th match for Japan against Kyrgyzstan. Almost a year later, in October 2020, he was called up to the Samurai Blue squad. He started four matches as captain by the end of the year and helped Japan keep three consecutive clean sheets before losing to Mexico on 17 November 2020. At the beginning of 2021, Yoshida continued to retain his captaincy and helped the Samurai Blue kept another three consecutive clean sheets against South Korea, Mongolia and Myanmar.</s><s>Personal life. Yoshida has two brothers: Mirei and Honami He later credited his older brother, Honami, for playing an important role in his football career. Before he was born, his name \"Maya\" was originally planned for a girl when his mother was pregnant. But the name was kept even if it was a boy who was born. Yoshida revealed on his blog on 26 September 2012 that he was married. Four years later, Yoshida revealed he was a first time father when his wife gave birth to a baby daughter. During his time at Southampton, Yoshida resided in Winchester. After spending seven years at Southampton, Yoshida revealed in an interview with SunSport that he's a permanent"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " resident in the United Kingdom and feels 25 per cent English. His family runs a boarding house in Nagasaki for children who cannot go to high school. Growing up, Yoshida revealed he's a fan of Dragon Ball Z and had an entire collection until his Dad gave it to charity. Yoshida reflected on this, saying it helped him to think generously and give back to society. In November 2007, Yoshida signed for an agency with Tetsuro Kiyooka, a FIFA Players' Agent (Sports agent), in hopes of moving to Europe. It worked when he joined VVV-Venlo, three years later after signing for Tetsuro Kiyooka. Since moving to Europe, Yoshida created his personal blog, where he reflected about his experience living and playing in a different continent. On every anniversary of the Atomic bombings, Yoshida, who is from Nagasaki, spoke out about the thoughts of the event. In May 2018, Yoshida published his first book titled \"Unbeatable Mind\". In addition to speaking Japanese, Yoshida is fluent in English since he first studied the language in middle school. Yoshida also studied Italian and Spanish. By August 2020, Yoshida began to speak Italian fluently. On 9 August 2013, it was"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " announced that Yoshida would be on the front cover of the Japanese Edition of FIFA 14. During his Japan's career, Yoshida said he considered Atsuto Uchida as fellow competitor, yet his best friend, and is also friends with Eiji Kawashima. Yoshida has an uncle, Tsuyoshi Shimoyanagi, who is a former professional baseball player. He is also a part-owner of Soccer Samurai. In August 2019, Yoshida revealed that he was pledging one percent of his salary to a pledge-based charitable movement, named Saints Foundation. Two months later, Yoshida was named ambassador for the Saints' Foundation along with teammate James Ward-Prowse. In the wake of COVID-19 pandemic, Yoshida posted a message on his social media account, urging people to stay at home. While the season was suspended because of the COVID-19 pandemic, Yoshida said he exercised daily for three months in order to maintain his fitness. In May 2020, Yoshida used his own money to buy 10,000 masks from Japan and deliver them to hospitals in Genoa.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Southampton -"}, {"title": "Maya Yoshida", "text": " EFL Cup runner-up: 2016\u201317 Japan - AFC Asian Cup: 2011; runner-up: 2019 Individual - AFC Asian Cup Team of the Tournament: 2019 - IFFHS AFC Man Team of the Year: 2020 - IFFHS AFC Men's Team of the Decade 2011\u20132020</s><s>See also. - List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Maya Yoshida", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000384", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Gopi Sundar.", "docs": [{"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": "<s>Gopi Sundar Gopi Sundar C. S. (born 30 May 1977) is an Indian music director, programmer, playback singer, songwriter, actor and performer who works prominently in Malayalam, Telugu and Tamil film industries. He started his career composing music for television commercials, has nearly 5,000 jingles to his credit. As a keyboard programmer, he has collaborated with many music directors including the composer duo Vishal\u2013Shekhar. He has won several accolades for his soundtrack albums and film scores, including a National Film Award, a Kerala State Film Award, and two Filmfare Awards South. Sundar started his own recording label, Gopi Sundar Music Company in 2014 with an idea to promote aspiring musicians and to make low-budget productions possible. In 2016, he formed a live performance music band called \"Band Big G\" in Dubai. In 2017, his work in the film \"Pulimurugan\" was included in the contender list for the 90th Academy Awards nominations for Best Original Song and Best Original Score categories, but none were nominated.</s><s>Early life. Born to Suresh Babu and Livi, Sundar spent a large part of his childhood in Kochi."}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": " His early interest in music started from working in his father's recording studio business and listening to the radio with his mother. During school days, Sundar was keener on playing the tabla and keyboard than studies. Eventually, when he got dropped out of school after failing his SSLC exams, his parents were supportive enough to let him pursue his dreams. Keen to make a career in music, he left for Chennai, where he took up classes at the Government Music College, but discontinued the course, feeling disillusioned.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early years. His father, Suresh, helped him get into the Malayalam composer Ouseppachan's music troupe. Ouseppachan, a longtime friend of Sundar's father, took him as an assistant and became a mentor to the youngster. While on the team, Sundar worked his way up, playing tabla and keyboard, and began getting noticed for his composing skills as well. In an association that spanned more than a decade, Sundar assisted him with several works. In the years that he spent in Chennai, he struggled to find a foothold in the music industry. His first exposure to professional music came in the form of composing jingles for TV"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": " commercials. In those difficult days, his uncle Devan, an actor-politician in Malayalam films, helped him get a roof over his head. Sridhar Kariat, son of the legendary Malayalam filmmaker Ramu Kariat, showed him the ropes of how to stand out in the fast lane of advertising. In the world of the catchy jingle music of advertising, it took him seven years to create a niche for himself. His ever-growing repertoire consists of almost 5,000 jingles, a number of them advertising the work of filmmaker and feature film cinematographer Rajiv Menon. He has also done keyboard programming for the Bollywood music director duo Vishal\u2013Shekhar, including for popular songs like \"Ek Main Aur Ek Tu Hai\" (\"Bluffmaster!\"), \"Aankhon mein teri\" (\"Om Shanti Om\"), and music for \"Taxi No. 9211\".</s><s>Career.:2005\u20132012. Sundar got his first break as a film score composer with \"Notebook\", after the director Rosshan Andrews happened to notice his programming for the film \"Udayananu Tharam\". The eventual success of the film catapulted him into the mainstream, with Sibi"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": " Malayil offering him the first contract for soundtrack composition for the Malayalam film \"Flash\", starring Mohanlal. The turning point in his career was the film \"Big B\", which was the debut feature of not only the director Amal Neerad but also a host of technicians including Sameer Thahir, Vivek Harshan, and Unni R. Although the film, which starred Mammooty, opened to mixed reviews, it was lauded for its technical finesse and for providing a film experience that was altogether new to the Malayalam cinema. Sundar's background score, which blended aptly with the tone of the film, escalating his popularity amongst the Malayali film audiences. \"Big B\" marked the beginning of Sundar's long-term association with Amal Neerad. In 2008, Sundar made his Tamil film industry debut by composing the background score for the film \"Poi Solla Porom\". He then went on to compose songs for a number of films and the film \"Sagar Alias Jackie Reloaded\" (2009), which starred Mohanlal, had him compose both the soundtrack and the film score. Despite the film being panned by critics and audiences alike, the songs were an instant hit"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": ". The first major award came his way for the film \"Anwar\" in 2010, for which he received the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director. Casanovva (2012), a Malayalam romantic-thriller film, saw him reunite with Rosshan Andrrews. He shared music credits with Alphons Joseph and Gowri Lakshmi for the soundtrack. Although the audio rights were acquired by Satyam Audios at a record price of \u20b912\u00a0million (US$190,000), the film had a disappointing run at the box office. His next major work that year was for Anwar Rasheed's film \"Ustad Hotel\". The film won wide critical acclaim and was a commercial success. The film's five-song soundtrack went on to become one of his most popular soundtrack albums and received rave reviews from critics, audiences, and his contemporaries alike. \"Appangalembadum\", a quirky reworking of a popular but traditional Mappilappattu song crooned by Anna Katharina Valayil, was an instant hit following its radio release and eventually became one of the biggest hits of the year. It got him the year's Filmfare Award, Asianet Film Awards, SIIMA,"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": " and Kochi Times Awards for Best Music Direction, and a Pearl Award for Best Background Score. Music director Bijibal, picked the film score of \"Ustad Hotel\" as his favourite when asked to pick \"the best contemporary background score of his choice\".</s><s>Career.:2013\u20132015. In 2013, he sang a melody called \"Titli\", tuned by Vishal\u2013Shekhar along with Chinmayi and Srimathumitha, for the Bollywood film \"Chennai Express\". The Rohit Shetty film, which also starred Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone, turned out to be one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time. Sundar's subsequent films found commercial success, including the Dulquer Salmaan vehicle, \"Left Right Left\", \"5 Sundarikal\", \"Vishuddhan\", and \"Salalah Mobiles\". With \"Salalah Mobiles\", he made his acting debut, with a cameo appearance as a qawwali singer in the song \"Rasoolallah\". His fame increased with the release of his 2014 film titled \"1983\", a coming-of-age sports drama film which marked the debut of screenwriter-director Abrid"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": " Shine. The film, a tribute to cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, was the first successful film of 2014. The soundtrack of the film was also a success, and the track \"Olanjali Kuruvi\", sung by P.Jayachandran and Vani Jayaram, was a \"chartbuster\". \"For maintaining the tempo of the film with an in-sync background score\", Sundar received the National Film Award for Best Background Score from the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee, at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi. Amongst a string of films he tuned, the classical fusion single \"Sadaa Paalaya\" sung by Sithara for the film \"Mr.Fraud\", aced the charts. He also made a cameo appearance in the film, alongside Mohanlal. The film \"How Old are You?\", which marked the comeback of Malayalam film actress Manju Warrier after a 14-year sabbatical, was his next major project. The film went on to become a success, and the soundtrack was equally appreciated by the audience. \"Vijanathayil\", a lilting melody from the film sung by Shreya Ghoshal, was a huge hit"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": " that won her the Best Female Playback Singer Award at the 62nd Annual Filmfare Awards. \"Bangalore Days\", a romantic comedy drama film directed by Anjali Menon, featuring an ensemble cast of the top Malayalam actors, was his next release. The five-song soundtrack was a success and has turned out to contain his most-liked tracks. He received a Filmfare Award for Best Music Director, an Asianet Film Award for Best Music Director, and a Vanitha Film Award for Best Music Director for the film. Also, the single \"Ethu Kari Raavilum\" from the film earned Haricharan a Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer. In September, Sundar did his first live concert at Swapnanagari, Kozhikode. The musical event, organised by the Film Employees Federation of Kerala, the Music Directors Union, and the D Cutz Film Company, was the first of a series of concerts that saw eight composers coming together for the first time to raise funds for the Cochin Haneefa Foundation, which helps struggling film artists. The concert series, titled \"Jamgraab\", was made up of the first letters of the names of the eight music directors involved: J"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": "assie Gift, Alphons Joseph, Mejo Joseph, Gopi Sundar, Rahul Raj, Anil Johnson, Afzal Yusuf, and Bijibal. Following a tremendous response from the music fans, they held a second gig in February 2015 at Sharjah Cricket Stadium, which was to be followed by a world tour across the cities in US, UK and Australia in coming years. Sundar forayed into Telugu film industry with the film \"Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju\", which fetched him many fans in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. He further expanded his reach with his second Telugu film, \"Bale Bale Magadivoy\", which was a success at the box office; the soundtrack amassed equally good reviews. Deepu Joseph of \"The Times of India\" gave the soundtrack album 3.5 out of 5 stars and called it an album that \"has something in it for everyone and it sure to be a hit\". The success earned him a nomination for the Best Music Director Telugu award at the 2016 SIIMA Awards. \"Ennu Ninte Moideen\", where he collaborated with M. Jayachandran and Ramesh Narayan in music direction, was his next. He"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": " did the background score and composed the song \"Mukkathe Penne\", a poignant melody that served as a paean to the timeless love of Moideen and Kanchanamala, portrayed in the film by actors Prithviraj Sukumaran and Parvathy, respectively. The lyrics to the minute song were penned by Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor, one of Sundar's main backing vocalists. The song was written and composed in less than five minutes, and they sang it themselves. The song captured the imagination of listeners as only a few songs in Malayalam ever had. The film was a success at the box office and was equally appreciated by the critics for adapting a real-life story \"without compromising on the aesthetics of the medium\". For \"creating a haunting melodic composition\", his collaborator, M. Jayachandran, received a National Film Award for Best Music Direction. His compositions for the film \"Charlie\" also went on to become a hit, and the single \"Chundari Penne\", crooned by Dulquar Salmaan, received wide recognition. He won two Best Music Director Awards for the film: one North American Film Award and one IIFA Award.</s><s>Career.:2016\u2013present"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": ". In 2016, Sundar composed the film score and seven-song soundtrack of the Telugu film \"Oopiri\", which was simultaneously released in Tamil as \"Thozha\". The film, which featured Nagarjuna was a commercial success, grossing over \u20b91\u00a0billion (US$14.5\u00a0million) worldwide. \"The Times of India\" gave \"Oopiri\"s soundtrack four stars, calling it a \"winner on all counts and Gopi Sundar is increasingly becoming a force to be reckon with in Tollywood\". Sundar composed the soundtrack and film score for the film \"Pulimurugan\", which is currently the highest-grossing film in the Malayalam film industry. \"The Times of India\" critic Sanjith Surendran praised Sundar's \"rousing theme music that made the 161-minute runtime a breeze\". The two songs (\"Kaadanayum Kaalchilambe\" and \"Maanathe Maarikurumbe\") and the film score of \"Pulimurugan\" were selected by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to contend in the 90th Academy Awards nominations for the Best Original Song and Best Original Score categories. Including \""}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": "Pulimurugan\", a total of 70 original songs and 141 original scores were selected in that year. He won a Best Music Director award for the film from the Asiavision Awards, while K.S Chitra won the Best Female Singer Award for the song \"Kaadaniyum Kalchilambe\", along with a South Indian International Movie Awards for Best Playback Singer Female. Vani Jairam won the Best Female Singer award for the song \"Manathe Marikurumbe\" from the same film. Sundar composed the background score for the Tamil musical comedy horror film \"Devi\", which was simultaneously shot and released in Telugu and Hindi as \"Abhinetri\" and \"Tutak Tutak Tutiya\", respectively. For \"Premam\", the Telugu remake of the Malayalam film of the same name he collaborated with Rajesh Murugesan, the music director of the original Malayalam film. The film received positive reviews upon release in Telangana. Behindwoods lauded the soundtrack album for \"staying true to the original, yet exploring better nuances of music\". Sundar composed the only two songs for the Mammootty vehicle \"The Great Father\" (2017). \"Comrade in America"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": "\", a Malayalam romantic comedy film, saw him reunite with his long-time collaborator, Amal Neerad. The three-song soundtrack, of which two songs were sung by the actor Dulquar Salmaan, was released under Sundar's own record label, Gopi Sundar Music Company. The single \"Adiga Adiga\" from the Telugu film \"Ninnu Kori\", which was released in July was a hit. Having finished working on \"Role Models\", \"Tiyaan\", \"Chunkzz\", and \"Udaharanam Sujatha\", which garnered good response, his upcoming projects include \"Kammara Sambhavam\" and \"Kayamkulam Kochunni\". He won his first Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music in 2017 for the film \"Take Off\", and his song \"Vaanamakalunnuvo\" from the film \"Vimaanam\" got Sithara her second Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer. His songs from the movie \"Geetha Govindam\" also received praise. His latest music work is present in the upcoming film \"Amala\" directed by Nishad Ebrahim and Mascot Productions.</s><s>Frequent"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": " collaborators. Sundar has been the most frequent collaborator for films directed by Rosshan Andrrews. He has also frequently associated with Amal Neerad, Arun Kumar Aravind, Vysakh, along with screenwriter duo Bobby\u2013Sanjay and Murali Gopy. Most of the lyrics for the songs composed by him are penned by Rafeeq Ahamed. However, he has also collaborated extensively with lyricists Santhosh Varma and B.K Harinarayanan.</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Music band. Gopi Sundar launched \"Band Big G\", his own music band, in 2016 in front of a capacity crowd at Al Nasr Leisureland, Dubai. The band is a live performance music band with a revolving quota of vocalists and instrumentalists, with Sundar as the only permanent member. The types of songs are decided depending on the audience and the event. The first gig consisted of an ensemble of Malayalam singers Afsal, Sithara, Najim Arshad, Haricharan, Divya S. Menon, Ramsi, Kavya Ajit, and Sruthi Lakshmi{phanivardhan}.They played a fusion compilation of Sundar"}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": "'s own compositions along with old Malayalam classics.</s><s>Other ventures.:Recording studio. Sunsa Digital Workstation is Sundar's music recording studio. It is a state of the art studio primarily located in Chennai, which is used by Sundar for recording his compositions. Sundar opened his second studio in Kochi. The recording studio was featured in Discovery Channel's TV Show \"India My Way]\" in 2017. As a part of the all-India tour for their programme, the hosts \u2013 model-turned-actor Paloma Monappa and Meeraj \u2013 visited the place while the song recording for the film \"Comrade in America\" was in progress. The show also features Amal Neerad, Dulquer Salmaan, and Sundar himself giving insights into the new wave of Malayalam cinema.</s><s>Other ventures.:Music label. Gopi Sundar launched his own record label, Gopi Sundar Music Company, in 2014. The label aims to support aspiring filmmakers and promising low-budget films by producing the music while retaining the copyrights of the work. It also looks to provide creative and talented artists a platform for independent music creation and licensing. The soundtrack album for the Malayalam film \"Last Supper\""}, {"title": "Gopi Sundar", "text": " was the first to be released under the aegis of the label, followed by several films, with \"Comrade in America\" being the latest.</s><s>Personal life. Gopi Sundar married Priya and the couple have two children: Madhav and Yadhav. Priya and Sundar got separated and their divorce case is still in court. Sundar entered in a live-in relationship with singer Abhaya Hiranmayi, and in July 2018, he revealed that they had been together for 9 years. On 26 May 2022, he announced through social media that he is in a relationship with singer Amrutha Suresh and shared a picture of them together as well on his instagram account.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Gopi Sundar", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000385", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vance Joy.", "docs": [{"title": "Vance Joy", "text": "<s>Vance Joy James Gabriel Keogh (born 1 December 1987), known professionally as Vance Joy, is an Australian singer songwriter and former Australian rules footballer. He is best known for his 2012 song \"Riptide\". Joy signed a five-album deal with Atlantic Records in 2013. He released his debut EP \"God Loves You When You're Dancing\" in March 2013. His song \"Riptide\" was voted number 1 on the 2013 Triple J Hottest 100. Joy released his debut studio album \"Dream Your Life Away\" on 5 September 2014 in Australia and on 9 September 2014 elsewhere. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2015, he won Best Male Artist. His second studio album, \"Nation of Two\", was released in 2018, and his third studio album, \"In Our Own Sweet Time\", was released in June 2022.</s><s>Early life and education. James Gabriel Keogh was born on 1 December 1987. He attended St. Patricks Primary School, Murrumbeena, in Melbourne. He was school captain at and graduated from St Kevin's College, Toorak, in 2005, and later graduated from Monash University with a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws.</s><s>Football. Prior to his music career, Joy was a"}, {"title": "Vance Joy", "text": " promising Australian rules football player. In 2008 and 2009, he played for the Coburg Football Club, then called the Coburg Tigers, as key defender in the Victorian Football League (VFL), winning best first year player award in 2008. Joy explains his choice for a music career over a football one by saying that he \"[...] wasn't ever really in the mix (for the AFL)\", being \"good enough to go from local footy to the VFL. Out of three seasons, I had a handful of games. You always think you can do better, but I think I reached my potential as a football player.\" In another interview, he stated \"for a period of time I was super focused on footy, I played a step below professional level. I had opportunities to play for a couple of teams but my heart wasn't completely in it. I guess I was just doing something in the meantime before writing my first songs.\"</s><s>Music career.</s><s>Music career.:2013: \"God Loves You When You're Dancing\". On 21 January 2013, Joy released his debut single \"From Afar\". On 22 March 2013, he released his debut EP \"God Loves You When You're Dancing\". The single \"Riptide\" became a success on"}, {"title": "Vance Joy", "text": " Australian commercial radio, peaking at number 6 on the ARIA Singles Chart and being certified Nine times platinum by the Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA). The song featured in a GoPro TV advertising campaign in the USA. \"Riptide\" was a worldwide commercial success, helping to launch Joy's career, and became the longest-charting song in ARIA Charts' history. The song is also certified 5\u00d7 platinum in the United States. \"Riptide\" was inspired by a motel Joy visited as a kid. \"As a child, I used to go on family holidays down the coast of Australia\", Joy told the Brand Alley blog. \"While we were there, we would stay at this motel called Riptide. So that's where that part of the idea came from.\" In an interview with \"Soundcheck\" in January 2014, Joy discussed his upcoming studio album. saying \"I think there\u2019s always a bit of variety with my songwriting, so probably the EP is a good reflection of what the rest of the album will be like. It\u2019s all different songs, I guess, but all tied together in a way.\" Joy said in an interview with Triple J about his stage name, \"I was going through a"}, {"title": "Vance Joy", "text": " Peter Carey phase and reading a lot of his books. There's a book called \"Bliss\". The main character's name is Harry Joy and his grandfather is Vance Joy. He's the storyteller and a crazy old man. Plus, I thought it was a cool name.\"</s><s>Music career.:2014\u20132016: \"Dream Your Life Away\". On 15 July 2014, Joy announced the title of his debut album, \"Dream Your Life Away\", which was released on 5 September 2014 in Australia, 9 September 2014 in the United States, and 15 September 2014 worldwide. In July 2014, he released \"Mess Is Mine\" as the third overall single from the album, with the song peaking at number 37 in Australia. He gave his first live concert with songs on the album in September 2014, in Melbourne. On 7 September 2014, Joy released \"First Time\" as the fourth single from the album in the United Kingdom. \"Georgia\" was released as a single in February 2015. Speaking to \"Rolling Stone\", Joy revealed that he began writing \"Georgia\" in 2006, then sat on it until he figured out the words and melody. A deluxe edition was released on 4 September 2015, which consisted of two new tracks and five live songs. \"Fire"}, {"title": "Vance Joy", "text": " and the Flood\" and \"Straight into Your Arms\" were also released as singles, with \"Fire and the Flood\" later being certified platinum by ARIA. He promoted his album on the Dream Your Life Away Tour, which began on 17 October 2013 in Dallas, Texas. Joy was announced as the support act for Taylor Swift's 1989 World Tour on 3 November 2014. Joy appeared on all the tour dates in North America, the United Kingdom and Australia. Swift performed a rendition of \"Riptide\" on 9 October 2014 for the BBC's 'Live Lounge' segment. In November 2015, he was picked as Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month and was featured on the American television network NBC's \"Today\", where he performed his hit single \"Riptide\". On 13 May 2015, he performed \"Riptide\" in a duet featuring Quentin Alexander live to a standing ovation at the Dolby Theatre during the season 14 finale of \"American Idol\". On 16 June 2015, Joy released \"Great Summer\", a single from the soundtrack for \"Paper Towns\". At the ARIA Music Awards of 2015 he won the Best Male Artist category for \"Dream Your Life Away\", with six further nominations.ARIA Music Awards for Vance Joy: - Search Results '"}, {"title": "Vance Joy", "text": "Vance Joy': - 2013 winners and nominees: - 2014 winners and nominees: - 2015 winners:</s><s>Music career.:2017\u20132020: \"Nation of Two\" and \"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre\". In 2017, Joy released two singles from his forthcoming second studio album: \"Lay It All on Me\" in July, which was nominated for Song of the Year at the ARIA Music Awards of 2018, and \"Like Gold\" in November, which peaked at number 14 on the Australian charts. The song was certified Gold by ARIA in 2019. He released \"We're Going Home\" on 12 January 2018, which was written while Joy was opening for the 1989 World Tour in 2015. \"Saturday Sun\" was released on 1 February 2018 as the fourth single, which he stated was inspired by the beaches along the Pacific Coast Highway in Los Angeles. The last single before the album's release, \"Call If You Need Me\", was released on 11 February 2018, and appeared on the \"Billboard\" Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart. Joy released his second studio album \"Nation of Two\" on 23 February 2018. The album debuted at number 1 in Australia, was certified gold and won Best Adult Contemporary Album at the ARIA Music Awards of 2018. He"}, {"title": "Vance Joy", "text": " released an upbeat, remastered version of \"I'm With You\" as a single from the album on 21 September 2018, which was certified platinum by the ARIA. In November 2018, Joy released a live album titled \"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre\", a live concert album of the Nation of Two World Tour, recorded at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado. Joy was the opening act for P!nk on her Beautiful Trauma World Tour in 2019.</s><s>Music career.:2021\u2013present: \"In Our Own Sweet Time\". On 29 January 2021, Vance released the single \"You\", a collaboration with Benny Blanco and Marshmello. On 20 May 2021, Joy released the single \"Missing Piece\". The song was featured on the episode of \"Grey's Anatomy\" airing that night. The song reached platinum status in Australia and won the ARIA Award for Best Video at the 2021 ARIA Music Awards. On 7 April 2022, Vance announced his third studio album, \"In Our Own Sweet Time\", which was released on 10 June 2022.</s><s>Discography. - \"Dream Your Life Away\" (2014) - \"Nation of Two\" (2018) - \"In Our Own Sweet Time\" (2022)</s><s>"}, {"title": "Vance Joy", "text": "Tours. Headlining - Riptide Tour (2013) - Dream Your Life Away Tour (2014\u20132015) - The Fire and the Flood Tour (2016) - Lay It On Me Tour (2017) - Nation of Two World Tour (2018) - Long Way Home Tour (2022) - In Our Own Sweet Time Tour (2023) Promotional concerts - God Loves You When You're Dancing Tour (2013) - We're Going Home Tour (2018) Opening act - The 1989 World Tour (2015) - Beautiful Trauma World Tour (2019)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vance Joy", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000386", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Pallavi Joshi.", "docs": [{"title": "Pallavi Joshi", "text": "<s>Pallavi Joshi Pallavi Joshi (born 4 April 1969) is an Indian actress, writer, and film producer who works primarily in Hindi films and television. In a career spanning across films and television, Joshi is the recipient of such accolades as two National Film Awards, and a nomination for the Filmfare Awards. Born in Mumbai to Marathi parents who were stage actors, Joshi made her acting debut at age four with a minor role in the Hindi film \"Naag Mere Sathi\" (1973). Following numerous film appearances as a child artist, Joshi garnered recognition and acclaim when she ventured into the Parallel cinema movement, with roles in critically acclaimed films like; \"Bhujangayyana Dashavathara\" (1988), \"Rihaee\" (1988), \"Rukmavati Ki Haveli\" (1991), and \"Woh Chokri\" (1992), for which she won the National Film Award \u2013 Special Jury Award (feature film). Joshi also appeared in several commercial films, including \"Insaaf Ki Awaaz\" (1986), \"Andha Yudh\" (1987), \"Mujrim\" (1989), \"Saudagar\" (1991), \"P"}, {"title": "Pallavi Joshi", "text": "anaah\" (1992). For the first of these, she was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. Joshi's career further expanded with her venture into television, garnering praise and popular acclaim for such revered Doordarshan shows as; \"Talaash\" (1992), \"Aarohan\" (1996-1997), \"Alpviram\" (1998), \"Justujoo\" (2002-2004). In recent years, Joshi has mainly collaborated with her husband, director Vivek Agnihotri, most notably for the films; \"The Tashkent Files\" (2019), and \u2018The Kashmir Files\" (2022), both of which she co-produced and for the former won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Films, critical acclaim and accolades. Joshi started performing on stage at an early age. She acted in films like \"Badla\" and \"Aadmi Sadak Ka\" as a child artist. She played a blind child who reforms a notorious gangster in \"Dada\" (1979). In the 1980s and early 1990s she acted in art films like \"Rukmavati Ki Haveli"}, {"title": "Pallavi Joshi", "text": "\", \"Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda\", \"Trishagni\" (1988), \"Vanchit\", \"Bhujangayyana Dashavathara\" (1991) and \"Rihaee\". She also played supporting character roles as a sister or the heroine's friend in commercial big budget films including \"Saudagar\", \"Panaah\", \"Tehelka\" and \"Mujrim\". She was nominated for 'Best Supporting Actress' at the Filmfare Awards for her role as a disabled girl in \"Andha Yudh\" (1988). She had won a Special Jury Award at the 41st National Film Awards for \"Woh Chokri\" (1992). She also appeared as Kasturba Gandhi in Shyam Benegal's \"The Making of the Mahatma\", (1995). She acted with Madhavan in a thriller titled \"Yeh Kahaan Aa Gaye Hum\", which was stopped abruptly. Joshi has also worked in regional films, She has played the central character \u2018Shantha\u2019 in the critically acclaimed Malayalam movie \"Ilayum Mullum\" (1994), directed by K. P. Sasi and a pivotal role in the Kannada"}, {"title": "Pallavi Joshi", "text": " film \"Bhujangayyana Dashavathara\" (1991) enacted and directed by Lokesh. She has also played a lead role in \"Rita\", a Marathi film directed by Renuka Shahane. She is also the recipient of the Excellence In Cinema Award at the 7th Global Film Festival, Noida. She has won a Best Supporting Actress at the 67th National Film Awards for her performance in \"The Tashkent Files\" (2019). In 2022, she appeared in Vivek Agnihotri directorial \"The Kashmir Files\" in which she played the character of Professor Radhika Menon. Joshi was nominated as a member of Film and Television Institute of India society, but she refused to take up the position in view of the students' protest against appointment of actor and BJP member Gajendra Chauhan as the chief of the institute's governing council.</s><s>Career.:Television, hosting and other work. Joshi's most significant hosting stint was co-anchor for popular music show \"Zee Antakshari\" for 5 years. Joshi also hosted a televised singing reality show \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi L'il Champs\" on Zee Marathi. "}, {"title": "Pallavi Joshi", "text": " She also acted in some episodes of \"Rishtey\", aired on Zee TV during 1999 and 2001. Her TV appearances include \"Mr. Yogi\", \"Bharat Ek Khoj\", \"Justujoo\", \"Alpviram\", \"Mriganayani\", \"Talash\" and \"Imtihaan\" and her most famous Doordarshan serial has been \"Aarohan\", a youth serial based on the navy. \"Justujoo\" was a weekly serial on Zee TV in 2002, which also starred Harsh Chhaya and Arpita Pandey. Joshi is also a producer of Marathi serials and has produced serials including \"Asambhav\" and \"Anubandh\" on Zee Marathi.</s><s>Personal life. Joshi was born on 4 April 1969. She married Indian film maker Vivek Agnihotri in 1997 and has two children. She is the sister of child actor Master Alankar (Joshi).</s><s>Filmography. - 1973 Naag Mere Sathi - 1976 Badla (Marathi) - 1976 Khamma Mara Veera (Gujarati) - 1976 Rakshabandhan - 1977 \"Aadmi Sadak Ka\""}, {"title": "Pallavi Joshi", "text": " as Pinki (Child Artists) - 1977 \"Daku Aur Mahatma\" - 1977 \"Dream Girl\" as Pallavi (Child artist) - 1977 Ankh Ka Tara - 1977 Chor Ki Dadhi Main Tinka - 1977 Dost Asaava Tar Asa (Marathi) - 1977 Maa Dikri (Gujarati) - 1978 Chhota Baap - 1978 Madi Na Jaaya (Gujarati) - 1979 \"Dada\" as Munni (Child Artiste) - 1979 Parakh - 1980 Allakh Na Otle (Gujarati) - 1980 Mohabbat - 1981 \"Khoon Ki Takkar\" (Child Artiste) - 1984 \"Hum Bachhey Hindustan Ke\" (Child artist) - 1985 \"Susman\" as Chinna - 1985 Dikri Chhali sasariye (Gujarati) - 1985 Vanchit - 1986 \"Amrit\" as Sunita Saxena / Srivastav - 1986 \"Insaaf Ki Awaaz\" - 1987 \"Andha Yudh\" as Saroj - 1987 \"Theertham\" as Sreedevi - 1988 \"Agent 777\" - 1988 \"Subah Hone Tak\" - 1988 \""}, {"title": "Pallavi Joshi", "text": "Andha Yudh\" - 1988 \"Rihaee\" (Special appearance) - 1988 \"Trishagni\" as Iti - 1989 \"Guru Dakshina\" - 1989 \"Daata\" as Shanti - 1989 \"Mr. Yogi\" as Bride - 1989 \"Mujrim\" as Sunanda Bose - 1990 \"Vanchit\" - 1990 \"Kroadh\" as Salma A. Khan - 1991 \"Mrignayanee\" (TV series) - 1991 \"Bhujangayyana Dashavathara\" (Kannada) - 1991 \"Jhoothi Shaan\" as Kaveri - 1991 \"Rukmavati Ki Haveli\" - 1991 \"Saudagar\" as Amla - 1992 \"Mangni\" - 1992 \"Priya\" - 1992 \"Panaah\" as Mamta - 1992 \"Tahalka\" as Julie - 1992 \"Talaash\" - 1993 \"Jeevan Mrityu\" Title of Zee Horror Show - 1993 \"Meri Pyari Nimmo\" - 1993 \"Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda\" as Lily - 1994 \"Ilayum Mullum\" as Santha (Malayalam) -"}, {"title": "Pallavi Joshi", "text": " 1994 \"Insaniyat\" as Munni - 1994 \"Woh Chokri\" (TV movie) as Afsara / Dulari / Tunni - 1995 \"Imtihaan\" - 1996 \"Aarohan (The Ascent)\" (TV series) - 1996 \"The Making of the Mahatma\" as Kasturba Gandhi - 1996 \"Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum\" (TV series) - 1998 \"Alpviram\" as Amrita - 1999 \"Chocolate\" (TV Movie) - 2002 \"Justujoo\" (TV series) - 2004 \"Kkehna Hai Kuch Mujhko\" (TV series) - 2009 \"Rita\" as Rita - 2013 \"Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta\" - 2015-16 \"Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai\" (TV series) as Devika Gaikwad \"Aai\", Kalyani and Ketaki's mother - 2016 \"Buddha in a Traffic Jam\" as Sheetal Batki - 2017 \"Peshwa Bajirao\" as Tarabai - 2018 \"Grahan\" as Rama / Vasudha (Marathi) - 2019"}, {"title": "Pallavi Joshi", "text": " \"The Tashkent Files\" as Aiysha Ali Shah - 2022 \"The Kashmir Files\" as Professor Radhika Menon</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Pallavi Joshi", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000387", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Julie Bishop.", "docs": [{"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": "<s>Julie Bishop Julie Isabel Bishop (born 17 July 1956) is an Australian former politician who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2013 to 2018 and deputy leader of the Liberal Party from 2007 to 2018. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Curtin from 1998 to 2019. She has been the chancellor of the Australian National University since January 2020. Bishop was born in Lobethal, South Australia, and studied law at the University of Adelaide. Prior to entering politics she worked as a commercial lawyer in Perth, Western Australia; she was the local managing partner of Clayton Utz. She was a delegate to the 1998 constitutional convention, and also served as a director of the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) and as a member of the Murdoch University senate. Bishop was elected to parliament at the 1998 federal election, representing the Division of Curtin in Perth's western suburbs. In the Howard Government, she served as Minister for Ageing (2003\u20132006), Minister for Education and Science (2006\u20132007), and Minister for Women (2006\u20132007). After the Coalition lost the 2007 election, Bishop was elected deputy leader of the Liberal Party. She was the first woman to hold the position, and was re-elected to the post at multiple leadership spills following her initial"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " election. During her time as deputy, there were three different Liberal leaders\u2014Brendan Nelson, Malcolm Turnbull, and Tony Abbott. When the Coalition returned to power at the 2013 election, Bishop was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Abbott Government. She was Australia's first female foreign minister. Issues that arose during her tenure included changes to the Australian foreign aid program, the international military intervention against ISIL, the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, and the execution of Australian citizens by Indonesia. In August 2018, Peter Dutton challenged Turnbull for the leadership of the Liberal Party, due to dissatisfaction from the party's conservative wing. Turnbull defeated Dutton in a leadership ballot, but tensions continued to mount and the party voted in favour of holding a second spill; Bishop chose to be a candidate. In the second vote, Bishop was eliminated in the first round by Peter Dutton and Scott Morrison, with Morrison elected as party leader (and thus prime minister) in the second round. She declined to retain the foreign affairs portfolio in the Morrison Ministry, instead moving to the backbench. Bishop retired from politics on 11 April 2019, before the impending federal election. On 1 January 2020, Bishop commenced her term as chancellor of the Australian National University. She is the first woman to be in this"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " position.</s><s>Early life. Bishop was born on 17 July 1956 in Lobethal, South Australia. She is the third of four children born to Isabel Mary (n\u00e9e Wilson) and Douglas Alan Bishop; she has two older sisters and a younger brother. Bishop has described her parents as \"classic Menzies Liberals\". Her father was a returned soldier and orchardist, while her mother's family were sheep and wheat farmers. Both her mother and grandfather William Bishop were active in local government, serving terms as mayor of the East Torrens District Council. Bishop grew up on an apple and cherry orchard in Basket Range. The year before she was born, it was burned to the ground in the Black Sunday bushfires. Bishop began her education at Basket Range Primary School and later attended St Peter's Collegiate Girls' School in Adelaide. She was the head prefect in her final year. Bishop went on to study law at the University of Adelaide. She worked two part-time jobs as a barmaid while at university\u2014one at Football Park and one at a pub in Uraidla. She graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1978.</s><s>Professional career. After graduating law school, Bishop joined Wallmans, an Adelaide-based"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " law firm, as its first female articled clerk. She left after less than a year, in part due to an incident where a senior partner asked her to perform waitressing duties. In 1982, aged 26, she became a partner in the firm of Mangan, Ey & Bishop. The following year, she married West Australian property developer Neil Gillon, and moved to Perth. On arriving in WA, Bishop joined Robinson Cox as a solicitor specialising in commercial litigation and was made a full partner in 1985. According to Kerry Stokes, \"in the legal profession she was a very determined, reasoned person [...] there's not been much written about what a good executive Julie was\u2014responsible for administering and running a partnership, not just a lawyer\". In the late 1980s, Robinson Cox was hired by CSR Limited to defend against compensation claims brought by asbestos mining workers, who had contracted mesothelioma while working for Midalco, a subsidiary of CSR. Bishop was part of the team assigned to the case, which developed an argument that a company was not legally responsible for the actions of its subsidiaries. The Supreme Court of Western Australia eventually decided to pierce the corporate veil and hold CSR liable for Midalco's actions; the lead litigant"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " died before the conclusion of the case, which lasted eight months. After becoming a public figure, Bishop was accused by opponents of acting immorally by involving herself in the case. She has said she conducted herself ethically and professionally, and per procedural advice given by barristers Robert French and David Malcolm (both future judges). As a legal advisor to the Western Australian Development Corporation, Bishop assisted in the incorporation of several new government enterprises, including Gold Corporation (the operator of the Perth Mint), LandCorp, and Eventscorp (a division of Tourism Western Australia). Robinson Cox merged into the larger firm of Clayton Utz in 1992, and she was made managing partner of the firm's Perth office in 1994. In the same year, she took up an appointment as chair of the state government's Town Planning Appeal Tribunal, serving a three-year term. In 1996, Bishop attended Harvard Business School for eight weeks to complete the Advanced Management Programme for senior managers. She has credited one of her lecturers there, George C. Lodge, with inspiring her to enter public life. In 1997, she was elected to the senate of Murdoch University and appointed as a director of the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS).</s><s>Early political involvement. Bishop joined the Liberal Party in 1992."}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " She has credited the WA Inc scandal with making her think she \"did not ever want to see a Labor government elected again\". She was chosen as the president of the Liberal party's CBD branch the year she joined the party, serving until 1997. In 1998, Senator Nick Minchin invited her to serve as an appointed delegate to the 1998 national constitutional convention. She was a \"minimalist republican\", and voted against the final model because she considered it too radical and unlikely to succeed at a referendum. At the convention, she became acquainted with Peter Costello, at the time serving as federal treasurer under John Howard.</s><s>Howard Government.</s><s>Howard Government.:First years in parliament. Prior to the 1998 federal election, Bishop won Liberal preselection for the Division of Curtin, which takes in Perth's western suburbs. Her preselection bid received the support of Premier Richard Court, who had earmarked her as a future member of federal cabinet. The seat had been held for 17 years by Allan Rocher, who was a personal friend of Prime Minister John Howard but had left the Liberals in 1995 to sit as an independent. Howard did not want the Liberals to run a candidate against Rocher, and refused to campaign for Bishop; however, Peter Costello and Alexander Downer"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " both supported her candidacy and Costello launched her campaign. At the election, she reclaimed the seat for the Liberals with a large swing in her favour. After the Liberal Party lost the 2001 state election in Western Australia, Bishop was suggested by multiple media sources as a possible replacement for Richard Court as state Liberal leader (and thus Leader of the Opposition). It was later confirmed that Court favoured an arrangement where he and his deputy and factional rival, Colin Barnett, would resign their seats in the Legislative Assembly. Bishop would resign from federal Parliament and hand her seat to Barnett, and Court would hand the leadership of the WA Liberals to Bishop once she was safely in the state legislature by way of winning either Court or Barnett's old seats, both of which were within Curtin's boundaries and were comfortably safe for the Liberals. However, Bishop eventually rejected the deal.</s><s>Howard Government.:Elevation to the ministry. Bishop was appointed Minister for Ageing by Prime Minister John Howard in 2003. She was later promoted to Minister for Education and Science and Minister for Women in 2006 and served in those positions until the defeat of the Howard Government at the 2007 federal election. As education minister, Bishop's policies centred on the development of national education standards as well as performance-based pay for teachers"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": ". On 13 April 2007, the Australian State Governments jointly expressed opposition to Bishop's pay policy. In the 2007 budget, the Federal Government announced a $5 billion \"endowment fund\" for higher education, with the expressed goal of providing world-class tertiary institutions in Australia. Some of Bishop's public comments on education, including the remark that \"the states have ideologically hijacked school syllabi and are wasting $180\u00a0million in unnecessary duplication\", were criticised by teachers. An advance media kit for a 2006 speech claimed parts of the contemporary curriculum came \"straight from Chairman Mao\"; the remark was dropped from her speech.</s><s>Deputy Leader of the Opposition. Following the 2007 election, Bishop was elected Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party on 29 November 2007; Brendan Nelson was elected Leader. In a ballot of Liberal Party room members, Bishop comfortably won with 44 votes, one more than the combined total of her two competitors, Andrew Robb (with 25 votes) and Christopher Pyne (with 18 votes). On 22 September 2008, Bishop was promoted to the role of Shadow Treasurer by Nelson's successor as Opposition Leader, Malcolm Turnbull, making her the first woman to hold that portfolio. On 16 February 2009, however, she was moved from that position, with widespread media speculation that her colleagues"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " were dissatisfied with her performance in the role. She was instead given the job of Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs. After Tony Abbott was elected Liberal Leader following the 2009 leadership spill, Bishop retained her roles as Deputy Leader and Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs. In 2010, Bishop defended the suspected forgery of Australian passports by Mossad, saying that many countries practised the forging of passports for intelligence operations, including Australia. The Rudd Government attacked Bishop over the statements, saying she had \"broken a long-standing convention\" of not speculating about intelligence practices. She later clarified her statement, saying, \"I have no knowledge of any Australian authority forging any passports of any nation.\" Following the Coalition's narrow loss in the 2010 federal election, Bishop was re-elected unanimously as Deputy Leader by her colleagues and retained the position of Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs, while also being given the additional responsibility of Shadow Minister for Trade.</s><s>Minister for Foreign Affairs. After the Coalition won the 2013 federal election, new Prime Minister Tony Abbott confirmed Bishop as Minister for Foreign Affairs; she was sworn in by Governor-General Quentin Bryce on 18 September 2013. She became the only female member of the cabinet and was given the third-highest rank, after Abbott and Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss. In"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " the months following her appointment several media reports claimed that Bishop, along with Social Services Minister Scott Morrison, were regarded internally as the best performing ministers in the Government. In December 2014, Bishop became only the second woman to serve as acting prime minister, after Julia Gillard. Throughout her tenure as foreign minister, Bishop had been frequently tipped by political commentators as a possible future leader of the Liberal Party and prime minister.</s><s>Minister for Foreign Affairs.:Foreign aid. One of Bishop's first steps after being appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs was to introduce sweeping changes to the Australian foreign aid program. These changes included abolition of the Australian foreign aid agency, AusAID, and extensive expenditure cuts. The new government was sworn into office on 18 September 2013. Incoming Prime Minister Tony Abbott announced the same day that AusAID would be integrated into the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFAT). The news of the proposed integration had been conveyed by Bishop to senior AusAID staff some days earlier. The official explanation for the integration of AusAID into DFAT was that \u201cIntegration will enable DFAT to better pursue Australia's national interests by ensuring closer alignment and mutually reinforcing linkages among the Government's aid, foreign affairs and trade efforts.\u201d The impact of the integration"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " on the quality of Australia's aid program led to considerable debate. Sceptics pointed to the departure of a considerable number of experienced aid professionals from the former AusAID while the process of integration was taking place and argued that the culture and priorities of DFAT were not supportive of a quality aid program. Those in favour of the change argued that closer alignment with foreign affairs would ensure that the aid program was more relevant and would provide better value for money. Subsequently, Bishop announced substantial expenditure cuts in the aid program. In Opposition, the Liberal Party had publicly endorsed the aim of maintaining the Australian aid budget at the level of 0.5% of GDP. Aid spending amounted to around $5.0 billion in 2014/15. However budget cuts introduced after the new government took office led to marked reductions. Expenditure was reduced to around $4.2 billion in 2015/16. Further reductions were introduced in following years. Aid spending as a share of GDP fell from 0.32% in 2014/15 to an estimated 0.23% in 2018/19.</s><s>Minister for Foreign Affairs.:New Colombo Plan. Months after the Abbott Government took office, Bishop announced the implementation of a New Colombo Plan which would provide undergraduate students with funding to study in"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " several different locations within the Indo-Pacific. The plan started off in pilot form and after initial success the full program was rolled out in 2015.</s><s>Minister for Foreign Affairs.:ISIS fighters. In a 2015 speech explaining the Australian Government's measures against ISIS, Bishop compared the psychological underpinnings of ISIS with that of Nazism. Citing Eric Hoffer's seminal work \"The True Believer\", she argued that the declared Caliphate drew from the same source that drove the masses to support Hitler; \"Invincibility was\u2014until the US-led airstrikes\u2014all part of its attraction.\" In October 2014, Man Haron Monis wrote to Attorney-General George Brandis asking if he (Monis) could contact the leader of ISIS, two months before he took hostages in the Sydney siege. On 28 May 2015, Bishop told Parliament that the letter was provided to a review of the siege, before correcting the record three days later.</s><s>Minister for Foreign Affairs.:UN Security Council. Although Bishop fought against the Gillard Government's campaign to gain Australia a temporary two-year seat on the United Nations Security Council, she was widely lauded for her commanding performance when representing Australia on the Council in her capacity as Foreign Minister. She negotiated a successful resolution"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " that was adopted by the Council in regards to gaining full access to the crash site of Flight MH17. During the month of November 2014, Bishop chaired the Security Council and led meeting to discuss the threat of foreign fights, UN peacekeeping and the Ebola epidemic. Later, Bishop led negotiations to pass a resolution to set up an independent criminal tribunal into the downing of Flight MH17. Although Russia vetoed the resolution, Bishop was widely praised by other delegates for her work and for her strong statement following the veto that \"the anticipated excuses and obfuscation by the Russian Federation should be treated with the utmost disdain\".</s><s>Minister for Foreign Affairs.:Iran. In April 2015, Bishop paid an official visit to Iran, following the conclusion of a visit to India. She was the first Australian government minister to visit the country since 2003, having been personally invited by Iran's foreign minister, Mohammad Javad Zarif. They discussed the proposed nuclear deal and issues relating to Iranian asylum seekers in Australia. Bishop wore a headscarf or a hat for the duration of her visit, and did not shake hands with male dignitaries in order to avoid offending local sensibilities. She received some criticism for doing so, with Andrew Bolt rhetorically asking whether she should have \"subjugated herself\""}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " to Islamic law. Head coverings are not mandatory for foreign women visiting Iran. In response, she said: \"As a matter of fact I wear scarves and hats and headgear quite often as part of my everyday wear\".</s><s>Minister for Foreign Affairs.:Myanmar. In early September 2017, as the Rohingya crisis in Myanmar became ethnic cleansing, Bishop said that Australia was deeply concerned by the escalating violence in Myanmar's Rakhine State and would provide up to to help Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. In 2018, Bishop called \"for an end to the violence, for full and unhindered humanitarian access \u2026 and a full and transparent accountability of the human rights abuses\". She also said that Australia's relationship with Myanmar Army \"is designed to help promote positive change in Myanmar\".</s><s>Minister for Foreign Affairs.:Indonesia. Bishop was involved at the highest level of negotiations with the Indonesian Government in attempts to save the lives of convicted drug smugglers Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan. Demonstrating Australia's opposition to the death penalty, Bishop was widely applauded for the manner in which she conducted negotiations. This was in stark contrast to the criticism faced by Tony Abbott who was ridiculed for remarks he made in regards to foreign aid provided by Australia to Indonesia. Despite"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " the Government's efforts, both Chan and Sukumaran were executed in April 2015. As a result of the executions, Bishop recalled the Australian Ambassador from Indonesia in condemnation of their decision. By August 2015, Bishop stated that Australia's relationship with Indonesia was \"back on track\" after privately meeting with the Indonesian Foreign Minister to discuss the fallout from the executions.</s><s>Minister for Foreign Affairs.:China. In May 2018, Geoff Raby, a former Australian Ambassador to China, criticised Bishop's handling of Australia\u2013China relations, stating she had neglected the relationship between the countries and had angered Chinese leaders with \"strident public comments on the South China Sea\" and a speech questioning China's regional leadership. He called on Malcolm Turnbull to \"replace the Foreign Minister with someone better equipped for the demands of the job\". In response, Bishop said that Raby was \"profoundly ignorant [...] about the level of engagement between Australia and China at present and the state of the relationship\", and that he had not spoken to her or her office in several years. Turnbull said the opinion piece was \"utterly wrong\" and described Bishop as \"a formidable foreign minister, a great diplomat and a great colleague\".</s><s>Minister for Foreign Affairs.:Resignation and replacement. On 26"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " August 2018, Bishop issued a statement indicating that she would resign as Minister for Foreign Affairs. She was replaced by Senator Marise Payne on 28 August.</s><s>Liberal leadership issues.</s><s>Liberal leadership issues.:February 2015 leadership spill. In February 2015, in response to rising criticisms of his leadership, Tony Abbott called a spill of leadership positions. Both Julie Bishop and Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull were reported by the media as considering challenging for the leadership. Opinion poll results consistently showed that both Bishop and Turnbull were preferred by the public to Abbott. Eventually a motion to move a leadership spill fell by 61 votes to 39, and Abbott consequentially remained in office.</s><s>Liberal leadership issues.:September 2015 leadership spill. On 14 September 2015, Malcolm Turnbull challenged Tony Abbott for the leadership of the Liberal Party. After Turnbull was elected, Bishop defeated a challenge from Kevin Andrews to retain her position as Deputy Leader by 70 votes to 30. Hours before Turnbull's challenge, Bishop had visited Abbott to advise him he had lost the confidence of the Parliamentary Liberal Party. She is said to have intended to vote for Abbott in the leadership vote until he declared her position vacant as well as his, after which she voted for Turnbull. Bishop was retained as Foreign Minister following the formation of the Turnbull Government.</s><s>"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": "Liberal leadership issues.:August 2018 leadership spills. On 21 August 2018, Malcolm Turnbull called a leadership spill and defeated challenger Peter Dutton by 48 votes to 35. The deputy leadership was also declared vacant, with Bishop re-elected as deputy leader unopposed. Over the following days, there was widespread speculation about a second spill being called, and multiple media outlets reported on 23 August that Bishop would be a candidate for the leadership if that eventuated. A second spill was called on 24 August, and Bishop was eliminated on the first ballot with 11 votes out of 85 (or 12.9 percent). Morrison was elected leader over Dutton on the second ballot, and Josh Frydenberg was chosen as deputy leader. Bishop is the first woman to formally stand for the leadership of the Liberal Party, and only the second woman to stand for the leadership of one of Australia's two major parties, after the Labor Party's Julia Gillard.</s><s>Political positions. Bishop is regarded as a being a moderate within the Liberal Party, and has been described as holding similar views to Malcolm Turnbull. She has stated that she regards herself a \"very liberal-minded person\", an \"economic dry and a social liberal\", and a \"Menzian Liberal\". Bishop is in favour of an Australian"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " republic, having served as a delegate at the Constitutional Convention of 1998. When a conscience vote has been allowed by the Liberal Party, Bishop has always voted in a \"progressive\" manner, voting in favour of allowing stem cell research and for removing ministerial oversight of the abortion pill RU486.</s><s>Political positions.:Same-sex marriage. During the internal debate on same-sex marriage which divided the Liberal Party in August 2015, Bishop refused to publicly declare her personal views on the matter. However, her statement that she was \"very liberally minded\" on the topic was taken by many to be an allusion towards support of same-sex marriage. In a television interview in November 2015, Bishop confirmed that she supported same-sex marriage. In August 2015, Bishop spoke in favour of holding a plebiscite on the matter, believing that the issue should be put to a democratic vote so that it could no longer distract from the government's policy agenda. This ultimately became the policy adopted by the government. Following the postal plebiscite in 2017, which resulted in a \"Yes\" vote, Bishop stated that she had voted in support of same-sex marriage.</s><s>Retirement and later life. Following her retirement from political life, Bishop took up a position"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " on the board of the professional services company Palladium. In early August 2019 it was announced that she had agreed to take up the position of chancellor of Australian National University (ANU), commencing in January 2020. She would be the university's first female chancellor. Her predecessor is Gareth\u00a0Evans, another former foreign minister. As chancellor, she will receive an annual honorarium of $75,000, the same amount as the outgoing chancellor Evans received in his final year. When the United Kingdom assumed the presidency of the G7 in 2021, Bishop was appointed by the country's Minister for Women and Equalities Liz Truss to a newly formed Gender Equality Advisory Council (GEAC) chaired by Sarah Sands. From 2021 to 2022, she was a member of the Trilateral Commission\u2019s Task Force on Global Capitalism in Transition, chaired by Carl Bildt, Kelly Grier and Takeshi Niinami. In early March 2023 it was announced that she had signed on to speak at a series of leadership events in Sydney and Melbourne with former president of the United States Barack Obama. Later that month Bishop joined luxury Australian department store David Jones in a brand ambassador role. Consulting Work Following her retirement from Parliament, Bishop established consulting firm \"Julie Bishop & Partners\". It"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " was reported in January 2020 that Bishop had taken up a position with the UK financial firm Greensill Capital in December 2019 to \"provide strategic advice to Greensill and serve as chair of Greensill Asia Pacific\" as the company accelerated its expansion in the region. Lex Greensill, the founder of Greensill Capital, said that the company would \"draw on Julie's unparalleled experience and expertise -- particularly her international credentials cemented during five years as Australia's foreign minister.\" Over a year later, a scandal involving Greensill emerged in the United Kingdom. In April 2021 it was reported in the \"Financial Times\" and \"The Sunday Times\" that former UK prime minister David Cameron had been involved in lobbying activities within the UK government on behalf of Greensill. Shortly afterwards, it was reported in \"The Australian Financial Review\" that as part of Bishop's consulting activities with Greensill Capital in early 2020, she had attended meetings in Davos in Switzerland organised by Lex Greensill. In the meetings in Davos, Bishop joined with David Cameron to meet Lex Greensill to discuss the affairs of the company. In Davos, she and Lex Greensill also reportedly met the then-Australian finance minister Mathias Cormann. Cormann, who in March 2021 was elected as Secretary-General of"}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " the OECD, is reported to have said that he was asked by Bishop to meet with Lex Greensill and David Cameron. These meetings in Davos took place shortly after Bishop had taken up her position as Chancellor of the ANU. Bishop's activities with Greensill in Davos were reportedly arranged \"in the margins\" of an ANU function for Australians and Australian businesses in Davos. In June, it was reported that Australian Treasury officials had confirmed to an Australian Senate committee that Bishop had lobbied Australian Treasurer Josh Frydenberg on behalf of Greensill and that Labor Party members of the Australian Parliamentary Committee on Corporations and Financial Services were pressing to have Bishop called before the committee for questioning. In connection with Bishop's connections with Greensill, the Australian Attorney General's Department confirmed that the Department had written to Bishop seeking clarification of her role at Greensill at the time that she contacted Frydenberg's office on behalf of the company.</s><s>Personal life. Bishop was married to property developer Neil Gillon from 1983 to 1988, taking his surname for the duration of the marriage. She later had relationships with Senator Ross Lightfoot and former Lord Mayor of Perth Peter Nattrass. She was in a relationship with businessman David Panton from 2014 to 2022. Bishop does not have children."}, {"title": "Julie Bishop", "text": " In response to repeated media inquiries about the subject, she has stated that \"I'm not having kids, there's no point lamenting what was or what could have been\", and that she feels \"incredibly lucky that I've had the kind of career that is so consuming that I don't feel I have a void in my life\".</s><s>Honours. - Foreign honours - 5 September 2014: Commander of the Order of Merit, Ministry of Foreign Affairs - 24 October 2018: US Mission Award for Leadership Excellence, United States Mission, Australia</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Julie Bishop", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000388", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vishal (actor).", "docs": [{"title": "Vishal (actor)", "text": "<s>Vishal (actor) Vishal Krishna Reddy (born 29 August 1975), also known as Vishal, is an Indian actor and film producer from Tamil films. The younger son of film producer G. K. Reddy, Vishal studied Visual Communications at Loyola College, Chennai. Best known for his roles in action films, he produces films under his production company, Vishal Film Factory. Vishal made an entrance into the film industry as an assistant director for Arjun. He then became an actor and played his first lead role in the romantic thriller \"Chellamae\" (2004), before acting in the action films \"Sandakozhi\", \"Thimiru\", \"Thaamirabharani\" and \"Malaikottai\". Vishal chose to create his own production studio and has since produced and worked on \"Pandiya Naadu\" (2013), \"Naan Sigappu Manithan\" (2014) and \"Poojai\" (2014). Vishal was elected as the General Secretary of the Nadigar Sangam in October 2015 after initiating a movement against the previous committee. He was expelled from Tamil Film Producers' Council (TFPC) for remarks against the council. Later in"}, {"title": "Vishal (actor)", "text": " April 2017, he won the election as President of Tamil Film Producers Council.</s><s>Early life and education. Vishal Krishna Reddy was born on 29 August 1975 into a Telugu family in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. His father GK Reddy is a businessman and a film producer for Telugu and Tamil films. His elder brother Vikram Krishna is also an actor and producer who has produced several of Vishal's films. Vishal did his schooling at Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai. He was then graduated in visual communications from the Loyola College, Chennai.</s><s>Acting career.</s><s>Acting career.:2004\u20132011. Vishal assisted actor-director Arjun Sarja in his venture \"Vedham\" (2001), and a producer spotted Vishal on the sets of the film and signed him to appear in an acting role in Gandhi Krishna's \"Chellamae\" (2004). Accepting the role, Vishal prepared by joining Koothu-P-Pattarai to hone his acting skills and played the protagonist role of Raghunandan, whose wife is kidnapped by her childhood friend. A critic described his performance is \"apt\" but \"there was plenty left to hone\". His"}, {"title": "Vishal (actor)", "text": " next film was \"Sandakozhi\" (2005) with N. Linguswamy, who had previously worked with his father's production house as an assistant director. Vishal was described to have \"improved from his \"Chellamae\" days\" and \"clicked as an action hero\". Film journalists stated that he was \"the fastest rising action hero\" of the time. After a cameo as himself in Sasi's \"Dishyum\" (2006), he went on to appear in Tarun Gopi's action film \"Thimiru\" (2006). The film opened to mixed reviews with Vishal being praised for his intense performance with a critic calling his performance \"the film's only strength and, to an extent, making up for the weak script and poor characterisation\". The film became Vishal's third consecutive commercial success, and he began to emerge in Tamil films. His next film, the political action drama \"Sivappathigaram\" (2006), directed by Karu Pazhaniappan was a failure financially despite favourable reviews. His next film was released in January 2007, Hari's multi-starring family action drama \"Thaamirabharani\" (2007) and the film went on"}, {"title": "Vishal (actor)", "text": " to gain considerable box office success, carrying good reports amidst other big budget releases. Later in the year, he appeared in Boopathy Pandian's \"Malaikottai\" (2007), a comedy entertainer. In his first full-length comic role, Vishal received mixed feedback for his portrayal from critics, with Rediff stating that he is \"a far cry from the rather endearing young man in Sandakozhi\", whilst describing his performance as \"cringe-able\". Behindwoods stated it as an \"Average masala-mix entertainer\". The film took a large opening and was declared a blockbuster, featuring in the top 10 at behindwoods box office. In the year 2008, for the first time, Vishal portrayed a police officer in \"Sathyam\", which became a commercial failure at the box office. Then both his films \"Thoranai\" (2009) and \"Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai\" (2010) were just average grossers. Additionally, the box-office duds, \"Sathyam\" and \"Thoranai\", both of which were bilingual in Tamil and Telugu, failed to establish his popularity in Telugu cinema. Vishal was then given the opportunity to feature in B"}, {"title": "Vishal (actor)", "text": "ala's dark comedy \"Avan Ivan\" (2011), after being recommended to the director by his friend Arya. Portraying a village stage actor with a squint, Vishal had severe eye pain and headaches, and he also had a serious muscular injury on sets. The film opened to mixed reviews, though Vishal's performance won positive reviews. \"Indiaglitz\" stated that Vishal delivered an \"award winning performance\" and that his \"mannerisms and body language give you goosebumps\". The reviewer further cited that \"Vishal's spontaneous response to his mentor's death in the movie is touching. His demonstration of \"Navarasas\" in front of actor Suriya will melt you in tears\". Vishal played the role of a police officer in his following release \"Vedi\" (2011), directed by Prabhu Deva, which was declared an instant flop at the box office.</s><s>Acting career.:2013\u2013present. In the 2013 film \"Samar\", Vishal played a forest trek guide. Behindwoods stated that he \"rocks in the action sequences\". Following a cameo role in \"Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru\", he starred in the action films \"P"}, {"title": "Vishal (actor)", "text": "attathu Yaanai\" and \"Pandiya Naadu\". The latter was Vishal's debut production venture, while the former was the film debut of Aishwarya Arjun, the daughter of Arjun Sarja. Vishal opted to produce and collaborate with Thiru for a third venture \"Naan Sigappu Manithan\" (2014), a revenge drama, in which his character had narcolepsy. To prepare for the lead role, Vishal read up and studied real life case studies of people with the disorder, citing that there were no references from cinema which he could watch and learn. Then he had acted under director Hari for the second time in \"Poojai\" (2014), which did somewhat good business at the box office. In 2015, he acted two films, namely, \"Aambala\" and \"Paayum Puli\". In 2016, he appeared in three movies; \"Kathakali\", \"Marudhu\" and \"Kaththi Sandai\". The first two were average grossers, while \"Kaththi Sandai\" became a flop at the box office. In January 2017, Vishal signed his debut Malayalam film, as the main antagonist in"}, {"title": "Vishal (actor)", "text": " the Mohanlal-starrer \"Villain\", directed by B. Unnikrishnan. In September 2017, Vishal played a detective in \"Thupparivaalan\" directed by Mysskin which was loosely based on the British writer Arthur Conan Doyle's detective character, Sherlock Holmes. The film was a commercial success and was appreciated by audiences and critics. In 2018, Vishal had two major releases. The first one was \"Irumbu Thirai\" directed by newcomer P. S. Mithran which released in May 2018. And second was \"Sandakozhi 2\" released in October 2018 was written and directed by N. Linguswamy. A sequel to the successful \"Sandakozhi\" (2005), the film stars Vishal in his 25th film. The film turned out to be an average grosser. In 2019, he did one movie titled \"Action\" directed by Sundar C. The film received mixed reviews and was a box office failure. In 2021, he acted in the action thriller \"Chakra\" directed my newcomer M.S Anandan. The film which released on 19 February, received mixed reviews from critics and audience.</s><s>Acting career.:Tamil Film Producers Council (2017\u2013"}, {"title": "Vishal (actor)", "text": "present). He was elected as \"President\" of Tamil Film Producers Council election, which was held on 2 April 2017. Apart from this, Vishal is also a staunch advocate against online piracy since 2014, having started an anti-piracy cell.</s><s>Acting career.:Television. He made his television d\u00e9but in October 2018 as a host of \"Sun Naam Oruvar\", a talk show airing on Sun TV.</s><s>Politics. Vishal filed his nomination as an independent candidate for the by-poll to Radhakrishnan Nagar constituency in Chennai, which fell vacant following Jayalalithaa's death in December 2017. But his nomination was rejected.</s><s>Legal issues. Vishal was arrested by police in December 2018 when he tried to enter inside the Tamil Film Producers Council in T Nagar, Chennai by forcefully trying to break the lock. The council was locked by 300 film producers alleging that Vishal failed to fulfil his promises during the elections in 2015.</s><s>Playback singing. Vishal made his debut as a playback singer in Madha Gaja Raja, an unreleased film directed by Sundar C, crapping up for the song My Dear Loveru.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Film"}, {"title": "Vishal (actor)", "text": ". - \"All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vishal (actor)", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000389", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Adnan Sami.", "docs": [{"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": "<s>Adnan Sami Adnan Sami Khan (born 15 August 1971) is an Indian singer, musician, music composer and pianist. He performs Indian and Western music, including for Hindi, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil movies. He has been awarded with Padma Shri (India's fourth highest civilian award) for his remarkable contribution in music. His most notable instrument is the piano. He has been credited as \"the first musician to have played the santoor and Indian classical music on the piano\". A review in the US-based \"Keyboard\" magazine described him as the fastest keyboard player in the world and called him the keyboard discovery of the nineties. He was raised and educated in the United Kingdom and spent his life in Canada. He was born to Arshad Sami Khan, a Pakistani Air Force veteran and diplomat of Pashtun origin, and Naureen, who was originally from the Indian Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. \"The Times of India\" has called him the \"Sultan of Music\". In 2016 he became an Indian citizen. He was awarded the Padma Shri on 26 January 2020.</s><s>Early life and education. Sami was born in London, England on 15 August 1971. He was"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": " raised and educated in the United Kingdom. His father, Arshad Sami Khan, was a Pakistani Pashtun while his mother Naureen Khan was an Indian from Jammu. Adnan's father served as a Pakistan Air Force pilot, before becoming a senior bureaucrat and serving as Pakistan's ambassador to 14 countries. His paternal great-great-grandfather, General Ahmed Jan, was from Afghanistan and a military advisor to king Abdur Rahman Khan. His paternal great-grandfather Agha Mehfooz Jan was the governor of four Afghan provinces under King Amanullah Khan's reign and was also the King's first cousin, while his paternal grandfather Abdul Sami Khan served as the Deputy Inspector General of Police. Agha Mehfooz Jan was assassinated by Habibullah Kalakani and therefore Sami's father's family migrated to Peshawar, then in British India. Sami attended Rugby School in Rugby, West Midlands, UK. Adnan followed his bachelor's degree with a law degree (LLB) from King's College London. He went on to qualify as a barrister from Lincoln's Inn, England. He had played the piano since the age of five and composed his first piece of music when he was nine years old. Sami began taking lessons"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": " in Indian classical music from the santoor maestro Pandit Shivkumar Sharma when visiting India during his school vacations. Indian singer Asha Bhosle saw him at age ten at an R. D. Burman concert in London, and encouraged him to take up music as a career. He is an accomplished concert pianist, music composer and singer with a command of Indian and Western classical/semi-classical music, jazz, rock and pop music. As a teenager, Adnan, when performing on the piano on a TV program in Stockholm, was described by the US-based \"Keyboard\" magazine as the fastest man on keyboard in the world and the keyboard discovery of the nineties. Sami went on to learn Indian classical music from Pandit Shivkumar Sharma, the Santoor maestro in India. At the age of sixteen, Sami was approached to write a song for famine-hit Ethiopia, for which he won a special award from UNICEF. In his career of 32 years, Sami has won many international awards including the Nigar Award, Bolan Academy Award and Graduate Award. Adnan is the youngest recipient of the Naushad Music Award for Excellence in Music. Previous recipients of this award include Lata Mang"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": "eshkar and Music Maestro Khayam. Sami was invited as a member of the jury of the music festival Voice of Asia competition held annually at Almaty, Kazakhstan.</s><s>Career. His first single, \"Run for His Life\", was released in 1986. It was in English, and recorded for UNICEF. It went to No. 1 in the music charts in the Middle East. This was followed by three more No. 1s: \"Talk to Me\", \"Hot Summer Day\" and \"You're My Best Kept Secret\". His first formal album, \"The One & Only\" (1989), was a classical album on the piano accompanied by tabla maestro Zakir Hussain. He released his first vocal solo album \"Raag Time\" in 1991. The song from his album \"Teri Yaad\" was the title track of his first album, which became a huge hit in Pakistan. In 1994, he composed music for a film for the first time. The 1995 Pakistani film \"Sargam\", in which he was the lead actor and Indian playback singer Asha Bhosle did the playback \"Sargam\", was a box office success. It was also the first time that an Indian playback singer was featured in"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": " an album in Pakistan. To date \"Sargam\" is the only film Sami has acted in, and the score is the best-selling album of all time in Pakistan. In 2000, Asha Bhosle collaborated with Sami on a collection of love songs named \"Kabhi to Nazar Milao\" in India. The music was also composed by Adnan. The album became an instant success and topped the Indipop charts for most of 2001 and 2002. According to \"Business Week\" magazine, the album sold 4 million copies in India alone. Two songs from the album \"Kabhi To Nazar Milao\", whose music video featured model Aditi Gowitrikar, and \"Lift Karaa De\", whose music video starred the popular Indian actor Govinda became popular at that time. The videos were shot by Anil Mehta, who had shot popular Hindi films like \"Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam\" and \"Lagaan\". Because of the album's success, Magnasound and Sami released an album named \"Always Yours\" which was a remix version of numbers from that album. He soon became popular, which led Hindi filmmaker Boney Kapoor to invite him to provide music for his film. This"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": " was the beginning for him to compose and sing for Hindi films and for the top Hindi film producers of the time like Yash Chopra and Subhash Ghai. Due to the popularity of his music videos and live performances, he started getting acting offers at the same time. The song \"Tu Sirf Mera Mehboob\" from the Hindi film \"Ajnabee\", sung by Adnan, became popular and was declared a \"superhit\" by \"Screen Magazine\", who called him the pop personality of the year in 2001. In 2002, Pepsi Foods made Sami its brand ambassador in India, a contract which involved hosting a series of live music concerts across cities as well as featuring in ads for Pepsi products. He is the only artist in all of Asia and Europe to have endorsed Pepsi Cola and Coca-Cola together. According to the Pakistani newspaper \"Dawn\", no Pakistani artist has ever managed to gain as much popularity in India as Sami has. According to an article in \"The Times of India\", Sami is the \"most successful face in non-film music in India\". His second studio album, \"Tera Chehra\", was released in October 2002 to critical acclaim. The music videos for this album were shot by Binod Prad"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": "han, who had shot the popular 2002 Hindi film \"Devdas\". The album features Bollywood stars Rani Mukerji in the title track and Amitabh Bachchan in the track \"Kabhi Nahi\", who also sang the duet with Sami. Actress Mahima Chaudhry was also seen in another song. The title track was written by well-known Hindi movie lyricist Sameer. According to \"Screen Magazine\", it was the only successful pop album of the year. Sami's \"Tera Chehra\" broke sales records by becoming India's best-selling album of 2002 (including film soundtracks), continuing its No. 1 position in 2003, and by becoming the best-selling Indian album of all time (including film soundtracks) in the U.S. and Canada. The album stayed in the No. 1 position in all the music charts of India from the time of its release in September 2002 for over a year, beating his debut album's No. 1 record. \"Saathiya\" (2002) brought him the opportunity to work with A. R. Rahman in the form of \"Aye Udi Udi\". According to \"Screen Magazine\", the song was \"the highlight of the album\". Red"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": "iff.com called him the \"Reigning King of Indipop\" in early 2003 based on the sales of his albums in the previous two years. His most successful albums have been \"Kabhi To Nazar Milao\" (with Asha Bhosle) and \"Tera Chehra\", and his music videos usually have had Bollywood stars in them, including Namrata Shirodkar (\"Bheegi Bheegi Raat\"), Mahima Chaudhry, Raveena Tandon, Rani Mukerji (\"Tera Chehra\"), Govinda, Fardeen Khan, Amisha Patel (\"O Meri Jaan\"), Bhumika Chawla (\"Maahiya\"), Dia Mirza (\"Pal Do Pal\") and Amitabh Bachchan (Kabhi Nahi). Since 2003, he has sung for a few Tamil movies like \"Boys\", \"Aaytha Ezhuthu\" composed by A. R. Rahman. The songs, \"Boom Boom\" from \"Boys\" and \"Nenjamellam Kadhal\" from \"Aayitha Ezhuthu\", were hits. He also sang for the Tamil and Telugu versions besides the Hindi version of songs from"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": " the movie \"Yuva\" (2004), whose music was also composed by A. R. Rahman. Besides Rahman, he has also worked with composer Yuvan Shankar Raja, and sang the Tamil songs \"Oh Intha Kadhal\" from \"Satham Podathey\" and \"OruKal\" from \"Siva Manasula Sakthi\". He sang the song \"Chanchadi Adi Urang Nee\" in the Malayalam movie \"Makalkku\". He has also sung for a Kannada film. His first Kannada song was \"Don't Worry Madabeda\" for the film \"Super Star\" starring Upendra. He has also worked with music composers Devi Sri Prasad and M. M. Keeravani and sang songs in Telugu films \"Varsham\", \"Chatrapathi\", \"Shankar Dada MBBS\" and \"100% Love\". In 2005, he suffered from lymphoedema and developed an abscess in the knee, which interrupted his career. In 2006, he took a sabbatical and reportedly lost 130\u00a0kg. He came back in April 2007 with the album \"Kisi Din\". In 2007, he sang the soundtrack \"D"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": "il Kya Kare\" from the Hindi film \"\" and \"Noor-e-Khuda\" from \"My Name Is Khan\". He was also one of the guest judges on the Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007. He has composed film music for several other Hindi films, including \"\", \"Yeh Raaste Hain Pyar Ke\", \"Dhamaal\", \"1920\", \"Chance Pe Dance\", \"Mumbai Salsa\", \"Khubsoorat\", \"Sadiyaan\", \"Shaurya\" and several others. As a classical concert pianist, Sami has given solo performances before royalty such as the King of Sweden and King Hussein of Jordan. He has performed before heads of state and governments such as President Mitterrand of France, the President of the United Arab Emirates, the President and Prime Minister of India, the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan, the President and Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan, the Prime Minister of Sweden and Princess Christina of Sweden. Adnan has performed for music festivals to sold-out stadiums of his solo concert tours all over the world in over forty countries. Sami wrote a song for India during the 2003 Cricket World Cup. The video of this song captures"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": " the nationalistic spirit of competition, depicting Adnan performing with the Indian cricket team with guest appearances from Indian film stars like Amitabh Bachchan, Abhishek Bachchan, Fardeen Khan and Kareena Kapoor. His work has associated him with prominent people from the Indian film and music industry. On 15 December 2002, BBC World Service celebrated 70 years of broadcasting by organizing a worldwide live concert with artists representing different parts of the world who performed before a global audience via satellite. Sami was chosen to represent India. In the summer of 2003, Sami became the only musical artist from the entire Asian region to have sold out Wembley Stadium in London for two nights in a row; this was recorded in the Limca Book of World Records (Asia's equivalent to the West's \"Guinness Book of World Records\"). He did this again in 2005, 2008, and 2012. In 2010, Sami received the \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" from the Prime Minister of Pakistan at a ceremony by Pakistan Television. In 2011, Sami was given the \"Glory of India Award\" by the India International Friendship Society. This was the 350th anniversary of the completion of the Taj Mahal, and Sami gave a solo concert performance in front of the Taj"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": " Mahal on the final night of the celebrations. After this performance, the Indian media dubbed him the \"Sultan of Music\". He hosted the Indian version of the American music game show \"Don't Forget the Lyrics!\" called \"Bol Baby Bol\" on the Star TV network in 2008. Prior to that in 2005, he was the sole jury for the singing competition program on Channel [V] called \"Super Singer\". In 2011, Adnan returned as a judge on the singing reality show \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs\", which became popular worldwide. He performed a qawwali \"Bhar Do Jholi Meri\" in the 2015 film \"Bajrangi Bhaijaan\", he appeared in the movie as well.</s><s>Personal life. Sami first married to actress Zeba Bakhtiar in 1993, with whom he had a son named Azaan Sami Khan. They divorced after three years. Sami began living in India since 13 March 2001, on a visitor's visa which was extended from time to time. In 2001, Sami married Dubai-based Arab Sabah Galadari. This was his second marriage and Sabah's second marriage as well; she had a son from her"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": " previous marriage. This relationship also ended in divorce, a year-and-a-half later. In June 2006, he weighed 230 kilograms (506\u00a0lb); he claimed his doctor had given him just six months to live. By diet and exercise, he lost in 16 months. In 2008, his wife Sabah returned to Mumbai, remarried him and began living with him, but the marriage only lasted one year, after which Sabah filed for divorce again. In 2009, his father died of pancreatic cancer, which he described as the \"biggest blow\" of his life, saying that he had been extremely close to his father. On 29 January 2010 Sami married Roya Sami Khan, the daughter of a retired diplomat and army general. He first met Roya in India during her visit in 2010 and proposed to her after some time. On 10 May 2017, he became a father to a daughter, Medina Sami Khan. On 26 May 2015, he submitted a request for Indian citizenship to the Ministry of Home Affairs, when his Pakistani passport expired, he had lived an adequate number of years in India that made him eligible for Indian citizenship hence he naturalised as an Indian citizen. In late December 2015, the Indian Home Ministry approved his request for"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": " legal status as a citizen of India, effective as of 1 January 2016.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:As an actor. - \"Sargam\" (1995) - \"Bajrangi Bhaijaan\" (2015)</s><s>Filmography.:As a music director and composer. - \"Sargam\" (1995) - \"Love at Times Square\" (2003) - \"\" (2005) - \"Dhamaal\" (2007) - \"Mumbai Salsa\" (2007) - \"Khushboo\" (2008) - \"1920\" (2008) - \"Shaurya\" (2008) - \"Daddy Cool\", co-director: Raghav Sachar - \"Sadiyaan\" (2010) - \"Chance Pe Dance\" (2010), co-director: Pritam Chakraborty, Ken Ghosh, Sandeep Shirodkar</s><s>Discography. \"Badaltay Mausam\" (1997) was re-released in India as \"Kabhi To Nazar Milao\" (2000).</s><s>Awards and accolades. Sami has won a number of international awards, including the Nigar Award, the Bolan Academy Award"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": ", and the Graduate Award. He was given a special award by UNICEF for the song he wrote for famine-hit Ethiopia as a teenager and a United Nations Peace Medal for a song he wrote and performed for Africa. A review of his piano solo performance on British TV Channel 4 in \"Keyboard\" magazine called him the \"Keyboard Discovery of the 90s\". In 2001, he was awarded the Breakthrough Artist of the Year by MTV. Swedish and British radio and television have often referred to him as the fastest keyboard player in the world. Adnan has performed for prestigious music festivals to sold-out stadiums of his solo concert tours all over the world in over forty countries. In summer 2003, he became the only Asian artist to have sold out Wembley Stadium, London, for two consecutive nights, which won him a place in the Limca Book of Records. As a classical concert pianist, Sami has given performances before the King of Sweden and King Hussein of Jordan. In 2007, Sami was given a Special Award from the U.K. Parliament (House of Commons) for his 'Outstanding Contribution to Sub-Continental Music'. In 2008, he was presented the \"Naushad Music Award\" by Andhra Pradesh Department of Culture,"}, {"title": "Adnan Sami", "text": " in Hyderabad. In 2008 he also won \"Best International Act\" at the UK Asian Music Awards. In 2013, he was given the BrandLaureate International Brand Personality award by the President of The BrandLaureate, Dr KK Johan, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Later in 2013, Sami was given a Special Award by the Canadian Parliament for his 'Exceptional Services to Indian Music'. In April 2017, Sami became the first South Asian to have performed at London's Wembley Stadium 8 times; tickets were sold out on all 8 occasions. The Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, attended the concert. In January 2020, he was awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour in the field of Arts, by Government of India. He received the award from President of India on 8 November 2021</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Adnan Sami", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000390", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Grant Bowler.", "docs": [{"title": "Grant Bowler", "text": "<s>Grant Bowler Grant Bowler (born 18 July 1968) is a New Zealand-Australian actor and television presenter who has worked in American, Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian film, television, and theatre. He is known for playing the role of Constable Wayne Patterson in \"Blue Heelers\" and Wolfgang West in \"Outrageous Fortune\". He also appeared as Wilhelmina Slater's love interest Connor Owens in \"Ugly Betty\". He starred as Joshua Nolan on the Syfy television series \"Defiance\". As a presenter, he was best known for hosting reality game shows \u2013 including \"The Mole Australia\" and \"The Amazing Race Australia\", both of which aired on the Seven Network. Bowler has been the voiceover for \"\" for the Seven Network since 2004. He has also provided the voiceover for the and the American version of the show when those version screen in Australia & New Zealand as \"Border Security: International\", which often air on 7two.</s><s>Personal life. Bowler was born in Auckland, New Zealand, but moved to Australia when he was young, and was raised in Brisbane. In 2011, he separated from his wife of nine years, Australian actress Roxane Wilson, with whom he has two children.</s><s>Career"}, {"title": "Grant Bowler", "text": ". Bowler is a graduate of the National Institute of Dramatic Art. He worked extensively in theatre with the Bell Shakespeare Company touring with the original company founded by John Bell. His first television role was as Constable Wayne Patterson on \"Blue Heelers\", from 1993 to 1996. After leaving that show, he spent time on \"Pacific Drive\" in 1996 and \"Medivac\" from 1996 to 1998. He had recurring roles on \"Always Greener\" and \"Stingers\", starred in the television adaptation of \"On the Beach\", spent a year on the ABC series \"Something in the Air\", and starred in the 2004 miniseries \"Through My Eyes\" about the disappearance of Azaria Chamberlain. Bowler had a recurring role on \"All Saints\" from 2004 to 2005. Bowler also hosted the Australian version of \"The Mole\", hosting the show from 2000 to 2003. He was replaced as host on the 2005 series by Tom Williams because of family commitments and hosting duties with \"\". Bowler serves as the narrator of the reality show \"\", a duty which he began as host in 2004, though he stopped appearing on camera after the first season. Bowler starred in the New Zealand series \"Outrageous Fortune\". Bowler's acting career has developed since"}, {"title": "Grant Bowler", "text": " he first began playing Wolf, but although the character is not in every episode, he has turned down other roles to continue in \"Outrageous Fortune\". Starting with the season four episode \"Ji Yeon\", Bowler plays the guest role of Captain Gault, the captain of a freighter on the popular American television series \"Lost\". In 2008, he became a recurring regular on \"Ugly Betty\", in which he played the corrupt CFO of Meade Publications (Connor Owens) who romanced the series' main villain Wilhelmina Slater. Bowler said of his character, \"He's got a lot of evil secrets.\" In December 2009, he was cast in the role of Cooter, a werewolf, in the HBO urban fantasy series \"True Blood\", for that show's third season. In late 2010, he was announced as the host of Seven Network's \"The Amazing Race Australia\" and hosted the show for 3 seasons. He did not return to host for the 2019 Network 10 revival of the series, being replaced by Beau Ryan. He played Hank Rearden in \"\" (2011), the first part of a planned three-part film adaptation of Ayn Rand's novel of the same name. He was also seen in 2011 in \"The"}, {"title": "Grant Bowler", "text": " City of Gardens\", as well as the film \"Killer Elite\". In 2012, Bowler was cast as Richard Burton opposite Lindsay Lohan as Elizabeth Taylor in the biographical TV-movie \"Liz & Dick\" for Lifetime in the US. He was seen in the war drama \"Gallipoli\", released in 2015 on Channel 9, Australia. Bowler was also seen in the psychological action film \"Swelter\", alongside Jean-Claude Van Damme and Alfred Molina, in the sci-fi thriller \"400 Days\" with Brandon Routh and Dane Cook, \"Lucky Dog\" with Amy Smart, and the family movie, \"Zooey to the Max\". In 2020, Bowler appeared in a recurring role in \"The Baker and the Beauty\" playing the Australian father of lead character Noa Hamilton, played by Nathalie Kelley.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Grant Bowler", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000391", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Shoya Nakajima.", "docs": [{"title": "Shoya Nakajima", "text": "<s>Shoya Nakajima After starting his career with Tokyo Verdy of the J2 League and FC Tokyo of the J1 League, he spent several years in Portugal's Primeira Liga with Portimonense and Porto. He also had brief spells in Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Turkey. He was part of the Japanese under-23 team at the 2016 Olympics. First capped at senior level in 2018, he was part of the Japan team at the 2019 Copa Am\u00e9rica.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Portimonense. On 27 August 2017, Nakajima moved abroad for the first time, signing a season-long loan with Portimonense of Portugal's Primeira Liga. After scoring 10 goals and as many assists in 32 total matches for the team from the Algarve, he signed a permanent deal in May 2018.</s><s>Club career.:Al Duhail. In February 2019, Nakajima joined Qatar Stars League side Al Duhail for a reported transfer fee of \u20ac35 million. He played seven games for the eventual runners-up, and scored once in a 6\u20130 home win over Al Ahli on 28 February.</s><s>Club career.:Porto. On 5 July 2019, Porto"}, {"title": "Shoya Nakajima", "text": " announced an agreement with Al-Duhail for the acquisition of Nakajima's sports rights, in a \u20ac12 million transfer fee (50% of the player economic rights). He signed a five-year contract, keeping him contractually linked until 30 June 2024, with an \u20ac80 million release clause. Nakajima made his Porto debut on 13 August 2019 in the second leg of the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round away to Krasnodar, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3\u20132 loss that eliminated the team on the away goals rule. He scored his first goal on 19 December 2019, the only one of a home win over Santa Clara in the fifth round of the Ta\u00e7a de Portugal, his 17th appearance. On 16 January 2021, Nakajima joined Al Ain of the UAE Pro League on a six-month loan deal including an optional \u20ac40 million transfer clause. After his time in the Middle East was ended by a tibia break, on 25 August that year he returned on loan to Portimonense for a season.</s><s>Club career.:Antalyaspor. Nakajima signed for Turkish club Antalyaspor in 2022. He made his debut on 18 September 2022 against Adana Demirspor, coming on"}, {"title": "Shoya Nakajima", "text": " the 59th minute only to be sent off in just 20 seconds after receiving a red card for a late sliding tackle.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Youth level and under-23 career. Nakajima was first selected to represent the Japanese under-17 national team when he was called up to the Slovakia Cup, a friendly tournament in early May 2011 that served the purpose of preparing the squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup. A month later, he was in Mexico playing at the 2011 U-17 World Cup, where he appeared in two matches and scored one goal in a 3\u20132 loss against Brazil in the quarter-finals. In August 2013, Nakajima was called for the Japanese under-20 national team to participate in the L'Alc\u00fadia International Football Tournament in Spain. The squad was eliminated in the group stage, and he scored in a 2\u20131 win against Argentina. In January 2014, Nakajima played for the Japanese under-23 national team in the 2013 AFC U-22 Championship. He appeared in all three matches of the group stage, scoring once against Iran and twice against Australia, as the team reached the quarter-finals. In September 2014, Nakajima was called for the 2014 Asian"}, {"title": "Shoya Nakajima", "text": " Games, scoring against Iraq and Nepal in the group stage. The team reached the quarter-finals. In March 2015, he played two matches in the AFC U-23 Championship qualification and scored a double against Vietnam. The team reached the first place of the group and was granted the qualification for the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship. In January 2016, he participated in the championship, scoring a double in the extra-time of the quarter-finals match against Iraq and eventually won the competition with a 3\u20132 triumph against South Korea. Nakajima was also crown the Most Valuable Player of the Tournament. In August 2016, he was selected for the Japanese Olympic national team (under-23) that competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He played three matches and scored a goal against Colombia, while the team came third in the group stage.</s><s>International career.:Senior career. On 15 March 2018, Nakajima was called by national manager Vahid Halilhod\u017ei\u0107 for upcoming matches against Mali and Ukraine. Eight days later, he debuted and scored his first goal for Japanese national team against Mali in a 1\u20131 draw. Hajime Moriyasu named Nakajima in the squad for the 2019 Copa Am\u00e9rica"}, {"title": "Shoya Nakajima", "text": " in Brazil, which Japan guest entered with a mainly under-23 team. He scored the opening goal against Ecuador in the last group game in Belo Horizonte, but the 1\u20131 draw eliminated the team.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Al-Duhail - Qatar Emir Cup: 2019 Porto - Primeira Liga: 2019\u201320 - Ta\u00e7a de Portugal: 2019\u201320 Japan U23 - AFC U-23 Championship: 2016 Individual - AFC U-23 Championship Most Valuable Player: 2016 - Primeira Liga Forward of the Month: October/November 2017 - Primeira Liga Player of the Month: September 2018 - SPJF Goal of the Month: November 2017 vs Tondela - SPJF Goal of the Month: February 2018 vs Feirense</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Shoya Nakajima", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000392", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ziaur Rahman.", "docs": [{"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": "<s>Ziaur Rahman Lt. General Ziaur Rahman (19 January 1936 \u2013 30 May 1981), was a Bangladeshi military officer and politician who served as the President of Bangladesh from 1977 to 1981. He was assassinated on 30 May 1981 in Chittagong in an coup d'\u00e9tat staged by some of his colleagues in army. Rahman was a Bangladesh Forces Commander of BDF Sector 1 initially, and from June as BDF commander of BDF Sector 11 of the Bangladesh Forces and the Brigade Commander of Z Force from mid-July during the country's Independence war from Pakistan in 1971. He originally broadcast the Bangladesh declaration of independence on 27 March from Kalurghat radio station in Chittagong. After the war of Independence, Rahman became a brigade commander in Bangladesh Army, and later the deputy chief of staff and chief of staff of Bangladesh Army. His ascent to leadership of the country resulted from a conspiracy that had begun with the killing of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding president of Bangladesh, in a military coup d'\u00e9tat followed by a coup and counter-revolt within the military to gain control at the helm. Ziaur Rahman gained \"de facto\" power as head of the government already under martial law imposed by the Mushta"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": "q government. He took over the presidency in 1977. As president in 1978, Rahman founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (popularly known by its abbreviation BNP). He reinstated multi-party politics, freedom of the press, free speech and free markets and accountability. He initiated mass irrigation and food production programmes, including social programmes to uplift the lives of the people. His government initiated efforts to create a regional group in South Asia, which later became SAARC in 1985. He improved Bangladesh's relations with the West and China, and departed from Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's close alignment with India. Domestically, Rahman faced as many as twenty-one coup attempts for which trials were set up, and many soldiers and officers of the Bangladesh Armed Forces were executed, which were mostly claimed to be biased and false trials. He was criticized for passing the Indemnity Act and removing the ban on religion-based political parties. Rahman was awarded two gallantry awards for two wars fought in South Asia. Hilal-i-Jurat for the Indo-Pak War in 1965, and Bir Uttom in 1972 for the Bangladesh Independence war 1971 for his wartime contributions. According to the 1986 book \"\" written by Anthony Mascarenhas, Rahman retired from the Bangladesh Army as"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " a Lt. General (promoted by himself) in 1978 with effect from 29 April. The political party Rahman formed in 1978, the BNP, has remained one of the two dominant political parties of Bangladesh alongside its chief rival, the Awami League. Since Rahman's death, his wife, Khaleda Zia, has presided as chairperson of the party and served 2 full terms as prime minister during her tenure.</s><s>Early life. Ziaur Rahman was born on 19 January 1936 to a Bengali Muslim family of Mandals in the village of Bagbari in Gabtali, Bogra District. His father, Mansur Rahman, was a chemist who specialised in paper and ink chemistry and worked for a government department at Writers' Building in Kolkata. His grandfather, Moulvi Kamaluddin Mandal, migrated from Mahishaban to Nashipur-Bagbari after marrying his grandmother Meherunnisa. Ziaur Rahman has Iranian ancestry through Meherunnisa, whose forefathers arrived in Ghoraghat during the Mughal period. His mother's name was Jahanara Khatun. Rahman was raised in his home village of Bagbari and studied in Bogra Zilla School. He had"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " two younger brothers, Ahmed Kamal (d. 2017) and Khalilur Rahman (d. 2014). In 1946, Mansur enrolled Rahman for a short stint in a boys school of Calcutta, Hare School, where he studied until the dissolution of the British Empire in India and partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. Mansur Rahman exercised his option to become a citizen of a Muslim majority Pakistan and in August 1947 moved to Karachi the first capital of Pakistan located in Sindh, West Pakistan. Zia, at the age of 11, had become a student in class six at the Academy School in Karachi in 1947. Rahman spent his adolescent years in Karachi and by age 16 completed his secondary education from that School in 1952. In 1953, Rahman was admitted into the D. J. Sindh Government Science College. In the same year, he joined the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul as a cadet. In August 1960, his marriage was arranged to Khaleda Khanam Putul, the 15-year-old daughter of Iskandar Majumder and Taiyaba Majumder from the Feni District (part of then Noakhali District). Khaleda Khanam Putul, later known as Khaleda Zia, went on"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " serve as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh three times. Rahman, a captain in the then Pakistan Army who was posted at that time as an Officer of the Defence Forces. His father, Mansur Rahman could not attend the marriage ceremony, as he was in Karachi. Zia's mother had died earlier.</s><s>Military career in the Pakistan Army. Graduating from the Pakistan Military Academy at 12th PMA long course on 18 September 1955 in the top 10% of his class, Rahman was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Pakistan Army. In the army, he received commando training, became a paratrooper and received training in a special intelligence course. Rahman went to East Pakistan on a short visit and was struck by the negative attitude of the Bengali middle class towards the military, which consumed a large chunk of the country's resources. The low representation of the Bengalis in the military was largely due to discrimination, but Rahman felt that the Bengali attitude towards the military perhaps prevented promising young Bengali from seeking military careers. As a Bengali army officer he advocated military careers for Bengali youth. After serving for two years in Karachi, he was transferred to the East Bengal Regiment in 1957. He attended military training schools of British Army. He also worked in the military"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " intelligence department from 1959 to 1964. Ayub Khan's military rule from 1958 to 1968 convinced Rahman of the need for a fundamental change in the Bengali attitude towards the military. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Rahman saw combat in the Khemkaran sector in Punjab as the commander of a company (military unit) of 100\u2013150 soldiers. Rahman was awarded Hilal-i-Jur'at for gallantry by the Pakistan government medal, Pakistan's second highest military award, and the first Battalion of the East Bengal Regiment (EBR) under which he fought won 3 Sitara-e-Jurat (Star of Courage) medals, and 8 Tamgha-i-Jurat (Medal of Courage) medals, for their role in the 1965 War with India. In 1966, Rahman was appointed military instructor at the Pakistan Military Academy, later going on to attend the Command and Staff College in Quetta, Pakistan, he completed a course in command and tactical warfare. Rahman helped raise two Bengali battalions called the 8th and 9th Bengals during his stint as instructor. Around the same time, his wife Khaleda Zia, now 24, gave birth to their first child Tarique Rahman on 20 November 1966. Rahman joined the"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " 2nd East Bengal regiment as its second-in-command at Joydebpur in Gazipur district, near Dhaka, in 1969, and travelled to West Germany to receive advanced military and command training from the British Army of the Rhine and later spent a few months with the British Army.</s><s>Pre-Independence. Rahman returned to Pakistan the following year. He was posted in Chittagong, East Pakistan in October 1970 to be second-in-command of the 8th East Bengal Regiment. East Pakistan had been devastated by the 1970 Bhola cyclone, and the population had been embittered by the slow response of the central government and the political conflict between Pakistan's two major parties, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League, and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party (PPP). In the 1970 Pakistani general election, the Awami League had won a majority and its leader Sheikh Mujib laid claim to form a government, but Pakistan President Yahya Khan postponed the convening of the legislature under pressure from Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's PPP party.</s><s>Bangladesh War of Liberation 1971. Following the failure of last-ditch talks, Yahya Khan declared martial"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " law and ordered the army to crack down on Bengali political activities. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested before midnight on 26 March 1971, taken to Tejgaon International Airport and flown to West Pakistan. Zia, who already by then geared to revolt against the government of Pakistan revolted and later arrested and executed his commanding officer Lt. Col. Janjua. He was requested by the local Awami League supporters and leaders, to announce the Declaration of Independence that was earlier (in early hours of 26 March 1971) proclaimed by the undisputed Bengali leader Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, before his (Ziaur Rahman) arrest on 27 March 1971 from Kalurghat, Chittagong, as an Army officer's words would carry weight restoring people's trust in the 'Declaration of Independence', which read:. \"I, Major Ziaur Rahman, Provincial Head of the government, do hereby declare that Independence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.\" But his (Ziaur Rahman) proclamation as the \"\"Provincial Head\"\" of the government, was much criticized and rebuked by the political leaders present there and he realized his mistake. Later on the same day (27 March), a second broadcast was read as correction: \""}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": "I, Major Ziaur Rahman, do hereby declare the Independence of Bangladesh in the name of our great leader Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.\" Later in an interview with German Radio, Rahman talked about his 27 March announcement. Rahman organised an infantry unit gathering all Bengali soldiers from military and EPR units in Chittagong. He designated it Sector No. 1 with its HQ in Sabroom. A few weeks later he was transferred to Teldhala where he organised and created Sector 11. All sectors were restructured officially under Bangladesh Forces as the sector in the Chittagong and Hill Tracts area, under Colonel M. A. G. Osmani, the Supreme Commander of Bangladesh Forces, of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh which had its headquarters on Theatre Road, Calcutta in India. On 30 July 1971 Rahman was appointed the commander of the first conventional brigade of the Bangladesh Forces, which was named \"Z Force\", after the first initial of his name. His brigade consisted of 1st, 3rd and 8th East Bengali regiments, enabling Rahman to launch major attacks on Pakistani forces. With the Z Force, Rahman \"acquired a reputation for icy bravery\" according to \"The New York Times\", and was awarded"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " the Bir Uttom, the second-highest military honour (and the highest for living officers) by the Government of Bangladesh.</s><s>Assassination of Mujib in 1975 and its aftermath. A deep conspiracy with the purpose of removing Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from the helm was well under way long before his assassination by outside forces and internal collaborators within Bangladesh. On 15 August 1975 President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family were assassinated in a gun fight with army personnel. One of Mujibur Rahman's cabinet ministers and a leading conspirator Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad gained the presidency and dismissed Major General K M Shafiullah, who had stayed neutral during the coup. Major General Ziaur Rahman (then deputy chief of army staff) was appointed as army chief of staff, after Shafiullah resigned. However, the coup of 15 August caused a period of instability and unrest in Bangladesh and amongst the rank and file of the armed forces. Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf and the 46th Brigade of Dhaka Cantonment under Colonel Shafaat Jamil revolted against Khandaker Mushtaq Ahmed's administration on 3 November 1975, and Ziaur Rahman was forced to relinquish his post and put under house arrest. This was followed"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " on November 7 by (\"Sipoy-Janata Biplob\") Soldiers and People's Coup, a mutiny staged by the Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal (JSD or National Socialist Party) under retired Lieutenant Colonel Abu Taher and a group of socialist military officers. Khaled Mosharraf was killed by his subordinate officers while he was sheltering with them from the mutineers. Shafaat Jamil escaped but was injured, while Rahman was freed by the 2nd Artillery regiment under Lt. Col. Rashid and re-appointed as army chief of staff with full support of the rank and file of the army. Following a meeting at army headquarters, an interim government was formed with Justice Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem as chief martial law administrator and Ziaur Rahman, Air Vice Marshal M. G. Tawab and Rear Admiral M. H. Khan as his deputies. However, discipline in the army had totally collapsed and it was difficult to disarm the soldiers supported by JSD and Lt. Col. Taher, as they plotted another coup to remove Rahman. Rahman realised that the disorder had to be suppressed firmly if discipline was to be restored in the Bangladesh Army. Rahman cracked down on the JSD and Gonobah"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": "ini. Abu Taher was sentenced to death in July 1976 and other party figures received various terms of imprisonment. Taher was executed on 21 July 1976. Rahman became the chief martial law administrator following Justice Sayem's elevation to the presidency on 6 November 1975. He tried to integrate the armed forces, giving repatriates a status appropriate to their qualifications and seniority. While this angered some veterans of the independence war, who had rapidly reached high positions following independence in 1971, Rahman sent discontented officers on diplomatic missions abroad to defuse unrest.</s><s>Presidency. Rahman became the President of Bangladesh on 21 April 1977. Years of disorder from the previous political administration of the Awami League and BAKSAL had left most of Bangladesh's state institutions in disarray, with constant internal and external threats. After becoming president in 1977, Rahman lifted martial law and introduced massive reforms for the development of the country. In late September 1977, a failed coup against his administration occurred. A group of Japanese Red Army terrorists hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 472 from India armed with weapons and ammunition and forced it to land in Tejgaon International Airport. On 30 September, while the attention of the government was riveted on this crisis situation, due to spreading of panic and disinformation actions went under"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " way in Bogra Cantonment where a revolt broke out. Although the revolt was quickly quelled on the night of 2 October, another revolt started in Dhaka cantonment, led by misinformed airmen of Bangladesh Air Force (BAF). Armed units from these army and air force personnel unsuccessfully attacked Zia's residence, captured Dhaka Radio for a short time and killed eleven air force officers and 30 airmen at Tejgaon International Airport, where they were gathered for negotiations with the hijackers. Wing Commander M. Hamidullah Khan TJ, SH, BP (BDF Commander Bangladesh Forces Sector 11), then BAF Ground Defence Commander, quickly put down the rebellion within the Air Force, while the government was severely shaken. Chief of Air Staff AVM AG Mahmud reappointed Wing Commander Hamidullah Khan as Provost Marshal of BAF. President Zia immediately appointed Wing Commander Hamidullah Khan as ZMLA (Dhaka) and Director of Martial Law Communications and Control at Tejgaon (present day PM's Office). Government intelligence had failed and President Rahman promptly dismissed the DG-NSI and the DFI chief, AVM Aminul Islam Khan, of 9th GD(P) formerly coursemate of AVM A"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": ". K. Khandkar of Pakistan Air Force. Under Zia's Presidential directive Hamidullah initiated the transfer of DFI at Old Bailey Road from the ministry of defence to Dhaka Cantonment under direct control of the president and reorganized as DGFI. In the aftermath at least 200 soldiers involved in the coup attempt were executed following a military trial.. The size of Bangladesh police forces was doubled and the number of soldiers of the army increased from 50,000 to 90,000. In 1978 he appointed Hussain Muhammad Ershad as the new Chief of Army Staff, promoting him to the rank of lieutenant general. He was viewed as a professional soldier with no political aspirations because of his imprisonment in former West Pakistan during the Bangladesh War of Independence. Quietly Ershad rose to become Zia's close political and military counsellor.</s><s>Presidency.:Elections. In 1978, General Rahman ran for and an overwhelmingly won a five-year term as president. The next year elections were held for the National Assembly. Opponents questioned the integrity of the elections. Zia allowed Sheikh Hasina, the exiled daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, to return to Bangladesh in 1981.</s><s>Presidency.:Domestic and foreign policies. On taking power"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": ", Rahman was \"hailed as the strict leader that the struggling nation needed\". Bangladesh suffered from illiteracy, severe poverty, chronic unemployment, shortages and economic stagnation. Rahman reversed course from his predecessor Mujib's secular, democratic socialist, pro-Indian policies. Rahman announced a \"19-point programme\" of economic emancipation which emphasised self-reliance, rural development, decentralisation, free markets and population control. Rahman spent much of his time travelling throughout the country, preaching the \"politics of hope\" and urging Bangladeshis to work harder and to produce more. He held cabinet meetings all across Bangladesh. Rahman focused on boosting agricultural and industrial production, especially in food and grains, and to integrate rural development through a variety of programmes, of which population planning was the most important. He introduced and opened the Bangladesh Jute and Rice research institutes. He launched an ambitious rural development programme in 1977, which included a highly visible and popular food-for-work programme. He promoted private sector development, exports growth and the reversing of the collectivisation of farms. His government reduced quotas and restrictions on agriculture and industrial activities. Rahman launched major projects to construct irrigation canals, power stations, dams, roads and other public works. Directing his campaign to mobilise rural"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " support and development, Rahman established \"Gram Sarkar\" (\"Village Councils\") system of self-government and the \"Village Defence Party\" system of security and crime prevention. Programmes to promote primary and adult education on a mass scale were initiated and focused mainly across rural Bangladesh. During this period, Bangladesh's economy achieved fast economic and industrial growth. Rahman began reorienting Bangladesh's foreign policy, addressing the concerns of the mostly staunch rightists coupled with some renegade leftist who believed that Bangladesh was reliant on Indian economic and military aid. Rahman moved away from India and the Soviet bloc, his predecessors' had worked with, developing closer relations with the United States and Western Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Rahman also moved to harmonise ties with Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of China, Pakistan's ally who had opposed Bangladesh's creation and had not recognised it until 1975. Rahman moved to normalise relations with Pakistan. While distancing Bangladesh from India, Rahman sought to improve ties with other Islamic nations. Zia's move towards Islamic state policies improved the nation's standing in the Middle East. According to historian Tazeen M. Murshid, one aim of these policies was to open the Gulf states to manpower exports. In this Zia was"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " successful, and remittances became an important part of the Bangladeshi economy. Rahman also proposed an organisation of the nations of South Asia to bolster economic and political co-operation at a regional level. This proposal materialised in 1985 under the Presidency of Hussain Muhammad Ershad with the first meeting of the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation in Dhaka. Zia's vision has earned him a posthumous award from the organisation.</s><s>Presidency.:Islam and nationalism. Rahman believed that a massive section of the population was suffering from an identity crisis, both religious and as a people, with a very limited sense of sovereignty. To remedy this he began a re-Islamisation of Bangladesh. He issued a proclamation order amending the constitution, under whose basis laws would be set in an effort to increase the self-knowledge of religion and nation. In the preamble, he inserted the salutation \"\"Bismillahir-Rahmaanir-Rahim\"\" (\"In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful\"). In Article 8(1) and 8(1A) the statement \"absolute trust and faith in Almighty Allah\"' was added, replacing the socialist commitment to secularism. Socialism was redefined as \"economic and social"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " justice\" under his leadership. In Article 25(2), Rahman introduced the principle that '\"the state shall endeavour to consolidate, preserve and strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries based on Islamic solidarity.\" Some intellectuals accuse Rahman of changing the nature of the republic from the secularism laid out by Sheikh Mujib and his supporters. However, critics of this accusation say the rationale is absurd and an oversimplification since secular leaders like Gamal Abdel Nasser and Ahmed Ben Bella adopted this policy, and that religious slogans and symbolism are also used by the Awami League. Later Rahman introduced Islamic religious education as a compulsory subject for Muslim schoolchildren. At the birth of Bangladesh, many Islamists had supported the Pakistani Army's fight against independence and been barred from politics with the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order of 1972. Rahman undid this as well as the ban on communal parties and associations. In public speeches and policies that he formulated, Rahman began expounding \"Bangladesh Nationalism,\" its \"Sovereignty,\" as opposed to Mujib's assertion of a Bengali identity based under language-based nationalism. Rahman emphasised the national role of Islam as guide to life's principle. Claiming to promote an inclusive national identity, Rahman reached out to non"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": "-Bengali minorities such as the Santals, Garos, Manipuris and Chakmas, as well as the Urdu-speaking peoples of Bihari origin. He even amended the constitution to change the nationality of the citizens from Bengali, an ethnic identity, to Bangladeshi, a national identity, under sovereign allegiance not political belief or party affiliation. However, Bangladeshi nationalism excluded the country's non-Muslim minorities, particularly the Hindu community. After the formation of Bangladesh Nationalist Party in 1978, Rahman took initiative for formation of political institutes and sponsored workshops for the youth to get active political lessons on Bangladesh nationalism. In such a workshop in September 1980, Rahman spoke to the learners.</s><s>Presidency.:Indemnity Act. Rahman enacted several controversial measures, some to discipline the army, some to solidify his power and some to win the support of right wing political groups such as the Jamaat-e-Islami. Zia also facilitated the comeback of the Muslim League and other Islamic parties, appointed the highly controversial anti-independence figure Shah Azizur Rahman (who was earlier released from jail by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1973) prime minister. Rahman gave foreign appointments to several men accused of assassinating Sheikh Mujibur"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " Rahman. Major Dalim, Major Rashid and Major Faruk were given jobs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in subsequent years they were appointed ambassadors of Bangladesh to African and Middle Eastern nations. The Indemnity Ordinance (which gave immunity from legal action to the persons involved in the assassination of president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, coups and other political events between 1975 and 1979) was proclaimed by Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad in 1975 president, ratified in the Parliament as the Indemnity Act, and incorporated as the 5th amendment to the constitution during the tenure of President Hussain Muhammad Ershad.</s><s>Assassination. During his term of power, Rahman was criticised for ruthless treatment of his army opposition. Although he enjoyed overall popularity and public confidence, Zia's rehabilitation of some of the most controversial men in Bangladesh aroused fierce opposition from the supporters of the Awami League and veterans of its Mukti Bahini. Amidst speculation and fears of unrest, Rahman went on tour to Chittagong on 29 May 1981 to help resolve an intra-party political dispute in the regional BNP. Rahman and his entourage stayed overnight at the Chittagong Circuit House. In the early hours of the morning of 30 May, he was assassinated by"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " a group of army officers. Also killed were six of his bodyguards and two aides. Nearly two million people are estimated to have attended the funeral held at the Parliament Square.</s><s>Criticism and legacy. Many Bangladeshi politicians consider Rahman a war hero. However, his role after 15 August 1975 assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family remains controversial. The Indemnity Act, an ordinance ordered by Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad in 1975 pardoning the subsequently convicted killers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, was legalised by Rahman during his tenure as president. Some killers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family were sent abroad during his time as president. The Dhaka High Court declared the seizures of power by military coups between 1975 and 1979, including Zia's military regime, as \"unlawful and unconstitutional.\" Zia's martial law decrees, his ascendancy to the presidency in 1977 and the election held in 1978 were declared \"unknown to the constitution.\" The court ruling over-ruled the Indemnity Act by which these very events were accorded a legal status and enshrined in the constitution. Rahman is credited for ending the disorder of the final years of Sheikh Mujib's rule and establishing democracy by abolishing BAK"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": "SHAL (One party rule established by Mujib). On the other hand, Rahman is assailed by his critics for suppressing opposition. It is claimed that around 3,000 soldiers, military officials and civilians either disappeared or were killed during his reign. On one occasion, about 1,143 people were hanged in various Bangladeshi prisons, on charges of participating in a failed coup attempt on 2 October 1977. However, Zia's economic reforms are credited with rebuilding the economy and his move towards Islamisation brought him the support of ordinary Bangladeshi people. His nationalist vision also appealed to many who resented the other political parties alleged inclination towards India and the Soviet Union. Moving away from Mujib's secularism, Rahman asserted an Islamist political identity for Bangladesh and membership in the wider community of Muslim nations, which was applauded by the public. However, many historians have said these measures laid the foundations of future communal and ethnic conflicts by isolating and embittering many ethnic and religious minorities in Bangladesh. Critics of this view say this is an oversimplification, and that Rahman alone cannot be held responsible for these tensions. It is generally acknowledged that he lived a simple life, which included opting to have his food supplied from the army canteen. National anthem debate Prime"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " Minister Shah Azizur Rahman said in a secret letter to the Cabinet Department, \u201cA song written by Rabindranath Tagore is the Indian national anthem. He is not a citizen of Bangladesh. The Muslim Ummah is worried that a song written by a poet from the Hindu community is the national anthem. National Anthem needs to be changed as this song is against the spirit of our culture. \" In the Prime Minister's letter, instead of '\"Amar Sonar Bangla\"', \"'Prothom Bangladesh, Amar shesh Bangladesh\"' was proposed as the national anthem. After receiving this letter from the Prime Minister, the Cabinet Department issued instructions to broadcast the first Bangladesh song on radio, television and all government programs. Zia himself was in favor of changing the national flag and national anthem, whe BNP leader Dr. Yusuf asked Zia in a session to change the national flag, Zia replied, \"It will be, it will be, everything will be. Let \"the national anthem written by Hindu\" be changed first. Then I will think about the national flag. \" Meanwhile, the \"Prothom Bangladesh\" song started singing along with the National Anthem at the President's function. But after Zia's death in 1981,"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": " the initiative stalled. Attempts to change the national flag On December 16, 1978, on Bangladesh's Victory Day, an orange circle flag was ordered to be hoisted on government buildings instead of a red circle flag on a green ground. But in the face of protests, Zia had to withdraw from this plan.</s><s>Criticism and legacy.:Family. With Khaleda Zia, Rahman had two sons, Tareq Rahman and Arafat Rahman (d. 2015). Khaleda became the head of the BNP and organised a coalition of political parties opposed to Ershad's regime. In elections held in 1991, she led the BNP to victory and became the first female prime minister of Bangladesh. She lost the 1996 elections to the Awami League's Sheikh Hasina, but returned to power in 2001. Tareq served as the BNP senior joint secretary.</s><s>Criticism and legacy.:Honours. Turkey has named a road in Ankara as \"Ziaur Rahman Caddesi\" after his death to honour him. In 2004, Ziaur Rahman was ranked number 20 in BBC's poll of the Greatest Bengali of all time. Zia was also honoured by the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation for his statesmanship and vision"}, {"title": "Ziaur Rahman", "text": ". Other honours include: - : Hilal-i-Jur'at - : Order of the Nile - : Order of the Yugoslav Star - : Hero of the Republic</s><s>See also. - BM Abbas</s><s>Further reading. - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ziaur Rahman", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000393", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Carlos P. Romulo.", "docs": [{"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": "<s>Carlos P. Romulo Carlos Pe\u00f1a Romulo Sr. (January 14, 1898 \u2013 December 15, 1985) was a Filipino diplomat, statesman, soldier, journalist and author. He was a reporter at the age of 16, a newspaper editor by 20, and a publisher at 32. He was a co-founder of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, a general in the US Army and the Philippine Army, university president, and president of the United Nations General Assembly. He has been named as one of the Philippines's national artists in literature, and was the recipient of many other honors and honorary degrees.</s><s>Early career. Carlos Romulo was born in Camiling, Tarlac from Pangasinense parents on both sides and studied at the Camiling Central Elementary School during his basic education. Romulo became a professor of English at the University of the Philippines in 1923. Simultaneously, Romulo served as the secretary to the president of the Senate of the Philippines, Manuel Quezon. During the 1930s, Romulo became the publisher and editor of \"The Philippines Herald\", and one of his reporters was Yay Panlilio. On October 31, 1936, the Boy Scouts of the Philippines (BSP) was given a legislative"}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": " charter under Commonwealth Act No. 111. Romulo served as one of the vice presidents of the organization. At the start of World War II, Romulo, a major, served as an aide to General Douglas MacArthur. He was one of the last men evacuated from the Philippines before the surrender of US Forces to the invading Japanese, as illness had prevented him from departing with MacArthur, finally leaving from Del Monte Airfield on Mindanao on April 25. Active in propaganda efforts, particularly through the lecture circuit, after reaching the United States, he became a member of President Quezon's War Cabinet, being appointed Secretary of Information in 1943. He reached the rank of general by the end of the war.</s><s>Diplomatic career. Romulo served eight Philippine presidents, from Manuel L. Quezon to Ferdinand Marcos, as the secretary of foreign affairs of the Philippines and as the country's representative to the United States and to the United Nations (UN). He also served as the resident commissioner to the U.S. House of Representatives during the Commonwealth era. In addition, he served also as the secretary of education in President Diosdado P. Macapagal's and President Ferdinand E. Marcos's cabinet through 1962 to 1968.</s><s>Diplomatic career"}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": ".:Resident commissioner. Romulo served as resident commissioner of the Philippines to the United States Congress from 1944 to 1946. This was the title of the non-voting delegate to the US House of Representatives for lands taken in the Spanish\u2013American War, and as such, he is the only member of the US Congress to end his tenure via a legal secession from the union.</s><s>Diplomatic career.:United Nations. In his career in the UN, Romulo was a strong advocate of human rights, freedom, and decolonization. In 1948, at the third UN General Assembly in Paris, France, he strongly disagreed with a proposal made by the Soviet delegation headed by Andrei Vishinsky, who challenged his credentials by insulting him with this quote: \"You are just a little man from a little country.\" In return, Romulo replied, \"It is the duty of the little Davids of this world to fling the pebbles of truth in the eyes of the blustering Goliaths and force them to behave!\", leaving Vishinsky with nothing left to do but sit down.</s><s>Diplomatic career.:Palestine partition plan. In the days preceding the UN General Assembly vote on the Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947, Romulo"}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": " stated \"We hold that the issue is primarily moral. The issue is whether the United Nations should accept responsibility for the enforcement of a policy which is clearly repugnant to the valid nationalist aspirations of the people of Palestine. The Philippines Government holds that the United Nations ought not to accept such responsibility.\" Thus, he clearly intended to oppose the partition plan, or at most abstain in the vote. However, pressure on the Philippines government from Washington led to Romulo being recalled, and was replaced by a Philippines representative who voted in favor of the partition plan.</s><s>Diplomatic career.:Palestine partition plan.:President of the UN General Assembly. Romulo served as the president of the fourth session of UN General Assembly from 1949 to 1950\u2014the first Asian to hold the position\u2014and served as president of the UN Security Council four times, twice in 1957, 1980 and 1981. He had served with General MacArthur in the Pacific, and became the first non-American to win the Pulitzer Prize in Correspondence in 1942. The Pulitzer Prize website states that Carlos P. Romulo was awarded \"for his observations and forecasts of Far Eastern developments during a tour of the trouble centers from Hong Kong to Batavia\".</s><s>Diplomatic career.:Palestine partition plan.:Campaign for"}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": " secretary-general. Romulo ran for the office of UN secretary-general in the 1953 selection. He fell two votes short of the required seven-vote majority in the Security Council, finishing second to Lester B. Pearson of Canada. His ambitions were further dashed by negative votes from France and the Soviet Union, both of whom were permanent members with veto power. The Security Council eventually settled on a dark horse candidate and selected Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld to be UN secretary-general.</s><s>Diplomatic career.:Ambassador to the United States. From January 1952 to May 1953, Romulo became only the second former member of the Congress to become the ambassador to the United States from a foreign country, following Joaqu\u00edn M. Elizalde, who had been his immediate predecessor in both posts. He later served as ambassador again from September 1955 to February 1962.</s><s>Return to the Philippines.</s><s>Return to the Philippines.:Philippine presidential aspiration. Romulo returned to the Philippines and was a candidate for the nomination as the presidential candidate for the Liberal Party, but lost at the party convention to the incumbent president, Elpidio Quirino. Quirino had agreed to a secret ballot at the convention, but after the convention opened, he demanded an"}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": " open roll-call voting, leaving the delegates no choice but to support Quirino, the candidate of the party machine. Feeling betrayed, Romulo left the Liberal Party and became national campaign manager of Ramon Magsaysay, the candidate of the opposing Nacionalista Party, who won the election in 1953.</s><s>Return to the Philippines.:Minister of Foreign Affairs. Romulo served as the Philippines' secretary (minister from 1973 to 1984) of foreign affairs under President Elpidio Quirino from 1950 to 1952, under President Diosdado Macapagal from 1963 to 1964, and under President Ferdinand Marcos from 1968 to 1984. In April 1955, he led the Philippines' delegation to the Asian-African Conference at Bandung, Indonesia.</s><s>Return to the Philippines.:Resignation from the Marcos cabinet. Romulo supported President Ferdinand Marcos through most of his presidency. However, he resigned in 1983, soon after the assassination of Benigno Aquino, citing poor health. Gregorio Brillantes interviewed Romulo in 1984, and Romulo said he resigned \"heartsick\" because of the assassination of Aquino, whom he considered a \"friend\", and the resulting freefall of the Philippines' economy and international reputation."}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": " According to Romulo's wife, Beth Day Romulo, the Marcos administration had asked him to sign an advertisement that the administration was planning to place in the \"New York Times\" and other major international dailies. Romulo refused to sign the advertisement and instead resigned.</s><s>Death. Romulo died, aged 87, in Manila on December 15, 1985, and was buried in the Heroes' Cemetery (Libingan ng mga Bayani) at Fort Bonifacio, Metro Manila. He was honored as \"one of the truly great statesmen of the 20th century\". In 1980, he was extolled by UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim as \"Mr. United Nations\" for his valuable services to the UN and his dedication to freedom and world peace.</s><s>Published books. Romulo, in all, wrote and published 22 books, including \"The United\" (novel), \"I Walked with Heroes\" (autobiography), \"I Saw the Fall of the Philippines\", \"Mother America\", and \"I See the Philippines Rise\" (war-time memoirs). In 1982, he was proclaimed a National Artist for Literature of the Philippines, in recognition of his contributions to Philippine Literature.</s><s>Honors. National Honors"}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": " - Quezon Service Cross \u2013 (April 17, 1951) - Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna, Rank of Raja \u2013 (1982). - Philippine Legion of Honor, Commander (\"Komandante\") - National Artist of the Philippines - Grand Cross (\"Dakilang Kamanong\") of the Gawad Mabini \u2013 (2005) - Grand Cross (\"Maringal na Krus\") of the Order of the Golden Heart \u2013 (1954) - Member (\"Kagawad\") of the Order of the Golden Heart \u2013 (13 September 1954) - Presidential Medal of Merit \u2013 (July 3, 1949) - : Order of the Knights of Rizal, Knight Grand Cross of Rizal. \u2013 (1961) - \"Bayani ng Bagong Republika\" (Hero of the New Republic Award) \u2013 (14 January 1984) Military Medals (Philippines) - Distinguished Service Star - Philippine Gold Cross - Philippine Defense Medal - Philippine Liberation Medal Military Medals (Foreign) - Commander, Legion of Merit - Silver Star - Purple Heart - Asiatic\u2013Pacific Campaign Medal Foreign Honors - Grand Cross, Order of Carlos Manuel do Cespedes - Grand Cross, Order of the Phoenix - Grand Cross"}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": ", Military Order of Christ - Knight Grand Cross (\"Caballeros Gran Cruz\"), Order of Isabella the Catholic - Presidential Medal of Freedom - Grand Cordon, Order of Brilliant Star</s><s>Awards and recognitions. Romulo is perhaps among the most decorated Filipinos in history. He has been awarded 72 honorary degrees from different international institutions and universities and 144 awards and decorations from foreign countries: - Nobel Peace Prize nomination in 1952 \"For his contribution in international cooperation, in particular on questions on undeveloped areas, and as president for UN's 4th General Assembly\" - Boy Scouts of America Silver Buffalo Award - Presidential Unit Citation with Two Oak Leaf Clusters - Pulitzer Prize in Correspondence, 1942 - World Government News First Annual Gold Nadal Award (for work in the United Nations for peace and world government), March 1947 - Princeton University \u2013 Woodrow Wilson Memorial Foundation Gold Medal award (\"in recognition of his contribution to public life\"), May 1947 - International Benjamin Franklin Society's Gold Medal (for \"distinguished world statesmanship in 1947\"), January 1948 - Freeman of the City of Plymouth, England, October 1948 - United Nations Peace Medal - World Peace Award - Four Freedoms Peace Award - Notre Dame University, Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), 1935 - Georgetown University"}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": ", Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), 1960 - Harvard University, Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), 1950</s><s>Anecdotes from Beth Romulo through \"Reader's Digest\" (June 1989). At the third UN General Assembly, held in Paris in 1948, the USSR's deputy foreign minister, Andrei Vishinsky, sneered at Romulo and challenged his credentials: \"You are just a little man from a little country.\" \"It is the duty of the little Davids of this world,\" cried Romulo, \"to fling the pebbles of truth in the eyes of the blustering Goliaths and force them to behave!\" During his meeting with Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Marshal Tito welcomed Gen. Romulo with drinks and cigars, to which the general kindly refused. Their conversation went as follows: At this, Marshal Tito was tickled by his reply and loudly exclaimed around the room, \"I etcetera, etcetera, etcetera!\" Romulo was a dapper little man (barely five feet four inches in shoes). When they waded in at Leyte beach in October 1944, and the word went out that General MacArthur was waist deep, one of Romulo's journalist"}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": " friends cabled, \"If MacArthur was in water waist deep, Romulo must have drowned!\" In later years, Romulo told another story himself about a meeting with MacArthur and other tall American generals who disparaged his physical stature. \"Gentlemen,\" he declared, \"When you say something like that, you make me feel like a dime among nickels.\"</s><s>Books. - \"I Saw the Fall of the Philippines.\" - \"My Brother Americans\" - \"I See The Philippines Rise\" - \"I am a Filipino\" - \"The United\" - \"Crusade in Asia\" (The John Day Company, 1955; about the 1953 presidential election campaign of Ram\u00f3n Magsaysay) - \"The Meaning of Bandung\" - \"The Magsaysay Story\" (with Marvin M. Gray, The John Day Company 1956, updated re-edition by Pocket Books, Special Student Edition, SP-18, December 1957; biography of Ram\u00f3n Magsaysay, Pocket Books edition updated with an additional chapter on Magsaysay's death) - \"I Walked with Heroes\" (autobiography) - \"Last Man off Bataan\" (Romulo's experience during the Japanese Plane bombings.) - \"Romulo:"}, {"title": "Carlos P. Romulo", "text": " A Third World Soldier at the UN\" - \"Daughters for Sale and Other Plays\"</s><s>See also. - List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees - List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress - Resident Commissioner of the Philippines - The Thomasites - Philinda Rand</s><s>References. - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Carlos P. Romulo", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000394", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Arif Mohammad Khan.", "docs": [{"title": "Arif Mohammad Khan", "text": "<s>Arif Mohammad Khan Arif Mohammad Khan (born 18 November 1951) is an Indian politician belonging to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was originally a member of the Indian National Congress, but resigned after the Congress party's U-turn on the Shah Bano case. He is currently the Governor of Kerala. He is a former Union Minister. He has held several portfolios ranging from energy to civil aviation.</s><s>Early life and education. Arif Mohammad Khan was born on 18 November 1951 in Bulandshahr. He was educated at Jamia Millia School, Delhi, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and at Shia College, Lucknow University.</s><s>Political career. Khan started his political career as a student leader. He was the President of Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union in the year 1972-73 and also its honorary Secretary a year earlier (1971\u201372). He contested the first legislative assembly election from Siyana constituency of Bulandshahar on Bharatiya Kranti Dal party's banner but was defeated. He became a member of the legislative assembly of UP in 1977 at the age of 26. Khan joined the Indian National Congress party and was elected to the Lok Sabha in"}, {"title": "Arif Mohammad Khan", "text": " 1980 from Kanpur and 1984 from Bahraich. In 1986, he quit the Indian National Congress due to differences over the passage of Muslim Personal Law Bill which was piloted by Rajiv Gandhi in the Lok Sabha. He was against the legislation to enable Muslim men to avoid giving their divorced wife or wives any maintenance after the iddah period as per the Quran and resigned because of differences with Rajiv Gandhi on this issue. Khan joined the Janata Dal and was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 1989. During the Janata Dal rule Khan served as union Minister of Civil aviation and Energy. He left the Janata Dal to join the Bahujan Samaj Party and again entered the Lok Sabha in 1998 from Bahraich. Khan held ministerial responsibilities from 1984 to 1990. In 2004, he joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and unsuccessfully contested the Lok Sabha election as a BJP candidate that year from Kaiserganj constituency. Later BJP appointed Arif as the new Governor of Kerala.</s><s>Jain Hawala Case. Journalist Sanjay Kapoor, in his book \"Bad Money, Bad Politics\" has revealed that, Khan received an amount of 7 crores of Hawala money. As per the CBI charge sheet, he was"}, {"title": "Arif Mohammad Khan", "text": " paid this amount of money when he was Union Minister but he was later acquitted in the case.</s><s>Political views.</s><s>Political views.:Reformation in Islam. Arif Mohammad Khan has always supported reformation within Muslims. He resigned from position of Minister of state protesting against Rajiv Gandhi Congress Government stand on Shah Bano case in 1986. He defended Supreme Court judgment on Shah Bano case in Parliament. Khan opposed triple talaq in India and said that it should be punishable with 3 years in jail. Khan has asserted that Muslim men are still allowed to be polygamous and can also give a divorce easily by paying paltry sums. Khan welcomed the Karnataka High Court's judgement upholding that the hijab is not an essential garment according to Islam during the 2022 Karnataka hijab row, stating that enforcing the wearing of a hijab is a conspiracy to push back Muslim females into the four walls of their homes and reduce their career prospects - he gave an example of imagining a female IPS officer who is responsible for controlling law and order in a district, who cannot do so wearing a hijab. On being asked for a reaction about the murder of Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur by reporters, Khan responded that madrasas teach that blasphemy should be punished by beheading and"}, {"title": "Arif Mohammad Khan", "text": " demanded that what is taught there should be examined.</s><s>Current activities. Khan has been deeply involved in writing since his student days. He is the author of the best selling book of the year 2010 \"Text and Context: Quran and Contemporary Challenges\", published by Rupa & Co. Now Arif Mohammad Khan is actively involved in writing articles and columns related to Islam and Sufism. He has advocated abolishing of All India Muslim Personal Law Board. Arif Mohammad Khan also supported the Supreme Court of India's judgment in Shah Bano case to make the right to maintenance of a divorced Muslim wife absolute.</s><s>Governor of Kerala (2019 - present). Khan was appointed the Governor of Kerala on 1 September 2019 by the order of the President of India, Ram Nath Kovind. He took charge as Governor on 6 September 2019 from P. Sathasivam. The latest political controversy regarding the appointment of Vice chancellors of universities of Kerala has put him in the spotlight.</s><s>See also. - The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986 - Shah Bano case - Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi - Nighat Abbass - Syed Zafar Islam - Tahir Aslam Gora - Tarek"}, {"title": "Arif Mohammad Khan", "text": " Fatah</s><s>Sources. - Parliament of India profile</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Arif Mohammad Khan", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000395", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Fahadh Faasil.", "docs": [{"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": "<s>Fahadh Faasil Fahadh Fazil (8 August 1982) is an Indian actor and film producer who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema and has appeared in few Tamil and Telugu films. He has acted in more than 50 films and has received several awards, including a National Film Award, four Kerala State Film Awards and three Filmfare Awards South. Fahadh is the son of filmmaker Fazil. Fahadh began his film career at the age of 19 by starring in the leading role in his father Fazil's 2002 romantic film \"Kaiyethum Doorath\", which was a critical and commercial failure. After a gap of 7 years, Fahadh made his comeback with the anthology film \"Kerala Cafe\" (2009), in the short film \"Mrityunjayam\". He attained public attention for his role as Arjun in the thriller film \"Chaappa Kurishu\" (2011). Fahadh won his first Kerala State Film Award, the Best Supporting Actor Award for his performance in \"Chaappa Kurishu\" along with his performance in \"Akam\". He achieved critical acclaim and recognition for his roles as Cyril in \"22 Female Kottayam\" (2012) and Dr. Arun Kumar"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": " in \"Diamond Necklace\" (2012). He won his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his role in \"22 Female Kottayam\". Fahadh achieved further critical and commercial success for his films in 2013, including his performances in the romantic-drama film \"Annayum Rasoolum\", the black-comedy satire film \"Amen\", the road movie \"North 24 Kaatham\", the drama film \"Artist\", and the romantic-comedy \"Oru Indian Pranayakadha\". He won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor for his performances as Michael in \"Artist\" and Harikrishnan in \"North 24 Kaatham\". He also won his second Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his role in \"North 24 Kaatham\". He followed it up by starring as Shivadas in the coming-of-age drama film \"Bangalore Days\" (2014), which ranks among the highest-grossing Malayalam films. He produced and starred as Aloshy in the 2014 period film \"Iyobinte Pusthakam\" under his production company, Fahadh Fazil and Friends Pvt Ltd. Fahadh also has a Digital Entertainment Company/Movie Production House named Bhavana Studios partnered with"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": " Dileesh Pothan and Syam Pushkaran. Fahadh had roles as Mahesh Bhavana in \"Maheshinte Prathikaaram\" (2016), Indian diplomat Manoj Abraham in \"Take Off\" (2017), and Prasad in \"Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum\" (2017), with \"Maheshinte Prathikaaram\" and \"Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum\" winning the Best Feature Film in Malayalam Award at the 64th and 65th National Film Awards. He won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in \"Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum\" (2017) and his third Filmfare Award for Best Actor \u2013 Malayalam. In 2018, he acted as Prakashan in the film \"Njan Prakashan\" which ranks among highest-grossing Malayalam films and as Aby in the film \"Varathan\". In 2021, Fahadh portrayed the titular anti-hero in the crime drama \"Joji\" which received acclaim and later received nationwide acclaim from critics for his performance in the political thriller \"Malik\".</s><s>Early life and"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": " education. Fahadh is the son of film director Fazil and his wife Rozina. He has two sisters, Ahameda and Fatima, and a brother, Farhaan, also an actor. He completed his schooling from SDV Central School Alappuzha, Lawrence School Ooty and Choice School Tripunithura. He went on to pursue his degree from Sanatana Dharma College, Alleppey and M.A. in philosophy from University of Miami in the United States.</s><s>Acting career.</s><s>Acting career.:Debut, comeback and breakthrough (2002\u20132012). Fahadh's first film, \"Kaiyethum Doorath\" (2002) was directed by his father, Fazil and was a failure at the box office. Fahadh later defended his father, stating \"don't blame my father for my failure because it was my mistake and I came into acting without any preparation of my own\". After his debut, he moved to the United States for five years, where he pursued his studies, before returning in 2009 to act in the film \"Kerala Cafe\" (2009), conceived by director Ranjith. At Ranjith's behest, director Uday Ananthan cast Fahad in"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": " his \"Mrityunjayam\", one of the 10 shorts in the film. He played the role of a journalist in the \"Mrityunjayam\", a ghost film set on a spooky old 'Mana'. He was chosen to co-star in B. Unnikrishnan's \"Pramani\". He then appeared as a business head in the thriller \"Cocktail\" (2010). His next film, \"Tournament\", was also a thriller. His performance in Sameer Thahir's directorial debut \"Chaappa Kurishu\" (2011), a thriller in which he appeared as the head of a construction business was appreciated. \"Arjun \u2013 my character in Chappa Kurishu is not a role that an actor gets often. I am very lucky and very fortunate,\" Fahad said. He shot a long kissing scene with his co-star Remya Nambeesan in the film \u2013 supposedly the first-ever in Malayalam cinema \u2013 which upon release was termed controversial. Fahadh's next film, \"Akam\" (2011) a contemporary adaptation of Malayattoor Ramakrishnan's psycho-thriller novel \"Yakshi\", had him playing \"Srinivas\", a young architect"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": ", who starts suspecting that his beautiful wife is a yakshi. \"Playing Srinivas was like re-inventing myself. We had a workshop before shooting began and I had ample opportunity to explore the nuances of the character. In the process of re-inventing Srinivas, I reinvented myself,\" said Fahadh. The film premiered at the Dubai International Film Festival. He won the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor in 2012 for his performance in \"Chappa Kurishu\" and \"Akam.\" In 2012, he played a negative character in \"22 Female Kottayam\", a rape and revenge film, which was critically acclaimed. In his next film, Lal Jose's \"Diamond Necklace\" (2012), he played the role of an oncologist working in Dubai and the film centred on the doctor's relationship with three different women. Both the films 22 Female Kottayam and Diamond Necklace were a commercial and critical success and ran over 100 days in theatres. In June 2012, a case was registered against Fahadh by the Kochi Town Central Police for violation of the rule against public display of images of smoking. A poster of \"Diamond Necklace\" that showed him smoking a cigarette had been on"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": " display before the Kavitha Theatre in Kochi since the film was released. In his next film, Lijin Jose's \"Friday\" (2012) he acted as an auto rickshaw driver. The same year, he appeared in \"The Day of Judgement\", one of the three featurettes from the portmanteau film \"D Company\".</s><s>Acting career.:Critical acclaim (2013\u20132017). In the year 2013, his important films were cinematographer Rajeev Ravi's directorial debut \"Annayum Rasoolum\", Lijo Jose Pellissery's \"Amen\", V. K. Prakash's \"Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla,\" Salam Bappu's directorial debut \"Red Wine,\" debutant Anil Radhakrishnan Menon's \"North 24 Kaatham\" and Sathyan Anthikad's \"Oru Indian Pranayakatha.\" He won Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor for his performance in \"North 24 Kaatham\". \"Amen\" was both commercial and critical success and was named as one of the best films of the year by \"Khaleej Times\" while \"Annayum Rasoolum\" managed to be"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": " commercial success. \"Oru Indian Prayankatha\" was a sleeper hit. In 2014, he acted in the big budget movie \"Iyobinte Pusthakam\", which was produced by himself. Fahadh also played a major role in the multi-starrer blockbuster movie Bangalore days. It is considered one of the best Malayalam movies made during the New gen movement. The year 2015 was a dull year for him as he was unable to pull off a successful project. He starred in \"Ayal Njanalla\", \"Haram\", \"Mariyam Mukku\", all of which did not perform well at the box office. In 2016, his first release, \"Monsoon Mangoes\", failed at the box office, even though his performance was highly praised and the movie gathered good critic responses. His next release was on 5 February 2016 \"Maheshinte Prathikaaram\" which went on to become commercial success. It was highly applauded by both audience and critics,this film was a major breakthrough in his career. In 2017, he acted in four films out of which \"Take Off\" and \"Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum\" were commercial and critical success. \"Thondimuth"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": "alum Driksakshiyum\" won three awards at the 65th National Film Awards. Besides Best Malayalam Film and Best Screenplay for the film, Fahadh won in the Best Supporting Actor category. Fahadh made his debut in Tamil cinema, through the film \"Velaikkaran\" starring Sivakarthikeyan, opposite whom he plays the antagonist.</s><s>Acting career.:Experimentation of genres and stardom (2018\u2013present). Fahadh got back to back critical and box office successes with \"Varathan\" (2018), \"Njan Prakashan\" (2018) and \"Kumbalangi Nights\" (2019), which collectively grossed more than 100 crore at the box office. He played the character \"Shammi\" in \"Kumbalangi Nights\", which developed a cult following with many of his dialogues becoming popular. \"Njan Prakashan\" collected \u20b952 crore from Worldwide box office, which is one of the highest grossing Malayalam film till date. His last film in 2019 was the psychological thriller \"Athiran\", where he played the role of a psychiatrist. It largely received positive reviews and performed well at box office. His next"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": " Tamil film was \"Super Deluxe,\" in which he co-starred alongside Vijay Sethupathi, Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Ramya Krishnan, his performance in the film was well appreciated by critics, with them saying his character was written well. His first release in 2020, \"Trance\" received wide acclaim from critics. \"The Indian Express\" praised Fahadh's performance and said: \"Fahadh steals the limelight by portraying a character that is hysteric and disturbing at the same time\". After \"Trance\", Fahadh turned to do films released through OTT platforms amid the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Among this, the first movie was \"C U Soon\" (2020), which is India's first computer screen film. It generally received positive reviews from critics. His first release in 2021, was \"Irul\", a mystery thriller released on streaming platform Netflix on 2 April 2021. Despite the film received mixed reviews due to its complex story, Fahadh received critical acclaim for portraying a mysterious character. Five days after the release of \"Irul\" came out \"Joji\", which is a crime drama directed by Dileesh Pothan. The movie in which he played the titular anti-hero received well acclaim from"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": " critics. His performance in it is also considered one of his career best by some critics and fans. \"Firstpost\" wrote: \"The story is unequivocally centred around Fahadh's character, and the actor plays a deceptively calm layabout simmering with rage with the sort of unassuming brilliance that is now his trademark\". Nearly a week after the release of \"Joji\", reports came out that the Film Exhibitors United Organisation of Kerala (FEUOK) has warned Fahadh against acting in movies made for streaming through OTT platforms. It was also reported that FEUOK has also threatened that his next big movies in 2021 like \"Malik\" will face difficulties for screening on the big screen if he continues to cooperate with OTT platforms as a consequence. But the organisation later claimed that all such news were baseless and they no connection with them. Fahadh's next release in 2021 was Mahesh Narayanan's big budget political thriller \"Malik\". The film which was supposed to release in 2020 was also Fahadh's most expensive Malayalam film to date. Besides Fahadh, the film stars Nimisha Sajayan, Vinay Forrt, Dileesh Pothan and Joju George in pivotal roles. \"Malik"}, {"title": "Fahadh Faasil", "text": "\" received nationwide acclaim from critics and large positive feedback from fans, with many critics describing Fahadh's performance in the film as arguably his career best. Fahadh made his debut in Telugu cinema with \"\" (2021) as the antagonist of the film. In 2022, he was seen along with Kamal Haasan in the film \"Vikram\" as Amar, a black-ops agent.</s><s>Personal life. On 20 January 2014, he got engaged to Malayalam film actress Nazriya Nazim whom he married on 21 August 2014 at Trivandrum. The pair got to know each other more on the sets of Anjali Menon's \"Bangalore Days\" (2014), in which they played the roles of husband and wife. Fahadh revealed that their parents had been pivotal in arranging the marriage.</s><s>Brand endorsement. He has also appeared in several advertisements for brands like Titan, Milma, Jos Alukkas, Adithi Aatta, Bombay gold and diamonds, UAE Exchange and Estilocus. l</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Fahadh Faasil", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000396", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Terrence Romeo.", "docs": [{"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": "<s>Terrence Romeo Terrence Bill Vitanzos Romeo (born March 16, 1992) is a Filipino professional basketball player for the San Miguel Beermen of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He plays both the point guard and shooting guard positions. He played as a point guard for the Far Eastern University before being selected fifth overall in the 2013 PBA draft by Barako Bull. He won the 2010 UAAP Rookie of the Year, was a member of the UAAP Mythical Team during his junior and senior years, and was the 2013 UAAP men's basketball Most Valuable Player.</s><s>Amateur career.</s><s>Amateur career.:High school career. Romeo first played for the Letran Squires before he was scouted by Far Eastern University - Diliman. He played only one season as a Baby Tamaraw before graduating to the seniors division. He was famously known for scoring the UAAP Juniors basketball record of 83 points, eclipsing the previous record of 69 points held by former Junior Maroons player Paolo Mendoza. What's more impressive, is that he did it in 31 minutes of playing time, scoring 33 points in the 3rd quarter alone. He won the UAAP Juniors' Most Valuable Player (2009) that"}, {"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": " same year, with averages of 37.1 ppg, 4.1 apg and 4.0 spg.</s><s>Amateur career.:College career. It was a bit of a rocky transition from the juniors to the seniors division for Romeo. Although he was named the top rookie, sharing the court with then UAAP MVP RR Garcia proved challenging for the younger guard, especially since he was relegated to the second option (something he wasn't used to). Romeo's shooting percentage was somewhat below par at 32 percent, scoring a mere (for his standards) 9.9 points in his rookie season. The following season seemed to fare better for the scoring guard. He averaged 11.4 ppg, 4.8 rpg and 3.2 apg. Both him and Garcia formed a formidable duo. They carried FEU to the finals, only to lose in a best of 3 series against Ateneo. In UAAP Season 75 Romeo became (arguably) the first option of the team. He improved as a more potent scorer after last year's heartbreaking loss, averaging a team best 18.5 ppg, and 5.5 rpg. His impressive performance landed him a spot in the mythical five. In his final year as half of FE"}, {"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": "U's dreaded backcourt duo, Romeo was expected to again lead the Tamaraws in scoring. He scored 30 points in three games during the course of the season, making him one of only three players since 2003 (the other 2 being Patrick Cabahug and Bobby Ray Parks Jr.) to score 30 points more than once. In UAAP Season 76, he was awarded as Most Valuable Player. He became only the third guard to win the award following Garcia and PBA legend Johnny Abarrientos. He averaged 22.2 points, 6.3 rebounds, 3.9 assists and 1.6 steals to lead the league in points and steals while finishing 3rd in assists. While in college, he took his talents in the PBA D-League, suiting up for Big Chill Super Chargers. He elected to forgo his final playing year, after realizing that he will have to wait until 2015 to get drafted in the PBA.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:GlobalPort Batang Pier (2013\u20132018).</s><s>Professional career.:GlobalPort Batang Pier (2013\u20132018).:Rookie Year. Romeo was selected by GlobalPort as their 5th overall pick, and wore the same 7 jersey he wore in college."}, {"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": " He explained that Robert Jaworski was his father's idol, who uses the same jersey number. In only his second game as a pro, he buried 34 points while going 6-of-8 from beyond the three-point arc en route to a win against Air21 Express. He also had the opportunity to play against Mark Caguioa in their first showdown against each other, scoring 27 points and leading a brave second-half comeback that almost denied Ginebra a 109\u2013104 victory. Caguioa, who scored 29 points himself, commented that Romeo was the closest player that can be compared to him. The rookie guard later admitted that Caguioa was one of his idols growing up. With these performances, the former king tamaraw proved to be a very capable scorer as a pro. Showing flashes of brilliance throughout the season. But he struggled with consistency, as he wasn't able to produce the same eye-popping numbers in the later conferences. Regardless, he was considered a rising star, dazzling the crowd with his dribbling skills and scoring prowess.</s><s>Professional career.:GlobalPort Batang Pier (2013\u20132018).:Sophomore Year. At the start of the season, Romeo debuted a slimmer and leaner"}, {"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": " physique. Losing a total of 25 pounds. He said \u201cSobrang nahihirapan \u2018yung tuhod ko, sobrang nahihirapan akong gumalaw,\u201d prompting him to lose the unwanted weight. This resulted in a much quicker and more explosive version of himself. With a more physically fit Romeo, Globalport was expected to make it deeper into the playoffs in their first conference. Even more so, since the spitfire guard was sharing the court with talented guards; veteran leader Alex Cabagnot and top rookie Stanley Pringle they were dubbed as \"three-headed monster\". Before the start of the playoffs, however, Cabagnot was surprisingly traded for former Global Port player Sol Mercado from the San Miguel Beermen. With little time to adjust, they eventually lost to Ginebra who had a twice to beat advantage in phase one of the quarter finals. The departure of Cabagnot proved beneficial to Romeo's rise to stardom, as he was able to blossom into the team's first scoring option. He led the locals in points per game in the 2015 PBA Commissioner's Cup, averaging 21.36 points. He also made an impression during the All-Star Weekend in Puerto Prin"}, {"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": "cesa. Scoring a whopping 50 points, albeit a losing effort, against the rookies in the rookies vs sophomores blitz game. He was also the PBA Three-Point Shootout champion (2015) and the PBA All-Star Game MVP (2015) capping off a memorable weekend for the young guard. His efforts weren't enough though, as the team struggled to get back into the win column in their remaining games after the all-star break. Losing Stanley Pringle (who was nursing an injury) was a factor in their poor finish of the conference. After leading GlobalPort to its best finish in 2015 PBA Governors' Cup, Romeo was awarded Most Improved Player. He ended the third conference and the season as the top local scorer. With a career highlight of a 40-point game against Paul Lee's Rain or Shine Elasto Painters. He emerged as the scoring champion and also placed in the PBA Mythical Second Team().</s><s>Professional career.:GlobalPort Batang Pier (2013\u20132018).:Third Season. Romeo's third season in PBA was up for a good start. He, along with backcourt mate Pringle, formed the Slash Brothers tandem (similar to Golden State Warriors' own Splash Brothers). The"}, {"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": " duo both led the team in scoring with 24.06 and 19.61 points, respectively, while leading GlobalPort to its first ever Semi-Finals appearance against Alaska, only to lose the series. He registered a new career-high 41 points in Game 1, for their only win in the said series. On October 14, 2016, Romeo was recognized during the PBA Leo Awards Night as he was named to the PBA Mythical First Team.</s><s>Professional career.:TNT KaTropa (2018). On 2018, after disagreeing with coach Pido Jarencio, he requested to be traded. He was traded to TNT KaTropa with Yousef Taha in exchange of Moala Tautuaa.</s><s>Professional career.:San Miguel Beermen (2019\u2013present). On December 16, 2018, He was traded to San Miguel Beermen, in exchange for Brian Heruela and David Semerad. In his first game with the Beermen, Romeo recorded 7 points and 4 assists in just 11 minutes of playing time but lost to the Columbian Dyip, 124\u2013118. In Game 2 of the 2019 Commissioner's Cup Finals, Romeo came off the bench and scored 29 points and made 6 3-pointers"}, {"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": " in a 127-125 double overtime win.</s><s>PBA career statistics. \"As of the end of 2022\u201323 season\"</s><s>National team career.</s><s>National team career.:2014 FIBA 3x3 World Tour.</s><s>National team career.:2014 FIBA 3x3 World Tour.:Manila Masters. Playing for Manila West, Romeo was teamed up with Ni\u00f1o Canaleta, Rey Guevarra and Aldrech Ramos and Raphael De Vera, three pros with so much more experience than him. Each of those three have suited up for the national team before. But in the end, the apparent \u2018star\u2019 of the team was 22-year-old Romeo, who had just completed his first year in the PBA. The competition proved to be a fit for the flashy guard's one on one playing style. Drawing the loudest cheers from the crowd with his crossovers and vast array of scoring moves. Romeo led the Manila West to be hailed champions of the 2014 FIBA 3x3 World Tour Manila Masters. They won US$10,000. More importantly, they qualified for the World Tour Masters in Tokyo on October 11\u201312. There, they faced the top two teams of each of the five stops of the"}, {"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": " tour.</s><s>National team career.:2014 FIBA 3x3 World Tour.:World Tour Final. Despite making some headway during the first day of the 2014 FIBA 3x3 World Tour Final, team Manila West wasn't able to sustain its momentum in the knockout stage as the team fell to Slovenian squad Kranj, 21\u201312, in the quarterfinal round. They ended the tournament at fifth place, which is five ranks higher than its original classification ranking as a 10th seed in the pool of 12 international teams prior to the start of the tournament. The 6\u20190\u201d Romeo was listed as among the season's top point producers going back to the qualifying legs of the 2014 FIBA 3x3 World Tour. Romeo got an aggregate of 49 points in the 8 matches that he had played in, both in the Manila Masters leg and the Final in Sendai, Japan. This placed him at 11th overall in terms of scoring output out of the 290 players that participated in that year's edition of the 3\u00d73 World Tour. The international basketball body named the GlobalPort scorer as the number one 3x3 player outside of Europe, Americas, and Qatar, and therefore earned his team a slot in the All-Star exhibition. He"}, {"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": " is ranked number one in the Philippines.</s><s>National team career.:2015 FIBA 3x3 World Tour.</s><s>National team career.:2015 FIBA 3x3 World Tour.:Manila Masters. As the face of 2015 FIBA 3x3 World Tour Manila Masters, Terrence Romeo's spectacular one-on-one skills were once again on full display, as he shone for the Manila West team in the tournament. He was not able to lead Manila West back to the championship though, as he and Manila West lost to Manila North (composed of Calvin Abueva, Vic Manuel,Troy Rosario and Karl Dehesa) in the semi-finals, but Romeo still brought home some hardware. He won the three-point shootout and was later named the MVP of the event after leading all scorers with 43 points in four games.</s><s>National team career.:Gilas Pilipinas. Romeo was named to the Gilas Pilipinas 3.0 training pool in 2015, and joined the team for a pocket tournament in Estonia. He also saw action in the 2015 William Jones Cup, where he emerged as the crowd darling, wowing Filipino and Taiwanese Fans alike with his crafty handles and scoring ability while posting a stat-line of"}, {"title": "Terrence Romeo", "text": " 15.2 points in just 18 minutes of play per game in that tournament. Following his Jones Cup breakthrough, he was a member of the Gilas final lineup that competed in the 2015 FIBA Asia Championship, and had his best game against powerhouse Iran and India.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Terrence Romeo", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000397", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jo Koy.", "docs": [{"title": "Jo Koy", "text": "<s>Jo Koy Joseph Glenn Herbert Sr. (born June 2, 1971), known professionally as Jo Koy, is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He was a frequent panelist on E!'s late night show \"Chelsea Lately\". He has since had a number of Comedy Central and Netflix specials.</s><s>Early life. Jo Koy was born to a white American father who was in the United States Air Force stationed in the Philippines when he married Koy's Filipina mother. His family moved from Spanaway, Washington, to Tacoma, Washington, and then to Las Vegas soon after he finished high school in Tacoma. He originally attended Spanaway Lake High School and then moved to Foss High School in Tacoma. They moved to Las Vegas to be near his ailing grandmother. Jo Koy enrolled in the University of Nevada, Las Vegas but dropped out to pursue stand-up comedy. Jo Koy's stage name comes from a nickname his family gave him growing up. It was revealed during his stand-up routine in Phoenix, Arizona, on September 22, 2019, that back in 1989, he was talking to his cousin about making a stage name when his aunt called him to come to dinner, shouting \"Jo Ko, eat!\" (\"Ko\" means"}, {"title": "Jo Koy", "text": " \"my\" in Tagalog, so \"Jo Ko\" means \"my Jo\"). He misheard it and thought she said \"Koy,\" decided it was a good name, and has used it ever since.</s><s>Career. Jo Koy credits his mother for his comedic and acting talents. He frequently tells stories about her in his comedy shows. She encouraged him to participate in school talent shows and to hold impromptu performances for his family and friends. This led to performances at a Las Vegas coffee house and inspired a move to Los Angeles. The young comic began his stand-up career in 1994 at a comedy club in Las Vegas. Soon he moved from open mic night to a regular spot on the show \"Catch a Rising Star\" at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino. After performing at the MGM Grand Las Vegas, he rented the Huntridge Theater and went door to door to sell tickets to his comedy shows. A talent coordinator from Los Angeles spotted Koy and landed him his first television appearance on BET's \"ComicView\". He has appeared in two seasons of \"Comic View\". The comedian has gone on to star in other TV stand-up specials like \"Jamie Foxx Presents: Laffapalooza!\". Jo Koy has"}, {"title": "Jo Koy", "text": " won the \"Showtime at the Apollo\", performed in front of troops in the USO Tour, can be seen on various VH1 \"I Love the 70\u2019s\", \"80\u2019s\", \"90\u2019s\", Tru TV's \"\" and \"New Millennium\" episodes, Amp'd Mobile phone commercials and received a second invite to the Montreal comedy festival \"Just For Laughs\", the series for which he was awarded Canada\u2019s prestigious Gemini Award. Jo Koy was also a regular guest at Chelsea Handler\u2019s roundtable discussion on E!'s \"Chelsea Lately\". Jo Koy has also appeared on Carlos Mencia\u2019s Punisher Tour performing stand-up comedy in front of fans filling 10,000-seat arenas across the country. In 2005, Jo Koy performed on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\". He became one of a select few comics to receive a standing ovation on the show. He started a podcast together with comedian and TV host Michael Yo on July 23, 2012, called \"The Michael Yo and Jo Koy Show\". Koy has also appeared on over 100 episodes of \"Chelsea Lately\" as a season regular roundtable guest. Other appearances include: \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy"}, {"title": "Jo Koy", "text": " Fallon\", @Midnight with Chris Hardwick, VH1, \"World's Funniest Fails\", \"\", \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\", \"Last Call with Carson Daly\" and \"Jamie Foxx: Laffapalooza\". Today, the comedian tours across the US and can be heard as a weekly guest on the podcast, \"The Adam Carolla Show\". He joined the PodcastOne family and hosts the weekly podcast, \"The Koy Pond\". Koy has done two highly-rated and successful comedy specials on Comedy Central: \"Don\u2019t Make Him Angry\" and \"Lights Out\". His third comedy special, \"Jo Koy: Live from Seattle\" is a Netflix Original was released on March 28, 2017 worldwide. Koy released another Netflix special titled \"Jo Koy: Comin' In Hot\" on June 12, 2019. On February 23, 2019, Koy performed two shows on stage at the Wheeler Opera House, Aspen, CO for the closing night of Aspen Laugh Festival. On June 12, 2020, Netflix released \"Jo Koy: In His Elements\", a comedy special featuring Filipino American comedians, DJs, and B-boys. On July 28, 2022, Koy, alongside film producer Dan Lin"}, {"title": "Jo Koy", "text": " appeared in the Rise for Comedy festival, where they raised a $75,000 donation to the nonprofit Search to Involve Pilipino Americans (SIPA).</s><s>Influences. Koy has named Eddie Murphy, Robin Williams, Billy Crystal, Whoopi Goldberg, Chris Rock, and Steve Martin as his comedy influences. In 2022, Blogtalk with MJ Racadio named him one of the \"75 Most Influential Filipino-Americans\".</s><s>Personal life. Koy has one son, Joseph Herbert Jr., born April 21, 2003, from a previous relationship with Angie King. Koy and his son reside in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, California. On September 27, 2021, Koy and Chelsea Handler posted an official Instagram post of their relationship. In July 2022, they announced their breakup on Handler's Instagram, which occurred in June. Koy is a practitioner of Brazilian jiu-jitsu.</s><s>Charity work. On August 4, 2009, The Jo Koy Foundation hosted its first philanthropic event in \"Hilarity for Charity\" a stand-up comedy show featuring Koy, along with special surprise comedic guests. The show took place at The Jon Lovitz Comedy Club, located in the heart of"}, {"title": "Jo Koy", "text": " Citywalk, Universal City, California. Proceeds from the ticket sales were donated to The Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jo Koy", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000398", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rii Sen.", "docs": [{"title": "Rii Sen", "text": "<s>Rii Sen Rii Sen (born Rituparna Sen) is an Indian actress who works in Bengali cinema. She started her career as a freelance model and television actress. Her debut film was \"Tepantorer Mathe\", but it was not released in theatres because of obscene scenes. She has acted in movies like \"Bishh\", \"Gandu\", and \"Cosmic Sex\". Sen is considered a notable actress of alternative Bengali cinema. She won a best actress award at Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema for her movie \"Cosmic Sex\".</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early career. She has acted in a few television series (Tithir Otithi, Ekhane Akash Neel) and short films. The actress was also a contestant of \"Bigg Boss Bangla\" Season 2,</s><s>Career.:Film career.</s><s>Career.:Film career.:2009\u20132011. Sen acted in \"Tepantorer Mathe\", which was her debut feature film, but it was not released. In 2009 Sen worked in a documentary, \"Love in India\", directed by Qaushiq Mukherjee. The subject of the documentary was \""}, {"title": "Rii Sen", "text": "dehotatwa\" (worshiping through one's body). In the same year she acted in another documentary, \"Many Stories of Love and Hate\", directed by Shyamal Karmakar. The documentary was screened at the Mumbai International Film Festival in 2010. In 2009, she acted in \"Bissh\", directed by Qaushiq Mukherjee. In this film Rii played the character Anushka, a college student. According to Rii, this was a very complex role and playing the character was very tough for her. She said in an interview\u2014 \"I play Bee in Bishh... Bee is not a simple, straightforward girl. She is complicated, confused yet confident. Maybe that's why she is called Bee. I almost lost my identity while getting into the skin of the character.\" In the 2010 film \"Gandu\", Sen played a lead role. For the character, Sen was required to portray frontal nudity. Qaushiq Mukherjee, the director of the film, said in an interview that he cast Rii because she was the only heroine (of the Bengali film industry) who could have played this role. \"IBNLive\" appreciated the work of Rii and wrote in their review\u2014"}, {"title": "Rii Sen", "text": " \"All the characters have put in their best efforts. Both Komolika and Rii have exuberated confidence in all the sex scenes, showing their maturity as actresses.\" In the 2010 film \"Autograph\", directed by Srijit Mukherji, Sen played a minor role.</s><s>Career.:Film career.:2011\u2013present. Sen acted in 2012 film \"Koyekti Meyer Golpo\", directed by Subrata Sen. In this film she played the character of the wife of a don. She also acted in the Bengali film \"Cosmic Sex\", directed by Amitabh Chakraborty. The story of the film revolves around a young man's sexual self-discovery. Kripa, the young man, meets a prostitute, a eunuch and a female ascetic named Sadhana during his journey. The film was screened at Osian's film festival and got a warm reception. Sen appeared as Horotoni in the 2013 film \"Tasher Desh\", directed by Q aka Qaushiq Mukherjee. The film has been described as \"trippy adaptation\" of the Rabindrath Tagore's namesake play by Indian medias. According to a newspaper report published in \"The Times of India"}, {"title": "Rii Sen", "text": "\" in May 2013, Sen is acting in debutant director Anirban Mukherjee's \"Byanka Prithibi\". In this film she is playing the character of a housewife. In 2014 it was announced that Rii would appear in Q (Quashiq Mukherjee) and Nikon's upcoming movie 'LUDO', playing a role not previously seen on Indian screens.</s><s>Career.:Television career. She has appeared in serials like \"Trinayani\" in Zee Bangla \"Dhrubotara\", Star Jalsha and Star Jalsha's \"Durga Durgeshwari\", \"Jai Kali Kalkattawali\" and \"Sanjher Baati\".</s><s>Sen as an actress of alternative cinema. Sen is regarded as a prominent actress of alternative Bengali cinema. In an article of \"Mint\", the performances of Sen was described as\u2013 \"the common link between a set of films that has been challenging the norms of acceptability and decorum in the past few years.\" According to Sen, sexuality is a cult for her. She also told\u2014 she wants to push her sexuality in cinema \"to the borderline where it becomes extreme and dangerous\". Sen was shot for frontal nudity scenes"}, {"title": "Rii Sen", "text": " in Qaushik Mukherjee's \"Gandu\" and Amitabh Chakraborty's \"Cosmic Sex\". Though Paoli Dam is generally credited as the first Indian actress to shoot full nude scenes, according to a report of \"The Times of India\", Sen went for frontal nudity scene six months before Dam's work. Sen told she was happy that she could use her body for \"a great cinematic purpose\". She also told\u2014 \"As an artiste, I feel, it's important to record the passing time through one's work. And I don't want my work to be seen as gimmick of any sort.\"</s><s>Filmography. - Color key Pink indicates \"unreleased films\"; light green indicates \"documentary film\"</s><s>Awards. In 2012, Sen won a best actress award at Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema for her movie \"Cosmic Sex\".</s><s>See also. - Paoli Dam - Nandana Sen</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rii Sen", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000399", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Raghav Juyal.", "docs": [{"title": "Raghav Juyal", "text": "<s>Raghav Juyal Raghav Juyal (born 10 July 1991) is an Indian dancer, choreographer, actor and television presenter. He is known as the \"King of Slow Motion\" for his surreal dance moves in slow motion style and for his reinvention of the \"\"Slow Motion Walk\"\" in India. He rose to fame after being a contestant and finalist in Zee TV's dance reality show \"Dance India Dance 3\" and a skipper for the team \"Raghav Ke Rockstars\" in \"Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 2\" and \"Dance Ke Superkids\" where his team was declared the winner under his captainship.\"\" He was a contestant on \"\" (2016).</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Dance India Dance (season 3). Juyal became known when his audition video went viral on YouTube. He was a contestant on \"Dance India Dance 3 (2012)\", which aired on Zee TV. He was not professionally trained by anyone prior to coming on the show. Juyal showcased a new dance style but wasn't selected in the Top 18 by the Grand Master in Mega Audition. Later, on public demand, Grand Master Mithun Chakraborty made"}, {"title": "Raghav Juyal", "text": " an exception in the format by reintroducing him on the show as his \"Trump Card\" in the Wild Card round, through which he entered the competition again. Thereafter, Juyal created different dance-forms and reached the finale. He was the most popular contestant of the season having garnered the most No. 1 positions in weekly voting. At the Grand finale, he was voted with votes in the 2nd runner up position.</s><s>Career.:DID Li'L Masters (season 2). After DID, Raghav became the skipper of team Raghav Ke Rockstars in \"DID Li'l masters (season 2)\" where he choreographed for Saumya Rai and Rohan Parkdale. He was the only skipper to lead both of his students to the Grand finale, in which Rohan and Saumya attained 2nd and 3rd runner up positions respectively.</s><s>Career.:Dance Ke Superkids. Raghav then choreographed for Zee TV's show \"Dance Ke Superkids\" as the Captain of DID Li'l Masters (season 2) team \"Yahoo\" and competed against DID Li'l Masters (season 1) team \"Wakao\" \u2013 with Dharmesh Yeland"}, {"title": "Raghav Juyal", "text": "e as the Captain. In the Grand Finale, his team was declared the winner.</s><s>Career.:2014\u2013present. In 2014, Juyal debuted as an actor by playing a pivotal role in the comedy film \"Sonali Cable\", co-starring Rhea Chakraborty and Ali Fazal, produced by Ramesh Sippy Entertainment which was released on 17 October 2014. One reviewer singled out Raghav's vivacious performance and praised his screen presence, while another says he \"steals every scene he's in\" and another says he is \"better than the leads\". The next year he starred in the dance film, \"ABCD 2,\" which was released on 19 June 2015, directed by Remo D'Souza co-starring Varun Dhawan and Shraddha Kapoor. Later, he also hosted the dance reality show \"Dance Plus\" which aired on Star Plus. In the same year, he co-hosted \"Prem Ki Diwali\" along with Karishma Tanna which was broadcast on Life Ok. In 2016, he was seen in \"\" season 7 as a contestant which aired on Colors TV. Later, he hosted \"Dance Plus (season 2)\"."}, {"title": "Raghav Juyal", "text": " In the same year, he also co-hosted and appeared on \"Star Parivaar Awards\" and \"Colors Golden Petal Awards\". Later he hosted and performed on the show, \"Timeless Aisha\" which was aired on Zee Classic. The following year he co-hosted the singing reality show, \"Rising Star\" along with Meiyang Chang which aired on Colors TV. In mid 2017 he has hosted \"Dance Plus (season 3)\". In the same year, he began co-hosting the dance reality show, \"Dance Champions\" with Ridhima Pandit. In 2018, he co-hosted the second season of the singing reality show, \"Dil Hai Hindustani\" along with Mukti Mohan. He then starred in the romantic comedy film, \"Nawabzaade\" along with Dharmesh Yelande, Punit Pathak and Isha Rikhi directed by Jayesh Pradhan which was released on 27 July 2018. Later in the year, he co-hosted \"Dance Plus (season 4)\" along with Sugandha Mishra. In 2019, he hosted the dance reality show \"Dance Plus (season 5)\". In 2020, he appeared"}, {"title": "Raghav Juyal", "text": " in dance film \"Street Dancer 3D\" with Varun Dhawan, Shraddha Kapoor, Prabhu Deva, and Nora Fatehi. Then he appeared in the second season of the Zee5 dark crime thriller series Abhay (TV series) directed by Ken Ghosh, which was released on 14 August 2020, playing the negative dark character for the first time. He played the lead role in the satirical comedy film \"Bahut Hua Samman\" produced by Yoodlee films and directed by Ashish R. Shukla, shared screen space with Sanjay Misra. The movie was released on 2 October 2020 on Disney+ Hotstar due to COVID-19 pandemic and received positive reviews from the audience and critics. Raghav next starred opposite Ankita Sharma in a romantic movie titled \"Wedlock\" directed by Sachin Karande and the film is Produced by Blue Orchid Entertainment and Creo Brains Motion Pictures, the shoot was completed in various locations of Mumbai in 25 days shoot schedule. The film is set to release in August 2021 On 15 February 2021, Farhan Akhtar dropped the first teaser of his new film, and announced \"Yudhra\" to be produced by his company, Excel Entertainment"}, {"title": "Raghav Juyal", "text": ". Raghav along with Siddhant Chaturvedi and Malavika Mohanan. The film is directed by Ravi Udyawar.Yudhra's story and screenplay have been penned jointly by Farhan Akhtar and Shridhar Raghavan. The film is slated to release in summer 2022. Influences : His signature step is Slow Motion Walk. Choreographers like geeta kapoor & Remo D'Souza and Terrence Lewis have stated that they had never seen anyone emulate the slow motion walk in India, as realistically, before Raghav. Raghav is a trained actor, mentored by the actor and acting coach Saurabh Sachdeva.</s><s>Personal life. Raghav Juyal was born to Deepak Juyal, an advocate, and Alka Bakshi Juyal, his mother is a Punjabi. He was born and brought up in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Born in a Garhwali family he belongs to his ancestral village Khetu in Uttarakhand. Juyal never had any formal training in dance but picked it up from watching performances from the internet and television. He started winning laurels as a dancer right from his days"}, {"title": "Raghav Juyal", "text": " in Doon International School. Later, he joined DAV (PG) College to pursue his B.Com.</s><s>See also. - List of dancers</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Raghav Juyal", "frequency": "freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000400", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of John Forbes Nash Jr..", "docs": [{"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": "<s>John Forbes Nash Jr. John Forbes Nash, Jr. (June 13, 1928\u00a0\u2013 May 23, 2015), known and published as John Nash, was an American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to game theory, real algebraic geometry, differential geometry, and partial differential equations. Nash and fellow game theorists John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten were awarded the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. In 2015, he and Louis Nirenberg were awarded the Abel Prize for their contributions to the field of partial differential equations. As a graduate student in the Mathematics Department at Princeton University, Nash introduced a number of concepts (including Nash equilibrium and the Nash bargaining solution) which are now considered central to game theory and its applications in various sciences. In the 1950s, Nash discovered and proved the Nash embedding theorems by solving a system of nonlinear partial differential equations arising in Riemannian geometry. This work, also introducing a preliminary form of the Nash\u2013Moser theorem, was later recognized by the American Mathematical Society with the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research. Ennio De Giorgi and Nash found, with separate methods, a body of results paving the way for a systematic understanding of elliptic and parabolic"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " partial differential equations. Their De Giorgi\u2013Nash theorem on the smoothness of solutions of such equations resolved Hilbert's nineteenth problem on regularity in the calculus of variations, which had been a well-known open problem for almost sixty years. In 1959, Nash began showing clear signs of mental illness, and spent several years at psychiatric hospitals being treated for schizophrenia. After 1970, his condition slowly improved, allowing him to return to academic work by the mid-1980s. His struggles with his illness and his recovery became the basis for Sylvia Nasar's biographical book \"A Beautiful Mind\" in 1998, as well as a film of the same name directed by Ron Howard, in which Nash was portrayed by Russell Crowe.</s><s>Early life and education. John Forbes Nash Jr. was born on June 13, 1928, in Bluefield, West Virginia. His father and namesake, John Forbes Nash Sr., was an electrical engineer for the Appalachian Electric Power Company. His mother, Margaret Virginia (n\u00e9e Martin) Nash, had been a schoolteacher before she was married. He was baptized in the Episcopal Church. He had a younger sister, Martha (born November 16, 1930). Nash attended kindergarten and public school, and he learned from books provided by his parents"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " and grandparents. Nash's parents pursued opportunities to supplement their son's education, and arranged for him to take advanced mathematics courses at a local community college during his final year of high school. He attended Carnegie Institute of Technology (which later became Carnegie Mellon University) through a full benefit of the George Westinghouse Scholarship, initially majoring in chemical engineering. He switched to a chemistry major and eventually, at the advice of his teacher John Lighton Synge, to mathematics. After graduating in 1948, with both a B.S. and M.S. in mathematics, Nash accepted a fellowship to Princeton University, where he pursued further graduate studies in mathematics and sciences. Nash's adviser and former Carnegie professor Richard Duffin wrote a letter of recommendation for Nash's entrance to Princeton stating, \"He is a mathematical genius\". Nash was also accepted at Harvard University. However, the chairman of the mathematics department at Princeton, Solomon Lefschetz, offered him the John S. Kennedy fellowship, convincing Nash that Princeton valued him more. Further, he considered Princeton more favorably because of its proximity to his family in Bluefield. At Princeton, he began work on his equilibrium theory, later known as the Nash equilibrium.</s><s>Research contributions. Nash did not publish extensively, although many of"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " his papers are considered landmarks in their fields. As a graduate student at Princeton, he made foundational contributions to game theory and real algebraic geometry. As a postdoctoral fellow at MIT, Nash turned to differential geometry. Although the results of Nash's work on differential geometry are phrased in a geometrical language, the work is almost entirely to do with the mathematical analysis of partial differential equations. After proving his two isometric embedding theorems, Nash turned to research dealing directly with partial differential equations, where he discovered and proved the De Giorgi\u2013Nash theorem, thereby resolving one form of Hilbert's nineteenth problem. In 2011, the National Security Agency declassified letters written by Nash in the 1950s, in which he had proposed a new encryption\u2013decryption machine. The letters show that Nash had anticipated many concepts of modern cryptography, which are based on computational hardness.</s><s>Research contributions.:Game theory. Nash earned a PhD in 1950 with a 28-page dissertation on non-cooperative games. The thesis, written under the supervision of doctoral advisor Albert W. Tucker, contained the definition and properties of the Nash equilibrium, a crucial concept in non-cooperative games. A version of his thesis was published a year later in the Annals of Mathematics"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": ". In the early 1950s, Nash carried out research on a number of related concepts in game theory, including the theory of cooperative games. For his work, Nash was one of the recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994.</s><s>Research contributions.:Real algebraic geometry. In 1949, while still a graduate student, Nash found a new result in the mathematical field of real algebraic geometry. He announced his theorem in a contributed paper at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1950, although he had not yet worked out the details of its proof. Nash's theorem was finalized by October 1951, when Nash submitted his work to the Annals of Mathematics. It had been well-known since the 1930s that every closed smooth manifold is diffeomorphic to the zero set of some collection of smooth functions on Euclidean space. In his work, Nash proved that those smooth functions can be taken to be polynomials. This was widely regarded as a surprising result, since the class of smooth functions and smooth manifolds is usually far more flexible than the class of polynomials. Nash's proof introduced the concepts now known as Nash function and Nash manifold, which have since been widely studied in real algebraic geometry. Nash's theorem itself was"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " famously applied by Michael Artin and Barry Mazur to the study of dynamical systems, by combining Nash's polynomial approximation together with B\u00e9zout's theorem.</s><s>Research contributions.:Differential geometry. During his postdoctoral position at MIT, Nash was eager to find high-profile mathematical problems to study. From Warren Ambrose, a differential geometer, he learned about the conjecture that any Riemannian manifold is isometric to a submanifold of Euclidean space. Nash's results proving the conjecture are now known as the Nash embedding theorems, the second of which Mikhael Gromov has called \"one of the main achievements of mathematics of the twentieth century\". Nash's first embedding theorem was found in 1953. He found that any Riemannian manifold can be isometrically embedded in a Euclidean space by a continuously differentiable mapping. Nash's construction allows the codimension of the embedding to be very small, with the effect that in many cases it is logically impossible that a highly-differentiable isometric embedding exists. (Based on Nash's techniques, Nicolaas Kuiper soon found even smaller codimensions, with the improved result often known as the \"Nash\u2013"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": "Kuiper theorem\".) As such, Nash's embeddings are limited to the setting of low differentiability. For this reason, Nash's result is somewhat outside the mainstream in the field of differential geometry, where high differentiability is significant in much of the usual analysis. However, the logic of Nash's work has been found to be useful in many other contexts in mathematical analysis. Starting with work of Camillo De Lellis and L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Sz\u00e9kelyhidi, the ideas of Nash's proof were applied for various constructions of turbulent solutions of the Euler equations in fluid mechanics. In the 1970s, Mikhael Gromov developed Nash's ideas into the general framework of \"convex integration\", which has been (among other uses) applied by Stefan M\u00fcller and Vladim\u00edr \u0160ver\u00e1k to construct counterexamples to generalized forms of Hilbert's nineteenth problem in the calculus of variations. Nash found the construction of smoothly differentiable isometric embeddings to be unexpectedly difficult. However, after around a year and a half of intensive work, his efforts succeeded, thereby proving the second Nash embedding theorem. The ideas involved in proving this second theorem are largely separate from those used in proving the first."}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " The fundamental aspect of the proof is an implicit function theorem for isometric embeddings. The usual formulations of the implicit function theorem are inapplicable, for technical reasons related to the \"loss of regularity\" phenomena. Nash's resolution of this issue, given by deforming an isometric embedding by an ordinary differential equation along which extra regularity is continually injected, is regarded as a fundamentally novel technique in mathematical analysis. Nash's paper was awarded the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research in 1999, where his \"most original idea\" in the resolution of the \"loss of regularity\" issue was cited as \"one of the great achievements in mathematical analysis in this century\". According to Gromov: Due to J\u00fcrgen Moser's extension of Nash's ideas for application to other problems (notably in celestial mechanics), the resulting implicit function theorem is known as the Nash\u2013Moser theorem. It has been extended and generalized by a number of other authors, among them Gromov, Richard Hamilton, Lars H\u00f6rmander, Jacob Schwartz, and Eduard Zehnder. Nash himself analyzed the problem in the context of analytic functions. Schwartz later commented that Nash's ideas were \"not just novel, but very mysterious"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": ",\" and that it was very hard to \"get to the bottom of it.\" According to Gromov:</s><s>Research contributions.:Partial differential equations. While spending time at the Courant Institute in New York City, Louis Nirenberg informed Nash of a well-known conjecture in the field of elliptic partial differential equations. In 1938, Charles Morrey had proved a fundamental elliptic regularity result for functions of two independent variables, but analogous results for functions of more than two variables had proved elusive. After extensive discussions with Nirenberg and Lars H\u00f6rmander, Nash was able to extend Morrey's results, not only to functions of more than two variables, but also to the context of parabolic partial differential equations. In his work, as in Morrey's, uniform control over the continuity of the solutions to such equations is achieved, without assuming any level of differentiability on the coefficients of the equation. The Nash inequality was a particular result found in the course of his work (the proof of which Nash attributed to Elias Stein), which has been found useful in other contexts. Soon after, Nash learned from Paul Garabedian, recently returned from Italy, that the then-unknown Ennio De Giorgi had found nearly identical results for"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " elliptic partial differential equations. De Giorgi and Nash's methods had little to do with one another, although Nash's were somewhat more powerful in applying to both elliptic and parabolic equations. A few years later, inspired by De Giorgi's method, J\u00fcrgen Moser found a different approach to the same results, and the resulting body of work is now known as the De Giorgi\u2013Nash theorem or the De Giorgi\u2013Nash\u2013Moser theory (which is distinct from the Nash\u2013Moser theorem). De Giorgi and Moser's methods became particularly influential over the next several years, through their developments in the works of Olga Ladyzhenskaya, James Serrin, and Neil Trudinger, among others. Their work, based primarily on the judicious choice of test functions in the weak formulation of partial differential equations, is in strong contrast to Nash's work, which is based on analysis of the heat kernel. Nash's approach to the De Giorgi\u2013Nash theory was later revisited by Eugene Fabes and Daniel Stroock, initiating the re-derivation and extension of the results originally obtained from De Giorgi and Moser's techniques. From the fact that minimizers to many"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " functionals in the calculus of variations solve elliptic partial differential equations, Hilbert's nineteenth problem (on the smoothness of these minimizers), conjectured almost sixty years prior, was directly amenable to the De Giorgi\u2013Nash theory. Nash received instant recognition for his work, with Peter Lax describing it as a \"stroke of genius\". Nash would later speculate that had it not been for De Giorgi's simultaneous discovery, he would have been a recipient of the prestigious Fields Medal in 1958. Although the medal committee's reasoning is not fully known, and was not purely based on questions of mathematical merit, archival research has shown that Nash placed third in the committee's vote for the medal, after the two mathematicians (Klaus Roth and Ren\u00e9 Thom) who were awarded the medal that year.</s><s>Mental illness. Although Nash's mental illness first began to manifest in the form of paranoia, his wife later described his behavior as erratic. Nash thought that all men who wore red ties were part of a communist conspiracy against him. He mailed letters to embassies in Washington, D.C., declaring that they were establishing a government. Nash's psychological issues crossed into his professional life when he gave an American Mathematical Society lecture at Columbia University in early"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " 1959. Originally intended to present proof of the Riemann hypothesis, the lecture was incomprehensible. Colleagues in the audience immediately realized that something was wrong. In April 1959, Nash was admitted to McLean Hospital for one month. Based on his paranoid, persecutory delusions, hallucinations, and increasing asociality, he was diagnosed with schizophrenia. In 1961, Nash was admitted to the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton. Over the next nine years, he spent intervals of time in psychiatric hospitals, where he received both antipsychotic medications and insulin shock therapy. Although he sometimes took prescribed medication, Nash later wrote that he did so only under pressure. According to Nash, the film \"A Beautiful Mind\" inaccurately implied he was taking atypical antipsychotics. He attributed the depiction to the screenwriter who was worried about the film encouraging people with mental illness to stop taking their medication. Nash did not take any medication after 1970, nor was he committed to a hospital ever again. Nash recovered gradually. Encouraged by his then former wife, de Lard\u00e9, Nash lived at home and spent his time in the Princeton mathematics department where his eccentricities were accepted even when his mental condition was poor. De Lard\u00e9 credits his recovery to maintaining \"a"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " quiet life\" with social support. Nash dated the start of what he termed \"mental disturbances\" to the early months of 1959, when his wife was pregnant. He described a process of change \"from scientific rationality of thinking into the delusional thinking characteristic of persons who are psychiatrically diagnosed as'schizophrenic' or 'paranoid schizophrenic. For Nash, this included seeing himself as a messenger or having a special function of some kind, of having supporters and opponents and hidden schemers, along with a feeling of being persecuted and searching for signs representing divine revelation. Nash suggested his delusional thinking was related to his unhappiness, his desire to be recognized, and his characteristic way of thinking, saying, \"I wouldn't have had good scientific ideas if I had thought more normally.\" He also said, \"If I felt completely pressureless I don't think I would have gone in this pattern\". Nash reported that he started hearing voices in 1964, then later engaged in a process of consciously rejecting them. He only renounced his \"dream-like delusional hypotheses\" after a prolonged period of involuntary commitment in mental hospitals\u2014\"enforced rationality\". Upon doing so, he was temporarily able to return to productive work as a mathematician. By the late 1960s, he relapsed."}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " Eventually, he \"intellectually rejected\" his \" influenced\" and \"politically oriented\" thinking as a waste of effort. In 1995, he said that he didn't realize his full potential due to nearly 30 years of mental illness. Nash wrote in 1994:</s><s>Recognition and later career. In 1978, Nash was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize for his discovery of non-cooperative equilibria, now called Nash Equilibria. He won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1999. In 1994, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (along with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) for his game theory work as a Princeton graduate student. In the late 1980s, Nash had begun to use email to gradually link with working mathematicians who realized that he was John Nash and that his new work had value. They formed part of the nucleus of a group that contacted the Bank of Sweden's Nobel award committee and were able to vouch for Nash's mental health and ability to receive the award. Nash's later work involved ventures in advanced game theory, including partial agency, which show that, as in his early career, he preferred to select his own path and problems. Between 1945 and 1996, he published"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " 23 scientific studies. Nash has suggested hypotheses on mental illness. He has compared not thinking in an acceptable manner, or being \"insane\" and not fitting into a usual social function, to being \"on strike\" from an economic point of view. He advanced views in evolutionary psychology about the potential benefits of apparently nonstandard behaviors or roles. Nash developed work on the role of money in society. He criticized interest groups that promote quasi-doctrines based on Keynesian economics that permit manipulative short-term inflation and debt tactics that ultimately undermine currencies. He suggested a global \"industrial consumption price index\" system that would support the development of more \"ideal money\" that people could trust rather than more unstable \"bad money.\" He noted that some of his thinking parallels that of economist and political philosopher Friedrich Hayek, regarding money and an atypical viewpoint of the function of authority. Nash received an honorary degree, Doctor of Science and Technology, from Carnegie Mellon University in 1999, an honorary degree in economics from the University of Naples Federico II in 2003, an honorary doctorate in economics from the University of Antwerp in 2007, an honorary doctorate of science from the City University of Hong Kong in 2011, and was keynote speaker at a conference on game theory. Nash"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " also received honorary doctorates from two West Virginia colleges: the University of Charleston in 2003 and West Virginia University Tech in 2006. He was a prolific guest speaker at a number of events, such as the Warwick Economics Summit in 2005, at the University of Warwick. Nash was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2006 and became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012. On May 19, 2015, a few days before his death, Nash, along with Louis Nirenberg, was awarded the 2015 Abel Prize by King Harald V of Norway at a ceremony in Oslo.</s><s>Personal life. In 1951, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) hired Nash as a C. L. E. Moore instructor in the mathematics faculty. About a year later, Nash began a relationship with Eleanor Stier, a nurse he met while admitted as a patient. They had a son, John David Stier, but Nash left Stier when she told him of her pregnancy. The film based on Nash's life, \"A Beautiful Mind\", was criticized during the run-up to the 2002 Oscars for omitting this aspect of his life. He was said to have abandoned her based on her social status, which he thought to have been beneath his. In Santa Monica,"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " California, in 1954, while in his twenties, Nash was arrested for indecent exposure in a sting operation targeting gay men. Although the charges were dropped, he was stripped of his top-secret security clearance and fired from RAND Corporation, where he had worked as a consultant. Not long after breaking up with Stier, Nash met Alicia Lard\u00e9 Lopez-Harrison, a naturalized U.S. citizen from El Salvador. Lard\u00e9 graduated from MIT, having majored in physics. They married in February 1957. Although Nash was an atheist, the ceremony was performed in an Episcopal church. In 1958, Nash was appointed to a tenured position at MIT, and his first signs of mental illness soon became evident. He resigned his position at MIT in the spring of 1959. His son, John Charles Martin Nash, was born a few months later. The child was not named for a year because Alicia felt that Nash should have a say in choosing the name. Due to the stress of dealing with his illness, Nash and Lard\u00e9 divorced in 1963. After his final hospital discharge in 1970, Nash lived in Lard\u00e9's house as a boarder. This stability seemed to help him, and he learned how to consciously discard his paranoid delusions. Princeton allowed him to"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " audit classes. He continued to work on mathematics and was eventually allowed to teach again. In the 1990s, Lard\u00e9 and Nash resumed their relationship, remarrying in 2001. John Charles Martin Nash earned a PhD in mathematics from Rutgers University and was diagnosed with schizophrenia as an adult.</s><s>Death. On May 23, 2015, Nash and his wife died in a car accident on the New Jersey Turnpike near Exit 8A in Monroe Township, NJ. After a visit to Norway, where Nash had received the Abel Prize, they had made arrangements to be picked up by a limo at Newark Airport. But because of a change in flight plans at the last minute they arrived five hours earlier, and decided to take a taxi instead. Their taxicab driver, Tarek Girgis, lost control of the vehicle and struck a guardrail. Both passengers were ejected from the car upon impact. State police revealed that it appeared neither passenger was wearing a seatbelt at the time of the crash. At the time of his death, the 86-year-old Nash was a longtime resident of New Jersey. He was survived by two sons, John Charles Martin Nash, who lived with his parents at the time of their death, and elder child John Stier"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": ". Following his death, obituaries appeared in scientific and popular media throughout the world. In addition to their obituary for Nash, \"The New York Times\" published an article containing quotes from Nash that had been assembled from media and other published sources. The quotes consisted of Nash's reflections on his life and achievements.</s><s>Legacy. At Princeton in the 1970s, Nash became known as \"The Phantom of Fine Hall\" (Princeton's mathematics center), a shadowy figure who would scribble arcane equations on blackboards in the middle of the night. He is referred to in a novel set at Princeton, \"The Mind-Body Problem\", 1983, by Rebecca Goldstein. Sylvia Nasar's biography of Nash, \"A Beautiful Mind\", was published in 1998. A film by the same name was released in 2001, directed by Ron Howard with Russell Crowe playing Nash; it won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. For his performance as Nash, Crowe won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor \u2013 Motion Picture Drama at the 59th Golden Globe Awards and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor at the 55th British Academy Film Awards. Crowe was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Nash at the 74th Academy Awards."}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": "</s><s>Awards. - 1978\u00a0\u2013 INFORMS John von Neumann Theory Prize (with Carlton Lemke) \"for their outstanding contributions to the theory of games\" - 1994\u00a0\u2013 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) \"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\" - 1999\u00a0\u2013 Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research for his 1956 paper \"The imbedding problem for Riemannian manifolds\" - 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences - 2010\u00a0\u2013 Double Helix Medal - 2015\u00a0\u2013 Abel Prize (with Louis Nirenberg) \"for striking and seminal contributions to the theory of nonlinear partial differential equations and its applications to geometric analysis\"</s><s>Documentaries and interviews. - - - -  (, ) -</s><s>Publication list. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Four of Nash's game-theoretic papers and three of his pure mathematics papers were collected in the following: -</s><s>Bibliography. -"}, {"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "text": " - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "John Forbes Nash Jr.", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000401", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ezekiel Elliott.", "docs": [{"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": "<s>Ezekiel Elliott Ezekiel Elijah Elliott (born July 22, 1995), nicknamed \"Zeke \", is an American football running back who is a free agent. He played college football at Ohio State, where he earned second-team All-America honors in 2015. Elliott was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys fourth overall in the 2016 NFL Draft. In seven seasons with the Cowboys, he was a three-time Pro Bowl and two-time All-Pro selection, and led the league in rushing yards in 2016 and 2018.</s><s>Early life. Elliott was born in Alton, Illinois, to a mother and father who were both athletes in college. His mother, the former Dawn Huff, was a high school state champion in three sports before attending the University of Missouri and running track there. His father, Stacy, was a linebacker for the Missouri football team and CEO of Fifth Down Enterprises. Elliott's maternal grandfather played basketball for Drake University. His uncle is Finnish professional basketball player Shawn Huff.</s><s>High school career. Despite his athletic pedigree, Elliott attended more academically driven John Burroughs School in Ladue, Missouri, where he was a three-sport star in football, basketball, and track and field. He also played baseball. He played as a running back"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " for the John Burroughs Bombers football team. As a junior in 2012, he was named the \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch\" offensive player of the year after rushing for 1,802 yards and 34 touchdowns and receiving 23 passes for 401 yards and six scores. In his senior year, he had 3,061 all-purpose yards and 50 total touchdowns, including 2,155 rushing yards and 40 rushing touchdowns. He led the football team to three straight championship games, but lost all three. Also a standout track and field athlete, Elliott was a state qualifier in sprinting and hurdling events. He capped his high school career by winning four state championships at the Missouri Class 3 state championships in hours (100-meter dash, 200-meter dash, 110-meter high hurdles and 300-meter hurdles). He recorded career-best times of 10.95 seconds in the 100-meter dash, 22.05 seconds in the 200-meter dash, 13.77 seconds in the 110m hurdles and 37.52 seconds in the 300m hurdles. He was named the Gatorade Track Athlete of the Year in the state of Missouri. Considered a four-star recruit by Scout.com, Elliott was listed as the No. 9 running back in"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " the nation in 2013. He played in the 2013 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Despite overwhelming support and pressure for Elliott to sign with his parents' alma mater, the University of Missouri, he decided to sign with Ohio State University.</s><s>College career. As a true freshman at Ohio State University in 2013, Elliott rushed for 262 yards on 30 carries with two touchdowns as a backup to starter Carlos Hyde, mostly playing as a gunner on special teams. In 2014, with the departure of Hyde to the NFL, Elliott took over as the starter for the Buckeyes. During the season, Elliott was named to the Academic All-Big Ten Conference team. Elliott rushed over 100 yards six times during the scheduled season. In the 2014 Big Ten Championship Game against the Wisconsin Badgers, Elliott ran for 220 yards on 20 carries for two touchdowns. This win qualified Ohio State for the first-ever College Football Playoff. In the 2015 Sugar Bowl against #1 Alabama, Elliott ran for 230 yards on 20 carries in a hard-fought 42\u201335 win where he was named the Offensive Player of the Game. He then capped the Buckeyes' championship season by rushing for 246 yards on 36 carries and scoring four touchdowns against the Oregon Ducks. He was named the"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " Offensive MVP of that game as well; it was the third most rushing yards ever by an Ohio State player. In 2015, Elliott began the season by rushing for over 100 yards in 10 straight wins, including 274 against Indiana on October 3 (the second most all-time by an Ohio State player). However, the team suffered a 14\u201317 loss to Michigan State on November 21, 2015, and Elliott announced that he would enter the 2016 NFL Draft. The following week, Elliott ran for 214 yards on 30 carries in a 42\u201313 Ohio State victory over rival Michigan in Ann Arbor, his fifth 200+ yard game. He ended his collegiate career with 149 yards and four touchdowns in a Fiesta Bowl win over Notre Dame. Elliott finished his career at Ohio State on several leaderboards. He was second in career rushing yards with 3,961 and yards per game with 101.6 (both behind only Archie Griffin), had the second and third most rushing yards in a season, and five of the top 20 rushing yards in a game. His 43 rushing touchdowns was fourth most all time, and his 23 in 2015 was third most in a season. His twelve 100-yard rushing games in the 2015 season tied Eddie George for a school record, and the 22 he amassed over his"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " career was again second only to Griffin (as was his streak of 15 consecutive 100-yard games from 2014 to 2015). He and George are the only Ohio State players with five 200-yard rushing games.</s><s>College career.:Individual awards. Elliott received numerous honors during his tenure at Ohio State. In the 2014 season, Elliott was named the Offensive MVP of both the 2015 Sugar Bowl and the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship Game. Elliott's success at the end of the 2014 season made him a front-runner for the 2015 Heisman Trophy, though he in fact finished 8th in the voting. After a successful regular season in which he gained 1,672 yards and 19 touchdowns, Elliott was named the 2015 Graham-George Offensive Player of the Year, 2015 Ameche-Dayne Running Back of the Year and was selected as Unanimous First Team All-Big Ten. In addition to the yearly awards, he was also named Big Ten Player of the Week twice during the 2015 season for his performances in Week 5 against Indiana, and in Week 13 against Michigan.</s><s>Professional career. Before the draft, Elliott was labeled the most complete back to enter the NFL since Adrian Peterson in 2007, and was predicted to be a top 10 selection. On a draft breakdown by NFL"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": ".com, he drew comparisons to Edgerrin James and was listed as a three-down back that had \"rare combination of size, athleticism, pass-catching and blocking skills\", and that he \"should still come out of the gates as one of the most productive young running backs in the league\". Elliott was selected in the first round with the fourth overall pick by the Dallas Cowboys in the 2016 NFL Draft on April 28, 2016. He was the first running back selected in the draft that year. Elliott was widely regarded as an early favorite for the 2016 Offensive Rookie of the Year while playing behind what many agreed upon as the NFL's most dominant offensive line leading up to the 2016 NFL season.</s><s>Professional career.:2016 season: Rookie year. On May 18, 2016, Elliott signed his four-year rookie contract reportedly worth $24.9 million with a $16.3 million signing bonus. Elliott was named the Cowboys' starting running back going into the regular season, ahead of veterans Alfred Morris and Darren McFadden. In the season-opener against the New York Giants, he rushed for 51 yards on 20 attempts and scored his first NFL touchdown on an eight-yard run in the narrow 20\u201319 loss. In the next game against the Washington Redskins"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": ", Elliott had 21 carries for 83 yards and a touchdown but also fumbled twice, losing one of them. The Cowboys prevailed on the road 27\u201323. During Week 3 against the Chicago Bears, he posted his first game with over a hundred yards and finished the 31\u201317 victory with 140 rushing yards on 30 carries. In the next game, against the San Francisco 49ers, he had 138 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 24\u201317 road victory. During Week 5 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Elliott rushed for 134 yards on 15 carries and scored two rushing touchdowns, including a 60-yard touchdown as the Cowboys won 28\u201314. In the next game against the Green Bay Packers, Elliott continued his four-game streak with over 100 yards after carrying the ball 28 times for 157 rushing yards in the 30\u201316 road victory. After the ninth game of the 2016 season, he became the second Cowboys rookie to rush for more than 1,000 yards in a season, after Tony Dorsett achieved the mark in 1977. He also became the third running back to rush for 1,000 yards after just the ninth game of his career, joining Adrian Peterson and Eric Dickerson. During a Week 10 35\u201330 road victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers, Elliott recorded 209"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " scrimmage yards and three touchdowns, including his first NFL receiving touchdown on an 83-yard pass from fellow rookie Dak Prescott, and a 32-yard run for the game-winning touchdown with nine seconds left. During a Week 11 27\u201317 victory over the Baltimore Ravens, Elliott rushed for 97 yards and passed Tony Dorsett's Cowboys rookie rushing record on his second carry. In Week 15, after scoring a touchdown against Tampa Bay, Elliott jumped into an oversized Salvation Army Red Kettle, an unusual touchdown celebration. Since 1997 the Dallas Cowboys Thanksgiving Day football game halftime show has traditionally kicked off the Red Kettle campaign. With that rushing touchdown, he surpassed Tony Dorsett and Herschel Walker for the Cowboys rookie record. He ran for 159 yards in the 26\u201320 victory. Because the Cowboys clinched the number one seed and home field advantage throughout the playoffs, Elliott rushed for 80 yards in a Week 16 42\u201321 victory over the Detroit Lions and did not play in the regular-season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles. Elliott finished his rookie year as the NFL's top rusher with 1,631 yards, which was the 47th best season all-time, the third most by a rookie (behind Eric Dickerson's 1,808 in 1983 and George Rogers'"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " 1,674 in 1981), and the youngest player to reach 1,600 yards. He finished third with 15 touchdowns behind LeGarrette Blount and David Johnson. He tied Mike Anderson, Clinton Portis, and Ickey Woods for the second most all-time by a rookie behind Eric Dickerson's 18. Elliott's 464 yards after contact ranked fourth among NFL running backs. As a result of his successful season, Elliott was selected as a First-team All-Pro, and earned his first Pro Bowl, joining Dak Prescott as the first rookie running back and quarterback duo in NFL history to be selected. He was also ranked seventh by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 as the highest ranked running back. In his first NFL playoff game, Elliott ran 22 times for 125 yards in a 34\u201331 loss to the Green Bay Packers in the, joining Duane Thomas as the only Cowboy rookie to rush for over 100 yards in a playoff game.</s><s>Professional career.:2017 season. On August 11, 2017, the NFL suspended Elliott for the first six games of the 2017 season for violating the personal conduct policy. His suspension stemmed from accusations of domestic violence against his ex-girlfriend on five occasions in 2016. NFL officials conducted a year-long investigation into"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " the allegations, and though Elliott was never criminally charged, decided to suspend him. On August 16, Elliott announced that he would appeal the suspension. Although the suspension was upheld on September 6 by a league-appointed arbitrator, on September 8, a federal judge granted a request for injunction by the NFL Players Association (NFLPA), putting the suspension on hold indefinitely. In the season-opener against the New York Giants on \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", Elliott rushed for 104 yards on 24 attempts as the Cowboys won by a score of 19\u20133. During Week 2, Elliott had the worst game of his career statistically in an away game against the Denver Broncos. He was held to eight rushing yards on nine carries in the 42\u201317 road loss. On October 12, the Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals announced that Elliot's suspension had been reinstated, meaning that he would have to serve the six-game suspension up from that point. On October 18, Elliott was granted a temporary restraining order, meaning that he would not have to serve his suspension from that point, allowing him to play in Week 7. During Week 7 against the San Francisco 49ers, Elliott rushed for 147 yards and two touchdowns and had a 72-yard touchdown reception from Dak Prescott in the"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " 40\u201310 road victory. On October 30, Judge Katherine Polk Failla of the New York Southern District Court, denied Elliott's request for a preliminary injunction, which reinstated the 6-game suspension. The following day, the NFLPA filed an emergency motion for the injunction. On November 3, Elliott was once again granted a stay by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which delayed the suspension. On November 9, the suspension was once again reinstated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Three days afterward, Elliott decided to accept the suspension and leave the country to train for a little while. On November 15, he officially announced that he withdrew from another appeal attempt. During his suspension, Elliott had been training and rehabbing his hamstrings in Mexico before his reinstatement. Elliott returned in Week 16 during a must-win situation against the Seattle Seahawks, where he rushed for 97 yards on 24 carries. The Cowboys lost, 21\u201312, and were eliminated from playoff contention. In the regular season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles, Elliott recorded 27 carries for 103 rushing yards in the 6\u20130 victory. Elliott finished the 2017 season with 242 carries for 983 yards and seven touchdowns to go along with 26 receptions for 269 yards and two touchdowns in"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " 10 games and starts. He was ranked 54th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.</s><s>Professional career.:2018 season. In the first two games of the season, Elliott recorded a rushing touchdown in both games against the Carolina Panthers and New York Giants. During a Week 3 24\u201313 road loss to the Seattle Seahawks, he rushed for 127 yards. In the next game against the Detroit Lions, he had 152 rushing yards along with four receptions for 88 yards and a touchdown in a 26\u201324 victory. During Week 6, he ran for 106 yards and a touchdown against the Jacksonville Jaguars. With his only score, Elliott became the 12th Cowboy to reach 25 touchdowns on the ground as well as the fastest to do so, three games faster than Emmitt Smith. During a Week 10 27\u201320 road victory, Elliott scored twice, racking up 151 rushing yards and 36 receiving yards against the reigning Super Bowl champions, the Philadelphia Eagles. He broke 150 yards rushing for the fifth time in his career, surpassing DeMarco Murray for third-most in franchise history. In the next game, he recorded 201 scrimmage yards and a touchdown against the Atlanta Falcons, his fourth game over 200, tying with DeMarco Murray and Emmitt Smith for most in"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " franchise history. Elliott continued his success, with 121 yards and a score on the run against the Washington Redskins on Thanksgiving, eclipsing 1,000 yards on the year, the second time of his career, tied for third (along with DeMarco Murray & Calvin Hill) most in Cowboys' history. In a narrow Week 13 13\u201310 road victory over the New Orleans Saints on \"Thursday Night Football\", Elliott recorded 136 scrimmage yards and a receiving touchdown. Elliott finished the 2018 season with 1,434 rushing yards and six touchdowns to go along with 77 receptions for 567 yards and three touchdowns in 15 games and starts. He won the rushing title for the second time in three seasons. Elliott earned a second Pro Bowl nomination for his 2018 season. The Cowboys finished atop the NFC East and made the playoffs as the #4-seed for the NFC Playoffs. In the 2019 NFC against the Seattle Seahawks, Elliott rushed 26 times for 137 yards and a touchdown in the 24\u201322 victory. In the against the Los Angeles Rams, he had 20 carries for 47 yards and a touchdown in the 30\u201322 loss. He was ranked 18th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.</s><s>Professional career.:2019 season. On April 17, 2019, the Cowboys"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " picked up the fifth-year option on Elliott's contract. However, Elliott began holding out during training camp, demanding a contract extension. On September 4, Elliott signed a six-year extension with the Cowboys worth $90 million, with $50 million guaranteed, keeping him under contract through the 2026 season. In Elliott's first game back, he rushed 13 times for 53 yards and a touchdown in the 35\u201317 opening game victory over the New York Giants. In the next game against the Washington Redskins, Elliott rushed 23 times for 111 yards and a touchdown in a 31\u201321 road victory. The following week against the Miami Dolphins, Elliott rushed 19 times for 125 yards as the Cowboys won 31\u20136. In Week 6 against the New York Jets, Elliott rushed 28 times for 105 yards and a touchdown and caught five passes for 48 yards in the 24\u201322 road loss. In the next game against the Philadelphia Eagles, he rushed 22 times for 111 yards and a touchdown and caught six passes for 36 yards in the 37\u201310 victory. After a Week 8 bye, the Cowboys faced the New York Giants on \"Monday Night Football\". In that game, Elliott rushed 23 times for 139 yards in the 37\u201318 road victory. During Week 14 against the Chicago Bears on"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " \"Thursday Night Football\", he rushed 19 times for 84 yards and two touchdowns in the 31\u201324 loss. During the game, Elliott reached 1,000 rushing yards on the season. In Week 15 against the Los Angeles Rams, Elliott rushed 24 times for 117 yards and two touchdowns and caught three passes for 43 yards during the 44\u201321 win. In the regular-season finale against the Redskins, Elliott rushed 18 times for 122 yards and a touchdown and caught three passes for two yards and a touchdown during the 47\u201316 win. Elliott earned his third Pro Bowl nomination for 2019. Elliott finished the 2019 season with 1,357 rushing yards and 12 touchdowns to go along with 54 receptions for 420 yards and two touchdowns in 15 games and starts. He was ranked 24th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.</s><s>Professional career.:2020 season. During the season-opening 20\u201317 loss to the Los Angeles Rams on \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", Elliott rushed 22 times for 96 yards and a touchdown and caught three passes for 31 yards and a touchdown. In the next game against the Atlanta Falcons, he rushed 22 times for 89 yards and a rushing touchdown to go along with six receptions for 33 receiving yards during the 40\u201339 comeback victory. During"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " Week 5 against the New York Giants, Elliott recorded 105 yards from scrimmage and two rushing touchdowns during the 37\u201334 win. In Week 11 against the Minnesota Vikings, Elliott rushed for 103 yards and recorded two receptions for 11 yards and a touchdown during the 31\u201328 win. This was his first 100-yard rushing game of the season. Elliott missed his first career game due to injury on December 20, 2020, in Week 15 against the San Francisco 49ers, whom the Cowboys went on to beat 41-33. In Week 16 against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had 19 carries for 105 yards in the 37\u201317 victory. Elliott finished the 2020 season with 979 rushing yards and six touchdowns to go along with 52 receptions for 338 yards and two touchdowns.</s><s>Professional career.:2021 season. On August 27, 2021, the Cowboys restructured Elliott's contract, converting $8.6 million of his base salary for the upcoming season into a signing bonus to save some salary cap space. Despite dealing with lingering knee and ankle injuries during the majority of the season, Elliott was still able to start all 17 games and rush for 1,002 yards and ten touchdowns on 237 carries along with 47 receptions for 287 yards and two touchdowns. He had two games going over the 100"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": "-yard mark and four games with multiple touchdowns. In the against the San Francisco 49ers, Elliott rushed for 31 yards in the 23\u201317 loss. After the game, it was revealed that Elliott was playing with a partially torn PCL, which he suffered in Week 4 against the Carolina Panthers.</s><s>Professional career.:2022 season. In the against the San Francisco 49ers, Elliott rushed for 26 yards and played center for one play in the 19\u201312 loss. Due to salary cap reasons and declining production, the Cowboys released Elliott on March 15, 2023.</s><s>NFL career statistics.</s><s>NFL career statistics.:NFL highlights and awards. - FedEx Ground Player of the Year (2016) - Offensive Rookie of the Month \u2013 October 2016 - 4\u00d7 Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week - NFC Offensive Player of the Week \u2013 Week 10, 2016 - NFL Castrol Edge Clutch Performer of the Week \u2013 Week 10, 2016 - 2\u00d7 NFL FedEx Ground Running Back of the Week \u2013 Weeks 4 and 5, 2016</s><s>Personal life. Elliott bought his parents Dawn and Stacy Elliott a new house after signing his rookie contracts. He studied marketing at Ohio State University. He was good friends with fellow Buckeye teammate Kosta Karageorge, who was a"}, {"title": "Ezekiel Elliott", "text": " walk-on defensive end. Karageorge received national attention when he died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. Elliott was surprised by the death of his friend. \"Our hearts dropped,\" he told ESPN. \"It was just a hard moment for all of us. For me, personally, that was my first time losing someone that I was very close with.\" In August 2020, Elliott became a shareholder of OnCore Golf Technology, Inc., a manufacturer of golf balls based in Buffalo, New York. In May 2021, Elliott was cited by police after one of his dogs bit and injured two people in his Frisco neighborhood.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ezekiel Elliott", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000402", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rachel Bilson.", "docs": [{"title": "Rachel Bilson", "text": "<s>Rachel Bilson Rachel Sarah Bilson (born August 25, 1981) is an American actress. Born to a Californian show-business family, Bilson made her television debut in 2003, and then landed the role of Summer Roberts on the prime-time drama series \"The O.C.\" Bilson made her movie debut in \"The Last Kiss\" (2006) and starred in the science-fiction-action film \"Jumper\" (2008) with her then-boyfriend Hayden Christensen. From 2011 to 2015, she starred as Zoe Hart on The CW series \"Hart of Dixie\".</s><s>Early life. Bilson was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of Janice Stango, a therapist, and Danny Bilson, a writer, director, and producer. She has an older brother and two younger half-sisters, Rosemary and Hattie. Her mother is an Italian-American who was raised Catholic, and her father is Jewish; she has said that she grew up in a \"Chrismukkah household\". Bilson's father comes from a show business family; he is the son of Mona (Weichman) and producer-director Bruce Bilson (b. 1928). Her British great-grandfather, George"}, {"title": "Rachel Bilson", "text": " Bilson (1902\u20131981), who was born into an Ashkenazi Jewish immigrant family in Leeds, England, worked for RKO Pictures after immigrating to the United States, heading the movie trailer department, and her great-grandmother, Hattie Bilson (1907\u20132004), was a screenwriter whose credits included \"Pal, Canine Detective\" (1950). Bilson's classmates at Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California, included actress Kirsten Dunst, actor Rami Malek, and \"American Idol\" runner-up singer Katharine McPhee.</s><s>Career. Bilson attended Grossmont College, a community college in a suburb of San Diego, taking her father's advice to pursue a professional acting career. She then made several appearances in commercials, including advertisements for Subway restaurants, Raisin Bran, and Pepto-Bismol. She made her screen acting debut in early 2003, appearing in one episode of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" and \"8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter\". Bilson was subsequently cast in \"The O.C.\", which debuted in August 2003. Her character, Summer Roberts, was initially intended to appear in only a few episodes but became a series regular after"}, {"title": "Rachel Bilson", "text": " a successful run, as Bilson's on-screen romance with Seth Cohen (Adam Brody) became a noted aspect of the series. At the 2005 Teen Choice Awards, she collected three awards: \"Choice Hottie Female\", \"Choice TV Actress (Drama)\", and \"Best Onscreen TV Chemistry\" (jointly won with Adam Brody). In 2005, \"Maxim\" magazine named her sixth in their annual \"Hot 100 List\"; in 2006, the publication awarded her #14. The UK edition of \"FHM\" Magazine named her 28th in the 2006 100 Sexiest Women in the World list, while the US Edition Ranked her 77th in 2005. Bilson was also named one of \"People\" magazine's \"World's Most Beautiful People\" in 2006. Before appearing in \"Maxim\", Bilson had turned down requests to appear seminude in men's magazines, specifying that she feels that her body \"is sacred\" and \"not there for the whole world to see\". Bilson's first film role was in \"The Last Kiss\", a romantic comedy-drama also starring Zach Braff in 2006. She played a college student who seduces Braff's character. One review of the film noted that Bilson played the role"}, {"title": "Rachel Bilson", "text": " with \"surprising depth\", although another critic described her role as \"Glenn Close in \"Fatal Attraction\" as an airhead valley girl with a hot bod\". In late 2006, Bilson was cast in the film Doug Liman's thriller \"Jumper\", as the replacement for actress Teresa Palmer; the film was released on February 14, 2008. She appeared in a two-episode arc on \"The O.C.\" creator Josh Schwartz's NBC comedy, \"Chuck\", and in the film \"New York, I Love You\". She appeared in the 100th episode of \"How I Met Your Mother\" (\"Girls Versus Suits\") as Ted Mosby's latest love interest and the Mother's roommate. In September 2008, she started shooting the indie romantic film \"Waiting for Forever\", directed by James Keach. In September 2009, Bilson appeared as a celebrity guest judge in the third episode of \"Project Runway\" (season 6). Bilson starred in the 2011 indie film \"L!fe Happens\". In 2011, Bilson began starring in The CW series \"Hart of Dixie\", executive produced by \"The O.C.\" creator Josh Schwartz. On May 7, 2015, the CW officially canceled the show after four seasons. In"}, {"title": "Rachel Bilson", "text": " 2017, Bilson joined the cast of CMT's \"Nashville\" which reunites her with her former \"The O.C.\" co-star Chris Carmack. Bilson starred in the ABC drama series \"Take Two\" which premiered in June 2018; however, on November 21, 2018, ABC cancelled the series after one season. In April 2021, Bilson and her former \"The O.C.\" co-star Melinda Clarke launched a podcast titled \"Welcome to the OC, Bitches!\". The podcast focuses on the hosts and guests re-watching and discussing episodes of \"The O.C.\". Several notable guests have appeared on the podcast such as Mischa Barton, Adam Brody, Peter Gallagher, Josh Schwartz, Jem, Bonnie Somerville and Elizabeth Gillies.</s><s>Career.:Fashion design. Bilson has been recognized by several media sources as being a \"fashion junkie\". She has described herself as having a \"vintage\" sense of style and has noted Kate Moss and Diane Keaton as inspirations. Bilson approached DKNY Jeans in late 2007 with a view to design a clothing line with the fashion brand. Together they created Edie Rose. The collection was launched in September 2008. Her idea was to keep"}, {"title": "Rachel Bilson", "text": " fashionable items accessible to young women by keeping the prices of each piece under $100. An advertising image was released in July 2008 which featured Bilson modelling her Edie Rose collection. Bilson stated that she wanted to keep her fashion line \"as separate as possible from Rachel Bilson, the actress. I'm hoping people will appreciate it for the clothes, not the person behind them.\" Much of her fashion collection was lost when her home was burglarized in May 2009. Bilson's fashions and sense of style made her the unwitting target of the Bling Ring, who burglarized her home on several occasions. In 2011, Bilson collaborated with her personal stylist, Nicole Chavez, and shoe industry leader Steve Madden, to launch the footwear destination ShoeMint, an \"online customized shoe shopping experience\". In 2013, Bilson designed a shirt for Invisible Children.</s><s>Personal life. Bilson and Adam Brody, her co-star on \"The O.C.\", dated from 2003 to 2006. After she and Brody broke up, Bilson began a relationship with actor Hayden Christensen, with whom she had co-starred in the film \"Jumper\". By January 2008, the pair had been seen and photographed together around Los Angeles for"}, {"title": "Rachel Bilson", "text": " almost a year, without confirming a relationship. In February 2009, Bilson appeared publicly with what seemed to be an engagement ring, though no official announcement was made. In August 2010, Bilson's representative confirmed there had been an engagement that had since been called off, giving no other details. The two reconciled three months later, and had a daughter in October 2014. Bilson and Christensen separated in September 2017. Bilson and Christensen are both supporters of the No Kids Policy, a celebrity coalition which seeks to prevent children of celebrities from being photographed without parental consent. Bilson started dating actor Bill Hader in 2019, ending the relationship less than a year later.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rachel Bilson", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000403", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Susan Sarandon.", "docs": [{"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": "<s>Susan Sarandon Susan Abigail Sarandon (; n\u00e9e Tomalin; born October 4, 1946) is an American actress and activist. She is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, in addition to nominations for a Daytime Emmy Award, six Primetime Emmy Awards, and nine Golden Globe Awards. In 2002, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the film industry. Sarandon began her acting career in the drama film \"Joe\" (1970), before appearing in the soap opera \"A World Apart\" (1970\u20131971). In 1974, she co-starred as a Zelda Fitzgerald surrogate in the television film \"F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles',\" and the following year, she starred as Janet Weiss in the musical comedy horror film \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\". Sarandon was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for \"Atlantic City\" (1980), \"Thelma & Louise\" (1991), \"Lorenzo's Oil\" (1992), and \"The Client\" (1994), before winning for \"Dead Man Walking\" (1995). She has also won the BAFTA Award"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " for Best Actress in a Leading Role for \"The Client\", and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for \"Dead Man Walking\". Her other films include \"Pretty Baby\" (1978), \"The Hunger\" (1983), \"The Witches of Eastwick\" (1987), \"Bull Durham\" (1988), \"White Palace\" (1990), \"Little Women\" (1994), \"James and the Giant Peach\" (1996), \"Stepmom\" (1998), \"Enchanted\" (2007), \"Speed Racer\" (2008), \"The Lovely Bones\" (2009), \"Cloud Atlas\" (2012), \"Tammy\" (2014), \"The Meddler\" (2015), and \"A Bad Moms Christmas\" (2017). Sarandon made her Broadway debut in the play \"An Evening with Richard Nixon\" (1972) and went on to receive Drama Desk Award nominations for the off-Broadway plays \"A Coupla White Chicks Sitting Around Talking\" (1979) and \"Extremities\" (1982). She returned to Broadway in the 2009 revival of \"Exit the King\". On television, she is a six-time Primetime Emmy Award nominee, including for her guest roles on the sitcoms \"Friends\" (2001) and \"Mal"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": "colm in the Middle\" (2002), supporting role in the film \"You Don't Know Jack\" (2010), as well as a leading role as Doris Duke in the film \"Bernard and Doris\" (2008) and another leading role as Bette Davis in the miniseries \"Feud\" (2017). Also known for her social and political activism, Sarandon was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1999 and received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award in 2006. In November 2022, Sarandon joined the HALO Trust, the largest humanitarian mine clearance organization, as an ambassador.</s><s>Early life. Sarandon was born in Jackson Heights, Queens in New York City. She is the eldest of nine children of Lenora Marie (n\u00e9e Criscione 1923\u20132020) and Phillip Leslie Tomalin, an advertising executive, television producer, and one-time nightclub singer. She has four brothers: Phillip Leslie Jr., Terry (an outdoorsman, journalist, and community leader), Timothy, and O'Brian; and four sisters: Meredith (or \"Merry\"), Bonnie Priscilla, Amanda, and Melissa (or \"Missy\"). Her father was of English, Irish, and Welsh ancestry. His English ancestors came from Hackney"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " in London and his Welsh ancestors from Bridgend. On her mother's side, she is of Italian descent, with ancestors from the regions of Tuscany and Sicily. Her father worked for WOR-TV in New York City. When she was four years old, the Tomalin family moved from New York City to the newly developed Stephenville community, located in the northern area of Raritan (now Edison) Township, New Jersey. The family was raised Roman Catholic and she and her sisters attended the all-girls Saint Francis Grammar School in nearby Metuchen, while her brothers attended the all-boys Saint Matthews Grammar School in Edison Township. Her mother was a member and board director of the Stephenville Women's Club and the Terra Tova Garden Club. The family was also member to the Woodside Swim Club, a private swimming club and park in the Stephenville community, where Sarandon and her sisters won many swimming competitions. Sarandon graduated from Saint Francis Grammar School in 1960. Sarandon attended Edison High School, a public school located in Edison Township. In 1962, while still in high school, she joined a band and dance group to entertain sick children at a nearby rehabilitation hospital. As a high school junior, she performed the lead in the"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " play \"Lady Precious Dream\". As a senior, she played the title character in the comedy \"My Sister Eileen\", earning mentions in the local newspapers. In 1964, Sarandon was inducted into the National Honor Society. In May 1964, the Tomalin family moved to the newly developed Chandler Hill community, east of Stephenville in Edison. Sarandon graduated from Edison High School in 1964. She attended the Catholic University of America in Washington D.C. from 1964 to 1968, earning a Bachelor of Arts in drama, and studying under the drama coach Gilbert V. Hartke. During and shortly after college, she supported herself by cutting hair, cleaning houses and working as a switchboard operator.</s><s>Career. In 1969, Sarandon went to a casting call for the motion-picture \"Joe\" (1970) with her then-husband Chris Sarandon. Although he did not get a part, she was cast in a major role of a disaffected teen who disappears into the seedy underworld. Between 1970 and 1972, she appeared in the soap operas \"A World Apart\" and \"Search for Tomorrow\", playing Patrice Kahlman and Sarah Fairbanks, respectively. She appeared in \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\" (1975) and also played"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " the female lead in \"The Great Waldo Pepper\" (also 1975), opposite Robert Redford. She was twice directed by Louis Malle, in \"Pretty Baby\" (1978) and \"Atlantic City\" (1981). The latter earned Sarandon her first Academy Award nomination. Her most controversial film appearance was in Tony Scott's \"The Hunger\" (1983), a modern vampire story in which she had a lesbian sex scene with Catherine Deneuve. She appeared in the comedy-fantasy \"The Witches of Eastwick\" (1987) alongside Jack Nicholson, Cher, and Michelle Pfeiffer. However, Sarandon did not become a \"household name\" until she appeared with Kevin Costner and Tim Robbins in the film \"Bull Durham\" (1988), a commercial and critical success. Roger Ebert praised Sarandon's performance in his review for the \"Chicago Sun-Times\": \"I don't know who else they could have hired to play Annie Savoy, the Sarandon character who pledges her heart and her body to one player a season, but I doubt if the character would have worked without Sarandon's wonderful performance\".{{cite news Sarandon was nominated for an Academy Award four more times in the 1990s, as Best Actress as Louise Sawyer"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " in \"Thelma & Louise\" (1991), Michaela Odone in \"Lorenzo's Oil\" (1992), and Reggie Love in \"The Client\" (1994), finally winning in 1995 for \"Dead Man Walking\" in which she played Sister Helen Prejean who regularly visits a convicted murderer on death row. Janet Maslin, in \"The New York Times\", wrote of her performance in the last film: \"Ms. Sarandon takes the kind of risk she took playing a stubbornly obsessed mother in \"Lorenzo's Oil.\" She's commandingly blunt, and she avoids cheapening her performance with the wrong kind of compassion. Her Sister Helen is repelled and alarmed by this man, but she's determined to help him anyway. That's what makes the film so unrelenting.\" Sarandon was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award in 1994. Additionally, she has received eight Golden Globe nominations, including for \"White Palace\" (1990), \"Stepmom\" (1998), \"Igby Goes Down\" (2002), and \"Bernard and Doris\" (2007). Her other movies include \"Little Women\" (1994), \"Anywhere but Here\" (1999), \"Cradle Will Rock\" (1999), \"The B"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": "anger Sisters\" (2002), \"Shall We Dance\" (2004), \"Alfie\" (2004), \"Romance & Cigarettes\" (2005), \"Elizabethtown\" (2005), and \"Enchanted\" (2007). Sarandon has appeared in two episodes of \"The Simpsons\", once as herself (\"Bart Has Two Mommies\") and as a ballet teacher, \"Homer vs. Patty and Selma\". She appeared on \"Friends\", \"Malcolm in the Middle\", \"Mad TV\", \"Saturday Night Live\", \"Chappelle's Show\", \"30 Rock\", \"Rescue Me,\" and \"Mike & Molly\". Sarandon has contributed the narration to two dozen documentary films, many of which dealt with social and political issues. In addition, she has served as the presenter on many installments of the PBS documentary series, \"Independent Lens\". In 1999 and 2000, she hosted and presented \"Mythos\", a series of lectures by the late American mythology professor Joseph Campbell. Sarandon also participates as a member of the Jury for the NYICFF, a local New York City Film Festival dedicated to screening films made for children between the ages of 3 and 18. Sarandon joined the cast of the adaptation of \"The Lovely Bones\", opposite"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " Rachel Weisz, and appeared with her daughter, Eva Amurri, in \"Middle of Nowhere\"; both films were made in 2007. In June 2010, Sarandon joined the cast of the HBO pilot \"The Miraculous Year\", as Patty Atwood, a Broadway director/choreographer. However, the series was not picked up. In 2012, Sarandon's audiobook performance of Carson McCullers' \"The Member of the Wedding\" was released at Audible.com. Sarandon was the voice actor for the character of Granny Rags, an eccentric and sinister old lady, in the stealth/action video game \"Dishonored\", released in 2012. She appeared in the films \"Arbitrage\" (2012), \"Tammy\" (2014), and \"The Meddler\" (2015). In 2017, Sarandon portrayed Bette Davis in the first season of FX's anthology series \"Feud\". She also appeared in \"A Bad Moms Christmas\" (2017)\u2014the sequel to the 2016 film \"Bad Moms\"\u2014as the mother of Carla Dunkler. In 2018, she joined the \"Social Impact Advisory Board \" of the San Diego International Film Festival. In 2019, she connected with Justin Willman on"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " \"Magic for Humans\" as a special guest on the Christmas episode. In Fall 2022, Sarandon starred in the FOX TV drama \"Monarch\". It aired on Tuesday nights at 9:00 P.M after \"The Resident\", which is created by Sarandon's nemesis Amy Holden Jones.</s><s>Political views and activism. Sarandon is known for her active support of progressive and left-wing political causes, ranging from donations to organizations such as EMILY's List to participating in a 1983 delegation to Nicaragua sponsored by MADRE, an organization that promotes \"social, environmental, and economic justice\". In 1999, she was appointed UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In that capacity, she has actively supported the organization's global advocacy, as well as the work of the Canadian UNICEF Committee. In 2006, she was one of eight women selected to carry in the Olympic flag at the Opening Ceremony of the 2006 Olympic Winter Games, in Turin, Italy. The same year, Sarandon received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award. Sarandon was appointed an FAO Goodwill Ambassador in 2010. She donated fruit trees to the New York City Housing Authority's Jamaica Houses in 2018 in the borough of Queens. Sarandon visited the housing complex in person to help plant"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " the trees.</s><s>Political views and activism.:Anti-war activism. Sarandon and Robbins both took an early stance against the 2003 invasion of Iraq, with Sarandon stating that she was firmly against war as a pre-emptive strike. Prior to a 2003 protest sponsored by the United for Peace and Justice coalition, she said that many Americans \"do not want to risk their children or the children of Iraq\". Sarandon was one of the first to appear in a series of political ads sponsored by TrueMajority, an organization established by Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream founder Ben Cohen. Along with anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan, Sarandon took part in a 2006 Mother's Day protest, which was sponsored by Code Pink. In January 2007, she appeared with Robbins and Jane Fonda at an anti-war rally in Washington, D.C. in support of a Congressional measure to withdraw U.S. forces from Iraq.</s><s>Political views and activism.:Presidential politics. During the 2000 election, Sarandon supported Ralph Nader's run for president, serving as a co-chair of the National Steering Committee of Nader 2000. During the 2004 election campaign, she withheld support for Nader's bid, being among several \"Nader Raiders\""}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " who urged Nader to drop out and his voters offer their support for Democratic Party candidate John Kerry. After the 2004 election, Sarandon called for US elections to be monitored by international entities. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Sarandon and Tim Robbins campaigned for John Edwards in the New Hampshire communities of Hampton, Bedford, and Dover. When asked at We Vote '08 Kickoff Party \"What would Jesus do this primary season\", Sarandon said, \"I think Jesus would be very supportive of John Edwards.\" She later endorsed Barack Obama. In the 2012 U.S. presidential election Sarandon, along with film director Michael Moore, said that they were not thrilled with Obama's performance but hoped he would be re-elected. She said she and the administration haven't been allies. \"I wouldn't say the White House has taken me under its wing and made me one of its best buddies,\" Sarandon said. In the 2016 United States presidential election, she made public her support for Senator Bernie Sanders. On March 28, 2016, in an interview on \"All In with Chris Hayes\", Sarandon indicated that she and other Sanders supporters might not support Hillary Clinton if Clinton is the Democratic nominee for president. She stated: \"You know, some people feel that"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " Donald Trump will bring the revolution immediately. If he gets in, then things will really explode.\" Hayes inquired as to whether it would be dangerous to allow Trump to become president, to which she replied: \"If you think that it's pragmatic to shore up the status quo right now, then you're not in touch with the status quo\". On October 30, 2016, she endorsed Green Party of the United States presidential candidate Jill Stein. In an interview with \"The Guardian\" published on November 26, 2017, Sarandon said about Hillary Clinton: \"I did think she was very, very dangerous. We would still be fracking, we would be at war [if she were president]\".</s><s>Political views and activism.:Civil rights. In 1995, Sarandon was one of many Hollywood actors, directors and writers interviewed for the documentary \"The Celluloid Closet,\" which looked at how Hollywood films have depicted homosexuality. Sarandon and Robbins appeared at the 2000 Shadow Convention in Los Angeles to speak about drug offenders being unduly punished. In 2004, she served on the advisory committee for 2004 Racism Watch, an activist group. Sarandon has become an advocate to end the death penalty and mass incarceration. She has joined the team of people fighting to save the life of"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " Richard Glossip, a man on death row in Oklahoma. In May 2015, Sarandon launched a campaign with fundraising platform Represent.com to sell T-shirts to help finance the documentary \"Deep Run\", the story of a poor North Carolina teen undergoing a gender transition.</s><s>Political views and activism.:Since 2011. On March 12, 2011, Sarandon spoke before a crowd in Madison, Wisconsin protesting Governor Scott Walker and his Budget Repair Bill. On September 27, 2011, Sarandon spoke to reporters and interested parties at the Occupy Wall Street protest in New York City. Her use of the word \"Nazi\" to describe Pope Benedict XVI on October 15, 2011, generated complaints from Roman Catholic authorities, and the Anti-Defamation League, which called on Sarandon to apologize. Sarandon brought activist Rosa Clemente to the 75th Golden Globe Awards and participated in a rally against gun violence in June 2018. On June 28, 2018, Sarandon was arrested during the Women Disobey protests, along with 575 other people, for protesting at the Hart Senate Office Building where a sit-in was being held against Donald Trump's migrant separation policy. On May 27, 2021, Sarandon tweeted in support of the Palestinian people, in her words, \"fighting against the"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " apartheid government of Netanyahu\", and of the Israeli people \"that they too, will enjoy peace\". She expressed support for Palestinian-American model Bella Hadid \"for having the bravery to stand in solidarity with her people\". She also co-signed an open letter criticizing Israel for labeling six Palestinian human rights groups as terror organizations, and quoted Desmond Tutu on the conflict saying that \"true peace can ultimately be built only on justice\". Sarandon was the executive producer for \"Soufra\", a documentary that covered the development of a food truck in the Bourj el Barajneh Palestinian refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon. In February 2022, some law enforcement organizations criticized Sarandon for sharing a tweet that described a photo of police officers honoring a killed officer as fascism. She would later delete the tweet and post a message on Twitter to apologize.</s><s>Personal life. While in college, Susan Tomalin met fellow student Chris Sarandon, a Greek-American, and the couple married on September 16, 1967. They divorced in 1979 but she retained the surname Sarandon as her stage name. She was then involved romantically with director Louis Malle, musician David Bowie and briefly, actor Sean Penn. In the mid-1980s, Sarandon dated Italian filmmaker Franco Amurri"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": ", with whom she had a daughter, Eva Amurri (born March 15, 1985), who is also an actress. In 2017, Sarandon revealed that she had had an affair with British actor Philip Sayer, who she further revealed had been gay. Beginning in 1988, Sarandon lived with actor Tim Robbins, whom she met while they were filming \"Bull Durham\". They have two sons: John \"Jack\" Henry (born May 15, 1989) and Miles Robbins (born May 4, 1992). Sarandon, like Robbins, is a lapsed Catholic, and they both share liberal political views. Sarandon split with Robbins in 2009. Following the end of her relationship with Robbins, she soon began a new one with Jonathan Bricklin, son of Malcolm Bricklin. Sarandon and Bricklin helped establish a chain of ping-pong lounges named SPiN. Sarandon is the co-owner of this New York ping-pong club and its Toronto branch SPiN Toronto. Sarandon and Bricklin broke up in 2015. In 2006, Sarandon and ten relatives, including her son Miles, traveled to the United Kingdom to trace her family's Welsh genealogy. Their journey was documented by the BBC Wales programme, \"Coming Home: Susan"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": " Sarandon\". Much of the same research and content was featured in the American version of \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" She also received the \"Ragusani Nel Mondo\" prize in 2006; her Sicilian roots are in Ragusa, Italy. Sarandon has identified herself as bisexual, seemingly coming out during a September 2022 appearance on \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\". She had also previously told \"Pride Source\" in 2017 that her sexuality was \"open\" and \"up for grabs\", and on a 2021 episode of the \"Divorced Not Dead\" podcast she said of her dating interests \"I don't care if it's a man or a woman. I mean, I'm open to all age, all color. And those for me, those things are just details.\" She is a member of the Democratic Socialists of America.</s><s>Awards and nominations. Sarandon received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 Stockholm International Film Festival, was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2010, and received the Outstanding Artistic Life Award for her Outstanding Contribution to World Cinema at the 2011 Shanghai International Film Festival. In 2013, she was invited to inaugurate the 44th International Film Festival of India (IFFI"}, {"title": "Susan Sarandon", "text": ") in Goa. In 2015, Sarandon received the Goldene Kamera international lifetime achievement award.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Susan Sarandon", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000404", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Liam Neeson.", "docs": [{"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "<s>Liam Neeson William John Neeson (born 7 June 1952) is an actor from Northern Ireland. He has received several accolades, including nominations for an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and two Tony Awards. In 2020, he was placed seventh on \"The Irish Times\" list of Ireland's 50 Greatest Film Actors. Neeson was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2000. In 1976, Neeson joined the Lyric Players' Theatre in Belfast for two years. His early film roles include \"Excalibur\" (1981), \"The Bounty\" (1984), \"The Mission\" (1986), and \"Husbands and Wives\" (1992). He rose to prominence portraying Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's holocaust drama \"Schindler's List\" (1993) for which he earned an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination. He followed by starring in \"Nell\" (1994), \"Rob Roy\" (1995), \"Michael Collins\" (1996), and \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\" (1998). He took blockbuster roles portraying Qui-Gon Jinn in George Lucas' space opera \"\" (1999), Ra's al Ghul in \"Batman Begins"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "\" (2005) and Aslan in \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" trilogy (2005\u20132010). He also starred in Martin Scorsese's \"Gangs of New York\" (2002), the romantic comedy \"Love Actually\" (2003), and the drama \"Kinsey\" (2004). Beginning in 2009, Neeson cemented himself as an action star with the action thriller series \"Taken\" (2008\u20132014), \"The A-Team\" (2010), \"The Grey\" (2011), \"Wrath of the Titans\" (2012), and \"A Walk Among the Tombstones\" (2014). He is known for his collaborations in the genre with director Jaume Collet-Serra, and starred in four of his films: \"Unknown\" (2011), \"Non-Stop\" (2013), \"Run All Night\" (2015), and \"The Commuter\" (2018). He also starred in Martin Scorsese's religious epic \"Silence\" (2016), the fantasy drama \"A Monster Calls\" (2016), Steve McQueen's heist drama \"Widows\" (2018), the Coen brothers' western \"The Ballad of Buster Scruggs\" (2018), and the romantic drama \"Ordinary"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": " Love\" (2019). Neeson is also known for his work on stage. He made his Broadway debut in 1993 with his performance as Matt Burke in the revival of Eugene O'Neill's \"Anna Christie\" earning a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nomination. He then starred as Oscar Wilde in David Hare's \"The Judas Kiss\" in 1998. He received his second Tony Award nomination for his performance in the 2002 Broadway revival of \"Arthur Miller's \"The Crucible\".</s><s>Early life. Neeson was born in Ballymena, County Antrim, the son of cook Katherine \"Kitty\" Neeson (n\u00e9e Brown) and primary school caretaker Bernard \"Barney\" Neeson. Raised Catholic, he was named Liam after a local priest. The third of four siblings, he has three sisters, Elizabeth, Bernadette, and Rosaleen. He attended St Patrick's College, Ballymena from 1963 to 1967, and later recalled that his love of drama began there. He said that growing up as a Catholic in a predominantly Protestant town made him cautious, and once said he felt like a \"second-class citizen\" there, but has also said he was never made to feel \"in"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "ferior or even different\" at the town's predominantly Protestant technical college. \"It would be colourful to imagine I had a rebellious, uproarious Irish background,\" he has said, \"but the facts were much greyer. Irish, yes. But all that nationalistic stuff, crying into your Guinness and singing rebel songs\u2014that was never my scene.\" He has described himself as \"out of touch\" with the politics and history of Northern Ireland until becoming aware of protests by fellow students after Bloody Sunday, a massacre in Derry in 1972 during the Troubles, which encouraged him to learn more local history. In a 2009 interview, he said, \"I never stop thinking about [the Troubles]. I've known guys and girls who have been perpetrators of violence and victims. Protestants and Catholics. It's part of my DNA.\" At age nine, Neeson began boxing lessons at the All Saints Youth Club, and went on to win a number of regional titles before quitting at 17. He acted in school productions during his teens. His interest in acting and decision to become an actor were also influenced by Ian Paisley, founder of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), into whose Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster he sneaked. He said, \"[Paisley"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "] had a magnificent presence and it was incredible to watch him just Bible-thumping away... it was acting, but it was also great acting and stirring too.\" In 1971, he joined a physics and computer science course at Queen's University Belfast before leaving to work for the Guinness Brewery. At Queen's, he discovered a talent for football and was spotted by Se\u00e1n Thomas at Bohemian FC. There was a club trial in Dublin and Neeson played one game as a substitute against Shamrock Rovers FC, but was not offered a contract.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:1976\u20131993: Early career. After leaving university, Neeson returned to Ballymena, where he worked in a variety of casual jobs, such as a forklift operator at Guinness and a lorry driver. He also attended teacher training college for two years in Newcastle upon Tyne before again returning to his hometown. In 1976, he joined the Lyric Players' Theatre in Belfast, where he performed for two years. He got his first film experience in 1977, playing Jesus Christ and The Evangelist in the religious film \"Pilgrim's Progress\" (1978). He moved to Dublin in 1978 when he was offered a part in Ron Hutchinson's \"S"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "ays I, Says He\", a drama about The Troubles, at the Project Arts Centre. He acted in several other Project productions and joined the Abbey Theatre (the National Theatre of Ireland). In 1980, he performed with Stephen Rea, Ray McAnally and Mick Lally, playing Doalty in Brian Friel's play \"Translations\", the first production of Friel's and Rea's Field Day Theatre Company, first presented in the Guildhall in Derry on 23 September 1980. In 1980, filmmaker John Boorman saw him on stage as Lennie Small in \"Of Mice and Men\" and offered him the role of Sir Gawain in the Arthurian film \"Excalibur\". After the role, Neeson moved to London, where he continued working on stage, and in small-budget films and television. He lived with actress Helen Mirren, whom he met working on \"Excalibur\". Between 1982 and 1987, he starred in five films, most notably with Mel Gibson and Anthony Hopkins in 1984's \"The Bounty\" and Robert De Niro and Jeremy Irons in 1986's \"The Mission\". Neeson guest-starred in the third season of the television series \"Miami Vice\" in 1986, and moved to Hollywood the"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": " next year to take higher-profile roles. He starred with Cher and Dennis Quaid in \"Suspect\", which brought him critical acclaim. In 1988, he starred with Clint Eastwood in the fifth Dirty Harry film, \"The Dead Pool\", as Peter Swan, a horror film director. In 1990, he had a starring role in Sam Raimi's \"Darkman\". Although the film was successful, Neeson's subsequent years did not bring him the same recognition. In 1993, he joined \"Ellis Island\" co-star and future wife Natasha Richardson in the Broadway play \"Anna Christie\". They also worked together in \"Nell\", released the following year.</s><s>Career.:1993\u20132000: Rise to prominence. Steven Spielberg offered Neeson the role of Oskar Schindler in his holocaust film \"Schindler's List\" after seeing him in \"Anna Christie\" on Broadway. Kevin Costner, Mel Gibson and Warren Beatty all expressed interest in the part (Beatty even auditioned), but Neeson was cast in December 1992 after auditioning for the role. He read the Keneally book and concluded that his character \"enjoyed fookin' with the Nazis. In Keneally's book"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": ", it says he was regarded as a kind of a buffoon by them... if the Nazis were New Yorkers, he was from Arkansas. They don't quite take him seriously, and he used that to full effect.\" His critically acclaimed performance earned him a nomination for a Best Actor Oscar, and helped the film earn Best Picture of 1993. He also received BAFTA and Golden Globes nominations for the performance. He soon became an in-demand leading actor. He starred in the subsequent period pieces \"Rob Roy\" (1995) and \"Michael Collins\" (1996), the latter earning him Best Starring Role at the Venice Film Festival and another Golden Globe nomination. He starred as Jean Valjean in the 1998 adaptation of Victor Hugo's \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\", and in \"The Haunting\" (1999) as Dr. David Marrow. In 1999, Neeson starred as Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn in \"\". Director George Lucas cast Neeson because he considered him a \"master actor, who the other actors will look up to, who has got the qualities of strength that the character demands.\" As the first \"Star Wars\" film to be released in 16 years, it was surrounded by media anticipation. Neeson's connection to \""}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "Star Wars\" started in the Crown Bar, Belfast. He told Ricki Lake, \"I probably wouldn't have taken the role if it wasn't for the advice of Peter King in the Crown during a Lyric reunion.\" Despite mixed reviews from critics and fans, \"The Phantom Menace\" was an enormous box-office success and remained the most financially successful \"Star Wars\" film (unadjusted for inflation) until \"\" (2015). Neeson's performance as Qui-Gon received positive reviews and a Saturn Award nomination. A stock recording of his voice from \"The Phantom Menace\" can be heard during a scene in \"\" (2002). Neeson was later reported to be appearing in \"\" (2005), but ultimately did not. In the animated television series \"\" (2008\u201320), he voiced Qui-Gon in two episodes of the third season and one episode of the sixth season, and he also made a voice cameo as Qui-Gon in \"\" (2019). Neeson appeared as Qui-Gon in the final episode of \"Obi-Wan Kenobi\" (2022), appearing as a force ghost to Obi-Wan, in an uncredited cameo, marking his first live-action portrayal of Qui-G"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "on since \"The Phantom Menace.\" He later voiced Qui-Gon again for an episode of the animated \"Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi\" (2022).</s><s>Career.:2001\u20132007: Mainstream roles. Neeson narrated the 2001 documentaries \"Journey into Amazing Caves\", a short film about two scientists who travel around the world to search for material for potential cures; and \"The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Adventure\". The latter won awards at a number of film festivals including Best Documentary from both the Chicago Film Critics Association and the National Board of Review. After being nominated for a Tony Award for his role opposite Laura Linney in \"The Crucible\", Neeson appeared with Harrison Ford in Kathryn Bigelow's 2002 submarine thriller \"\" as Captain Mikhail Polenin. He was also on the cast of Martin Scorsese's \"Gangs of New York\" with Leonardo DiCaprio, Brendan Gleeson, Cameron Diaz and Daniel Day-Lewis, and played a recently widowed writer in Richard Curtis's ensemble comedy \"Love Actually\" (2003). His role as Alfred Kinsey in \"Kinsey\" again put Neeson up for nomination for a Golden Globe Award, but he lost to Leonardo DiCap"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "rio for \"The Aviator\". In 2004, Neeson hosted an episode of the NBC sketch show \"Saturday Night Live\". He starred as a redneck trucker, Marlon Weaver, in an \"Appalachian Emergency Room\" sketch and as a hippie in a one-off sketch about two stoners (the other played by Amy Poehler) who attempt to borrow a police dog to find their lost stash of marijuana. Despite vowing not to play any Irish stereotypes, Neeson did play a stereotypically Irish man named Lorcan McArdle in the home makeover show parody \"You Call This A House, Do Ya?\" In 2005, Neeson played Godfrey of Ibelin in Ridley Scott's epic adventure \"Kingdom of Heaven\"; Ra's al Ghul, one of the main villains in \"Batman Begins\"; and Father Bernard in Neil Jordan's adaptation of Patrick McCabe's novel \"Breakfast on Pluto\". In \"The Simpsons\" episode \"The Father, the Son, and the Holy Guest Star\" (2005), he voiced the kindly priest who (briefly) converts Bart and Homer to Catholicism. That same year, he gave his voice to the lion Aslan in the blockbuster fantasy film \"\". In 2007,"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": " he starred in the American Civil War epic \"Seraphim Falls\". Neeson voiced the main character's father, James, in the video game \"Fallout 3\". Executive producer Todd Howard said, \"This role was written with Liam in mind, and provides the dramatic tone for the entire game\". \"Fallout 3\", the third game in the Fallout series, was extremely well received by critics and shipped 4.7\u00a0million copies by the end of 2008, the year it was released. In the director's commentary of the 2007 \"Transformers\" DVD, Michael Bay said he had told the animators to seek inspiration from Neeson in creating Optimus Prime's body language. Neeson appeared as Alistair Little in the BBC Northern Ireland/Big Fish Films television drama \"Five Minutes of Heaven\", which tells the true story of a young Protestant man convicted of murdering a Catholic boy during The Troubles.</s><s>Career.:2008\u2013present: Later success. In 2008, Neeson starred in the action film \"Taken\", a French-produced film also starring Famke Janssen and Maggie Grace, based on a script by Luc Besson and Robert Mark Kamen and directed by Pierre Morel. Neeson plays a retired CIA operative"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": " from the elite Special Activities Division who sets about tracking down his teenage daughter after she is kidnapped. \"Taken\" was a worldwide box-office hit, grossing $223.9\u00a0million worldwide, making almost $200\u00a0million more than its production budget. Neeson has said in interviews that he believed that \"Taken\" had put some people off the idea of actually travelling to Europe. \"Taken\" brought Neeson back into the centre of the public eye and resulted in his being cast in many more big-budget Hollywood movies. That year he also narrated the documentary \"Black Holes: The Other Side of Infinity\" and again lent his voice to Aslan in \"\" (2008). He also provided a voice for Hayao Miyazaki's anime film \"Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea\", which received an August 2009 release. In 2010, Neeson played Zeus in the remake of the 1981 film, \"Clash of the Titans\". The film was a huge box-office hit, grossing $475\u00a0million worldwide. Neeson also starred in Atom Egoyan's erotic thriller \"Chloe\", theatrically released by Sony Pictures Classics on 26 March 2010. \"Chloe\" had enjoyed commercial success and became the"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": " Canadian director's biggest money maker ever. Later the same year, he played John \"Hannibal\" Smith in the spin-off movie from the television series \"The A-Team\". Neeson voiced Aslan once more in the sequel \" (2010)\". In 2011, Neeson starred in the action-thriller \"Unknown\", a German-British-American co-production of a French book filmed in Berlin in early 2010, and directed by Jaume Collet-Serra. This film led to a collaboration between Neeson and Collet-Serra on a series of similar action films including \"Non-Stop\" (2014), \"Run All Night\" (2015) and \"The Commuter\" (2018). Neeson reunited with Steven Spielberg with plans to star as Abraham Lincoln in the 2012 film \"Lincoln\", based on the book \"\" by Doris Kearns Goodwin. In preparation for the role, Neeson visited the District of Columbia and Springfield, Illinois, where Lincoln lived before being elected, and read Lincoln's personal letters. Neeson eventually declined the role, claiming he was \"past his sell date\" and had grown too old to play Lincoln. He was replaced by Daniel Day-Lewis (who in turn"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": " would win his third Academy Award for Best Actor). In 2010, Neeson made a guest-star appearance on the Showtime series \"The Big C\". In 2011, he played himself in BBC2's series \"Life's Too Short\". In late 2011, Neeson was cast to play the lead character, a journalist, in a new album recording and arena production of \"Jeff Wayne's War of the Worlds\". He replaced Richard Burton, who had posthumously appeared in the arena production through CGI animation. Neeson did not physically appear on the stage, instead playing the role through the use of 3D holography. In 2012, Neeson starred in Joe Carnahan's \"The Grey\". The film received mostly positive reviews and Neeson's performance received critical acclaim. He also starred in \"Taken 2\", a successful sequel to his 2008 blockbuster. That year, he once again appeared as Ra's al Ghul in a cameo appearance in \"The Dark Knight Rises\", the third and final film in Christopher Nolan's \"The Dark Knight Trilogy\". Dialogue from his role as Ra's al Ghul in \"Batman Begins\" was featured in the first trailer for the film. On 31 January 2014, it was reported that Neeson would work"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": " with director Martin Scorsese again in an adaptation of the novel \"Silence\". Neeson had a supporting role as the henchman Bad Cop/Good Cop in the animated film \"The Lego Movie\", which was a critical and commercial success. Neeson later played Bill Marks in the 2014 action film Non-Stop. The film was released on 28 February 2014. He also appeared, uncredited, as God in the BBC2 series \"Rev.\". Neeson stars in the 2014 film \"A Walk Among the Tombstones\", an adaption of the best-selling novel of the same name, in which he plays former cop Matthew Scudder, a detective hired to hunt the killers of a drug dealer's wife. During Super Bowl XLIX, Supercell did a \"Clash of Clans\" commercial with Neeson playing the game as \"AngryNeeson52\" and vowing revenge on his opponent \"BigBuffetBoy85\" while waiting for his scone at a bakery. The appearance was a parody of his role in \"Taken\". In 2016, Neeson narrated the RT\u00c9 One three-part documentary on the Easter Rising, \"1916\". In 2016, he did the voice and motion capture for the"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": " Monster in the Spanish film \"A Monster Calls\". Following the success of the \"Taken\" films, Neeson has become increasingly known as a star of action thriller films. Besides his aforementioned action-thrillers made in collaboration with Collet-Serra, other recent action films starring Neeson have included \"The Grey\", \"A Walk Among the Tombstones\", \"Cold Pursuit\", \"Honest Thief\", \"The Marksman\", \"The Ice Road\", \"Blacklight\" and \"Memory\". Neeson has indicated a desire to retire from the action genre though the films have taken his acting career in a new direction.</s><s>Activism. Neeson opposes what he sees as the unrestricted right to own firearms in the U.S. and has made calls for gun control. In January 2015, he repeated his views, calling U.S. gun laws a \"disgrace\" in an interview with Emirati newspaper \"Gulf News\" when replying to a question about the \"Charlie Hebdo\" shootings earlier that month. In response, U.S gun manufacturer Para USA, which provided the prop weapons used by Neeson in the \"Taken\" film series, stated: \"We will no longer provide firearms for use in"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": " films starring Liam Neeson and ask that our friends and partners in Hollywood refrain from associating our brand and products with his projects.\" In 2014, Neeson protested against the anti-carriage horse campaign of New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, who said he would outlaw horse-drawn carriages in Central Park once he took office. He wrote an opinion page published in \"The New York Times\" citing the carriage trade as a safe one for employees, horses, and tourists, and noted it was a livelihood for many immigrants. Neeson narrated a video for Amnesty International in favour of the legalisation of abortion in Ireland, which some conservative and pro-life commentators claimed was \"anti-Catholic\". Neeson was opposed to Brexit, stating in 2016 that it would be truly \"a shame to sacrifice all the progress that has been made by the peace process regarding border controls\". In September 2017, Neeson compared the U.S. presidency of Donald Trump to the Watergate scandal of Richard Nixon: \"Democracy works and no man\u2014and certainly not the president\u2014is above the law. He has to be accountable.\"</s><s>Personal life. Neeson lived with actress Helen Mirren during the early 1980s. They met while working on \"Ex"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "calibur\" (1981). Interviewed by James Lipton for \"Inside the Actors Studio\", Neeson said Mirren was instrumental in him getting an agent. Neeson then met actress Natasha Richardson while performing in a revival of the play \"Anna Christie\" on Broadway in 1993. They were married on 3 July 1994 and had two sons together, Miche\u00e1l (born in 1995) and Daniel (born in 1996). In October 1998, they won \u00a350,000 ($85,370) in libel damages after the \"Daily Mirror\" wrongly claimed that their marriage was suffering. They donated the money to victims of the August 1998 Omagh bombing. In August 2004, they purchased an estate in Millbrook, New York. On 18 March 2009, Richardson died when she suffered a severe head injury in a skiing accident at the Mont Tremblant Resort, northwest of Montreal. Neeson donated her organs following her death. Neeson holds Irish, British, and American citizenship, having been naturalised as an American citizen in 2009. He primarily identifies as Irish. After taking up American citizenship, he was adamant he was not turning his back on his Irish roots. In 2009, nearly four decades after he was an undergraduate in physics and computer science at Queen"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "'s University, Belfast, it awarded him an honorary doctorate, presented to him in New York by Vice-Chancellor Professor Peter Gregson. In March 2011, he was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF. He is a patron of Belfast-based charity and film festival CineMagic, which helps young people get involved in the movie industry. A heavy smoker earlier in his career, Neeson quit smoking in 2003 while working on \"Love Actually\". When he took the role of Hannibal for the 2010 film adaptation of \"The A-Team\", he had reservations about smoking cigars (a signature trait of the character), but agreed to do it for the film. In June 2012, Neeson's publicist denied reports that Neeson was converting to Islam. Neeson has expressed an affection for the \"adhan\", the Islamic call to prayer, that he grew accustomed to while filming \"Taken 2\" in Istanbul: \"By the third week, it was like I couldn't live without it. It really became hypnotic and very moving for me in a very special way. Very beautiful.\" He also expressed admiration for the \"Spiritual Exercises\" of Saint Ignatius of Loyola. Neeson's mother, Kitty"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": ", died in June 2020. He was unable to return to his hometown for her funeral due to travel restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.</s><s>Personal life.:Social views. Neeson was criticised for his comments on Ireland's \"Late Late Show\" in January 2018, during which he described the Me Too movement as a \"witch hunt\" and cited Garrison Keillor's dismissal from Minnesota Public Radio as an example. In February 2019, Neeson gained public and media controversy after a press junket interview he conducted with \"The Independent\" while promoting \"Cold Pursuit\", a film about a father seeking revenge for his son's murder. He said that he generated his character's \"primal\" anger by recounting an experience he had 40 years ago, in which a female friend of his had been raped by a stranger. After learning the attacker was a black man, Neeson said that he spent a week going \"up and down areas with a cosh, hoping some 'black bastard' would come out of a pub and have a go\" so that he \"could kill him\". In the interview, he also said he was ashamed of the experience and that the things he did and said were \"horrible\". He said, \""}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "It's awful [...] but I did learn a lesson from it, when I eventually thought, 'What the fuck are you doing?'\" In an appearance on \"Good Morning America\", Neeson elaborated on his comments while denying being a racist, stating that he asked for physical attributes of the rapist other than his race and that he would have done the same if the rapist was \"a Scot or a Brit or a Lithuanian\". He also said that he had purposely gone into \"black areas of the city\" but that he \"did seek help\" and counselling from his friends and a priest after coming to his senses. He said that the lesson of his experience was \"to open up [and] to talk about these things\", including toxic masculinity and the underlying \"racism and bigotry\" in both the U.S. and Northern Ireland. The controversy following his comments led to cancellation of the red carpet event for the premiere of \"Cold Pursuit\". Neeson was publicly defended by Michelle Rodriguez, Whoopi Goldberg, John Barnes and Ralph Fiennes. He later appeared in the \"Atlanta\" episode \"New Jazz\" as a fictionalised version of himself, to examine the controversy.</s><s>Awards and honours. In 2000, Neeson was offered the \""}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": "Freedom of the Town of Ballymena\" by the Ballymena Borough Council, but because of objections made by members of the Democratic Unionist Party regarding his comments that he had felt like a \"second-class citizen\" growing up as a Catholic in the town, he declined the award, citing tensions. Following the controversy, Neeson wrote a letter to the council, stating; \"I will always remain very proud of my upbringing in, and association with, the town and my country of birth, which I will continue to promote at every opportunity. Indeed, I regard the enduring support over the years from all sections of the community in Ballymena as being more than sufficient recognition for any success which I may have achieved as an actor.\" Subsequently, on 28 January 2013, Neeson received the Freedom of the Borough from Ballymena Borough Council at a ceremony in the town. Neeson was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in her 2000 New Year Honours. The American Ireland Fund honoured Neeson with their Performing Arts Award for the great distinction he has brought to Ireland at their 2008 Dinner Gala in New York City. In 2009, at a ceremony in New York"}, {"title": "Liam Neeson", "text": ", Neeson was awarded an honorary doctorate by Queen's University, Belfast. On 9 April 2016, he was honoured with the Outstanding Contribution to Cinema Award by the Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) at the Mansion House, Dublin, with Irish President Michael D. Higgins presenting the award. In 2017, Neeson was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 74 in the list of 200 Most Influential Philanthropists and Social Entrepreneurs Worldwide. In January 2018, he was awarded the Distinguished Service for the Irish Abroad Award by Irish President Michael D. Higgins, who described it as an award \"for Irish people abroad who are making a contribution to humanity\".</s><s>See also. - List of British Academy Award nominees and winners - List of Irish Academy Award winners and nominees - List of actors with Academy Award nominations</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Liam Neeson", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000405", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rachel Weisz.", "docs": [{"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": "<s>Rachel Weisz Rachel Hannah Weisz (; born 7 March 1970) is a British-American actress, and the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a Laurence Olivier Award, and a BAFTA Award. Weisz began acting in British stage and television productions in the early 1990s, and made her film debut in \"Death Machine\" (1994). She won a Critics' Circle Theatre Award for her role in the 1994 revival of No\u00ebl Coward's play \"Design for Living,\" and went on to appear in the 1999 Donmar Warehouse production of Tennessee Williams' drama \"Suddenly, Last Summer\". Her film breakthrough came with her starring role as Evelyn Carnahan in the Hollywood action films \"The Mummy\" (1999) and \"The Mummy Returns\" (2001). Weisz went on to star in several films of the 2000s, including \"Enemy at the Gates\" (2001), \"About a Boy\" (2002), \"Runaway Jury\" (2003), \"Constantine\" (2005), \"The Fountain\" (2006), \"Fred Claus\" (2007) and \"The Lovely Bones\" (2009). For her performance as an activist in the 2005 thriller \"The Constant Gardener\", she"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": " won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and for playing Blanche DuBois in a 2009 revival of \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", she won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress. In the 2010s, Weisz continued to star in big-budget films such as the action film \"The Bourne Legacy\" (2012) and the fantasy film \"Oz the Great and Powerful\" (2013), and garnered critical acclaim for her performances in the independent films \"The Deep Blue Sea\" (2011), \"Denial\" (2016), and \"The Favourite\" (2018). For her portrayal of Sarah Churchill in the latter, she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and received a second Academy Award nomination. In 2021, Weisz played Melina Vostokoff in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film \"Black Widow\". Weisz was engaged to filmmaker Darren Aronofsky, with whom she has a son, from 2005 to 2010. She married actor Daniel Craig in 2011, with whom she has a daughter, and became a naturalised US citizen the same year.</s><s>Early life and family. Weisz was born on 7 March 1970 in Westminster, London, and grew up in Hampstead Garden"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": " Suburb. Her father, George Weisz (1929\u20132020), was a Hungarian Jewish mechanical engineer. Her mother, Edith Ruth (born Teich; 1932\u20132016), was a teacher-turned-psychotherapist originally from Vienna, Austria. Her parents both emigrated to the United Kingdom as children around 1938, prior to the outbreak of World War II, in order to escape the Nazis. Her maternal grandfather's ancestry was Austrian Jewish; her maternal grandmother's ancestry was Italian Roman Catholic. The scholar and social activist James Parkes helped her mother's family to leave Austria for England. Weisz's mother was raised in the Catholic church and formally converted to Judaism upon marrying Weisz's father. Weisz's maternal grandfather was Alexander Teich, a Jewish activist who had been a secretary of the World Union of Jewish Students. Her younger sister Minnie Weisz is a visual artist. Weisz's parents valued the arts; they also encouraged their children to form opinions of their own by engaging their participation in family debates. Weisz left North London Collegiate School and attended Benenden School for one year, completing A-levels at St Paul's Girls School. Known for being an \"English rose\", Weisz began modelling"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": " at the age of 14. In 1984, she gained public attention when she turned down an offer to star in \"King David\" with Richard Gere. Weisz went to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where she read English. She graduated with upper second-class honours. During her university years she was a contemporary of Sacha Baron Cohen, Alexander Armstrong, Emily Maitlis, Sue Perkins, Mel Giedroyc, Richard Osman and Ben Miller (whom she briefly dated), and appeared in various student dramatic productions, co-founding a student drama group called Cambridge Talking Tongues. The group won a \"Guardian\" Student Drama Award at the 1991 Edinburgh Festival Fringe for an improvised piece called \"Slight Possession\", directed by David Farr.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early work and breakthrough (1992\u20131998). In 1992, Weisz appeared in the television film \"Advocates II\", followed by roles in the \"Inspector Morse\" episode \"Twilight of the Gods\", and the BBC's steamy period drama \"Scarlet and Black\", alongside Ewan McGregor. \"Dirty Something\", a BBC Screen Two, hour-long television film made in 1992, was Weisz's first"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": " film, in which she played Becca, who met and fell in love with a traveller, Dog (Paul Reynolds), at the end of Glastonbury Festival. The opening scenes were filmed at the festival. Also starring as an older fellow traveller and sage was Larry (Bernard Hill). Weisz's breakthrough role on the stage was that of Gilda in Sean Mathias's 1994 revival of No\u00ebl Coward's \"Design for Living\" at the Gielgud Theatre, for which she received the London Critics' Circle Award for the most promising newcomer. Her portrayal was described as \"wonderful\" by a contemporary review. Weisz started her film career with a minor role in the 1994 film \"Death Machine\", but her first major role came in the 1996 film \"Chain Reaction\", which also starred Keanu Reeves and Morgan Freeman. While the film received mostly negative reviews\u2013it holds a 16% rating on Rotten Tomatoes\u2013it was a minor financial success. She next appeared as Miranda Fox in \"Stealing Beauty\", directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, where she was first labelled an \"English rose\". Following this, Weisz found roles in the 1997 American drama \"Swept from the Sea\", the 1998 British television comedy-"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": "drama \"My Summer with Des\", Michael Winterbottom's crime film \"I Want You\", and David Leland's \"The Land Girls\", based on Angela Huth's book of the same name.</s><s>Career.:International recognition and critical success (1999\u20132009). In 1999, Weisz played Greta in the historical film \"Sunshine\". The same year, her international breakthrough came with the 1999 adventure film \"The Mummy\", in which she played the female lead opposite Brendan Fraser. Her character, Evelyn Carnahan, is an English Egyptologist, who undertakes an expedition to the fictional ancient Egyptian city of Hamunaptra to discover an ancient book. \"Variety\" criticised the direction of the film, writing: \"(the actors) have been directed to broad, undisciplined performances [...] Buffoonery hardly seems like Weisz's natural domain, as the actress strains for comic effects that she can't achieve\". She followed this up with the sequel \"The Mummy Returns\" in 2001, which grossed an estimated $433 million worldwide, (equivalent to $ million in dollars) higher than the original's $260 million (equal to $ million in dollars). Also in 1999, she played the role of Catherine in the Don"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": "mar Warehouse production of Tennessee Williams' \"Suddenly Last Summer\", \"What's on Stage\" called her \"captivating\", stating that she brought \"a degree of credibility to a difficult part\". The same year, Weisz appeared in Neil LaBute's \"The Shape of Things\" at the Almeida Theatre, then temporarily located in London's King's Cross, for which she received a Theatre World Award. CurtainUp called her \"a sophisticated, independent artist\" with \"great stage presence\". In 2000, she portrayed Petula in the film \"Beautiful Creatures\", following this up with 2001's \"Enemy at the Gates\", and the 2002 comedy-drama \"About a Boy\", with Hugh Grant, based on Nick Hornby's 1998 novel. In 2003, she played Marlee in the adaptation of John Grisham's legal thriller novel \"The Runaway Jury\", along with Dustin Hoffman, John Cusack, and Gene Hackman; and starred in the film adaptation of the romantic comedy-drama play \"The Shape of Things\". In 2004, Weisz appeared in the comedy \"Envy\", opposite Ben Stiller, Jack Black, and Christopher Walken. The film failed at the box office. \"Variety\" opined"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": " that Weisz and co-star Amy Poehler \"get fewer choice moments than they deserve.\" Her next role was alongside Keanu Reeves in \"Constantine\", based on the comic book \"Hellblazer\". \"Film Threat\" called her portrayal \"effective at projecting scepticism and, eventually, dawning horror\". Her next appearance, in 2005, was in Fernando Meirelles's \"The Constant Gardener\", a film adaptation of a John le Carr\u00e9 thriller set in the slums of Kibera and Loiyangalani, Kenya. Weisz played an activist, Tessa Quayle, married to a British embassy official. The film was critically acclaimed, earning Weisz the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress, and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role. UK newspaper \"The Guardian\" noted that the film \"established her in the front rank of British actors\", while the BBC wrote: \"Weisz is exceptional: film star charisma coupled with raw emotion in a performance to fall in love with\". In 2006, she received the BAFTA Britannia Award for British Artist of the Year. In 2006, Weisz starred in"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": " Darren Aronofsky's romantic drama \"The Fountain\". The \"San Francisco Chronicle\" found her portrayal of Queen Isabel \"less convincing\" than other roles. That same year, she provided the voice for Saphira the dragon in the fantasy film \"Eragon\"; and rejected an offer to star in \"\" due to script issues. The part eventually went to Maria Bello. Her subsequent films include the 2007 Wong Kar-wai drama \"My Blueberry Nights\", and Rian Johnson's 2008 caper film \"The Brothers Bloom\", alongside Adrien Brody and Mark Ruffalo. In 2009, she played the lead role of Hypatia of Alexandria in the historical drama film \"Agora\", a Spanish production directed by Alejandro Amen\u00e1bar. \"The New York Times\" called her portrayal \"adept\", noting that she imparted \"a sympathetic presence\". That same year, she appeared as Blanche DuBois, in Rob Ashford's revival of the play \"A Streetcar Named Desire\". Her performance in the play was praised by the critics, the \"Daily Telegraph\" noted that she \"rises to the challenge magnificently\".</s><s>Career.:Established actress and further acclaim (2010\u2013present). Weisz starred in the film \""}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": "The Whistleblower\", which debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2010. The film was based on the true story of human trafficking by employees of contractor DynCorp. During its premi\u00e8re, the intense depiction of the treatment meted out to victims by the kidnappers made a woman in the audience faint. \"Variety magazine\" wrote \"Weisz's performance holds the viewer every step of the way.\" That same year, she guest-starred in the animated series \"The Simpsons\", in the 22nd season episode \"How Munched is That Birdie in the Window?\". Weisz's 2011 roles included an adaptation of Terence Rattigan's play \"The Deep Blue Sea\", Fernando Meirelles' psychosexual drama \"360\" opposite Jude Law again and Anthony Hopkins, the BBC espionage thriller \"Page Eight\", and the thriller film \"Dream House\", alongside Daniel Craig. She filmed scenes for \"To the Wonder\", a 2012 romantic drama film written and directed by Terrence Malick, alongside Ben Affleck, Olga Kurylenko, Javier Bardem, and Rachel McAdams; her scenes were cut. She has also starred in the 2012 action thriller film \"The Bourne Legacy\" based on the series of books by Robert Lud"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": "lum. In 2013, Weisz starred on Broadway alongside her husband, Daniel Craig, in a revival of Harold Pinter's \"Betrayal\". It opened 27 October 2013, and closed 5 January 2014. Despite mixed reviews, box office receipts of $17.5 million made it the second highest grossing Broadway play of 2013. That same year, Weisz played Evanora in the fantasy film \"Oz the Great and Powerful\". In 2015, she appeared in drama film \"Youth\" and in science fiction film \"The Lobster\". The film won Cannes Jury Prize. In 2016, she appeared in the drama film \"The Light Between Oceans\", with Michael Fassbender and Alicia Vikander, and portrayed Holocaust historian Deborah Lipstadt in \"Denial\", a film based on Lipstadt's book, and directed by Mick Jackson. In 2017 Weisz starred in \"My Cousin Rachel\", a drama based on Daphne du Maurier's novel, and in 2018 co-starred in a British biographical film about sailor Donald Crowhurst, \"The Mercy\", directed by James Marsh. Weisz's production company, LC6 Productions, released its first feature film, \"Disobedience\", in 2017, starring Weisz"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": " and Rachel McAdams. Weisz grew up three underground stops away from where the film is set in London. Raised Jewish, she never fully connected to the faith. She claims she was \"really disobedient\" herself, and has never felt she fits in anywhere. In 2018, Weisz played Sarah Churchill in \"The Favourite\", winning the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and receiving her second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In April 2019, she entered talks to join Scarlett Johansson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film \"Black Widow\". In July of that year, Weisz was announced to play Melina Vostokoff in the film, which was released on 9 July 2021.</s><s>Career.:Established actress and further acclaim (2010\u2013present).:Upcoming projects. Weisz will next star and executive produce \"Dead Ringers\" a remake of the 1988 film of the same name for Amazon Prime Video. She is also set to portray actress Elizabeth Taylor in the biographical drama \"A Special Relationship\", though the film remains in development. The film will chronicle Taylor's life and career from actress to activist. It is set to be directed by Bert and Bertie, and produced"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": " by See-Saw Films, with a script written by Simon Beaufoy. She is attached to star alongside Colin Farrell in \"Love Child\", directed by Todd Solondz. She is also set to star in a new film adaptation of \"Seance on a Wet Afternoon\", based on the 1961 suspense novel of the same name by Mark McShane and directed by Tomas Alfredson.</s><s>Personal life. In the summer of 2001, Weisz began dating American filmmaker and producer Darren Aronofsky. They met backstage at London's Almeida Theatre, where she was starring in \"The Shape of Things\". Weisz moved to New York with Aronofsky the following year; in 2005, they were engaged. Their son was born in May 2006 in New York City. The couple resided in the East Village in Manhattan. In November 2010, Weisz and Aronofsky announced that they had been apart for months, but remained close friends and were committed to bringing up their son together in New York. Weisz and actor Daniel Craig had been friends for many years, and worked together on the film \"Dream House\". They began dating in December 2010 and they married on 22 June 2011 in a private New York ceremony, with"}, {"title": "Rachel Weisz", "text": " four guests in attendance, including Weisz's son and Craig's daughter. On 1 September 2018, it was reported that they had their first child together, a daughter. Throughout her career, Weisz has been featured on the covers of magazines, such as \"Vogue\". She served as a muse to fashion designer Narciso Rodriguez, and was named L'Or\u00e9al's global ambassador in 2010. Weisz learned karate for her role in \"Brothers Bloom\". A British citizen by birth, Weisz became a naturalized US citizen in 2011.</s><s>See also. - List of British Academy Award nominees and winners - List of Jewish Academy Award winners and nominees - List of actors with Academy Award nominations - List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rachel Weisz", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000406", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Sage Stallone.", "docs": [{"title": "Sage Stallone", "text": "<s>Sage Stallone Sage Moonblood Stallone (May 5, 1976 \u2013 July 13, 2012) was an American actor. He was the eldest child of actor Sylvester Stallone.</s><s>Early life. Sage Stallone was born in Los Angeles, California, the elder son and first child of Sasha Czack and actor Sylvester Stallone. He was the brother of Seargeoh \"Seth\" Stallone, and half-brother of Sophia, Sistine, and Scarlet Stallone. He was the nephew of actor and singer Frank Stallone, and grandson of Jackie Stallone. His stepmother was model and entrepreneur Jennifer Flavin. Stallone graduated from Montclair College Preparatory School in Van Nuys, California, in 1993, and then studied filmmaking for a year at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts.</s><s>Career. As a child, Stallone made a guest appearance on \"Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling\", a series that was promoted by his grandmother, Jackie Stallone. Stallone made his acting debut alongside his father Sylvester Stallone in \"Rocky V\" (1990), the fifth installment of the \"Rocky\" franchise, playing Robert Balboa Jr., the onscreen son of his father"}, {"title": "Sage Stallone", "text": "'s title character. He also appeared with his father in \"Daylight\" (1996). In 1996, Stallone and film editor Bob Murawski co-founded Grindhouse Releasing, a Los Angeles-based company dedicated to the restoration and preservation of exploitation films such as \"Cannibal Holocaust\" and \"Gone with the Pope\". In 2006, he did not reprise his \"Rocky\" role in \"Rocky Balboa\" because he was working on his own film, \"Vic\", his directorial debut. He also wrote and produced the film, which won the \"Best New Filmmaker\" award at the 2006 Boston Film Festival. His last projects were appearances in Vincent Gallo's last two films, \"Promises Written in Water\" and \"The Agent\". Both films were shown in main competition at the 2010 Venice Film Festival and in the Toronto International Film Festival. A photograph of Stallone as a young child beside his father appears in the 2015 \"Creed\", where it is stated that his character, Robert Balboa Jr., has since moved away to Vancouver.</s><s>Death. Stallone was found dead on July 13, 2012, at his home in Studio City, Los Angeles. According to reports, he had not been heard from"}, {"title": "Sage Stallone", "text": " for four days prior to his death. An autopsy by the Los Angeles coroner and toxicology tests determined that Stallone died of coronary artery disease caused by atherosclerosis, with no drugs detected other than an over-the-counter pain remedy. At the time of his death, Stallone was reportedly engaged. Stallone's funeral was held on July 21 at St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church in Los Angeles. He is interred at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Sage Stallone", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000407", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Alfred Hitchcock.", "docs": [{"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "<s>Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899\u00a0\u2013 29 April 1980) was an English filmmaker. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films, many of which are still widely watched and studied today. Known as the \"Master of Suspense\", he became as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews, his cameo roles in most of his films, and his hosting and producing the television anthology \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" (1955\u201365). His films garnered 46 Academy Award nominations, including six wins, although he never won the award for Best Director despite five nominations. Hitchcock initially trained as a technical clerk and copywriter before entering the film industry in 1919 as a title card designer. His directorial debut was the British-German silent film \"The Pleasure Garden\" (1925). His first successful film, \"\" (1927), helped to shape the thriller genre, and \"Blackmail\" (1929) was the first British \"\". His thrillers \"The 39 Steps\" (1935) and \"The Lady Vanishes\" (1938) are ranked among the greatest British films of the 20th"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " century. By 1939, he had international recognition and producer David O. Selznick persuaded him to move to Hollywood. A string of successful films followed, including \"Rebecca\" (1940), \"Foreign Correspondent\" (1940), \"Suspicion\" (1941), \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943), and \"Notorious\" (1946). \"Rebecca\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture, with Hitchcock nominated as Best Director; he was also nominated for \"Lifeboat\" (1944) and \"Spellbound\" (1945). After a brief commercial lull, he returned to form with \"Strangers on a Train\" (1951) and \"Dial M for Murder\" (1954); he then went on to direct four films often ranked among the greatest of all time: \"Rear Window\" (1954), \"Vertigo\" (1958), \"North by Northwest\" (1959) and \"Psycho\" (1960), the first and last of these garnering him Best Director nominations. \"The Birds\" (1963) and \"Marnie\" (1964) were also financially successful and are highly regarded by film historians. The \"Hitchcockian\" style includes the use of editing and"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " camera movement to mimic a person's gaze, thereby turning viewers into voyeurs, and framing shots to maximise anxiety and fear. The film critic Robin Wood wrote that the meaning of a Hitchcock film \"is there in the method, in the progression from shot to shot. A Hitchcock film is an organism, with the whole implied in every detail and every detail related to the whole.\" Hitchcock made multiple films with some of the biggest stars in Hollywood, including four with Cary Grant in the 1940s and 1950s, three with Ingrid Bergman in the second half of the 1940s, four with James Stewart over a decade commencing in 1948, and three consecutive with Grace Kelly in the mid-1950s. Hitchcock became an American citizen in 1955. In 2012, Hitchcock's psychological thriller \"Vertigo\", starring Stewart, displaced Orson Welles' \"Citizen Kane\" (1941) as the British Film Institute's greatest film ever made based on its world-wide poll of hundreds of film critics., nine of his films had been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, including his personal favourite, \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943). He received the BAFTA Fellowship in 1971, the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1979, and"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " was knighted in December of that year, four months before his death on 29 April 1980.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life: 1899\u20131919.</s><s>Biography.:Early life: 1899\u20131919.:Early childhood and education. Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in the flat above his parents' leased greengrocer's shop at 517 High Road, Leytonstone, on the outskirts of east London (then part of Essex), the youngest of three children of Emma Jane (; 1863\u20131942) and William Edgar Hitchcock (1862\u20131914), with a brother, William Daniel (1890\u20131943), and a sister, Ellen Kathleen (\"Nellie\") (1892\u20131979). His parents were both Roman Catholics, with partial roots in Ireland; His father was a greengrocer, as his grandfather had been. There was a large extended family, including uncle John Hitchcock with his five-bedroom Victorian house on Campion Road, Putney, complete with maid, cook, chauffeur and gardener. Every summer, his uncle rented a seaside house for the family in Cliftonville, Kent. Hitchcock said that he first became class-conscious there, noticing the differences"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " between tourists and locals. Describing himself as a well-behaved boy\u2014his father called him his \"little lamb without a spot\"\u2014Hitchcock said he could not remember ever having had a playmate. One of his favourite stories for interviewers was about his father sending him to the local police station with a note when he was five; the policeman looked at the note and locked him in a cell for a few minutes, saying, \"This is what we do to naughty boys.\" The experience left him, he said, with a lifelong fear of policemen; in 1973 he told Tom Snyder that he was \"scared stiff of anything\u00a0... to do with the law\" and wouldn't even drive a car in case he got a parking ticket.For the police story: ; ; Cavett, Dick (8 June 1972). \"Interview with Alfred Hitchcock\", \"The Dick Cavett Show\", ABC, 00:06:52. For the Snyder interview: Snyder, Tom (1973). \"Alfred Hitchcock interview\", \"Tomorrow\", NBC, 00:01:55. When he was six, the family moved to Limehouse and leased two stores at 130 and 175 Salmon Lane, which they ran as a fish-and-chips shop and fishmongers"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "' respectively; they lived above the former. Hitchcock attended his first school, the Howrah House Convent in Poplar, which he entered in 1907, at age 7. According to biographer Patrick McGilligan, he stayed at Howrah House for at most two years. He also attended a convent school, the Wode Street School \"for the daughters of gentlemen and little boys\", run by the Faithful Companions of Jesus. He then attended a primary school near his home and was for a short time a boarder at Salesian College in Battersea. The family moved again when he was 11, this time to Stepney, and on 5 October 1910 Hitchcock was sent to St Ignatius College in Stamford Hill, Tottenham (incorporated into the new London Borough of Haringey), a Jesuit grammar school with a reputation for discipline. As corporal punishment the priests used a flat, hard, springy tool/weapon made of gutta-percha and known as a \"ferula\", which struck the whole palm; punishment was always at the end of the day, so the boys had to sit through classes anticipating the punishment if they had been written up for it. He later said that this is where he developed his sense of fear. The school register"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " lists his year of birth as 1900 rather than 1899; biographer Donald Spoto says he was deliberately enrolled as a 10-year-old because he was a year behind with his schooling. While biographer Gene Adair reports that Hitchcock was \"an average, or slightly above-average, pupil\", Hitchcock said that he was \"usually among the four or five at the top of the class\"; at the end of his first year, his work in Latin, English, French and religious education was noted. He told Peter Bogdanovich: \"The Jesuits taught me organisation, control and, to some degree, analysis.\" His favourite subject was geography, and he became interested in maps, and railway, tram and bus timetables; according to John Russell Taylor, he could recite all the stops on the Orient Express. He also had a particular interest in London trams. An overwhelming majority of his films include rail or tram scenes, in particular \"The Lady Vanishes\", \"Strangers on a Train\" and \"Number Seventeen\". A clapperboard shows the number of the scene and the number of takes, and Hitchcock would often take the two numbers on the clapperboard and whisper the London tram route names. For example, if the clapperboard showed Scene 23"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "; Take 3; Hitchcock would whisper \"Woodford, Hampstead\" \u2013 Woodford being the terminus of the route 23 tram, and Hampstead the end of route 3.</s><s>Biography.:Early life: 1899\u20131919.:Henley's. Hitchcock told his parents that he wanted to be an engineer, and on 25 July 1913, he left St Ignatius and enrolled in night classes at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar. In a book-length interview in 1962, he told Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut that he had studied \"mechanics, electricity, acoustics, and navigation\". Then on 12 December 1914 his father, who had been suffering from emphysema and kidney disease, died at the age of 52. To support himself and his mother\u2014his older siblings had left home by then\u2014Hitchcock took a job, for 15 shillings a week (\u00a3 in ), as a technical clerk at the Henley Telegraph and Cable Company in Blomfield Street near London Wall. He continued night classes, this time in art history, painting, economics, and political science. His older brother ran the family shops, while he and his mother continued to live in Salmon Lane. Hitchcock was too young to enlist"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " when the First World War started in July 1914, and when he reached the required age of 18 in 1917, he received a C3 classification (\"free from serious organic disease, able to stand service conditions in garrisons at home\u00a0... only suitable for sedentary work\"). He joined a cadet regiment of the Royal Engineers and took part in theoretical briefings, weekend drills, and exercises. John Russell Taylor wrote that, in one session of practical exercises in Hyde Park, Hitchcock was required to wear puttees. He could never master wrapping them around his legs, and they repeatedly fell down around his ankles. After the war, Hitchcock took an interest in creative writing. In June 1919, he became a founding editor and business manager of Henley's in-house publication, \"The Henley Telegraph\" (sixpence a copy), to which he submitted several short stories. Henley's promoted him to the advertising department, where he wrote copy and drew graphics for electric cable advertisements. He enjoyed the job and would stay late at the office to examine the proofs; he told Truffaut that this was his \"first step toward cinema\". He enjoyed watching films, especially American cinema, and from the age of 16 read the trade papers; he watched Charlie Chaplin, D"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": ". W. Griffith and Buster Keaton, and particularly liked Fritz Lang's \"Der m\u00fcde Tod\" (1921).</s><s>Biography.:Inter-war career: 1919\u20131939.</s><s>Biography.:Inter-war career: 1919\u20131939.:Famous Players-Lasky. While still at Henley's, he read in a trade paper that Famous Players-Lasky, the production arm of Paramount Pictures, was opening a studio in London. They were planning to film \"The Sorrows of Satan\" by Marie Corelli, so he produced some drawings for the title cards and sent his work to the studio. They hired him, and in 1919 he began working for Islington Studios in Poole Street, Hoxton, as a title-card designer. Donald Spoto wrote that most of the staff were Americans with strict job specifications, but the English workers were encouraged to try their hand at anything, which meant that Hitchcock gained experience as a co-writer, art director and production manager on at least 18 silent films. \"The Times\" wrote in February 1922 about the studio's \"special art title department under the supervision of Mr. A. J. Hitchcock\". His work included \"Number 13\" (1922"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "), also known as \"Mrs. Peabody;\" it was cancelled because of financial problems\u2014the few finished scenes are lost\u2014and \"Always Tell Your Wife\" (1923), which he and Seymour Hicks finished together when Hicks was about to give up on it. Hicks wrote later about being helped by \"a fat youth who was in charge of the property room\u00a0... [n]one other than Alfred Hitchcock\".</s><s>Biography.:Inter-war career: 1919\u20131939.:Gainsborough Pictures and work in Germany. When Paramount pulled out of London in 1922, Hitchcock was hired as an assistant director by a new firm run in the same location by Michael Balcon, later known as Gainsborough Pictures. Hitchcock worked on \"Woman to Woman\" (1923) with the director Graham Cutts, designing the set, writing the script and producing. He said: \"It was the first film that I had really got my hands onto.\" The editor and \"script girl\" on \"Woman to Woman\" was Alma Reville, his future wife. He also worked as an assistant to Cutts on \"The White Shadow\" (1924), \"The Passionate Adventure\" (1924), \"The Blackguard\" (1925), and \"The"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " Prude's Fall\" (1925). \"The Blackguard\" was produced at the Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam, where Hitchcock watched part of the making of F. W. Murnau's \"The Last Laugh\" (1924). He was impressed with Murnau's work and later used many of his techniques for the set design in his own productions. In the summer of 1925, Balcon asked Hitchcock to direct \"The Pleasure Garden\" (1925), starring Virginia Valli, a co-production of Gainsborough and the German firm Emelka at the Geiselgasteig studio near Munich. Reville, by then Hitchcock's fianc\u00e9e, was assistant director-editor. Although the film was a commercial flop, Balcon liked Hitchcock's work; a \"Daily Express\" headline called him the \"Young man with a master mind\". Production of \"The Pleasure Garden\" encountered obstacles which Hitchcock would later learn from: on arrival to Brenner Pass, he failed to declare his film stock to customs and it was confiscated; one actress could not enter the water for a scene because she was on her period; budget overruns meant that he had to borrow money from the actors. Hitchcock also needed a translator to give"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " instructions to the cast and crew. In Germany, Hitchcock observed the nuances of German cinema and filmmaking which had a big influence on him. When he was not working, he would visit Berlin's art galleries, concerts and museums. He would also meet with actors, writers, and producers to build connections. Balcon asked him to direct a second film in Munich, \"The Mountain Eagle\" (1926), based on an original story titled \"Fear o' God\". The film is lost, and Hitchcock called it \"a very bad movie\". A year later, Hitchcock wrote and directed \"The Ring\"; although the screenplay was credited solely to his name, Elliot Stannard assisted him with the writing. \"The Ring\" garnered positive reviews; the \"Bioscope\" magazine critic called it \"the most magnificent British film ever made\". When he returned to England, Hitchcock was one of the early members of the London Film Society, newly formed in 1925. Through the Society, he became fascinated by the work by Soviet filmmakers: Dziga Vertov, Lev Kuleshov, Sergei Eisenstein, and Vsevolod Pudovkin. He would also socialise with fellow English filmmakers Ivor Montagu and Adrian Brunel, and Walter C. Mycroft."}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " Hitchcock established himself as a name director with his first thriller, \"\" (1927). The film concerns the hunt for a Jack the Ripper-style serial killer who, wearing a black cloak and carrying a black bag, is murdering young blonde women in London, and only on Tuesdays. A landlady suspects that her lodger is the killer, but he turns out to be innocent. To convey the impression footsteps were being heard from an upper floor, Hitchcock had a glass floor made so that the viewer could see the lodger pacing up and down in his room above the landlady. Hitchcock had wanted the leading man to be guilty, or for the film at least to end ambiguously, but the star was Ivor Novello, a matin\u00e9e idol, and the \"star system\" meant that Novello could not be the villain. Hitchcock told Truffaut: \"You have to clearly spell it out in big letters: 'He is innocent.'\" (He had the same problem years later with Cary Grant in \"Suspicion\" (1941).) Released in January 1927, \"The Lodger\" was a commercial and critical success in the UK. Upon its release the trade journal \"Bioscope\" wrote: \"It is"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " possible that this film is the finest British production ever made\". Hitchcock told Truffaut that the film was the first of his to be influenced by German Expressionism: \"In truth, you might almost say that \"The Lodger\" was my first picture.\" He made his first cameo appearance in the film, sitting in a newsroom.</s><s>Biography.:Inter-war career: 1919\u20131939.:Marriage. On 2 December 1926, Hitchcock married the English screenwriter Alma Reville at the Brompton Oratory in South Kensington. The couple honeymooned in Paris, Lake Como and St. Moritz, before returning to London to live in a leased flat on the top two floors of 153 Cromwell Road, Kensington. Reville, who was born just hours after Hitchcock, converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, apparently at the insistence of Hitchcock's mother; she was baptised on 31 May 1927 and confirmed at Westminster Cathedral by Cardinal Francis Bourne on 5 June. In 1928, when they learned that Reville was pregnant, the Hitchcocks purchased \"Winter's Grace\", a Tudor farmhouse set in 11 acres on Stroud Lane, Shamley Green, Surrey, for \u00a32,500. Their daughter and only child, Patricia"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " Alma Hitchcock, was born on 7 July that year. Patricia died on 9 August 2021 at 93. Reville became her husband's closest collaborator; Charles Champlin wrote in 1982: \"The Hitchcock touch had four hands, and two were Alma's.\" When Hitchcock accepted the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1979, he said that he wanted to mention \"four people who have given me the most affection, appreciation and encouragement, and constant collaboration. The first of the four is a film editor, the second is a scriptwriter, the third is the mother of my daughter, Pat, and the fourth is as fine a cook as ever performed miracles in a domestic kitchen. And their names are Alma Reville.\" Reville wrote or co-wrote on many of Hitchcock's films, including \"Shadow of a Doubt\", \"Suspicion\" and \"The 39 Steps\".</s><s>Biography.:Inter-war career: 1919\u20131939.:Early sound films. Hitchcock began work on his tenth film, \"Blackmail\" (1929), when its production company, British International Pictures (BIP), converted its Elstree studios to sound. The film was the first British \"\"; this followed the rapid development of sound films in the United States, from the use of brief sound"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " segments in \"The Jazz Singer\" (1927) to the first full sound feature \"Lights of New York\" (1928). \"Blackmail\" began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences, with the climax taking place on the dome of the British Museum. It also features one of his longest cameo appearances, which shows him being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground. In the PBS series \"The Men Who Made The Movies\", Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, stressing the word \"knife\" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder. During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP revue, \"Elstree Calling\" (1930), and directed a short film, \"An Elastic Affair\" (1930), featuring two \"Film Weekly\" scholarship winners. \"An Elastic Affair\" is one of the lost films. In 1933, Hitchcock signed a multi-film contract with Gaumont-British, once again working for Michael Balcon. His first film for the company, \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\" (1934), was a success; his second, \"The 39 Steps\" (1935),"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " was acclaimed in the UK and gained him recognition in the United States. It also established the quintessential English \"Hitchcock blonde\" (Madeleine Carroll) as the template for his succession of ice-cold, elegant leading ladies. Screenwriter Robert Towne remarked, \"It's not much of an exaggeration to say that all contemporary escapist entertainment begins with \"The 39 Steps\"\". This film was one of the first to introduce the \"MacGuffin\" plot device, a term coined by the English screenwriter Angus MacPhail. The MacGuffin is an item or goal the protagonist is pursuing, one that otherwise has no narrative value; in \"The 39 Steps\", the MacGuffin is a stolen set of design plans. Hitchcock released two spy thrillers in 1936. \"Sabotage\" was loosely based on Joseph Conrad's novel, \"The Secret Agent\" (1907), about a woman who discovers that her husband is a terrorist, and \"Secret Agent\", based on two stories in \"\" (1928) by W. Somerset Maugham. At this time, Hitchcock also became notorious for pranks against the cast and crew. These jokes ranged from simple and innocent to crazy and maniacal. For instance, he hosted a"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " dinner party where he dyed all the food blue because he claimed there weren't enough blue foods. He also had a horse delivered to the dressing room of his friend, actor Gerald du Maurier. Hitchcock followed up with \"Young and Innocent\" in 1937, a crime thriller based on the 1936 novel \"A Shilling for Candles\" by Josephine Tey. Starring Nova Pilbeam and Derrick De Marney, the film was relatively enjoyable for the cast and crew to make. To meet distribution purposes in America, the film's runtime was cut and this included removal of one of Hitchcock's favourite scenes: a children's tea party which becomes menacing to the protagonists. Hitchcock's next major success was \"The Lady Vanishes\" (1938), \"one of the greatest train movies from the genre's golden era\", according to Philip French, in which Miss Froy (May Whitty), a British spy posing as a governess, disappears on a train journey through the fictional European country of Bandrika. The film saw Hitchcock receive the 1938 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director. Benjamin Crisler of the \"New York Times\" wrote in June 1938: \"Three unique and valuable institutions the British have that we in America have not: Magna Carta, the"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " Tower Bridge and Alfred Hitchcock, the greatest director of screen melodramas in the world.\" The film was based on the novel \"The Wheel Spins\" (1936) written by Ethel Lina White. By 1938 Hitchcock was aware that he had reached his peak in Britain. He had received numerous offers from producers in the United States, but he turned them all down because he disliked the contractual obligations or thought the projects were repellent. However, producer David O. Selznick offered him a concrete proposal to make a film based on the sinking of, which was eventually shelved, but Selznick persuaded Hitchcock to come to Hollywood. In July 1938, Hitchcock flew to New York, and found that he was already a celebrity; he was featured in magazines and gave interviews to radio stations. In Hollywood, Hitchcock met Selznick for the first time. Selznick offered him a four-film contract, approximately $40,000 for each picture ().</s><s>Biography.:Early Hollywood years: 1939\u20131945.</s><s>Biography.:Early Hollywood years: 1939\u20131945.:Selznick contract. Selznick signed Hitchcock to a seven-year contract beginning in April 1939, and the Hitchcocks moved to Hollywood. The Hitchcocks"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " lived in a spacious flat on Wilshire Boulevard, and slowly acclimatised themselves to the Los Angeles area. He and his wife Alma kept a low profile, and were not interested in attending parties or being celebrities. Hitchcock discovered his taste for fine food in West Hollywood, but still carried on his way of life from England. He was impressed with Hollywood's filmmaking culture, expansive budgets and efficiency, compared to the limits that he had often faced in Britain. In June that year, \"Life\" magazine called him the \"greatest master of melodrama in screen history\". Although Hitchcock and Selznick respected each other, their working arrangements were sometimes difficult. Selznick suffered from constant financial problems, and Hitchcock was often unhappy about Selznick's creative control and interference over his films. Selznick was also displeased with Hitchcock's method of shooting just what was in the script, and nothing more, which meant that the film could not be cut and remade differently at a later time. As well as complaining about Hitchcock's \"goddamn jigsaw cutting\", their personalities were mismatched: Hitchcock was reserved whereas Selznick was flamboyant. Eventually, Selznick generously lent Hitchcock to the larger film studios. Selznick made only a"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " few films each year, as did fellow independent producer Samuel Goldwyn, so he did not always have projects for Hitchcock to direct. Goldwyn had also negotiated with Hitchcock on a possible contract, only to be outbid by Selznick. In a later interview, Hitchcock said: \"[Selznick] was the Big Producer.\u00a0... Producer was king. The most flattering thing Mr. Selznick ever said about me\u2014and it shows you the amount of control\u2014he said I was the 'only director' he'd 'trust with a film'.\" Hitchcock approached American cinema cautiously; his first American film was set in England in which the \"Americanness\" of the characters was incidental: \"Rebecca\" (1940) was set in a Hollywood version of England's Cornwall and based on a novel by English novelist Daphne du Maurier. Selznick insisted on a faithful adaptation of the book, and disagreed with Hitchcock with the use of humour. The film, starring Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine, concerns an unnamed na\u00efve young woman who marries a widowed aristocrat. She lives in his large English country house, and struggles with the lingering reputation of his elegant and worldly first wife Rebecca, who died under mysterious circumstances. The film won Best Picture"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " at the 13th Academy Awards; the statuette was given to producer Selznick. Hitchcock received his first nomination for Best Director, his first of five such nominations. Hitchcock's second American film was the thriller \"Foreign Correspondent\" (1940), set in Europe, based on Vincent Sheean's book \"Personal History\" (1935) and produced by Walter Wanger. It was nominated for Best Picture that year. Hitchcock felt uneasy living and working in Hollywood while Britain was at war; his concern resulted in a film that overtly supported the British war effort. Filmed in 1939, it was inspired by the rapidly changing events in Europe, as covered by an American newspaper reporter played by Joel McCrea. By mixing footage of European scenes with scenes filmed on a Hollywood backlot, the film avoided direct references to Nazism, Nazi Germany, and Germans, to comply with the Motion Picture Production Code at the time.</s><s>Biography.:Early Hollywood years: 1939\u20131945.:Early war years. In September 1940 the Hitchcocks bought the Cornwall Ranch near Scotts Valley, California, in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Their primary residence was an English-style home in Bel Air, purchased in 1942. Hitchcock's films were diverse during this period, ranging from the"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " romantic comedy \"Mr. & Mrs. Smith\" (1941) to the bleak film noir \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943). \"Suspicion\" (1941) marked Hitchcock's first film as a producer and director. It is set in England; Hitchcock used the north coast of Santa Cruz for the English coastline sequence. The film is the first of four in which Cary Grant was cast by Hitchcock, and it is one of the rare occasions that Grant plays a sinister character. Grant plays Johnnie Aysgarth, an English conman whose actions raise suspicion and anxiety in his shy young English wife, Lina McLaidlaw (Joan Fontaine). In one scene, Hitchcock placed a light inside a glass of milk, perhaps poisoned, that Grant is bringing to his wife; the light ensures that the audience's attention is on the glass. Grant's character is actually a killer, as per written in the book, \"Before the Fact\" by Francis Iles, but the studio felt that Grant's image would be tarnished by that. Hitchcock therefore settled for an ambiguous finale, although he would have preferred to end with the wife's murder. Fontaine won Best Actress for her performance. \"Saboteur\" (1942)"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " is the first of two films that Hitchcock made for Universal Studios during the decade. Hitchcock was forced by Universal to use Universal contract player Robert Cummings and Priscilla Lane, a freelancer who signed a one-picture deal with the studio, both known for their work in comedies and light dramas. The story depicts a confrontation between a suspected saboteur (Cummings) and a real saboteur (Norman Lloyd) atop the Statue of Liberty. Hitchcock took a three-day tour of New York City to scout for \"Saboteur\"s filming locations. He also directed \"Have You Heard?\" (1942), a photographic dramatisation for \"Life\" magazine of the dangers of rumours during wartime. In 1943, he wrote a mystery story for \"Look\" magazine, \"The Murder of Monty Woolley\", a sequence of captioned photographs inviting the reader to find clues to the murderer's identity; Hitchcock cast the performers as themselves, such as Woolley, Doris Merrick, and make-up man Guy Pearce. Back in England, Hitchcock's mother Emma was severely ill; she died on 26 September 1942 at age 79. Hitchcock never spoke publicly about his mother, but his assistant said that he admired her. Four months later, on"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " 4 January 1943, his brother William died of an overdose at age 52. Hitchcock was not very close to William, but his death made Hitchcock conscious about his own eating and drinking habits. He was overweight and suffering from back aches. His New Year's resolution in 1943 was to take his diet seriously with the help of a physician. In January that year, \"Shadow of a Doubt\" was released, which Hitchcock had fond memories of making. In the film, Charlotte \"Charlie\" Newton (Teresa Wright) suspects her beloved uncle Charlie Oakley (Joseph Cotten) of being a serial killer. Hitchcock filmed extensively on location, this time in the Northern California city of Santa Rosa. At 20th Century Fox, Hitchcock approached John Steinbeck with an idea for a film, which recorded the experiences of the survivors of a German U-boat attack. Steinbeck began work on the script for what would become \"Lifeboat\" (1944). However, Steinbeck was unhappy with the film and asked that his name be removed from the credits, to no avail. The idea was rewritten as a short story by Harry Sylvester and published in \"Collier's\" in 1943. The action sequences were shot in a small boat in the studio water tank. The locale"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " posed problems for Hitchcock's traditional cameo appearance; it was solved by having Hitchcock's image appear in a newspaper that William Bendix is reading in the boat, showing the director in a before-and-after advertisement for \"Reduco-Obesity Slayer\". He told Truffaut in 1962: Hitchcock's typical dinner before his weight loss had been a roast chicken, boiled ham, potatoes, bread, vegetables, relishes, salad, dessert, a bottle of wine and some brandy. To lose weight, his diet consisted of black coffee for breakfast and lunch, and steak and salad for dinner, but it was hard to maintain; Donald Spoto wrote that his weight fluctuated considerably over the next 40 years. At the end of 1943, despite the weight loss, the Occidental Insurance Company of Los Angeles refused his application for life insurance.</s><s>Biography.:Early Hollywood years: 1939\u20131945.:Wartime non-fiction films. Hitchcock returned to the UK for an extended visit in late 1943 and early 1944. While there he made two short propaganda films, \"Bon Voyage\" (1944) and \"Aventure Malgache\" (1944), for the Ministry of Information. In June and July 1945, Hitchcock served as \"treatment advisor\""}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " on a Holocaust documentary that used Allied Forces footage of the liberation of Nazi concentration camps. The film was assembled in London and produced by Sidney Bernstein of the Ministry of Information, who brought Hitchcock (a friend of his) on board. It was originally intended to be broadcast to the Germans, but the British government deemed it too traumatic to be shown to a shocked post-war population. Instead, it was transferred in 1952 from the British War Office film vaults to London's Imperial War Museum and remained unreleased until 1985, when an edited version was broadcast as an episode of PBS \"Frontline\", under the title the Imperial War Museum had given it: \"Memory of the Camps\". The full-length version of the film, \"German Concentration Camps Factual Survey\", was restored in 2014 by scholars at the Imperial War Museum.</s><s>Biography.:Post-war Hollywood years: 1945\u20131953.</s><s>Biography.:Post-war Hollywood years: 1945\u20131953.:Later Selznick films. Hitchcock worked for David Selznick again when he directed \"Spellbound\" (1945), which explores psychoanalysis and features a dream sequence designed by Salvador Dal\u00ed. The dream sequence as it appears in the film is ten minutes shorter than was originally envisioned"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "; Selznick edited it to make it \"play\" more effectively. Gregory Peck plays amnesiac Dr. Anthony Edwardes under the treatment of analyst Dr. Peterson (Ingrid Bergman), who falls in love with him while trying to unlock his repressed past. Two point-of-view shots were achieved by building a large wooden hand (which would appear to belong to the character whose point of view the camera took) and out-sized props for it to hold: a bucket-sized glass of milk and a large wooden gun. For added novelty and impact, the climactic gunshot was hand-coloured red on some copies of the black-and-white film. The original musical score by Mikl\u00f3s R\u00f3zsa makes use of the theremin, and some of it was later adapted by the composer into Rozsa's Piano Concerto Op. 31 (1967) for piano and orchestra. The spy film \"Notorious\" followed next in 1946. Hitchcock told Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut that Selznick sold him, Ingrid Bergman, Cary Grant, and Ben Hecht's screenplay, to RKO Radio Pictures as a \"package\" for $500,000 (equivalent to $\u00a0million in ) because of cost overruns on"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " Selznick's \"Duel in the Sun\" (1946). \"Notorious\" stars Bergman and Grant, both Hitchcock collaborators, and features a plot about Nazis, uranium and South America. His prescient use of uranium as a plot device led to him being briefly placed under surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. According to Patrick McGilligan, in or around March 1945, Hitchcock and Hecht consulted Robert Millikan of the California Institute of Technology about the development of a uranium bomb. Selznick complained that the notion was \"science fiction\", only to be confronted by the news of the detonation of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945.</s><s>Biography.:Post-war Hollywood years: 1945\u20131953.:Transatlantic Pictures. Hitchcock formed an independent production company, Transatlantic Pictures, with his friend Sidney Bernstein. He made two films with Transatlantic, one of which was his first colour film. With \"Rope\" (1948), Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with \"Lifeboat\". The film appears as a very limited number of continuous shots, but it was actually shot in 10 ranging from to 10 minutes each; a 10-minute length of film was"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " the most that a camera's film magazine could hold at the time. Some transitions between reels were hidden by having a dark object fill the entire screen for a moment. Hitchcock used those points to hide the cut, and began the next take with the camera in the same place. The film features James Stewart in the leading role, and was the first of four films that Stewart made with Hitchcock. It was inspired by the Leopold and Loeb case of the 1920s. Critical response at the time was mixed. \"Under Capricorn\" (1949), set in 19th-century Australia, also uses the short-lived technique of long takes, but to a more limited extent. He again used Technicolor in this production, then returned to black-and-white for several years. Transatlantic Pictures became inactive after the last two films. Hitchcock filmed \"Stage Fright\" (1950) at Elstree Studios in England, where he had worked during his British International Pictures contract many years before. He paired one of Warner Bros.' most popular stars, Jane Wyman, with the expatriate German actor Marlene Dietrich and used several prominent British actors, including Michael Wilding, Richard Todd and Alastair Sim. This was Hitchcock's first"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " proper production for Warner Bros., which had distributed \"Rope\" and \"Under Capricorn\", because Transatlantic Pictures was experiencing financial difficulties. His thriller \"Strangers on a Train\" (1951) was based on the novel of the same name by Patricia Highsmith. Hitchcock combined many elements from his preceding films. He approached Dashiell Hammett to write the dialogue, but Raymond Chandler took over, then left over disagreements with the director. In the film, two men casually meet, one of whom speculates on a foolproof method to murder; he suggests that two people, each wishing to do away with someone, should each perform the other's murder. Farley Granger's role was as the innocent victim of the scheme, while Robert Walker, previously known for \"boy-next-door\" roles, played the villain. \"I Confess\" (1953) was set in Quebec with Montgomery Clift as a Catholic priest.</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954\u20131964.</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954\u20131964.:\"Dial M for Murder\" and \"Rear Window\". \"I Confess\" was followed by three colour films starring Grace Kelly: \"Dial M for Murder\" (1954), \"R"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "ear Window\" (1954), and \"To Catch a Thief\" (1955). In \"Dial M for Murder\", Ray Milland plays the villain who tries to murder his unfaithful wife (Kelly) for her money. She kills the hired assassin in self-defence, so Milland manipulates the evidence to make it look like murder. Her lover, Mark Halliday (Robert Cummings), and Police Inspector Hubbard (John Williams) save her from execution. Hitchcock experimented with 3D cinematography for \"Dial M for Murder\". Hitchcock moved to Paramount Pictures and filmed \"Rear Window\" (1954), starring James Stewart and Grace Kelly, as well as Thelma Ritter and Raymond Burr. Stewart's character is a photographer named Jeff (based on Robert Capa) who must temporarily use a wheelchair. Out of boredom, he begins observing his neighbours across the courtyard, then becomes convinced that one of them (Raymond Burr) has murdered his wife. Jeff eventually manages to convince his policeman buddy (Wendell Corey) and his girlfriend (Kelly). As with \"Lifeboat\" and \"Rope\", the principal characters are depicted in confined or cramped quarters, in this case Stewart's studio apartment. Hitchcock uses close-ups of Stewart's face to"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " show his character's reactions, \"from the comic voyeurism directed at his neighbours to his helpless terror watching Kelly and Burr in the villain's apartment\".</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954\u20131964.:\"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". From 1955 to 1965, Hitchcock was the host of the television series \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". With his droll delivery, gallows humour and iconic image, the series made Hitchcock a celebrity. The title-sequence of the show pictured a minimalist caricature of his profile (he drew it himself; it is composed of only nine strokes), which his real silhouette then filled. The series theme tune was \"Funeral March of a Marionette\" by the French composer Charles Gounod (1818\u20131893). His introductions always included some sort of wry humour, such as the description of a recent multi-person execution hampered by having only one electric chair, while two are shown with a sign \"Two chairs\u2014no waiting!\" He directed 18 episodes of the series, which aired from 1955 to 1965. It became \"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour\" in 1962, and NBC broadcast the final episode on 10 May 1965. In the 1980s, a new version of \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" was produced for"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " television, making use of Hitchcock's original introductions in a colourised form. Hitchcock's success in television spawned a set of short-story collections in his name; these included \"Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology\", \"Stories They Wouldn't Let Me Do on TV,\" and \"Tales My Mother Never Told Me\". In 1956, HSD Publications also licensed the director's name to create \"Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine\", a monthly digest specialising in crime and detective fiction. Hitchcock's television series were very profitable, and his foreign-language versions of books were bringing revenues of up to $100,000 a year ().</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954\u20131964.:From \"To Catch a Thief\" to \"Vertigo\". In 1955, Hitchcock became a United States citizen. In the same year, his third Grace Kelly film, \"To Catch a Thief\", was released; it is set in the French Riviera, and stars Kelly and Cary Grant. Grant plays retired thief John Robie, who becomes the prime suspect for a spate of robberies in the Riviera. A thrill-seeking American heiress played by Kelly surmises his true identity and tries to seduce him. \"Despite the obvious age disparity between Grant"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " and Kelly and a lightweight plot, the witty script (loaded with double entendres) and the good-natured acting proved a commercial success.\" It was Hitchcock's last film with Kelly; she married Prince Rainier of Monaco in 1956, and ended her film career afterward. Hitchcock then remade his own 1934 film \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\" in 1956. This time, the film starred James Stewart and Doris Day, who sang the theme song \"Que Sera, Sera\", which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became a big hit. They play a couple whose son is kidnapped to prevent them from interfering with an assassination. As in the 1934 film, the climax takes place at the Royal Albert Hall. \"The Wrong Man\" (1956), Hitchcock's final film for Warner Bros., is a low-key black-and-white production based on a real-life case of mistaken identity reported in \"Life\" magazine in 1953. This was the only film of Hitchcock to star Henry Fonda, playing a Stork Club musician mistaken for a liquor store thief, who is arrested and tried for robbery while his wife (Vera Miles) emotionally collapses under the strain. Hitchcock told Truffaut that his lifelong fear of the police"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " attracted him to the subject and was embedded in many scenes. While directing episodes for \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" during the summer of 1957, Hitchcock was admitted to hospital for hernia and gallstones, and had to have his gallbladder removed. Following a successful surgery, he immediately returned to work to prepare for his next project. \"Vertigo\" (1958) again starred James Stewart, with Kim Novak and Barbara Bel Geddes. He had wanted Vera Miles to play the lead, but she was pregnant. He told Oriana Fallaci: \"I was offering her a big part, the chance to become a beautiful sophisticated blonde, a real actress. We'd have spent a heap of dollars on it, and she has the bad taste to get pregnant. I hate pregnant women, because then they have children.\" In \"Vertigo\", Stewart plays Scottie, a former police investigator suffering from acrophobia, who becomes obsessed with a woman he has been hired to shadow (Novak). Scottie's obsession leads to tragedy, and this time Hitchcock did not opt for a happy ending. Some critics, including Donald Spoto and Roger Ebert, agree that \"Vertigo\" is the director's most personal and revealing film, dealing with the \""}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "Pygmalion\"-like obsessions of a man who moulds a woman into the person he desires. \"Vertigo\" explores more frankly and at greater length his interest in the relation between sex and death, than any other work in his filmography. \"Vertigo\" contains a camera technique developed by Irmin Roberts, commonly referred to as a dolly zoom, which has been copied by many filmmakers. The film premiered at the San Sebasti\u00e1n International Film Festival, and Hitchcock won the Silver Seashell prize. \"Vertigo\" is considered a classic, but it attracted mixed reviews and poor box-office receipts at the time; the critic from \"Variety\" magazine opined that the film was \"too slow and too long\". Bosley Crowther of the \"New York Times\" thought it was \"devilishly far-fetched\", but praised the cast performances and Hitchcock's direction. The picture was also the last collaboration between Stewart and Hitchcock. In the 2002 \"Sight & Sound\" polls, it ranked just behind \"Citizen Kane\" (1941); ten years later, in the same magazine, critics chose it as the best film ever made.</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954\u20131964.:\"North by Northwest\" and"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " \"Psycho\". After \"Vertigo\", the rest of 1958 was a difficult year for Hitchcock. During pre-production of \"North by Northwest\" (1959), which was a \"slow\" and \"agonising\" process, his wife Alma was diagnosed with cancer. While she was in hospital, Hitchcock kept himself occupied with his television work and would visit her every day. Alma underwent surgery and made a full recovery, but it caused Hitchcock to imagine, for the first time, life without her. Hitchcock followed up with three more successful films, which are also recognised as among his best: \"North by Northwest\", \"Psycho\" (1960) and \"The Birds\" (1963). In \"North by Northwest\", Cary Grant portrays Roger Thornhill, a Madison Avenue advertising executive who is mistaken for a government secret agent. He is pursued across the United States by enemy agents, including Eve Kendall (Eva Marie Saint). At first, Thornhill believes Kendall is helping him, but then realises that she is an enemy agent; he later learns that she is working undercover for the CIA. During its opening two-week run at Radio City Music Hall, the film grossed $404,056 (equivalent to $\u00a0million in ), setting a non-holiday gross record"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " for that theatre. \"Time\" magazine called the film \"smoothly troweled and thoroughly entertaining\". \"Psycho\" (1960) is arguably Hitchcock's best-known film. Based on Robert Bloch's 1959 novel \"Psycho\", which was inspired by the case of Ed Gein, the film was produced on a tight budget of $800,000 (equivalent to $\u00a0million in ) and shot in black-and-white on a spare set using crew members from \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". The unprecedented violence of the shower scene, the early death of the heroine, and the innocent lives extinguished by a disturbed murderer became the hallmarks of a new horror-film genre. The film proved popular with audiences, with lines stretching outside theatres as viewers waited for the next showing. It broke box-office records in the United Kingdom, France, South America, the United States and Canada, and was a moderate success in Australia for a brief period. \"Psycho\" was the most profitable of Hitchcock's career, and he personally earned in excess of $15\u00a0million (equivalent to $\u00a0million in ). He subsequently swapped his rights to \"Psycho\" and his TV anthology for 150,000 shares of MCA, making him the"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " third largest shareholder and his own boss at Universal, in theory at least, although that did not stop studio interference. Following the first film, \"Psycho\" became an American horror franchise: \"Psycho II\", \"Psycho III\", \"Bates Motel\", \"\", and a colour 1998 remake of the original.</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954\u20131964.:Truffaut interview. On 13 August 1962, Hitchcock's 63rd birthday, the French director Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut began a 50-hour interview of Hitchcock, filmed over eight days at Universal Studios, during which Hitchcock agreed to answer 500 questions. It took four years to transcribe the tapes and organise the images; it was published as a book in 1967, which Truffaut nicknamed the \"Hitchbook\". The audio tapes were used as the basis of a documentary in 2015. Truffaut sought the interview because it was clear to him that Hitchcock was not simply the mass-market entertainer the American media made him out to be. It was obvious from his films, Truffaut wrote, that Hitchcock had \"given more thought to the potential of his art than any of his colleagues\". He compared the interview to \"Oedipus' consultation of the oracle\".</s>"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "<s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954\u20131964.:\"The Birds\". The film scholar Peter William Evans wrote that \"The Birds\" (1963) and \"Marnie\" (1964) are regarded as \"undisputed masterpieces\". Hitchcock had intended to film \"Marnie\" first, and in March 1962 it was announced that Grace Kelly, Princess Grace of Monaco since 1956, would come out of retirement to star in it. When Kelly asked Hitchcock to postpone \"Marnie\" until 1963 or 1964, he recruited Evan Hunter, author of \"The Blackboard Jungle\" (1954), to develop a screenplay based on a Daphne du Maurier short story, \"The Birds\" (1952), which Hitchcock had republished in his \"My Favorites in Suspense\" (1959). He hired Tippi Hedren to play the lead role. It was her first role; she had been a model in New York when Hitchcock saw her, in October 1961, in an NBC television advert for Sego, a diet drink: \"I signed her because she is a classic beauty. Movies don't have them any more. Grace Kelly was the last.\" He insisted, without explanation, that her first name be written in single quotation marks: '"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "Tippi'. In \"The Birds\", Melanie Daniels, a young socialite, meets lawyer Mitch Brenner (Rod Taylor) in a bird shop; Jessica Tandy plays his possessive mother. Hedren visits him in Bodega Bay (where \"The Birds\" was filmed) carrying a pair of lovebirds as a gift. Suddenly waves of birds start gathering, watching, and attacking. The question: \"What do the birds want?\" is left unanswered. Hitchcock made the film with equipment from the Revue Studio, which made \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". He said it was his most technically challenging film, using a combination of trained and mechanical birds against a backdrop of wild ones. Every shot was sketched in advance. An HBO/BBC television film, \"The Girl\" (2012), depicted Hedren's experiences on set; she said that Hitchcock became obsessed with her and sexually harassed her. He reportedly isolated her from the rest of the crew, had her followed, whispered obscenities to her, had her handwriting analysed, and had a ramp built from his private office directly into her trailer. Diane Baker, her co-star in \"Marnie\", said: \"[N]othing could have been more horrible for me than to arrive on that movie set"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " and to see her being treated the way she was.\" While filming the attack scene in the attic\u2014which took a week to film\u2014she was placed in a caged room while two men wearing elbow-length protective gloves threw live birds at her. Toward the end of the week, to stop the birds' flying away from her too soon, one leg of each bird was attached by nylon thread to elastic bands sewn inside her clothes. She broke down after a bird cut her lower eyelid, and filming was halted on doctor's orders.</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954\u20131964.:\"Marnie\". In June 1962, Grace Kelly announced that she had decided against appearing in \"Marnie\" (1964). Hedren had signed an exclusive seven-year, $500-a-week contract with Hitchcock in October 1961,; In the film, Marnie Edgar (Hedren) steals $10,000 from her employer and goes on the run. She applies for a job at Mark Rutland's (Connery) company in Philadelphia and steals from there too. Earlier she is shown having a panic attack during a thunderstorm and fearing the colour red. Mark tracks her down and blackmails her into marrying him. She explains"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " that she does not want to be touched, but during the \"honeymoon\", Mark rapes her. Marnie and Mark discover that Marnie's mother had been a prostitute when Marnie was a child, and that, while the mother was fighting with a client during a thunderstorm\u2014the mother believed the client had tried to molest Marnie\u2014Marnie had killed the client to save her mother. Cured of her fears when she remembers what happened, she decides to stay with Mark. Hitchcock told cinematographer Robert Burks that the camera had to be placed as close as possible to Hedren when he filmed her face. Evan Hunter, the screenwriter of \"The Birds\" who was writing \"Marnie\" too, explained to Hitchcock that, if Mark loved Marnie, he would comfort her, not rape her. Hitchcock reportedly replied: \"Evan, when he sticks it in her, I want that camera right on her face!\" When Hunter submitted two versions of the script, one without the rape scene, Hitchcock replaced him with Jay Presson Allen.</s><s>Biography.:Later years: 1966\u20131980.</s><s>Biography.:Later years: 1966\u20131980.:Final films. Failing health reduced Hitchcock's"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " output during the last two decades of his life. Biographer Stephen Rebello claimed Universal imposed two films on him, \"Torn Curtain\" (1966) and \"Topaz\" (1969), the latter of which is based on a Leon Uris novel, partly set in Cuba. Both were spy thrillers with Cold War-related themes. \"Torn Curtain\", with Paul Newman and Julie Andrews, precipitated the bitter end of the 12-year collaboration between Hitchcock and composer Bernard Herrmann. Hitchcock was unhappy with Herrmann's score and replaced him with John Addison, Jay Livingston and Ray Evans. Upon release, \"Torn Curtain\" was a box office disappointment, and \"Topaz\" was disliked by critics and the studio. Hitchcock returned to Britain to make his penultimate film, \"Frenzy\" (1972), based on the novel \"Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell Leicester Square\" (1966). After two espionage films, the plot marked a return to the murder-thriller genre. Richard Blaney (Jon Finch), a volatile barman with a history of explosive anger, becomes the prime suspect in the investigation into the \"Necktie Murders\", which are actually committed by his friend Bob Rusk"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " (Barry Foster). This time, Hitchcock makes the victim and villain kindreds, rather than opposites as in \"Strangers on a Train\". In \"Frenzy\", Hitchcock allowed nudity for the first time. Two scenes show naked women, one of whom is being raped and strangled; Donald Spoto called the latter \"one of the most repellent examples of a detailed murder in the history of film\". Both actors, Barbara Leigh-Hunt and Anna Massey, refused to do the scenes, so models were used instead. Biographers have noted that Hitchcock had always pushed the limits of film censorship, often managing to fool Joseph Breen, the head of the Motion Picture Production Code. Hitchcock would add subtle hints of improprieties forbidden by censorship until the mid-1960s. Yet Patrick McGilligan wrote that Breen and others often realised that Hitchcock was inserting such material and were actually amused, as well as alarmed by Hitchcock's \"inescapable inferences\". \"Family Plot\" (1976) was Hitchcock's last film. It relates the escapades of \"Madam\" Blanche Tyler, played by Barbara Harris, a fraudulent spiritualist, and her taxi-driver lover Bruce Dern, making a living from her phony powers. While \"Family"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " Plot\" was based on the Victor Canning novel \"The Rainbird Pattern\" (1972), the novel's tone is more sinister. Screenwriter Ernest Lehman originally wrote the film, under the working title \"Deception\", with a dark tone but was pushed to a lighter, more comical tone by Hitchcock where it took the name \"Deceit\", then finally, \"Family Plot\".</s><s>Biography.:Later years: 1966\u20131980.:Knighthood and death. Toward the end of his life, Hitchcock was working on the script for a spy thriller, \"The Short Night\", collaborating with James Costigan, Ernest Lehman and David Freeman. Despite preliminary work, it was never filmed. Hitchcock's health was declining and he was worried about his wife, who had suffered a stroke. The screenplay was eventually published in Freeman's book \"The Last Days of Alfred Hitchcock\" (1999). Having refused a CBE in 1962, Hitchcock was appointed a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1980 New Year Honours. He was too ill to travel to London\u2014he had a pacemaker and was being given cortisone injections for his arthritis\u2014so on 3 January 1980 the British consul general presented him with"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " the papers at Universal Studios. Asked by a reporter after the ceremony why it had taken the Queen so long, Hitchcock quipped, \"I suppose it was a matter of carelessness.\" Cary Grant, Janet Leigh, and others attended a luncheon afterwards. His last public appearance was on 16 March 1980, when he introduced the next year's winner of the American Film Institute award. He died of kidney failure the following month, on 29 April, in his Bel Air home. Donald Spoto, one of Hitchcock's biographers, wrote that Hitchcock had declined to see a priest, but according to Jesuit priest Mark Henninger, he and another priest, Tom Sullivan, celebrated Mass at the filmmaker's home, and Sullivan heard his confession. Hitchcock was survived by his wife and daughter. His funeral was held at Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills on 30 April, after which his body was cremated. His remains were scattered over the Pacific Ocean on 10 May 1980.</s><s>Filmmaking.</s><s>Filmmaking.:Style and themes. Hitchcock's film production career evolved from small-scale silent films to financially significant sound films. Hitchcock remarked that he was influenced by early filmmakers George M\u00e9li\u00e8s, D.W. Griffith and Alice Guy-Blach\u00e9."}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " His silent films between 1925 and 1929 were in the crime and suspense genres, but also included melodramas and comedies. Whilst visual storytelling was pertinent during the silent era, even after the arrival of sound, Hitchcock still relied on visuals in cinema; he referred to this emphasis on visual storytelling as \"pure cinema\". In Britain, he honed his craft so that by the time he moved to Hollywood, the director had perfected his style and camera techniques. Hitchcock later said that his British work was the \"sensation of cinema\", whereas the American phase was when his \"ideas were fertilised\". Scholar Robin Wood writes that the director's first two films, \"The Pleasure Garden\" and \"The Mountain Eagle\", were influenced by German Expressionism. Afterward, he discovered Soviet cinema, and Sergei Eisenstein's and Vsevolod Pudovkin's theories of montage. 1926's \"The Lodger\" was inspired by both German and Soviet aesthetics, styles which solidified the rest of his career. Although Hitchcock's work in the 1920s found some success, several British reviewers criticised Hitchcock's films for being unoriginal and conceited. Raymond Durgnat opined that Hitchcock's films were carefully and intelligently constructed, but thought they can be shallow"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " and rarely present a \"coherent worldview\". Earning the title \"Master of Suspense\", the director experimented with ways to generate tension in his work. He said, \"My suspense work comes out of creating nightmares for the audience. And I \"play\" with an audience. I make them gasp and surprise them and shock them. When you have a nightmare, it's awfully vivid if you're dreaming that you're being led to the electric chair. Then you're as happy as can be when you wake up because you're relieved.\" During filming of \"North by Northwest\", Hitchcock explained his reasons for recreating the set of Mount Rushmore: \"The audience responds in proportion to how realistic you make it. One of the dramatic reasons for this type of photography is to get it looking so natural that the audience gets involved and believes, for the time being, what's going on up there on the screen.\" In a 1963 interview with Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci, Hitchcock was asked how in spite of appearing to be a pleasant, innocuous man, he seemed to enjoy making films involving suspense and terrifying crime. He responded: Hitchcock's films, from the silent to the sound era, contained a number of recurring themes that he is famous for. His films explored audience as a"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " voyeur, notably in \"Rear Window\", \"Marnie\" and \"Psycho\". He understood that human beings enjoy voyeuristic activities and made the audience participate in it through the character's actions. Of his fifty-three films, eleven revolved around stories of mistaken identity, where an innocent protagonist is accused of a crime and is pursued by police. In most cases, it is an ordinary, everyday person who finds themselves in a dangerous situation. Hitchcock told Truffaut: \"That's because the theme of the innocent man being accused, I feel, provides the audience with a greater sense of danger. It's easier for them to identify with him than with a guilty man on the run.\" One of his constant themes were the struggle of a personality torn between \"order and chaos\"; known as the notion of \"double\", which is a comparison or contrast between two characters or objects: the double representing a dark or evil side. According to Robin Wood, Hitchcock had mixed feelings towards homosexuality despite working with gay actors in his career. Donald Spoto suggests that Hitchcock's sexually repressive childhood may have contributed to his exploration of deviancy. During the 1950s, the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited direct references to homosexuality but the director was known for his subtle references,"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " and pushing the boundaries of the censors. Moreover, \"Shadow of a Doubt\" has a double incest theme through the storyline, expressed implicitly through images. Author Jane Sloan argues that Hitchcock was drawn to both conventional and unconventional sexual expression in his work, and the theme of marriage was usually presented in a \"bleak and skeptical\" manner. It was also not until after his mother's death in 1942, that Hitchcock portrayed motherly figures as \"notorious monster-mothers\". The espionage backdrop, and murders committed by characters with psychopathic tendencies were common themes too. In Hitchcock's depiction of villains and murderers, they were usually charming and friendly, forcing viewers to identify with them. The director's strict childhood and Jesuit education may have led to his distrust of authoritarian figures such as policemen and politicians; a theme which he has explored. Also, he used the \"MacGuffin\"\u2014the use of an object, person or event to keep the plot moving along even if it was non-essential to the story. Some examples include the microfilm in \"North by Northwest\" and the stolen $40,000 in \"Psycho\". Hitchcock appears briefly in most of his own films. For example, he is seen struggling to get a double bass onto a train (\"Str"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "angers on a Train\"), walking dogs out of a pet shop (\"The Birds\"), fixing a neighbour's clock (\"Rear Window\"), as a shadow (\"Family Plot\"), sitting at a table in a photograph (\"Dial M for Murder\"), and riding a bus (\"North by Northwest\",\" To Catch a Thief\").</s><s>Filmmaking.:Representation of women. Hitchcock's portrayal of women has been the subject of much scholarly debate. Bidisha wrote in \"The Guardian\" in 2010: \"There's the vamp, the tramp, the snitch, the witch, the slink, the double-crosser and, best of all, the demon mommy. Don't worry, they all get punished in the end.\" In a widely cited essay in 1975, Laura Mulvey introduced the idea of the male gaze; the view of the spectator in Hitchcock's films, she argued, is that of the heterosexual male protagonist. \"The female characters in his films reflected the same qualities over and over again\", Roger Ebert wrote in 1996: \"They were blonde. They were icy and remote. They were imprisoned in costumes that subtly combined fashion with fetishism. They mesmerised the men, who often had physical or psychological handicaps. Sooner or later, every Hitchcock woman"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " was humiliated.\" The victims in \"The Lodger\" are all blondes. In \"The 39 Steps\", Madeleine Carroll is put in handcuffs. Ingrid Bergman, whom Hitchcock directed three times (\"Spellbound\", \"Notorious\", and \"Under Capricorn\"), is dark blonde. In \"Rear Window\", Lisa (Grace Kelly) risks her life by breaking into Lars Thorwald's apartment. In \"To Catch a Thief\", Francie (also Kelly) offers to help a man she believes is a burglar. In \"Vertigo\" and \"North by Northwest\" respectively, Kim Novak and Eva Marie Saint play the blonde heroines. In \"Psycho\", Janet Leigh's character steals $40,000 and is murdered by Norman Bates, a reclusive psychopath. Tippi Hedren, a blonde, appears to be the focus of the attacks in \"The Birds\". In \"Marnie\", the title character, again played by Hedren, is a thief. In \"Topaz\", French actresses Dany Robin as Stafford's wife and Claude Jade as Stafford's daughter are blonde heroines, the mistress was played by brunette Karin Dor. Hitchcock's last blonde heroine was Barbara Harris as a phony psychic turned amateur sleuth in \""}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "Family Plot\" (1976), his final film. In the same film, the diamond smuggler played by Karen Black wears a long blonde wig in several scenes. His films often feature characters struggling in their relationships with their mothers, such as Norman Bates in \"Psycho\". In \"North by Northwest\", Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) is an innocent man ridiculed by his mother for insisting that shadowy, murderous men are after him. In \"The Birds\", the Rod Taylor character, an innocent man, finds his world under attack by vicious birds, and struggles to free himself from a clinging mother (Jessica Tandy). The killer in \"Frenzy\" has a loathing of women but idolises his mother. The villain Bruno in \"Strangers on a Train\" hates his father, but has an incredibly close relationship with his mother (played by Marion Lorne). Sebastian (Claude Rains) in \"Notorious\" has a clearly conflicting relationship with his mother, who is (rightly) suspicious of his new bride, Alicia Huberman (Ingrid Bergman).</s><s>Filmmaking.:Relationship with actors. Hitchcock became known for having remarked that \"actors should be treated like cattle\". During the filming of \"Mr. & Mrs. Smith\""}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " (1941), Carole Lombard brought three cows onto the set wearing the name tags of Lombard, Robert Montgomery, and Gene Raymond, the stars of the film, to surprise him. In an episode of \"The Dick Cavett Show\", originally broadcast on 8 June 1972, Dick Cavett stated as fact that Hitchcock had once called actors cattle. Hitchcock responded by saying that, at one time, he had been accused of calling actors cattle. \"I said that I would never say such an unfeeling, rude thing about actors at all. What I probably said, was that all actors should be treated like cattle...In a nice way of course.\" He then described Carole Lombard's joke, with a smile. Hitchcock believed that actors should concentrate on their performances and leave work on script and character to the directors and screenwriters. He told Bryan Forbes in 1967: \"I remember discussing with a method actor how he was taught and so forth. He said, 'We're taught using improvisation. We are given an idea and then we are turned loose to develop in any way we want to.' I said, 'That's not acting. That's writing.'\" Recalling their experiences on \"Lifeboat\" for Charles Chandler, author of \"It's Only"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " a Movie: Alfred Hitchcock A Personal Biography,\" Walter Slezak said that Hitchcock \"knew more about how to help an actor than any director I ever worked with\", and Hume Cronyn dismissed the idea that Hitchcock was not concerned with his actors as \"utterly fallacious\", describing at length the process of rehearsing and filming \"Lifeboat\". Critics observed that, despite his reputation as a man who disliked actors, actors who worked with him often gave brilliant performances. He used the same actors in many of his films; Cary Grant and James Stewart both worked with Hitchcock four times, and Ingrid Bergman and Grace Kelly three. James Mason said that Hitchcock regarded actors as \"animated props\". For Hitchcock, the actors were part of the film's setting. He told Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut: \"The chief requisite for an actor is the ability to do nothing well, which is by no means as easy as it sounds. He should be willing to be used and wholly integrated into the picture by the director and the camera. He must allow the camera to determine the proper emphasis and the most effective dramatic highlights.\"</s><s>Filmmaking.:Writing, storyboards and production. Hitchcock planned his scripts in detail with his writers. In \"Writing with Hitchcock\" (2001),"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " Steven DeRosa noted that Hitchcock supervised them through every draft, asking that they tell the story visually. Hitchcock told Roger Ebert in 1969: Hitchcock's films were extensively storyboarded to the finest detail. He was reported to have never even bothered looking through the viewfinder, since he did not need to, although in publicity photos he was shown doing so. He also used this as an excuse to never have to change his films from his initial vision. If a studio asked him to change a film, he would claim that it was already shot in a single way, and that there were no alternative takes to consider. This view of Hitchcock as a director who relied more on pre-production than on the actual production itself has been challenged by Bill Krohn, the American correspondent of French film magazine \"Cahiers du Cin\u00e9ma\", in his book \"Hitchcock at Work\". After investigating script revisions, notes to other production personnel written by or to Hitchcock, and other production material, Krohn observed that Hitchcock's work often deviated from how the screenplay was written or how the film was originally envisioned. He noted that the myth of storyboards in relation to Hitchcock, often regurgitated by generations of commentators on his films, was to a great degree perpet"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "uated by Hitchcock himself or the publicity arm of the studios. For example, the celebrated crop-spraying sequence of \"North by Northwest\" was not storyboarded at all. After the scene was filmed, the publicity department asked Hitchcock to make storyboards to promote the film, and Hitchcock in turn hired an artist to match the scenes in detail. Even when storyboards were made, scenes that were shot differed from them significantly. Krohn's analysis of the production of Hitchcock classics like \"Notorious\" reveals that Hitchcock was flexible enough to change a film's conception during its production. Another example Krohn notes is the American remake of \"The Man Who Knew Too Much,\" whose shooting schedule commenced without a finished script and moreover went over schedule, something that, as Krohn notes, was not an uncommon occurrence on many of Hitchcock's films, including \"Strangers on a Train\" and \"Topaz\". While Hitchcock did do a great deal of preparation for all his films, he was fully cognisant that the actual film-making process often deviated from the best-laid plans and was flexible to adapt to the changes and needs of production as his films were not free from the normal hassles faced and common routines used during many other film productions. Kro"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": "hn's work also sheds light on Hitchcock's practice of generally shooting in chronological order, which he notes sent many films over budget and over schedule and, more importantly, differed from the standard operating procedure of Hollywood in the Studio System Era. Equally important is Hitchcock's tendency to shoot alternative takes of scenes. This differed from coverage in that the films were not necessarily shot from varying angles so as to give the editor options to shape the film how they chose (often under the producer's aegis). Rather they represented Hitchcock's tendency to give himself options in the editing room, where he would provide advice to his editors after viewing a rough cut of the work. According to Krohn, this and a great deal of other information revealed through his research of Hitchcock's personal papers, script revisions and the like refute the notion of Hitchcock as a director who was always in control of his films, whose vision of his films did not change during production, which Krohn notes has remained the central long-standing myth of Alfred Hitchcock. Both his fastidiousness and attention to detail also found their way into each film poster for his films. Hitchcock preferred to work with the best talent of his day\u2014film poster designers such as Bill Gold and Saul Bass\u2014who would produce posters that accurately represented his"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " films.</s><s>Legacy.</s><s>Legacy.:Awards and honours. Hitchcock was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 8 February 1960 with two stars: one for television and a second for his motion pictures. In 1978, John Russell Taylor described him as \"the most universally recognizable person in the world\" and \"a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened to be an artistic genius\". In 2002, \"MovieMaker\" named him the most influential director of all time, and a 2007 \"The Daily Telegraph\" critics' poll ranked him Britain's greatest director. David Gritten, the newspaper's film critic, wrote: \"Unquestionably the greatest filmmaker to emerge from these islands, Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema, which would be utterly different without him. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information (from his characters and from us) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else.\" In 1992, the \"Sight & Sound\" Critics' Poll ranked Hitchcock at No. 4 in its list of \"Top 10 Directors\" of all time. In 2002, Hitchcock was ranked 2nd in the critics' top ten poll and 5th in the directors' top ten poll in the list of"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " \"The Greatest Directors of All Time\" compiled by the \"Sight & Sound\" magazine. Hitchcock was voted the \"Greatest Director of 20th Century\" in a poll conducted by Japanese film magazine \"kinema Junpo\". In 1996, \"Entertainment Weekly\" ranked Hitchcock at No. 1 in its \"50 Greatest Directors\" list. Hitchcock was ranked at No. 2 on \"Empire\" magazine's \"Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time\" list in 2005. In 2007, \"Total Film\" magazine ranked Hitchcock at No. 1 on its \"100 Greatest Film Directors Ever\" list. He won two Golden Globes, eight Laurel Awards, and five lifetime achievement awards, including the first BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award and, in 1979, an AFI Life Achievement Award. He was nominated five times for an Academy Award for Best Director. \"Rebecca\", nominated for 11 Oscars, won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940; another Hitchcock film, \"Foreign Correspondent\", was also nominated that year. By 2021, nine of his films had been selected for preservation by the US National Film Registry: \"Rebecca\" (1940; inducted 2018), \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943; inducted 1991), \"Notorious\""}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " (1946; inducted 2006), \"Strangers on a Train\" (1951; inducted 2021), \"Rear Window\" (1954; inducted 1997), \"Vertigo\" (1958; inducted 1989), \"North by Northwest\" (1959; inducted 1995), \"Psycho\" (1960; inducted 1992), and \"The Birds\" (1963; inducted 2016). In 2012, Hitchcock was selected by artist Sir Peter Blake, author of the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" album cover, to appear in a new version of the cover, along with other British cultural figures, and he was featured that year in a BBC Radio 4 series, \"The New Elizabethans\", as someone \"whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character\".</s><s>Legacy.:Archives. The Alfred Hitchcock Collection is housed at the Academy Film Archive in Hollywood, California. It includes home movies, 16mm film shot on the set of \"Blackmail\" (1929) and \"Frenzy\" (1972), and the earliest known colour footage of Hitchcock. The Academy Film Archive has preserved many of his home movies. The Alfred Hitchcock"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " Papers are housed at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. The David O. Selznick and the Ernest Lehman collections housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center in Austin, Texas, contain material related to Hitchcock's work on the production of \"The Paradine Case\", \"Rebecca\", \"Spellbound\", \"North by Northwest\" and \"Family Plot.\"</s><s>Legacy.:Hitchcock portrayals. - Anthony Hopkins in \"Hitchcock\" (2012) - Toby Jones in \"The Girl\" (2012) - Roger Ashton-Griffiths in \"Grace of Monaco\" (2014) - EpicLLOYD in the YouTube comedy series Epic Rap Battles of History. (2014)</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Films. Silent films Sound films</s><s>See also. - Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects - List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances - List of film director and actor collaborations</s><s>Notes and sources.</s><s>Notes and sources.:Works cited. Biographies \"(chronological)\" - - - - - - - - - Miscellaneous - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -"}, {"title": "Alfred Hitchcock", "text": " - - -</s><s>Further reading.</s><s>Further reading.:Articles. - Hitchcock's Style \u2013 BFI Screenonline - Alfred Hitchcock: England's Biggest and Best Director Goes to Hollywood \u2013 \"Life\", 20 November 1939, p. 33-43 - Alfred Hitchcock Now Says Actors Are Children, Not Cattle \u2013 \"Boston Globe\", 1 June 1958, p. A\u201311 - 'Twas Alfred Hitchcock Week in London \u2013 \"Variety\", 17 August 1966, p. 16</s><s>Further reading.:Books. - - - Deflem, Mathieu. 2016. \"Alfred Hitchcock: Visions of Guilt and Innocence.\" pp.\u00a0203\u2013227 in Framing Law and Crime: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, edited by Caroline Joan S. Picart, Michael Hviid Jacobsen, and Cecil Greek. Latham, MD; Madison, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Slavoj \u017di\u017eek et al.:\"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Lacan But Were Afraid to Ask Hitchcock\", London and New York, Verso, 2nd edition 2010.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Alfred Hitchcock", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000408", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Bobby Fischer.", "docs": [{"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "<s>Bobby Fischer Robert James Fischer (March 9, 1943January 17, 2008) was an American chess grandmaster and the eleventh World Chess Champion. A chess prodigy, he won his first of a record eight US Championships at the age of 14. In 1964, he won with an 11\u20130 score, the only perfect score in the history of the tournament. Qualifying for the 1972 World Championship, Fischer swept matches with Mark Taimanov and Bent Larsen by 6\u20130 scores. After another qualifying match against Tigran Petrosian, Fischer won the title match against Boris Spassky of the USSR, in Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland. Publicized as a Cold War confrontation between the US and USSR, the match attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since. In 1975, Fischer refused to defend his title when an agreement could not be reached with FIDE, chess's international governing body, over the match conditions. Consequently, the Soviet challenger Anatoly Karpov was named World Champion by default. Fischer subsequently disappeared from the public eye, though occasional reports of erratic behavior emerged. In 1992, he reemerged to win an unofficial rematch against Spassky. It was held in Yugoslavia, which was under a United Nations embargo"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " at the time. His participation led to a conflict with the US government, which warned Fischer that his participation in the match would violate an executive order imposing US sanctions on Yugoslavia. The US government ultimately issued a warrant for his arrest. After that, Fischer lived as an \u00e9migr\u00e9. In 2004, he was arrested in Japan and held for several months for using a passport that the US government had revoked. Eventually, he was granted Icelandic citizenship by a special act of the Icelandic parliament, allowing him to live there until his death in 2008. Fischer made numerous lasting contributions to chess. His book \"My 60 Memorable Games\", published in 1969, is regarded as essential reading in chess literature. In the 1990s, he patented a modified chess timing system that added a time increment after each move, now a standard practice in top tournament and match play. He also invented Fischer random chess, also known as Chess960, a chess variant in which the initial position of the pieces is randomized to one of 960 possible positions. Fischer made numerous antisemitic statements, including Holocaust denial. His antisemitism was a major theme in his public and private remarks, and there has been widespread comment and speculation concerning his psychological condition based on his extreme views and eccentric behavior.</s><s>Early years"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": ". Bobby Fischer was born at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, on March 9, 1943. His mother, Regina Wender Fischer, was a US citizen, born in Switzerland; her parents were Polish Jews. Raised in St. Louis, Missouri, Regina became a teacher, a registered nurse, and later a physician. After graduating from college in her teens, Regina traveled to Germany to visit her brother. It was there she met geneticist and future Nobel Prize winner Hermann Joseph Muller, who persuaded her to move to Moscow to study medicine. She enrolled at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, where she met Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, also known as Gerardo Liebscher, a German biophysicist, whom she married in November 1933. In 1938, Hans-Gerhardt and Regina had a daughter, Joan Fischer. The reemergence of antisemitism under Stalin prompted Regina to go with Joan to Paris, where Regina became an English teacher. The threat of a German invasion led her and Joan to go to the United States in 1939. Regina and Hans-Gerhardt had already separated in Moscow, although they did not officially divorce until 1945. At the time of her son's birth, Regina was homeless and shut"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "tled to different jobs and schools around the country to support her family. She engaged in political activism and raised both Bobby and Joan as a single parent. In 1949, Regina moved the family to Manhattan and the following year to Brooklyn, New York City, where she studied for her master's degree in nursing and subsequently began working in that field.</s><s>Early years.:Paul Nemenyi as Fischer's father. In 2002, Peter Nicholas and Clea Benson of \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\" published an investigative report which stated that Bobby Fischer's biological father was actually Paul Nemenyi. Nemenyi, a Hungarian mathematician and physicist of Jewish heritage, specialized in continuum mechanics. His work applied geometrical solutions to fluid dynamics. Like Bobby, he was a child prodigy and won the Hungarian national mathematics competition at the age of 17. Benson and Nicholas continued their work and gathered additional evidence in court records, personal interviews, and a summary of an FBI investigation written by J. Edgar Hoover, which confirmed their earlier conclusions. Throughout the 1950s, the FBI investigated Regina and her circle due to her supposed communist views and due to her time living in Moscow. FBI files note that Hans-Gerhardt Fischer never entered the United States, while recording that Nemenyi took"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " a keen interest in Fischer's upbringing. Not only were Regina and Nemenyi reported to have had an affair in 1942, but Nemenyi made monthly child support payments to Regina and paid for Bobby's schooling until Paul Nemenyi's death in 1952.</s><s>Early years.:Chess beginnings. In March 1949, six-year-old Bobby and his sister Joan learned how to play chess using the instructions from a set bought at a candy store. When Joan lost interest in chess and Regina did not have time to play, Fischer was left to play many of his first games against himself. When the family vacationed at Patchogue, Long Island, New York, that summer, Bobby found a book of old chess games and studied it intensely. In 1950, the family moved to Brooklyn, first to an apartment at the corner of Union Street and Franklin Avenue and later to a two-bedroom apartment at 560 Lincoln Place. It was there that \"Fischer soon became so engrossed in the game that Regina feared he was spending too much time alone.\" As a result, on November 14, 1950, Regina sent a postcard to the \"Brooklyn Eagle\" newspaper, seeking to place an ad inquiring whether other children of Bobby's age might be interested in playing"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " chess with him. The paper rejected her ad, because no one could figure out how to classify it, but forwarded her inquiry to Hermann Helms, the \"Dean of American Chess\", who told her that Master Max Pavey, former Scottish champion, would be giving a simultaneous exhibition on January 17, 1951. Fischer played in the exhibition. Although he held on for 15 minutes, drawing a crowd of onlookers, he eventually lost to the chess master. One of the spectators was Brooklyn Chess Club President Carmine Nigro, an American chess expert of near master strength and an instructor. Nigro was so impressed with Fischer's play that he introduced him to the club and began teaching him. Fischer noted of his time with Nigro: \"Mr. Nigro was possibly not the best player in the world, but he was a very good teacher. Meeting him was probably a decisive factor in my going ahead with chess.\" Nigro hosted Fischer's first chess tournament at his home in 1952. In the summer of 1955, Fischer, then 12 years old, joined the Manhattan Chess Club. Fischer's relationship with Nigro lasted until 1956, when Nigro moved away.</s><s>Early years.:The Hawthorne Chess Club. In June 1956, Fischer began attending the Hawthorne"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " Chess Club, based in master John \"Jack\" W. Collins's home. Collins taught chess to children, and has been described as Fischer's teacher, but Collins himself suggested that he did not actually teach Fischer, and the relationship might be more accurately described as one of mentorship. Fischer played thousands of blitz and offhand games with Collins and other strong players, studied the books in Collins' large chess library, and ate almost as many dinners at Collins' home as his own.</s><s>Young champion. In March 1956, the Log Cabin Chess Club of West Orange, New Jersey (based in the home of the club's eccentric multi-millionaire founder and patron Elliott Forry Laucks), took Fischer on a tour to Cuba, where he gave a 12-board simultaneous exhibition at Havana's Capablanca Chess Club, winning ten games and drawing two. On this tour the club played a series of matches against other clubs. Fischer played, behind International Master Norman Whitaker. Whitaker and Fischer were the club's leading scorers, each scoring 5\u00bd points out of 7 games. In July 1956, Fischer won the US Junior Chess Championship, scoring 8\u00bd/10 at Philadelphia to become the youngest-ever Junior Champion at age 13. At the 1956 US Open Chess"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " Championship in Oklahoma City, he scored 8\u00bd/12 to tie for 4th\u20138th places, with Arthur Bisguier winning. In the first Canadian Open Chess Championship at Montreal 1956, he scored 7/10 to tie for 8th\u201312th places, with Larry Evans winning. In November, Fischer played in the 1956 Eastern States Open Championship in Washington, D.C., tying for second with William Lombardy, Nicholas Rossolimo, and Arthur Feuerstein, with Hans Berliner taking first by a half-point. Fischer accepted an invitation to play in the Third Lessing J. Rosenwald Trophy Tournament in New York City (1956), a premier tournament limited to the 12 players considered the best in the US. Playing against top opposition, the 13-year-old Fischer could only score 4\u00bd/11, tying for 8th\u20139th place. Yet he won the  for his game against International Master Donald Byrne, in which Fischer sacrificed his queen to unleash an unstoppable attack. Hans Kmoch called it \"The Game of the Century\", writing: \"The following game, a stunning masterpiece of play performed by a boy of 13 against a formidable opponent, matches the finest on record in the history of chess prodigies.\"{{c"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "ite book }} According to Frank Brady, The Game of the Century' has been talked about, analyzed, and admired for more than fifty years, and it will probably be a part of the canon of chess for many years to come.\" \"In reflecting on his game a while after it occurred, Bobby was refreshingly modest: 'I just made the moves I thought were best. I was just lucky. In 1957, Fischer played a two-game match against former world champion Max Euwe at New York, losing \u00bd\u20131\u00bd. When the US Chess Federation published its rating list in May, Fischer had the rank of Master, the youngest player to earn that title up to that point. In July, he successfully defended his US Junior title, scoring 8\u00bd/9 at San Francisco. In August, he scored 10/12 at the US Open Chess Championship in Cleveland, winning on tie-breaking points over Arthur Bisguier. This made Fischer the youngest ever US Open Champion. He won the New Jersey Open Championship, scoring 6\u00bd/7. He then defeated the young Filipino master Rodolfo Tan Cardoso 6\u20132 in a New York match sponsored by Pepsi-Cola.</s><s>Young champion.:Wins first US title. Based on Fischer's rating"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " and strong results, the USCF invited him to play in the 1957/58 US Championship.{{cite book }} The tournament included six-time US champion Samuel Reshevsky, defending US champion Arthur Bisguier, and William Lombardy, who in August had won the World Junior Championship. Bisguier predicted that Fischer would \"finish slightly over the center mark\". Despite all the predictions to the contrary, Fischer scored eight wins and five draws to win the tournament by a one-point margin, with 10\u00bd/13. Still two months shy of his 15th birthday, Fischer became the youngest ever US Champion. Since the championship that year was also the US Zonal Championship, Fischer's victory earned him the title of International Master. Fischer's victory in the US Championship qualified him to participate in the 1958 Portoro\u017e Interzonal, the next step toward challenging the World Champion.</s><s>Grandmaster, candidate, and author. In 1957, Fischer wanted to go to Moscow. At his pleading, \"Regina wrote directly to the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, requesting an invitation for Fischer to participate in the 6th World Youth and Student Festival of 1957. The reply\u2014affirmative\u2014came too late for him to go"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": ".\" Regina did not have the money to pay the airfare, but in 1958, Fischer was invited onto the game show \"I've Got a Secret\", where, thanks to Regina's efforts, the producers of the show arranged two round-trip tickets to the Soviet Union, for Bobby and his sister Joan. Once in Russia, Fischer was invited by the Soviet Union to Moscow, where International Master Lev Abramov would serve as a guide to Bobby and his sister, Joan. Upon arrival, Fischer immediately demanded that he be taken to the Moscow Central Chess Club, where he played speed chess with \"two young Soviet masters\", Evgeni Vasiukov and Alexander Nikitin, winning every game. Chess author V. I. Linder writes about the impression Fischer gave grandmaster (GM) Vladimir Alatortsev when he played blitz against the Soviet masters: Fischer demanded to play against Mikhail Botvinnik, the reigning World Champion. When told that this was impossible, Fischer asked to play Paul Keres. \"Finally, Tigran Petrosian was, on a semi-official basis, summoned to the club\u2026\" where he played speed games with Fischer, winning the majority.{{cite book }}. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 93."}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " \"When Bobby discovered that he wasn't going to play any formal games \u2026 he went into a not-so-silent rage\", saying he was fed up \"with these Russian pigs,\"{{cite book }}. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 94. which angered the Soviets who saw Fischer as their honored guest. It was then that the Yugoslavian chess officials offered to take in Fischer and Joan as early guests to the Interzonal. Fischer took them up on the offer, arriving in Yugoslavia to play two short training matches against masters Dragoljub Jano\u0161evi\u0107 and Milan Matulovi\u0107. Fischer drew both games against Jano\u0161evi\u0107 and then defeated Matulovi\u0107 in Belgrade by 2\u00bd\u20131\u00bd. At Portoro\u017e, Fischer was accompanied by Lombardy. The top six finishers in the Interzonal would qualify for the Candidates Tournament. Most observers doubted that a 15-year-old with no international experience could finish among the six qualifiers at the Interzonal, but Fischer told journalist Miro Radoicic, \"I can draw with the grandmasters, and there are half-a-dozen in the tournament I reckon to beat.\" Despite some bumps in the road and a"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " problematic start, Fischer succeeded in his plan: after a strong finish, he ended up with 12/20 (+6\u22122=12) to tie for 5th\u20136th. The Soviet GM Yuri Averbakh observed, Soviet GM David Bronstein said of Fischer's time in Portoro\u017e: \"It was interesting for me to observe Fischer, but for a long time I couldn't understand why this 15-year-old boy played chess so well.\" Fischer became the youngest person ever to qualify for the Candidates and the youngest ever grandmaster at 15 years, 6 months, 1 day. \"By then everyone knew we had a genius on our hands.\" Before the Candidates' Tournament, Fischer won the 1958/59 US Championship (scoring 8\u00bd/11). He tied for third (with Borislav Ivkov) in Mar del Plata (scoring 10/14), a half-point behind Lud\u011bk Pachman and Miguel Najdorf. He tied for 4th\u20136th at Santiago (scoring 7\u00bd/12) behind Ivkov, Pachman, and Herman Pilnik. At the Z\u00fcrich International Tournament, spring 1959, Fischer finished a point behind future world champion Mikhail Tal and a half-point behind Yugoslav"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "ian GM Svetozar Gligori\u0107. Although Fischer had ended his formal education at age 16, dropping out of Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, he subsequently taught himself several foreign languages so he could read foreign chess periodicals. According to Latvian chess master Alexander Koblencs, even he and Tal could not match the commitment that Fischer had made to chess. Recalling a conversation from the tournament: Until late 1959, Fischer \"had dressed atrociously for a champion, appearing at the most august and distinguished national and international events in sweaters and corduroys.\" Now, encouraged by Pal Benko to dress more smartly, Fischer \"began buying suits from all over the world, hand-tailored and made to order.\" He told journalist Ralph Ginzburg that he had 17 hand-tailored suits and that all of his shirts and shoes were handmade. At the age of 16, Fischer finished equal fifth out of eight at the 1959 Candidates Tournament in Bled/Zagreb/Belgrade, Yugoslavia, scoring 12\u00bd/28. He was outclassed by tournament winner Tal, who won all four of their individual games. That year, Fischer released his first book of collected games: \"Bobby Fischer's"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " Games of Chess\", published by Simon & Schuster.</s><s>Grandmaster, candidate, and author.:Drops out of school. Fischer's interest in chess became more important than schoolwork, to the point that \"by the time he reached the fourth grade, he'd been in and out of six schools.\"{{cite book }} In 1952, Regina got Bobby a scholarship (based on his chess talent and \"astronomically high IQ\") to Brooklyn Community Woodward. Fischer later attended Erasmus Hall High School at the same time as Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond.{{Cite book }} Streisand later said that Fischer was \"always alone and very peculiar\u00a0\u2026 But I found him very sexy.\" Id. at 41. In 1959, its student council awarded him a gold medal for his chess achievements. The same year, Fischer dropped out of high school when he turned 16, the earliest he could legally do so. He later explained to Ralph Ginzburg, \"You don't learn anything in school.\" When Fischer was 16, his mother moved out of their apartment to pursue medical training. Her friend Joan Rodker, who had met Regina when the two were \"idealistic communists\" living in Moscow in the 1930s, believes that"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " Fischer resented his mother for being mostly absent, a communist activist, and an admirer of the Soviet Union, and that this led to his hatred for the Soviets. In letters to Rodker, Fischer's mother stated her desire to pursue her own \"obsession\" of training in medicine and wrote that her son would have to live in their Brooklyn apartment without her: \"It sounds terrible to leave a 16-year-old to his own devices, but he is probably happier that way\". The apartment was on the edge of Bedford-Stuyvesant, a neighborhood that had one of the highest homicide and general crime rates in New York City. Despite the alienation from her son, Regina, in 1960, protested the practices of the American Chess Foundation and staged a five-hour protest in front of the White House, urging President Dwight D. Eisenhower to send an American team to that year's chess Olympiad (set for Leipzig, East Germany, behind the Iron Curtain) and to help support the team financially.</s><s>US Championships. Fischer played in eight US Championships, winning all of them, by at least a one-point margin. His results were: Fischer missed the 1961/62 Championship (he was preparing for the 1962 Interzonal),"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " and there was no 1964/65 event. In his eight US Chess Championships, Fischer lost only three games; to Edmar Mednis in the 1962/63 event, and in consecutive rounds to Samuel Reshevsky, and Robert Byrne in the 1965 championship, culminating in a total score of 74/90 (61 wins, 26 draws, 3 losses).</s><s>Olympiads. Fischer refused to play in the 1958 Munich Olympiad when his demand to play ahead of Samuel Reshevsky was rejected. Some sources claim that 15-year-old Fischer was unable to arrange leave from attending high school. Fischer later represented the United States on first board at four Men's Chess Olympiads, winning two individual Silver and one individual Bronze medals: Out of four Men's Chess Olympiads, Fischer scored +40\u22127=18, for 49/65: 75.4%. In 1966, Fischer narrowly missed the individual gold medal, scoring 88.23% to World Champion Tigran Petrosian's 88.46%. He played four games more than Petrosian, faced stiffer opposition, and would have won the gold if he had accepted Florin Gheorghiu's draw offer, rather than declining it and suffering his only loss."}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " At the 1962 Varna Olympiad, Fischer predicted that he would defeat Argentinian GM Miguel Najdorf in 25 moves. Fischer actually did it in 24, becoming the only player to beat Najdorf in the tournament. Najdorf lost the game while employing the very opening variation named after him: the Sicilian Najdorf. Fischer had planned to play for the US at the 1968 Lugano Olympiad, but backed out when he saw the poor playing conditions. Both former world champion Tigran Petrosian and Belgian-American International Master George Koltanowski, the leader of the American team that year, felt that Fischer was justified in not participating in the Olympiad. According to Lombardy, Fischer's non-participation was due to Reshevsky's refusal to yield first board. In 1974, Fischer was willing to play the 21st Chess Olympiad in Nice, France, but FIDE rejected his demand to play in a separate room with only Fischer, his opponent, and spectators.</s><s>1960\u201361. In 1960, Fischer tied for first place with Soviet star Boris Spassky at the strong Mar del Plata Tournament in Argentina, winning by a two-point margin, scoring 13\u00bd/15 (+13\u2212"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "1=1), ahead of David Bronstein. Fischer lost only to Spassky; this was the start of their lifelong friendship and rivalry. Fischer experienced a rare failure in his competitive career at the Buenos Aires Tournament (1960), finishing with 8\u00bd/19 (+3\u22125=11), far behind winners Viktor Korchnoi and Samuel Reshevsky with 13/19. According to Larry Evans, Fischer's first sexual experience was with a girl to whom Evans introduced him during the tournament. Pal Benko said that Fischer did horribly in the tournament \"because he got caught up in women and sex. Afterwards, Fischer said he'd never mix women and chess together, and kept the promise.\" Fischer concluded 1960 by winning a small tournament in Reykjav\u00edk with 4\u00bd/5, and defeating Klaus Darga in an exhibition game in West Berlin. In 1961, Fischer started a 16-game match with Reshevsky, split between New York and Los Angeles. Reshevsky, 32 years Fischer's senior, was considered the favorite since he had far more match experience and had never lost a set match. After 11 games and a tie score (two wins apiece with seven draws), the match ended prematurely due to a scheduling dispute between Fischer and match"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " organizer and sponsor Jacqueline Piatigorsky. Fischer forfeited 2 games, and even though the score was now 7\u00bd to 5\u00bd, with 8\u00bd required to win, Reshevsky was declared the winner, by default, and received the winner's share of the prize fund. Fischer was second in a super-class field, behind only former world champion Tal, at Bled, 1961. Yet, Fischer defeated Tal head-to-head for the first time in their individual game, scored 3\u00bd/4 against the Soviet contingent, and finished as the only unbeaten player, with 13\u00bd/19 (+8\u22120=11).</s><s>1962: success, setback, accusations of collusion. Fischer won the 1962 Stockholm Interzonal by a 2\u00bd-point margin, going undefeated, with 17\u00bd/22 (+13\u22120=9). He was the first non-Soviet player to win an Interzonal since FIDE instituted the tournament in 1948. Russian GM Alexander Kotov said of Fischer: Fischer's victory made him a favorite for the Candidates Tournament in Cura\u00e7ao. Yet, despite his result in the Interzonal, Fischer only finished fourth out of eight with 14/27 (+8\u22127=12), far"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " behind Tigran Petrosian (17\u00bd/27), Efim Geller, and Paul Keres (both 17/27). Tal fell very ill during the tournament, and had to withdraw before completion. Fischer, a friend of Tal's, was the only contestant who visited him in the hospital.</s><s>1962: success, setback, accusations of collusion.:Accuses Soviets of collusion. Following his failure in the 1962 Candidates, Fischer asserted in a \"Sports Illustrated\" article, that three of the five Soviet players (Tigran Petrosian, Paul Keres, and Efim Geller) had a prearranged agreement to quickly draw their games against each other in order to conserve their energy for playing against Fischer. It is generally thought that this accusation is correct. Fischer stated that he would never again participate in a Candidates' tournament, since the format, combined with the alleged collusion, made it impossible for a non-Soviet player to win. Following Fischer's article, FIDE, in late 1962, voted to implement a radical reform of the playoff system, replacing the Candidates' tournament with a format of one-on-one knockout matches\u2014the format that Fischer would dominate in 1971. Fischer defeated Bent Larsen in a summer"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " 1962 exhibition game in Copenhagen for Danish TV. Later that year, Fischer beat Bogdan \u015aliwa in a team match against Poland in Warsaw. In the 1962/63 US Championship, Fischer lost to Edmar Mednis in round one. It was his first loss ever in a US Championship. Bisguier was in excellent form, and Fischer caught up to him only at the end. Tied at 7\u20133, the two met in the final round. Bisguier stood well in the middlegame, but blundered, handing Fischer his fifth consecutive US championship.</s><s>Semi-retirement in the mid-1960s. Influenced by ill will over the aborted 1961 match against Reshevsky, Fischer declined an invitation to play in the 1963 Piatigorsky Cup tournament in Los Angeles, which had a world-class field. He instead played in the Western Open in Bay City, Michigan, which he won with 7\u00bd/8. In August\u2013September 1963, Fischer won the New York State Championship at Poughkeepsie, with 7/7, his first perfect score, ahead of Arthur Bisguier and James Sherwin. In the 1963/64 US Championship, Fischer achieved his second perfect score, this time"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " against the top-ranked chess players in the country. This result brought Fischer heightened fame, including a profile in \"Life\" magazine.{{cite book }} \"Sports Illustrated\" diagrammed each of the 11 games in its article, \"The Amazing Victory Streak of Bobby Fischer\". Such extensive chess coverage was groundbreaking for the top American sports magazine. His 11\u20130 win in the 1963/64 Championship is the only perfect score in the history of the tournament, and one of about ten perfect scores in high-level chess tournaments ever.{{cite book }}{{cite book }} David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld called it \"the most remarkable achievement of this kind\". Fischer recalls: \"Motivated by my lopsided result (11\u20130!), Dr. [Hans] Kmoch congratulated [Larry] Evans (the runner up) on 'winning' the tournament\u2026 and then he congratulated me on 'winning the exhibition'.\" Fischer's 21-move victory against Robert Byrne won the brilliancy prize for the tournament. Byrne wrote: International Master Anthony Saidy recalled his last round encounter with the undefeated Fischer: At adjournment, Saidy saw a way to force a draw, yet he had already \"sealed a different, wrong move\", and"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " lost. \"Chess publications around the world wrote of the unparalleled achievement. Only Bent Larsen, always a Fischer detractor, was unimpressed: 'Fischer was playing against children. Fischer, eligible as US Champion, decided against his participation in the 1964 Amsterdam Interzonal, taking himself out of the 1966 World Championship cycle, even after FIDE changed the format of the eight-player Candidates Tournament from a round-robin to a series of knockout matches, which eliminated the possibility of collusion. Instead, Fischer embarked on a tour of the United States and Canada from February through May, playing a simultaneous exhibition, and giving a lecture in each of more than 40 cities.{{cite book }} He had a 94% winning percentage over more than 2,000 games. Fischer declined an invitation to play for the US in the 1964 Olympiad in Tel Aviv.</s><s>Successful return. Fischer wanted to play in the Capablanca Memorial Tournament in Havana in August and September 1965. Since the State Department refused to endorse Fischer's passport as valid for visiting Cuba, he proposed, and the tournament officials and players accepted, a unique arrangement: Fischer played his moves from a room at the Marshall Chess Club, which were then transmitted by teleprinter to Cuba"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": ". Lud\u011bk Pachman observed that Fischer \"was handicapped by the longer playing session resulting from the time wasted in transmitting the moves, and that is one reason why he lost to three of his chief rivals.\"{{cite book|author= Lud\u011bk Pachman }} The tournament was an \"ordeal\" for Fischer, who had to endure eight-hour and sometimes even twelve-hour playing sessions. Despite the handicap, Fischer tied for second through fourth places, with 15/21 (+12\u22123=6), behind former world champion Vasily Smyslov, whom Fischer defeated in their individual game. The tournament received extensive media coverage. In December, Fischer won his seventh US Championship (1965), with the score of 8\u00bd/11 (+8\u22122=1), despite losing to Robert Byrne and Reshevsky in the eighth and ninth rounds. Fischer also reconciled with Mrs. Piatigorsky, accepting an invitation to the very strong second Piatigorsky Cup (1966) tournament in Santa Monica. Fischer began disastrously and after eight rounds was tied for last with 3/8. He then staged a strong comeback, scoring 7/8 in the next eight rounds. In the end, World Chess Championship"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " finalist Boris Spassky edged him out by a half point, scoring 11\u00bd/18 to Fischer's 11/18 (+7\u22123=8).{{cite book Now aged 23, Fischer would win every match or tournament he completed for the rest of his life. Fischer won the US Championship (1966/67) for the eighth and final time, ceding only three draws (+8\u22120=3). In March\u2013April and August\u2013September, Fischer won strong tournaments at Monte Carlo, with 7/9 (+6\u22121=2), and Skopje, with 13\u00bd/17 (+12\u22122=3). In the Philippines, Fischer played nine exhibition games against master opponents, scoring 8\u00bd/9.</s><s>Successful return.:Withdrawal while leading Interzonal. Fischer's win in the 1966/67 US Championship qualified him for the next World Championship cycle. At the 1967 Interzonal, held at Sousse, Tunisia, Fischer scored 8\u00bd points in the first 10 games, to lead the field. His observance of the Worldwide Church of God's seventh-day Sabbath was honored by the organizers but deprived Fischer of several rest days, which led to a scheduling dispute, causing Fischer to forfeit two games in protest and"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " later withdraw, eliminating himself from the 1969 World Championship cycle. Communications difficulties with the highly inexperienced local organizers were also a significant factor since Fischer knew little French and the organizers had very limited English. No one in Tunisian chess had previous experience running an event of this stature. Since Fischer had completed fewer than half of his scheduled games, all of his results were annulled, meaning players who had played Fischer had those games cancelled, and the scores nullified from the official tournament record.</s><s>Successful return.:Second semi-retirement. In 1968, Fischer won tournaments at Netanya, with 11\u00bd/13 (+10\u22120=3), and Vinkovci, with 11/13 (+9\u22120=4), by large margins. Fischer then stopped playing for the next 18 months, except for a win against Anthony Saidy in a 1969 New York Metropolitan League team match. That year, Fischer (assisted by GM Larry Evans) released his second book of collected games: \"My 60 Memorable Games\", published by Simon & Schuster. The book \"was an immediate success\".</s><s>1969\u20131972: Road to World Champion. In 1970, Fischer began a new effort to become World Champion. His dramatic march toward the title made him a household name"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " and made chess front-page news for a time. He won the title in 1972, but forfeited it three years later.</s><s>1969\u20131972: Road to World Champion.:Road to the World Championship. The 1969 US Championship was also a zonal qualifier, with the top three finishers advancing to the Interzonal. Fischer, however, had sat out the US Championship because of disagreements about the tournament's format and prize fund. Benko, one of the three qualifiers, agreed to give up his spot in the Interzonal to give Fischer another shot at the World Championship; Lombardy, who would have been \"next in line\" after Benko, did the same. In 1970 and 1971, Fischer \"dominated his contemporaries to an extent never seen before or since\". Before the Interzonal, in March and April 1970, the world's best players competed in the USSR vs. Rest of the World match in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, often referred to as \"the Match of the Century\". There was much surprise when Fischer decided to participate. With Evans as his second, Fischer flew to Belgrade with the intention of playing for the rest of the world. Danish GM Bent Larsen, however, due to his recent tournament victories, demanded to play first board"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " instead of Fischer, even though Fischer had the higher Elo rating. To the surprise of everyone, Fischer agreed. Although the USSR team eked out a 20\u00bd\u201319\u00bd victory, \"On the top four boards, the Soviets managed to win only one game out of a possible sixteen. Bobby Fischer was the high scorer for his team, with a 3\u20131 score against Petrosian (two wins and two draws).\" \"Fischer left no doubt in anyone's mind that he had put his temporary break from the tournament circuit to good use. Petrosian was almost unrecognizable in the first two games, and by the time he had collected himself, although pressing his opponent, he could do no more than draw the last two games of the four-game set\". After the USSR versus the Rest of the World Match, the unofficial World Championship of Lightning Chess (5-minute games) was held at Herceg Novi. \"[The Russians] figured on teaching Fischer a lesson and on bringing him down a peg or two\". Petrosian and Tal were considered the favorites,{{cite book }} but Fischer overwhelmed the super-class field with 19/22 (+17\u22121=4), far ahead of Tal (14\u00bd), Korchnoi (14"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "), Petrosian (13\u00bd), and Bronstein (13). Fischer lost only one game (to Korchnoi, who was also the only player to achieve an even score against him in the double round robin tournament). Fischer \"crushed such blitz kings as Tal, Petrosian and Vasily Smyslov by a clean score\". Tal marveled that, \"During the entire tournament he didn't leave a single pawn en prise!\", while the other players \"blundered knights and bishops galore\". For Lombardy, who had played many blitz games with Fischer, Fischer's 4\u00bd-point margin of victory \"came as a pleasant surprise\". In April\u2013May 1970, Fischer won at Rovinj/Zagreb with 13/17 (+10\u22121=6), by a two-point margin, ahead of Gligori\u0107, Hort, Korchnoi, Smyslov, and Petrosian. In July\u2013August, Fischer crushed the mostly grandmaster field at Buenos Aires, winning by a 3\u00bd-point margin, scoring 15/17 (+13\u22120=4). Fischer then played first board for the US Team in the 19th Chess Olympiad in Siegen, where he won an individual Silver medal"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": ", scoring 10/13 (+8\u22121=4), with his only loss being to World Champion Boris Spassky. Right after the Olympiad, Fischer defeated Ulf Andersson in an exhibition game for the Swedish newspaper \"Expressen\". Fischer had taken his game to a new level. Fischer won the Interzonal (held in Palma de Mallorca in November and December 1970) with 18\u00bd/23 (+15\u22121=7), far ahead of Larsen, Efim Geller, and Robert H\u00fcbner, with 15/23. Fischer finished the tournament with seven consecutive wins. Setting aside the Sousse Interzonal (which Fischer withdrew from while leading), Fischer's victory gave him a string of eight consecutive first prizes in tournaments. Former world champion Mikhail Botvinnik was not, however, impressed by Fischer's results, stating: \"Fischer has been declared a genius. I do not agree with this\u2026 In order to rightly be declared a genius in chess, you have to defeat equal opponents by a big margin. As yet he has not done this\". Despite Botvinnik's remarks, \"Fischer began a miraculous year in the history of chess\". In the 1971 Candidates matches, Fischer was set to"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " play against Soviet grandmaster and concert pianist Mark Taimanov in the quarter-finals. The match began in mid-May in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Fischer was generally favored to win. Taimanov had reason to be confident. He was backed by the firm guidance of Botvinnik, who \"had thoroughly analysed Fischer's record and put together a 'dossier' on him\", from when he was in talks to play Fischer in a match \"a couple of years earlier\". After Fischer defeated Taimanov in the second game of the match, Taimanov asked Fischer how he managed to come up with the move 12. N1c3, to which Fischer replied \"that the idea was not his\u2014he had come across it in the monograph by the Soviet master Alexander Nikitin in a footnote\". Taimanov said of this: \"It is staggering that I, an expert on the Sicilian, should have missed this theoretically significant idea by my compatriot, while Fischer had uncovered it in a book in a foreign language!\" With the score at 4\u20130, in Fischer's favor, the fifth game adjournment was a sight to behold. Schonberg explains the scene: Fischer beat Taimanov by the score of 6"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "\u20130. There was little precedent for such a lopsided score in a match leading to the World Championship. Upon losing the final game of the match, Taimanov shrugged his shoulders, saying sadly to Fischer: \"Well, I still have my music.\" As a result of his performance, Taimanov \"was thrown out of the USSR team and forbidden to travel for two years. He was banned from writing articles, was deprived of his monthly stipend\u2026 [and] the authorities prohibited him from performing on the concert platform.\" \"The crushing loss virtually ended Taimanov's chess career.\" Fischer was next scheduled to play against Danish GM Bent Larsen. \"Spassky predicted a tight struggle. 'Larsen is a little stronger in spirit. Before the match, Botvinnik had told a Soviet television audience:{{cite book }} Fischer beat Larsen by the identical score of 6\u20130. Robert Byrne writes: \"To a certain extent I could grasp the Taimanov match as a kind of curiosity\u2014almost a freak, a strange chess occurrence that would never occur again. But now I am at a loss for anything whatever to say\u2026 So, it is out of the question for me to explain how Bobby, how anyone, could"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " win six games in a row from such a genius of the game as Bent Larsen\". Just a year before, Larsen had played first board for the Rest of the World team ahead of Fischer, and had handed Fischer his only loss at the Interzonal. Garry Kasparov later wrote that no player had ever shown a superiority over his rivals comparable to Fischer's \"incredible\" 12\u20130 score in the two matches. Chess statistician Jeff Sonas concludes that the victory over Larsen gave Fischer the \"highest single-match performance rating ever\". On August 8, 1971, while preparing for his last Candidates match with former world champion Tigran Petrosian, Fischer won the Manhattan Chess Club Rapid Tournament, scoring 21\u00bd/22 against a strong field.{{cite book }} Despite Fischer's results against Taimanov and Larsen, his upcoming match against Petrosian seemed a daunting task. Nevertheless, the Soviet government was concerned about Fischer. \"Reporters asked Petrosian whether the match would last the full twelve games\u2026 'It might be possible that I win it earlier,' Petrosian replied\", and then stated: \"Fischer's [nineteen consecutive] wins do not impress me. He is a great chess player but no genius.\""}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " Petrosian played a strong in the first game, gaining the advantage, but Fischer eventually won the game after Petrosian faltered. This gave Fischer a run of 20 consecutive wins against the world's top players (in the Interzonal and Candidates matches), a winning streak topped only by Steinitz's 25 straight wins in 1873\u20131882. Petrosian won the second game, finally snapping Fischer's streak. After three consecutive draws, Fischer swept the next four games to win the match 6\u00bd\u20132\u00bd (+5\u22121=3). \"Sports Illustrated\" ran an article on the match, highlighting Fischer's domination of Petrosian as being due to Petrosian's outdated system of preparation: Upon completion of the match, Petrosian remarked: \"After the sixth game Fischer really did become a genius. I on the other hand, either had a breakdown or was tired, or something else happened, but the last three games were no longer chess.\" \"Some experts kept insisting that Petrosian was off form, and that he should have had a plus score at the end of the sixth game\u2026\" to which Fischer replied, \"People have been playing against me below strength for fifteen years.\" Fischer's match results befuddled Botvinn"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "ik: \"It is hard to talk about Fischer's matches. Since the time that he has been playing them, miracles have begun.\" \"When Petrosian played like Petrosian, Fischer played like a very strong grandmaster, but when Petrosian began making mistakes, Fischer was transformed into a genius.\" Fischer gained a far higher rating than any player in history up to that time. On the July 1972 FIDE rating list, his Elo rating of 2785 was 125 points above (World No. 2) Spassky's rating of 2660.{{cite book }} His results put him on the cover of \"Life\" magazine, and allowed him to challenge World Champion Boris Spassky, whom he had never beaten (+0\u22123=2).</s><s>1969\u20131972: Road to World Champion.:World Championship match. Fischer's career-long stubbornness about match and tournament conditions was again seen in the run-up to his match with Spassky. Of the possible sites, Fischer's first choice was Belgrade, Yugoslavia, while Spassky's was Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland. For a time it appeared that the dispute would be resolved by splitting the match between the two locations, but that arrangement failed. After that issue"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " was resolved, Fischer refused to appear in Iceland until the prize fund was increased. London financier Jim Slater donated an additional US$125,000, bringing the prize fund up to an unprecedented $250,000 ($ million today) and Fischer finally agreed to play. Before and during the match, Fischer paid special attention to his physical training and fitness, which was a relatively novel approach for top chess players at that time. Leading up to this match he conducted interviews with 60 Minutes and Dick Cavett explaining the importance of physical fitness in his preparation. He had developed his tennis skills to a good level, and played frequently during off-days in Reykjav\u00edk. He had also arranged for exclusive use of his hotel's swimming pool during specified hours, and swam for extended periods, usually late at night. According to Soviet Grandmaster Nikolai Krogius, Fischer \"was paying great attention to sport, and that he was swimming and even boxing\u2026\" The match took place in Reykjav\u00edk from July to September 1972. Fischer was accompanied by William Lombardy; besides assisting with analysis, Lombardy may have played an important role in getting Fischer to play in the match and to stay in it. The match was the first to receive an American broadcast in prime"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " time. Fischer lost the first two games in strange fashion: the first when he played a risky pawn-grab in a drawn endgame, the second by forfeit when he refused to play the game in a dispute over playing conditions. Fischer would likely have forfeited the entire match, but Spassky, not wanting to win by default, yielded to Fischer's demands to move the next game to a back room, away from the cameras, whose presence had upset Fischer. After that game, the match was moved back to the stage and proceeded without further serious incident. Fischer won seven of the next 19 games, losing only one and drawing eleven, to win the match 12\u00bd\u20138\u00bd and become the 11th World Chess Champion. The Cold War trappings made the match a media sensation. It was called \"The Match of the Century\", and received front-page media coverage in the United States and around the world.{{cite book|author=Richard Roberts |author2=Harold C. Schonberg |author3=I. A. Horowitz |author4=Samuel Reshevsky|name-list-style=amp }} Fischer's win was an American victory in a field that Soviet players \u2013 closely identified with and subsidized by the state \u2013"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " had dominated for the previous quarter-century. Kasparov remarked, \"Fischer fits ideologically into the context of the Cold War era: a lone American genius challenges the Soviet chess machine and defeats it\". Dutch Grandmaster Jan Timman calls Fischer's victory \"the story of a lonely hero who overcomes an entire empire\". Fischer's sister observed, \"Bobby did all this in a country almost totally without a chess culture. It was as if an Eskimo had cleared a tennis court in the snow and gone on to win the world championship\". Upon Fischer's return to New York, a Bobby Fischer Day was held.{{cite book }} He was offered numerous product endorsement offers worth \"at least $5 million\" ($ million today), all of which he declined. He appeared on the cover of \"Sports Illustrated\" with American Olympic swimming champion Mark Spitz and also appeared on The Dick Cavett Show, as well as on a Bob Hope TV special. Membership in the US Chess Federation doubled in 1972, and peaked in 1974; in American chess, these years are commonly referred to as the \"Fischer Boom\". This match attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since.</s><s>1969\u20131972: Road to World Champion.:Forfeiture of title."}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " Fischer was scheduled to defend his title in 1975 against Anatoly Karpov, who had emerged as his challenger.{{cite book }} Fischer, who had played no competitive games since his World Championship match with Spassky, laid out a proposal for the match in September 1973, in consultation with FIDE official Fred Cramer. He made three principal (non-negotiable) demands: 1. The match continues until one player wins 10 games, draws not counting. 2. No limit to the total number of games played. 3. In case of a 9\u20139 score, the champion (Fischer) retains the title, and the prize fund is split equally. A FIDE Congress was held in 1974 during the Nice Olympiad. The delegates voted in favor of Fischer's 10-win proposal, but rejected his other two proposals, and limited the number of games in the match to 36. In response to FIDE's ruling, Fischer sent a cable to Euwe on June 27, 1974: The delegates responded by reaffirming their prior decisions, but did not accept Fischer's resignation and requested that he reconsider. Many observers considered Fischer's requested 9\u20139 clause unfair because it would require the challenger to win by at least two games (10\u2013"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "8). Botvinnik called the 9\u20139 clause \"unsporting\". Korchnoi, David Bronstein, and Lev Alburt considered the 9\u20139 clause reasonable. Due to the continued efforts of US Chess Federation officials, a special FIDE Congress was held in March 1975 in Bergen, Netherlands, in which it was accepted that the match should be of unlimited duration, but the 9\u20139 clause was once again rejected, by a narrow margin of 35 votes to 32. FIDE set a deadline of April 1, 1975, for Fischer and Karpov to confirm their participation in the match. No reply was received from Fischer by April 3. Thus, by default, Karpov officially became World Champion. In his 1991 autobiography, Karpov professed regret that the match had not taken place, and claimed that the lost opportunity to challenge Fischer held back his own chess development. Karpov met with Fischer several times after 1975, in friendly but ultimately unsuccessful attempts to arrange a match, since Karpov would never agree to play to 10. Brian Carney opined in \"The Wall Street Journal\" that Fischer's victory over Spassky in 1972 left him nothing to prove, except that perhaps someone could someday beat him, and he was not interested"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " in the risk of losing. He also opined that Fischer's refusal to recognize peers also allowed his paranoia to flower: \"The world championship he won\u00a0... validated his view of himself as a chess player, but it also insulated him from the humanizing influences of the world around him. He descended into what can only be considered a kind of madness\". Bronstein felt that Fischer \"had the right to play the match with Karpov on his own conditions\". Korchnoi stated: Soviet GM Lev Alburt felt that the decision to not concede to Fischer's demands rested on Karpov's \"sober view of what he was capable of\". Years later, in his 1992 match against Spassky, Fischer said that Karpov refused to play against him under Fischer's conditions.</s><s>Sudden obscurity. After the 1972 World Chess Championship, Fischer did not play a competitive game in public for nearly 20\u00a0years. In 1977 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, he played three games against the MIT Greenblatt computer program, winning them all. He moved to the Los Angeles area and associated with the Worldwide Church of God for a time. On May 26, 1981, while walking in Pasadena, Fischer was arrested by a police patrolman, because he resembled a man who"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " had just committed a robbery in the area. Fischer, who alleged that he was slightly injured during the arrest, said that he was held for two days, subjected to assault and various types of mistreatment, and released on $1,000 bail. Fischer published a 14-page pamphlet detailing his allegations of police misconduct, saying that his arrest had been \"a frame up and set up\". In 1981, Fischer stayed at the home of grandmaster Peter Biyiasas in San Francisco, where, over a period of four months, he defeated Biyiasas seventeen times in a series of speed games. In an interview with \"Sports Illustrated\" reporter William Nack, Biyiasas assessed Fischer's play: In 1988\u20131990, Fischer had a relationship with German chess player Petra Stadler, who had been put in touch with Fischer by Spassky. When Stadler later published a book about the affair, Spassky apologized to Fischer.</s><s>1992 Spassky rematch. Fischer emerged after twenty years of isolation to play Spassky (then tied for 96th\u2013102nd on the FIDE rating list) in a \"Revenge Match of the 20th century\" in 1992. This match took place in Sveti Stefan and Bel"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "grade, Yugoslavia, in spite of a United Nations embargo that included sanctions on commercial activities. Fischer demanded that the organizers bill the match as \"The World Chess Championship\", although Garry Kasparov was the recognized FIDE World Champion. Fischer insisted he was still the true World Champion, and that for all the games in the FIDE-sanctioned World Championship matches, involving Karpov, Korchnoi, and Kasparov, the outcomes had been prearranged. The purse for the rematch was US$5\u00a0million, with $3.35\u00a0million of the purse to go to the winner. This was and still is the largest purse for a match in chess history. According to grandmaster Andrew Soltis: Fischer won the match with 10 wins, 5 losses, and 15 draws. Kasparov stated, \"Bobby is playing OK, nothing more. Maybe his strength is 2600 or 2650. It wouldn't be close between us\". Yasser Seirawan believed that the match proved that Fischer's playing strength was \"somewhere in the top ten in the world\". Fischer and Spassky gave ten press conferences during the match. Seirawan attended the match and met with Fischer on several occasions; the two analyzed some match games and"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " had personal discourse. Seirawan later wrote: \"After September 23 [1992], I threw most of what I'd ever read about Bobby out of my head. Sheer garbage. Bobby is the most misunderstood, misquoted celebrity walking the face of the earth.\" He added that Fischer was not camera shy, smiled and laughed easily, was \"a fine wit\" and \"wholly enjoyable conversationalist\". The US Department of the Treasury warned Fischer before the start of the match that his participation was illegal, that it would violate President George H. W. Bush's imposing United Nations Security Council sanctions against engaging in economic activities in Yugoslavia. In response, during the first scheduled press conference on September 1, 1992, in front of the international press, Fischer spat on the US order, saying \"this is my reply\". His violation of the order led US Federal officials to initiate a warrant for his arrest upon completion of the match, citing, in pertinent part, \"Title 50 USC \u00a7\u00a71701, 1702, and 1705 and Executive Order 12810\". Before the rematch against Spassky, Fischer had won a training match against Svetozar Gligori\u0107 in Sveti Stefan with six wins, one loss, and three draws.</s><s>Later life"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " and death.</s><s>Later life and death.:Life as an \u00e9migr\u00e9. After the 1992 match with Spassky, Fischer, now a fugitive, slid back into relative obscurity, taking up residence in Budapest, Hungary, and allegedly having a relationship with young Hungarian chess master Zita Rajcs\u00e1nyi. Fischer stated that standard chess was stale and that he now played blitz games of chess variants, such as Chess960. He visited the Polg\u00e1r family in Budapest and analyzed many games with Judit, Zsuzsa, and Zs\u00f3fia Polg\u00e1r. In 1998 and 1999, he also stayed at the house of young Hungarian grandmaster Peter Leko. From 2000 to 2002, Fischer lived in Baguio in the Philippines, residing in the same compound as the Filipino grandmaster Eugenio Torre, a close friend who had acted as his during his 1992 match with Spassky. Torre introduced Fischer to a 22\u00a0year-old woman named Marilyn Young. On May 21, 2001, Marilyn Young gave birth to a daughter named Jinky Young, and claimed that Fischer was the child's father, a claim ultimately disproven by DNA after Fischer's death.</s><s>Later life and death.:Comments on"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " September 11 attacks. Shortly after midnight on September 12, 2001, Philippines local time (approximately four hours after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the US), Fischer was interviewed live by Pablo Mercado on the Baguio station of the Bombo Radyo network. Fischer stated that he was happy that the attacks had happened, while expressing his view on United States and Israeli foreign policy, saying, \"I applaud the act. Look, nobody gets\u00a0... that the US and Israel have been slaughtering the Palestinians\u00a0... for years.\" He also said, \"The horrible behavior that the US is committing all over the world\u00a0... This just shows you, that what goes around, comes around, even for the United States.\" Fischer also referenced the movie \"Seven Days in May\" and said he hoped for a military coup d'\u00e9tat in the US: \"[I hope] the country will be taken over by the military\u2014they'll close down all the synagogues, arrest all the Jews, execute hundreds of thousands of Jewish ringleaders.\" In response to Fischer's statements about 9/11, the US Chess Federation passed a motion to cancel his right to membership in the organization. Fischer's right to become a member was reinstated in 2007.</s><s>Later"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " life and death.:Detention in Japan. Fischer lived for a time in Japan. On July 13, 2004, acting in response to a letter from US officials, Japanese immigration authorities arrested him at Narita International Airport near Tokyo for allegedly using a revoked US passport while trying to board a Japan Airlines flight to Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, Philippines. Fischer resisted arrest, and claimed to have sustained bruises, cuts and a broken tooth in the process. At the time, Fischer had a passport (originally issued in 1997 and updated in 2003 to add more pages) that, according to US officials, had been revoked in November 2003 due to his outstanding arrest-warrant for the Yugoslavia sanctions violation. Despite the outstanding arrest-warrant in the US, Fischer said that he believed the passport was still valid. The authorities held Fischer at a custody center for 16 days before transferring him to another facility. Fischer said that his cell was windowless and he had not seen the light of day during that period, and that the staff had ignored his complaints about constant tobacco smoke in his cell. Tokyo-based Canadian journalist and consultant John Bosnitch set up the \"Committee to Free Bobby Fischer\" after meeting Fischer at Narita Airport and offering to assist him."}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " Boris Spassky wrote a letter to US President George W. Bush, asking \"For mercy, charity,\" and, if that was not possible, \"to put [him] in the same cell with Bobby Fischer\" and \"to give [them] a chess set\". It was reported that Fischer and Miyoko Watai, the President of the Japanese Chess Association (with whom he had reportedly been living since 2000) wanted to become legally married. It was also reported that Fischer had been living in the Philippines with Marilyn Young during the same period. Fischer applied for German citizenship, on the grounds that his father was German. Fischer stated that he wanted to renounce his US citizenship, and appealed to US Secretary of State Colin Powell to help him do so, though to no effect. Japan's Justice Minister rejected Fischer's request for asylum and ordered his deportation. While in prison, Bobby Fischer legally married Miyoko Watai on September 6, 2004.</s><s>Later life and death.:Citizenship and residency in Iceland. Seeking ways to evade deportation to the United States, Fischer wrote a letter to the government of Iceland in early January 2005, requesting Icelandic citizenship. Sympathetic to Fischer's plight, but reluctant to grant him the full benefits of citizenship, Icelandic authorities"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " granted him an alien's passport. When this proved insufficient for the Japanese authorities, the Althing (the Icelandic Parliament), at the behest of William Lombardy,{{cite book }} agreed unanimously to grant Fischer full citizenship in late March for humanitarian reasons, as they felt he was being unjustly treated by the United States and Japanese governments, and also in recognition of his 1972 match, which had \"put Iceland on the map\". After arriving in Reykjav\u00edk in late March, Fischer gave a press conference. He lived a reclusive life in Iceland, avoiding entrepreneurs and others who approached him with various proposals. Fischer moved into an apartment in the same building as his close friend and spokesman, Gar\u00f0ar Sverrisson. Gar\u00f0ar's wife, Krist\u00edn \u00de\u00f3rarinsd\u00f3ttir, was a nurse and later looked after Fischer as a terminally ill patient. Gar\u00f0ar's two children, especially his son, were very close to Fischer. Fischer also developed a friendship with Magn\u00fas Sk\u00falason, a psychiatrist and chess player who later recalled long discussions with him on a wide variety of subjects. On December 10, 2006, Fischer telephoned an Icelandic television station that had just broadcast a chess game in which one player"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " blundered such that his opponent was able to mate on the next move. Although he tried to change his mind upon seeing the mate, the touch-move rule forced him to play the blunder. Fischer pointed out a winning combination that could have been played instead of the blunder or the other attempted move, but had been missed by the player and commentators. In 2005, some of Fischer's belongings were auctioned on eBay. Fischer claimed, in 2006, that the belongings sold in the US without his permission were worth \"hundreds of millions of [US] dollars; even billions of dollars.\" In the same interview, Fischer also said that UBS Bank had closed an account of his and liquidated his assets against his wishes, transferring the funds to a bank in Iceland.</s><s>Later life and death.:Death, estate dispute, and exhumation. On January 17, 2008, Fischer died at age 64 from degenerative kidney failure at the Landsp\u00edtali Hospital (National University Hospital of Iceland) in Reykjav\u00edk.Death: - - - - - - - -  He originally had a urinary tract blockage but refused surgery or medication. Magn\u00fas Sk\u00falason reported Fischer's response to leg massages: \"Nothing so"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "othes as much as the human touch.\" On January 21, Fischer was buried in the small Christian cemetery of Laugard\u00e6lir church, outside the town of Selfoss, southeast of Reykjav\u00edk, after a Catholic funeral presided over by Fr. Jakob Rolland of the diocese of Reykjav\u00edk. In accordance with Fischer's wishes, only Miyoko Watai, Gar\u00f0ar Sverrisson, and Gar\u00f0ar's family were present.Burial: - - -. - - - Fischer's estate was estimated at 140 million ISK (about \u00a31 million, or US$2 million). It quickly became the object of a legal battle involving claims from four parties, with Miyoko Watai ultimately inheriting what remained of Fischer's estate after government claims. The four parties were Fischer's Japanese wife, Miyoko Watai; his alleged Filipino daughter, Jinky Young, and her mother, Marilyn Young; his two American nephews, Alexander and Nicholas Targ, and their father, Russell Targ; and the US government (claiming unpaid taxes). Marilyn Young claimed that Jinky was Fischer's daughter, citing as evidence Jinky's birth and baptismal certificates, photographs, a transaction record dated December 4,"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " 2007, of a bank remittance by Fischer to Jinky, and Jinky's DNA through her blood samples. However, Magn\u00fas Sk\u00falason, a friend of Fischer's, said that he was certain that Fischer was not the girl's father. In addition, the validity of Miyoko Watai's marriage to Fischer was challenged. On June 16, 2010, Iceland's supreme court ruled in favor of a petition on behalf of Jinky Young to have Fischer's remains exhumed. The exhumation was performed on July 5, 2010, in the presence of a doctor, a priest, and other officials. A DNA sample was taken and Fischer's body was then reburied. On August 17, 2010, it was announced that results of DNA testing had ruled out Fischer as the father of Jinky Young. On March 3, 2011, an Icelandic district court ruled that Miyoko Watai and Fischer had married on September 6, 2004, and that, as Fischer's widow and heir, Watai was therefore entitled to inherit Fischer's estate. Fischer's nephews were ordered to pay Watai's legal costs, amounting to ISK 6.6 million (approximately $57,000).</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "Personal life.:Religious affiliation. Although Fischer's mother was Jewish, Fischer rejected attempts to label him as Jewish. In a 1962 interview with \"Harper's\", asked if he was Jewish, he replied that he was \"part-Jewish\" through his mother. In the same interview he was quoted as saying: \"I read a book lately by Nietzsche and he says religion is just to dull the senses of the people. I agree.\" In a 1984 letter to the editor of the \"Encyclopaedia Judaica\", Fischer demanded that they remove his name from future editions. Fischer associated with the Worldwide Church of God in the mid-1960s. The church prescribed Saturday Sabbath, and forbade work (and competitive chess) on Sabbath. According to his friend and colleague Larry Evans, in 1968 Fischer felt philosophically that \"the world was coming to an end\" and he might as well make some money by publishing \"My 60 Memorable Games\"; Fischer thought that the Rapture was coming soon. During the mid-1970s, Fischer contributed significant money to the Worldwide Church of God. In 1972, one journalist stated that \"Fischer is almost as serious about religion as he is about chess\", and the champion credited his faith with greatly improving his chess. Yet prophecies"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " by Herbert W. Armstrong went unfulfilled. Fischer eventually left the church in 1977, \"accusing it of being 'Satanic', and vigorously attacking its methods and leadership\". Towards the end of his life, Fischer became interested in Catholicism. He bought his friend Gardar Sverrisson a copy of \"Basic Catechism: Creed, Sacraments, Morality, Prayer\" so Gardar could explain the religion better to him. According to Sverrisson, Fischer talked to him about transformation of society through creation of harmony and that \"the only hope for the world is through Catholicism.\" Fischer was also known to have read a synopsis of G. K. Chesterton's works in the years leading up to his death. He requested a Catholic funeral, and this final service was presided over by Catholic priest Jakob Rolland.</s><s>Personal life.:Antisemitism. Fischer made numerous antisemitic statements and professed a general hatred for Jews from at least the early 1960s. Jan Hein Donner wrote that at the time of Bled 1961, \"He idolized Hitler and read everything about him that he could lay his hands on. He also championed a brand of antisemitism that could only be thought up by a mind completely cut off"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " from reality.\" Donner took Fischer to a war museum, which \"left a great impression, since [Fischer] is not an evil person, and afterwards he was more restrained in his remarks\u2014to me, at least.\" From the 1980s on, Fischer's comments about Jews were a major theme in his public and private remarks. He openly denied the Holocaust, and called the United States \"a farce controlled by dirty, hook-nosed, circumcised Jew bastards\". Between 1999 and 2006, Fischer's primary means of communicating with the public was radio interviews. He participated in at least 34 such broadcasts, mostly with radio stations in the Philippines, but also in Hungary, Iceland, Colombia, and Russia. In 1999, he gave a radio call-in interview to a station in Budapest, Hungary, during which he described himself as the \"victim of an international Jewish conspiracy\". In another radio interview, Fischer said that it became clear to him in 1977, after reading \"The Secret World Government\" by Count Cherep-Spiridovich, that Jewish agencies were targeting him. Fischer's sudden reemergence was apparently triggered when some of his belongings, which had been stored in a Pasadena, California, storage unit, were sold by the landlord,"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " who claimed it was in response to nonpayment of rent. Fischer was also upset that UBS had liquidated his assets and closed his account without his permission. When asked who he thought was responsible for the actions UBS had taken, Fischer replied: \"There's no question that the Jew-controlled United States is behind this\u2014that's obvious.\" Fischer, at a press conference upon his return to Reykjavik, Iceland, lashed out at Jeremy Schaap, the son of the late Dick Schaap, a sportswriter who had been a father figure to Fischer when growing up, calling his father a \"Jewish snake\" for doubting Fischer's sanity in his later writings. Fischer's library contained antisemitic and racist literature such as \"Mein Kampf\", \"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion\", and \"The White Man's Bible\" and \"Nature's Eternal Religion\" by Ben Klassen, founder of the World Church of the Creator.{{cite web }}Fischer wrote of \"Nature's Eternal Religion\" in a 1979 letter to Benko, The book shows that Christianity itself is just a Jewish hoax and one more Jewish tool for their conquest of the world.\u00a0... Unfortunately the author is an extreme racist and this somewhat spo"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "ils the book. {{cite book</s><s>Personal life.:Speculation on psychological condition. While as far as is known Fischer was never formally diagnosed with a mental disorder, there has been widespread comment and speculation concerning his psychological condition based on his extreme views and unusual behavior. Reuben Fine, psychologist and chess player, who met Fischer many times, said that \"Some of Bobby's behavior is so strange, unpredictable, odd and bizarre that even his most ardent apologists have had a hard time explaining what makes him tick\" and described him as \"a troubled human being\" with \"obvious personal problems\". Valery Krylov, advisor to Anatoly Karpov and a specialist in the \"psycho-physiological rehabilitation of sportsmen\", believed Fischer had schizophrenia. Psychologist Joseph G. Ponterotto, from secondhand sources, concludes that \"Bobby did not meet all the necessary criteria to reach diagnoses of schizophrenia or Asperger syndrome. The evidence is stronger for paranoid personality disorder.\" Magn\u00fas Sk\u00falason, a chess player, psychiatrist and head doctor of Sogn Institution for Mentally Ill Offenders near Selfoss, befriended Fischer towards the end of Fischer's life. From \"Endgame\", Fischer's 2011 biography by Frank Brady:</s>"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "<s>Contributions to chess.</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Writings. - \"Bobby Fischer's Games of Chess\" (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1959).. An early collection of 34 lightly annotated games, including \"The Game of the Century\" against Donald Byrne. - \"A Bust to the King's Gambit\" (\"American Chess Quarterly\", Vol. 1, No. 1 (Summer 1961), pp.\u00a03\u20139).{{cite book |author=Bobby Fischer - \"The Russians Have Fixed World Chess\" (\"Sports Illustrated\", Vol. 17, No. 8 (August 20, 1962), pp.\u00a018\u201319, 64\u201365). This is the controversial article in which Fischer asserted that several of the Soviet players in the 1962 Cura\u00e7ao Candidates' tournament had colluded with one another to prevent him [Fischer] from winning the tournament. - \"The Ten Greatest Masters in History\" (\"Chessworld\", Vol. 1, No. 1 (January\u2013February 1964), pp.\u00a056\u201361). An article in which Fischer named Paul Morphy, Howard Staunton, Wilhelm Steinitz, Siegbert Tarrasch, Mikhail Chigorin, Alexander Alekhine, Jos\u00e9"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " Ra\u00fal Capablanca, Boris Spassky, Mikhail Tal, and Samuel Reshevsky as the greatest players of all time. Fischer's criterion for inclusion on his list was his own subjective appreciation of their games rather than their achievements. - \"Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess\" (1966), co-written with Donn Mosenfelder and Stuart Margulies. The extent of Fischer's contribution has been questioned. - \"Checkmate\" column from December 1966 to December 1969 in \"Boys' Life\", later assumed by Larry Evans. - \"My 60 Memorable Games\" (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1969, and Faber and Faber, London, 1969; Batsford 2008 (algebraic notation)). Studied by Kasparov at a young age; \"A classic of painstaking and objective analysis that modestly includes three of his losses.\" - \"I Was Tortured in the Pasadena Jailhouse!\" (1982). A self-published booklet on an incident in which Fischer was booked for vagrancy.</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Opening theory. Fischer's opening repertoire was narrow in some ways. As White, Fischer almost exclusively played 1.e4, calling it \"best by test\", throughout his career."}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " He played 1.d4 only once in a serious game, during a blitz tournament. In spite of this narrowness, he was considered by some of his rivals to be unpredictable in his opening play, and a difficult opponent to prepare for. As Black, Fischer would usually play the Najdorf Sicilian against 1.e4, and the King's Indian Defense against 1.d4, only rarely venturing into the Nimzo-Indian, Benoni, Gr\u00fcnfeld or Neo-Gr\u00fcnfeld. Fischer acknowledged difficulty playing against the of the French Defense (1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4), but maintained that the Winawer was unsound because it exposed Black's kingside, and that, in his view, \"Black was trading off his good bishop with 3...Bb4 and\u00a0...Bxc3.\" Later on Fischer said: \"I may yet be forced to admit that the Winawer is sound. But I doubt it! The defense is anti-positional and weakens the K-side.\" Fischer was renowned for his opening preparation and made numerous contributions to chess opening theory. He was one of the foremost experts on the Ruy Lopez. A"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " line of the Exchange Variation (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Bxc6 dxc6 5.0-0) is sometimes called the \"Fischer Variation\" after he successfully resurrected it at the 1966 Havana Olympiad.{{cite book }}{{cite book|quote=The modern version of the Spanish Exchange variation, in which White moves 5.0-0 after the exchange on move 4, should be named after former world champion Bobby Fischer. [Fischer, after finding an improvement on a 1965 game Barendregt-Teschner, which Black won,] started to play the Exchange with the move 5.0-0, winning game after game with it, and continued to play it with success even in his 1992 rematch with Boris Spassky, his final formal chess event. }} Fischer's lifetime score with the move 5.0-0 in tournament and match games was eight wins, three draws, and no losses (86.36%). Fischer was a recognized expert in the black side of the Najdorf Sicilian and the King's Indian Defense. He used the Gr\u00fcnfeld Defense and Neo-Gr\u00fcnfeld Defense"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " to win his celebrated games against Donald and Robert Byrne, and played a theoretical novelty in the Gr\u00fcnfeld against reigning world champion Mikhail Botvinnik, refuting Botvinnik's prepared analysis. In the Nimzo-Indian Defense, the line beginning with 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 b6 5.Ne2 Ba6 was named after him.{{cite book }}{{cite book }}{{cite book }} Fischer established the viability of the so-called Poisoned Pawn Variation of the Najdorf Sicilian (1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 Qb6). This bold queen sortie, to snatch a pawn at the expense of development, had been considered dubious,{{cite book }}{{cite book }} but Fischer succeeded in proving its soundness. Out of ten tournament and match games as Black in the Poisoned Pawn, Fischer scored 70%, winning five, drawing four, and losing only one: the 11"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "th game of his 1972 match against Spassky. Following Fischer's use, the Poisoned Pawn Variation became a respected line, utilized by many of the world's leading players.{{cite book }} Fischer's 10.f5 in this line against Efim Geller quickly became the main line of the Poisoned Pawn. On the white side of the Sicilian, Fischer made advances to the theory of the line beginning 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 (or e6) 6.Bc4, which has sometimes been named after him. In 1961, prompted by a loss the year before to Spassky, Fischer wrote an article titled \"A to the King's Gambit\" for the first issue of the \"American Chess Quarterly\", in which he stated, \"In my opinion, the King's Gambit is busted. It loses by force.\" Fischer recommended 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 d6, which has since become known as the Fischer Defense, as a refutation to the King's Gambit.{{cite book }}{"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "{cite book }} Fischer later played the King's Gambit as White in three tournament games, winning them all.</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Endgame. Fischer had excellent endgame technique. International Master Jeremy Silman listed him as one of the five best endgame players (along with Emanuel Lasker, Akiba Rubinstein, Jos\u00e9 Ra\u00fal Capablanca, and Vasily Smyslov), calling Fischer a \"master of bishop endings\".{{cite book }} The endgame of a rook, bishop, and pawns against a rook, knight, and pawns has sometimes been called the \"Fischer Endgame\" because of several instructive wins by Fischer (with the bishop), including three against Mark Taimanov in 1970 and 1971.{{cite book }}{{cite book }}{{cite book }}</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Fischer clock. In 1988, Fischer filed for for a new type of chess clock, which gave each player a fixed period at the start of the game and then added a small increment after each completed move. An example of Fischer's patented clock was made for, and used in, the 1992 rematch between Fischer and Spassky. Clocks based on the \"Fischer clock"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "\" soon became standard in major chess tournaments. Fischer would later complain that he was cheated out of the royalties for this invention.</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Fischer Random. Following his re-emergence onto the chess scene with his 1992 match against Spassky, Fischer heavily disparaged chess as it was being played at the highest levels. As a result, on June 19, 1996, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Fischer announced and advocated a variant of chess called Fischerandom (later also known as Chess960). The goal of Fischerandom was to ensure that a game between two players is a contest between their understandings of chess, rather than their abilities to prepare opening strategies or memorize opening lines.{{cite book</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Legacy. Some grandmasters compared Fischer's play to that of a computer or a player without noticeable weaknesses.{{cite book|author=Edward Winter }} Biographers David Edmonds and John Eidinow wrote: Kasparov wrote that Fischer \"became the detonator of an avalanche of new chess ideas, a revolutionary whose revolution is still in progress\". In January 2009, reigning world champion Viswanathan Anand described him as \"the greatest chess player who ever lived\". Serbian GM Lj"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "ubomir Ljubojevi\u0107 called Fischer, \"A man without frontiers. He didn't divide the East and the West, he brought them together in their admiration of him.\" German GM Karsten M\u00fcller wrote:</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Head-to-head record versus selected grandmasters. (Rapid, blitz, and blindfold games not included; listed as +wins \u2212losses =draws.) - Mikhail Tal +2\u22124=5 - Mikhail Botvinnik +0\u22120=1 - Vasily Smyslov +3\u22121=5 - Boris Spassky +17\u221211=28 - Max Euwe +1\u22121=1 - Tigran Petrosian +8\u22124=15 - Efim Geller +3\u22125=2 - Svetozar Gligori\u0107 +7\u22124=8 - Paul Keres +4\u22123=3 - Victor Korchnoi +2\u22122=4 - Bent Larsen +9\u22122=1 - Miguel Najdorf +4\u22121=4 - Lev Polugaevsky +0\u22120=1 - David Bronstein +0\u22120=2 - Samuel Reshevsky +"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "9\u22124=13 - Mark Taimanov +7\u22120=1 - Borislav Ivkov +4\u22122=4 - Pal Benko +8\u22123=7</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Internet chess playing speculation. In 2001, Nigel Short wrote in \"The Sunday Telegraph\" chess column that he believed he had been secretly playing Fischer on the Internet Chess Club (ICC) in speed chess matches. Subsequently others claimed to have played Fischer as well. Fischer denied ownership of the account.</s><s>In popular culture.</s><s>In popular culture.:In film. - The 1993 film \"Searching for Bobby Fischer\", adopted from its eponymous book, uses Fischer's name in the title even though the film and book are about the life of chess prodigy Joshua Waitzkin, whose father wrote the book. Outside of the United States, it was released as \"Innocent Moves\". The title refers to the search for Fischer's successor after his disappearance from competitive chess, since Waitzkin's father feels that his son could be that successor. Fischer claimed never to have seen the film and complained that it invaded his privacy by using his name without his permission. Fischer never received any compensation from the film, calling it \"a monumental sw"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "indle\". - In April 2009, the documentary \"Me and Bobby Fischer\", about Fischer's last years as his old friend Saemundur Palsson gets him out of jail in Japan and helps him settle in Iceland, was premiered in Iceland. The film was produced by Fri\u00f0rik Gu\u00f0mundsson with music by Gu\u00f0laugur Kristinn \u00d3ttarsson, Bj\u00f6rk and Einar Arnaldur Melax. - In October 2009, the biographical film \"Bobby Fischer Live\" was released, with Damien Chapa directing and starring as Fischer. - In 2011, documentary filmmaker Liz Garbus released \"Bobby Fischer Against the World\", which explores the life of Fischer, with interviews from Garry Kasparov, Anthony Saidy, and others. - On September 16, 2015, the American biographical film \"Pawn Sacrifice\" was released, starring Tobey Maguire as Fischer, Liev Schreiber as Boris Spassky, Lily Rabe as Joan Fischer, and Peter Sarsgaard as William Lombardy.</s><s>In popular culture.:Other media. - The musical \"Chess\", with lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson, tells the story of two chess champions"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": ". The musical is loosely based on the 1972 World Championship match between Fischer and Spassky, and in later stage productions the American player is named \"Freddie Trumper\", a reference to Fischer. - During the 1972 Fischer\u2013Spassky match, the Soviet bard Vladimir Vysotsky wrote an ironic two-song cycle \"Honor of the Chess Crown\". The first song is about a rank-and-file Soviet worker's preparation for the match with Fischer; the second is about the game. Many expressions from the songs have become catchphrases in Russian culture. - British sophisti-pop band Prefab Sprout reference Fischer in their 1984 song \"Cue Fanfare\" in the lyrics \"When Bobby Fischer's plane touches the ground/He'll take those Russian boys and play them out of town\". - In a season 21 episode of \"Saturday Night Live\", in a sketch set at a chess tournament, the Spartan cheerleaders, played by Will Ferrell and Cheri Oteri, sang a cheer with references to Fischer and his reclusion, including the lyrics \"Where is he?/I don't know/I don't know\". - In episode 6 of season 3 of \"Drunk History\", titled 'Games', comedian and"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " author Rich Fulcher retold the story of the 1972 World Chess Championship match between Fischer and Spassky. In the episode, Taran Killam plays Fischer, and Jake Johnson plays Spassky.</s><s>Tournament, match, and team event summaries. Fischer played 752 tournament games in his career, winning 417, drawing 251, and losing 84. These include, however, games when he was very young; if only the games after he turned 20 are considered, he played 311 tournament games and lost 23, a 7.4% loss percentage.</s><s>Tournament, match, and team event summaries.:Tournaments. The 1955 US Amateur Championship was the first tournament organized by the US Chess Federation in which Fischer entered. Before this tournament, he had played in the Brooklyn Chess Club Championships, in some tournaments organized by the Brooklyn YMCA Chess and Checker Club, and in a correspondence chess tournament organized by \"Chess Review\".</s><s>Notable games. - Donald Byrne vs. Fischer, New York 1956; Gr\u00fcnfeld Defense, 5.Bf4 (D92),. Played when Fischer was 13 years old, \"this game appeared in chess magazines around the world, provoking the delight of the public and the amazement of the"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " experts.\" It was dubbed \"The Game of the Century\" by Hans Kmoch in \"Chess Review\". - Svetozar Gligori\u0107 vs. Fischer, Bled 1961; King's Indian Defense, Classical Variation, Mar del Plata Variation (E98),. \"A genuine drawn masterpiece\" according to Garry Kasparov. Andrew Soltis rated it as one of \"The 100 Best Chess Games of the 20th Century\". - Robert Byrne vs. Fischer, 1963/64 US Championship; Neo-Gr\u00fcnfeld Defense, 0\u20131; annotated. From an almost position, Fischer beats a strong international master in \u2014\"a game that was immediately recognized as an all-time classic\". - Fischer vs. Mark Taimanov, Vancouver Candidates Final 1971; 4th match game, Sicilian Defense, Taimanov Variation (B47),. Fischer's patient and accurate handling of bishop vs. knight, first in the rook and minor piece endgame, and then after rooks were, has become a staple of endgame instructional literature. - Fischer vs. Tigran Petrosian, Buenos Aires Candidates Final 1971; 7th match game, Sicilian Defense, Taimanov Variation (B42),"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": " 1\u20130. Fischer's unconventional choice of 22.Nxd7+, exchanging a well-posted knight for an apparently passive bishop, has been widely praised. However, in 2020 engine-assisted analysis by Karsten M\u00fcller and ChessBase News readers came to the conclusion that 22.a4 wins, while 22.Nxd7+ only draws against correct defense. - Fischer vs. Boris Spassky, World Chess Championship 1972; 6th match game, Queen's Gambit Declined, Tartakower Defense (D59), 1\u20130; annotated on the 1972 match page. Fischer called this game his best of the match. Efim Geller had told Spassky about the strong move 14...Qb7 during their preparation, but Spassky had forgotten the advice and played 14...a6. Geller won with 14...Qb7 against Jan Timman in the AVRO 1973 tournament. - Boris Spassky vs. Fischer, World Chess Championship 1972; 13th match game, Alekhine Defense, Modern Variation, Alburt Variation (B04), 0\u20131; annotated on the 1972 match page. Botvinnik called this game \"the highest creative achievement of Fischer\". He resolved a draw"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "ish opposite-colored bishops endgame by sacrificing his bishop and trapping his own rook. \"Then five passed pawns struggled with the white rook. Nothing similar had been seen before in chess.\" - Fischer vs. Boris Spassky, 1992; 1st match game, Ruy Lopez, Breyer Variation (C95), 1\u20130; annotated on the 1992 match page. Fischer's \"fine\" victory in his first competitive game in 20 years \"made a great impression on the chess world\", although in Kasparov's view, Spassky's play was below the standard of the leading grandmasters of the time.</s><s>See also. - Bibliography of works on Bobby Fischer - List of chess players by peak FIDE rating - List of Jewish chess players</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - {{cite book|ref=Alexander |last=Alexander|first=C. H. O'D.|author-link=Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander - {{cite book|ref=Benko |last1=Benko|first1=Pal|author-link=Pal Benko - {{cite book|ref=Bisguier |last1=Bisguier|first"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "1=Arthur|author-link=Arthur Bisguier - {{cite book|ref=Bohm |last1=B\u00f6hm|first1=Hans - {{cite book|ref=Brady1965 |last=Brady|first=Frank|author-link=Frank Brady (writer) - {{cite book|ref=Brady1973 |last=Brady|first=Frank - {{cite book|ref=Brady2011 |last=Brady - {{cite book|ref=Bronstein |last1=Bronstein|first1=David|author-link=David Bronstein - {{cite book|ref=Byrne |last1=Byrne|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Byrne (chess player) - {{cite book|ref=Collins |last=Collins|first=John W.|author-link=John W. Collins - {{cite book |last1=DeLucia|first1=David - {{cite book|ref=Denker |last1=Denker|first1=Arnold|author-link=Arnold Denker - {{cite book|ref=DiFelice2010 |"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "last=Di Felice|first=Gino - {{cite book|ref=DiFelice2013a |last=Di Felice|first=Gino - {{cite book|ref=DiFelice2013b |last=Di Felice|first=Gino - {{cite book|ref=DiFelice2013c |last=Di Felice|first=Gino - {{cite book|ref=Donaldson |last1=Donaldson|first1=John|author-link=John Donaldson (chess player) - {{cite book|ref=Donner |last=Donner|first=J. H.|author-link=Jan Hein Donner - {{cite book|ref=Edmonds |last1=Edmonds|first1=David|author-link=David Edmonds (philosopher) - {{cite book|ref=F1959 |last=Fischer|first=Bobby - {{cite book|ref=F1969 |last=Fischer|first=Bobby - {{cite book|ref=F1982 |last=Fischer|first=Bobby - {{cite magazine|ref=Ginzburg |last="}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "Ginzburg|first=Ralph|author-link=Ralph Ginzburg - {{cite book|ref=Gligoric |last=Gligori\u0107|first=Svetozar|author-link=Svetozar Gligori\u0107 - {{cite book|ref=Whyld |last1=Hooper|first1=David|author-link=David Vincent Hooper - {{cite book|ref=Karpov |last=Karpov|first=Anatoly - {{cite book|ref=Kasparov |last=Kasparov|first=Garry - {{cite book|ref=Kazic |last=Ka\u017ei\u0107 - {{cite book|ref=Lombardy |last=Lombardy|first=William|author-link=William Lombardy - {{cite book|ref=Mednis |last=Mednis|first=Edmar|author-link=Edmar Mednis - {{cite book|ref=Muller |last=M\u00fcller|first=Karsten - {{cite book|ref=Plisetsky |last1=Plisetsky|first1"}, {"title": "Bobby Fischer", "text": "=Dmitry - {{cite book|ref=Schonberg |last=Schonberg - {{cite book|ref=Seirawan |last1=Seirawan|first1=Yasser|author-link=Yasser Seirawan - {{cite book|ref=Soltis2003 |last=Soltis|first=Andrew - {{cite book|ref=Steiner |last=Steiner|first=George|author-link=George Steiner - {{cite book|ref=Wade |last1=Wade|first1=Robert G.|author-link=Robert Wade (chess player) - {{cite book|ref=Waitzkin |last=Waitzkin|first=Fred|author-link=Fred Waitzkin</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Bobby Fischer", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000409", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Joey Jordison.", "docs": [{"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": "<s>Joey Jordison Nathan Jonas \"Joey\" Jordison (April 26, 1975 \u2013 July 26, 2021) was an American musician. He was the original drummer and co-founder of the heavy metal band Slipknot, in which he was designated #1, and the guitarist for the horror punk supergroup Murderdolls. Jordison grew up in Des Moines, Iowa, with his parents and two sisters, and was given his first drum kit at the age of 8. He performed with many bands early in his career; then in 1995, he joined a band called the Pale Ones, which would later change their name and become Slipknot. Jordison played in Slipknot since its inception, helping form the band until his departure in December of 2013. Of Slipknot's nine-member lineup, which lasted from 1999\u20132010, Joey was the third to join the band. He was the drummer and founder of Scar the Martyr, which formed in 2013 and disbanded in 2016. With Slipknot, Jordison performed on the band's first four studio albums, and produced the 2005 live album \"\". Outside his major projects, Jordison performed with other acts such as Rob Zombie, Metallica, Korn, Ministry, Otep, and"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": " Satyricon. Jordison was also known for his session work, which includes performances on various recordings for many artists. Jordison used several drum brands including Pearl, and ddrum. At the time of his death, Jordison was playing in the blackened death metal supergroup Sinsaenum.</s><s>Early life. Jordison was born in Des Moines, Iowa, on April 26, 1975, to Steve and Jackie Jordison. He had two younger sisters. He grew up in a rural area outside of Waukee where he used to play basketball on the street in front of his house. He embraced music at an early age, which he attributes to his parents' influence: \"They always sat me down in front of the radio, rather than the TV.\" He played guitar until receiving his first drum kit as a gift from his parents at age eight, and started his first band while in elementary school. Jordison's parents divorced when he was young. The children stayed with their mother. His mother remarried and set up a funeral parlor where Jordison would occasionally help. Jordison stated that he felt a sudden responsibility to be the man of the house. During this time, he formed the band Modifidious, in which he played drums. He"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": " later described them as \"total speed-metal thrash\". The band helped Jordison break new ground, playing live as support to local bands including Atomic Opera, featuring Jim Root, and Heads on the Wall, featuring Shawn Crahan. He also played at a bowling center his family owned, on a night called \"Bowl-O-Rama\". After a multitude of lineup changes\u2014including Craig Jones and Josh Brainard, who would reappear in Slipknot\u2014the band released two demos in 1993: \"Visceral\" and \"Mud Fuchia\". After leaving school, Jordison was hired by a local music store called Musicland. In March 1994, after a recommendation from his new friend, he got a job at a Sinclair garage in Urbandale. Jordison worked the night shift, which he preferred, as it left his weekends free and allowed him to spend time with his friends and listen to music while working. In early 1995, Modifidious disbanded because of a shift in interest from thrash metal to death metal in America. Following this Jordison joined a local band called the Rejects as a guitarist, with whom he only played a couple of shows. Jordison was also involved in a band with future bandmate Paul Gray"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": " and vocalist Don Decker, named Anal Blast. Gray also attempted to recruit him for another band, Body Pit, but he declined the invitation to remain in the Rejects. During the forming period of Slipknot, Paul recruited Joey to join a punk rock band called the Have Nots in the Spring of 1996. Joey would leave the Have Nots in February 1997 to \"focus on Slipknot\" but instead reformed the Rejects, which would play Des Moines up until Slipknot left to record their 1999 self-titled debut album, which Paul played in after the Have Nots broke up.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Slipknot. On November 28, 1995, Mark Anthony Cadavos approached Jordison while he was working, offering him a position in a new project called the Pale Ones. Intrigued and at a point where he was \"lost\", Jordison attended rehearsals at Anders Colsefni's basement and immediately wanted to be part of this new band. Speaking of this moment he said, \"I remember trying so hard not to smile, so I didn't look like I wanted to join, I remained poker-faced, but I thought they ruled.\" A lot of Slipknot"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": "'s early development was discussed by band members while Jordison worked night shifts at Sinclair's garage. Of the eventual nine members, Joey was the third to join the band. Slipknot would become pioneers to the new wave of American heavy metal.{{cite web }} Jordison was accompanied by two custom percussionists, giving their music a feel that \"Rolling Stone\" touted as \"suffocating\". Each member of Slipknot is assigned a number; Joey was assigned \"#1\". Joey produced one album with Slipknot: 2005 live album \"\". In August 2008, Jordison broke his ankle and Slipknot had to cancel some of its English tour dates. On August 22, 2009, Jordison was taken to the emergency room for a burst appendix, less than an hour before he was to take the stage for Auburn, Washington's KISW Pain in the Grass concert. As a result, Slipknot canceled following shows in August and September, to give Jordison time to recover. On December 12, 2013, Slipknot announced through their official website that Jordison had left the band, citing personal reasons for his departure. In response, Jordison released a statement insisting that he had in fact been fired from the band and stated that Slipknot"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": " \"has been my life for the last 18 years, and I would never abandon it, or my fans\". After years of both sides being silent and evasive as to the reasons for his leaving the band, Jordison revealed in June 2016 that he suffered from transverse myelitis, a neurological disease that cost him the ability to play the drums toward the end of his time with Slipknot.</s><s>Career.:Murderdolls. While touring Ozzfest in 2001 to support Slipknot's studio album \"Iowa\", Jordison met Tripp Eisen, then of Static-X; the two discussed forming a side project. In 2002, Jordison revived his band The Rejects, renaming them the Murderdolls. Jordison became the Murderdolls' guitarist, and he recruited Wednesday 13 of Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13 to play bass. Wednesday eventually became a vocalist, while drummer Ben Graves and bassist Eric Griffin completed the band's lineup. Murderdolls signed with Roadrunner Records and released an EP entitled \"Right to Remain Violent\" in 2002. The band returned in August 2002 with their debut album \"Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls\". The band uses horror films, including \"Friday the 13th\" and \""}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": "Night of the Living Dead\", as an inspiration for their lyrics. On October 30, 2002, the Murderdolls made an appearance on an episode of Dawson's Creek entitled \"Living Dead Girl\". The band reunited in 2010 with only Jordison and Wednesday 13 remaining from the original line-up. The band released their second studio album \"Women & Children Last\" on August 31, 2010. The band embarked on the extensive Women & Children Last World Tour performing shows alongside many notable acts such as Guns N' Roses and performing around the world. The tour was plagued with many problems including the cancellation of many shows and repeated incidents of Jordison storming off stage, most notably in Bordeaux, France (attributed to extreme tinnitus) and Perth, Western Australia. The tour finished on April 24, 2011. This was considered to be the band's last outing as Wednesday 13 confirmed the band's split in an interview in March 2013.</s><s>Career.:Scar the Martyr. In April 2013 details emerged of a new band featuring Jordison, Jed Simon and Kris Norris. Little else was released except that Jordison had performed most instruments in this project and that Chris Vrenna and an unknown vocalist were to complete keyboard and vocal work, respectively. On June"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": " 21 the band was named Scar the Martyr and the vocalist named as Henry Derek. On May 5, 2016, Jordison announced that the project had been disbanded.</s><s>Career.:Vimic. On May 5, 2016, Jordison announced in an interview on Sirius XM that he had launched a new band called Vimic. In an interview with \"Wall of Sound\" in 2018, Jordison explained Vimic was \"still 100% active\".</s><s>Career.:Sinsaenum. On May 20, 2016, Jordison announced a new extreme metal band Sinsaenum, dual fronted by vocalist Attila Csihar (of Mayhem and Sunn O)))) along with keyboardist Sean Zitarsky (of Chimaira and D\u00e5\u00e5th). The band also included Jordison on drum duties, DragonForce bassist Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Leclercq on guitar, St\u00e9phane Buriez from Loudblast on guitar, and Heimoth from the band Seth on bass. They announced the launch of their debut album \"Echoes of the Tortured\" on July 29, and released their first single \"Army Of Chaos\" on earMUSIC's YouTube channel. The second album, called \"Rep"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": "ulsion for Humanity\", was released on August 10, 2018.</s><s>Career.:Other projects.</s><s>Career.:Other projects.:Remixing and performances. In 2001, Jordison worked on a remix of \"The Fight Song\" by Marilyn Manson. Jordison also appeared in the music video for Manson's cover of \"Tainted Love\". Later in the year, Manson revealed that Jordison had been working with him on his album \"The Golden Age of Grotesque\". Jordison had in fact worked on guitars but the track did not appear on the album. In 2004, Jordison appeared on OTEP's album \"House of Secrets\", drumming on six tracks for the album. In 2008, Jordison appeared on Puscifer's album \"\"V\" is for Viagra. The Remixes\", with a remix of the track \"Drunk With Power\". In 2010, Jordison recorded four additional songs with Rob Zombie for the re-release of his latest album \"Hellbilly Deluxe 2\".</s><s>Career.:Other projects.:On tour. Jordison performed with other bands, solely as a touring member. While preparing for the Download Festival in 2004, Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich was hospitalized for an unknown illness. Metallica's vocalist James"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": " Hetfield searched amongst other bands performing at the festival to find a replacement for Ulrich; Jordison, Flemming Larsen (Ulrich's drum technician) and Dave Lombardo of Slayer volunteered. Jordison performed on 8 of the 13 songs that made up the set and was called the band's \"hero of the day\". In late 2004, Jordison performed with Satyricon on their tour of the United States when drummer Frost was refused entry into the country. The tour was cut short after guitarists Steinar Gundersen and Arnt Gronbech\u2014who were also only touring members\u2014were charged with sexually assaulting a fan in Toronto. In 2006, Jordison joined Ministry for their \"MasterBaTour 2006\", which consisted of sixty dates across the United States and Canada. He also appeared in the music video for their single \"Lies Lies Lies\". Korn recruited Jordison in 2007 to join them on tour when drummer David Silveria went on hiatus from the band. He also appeared in the music video for their single \"Evolution\". While touring with Korn, Jordison became the first musician to perform on five occasions at the Download Festival in England. Jordison also began touring with Rob Zombie after Tommy Clufetos withdrew from the band"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": ". Although the position was initially only meant for a couple of months, Jordison stayed with the band for almost a year until the culmination of Zombie's Australian tour when he announced that he would be leaving to focus his time on the Murderdolls and Slipknot.</s><s>Career.:Other projects.:Producing. In August 2004, Jordison became involved in Roadrunner United, a celebration of Roadrunner Records 25th anniversary. As one of four \"team captains\" who wrote and produced material for the album, Jordison said of the experience, \"I thought it was a great idea and was really excited about it, because it was a chance to work with a lot of artists that I really respected while I was growing up.\" In 2007, 3 Inches of Blood recruited Jordison to produce their album \"Fire Up the Blades\". Jordison was a fan of the band and when he heard that Roadrunner wanted to have some demos produced he said; \"I was the first one to jump at it, I'm like; 'I want this fucking band'.\" From these demos the label commissioned a record. Vocalist Jamie Hopper said of Jordison, \"he's an amazing producer\".</s><s>Influences. Jordison cited Keith Moon (formerly"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": " of the Who), John Bonham (formerly of Led Zeppelin), Gene Krupa, and Buddy Rich as his main influences. He said, \"I grew up listening to M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce's \"Too Fast for Love\" and \"Shout at the Devil\".\" He described Lars Ulrich (of Metallica), Charlie Benante (of Anthrax), and Dave Lombardo (formerly of Slayer) as having a considerable influence on his drumming. Jordison also held Dale Crover of Melvins in high esteem.</s><s>Equipment. Jordison used Pearl drums, hardware, rack system, pedals and percussion, Paiste cymbals, Remo Drumheads, Promark drumsticks, ddrum triggers and Roland electronics.</s><s>Illness and death. In a 2016 \"Metal Hammer\" interview, Jordison talked about suffering from acute transverse myelitis. Its symptoms started in 2010 while touring with Murderdolls, but the disease was diagnosed long after. This progressed to the loss of the use of his left leg. The neurological disease had cost him the use of his legs and caused him to be unable to play the drums before rehabilitation. He recovered with the aid of medical help and physical therapy, with his trainer Caleb."}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": " Jordison died in his sleep on July 26, 2021, at the age of 46, as stated by his family the next day.</s><s>Awards and recognition. In August 2010 Jordison was voted the best drummer of the previous 25 years by readers of \"Rhythm\" magazine, ahead of drummers such as Mike Portnoy, Neil Peart, and Phil Collins. When asked to comment he stated \"I'm at a loss for words. This is beyond unbelievable. Something like this reminds me every day why I continue to do this.\" As voted on by 6,500 drummers worldwide, Jordison won the Drummies Award for Best Metal drummer in 2010. In September 2013 Jordison was named the world's greatest metal drummer by readers of \"Loudwire\". In 2016 Jordison was honored with The Golden God Award at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards. Following Jordison\u2019s death in 2021; multiple tributes went public from musicians such as: Mike Portnoy, Alex Skolnick of Testament, Fred Durst of Limp Bizkit, Dave Lombardo, Lars Ulrich, Ben Thatcher of Royal Blood, and multiple others. In 2022 Slipknot dedicated their seventh studio album The End, So Far in memory of Jordison"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": ".</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:with Modifidious. - \"Drown\" (1993) - \"Submitting to Detriment\" (1993) - \"Visceral\" (1993) - \"Mud Fuchia\" (1994) - \"Sprawl\" (1994)</s><s>Discography.:with the Have Nots. - \"Forgetting Yesterday and Beating You with Kindness\" (1996)</s><s>Discography.:with Slipknot. - \"Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat.\" (1996, demo) - \"Slipknot demo\" (1998) - \"Slipknot\" (1999) - \"Welcome to Our Neighborhood\" (1999, video) - \"Iowa\" (2001) - \"Disasterpieces\" (2002, video) - \"\" (2004) - \"\" (2005, live album) - \"\" (2006, video) - \"All Hope Is Gone\" (2008) - \"(sic)nesses\" (2010, video) - \"Antennas to Hell\" (2012, compilation album)</s><s>Discography.:with Murderdolls. - \"Right to Remain Violent\" (EP) (2002) - \"Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls"}, {"title": "Joey Jordison", "text": "\" (2002) - \"Women and Children Last\" (2010)</s><s>Discography.:with Roadrunner United. - \"The All-Star Sessions\" (2005) - \"The Concert\" (2008)</s><s>Discography.:with the Rejects. - \"Love Songs for People Who Hate\" (2012) - \"Strung Out, Pissed Off and Ready To Die\" (2014)</s><s>Discography.:with Scar the Martyr. - \"Revolver EP\" (2013) - \"Metal Hammer EP\" (2013) - \"Scar the Martyr\" (2013)</s><s>Discography.:with Sinsaenum. - \"Sinsaenum\" (EP) (2016) - \"A Taste of Sin\" (EP) (2016) - \"Echoes of the Tortured\" (2016) - \"Ashes\" (EP) (2017) - \"Repulsion for Humanity\" (2018)</s><s>Bibliography. -</s><s>Further reading. - Joey Jordison obituary in The Guardian - Joey Jordison obituary in Rolling Stone</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Joey Jordison", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000410", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Hayden Panettiere.", "docs": [{"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": "<s>Hayden Panettiere Hayden Lesley Panettiere (; born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, model, and singer. She is best known for her lead roles as Claire Bennet on the NBC superhero series \"Heroes\" and Juliette Barnes in the ABC/CMT musical drama series \"Nashville\", the latter of which earned her two nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress \u2013 Series, Miniseries or Television Film. She also appears in the meta-slasher horror franchise \"Scream\", portraying tomboy film geek Kirby Reed. A native of Palisades, New York, she first appeared on-screen in a commercial in 1990 at only 11 months old. However, her full-time acting career did not begin until 1994 when playing Sarah Roberts on the long-running ABC soap opera series \"One Life to Live\" from that year until 1997. She then went on to play Lizzie Spaulding on one of CBS's own soaps, \"Guiding Light\" from 1996 until 2000. For her work on Pixar film \"A Bug's Life\" (1998), she was nominated for a Young Artist Award and a Grammy Award, making her the 5th youngest artist ever to be nominated for"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": " a Grammy. Panettiere has also starred in the Disney football drama film \"Remember the Titans\" (2000), the final season of the Fox legal comedy-drama series \"Ally McBeal \" (2002), the comedy-drama film \"Raising Helen\" (2004), the Disney Channel original patriotic film \"Tiger Cruise\" (2004), the horse racing comedy film \"Racing Stripes\" (2005), the figure skating drama film \"Ice Princess\" (2005), the romantic comedy film \"I Love You, Beth Cooper\" (2009), the true crime drama film \"\" (2011), and the drama film \"Custody\" (2016). She also voiced the characters of Kairi and Xion in the video game series \"Kingdom Hearts\" (2002\u20132017) and Samantha \"Sam\" Giddings in the video game \"Until Dawn\" (2015).</s><s>Early life. Panettiere was born and partly raised in Palisades, New York. She is the daughter of Lesley R. Vogel, a former soap opera actress, and Alan Lee \"Skip\" Panettiere, a captain in the Fire Department of New York City. She had one younger brother, actor Jansen Panettiere. Her mother"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": "'s family lives in Indiana. After Panettiere attended South Orangetown Middle School in New York, she was homeschooled and had private tutors from grade nine to the completion of high school to accommodate her acting schedule.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Acting.</s><s>Career.:Acting.:Television. Panettiere first appeared in commercials at the age of eleven months, beginning with an advertisement for a Playskool toy train. She landed a role as Sarah Roberts on the ABC soap opera \"One Life to Live\" from 1994 to 1997, which was followed by Lizzie Spaulding on the CBS soap opera \"Guiding Light\" in 1996, and again from 1997 to 2000. While on \"Guiding Light,\" Panettiere's character Lizzie battled leukemia. The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society gave her its Special Recognition Award for drawing the attention of daytime viewers to the disease, and for improving national awareness. For her performance in Lifetime Television's 1999 TV movie \"If You Believe\", she was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Young Actress Age Ten or Under in the category of Best Performance in a TV Movie or Pilot. Panettiere appeared on Fox's \"Ally McBeal"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": "\" as the title character's daughter, played the daughter of a man transitioning to female in HBO Films' \"Normal\", had a recurring guest role on \"Malcolm in the Middle\" and guest starred in \"\" in two different roles. Panettiere gained greater fame as Claire Bennet in the NBC series \"Heroes,\" which was created by Tim Kring, as a high school cheerleader with regenerative healing powers. Thanks to her role on \"Heroes,\" she became a regular on the science fiction convention circuit, invited to attend conventions around the world in 2007, including Gen Con, New York Comic Con, and Fan Expo Canada. Panettiere has complained that her acting options are sometimes limited because \"people look at [her] as either the popular cheerleader type or just the blonde\". In early 2007, Panettiere appeared on the MTV show, \"Punk'd\". The appearance was engineered by her mother and involved a male \"fan\" discussing her work with her, instigating a jealous reaction from the man's spouse. In April 2012, she hosted an episode of the new series. In March 2012, it was announced Panettiere had been cast opposite Connie Britton on the ABC musical drama series \"Nashville\", where she portrayed Juliette"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": " Barnes. The show reunited Panettiere with Burgess Jenkins (who appears in the first few episodes) from \"Remember the Titans\". The show moved from ABC to CMT for its fifth and sixth seasons, and concluded its run on July 26, 2018.</s><s>Career.:Acting.:Films. Panettiere made her feature film debut at the age of 9, albeit as a voice actor, for 1998's \"A Bug's Life\", but her first released film was the same year's \"The Object of My Affection\" at the age of 8, in which she appears briefly as a mermaid in the school play in the opening scene. In 1999, she portrayed the girl on a sinking sailboat in \"Message in a Bottle\". She played the role of Coach Yoast's daughter, Sheryl, in the 2000 Disney film \"Remember the Titans\". In 2004, Disney Channel gave Panettiere her first starring roles as the daughter of actor Bill Pullman's character in \"Tiger Cruise\", and as a teenage girl caught in a fantasy transitional realm alongside fellow child actor Ryan Kelley in fantasy film flick, \"The Dust Factory\". Her last major acting credit of 2004 was the role of adolescent niece to Kate Hudson's title character in \"Raising Helen"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": "\", where Panettiere played the older sister to real life siblings Abigail and Spencer Breslin. In 2005, Panettiere played opposite Michelle Trachtenberg as an ice skating rival in Disney's \"Ice Princess\" and lead the screen again, this time, as budding jockey Channing Walsh in 2005's film \"Racing Stripes.\" In 2006, Panettiere played a cheerleader in \"\" and had a supporting role as Adelaide Bourbon in the 2007 independent film \"Shanghai Kiss\". In June 2007, she signed with the William Morris Agency, after previously being represented by the United Talent Agency. \"Forbes\" estimated that she earned $2 million in 2007. In 2008, Panettiere appeared in the drama \"Fireflies in the Garden\" as a younger version of Emily Watson's character, Jane Lawrence. In September 2008, she appeared in a satirical video, a mock-PSA for Funny or Die titled \"Hayden Panettiere PSA: Your Vote, Your Choice\". In October, Panettiere appeared in another satirical PSA video on funnyordie.com titled \"Vote for McCain: He's just like George Bush, except older and with a worse temper\". In July 2009, Panettiere starred in the"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": " teen comedy \"I Love You, Beth Cooper\". In September 2010, she starred as Amanda Knox in the controversial \"\". Panettiere also provided the voice of Kate in 2010's \"Alpha and Omega\". In April 2011, Panettiere appeared in the \"Scream\" sequel, \"Scream 4\", playing Kirby Reed. The film received mixed reviews, but she received acclaim for her role and was considered to be a highlight. The same year she replaced Anne Hathaway as the voice of Red for the animated sequel \"Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil\". In 2012, \"The Forger\", in which she played the role of Amber, was released direct to DVD (both this and \"Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil\" were made in 2009). In April 2015, Panettiere joined the cast of \"Custody\", alongside Viola Davis, whom she appeared with in 2006's \"The Architect\". In January 2022, Panettiere briefly reprised her role as Kirby Reed in the \"Scream 4\" sequel \"Scream\" in a photograph used in the film, revealing the character to have survived the fourth film's events. Panettiere is credited with \"Special Thanks\" for the photograph's use as"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": " well as a voice cameo. On May 2022, it was announced Panettiere would be returning to the \"Scream\" franchise on its upcoming sixth installment, in what also marks her first on-screen film appearance since 2018 after a career hiatus.</s><s>Career.:Acting.:Video games. Panettiere voiced Kairi in \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\", although she was replaced by Alyson Stoner in several sequels; she briefly reprised her role in \"Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep\" and also voiced Xion in \"\". She voiced and modeled the character of Samantha \"Sam\" Giddings in \"Until Dawn\", which was released on PlayStation 4 on August 25, 2015.</s><s>Career.:Singing. Panettiere was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1999 for \"A Bug's Life\". In 2004, she recorded a song entitled \"My Hero Is You\" with a video for the Disney Channel film she starred in, \"Tiger Cruise\", and \"Someone Like You,\" a duet with Watt White for another film, \"The Dust Factory\" (also with an accompanying video). The next year she recorded a song entitled \"I Fly\" for the Disney film \"Ice Princess\" in which she"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": " also co-starred. She recorded a song for the Hollywood Records compilation \"Girl Next\" (2006) and another song entitled \"Go to Girl\" for \"Girl Next 2\" (2007). Also in 2007, she sang the national anthem at A Capitol Fourth and recorded a cover for \"Cruella De Vil\" for \"Disneymania 5\", \"Try\" for the \"Bridge to Terabithia\" soundtrack and a ballad called \"I Still Believe\" for \"\". Panettiere's first single not associated with an acting role, \"Wake Up Call\", was digitally released on August 5, 2008. The clothing brand Candie's announced that it was premiering an ad campaign for the single in late July. Candie's provided additional promotion for the single with a television advertisement and a music video. Sebastian Stan, who portrayed the brother of Panettiere's character in \"The Architect\", played her boyfriend in the video. She has recorded several songs for Nashville, which were released as singles and included on the show's soundtrack albums. She also made numerous concert appearances associated with the show's touring promotion. In 2013, Panettiere recorded a version of \"The Fabric of My Life\" for a Cotton Incorporated campaign.</s><s>Career.:"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": "Modeling. In late 2006, Neutrogena made Panettiere the cover girl for their new worldwide ad campaign; following in the footsteps of actresses Kristin Kreuk, Josie Bissett, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Mandy Moore, Mischa Barton, Gabrielle Union and Jennifer Freeman. In September 2007, Panettiere appeared in a \"Heroes\"-themed Got Milk? ad for which the photographs were shot by Annie Leibovitz. In February 2008, Kohl's announced that Panettiere would be their next Candie's spokesperson. From 2007 to 2008, Panettiere designed limited edition hand bags for Dooney & Bourke and modeled their bags in magazine ads. In 2009, Panettiere was one of the celebrities featured in the coffee table book \"Room 23\", produced by Diana Jenkins and photographed by Deborah Anderson.</s><s>Personal life. Panettiere began dating her \"Heroes\" co-star Milo Ventimiglia in December 2007, when she was 18 and he was 30. They broke up in February 2009. In 2009, Panettiere met then-world heavyweight boxing champion Wladimir Klitschko at the book launch party for mutual acquaintance Diana Jenkins' \"Room 23\", in which both Panettiere"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": " and Klitschko were featured. They soon began dating. Panettiere was ringside for Klitschko's knockout victory over Samuel Peter on September 11, 2010. In May 2011, she announced that they had split. Both cited the long-distance nature of their relationship as the reason, and said they would remain close friends. Panettiere confirmed reports that she and Klitschko had resumed their romantic relationship in an April 2013 interview. In October 2013, she announced her engagement to Klitschko. In December 2014, Panettiere gave birth to their daughter. In 2015, she stated that following the birth of her daughter she experienced postpartum depression. In her September 28 appearance on \"Live with Kelly and Michael\", she said that it's \"scary and needs to be talked about\". In October, Panettiere voluntarily checked into a facility for treatment, causing her to miss filming for a few episodes of \"Nashville\". She returned to treatment in May 2016. In August 2018, Panettiere's mother confirmed the couple had broken up again, remaining on friendly terms. After she broke up with Klitschko, she started dating Brian Hickerson. In 2020, they broke up after he was arrested for corporal injury on a spouse/co"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": "habitant, assault, and intimidating a witness (Panettiere). The charges stemmed from alleged incidents between May 2019 and June 2020. Despite this abuse and the statement, Panettiere and Hickerson have remained friends since he was released from jail.</s><s>Activism. In 2007, Panettiere became an official supporter of Ronald McDonald House Charities and is a member of their celebrity board, called the Friends of RMHC. On October 31, 2007, Panettiere joined with The Whaleman Foundation to try to disrupt the annual dolphin hunt in Taiji, Wakayama, Japan. She was involved in a confrontation between Japanese fishermen and five other surfers of the group from Australia and the United States (including former \"Home and Away\" actress Isabel Lucas). The confrontation lasted more than ten minutes before the surfers were forced to return to the beach, after which they left the country. Parts of the confrontation can be seen on the award-winning Sundance Film Festival documentary film \"The Cove\". The fishermen consider the condemnation as an attack on their culture. On January 28, 2008, Panettiere handed a letter of protest to the Norwegian ambassador in the U.S. arguing that Norway should stop its hunt for whales. She also delivered a letter to"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": " the Japanese ambassador calling for the end of Japan's hunting of whales. At a 2007 Greenpeace event in Anchorage, Alaska, Panettiere defended aboriginal whaling, saying that there is a difference between commercial whaling and the whaling practiced by aboriginal tribes in the U.S. In May 2008, Panettiere was involved in an eBay auction to benefit Save the Whales Again, a campaign of The Whaleman Foundation. The auction included tickets to a fundraising dinner hosted at the Hollywood restaurant Beso, owned by Eva Longoria, and a whale watching tour, with Panettiere, off the coast of Santa Barbara. The same month, during an interview with \"Teen Vogue\", she explained how her fame gives her a platform for her activism: \"The show [\"Heroes\"] put me in a place to speak for things that I'm passionate about.\" In September 2008, Panettiere launched her own line of calfskin leather bags for the company Dooney & Bourke. In October, she delved into the presidential election, releasing a satirical public service announcement through the website Funny or Die. In this video, Panettiere mocked Republican candidate John McCain for his age and temper. She subsequently made clear her intention to vote for Barack Obama and urged other young"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": " people to vote. Panettiere has long supported the statehood movement in the District of Columbia. In 2008 she appeared in a public service announcement with DC Shadow Senator Paul Strauss endorsing voting rights for Washington, DC. In 2011, DC Mayor Vincent Gray acknowledged Panettiere's advocacy on behalf of securing full representation in Congress for District of Columbia residents by naming a day in her honor. At the ceremony, Panettiere reflected, \"It seems like such (an) unfathomable fact that, you know, it's taxation without representation in D.C., and that there's no democracy in our democracy, at the heart of it.\" She participated in Strauss' \"51 Stars\" campaign which aimed to get 51 celebrities to endorse making Washington, DC the 51st state. She was also a teen ambassador for the Candie's Foundation, whose mission is to prevent teen pregnancy. On May 6, 2009, she participated in a town hall meeting in New York City alongside Bristol Palin and Major League Baseball pitcher Matt Garza on the issue of teen pregnancy. On December 6, 2013, Panettiere and her then-fianc\u00e9 Wladimir Klitschko visited the Euromaidan protests in Kiev, Ukraine. Wladimir's brother, Vitali, was"}, {"title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": " one of the leading figures of the protests. In July 2020, Panettiere advocated for victims of domestic abuse to come forward and share their stories, specifically after she herself had gone through abuse.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Other charted songs. - Did not enter the Hot 100 but charted on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Hayden Panettiere", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000411", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Matthew Perry.", "docs": [{"title": "Matthew Perry", "text": "<s>Matthew Perry Matthew Langford Perry (born August 19, 1969) is an American-Canadian actor, comedian and producer. He is best known for his role as Chandler Bing on the NBC television sitcom \"Friends\" (1994\u20132004). As well as starring in the short-lived television series \"Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip\", Perry has appeared in several films, including \"Fools Rush In\", \"Almost Heroes\", \"The Whole Nine Yards\", \"17 Again\" and \"The Ron Clark Story\". In 2010, he worked in both voice-over and video games doing the voice of Benny in the video game \"\". Perry was co-creator, co-writer, executive producer, and star of the ABC sitcom \"Mr. Sunshine\", which ran from February to April 2011. In August 2012, Perry began starring as Ryan King, a sportscaster, on the NBC sitcom \"Go On\". The series was canceled on May 10, 2013. Perry co-developed and starred in the CBS sitcom \"The Odd Couple\" portraying Oscar Madison from 2015 to 2017.</s><s>Early life. Perry was born in Williamstown, Massachusetts, on August 19, 1969. His mother, Suzanne Marie Morrison n\u00e9e Langford (born 1948), is a Canadian journalist and served"}, {"title": "Matthew Perry", "text": " as press secretary to former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. His father, John Bennett Perry (born 1941), is an American actor and former model. His parents divorced before his first birthday and his mother married Canadian-born broadcast journalist Keith Morrison. He was raised by his mother in Ottawa, Ontario (although he lived briefly in Toronto and Montreal, Quebec), and was educated at both the Rockcliffe Park Public School, alongside Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and at Ashbury College. While growing up, he took a keen interest in tennis and became a top-ranked junior player.</s><s>Career. When he was 15, Perry moved from Ottawa to Los Angeles to pursue acting and attended The Buckley School in Sherman Oaks, graduating in 1987. He pursued improvisational comedy at the LA Connection in Sherman Oaks while still in high school. After graduating, he took the role of Chazz Russell in the TV series \"Second Chance\". After 13 episodes, \"Second Chance\" became \"Boys Will Be Boys\", with the plots refocused on the adventures of Chazz and his friends. After the show's single season, Perry stayed in Los Angeles and made his screen debut in the 1988 film \"A Night in the Life of Jimmy Reardon\". In 1989, Perry had a three-"}, {"title": "Matthew Perry", "text": "episode arc on the series \"Growing Pains\", in which he portrayed Carol Seaver's boyfriend Sandy who dies in the hospital after a drunk-driving accident. In the midst of his many continuing guest roles on TV, Perry was cast as a regular on the 1990 CBS sitcom \"Sydney\", playing the younger brother of Valerie Bertinelli's title character. In 1991, he made a guest appearance on \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" as Roger Azarian. Perry landed his next TV starring role on the ABC sitcom \"Home Free\", which aired only 11 episodes in the spring of 1993, followed by a sitcom pilot titled \"LAX 2194\". He attempted to secure an audition for the pilot \"Six of One\", later to be known as \"Friends\", by Marta Kauffman and David Crane, both of whom he had worked with on \"Dream On\". However, due to previous commitments to the pilot \"LAX 2194\", he was not initially considered for an audition. When he did eventually get a reading, he landed the part of Chandler Bing. He was the youngest of the main cast at age 24. \"Friends\" was hugely successful, and Perry, along with his co-stars, became an international celebrity \u2013 something Perry had long"}, {"title": "Matthew Perry", "text": " hoped for. \"There was steam coming out of my ears, I wanted to be famous so badly,\" he told \"The New York Times\" in 2002. \"You want the attention, you want the bucks, and you want the best seat in the restaurant.\" Due to the immense popularity of the sitcom, Perry and the rest of the six-member main cast ensemble were each making $1 million per episode by 2002. The program earned him an Emmy nomination in 2002 for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, along with Matt LeBlanc, but the two lost to Ray Romano. Perry appeared in films such as \"Fools Rush In\" (alongside father John Bennett Perry and Salma Hayek), \"Almost Heroes\", \"Three to Tango\", \"The Whole Nine Yards\" (alongside Bruce Willis) and its sequel \"The Whole Ten Yards\", and \"Serving Sara\". While known primarily for his comic roles, Perry has carved out a career in drama as well, particularly in his portrayal of Associate White House Counsel Joe Quincy in Aaron Sorkin's \"The West Wing\". His three appearances in that series (twice in the fourth season and once in the fifth) earned him two Emmy nominations for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series"}, {"title": "Matthew Perry", "text": " in 2003 and 2004. Perry is referred to in the show prior to his guest appearance \u2013 Donna Moss seeks him out (off-screen) in the episode \"20 Hours in LA\". He also appeared as attorney Todd Merrick in two episodes near the end of \"Ally McBeal\"'s five-season run, including a two-hour special intended to revive the legal comedy-drama. After \"Friends\" wrapped up, Perry made his directorial debut in an episode of the 4th season of the American comedy-drama \"Scrubs\", in which he also guest starred as \"Murray Marks\", an operator of a small airport's traffic control team. Murray is asked to donate a kidney to his father Gregory (played by Perry's real father). He starred in the TNT movie \"The Ron Clark Story,\" also known as \"The Triumph,\" which premiered August 13, 2006. Perry played small-town teacher Ron Clark, who relocates to the toughest class in the country. Perry received a Golden Globe nomination as well as an Emmy nomination for his performance. From 2006 to 2007, Perry appeared in Aaron Sorkin's drama \"Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip\". Perry played Matt Albie alongside Bradley Whitford's Danny Tripp, a writer"}, {"title": "Matthew Perry", "text": "-director duo brought in to help save a failing sketch show. Perry's character was considered to be substantially based on Sorkin's own personal experiences, particularly in television. In 2006, he began filming \"Numb\", a film based on a man suffering from depersonalization disorder. The film's tentative release date was pushed back several times, but was finally released to DVD on May 13, 2008. He also appeared in David Mamet's \"Sexual Perversity in Chicago\" in London. In 2009, he starred in the film \"17 Again\" playing the older Mike O'Donnell. In 2008, Perry starred in the offbeat film \"Birds of America\" as Morrie Tanager, an uptight man who has to deal with his siblings. Showtime passed on a pilot called \"The End of Steve\", a dark comedy starring, written and produced by Perry and Peter Tolan. Perry's new comedy pilot, \"Mr. Sunshine\", based on Perry's original idea for the show, was bought by ABC. Perry was set to portray a middle-aged man with an identity crisis. ABC canceled the series after nine episodes. On March 1, 2012, it was reported that Perry had signed on to star on the NBC comedy pilot \"Go On"}, {"title": "Matthew Perry", "text": "\", written and produced by former \"Friends\" writer/producer Scott Silveri. The project was picked up to series in May 2012. Perry portrayed Ryan King, a sportscaster who tries to move on after the death of his wife through the help of mandatory therapy sessions. The pilot aired on August 8, 2012, as a \"sneak preview\" after the 2012 Summer Olympics. The series premiered on September 11, 2012. On October 2, 2012, NBC ordered a full season of 22 episodes. NBC canceled \"Go On\" in May 2013, shortly after the conclusion of its first season. In 2012, Perry guest-starred on the CBS drama \"The Good Wife\", as attorney Mike Kresteva. In 2013, he reprised his role in the fourth season. In 2014, Perry made his British TV debut in the one-off comedy program \"The Dog Thrower\", which aired on May 1 as part of Sky Arts' \"Playhouse Presents\". Perry portrayed \"a charismatic man\" who enchanted onlookers by throwing his dog in the air. From 2015 to 2017, Perry starred in, co-wrote, and served as executive producer of a revival of the sitcom \"The Odd Couple\" on CBS. Perry played Oscar Madison opposite Thomas Lennon"}, {"title": "Matthew Perry", "text": " as Felix Unger. Perry played the lead role in a new production of his play \"The End of Longing\", which premiered on February 11, 2016, at the Playhouse Theatre in London. The play transferred Off-Broadway to MCC Theater, which opened on June 5, 2017, with Jennifer Morrison. In March 2017, Perry again reprised his role as attorney Mike Kresteva, in \"The Good Fight\", a sequel show to the CBS drama \"The Good Wife\". Later in 2017, he starred as Ted Kennedy in the mini-series \"\". In 2018, \"Business Insider\" reported Perry's net worth to be around $80 million. In October 2022, Perry published a memoir, \"Friends, Lovers, and the Big Terrible Thing\". It became a bestseller on both Amazon and The New York Times charts.</s><s>Personal life. Perry holds both Canadian and American citizenship. Perry dated Yasmine Bleeth in 1995. He also dated Julia Roberts from 1995 to 1996. He later dated Lizzy Caplan from 2006 to 2012. Perry is a fan of the \"Fallout\" video game series. On a 2009 episode of \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", he gave DeGeneres a copy of \"Fallout 3\". This"}, {"title": "Matthew Perry", "text": " prompted game studio Obsidian Entertainment to cast him in the next installment of the series, \"\". In August 2018, it was reported that Perry had abdominal surgery to repair a gastrointestinal perforation. On September 15, 2018, he revealed in a tweet that he had spent three months recovering in the hospital, suggesting the surgery had taken place in June 2018. He became engaged to Molly Hurwitz, a literary manager, in November 2020. In June 2021, Perry announced he had called off the engagement, telling \"People\" magazine, \"Sometimes things just don't work out and this is one of them. I wish Molly the best.\" He has described his politics as \"left of center\".</s><s>Personal life.:Drug and alcohol addiction. Perry became addicted to Vicodin after a jet-ski accident in 1997, and completed a 28-day rehab program later that year. His weight fluctuated drastically over the next few years and once dropped to. He lost in 2000 due to pancreatitis. He again entered rehab in February 2001 for addiction to Vicodin, methadone, amphetamines, and alcohol. He was filming \"Serving Sara\" in Texas when he suffered severe stomach pains, and flew to Los Angeles to check into Marina del Rey's Daniel Freeman"}, {"title": "Matthew Perry", "text": " Hospital. Perry's publicist, Lisa Kasteler, confirmed his rehab stay. He says he has spent around $9 million to get sober. He has revealed that due to his addiction issues, he does not remember three years of the time he was acting on \"Friends\", \"somewhere between season three and six.\" In 2011, as a celebrity spokesperson for the National Association of Drug Court Professionals, Perry went to Capitol Hill to lobby members of Congress in support of funding for drug courts. Perry received a Champion of Recovery award in May 2013 from the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy for opening Perry House, a sober living home situated in his former mansion in Malibu, California. Perry later sold the home and shuttered the rehab center in 2015. Perry has been completely sober since May 2021.</s><s>Book. - {{cite book | last = Perry</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Matthew Perry", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000412", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Chris Cuomo.", "docs": [{"title": "Chris Cuomo", "text": "<s>Chris Cuomo Christopher Charles Cuomo ( ; born August 9, 1970) is a television journalist anchor at NewsNation, based in New York City. He has previously been the ABC News chief law and justice correspondent and the co-anchor for ABC's \"20/20\", news anchor for \"Good Morning America\" from 2006 to 2009, and an anchor at CNN, where he co-hosted its morning show \"New Day\" from 2013 through May 2018, before moving to \"Cuomo Prime Time\" in June 2018. Cuomo is the brother of Andrew Cuomo, who was the 56th governor of New York from 2011 to 2021, and the son of Mario Cuomo, who was the 52nd governor of New York from 1983 until 1994. In November 2021, Cuomo was suspended indefinitely by CNN after reports that he assisted in the defense against the sexual harassment allegations that led to his brother's resignation. He was fired by CNN the following month. He subsequently joined Nexstar Media Group, hosting \"Cuomo\" for NewsNation.</s><s>Early life and education. Cuomo was born in the New York City borough of Queens. He is the youngest child of Mario Cuomo, the former governor of New York, and Matilda Cuomo (n\u00e9e Raffa), and the brother of"}, {"title": "Chris Cuomo", "text": " Andrew Cuomo, the former Governor of New York. His parents were both of Italian descent; his paternal grandparents were from Nocera Inferiore and Tramonti in the Campania region of southern Italy, while his maternal grandparents were from Sicily (his grandfather from Messina). Cuomo was educated at Immaculate Conception School in Jamaica, Queens; at The Albany Academy, a private university preparatory day school in Albany, New York, followed by Yale University, where he earned an undergraduate degree, and the Fordham University School of Law, where he earned his Juris Doctor in 1995. He is a licensed attorney.</s><s>Career. Cuomo's early career in journalism included appearances related to social and political issues on CNBC, MSNBC, and CNN. He was a correspondent and political policy analyst for Fox News and Fox Broadcast Network's \"Fox Files\", where he covered a wide range of stories focusing on controversial social issues. When asked if he should be considered a journalist on his show, Cuomo said, \"I don't know how that's relevant. I don't care what they classify me as. I'm not forwarding my agenda. That's not my thing. My opinion is irrelevant.\" When hired for \"Fox Files\" Roger Ailes, the Fox"}, {"title": "Chris Cuomo", "text": " News chairman, called Cuomo \"fearless.\" At ABC and as co-anchor of \"20/20\", his year-long coverage of heroin addiction revealed the extent to which it was affecting suburban families. His other work has included coverage of the Haiti earthquake, child custody, bullying, and homeless teens. Policy changes followed his undercover look at for-profit school recruiters, including an industry-wide cleanup. Cuomo's tip from a BMW owner led to a recall of over 150,000 affected vehicles. From September 2006 to December 2009, he was the news anchor for \"Good Morning America\". He was the primary reporter on breaking news stories, both in the U.S. and around the world, including dozens of assignments in some ten countries. He covered the war on terrorism, embedded on multiple occasions in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iraq (where his convoy was hit by an IED). In the U.S., he covered the Virginia Tech shooting, the 2009 Fort Hood shooting, and the Pennsylvania Amish school shootings. He did live broadcasts of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, the Sago Mine collapse, and the Minneapolis bridge collapse in August 2007. He anchored morning and evening coverage. During his period at ABC, he had a website, \"Cuomo on the"}, {"title": "Chris Cuomo", "text": " Case,\" as well as two weekly digital programs: \"The Real Deal\" and \"Focus on Faith\". He also appeared with Father Edward Beck on \"ABC News Now\", the network's 24-hour digital outlet.</s><s>Career.:Move to CNN. In February 2013, Cuomo moved to CNN to co-host its morning show. He made his debut on CNN as field anchor on the February 8, 2013, episode of \"Piers Morgan Tonight\", covering the February 2013 nor'easter. In March 2018, while serving as the co-anchor of CNN's morning show \"New Day,\" CNN announced that Cuomo would move to prime time to host \"Cuomo Prime Time\". In October 2017, sister network HLN premiered a new documentary series hosted by the anchor, \"Inside with Chris Cuomo\", which focused on \"stories affecting real people, in real towns and cities across America.\" In September 2018, he began hosting a two-hour weekday radio show \"Let's Get After It\" on the P.O.T.U.S. channel on SiriusXM.</s><s>Career.:Move to CNN.:Andrew Cuomo coverage. While recovering from COVID-19 in early 2020, Chris Cuomo interviewed his brother, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, on his"}, {"title": "Chris Cuomo", "text": " CNN program. After reports about sexual harassment allegations against his brother surfaced, Cuomo said on his program in March 2021 that he could not cover any issues regarding the allegations on the program, acknowledging his obvious conflict of interest. In May 2021, Cuomo was reported to have participated in strategic discussions to advise his brother on how to respond to the allegations. CNN called Cuomo's engagement in the conversations \"inappropriate\" but said that it would not take any disciplinary action against him. Multiple CNN staffers said they were \"vexed\" by Cuomo's conduct and the violation of journalism ethics and standards. Cuomo subsequently issued an apology and stated that advising his brother was a \"mistake\" that would \"never happen again.\" In August, Cuomo addressed his brother's impending resignation, reiterating he was not an adviser to Andrew and noting he had persuaded his brother to step down as governor. On November 29, 2021, the New York attorney general's office released documents that show Cuomo used his media sources to uncover information about his brother's known accusers and inquire about the possibility of new accusers who had yet to come forward publicly. The documents also show that Cuomo helped formulate statements for Andrew and that Cuomo was actively in touch with a top aide to Andrew about future reports about Andrew's alleged misconduct."}, {"title": "Chris Cuomo", "text": " The following day, Cuomo was suspended indefinitely from CNN. Cuomo called his suspension \"embarrassing\" but said he understood \"why some people feel the way they do about what I did.\" Following his suspension several conservative commentators defended Cuomo including Sean Hannity, Tucker Carlson, and Greg Gutfeld. On December 4, after an internal review conducted by a law firm, CNN terminated Cuomo's employment and said they would investigate Cuomo's \"involvement with his brother's defense\". Cuomo stated he never tried to influence his own network's coverage of his brother's sexual allegation problems. In February 2022, Cuomo mentioned in a recorded interview he was close to killing everyone at CNN and himself after his firing.</s><s>Career.:Move to CNN.:Sexual misconduct allegations. In September 2021, Cuomo's former boss Shelley Ross accused him of sexual harassment in a \"New York Times\" op-ed. Stopping short of asking him to be fired from CNN, she said she would \"like to see him journalistically repent\". Cuomo admitted to the incident, describing it as \"not sexual in nature\". He said he \"apologized to her then, and I meant it\". In December 2021, Debra Katz, the attorney for another former colleague of Cuomo's, informed CNN that her client had"}, {"title": "Chris Cuomo", "text": " accused Cuomo of sexual misconduct. The woman claimed that Cuomo invited her to his office for lunch and after the woman rejected Cuomo's sexual advances Cuomo allegedly assaulted her. Katz has since claimed that this accusation precipitated Cuomo's termination.</s><s>Career.:Move to CNN.:Termination fallout. On December 6, 2021, Cuomo announced he would be leaving his program on SiriusXM. On the same day, it was reported that Cuomo threatened to file a lawsuit against CNN to recover the $18 million of his remaining contract because network president Jeff Zucker understood the details of Cuomo's involvement with his brother's defense. Zucker has denied this was the case, and subsequently claimed in a virtual meeting with employees that he had reprimanded Cuomo in May, and that \"Chris had gone further than he had told me and told other members of our senior executive team.\" On December 7, 2021, HarperCollins announced they would not be going forward in publishing Cuomo's book, originally titled \"Deep Denial\" in the fall of 2022. The book was to be an analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic and the presidency of Donald Trump. On March 16, 2022, Cuomo filed a Demand for Arbitration claiming $125 million in damages against Turner Services and CNN America. The filing claimed Cuomo's"}, {"title": "Chris Cuomo", "text": " \"journalistic integrity\" was \"unjustifiably smeared\", making the chance to find similar work impossible. He was looking to recover his remaining salary and future wages forfeited for his reputation being damaged.</s><s>Career.:NewsNation. On July 26, 2022, during an interview with Dan Abrams on NewsNation, Cuomo announced that he would be hosting a new primetime program on the Nexstar Media Group-owned channel later that year. The new series, \"Cuomo\", premiered on October 3, 2022. During the premiere, Cuomo stated that he had \"learned lessons good and bad\" since his firing from CNN, and that his new show would not be \"typical\", and would (as with the remainder of NewsNation's programming) aim to be more neutral and less partisan in its commentary and content, arguing that \"extremes are not America\u2019s majority\", and that \"In politics what you ignore you often empower. And the right has made a mistake in its silence for too long. Our election was not stolen. Your Republican leaders know this.\" Among the interviews Cuomo gave in his first month with NewsNation included Kanye West, with whom Cuomo clashed over his recent antisemitic comments.</s><s>Awards. Cuomo has received"}, {"title": "Chris Cuomo", "text": " multiple Emmy Award nominations. His \"Good Morning America\" profile of the 12-year-old poet Mattie Stepanek was recognized with a News Emmy, making him one of the youngest correspondents to receive the award. He has been awarded Polk and Peabody Awards for team coverage. His work has been recognized in the areas of breaking news, business news, and legal news, with the Edward R. Murrow Award for breaking news coverage, the 2005 Gerald Loeb Award for Television Deadline business reporting for \"Money for Nothing?\", and the American Bar Association Silver Gavel Award for investigating juvenile justice.</s><s>Personal life. In 2001, Cuomo married \"Gotham\" magazine editor Cristina Greeven in a Roman Catholic ceremony in Southampton, New York. They reside in Manhattan with their three children. Cuomo also owns a home in Southampton. On August 13, 2019, in Shelter Island, New York, Cuomo threatened to throw a heckler down a flight of stairs at a bar and chastised him with profanity-laced insults after the man called him Fredo, about the unglamorous fictional character from \"The Godfather\" novel and films. Cuomo told the man that the use of the name \"Fredo\" was equivalent to \"the n"}, {"title": "Chris Cuomo", "text": "-word\" for Italian-Americans, which caused debate on Twitter about the assertion. Cuomo addressed the incident publicly, tweeting his appreciation to his supporters but acknowledging that he \"should be better than what [he] oppose[s].\" During the COVID-19 pandemic, Cuomo announced on March 31, 2020, that he had been diagnosed with COVID-19. During his quarantine, he broadcast his usual weekday program from his home. Cuomo later said he had a hallucination of his dead father, former New York Governor Mario Cuomo, as a result of symptoms from the virus.</s><s>See also. - Cuomo family - New Yorkers in journalism - Red Flag Law</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Chris Cuomo", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000413", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Amelia Earhart.", "docs": [{"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "<s>Amelia Earhart Amelia Mary Earhart (, born July 24, 1897; disappeared July 2, 1937; declared dead January 5, 1939) was an American aviation pioneer and writer. Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She set many other records, was one of the first aviators to promote commercial air travel, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences, and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. Born and raised in Atchison, Kansas, and later in Des Moines, Iowa, Earhart developed a passion for adventure at a young age, steadily gaining flying experience from her twenties. In 1928, Earhart became the first female passenger to cross the Atlantic by airplane (accompanying pilot Wilmer Stultz), for which she achieved celebrity status. In 1932, piloting a Lockheed Vega 5B, Earhart made a nonstop solo transatlantic flight, becoming the first woman to achieve such a feat. She received the United States Distinguished Flying Cross for this accomplishment. In 1935, Earhart became a visiting faculty member at Purdue University as an advisor to aeronautical engineering and a career counselor to female students. She was also a member of the"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " National Woman's Party and an early supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment. Known as one of the most inspirational American figures in aviation from the late 1920s throughout the 1930s, Earhart's legacy is often compared to the early aeronautical career of pioneer aviator Charles Lindbergh, as well as to figures like First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt for their close friendship and lasting impact on the issue of women's causes from that period. During an attempt at becoming the first woman to complete a circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937 in a Purdue-funded Lockheed Model 10-E Electra, Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island. The two were last seen in Lae, New Guinea, on July 2, 1937, on the last land stop before Howland Island and one of their final legs of the flight. She presumably died in the Pacific during the circumnavigation, just three weeks prior to her fortieth birthday. Nearly one year and six months after she and Noonan disappeared, Earhart was officially declared dead. Investigations and significant public interest in their disappearance still continue over 80 years later. Decades after her presumed death, Earhart was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1968"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " and the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1973. She now has several commemorative memorials named in her honor around the United States, including an urban park, an airport, a residence hall, a museum, a research foundation, a bridge, a cargo ship, an earth-fill dam, four schools, a hotel, a playhouse, a library, multiple roads, and more. She also has a minor planet, planetary corona, and newly-discovered lunar crater named after her. She is ranked ninth on \"Flying\"'s list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation.</s><s>Early life.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood. Earhart was born on July 24, 1897 in Atchison, Kansas, the daughter of Samuel \"Edwin\" Stanton Earhart (1867\u20131930) and Amelia \"Amy\" (; 1869\u20131962). She was born in the home of her maternal grandfather, Alfred Gideon Otis (1827\u20131912), who was a former federal judge, the president of the Atchison Savings Bank and a leading citizen in the town. Earhart was the second child of the marriage after an infant was stillborn in August 1896. She was of part German descent. Alfred Otis had not initially"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " favored the marriage and was not satisfied with Edwin's progress as a lawyer. According to family custom, Earhart was named after her two grandmothers, Amelia Josephine Harres and Mary Wells Patton. From an early age, Earhart was the ringleader while her sister Grace Muriel Earhart (1899\u20131998), two years her junior, acted as the dutiful follower. Amelia was nicknamed \"Meeley\" (sometimes \"Millie\") and Grace was nicknamed \"Pidge\"; both girls continued to answer to their childhood nicknames well into adulthood. Their upbringing was unconventional, as Amy Earhart did not believe in raising her children to be \"nice little girls\". But their maternal grandmother disapproved of the \"bloomers\" they wore, and although Earhart liked the freedom of movement they provided, she was sensitive to the fact that the neighborhood's girls wore dresses.</s><s>Early life.:Early influence. A spirit of adventure seemed to abide in the Earhart children, with the pair setting off daily to explore their neighborhood. As a child, Earhart spent long hours playing with sister Pidge, climbing trees, hunting rats with a rifle, and \"belly-slamming\" her sled downhill. Although the love of the outdoors and \""}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "rough-and-tumble\" play was common to many youngsters, some biographers have characterized the young Earhart as a tomboy. The girls kept \"worms, moths, katydids and a tree toad\" in a growing collection gathered in their outings. In 1904, with the help of her uncle, Earhart cobbled together a home-made ramp, fashioned after a roller coaster she had seen on a trip to St. Louis, and secured the ramp to the roof of the family toolshed. Earhart's well-documented first flight ended dramatically. She emerged from the broken wooden box that had served as a sled with a bruised lip, torn dress and a \"sensation of exhilaration\". She exclaimed, \"Oh, Pidge, it's just like flying!\" Although there had been some missteps in Edwin Earhart's career up to that point, in 1907 his job as a claims officer for the Rock Island Railroad led to a transfer to Des Moines, Iowa. The next year, at the age of 10, Earhart saw her first aircraft at the Iowa State Fair in Des Moines. Her father tried to interest his daughters in taking a flight. One look at the rickety \"flivver\" was enough for Earhart"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": ", who promptly asked if they could go back to the merry-go-round. She later described the biplane as \"a thing of rusty wire and wood and not at all interesting\".</s><s>Early life.:Education. Sisters Amelia and Muriel (who went by her middle name from her teens on) remained with their grandparents in Atchison while their parents moved into new, smaller quarters in Des Moines. During this period, the Earhart girls received home-schooling from their mother and governess. Amelia later recounted that she was \"exceedingly fond of reading\" and spent countless hours in the large family library. In 1909, when the family was finally reunited in Des Moines, the Earhart children were enrolled in public school for the first time and Amelia, 12, entered seventh grade.</s><s>Early life.:Family fortunes. While the family's finances seemingly improved with the acquisition of a new house and even the hiring of two servants, it soon became apparent that Edwin was an alcoholic. Five years later in 1914, he was forced to retire and although he attempted to rehabilitate himself through treatment, he was never reinstated at the Rock Island Railroad. At about this time, Earhart's grandmother Amelia Otis died suddenly, leaving a substantial estate that placed her"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " daughter's share in a trust, fearing that Edwin's drinking would drain the funds. The Otis house was auctioned along with all of its contents; Earhart was heartbroken and later described it as the end of her childhood. In 1915, after a long search, Earhart's father found work as a clerk at the Great Northern Railway in St. Paul, Minnesota, where Earhart entered Central High School as a junior. Edwin applied for a transfer to Springfield, Missouri, in 1915, but the current claims officer reconsidered his retirement and demanded his job back, leaving the elder Earhart with nowhere to go. Facing another calamitous move, Amy Earhart took her children to Chicago, where they lived with friends. Earhart made an unusual condition in the choice of her next schooling; she canvassed nearby high schools in Chicago to find the best science program. She rejected the high school nearest her home when she complained that the chemistry lab was \"just like a kitchen sink\". She eventually enrolled in Hyde Park High School but spent a miserable semester where a yearbook caption captured the essence of her unhappiness, \"A.E. \u2013 the girl in brown who walks alone\". Earhart graduated from Chicago's Hyde Park High School in 1916. Throughout her troubled childhood"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": ", she had continued to aspire to a future career; she kept a scrapbook of newspaper clippings about successful women in predominantly male-oriented fields, including film direction and production, law, advertising, management, and mechanical engineering. She began junior college at Ogontz School in Rydal, Pennsylvania, but did not complete her program. During Christmas vacation in 1917, Earhart visited her sister in Toronto. World War I had been raging and Earhart saw the returning wounded soldiers. After receiving training as a nurse's aide from the Red Cross, she began work with the Voluntary Aid Detachment at Spadina Military Hospital. Her duties included preparing food in the kitchen for patients with special diets and handing out prescribed medication in the hospital's dispensary. There, Earhart heard stories from military pilots and developed an interest in flying. Ware, Susan. \"Still Missing: Amelia Earhart and the Search for Modern Feminism\". New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993..</s><s>Early life.:Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. When the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic reached Toronto, Earhart was engaged in arduous nursing duties that included night shifts at the Spadina Military Hospital. She became a patient herself, experiencing pneumonia and maxillary"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " sinusitis. She was hospitalized for pneumonia in early November 1918 and discharged in December 1918, about two months after the illness had started. Her sinus-related symptoms were pain and pressure around one eye and copious mucus drainage via the nostrils and throat. While staying in the hospital during the pre-antibiotic era, she had painful minor operations to wash out the affected maxillary sinus, but these procedures were not successful and Earhart continued to have worsening headaches. Her convalescence lasted nearly a year, which she spent at her sister's home in Northampton, Massachusetts. Earhart passed the time reading poetry, learning to play the banjo, and studying mechanics. Chronic sinusitis significantly affected Earhart's flying and activities in later life, and sometimes even on the airfield she was forced to wear a bandage on her cheek to cover a small drainage tube.</s><s>Early life.:Early flying experiences. At about that time, Earhart and a young woman friend visited an air fair held in conjunction with the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto. \"The interest, aroused in me, in Toronto, led me to all the air circuses in the vicinity\" One of the highlights of the day was a flying exhibition put on by a World"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " War I ace. The pilot overhead spotted Earhart and her friend, who were watching from an isolated clearing, and dived at them. \"I am sure he said to himself, 'Watch me make them scamper,'\" she said. Earhart stood her ground as the aircraft came close. \"I did not understand it at the time,\" she said, \"but I believe that little red airplane said something to me as it swished by.\" By 1919, Earhart prepared to enter Smith College, where her sister was a student. However, she changed her mind and enrolled in a course in medical studies and other programs at Columbia University. Earhart quit a year later to be with her parents, who had reunited in California. On December 28, 1920, Earhart and her father attended an \"aerial meet\" of Wilshire Boulevard and Fairfax Avenue. The cost was $10 for a 10 minute flight with Frank Hawks (who later gained fame as an air racer). Hawks gave her a ride that would forever change Earhart's life. \"By the time I had got two or three hundred feet [60\u201390\u00a0m] off the ground,\" she said, \"I knew I had to fly.\" The next month Earhart recruited Neta Snook to be"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " her flying instructor. The initial contract was for 12 hours of instruction, for $500. Earhart's commitment to flying required her to accept the frequent hard work and rudimentary conditions that accompanied early aviation training. To complete her image transformation, she also cropped her hair short in the style of other female flyers. Six months later in the summer of 1921, Earhart purchased a secondhand bright chromium yellow Kinner Airster biplane, against Snook's advice, which she nicknamed \"The Canary\". After her first successful solo landing, she bought a new leather flying coat. Due to the newness of the coat, she was subjected to teasing, so she aged her coat by sleeping in it and staining it with aircraft oil. On October 22, 1922, Earhart flew the Airster to an altitude of, setting a world record for female pilots. On May 16, 1923, Earhart became the 16th woman in the United States to be issued a pilot's license (#\"6017\") by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (FAI).</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Financial crisis. Throughout the early 1920s, following a disastrous investment in a failed gypsum"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " mine, Earhart's inheritance from her grandmother, which was now administered by her mother, steadily diminished until it was exhausted. Consequently, with no immediate prospects for recouping her investment in flying, Earhart sold the \"Canary\" as well as a second Kinner and bought a yellow Kissel Gold Bug \"Speedster\" two-seat automobile, which she named the \"Yellow Peril\". Simultaneously, Earhart experienced an exacerbation of her old sinus problem as her pain worsened and in early 1924 she was hospitalized for another sinus operation, which was again unsuccessful. After trying her hand at a number of ventures that included setting up a photography company, Earhart set out in a new direction.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Boston. Following her parents' divorce in 1924, she drove her mother in the \"Yellow Peril\" on a transcontinental trip from California with stops throughout the western United States and a jaunt up to Banff, Alberta. The meandering tour eventually brought the pair to Boston, Massachusetts, where Earhart underwent another sinus operation which was more successful. After recuperation, she returned to Columbia University for several months but was forced to abandon her studies and any further plans for enrolling at the Massachusetts Institute"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " of Technology, because her mother could no longer afford the tuition fees and associated costs. Soon after, she found employment first as a teacher, then as a social worker in 1925 at Denison House, a Boston settlement house. At this time, she lived in Medford, Massachusetts. When Earhart lived in Medford, she maintained her interest in aviation, becoming a member of the American Aeronautical Society's Boston chapter and was eventually elected its vice president. She flew out of Dennison Airport (later the Naval Air Station Squantum) in Quincy, Massachusetts, and helped finance its operation by investing a small sum of money. Earhart also flew the first official flight out of Dennison Airport in 1927. Along with acting as a sales representative for Kinner Aircraft in the Boston area, Earhart wrote local newspaper columns promoting flying and as her local celebrity grew, she laid out the plans for an organization devoted to female flyers.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Transatlantic flight in 1928. After Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic in 1927, Amy Guest (1873\u20131959) expressed interest in being the first woman to fly (or be flown) across the Atlantic Ocean. After deciding that the trip was too perilous for her to"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " undertake, she offered to sponsor the project, suggesting that they find \"another girl with the right image\". While at work one afternoon in April 1928, Earhart got a phone call from Capt. Hilton H. Railey, who asked her, \"Would you like to fly the Atlantic?\" The project coordinators (including book publisher and publicist George P. Putnam) interviewed Earhart and asked her to accompany pilot Wilmer Stultz and copilot/mechanic Louis Gordon on the flight, nominally as a passenger, but with the added duty of keeping the flight log. The team departed from Trepassey Harbor, Newfoundland, in a Fokker F.VIIb/3m named \"Friendship\" on June 17, 1928, landing at Pwll near Burry Port, South Wales, exactly 20 hours and 40 minutes later. There is a commemorative blue plaque at the site. Since most of the flight was on instruments and Earhart had no training for this type of flying, she did not pilot the aircraft. When interviewed after landing, she said, \"Stultz did all the flying\u2014had to. I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes.\" She added, \"... maybe someday I'll try it alone.\" Earhart reportedly"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " received a rousing welcome on June 19, 1928, when she landed at Woolston in Southampton, England. She flew the Avro Avian 594 Avian III, SN: R3/AV/101 owned by Lady Mary Heath and later purchased the aircraft and had it shipped back to the United States (where it was assigned \"unlicensed aircraft identification mark\" 7083). When the Stultz, Gordon, and Earhart flight crew returned to the United States on July 6, they were greeted with a ticker-tape parade along the Canyon of Heroes in Manhattan, followed by a reception with President Calvin Coolidge at the White House.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Celebrity image. Trading on her physical resemblance to Lindbergh, whom the press had dubbed \"Lucky Lindy\", some newspapers and magazines began referring to Earhart as \"Lady Lindy\". The United Press was more grandiloquent; to them, Earhart was the reigning \"Queen of the Air\". Immediately after her return to the United States, she undertook an exhausting lecture tour in 1928 and 1929. Meanwhile, Putnam had undertaken to heavily promote her in a campaign that included publishing a book she authored, a series of new lecture tours and using pictures of her"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " in mass-market endorsements for products including luggage, Lucky Strike cigarettes (this caused image problems for her, with \"McCall's\" magazine retracting an offer) and women's clothing and sportswear. The money that she made from Lucky Strike had been earmarked for a $1,500 donation to Commander Richard Byrd's imminent South Pole expedition. The marketing campaign by both Earhart and Putnam was successful in establishing the Earhart mystique in the public psyche. Rather than simply endorsing the products, Earhart actively became involved in the promotions, especially in women's fashions. For a number of years she had sewn her own clothes, but the \"active living\" lines that were sold in 50 stores such as Macy's in metropolitan areas were an expression of a new Earhart image. Her concept of simple, natural lines matched with wrinkle-proof, washable materials was the embodiment of a sleek, purposeful, but feminine \"A.E.\" (the familiar name she went by with family and friends). The luggage line that she promoted (marketed as Modernaire Earhart Luggage) also bore her unmistakable stamp. A wide range of promotional items bearing the Earhart name appeared.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Promoting aviation"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": ". Celebrity endorsements helped Earhart finance her flying. Accepting a position as associate editor at \"Cosmopolitan\" magazine, she turned this forum into an opportunity to campaign for greater public acceptance of aviation, especially focusing on the role of women entering the field. In 1929, Earhart was among the first aviators to promote commercial air travel through the development of a passenger airline service; along with Charles Lindbergh, she represented Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT, later TWA) alongside Margaret Bartlett Thornton and invested time and money in setting up the first regional shuttle service between New York and Washington, D.C., the Ludington Airline. She was a Vice President of National Airways, which conducted the flying operations of the Boston-Maine Airways and several other airlines in the northeast. By 1940, the company had become Northeast Airlines. In 1934 she interceded on behalf of Isabel Ebel (who had helped her in 1932) to get her accepted as the first woman student of Aeronatical Engineering at NYU.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Competitive flying. Although Earhart had gained fame for her transatlantic flight, she endeavored to set an \"untarnished\" record of her own. Shortly after her return, piloting Av"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "ian \"7083\", she set off on her first long solo flight that occurred just as her name was coming into the national spotlight. By making the trip in August 1928, Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the North American continent and back. Her piloting skills and professionalism gradually grew, as acknowledged by experienced professional pilots who flew with her. General Leigh Wade flew with Earhart in 1929: \"She was a born flier, with a delicate touch on the stick.\" Earhart subsequently made her first attempt at competitive air racing in 1929 during the first Santa Monica-to-Cleveland Women's Air Derby (nicknamed the \"Powder Puff Derby\" by Will Rogers), which left Santa Monica, California on August 18 and arrived at Cleveland, Ohio on August 26. During the race, she settled into fourth place in the \"heavy planes\" division. At the second to last stop at Columbus, her friend Ruth Nichols, who was coming in third, had an accident while on a test flight before the race recommenced. Nichols' aircraft hit a tractor at the start of the runway and flipped over, forcing her out of the race. At Cleveland, Earhart was placed third in the heavy division. In 1930, Earhart became an official of"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " the National Aeronautic Association, where she actively promoted the establishment of separate women's records and was instrumental in the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (FAI) accepting a similar international standard. On April 8, 1931, she set a world altitude record of flying a Pitcairn PCA-2 autogyro borrowed from Beech-Nut Chewing Gum. During this period, Earhart became involved with The Ninety-Nines, an organization of female pilots providing moral support and advancing the cause of women in aviation. She had called a meeting of female pilots in 1929 following the Women's Air Derby. She suggested the name based on the number of the charter members; she later became the organization's first president in 1930. Earhart was a vigorous advocate for female pilots and when the 1934 Bendix Trophy Race banned women, she openly refused to fly screen actress Mary Pickford to Cleveland to open the races.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Marriage to George Putnam. Earhart was engaged to Samuel Chapman, a chemical engineer from Boston; she broke off the engagement on November 23, 1928. During the same period, Earhart and publisher George P. Putnam had spent a great deal of time together. Put"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "nam, who was known as GP, was divorced in 1929 and sought out Earhart, proposing to her six times before she finally agreed to marry him. They married on February 7, 1931, in Putnam's mother's house in Noank, Connecticut. Earhart referred to her marriage as a \"partnership\" with \"dual control\". In a letter written to Putnam and hand-delivered to him on the day of the wedding, she wrote, \"I want you to understand I shall not hold you to any midaevil code of faithfulness to me nor shall I consider myself bound to you similarly.\" She continued, \"I may have to keep some place where I can go to be by myself, now and then, for I cannot guarantee to endure at all times the confinement of even an attractive cage.\" Earhart's ideas on marriage were liberal for the time, as she believed in equal responsibilities for both breadwinners and pointedly kept her own name rather than being referred to as \"Mrs. Putnam\". When \"The New York Times\", per the rules of its stylebook, insisted on referring to her as Mrs. Putnam, she laughed it off. Putnam also learned that he would be called \"Mr. Earhart\"."}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " There was no honeymoon for the newlyweds, as Earhart was involved in a nine-day cross-country tour promoting autogyros and the tour sponsor, Beech-Nut chewing gum. Although Earhart and Putnam never had children, he had two sons by his previous marriage to Dorothy Binney (1888\u20131982), a chemical heiress whose father's company, Binney & Smith, invented Crayola crayons: the explorer and writer David Binney Putnam (1913\u20131992) and George Palmer Putnam, Jr. (1921\u20132013). Earhart was especially fond of David, who frequently visited his father at their family home, which was on the grounds of The Apawamis Club in Rye, New York. George had contracted polio shortly after his parents' separation and was unable to visit as often.</s><s>Transatlantic solo flight in 1932. On the morning of May 20, 1932, 34-year-old Earhart set off from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, with a copy of the \"Telegraph-Journal\", given to her by journalist Stuart Trueman to confirm the date of the flight. She intended to fly to Paris in her single engine Lockheed Vega 5B to emulate Charles Lindbergh's"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " solo flight five years earlier. Her technical advisor for the flight was famed Norwegian American aviator Bernt Balchen, who helped prepare her aircraft. He also played the role of \"decoy\" for the press as he was ostensibly preparing Earhart's Vega for his own Arctic flight. After a flight lasting 14 hours, 56 minutes, during which she contended with strong northerly winds, icy conditions and mechanical problems, Earhart landed in a pasture at Culmore, north of Derry, Northern Ireland. The landing was witnessed by Cecil King and T. Sawyer. When a farm hand asked, \"Have you flown far?\" Earhart replied, \"From America\". As the first woman to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic, Earhart received the Distinguished Flying Cross from Congress, the Cross of Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French Government and the Gold Medal of the National Geographic Society from President Herbert Hoover. As her fame grew, she developed friendships with many people in high offices, most notably First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Roosevelt shared many of Earhart's interests and passions, especially women's causes. After flying with Earhart, Roosevelt obtained a student permit but did not further pursue her plans to learn to fly. The two friends communicated frequently throughout their lives. Another"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " flyer, Jacqueline Cochran, who was said to be Earhart's rival, also became her confidante during this period.</s><s>Transatlantic solo flight in 1932.:Additional solo flights. On January 11, 1935, Earhart became the first aviator to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Oakland, California. This time, she used a Lockheed 5C Vega. Although this transoceanic flight had been attempted by many others, notably by the unfortunate participants in the 1927 Dole Air Race that had reversed the route, her trailblazing flight had been mainly routine, with no mechanical breakdowns. In her final hours, she even relaxed and listened to \"the broadcast of the Metropolitan Opera from New York\". That year, once more flying her Lockheed Vega airliner that Earhart had tagged \"old Bessie, the fire horse\", she flew solo from Los Angeles to Mexico City on April 19. The next record attempt was a nonstop flight from Mexico City to New York. Setting off on May 8, her flight was uneventful, although the large crowds that greeted her at Newark, New Jersey, were a concern, because she had to be careful not to taxi into the throng. Earhart again participated in long-distance air racing, placing"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " fifth in the 1935 Bendix Trophy Race, the best result she could manage, because her stock Lockheed Vega, which topped out at, was outclassed by purpose-built air racers that reached more than. The race had been a particularly difficult one, as a competitor, Cecil Allen, died in a fiery takeoff mishap, and rival Jacqueline Cochran was forced to pull out due to mechanical problems. In addition, \"blinding fog\" and violent thunderstorms plagued the race. Between 1930 and 1935, Earhart had set seven women's speed and distance aviation records in a variety of aircraft, including the Kinner Airster, Lockheed Vega, and Pitcairn Autogiro. By 1935, recognizing the limitations of her \"lovely red Vega\" in long, transoceanic flights, Earhart contemplated, in her own words, a new \"prize... one flight which I most wanted to attempt \u2013 a circumnavigation of the globe as near its waistline as could be\". For the new venture, she would need a new aircraft.</s><s>Move from New York to California. While Earhart was away on a speaking tour in late November 1934, a fire broke out at the Putnam residence in Rye, destroying many family treasures"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " and Earhart's personal mementos. Putnam had already sold his interest in the New York-based publishing company to his cousin, Palmer Putnam. Following the fire, the couple decided to move to the West Coast, where Putnam took up his new position as head of the editorial board of Paramount Pictures in North Hollywood. While speaking in California in late 1934, Earhart had contacted Hollywood \"stunt\" pilot Paul Mantz in order to improve her flying, focusing especially on long-distance flying in her Vega, and wanted to move closer to him. At Earhart's urging, Putnam purchased a small house in June 1935 adjacent to the clubhouse of the Lakeside Golf Club in Toluca Lake, a San Fernando Valley celebrity enclave community nestled between the Warner Brothers and Universal Pictures studio complexes, where they had earlier rented a temporary residence. Earhart and Putnam would not move in immediately, however; they decided to do considerable remodeling and enlarge the existing small structure to meet their needs. This delayed the occupation of their new home for several months. In September 1935, Earhart and Mantz formally established a business partnership that they had been considering since late 1934, by creating the short-lived Earhart-Mantz Flying School, which Mantz controlled"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " and operated through his aviation company, United Air Services. The company was located at the Burbank Airport, about five miles (8\u00a0km) from Earhart's Toluca Lake home. Putnam handled publicity for the school that primarily taught instrument flying using Link Trainers.</s><s>World flight in 1937.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:Planning. In 1935, Earhart joined Purdue University as a visiting faculty member to counsel women on careers and as a technical advisor to its Department of Aeronautics. Early in 1936, Earhart started planning a round-the-world flight. Although others had flown around the world, her flight would be the longest at 29,000 miles (47,000\u00a0km) because it followed a roughly equatorial route. With financing from Purdue, in July 1936, a Lockheed Electra 10E (reg. NR16020) was built at Lockheed Aircraft Company to her specifications, which included extensive modifications to the fuselage to incorporate many additional fuel tanks. Earhart dubbed the twin engine monoplane her \"flying laboratory\". The plane was built at Lockheed's Burbank, California, plant, and after delivery it was hangared at Mantz's United Air Services, which was just across the airfield from the Lockheed plant."}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " Although the Electra was publicized as a \"flying laboratory\", little useful science was planned and the flight was arranged around Earhart's intention to circumnavigate the globe along with gathering raw material and public attention for her next book. Earhart chose Captain Harry Manning as her navigator; he had been the captain of the, the ship that had brought Earhart back from Europe in 1928. Manning was not only a navigator, but he was also a pilot and a skilled radio operator who knew Morse code. The original plan was a two-person crew. Earhart would fly and Manning would navigate. During a flight across the country that included Earhart, Manning, and Putnam, Earhart flew using landmarks. She and Putnam knew where they were. Manning did a navigation fix, but that fix alarmed Putnam, because Manning's position put them in the wrong state. They were flying close to the state line, so the navigation error was minor, but Putnam was still concerned. Sometime later, Putnam and Mantz arranged a night flight to test Manning's navigational skill. Under poor navigational conditions, Manning's position was off by 20 miles. Elgen M. and Marie K. Long consider Manning's performance reasonable because it was within an"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " acceptable error of 30 miles, but Mantz and Putnam wanted a better navigator. Through contacts in the Los Angeles aviation community, Fred Noonan was subsequently chosen as a second navigator because there were significant additional factors that had to be dealt with while using celestial navigation for aircraft. Noonan was experienced in both marine (he was a licensed ship's captain) and flight navigation. Noonan had recently left Pan Am, where he established most of the company's China Clipper seaplane routes across the Pacific. Noonan had also been responsible for training Pan American's navigators for the route between San Francisco and Manila. The original plans were for Noonan to navigate from Hawaii to Howland Island, a particularly difficult portion of the flight; then Manning would continue with Earhart to Australia and she would proceed on her own for the remainder of the project.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:First attempt. On March 17, 1937, Earhart and her crew flew the first leg from Oakland, California, to Honolulu, Hawaii. In addition to Earhart and Noonan, Harry Manning and Mantz (who was acting as Earhart's technical advisor) were on board. Due to lubrication and galling problems with the propeller hubs' variable pitch mechanisms, the aircraft"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " needed servicing in Hawaii. Ultimately, the Electra ended up at the United States Navy's Luke Field on Ford Island in Pearl Harbor. The flight resumed three days later from Luke Field with Earhart, Noonan and Manning on board. The next destination was Howland Island, a small island in the Pacific. Manning, the only skilled radio operator, had made arrangements to use radio direction finding to home in to the island. The flight never left Luke Field. During the takeoff run, there was an uncontrolled ground-loop, the forward landing gear collapsed, both propellers hit the ground, the plane skidded on its belly, and a portion of the runway was damaged. The cause of the ground-loop is controversial. Some witnesses at Luke Field, including the Associated Press journalist, said they saw a tire blow. Earhart thought either the Electra's right tire had blown and/or the right landing gear had collapsed. Some sources, including Mantz, cited pilot error. With the aircraft severely damaged, the flight was called off and the aircraft was shipped by sea to the Lockheed Burbank facility for repairs. Manning, having taken a leave of absence to do the flight, felt that there had been too many problems and delays. He ended his association with the trip"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": ", leaving only Earhart with Noonan, neither of whom were skilled radio operators.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:Second attempt. While the Electra was being repaired, Earhart and Putnam secured additional funds and prepared for a second attempt. This time flying west to east, the second attempt began with an unpublicized flight from Oakland to Miami, Florida, and after arriving there Earhart publicly announced her plans to circumnavigate the globe. The flight's opposite direction was partly the result of changes in global wind and weather patterns along the planned route since the earlier attempt. On this second flight, Fred Noonan was Earhart's only crew member. The pair departed Miami on June 1 and after numerous stops in South America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, arrived at Lae, New Guinea, on June 29, 1937. At this stage, about 22,000 miles (35,000\u00a0km) of the journey had been completed. The remaining 7,000 miles (11,000\u00a0km) would be over the Pacific.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:Departure from Lae. On July 2, 1937 at 10:00 in the morning (midnight GMT), Earhart and Noonan took off from L"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "ae Airfield () in the heavily loaded Electra. Their intended destination was Howland Island (), a flat sliver of land 6,500\u00a0ft (2,000\u00a0m) long and 1,600\u00a0ft (500\u00a0m) wide, 10\u00a0ft (3\u00a0m) high and away. The expected flying time was about 20 hours, so, accounting for the 2-hour time-zone difference between Lae and Howland and crossing of the International Dateline, the aircraft was expected to arrive at Howland the morning of the next day, 2 July. The aircraft departed Lae with about 1100 gallons of gasoline. In March 1937, Kelly Johnson had recommended engine and altitude settings for the Electra. One of the recommended schedules was: Earhart used part of the above schedule for the Oakland to Honolulu leg of the first world flight attempt. Johnson estimated that 900 gallons of fuel would provide 40% more range than required for that leg. Using 900 gallons was 250 gallons less than the Electra's maximum fuel tank capacity; that meant a weight savings of, so Earhart included Mantz as a passenger on that leg. The Oakland to Honolulu leg had Earhart, Noonan, Manning, and Mantz on board. The flight from Oakland to Honolulu"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " took 16 hours. The Electra also loaded 900 gallons of fuel for the shorter Honolulu to Howland leg (with only Earhart, Noonan, and Manning on board), but the airplane crashed on take off; the crash ended the first world flight attempt. Around 3\u00a0pm Lae time, Earhart reported her altitude as 10,000\u00a0ft but that they would reduce altitude due to thick clouds. Around 5\u00a0pm, Earhart reported her altitude as 7,000\u00a0ft and speed as 150 knots. Their last known position report was near the Nukumanu Islands, about into the flight. During the flight, Noonan may have been able to do some celestial navigation to determine his position. If crossing the International Dateline was not taken into account, a 1\u00b0 or 60 mile position error would result.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:Radio equipment. In preparation for the trip to Howland Island, the U.S. Coast Guard had sent the cutter to the island. The cutter offered many services such as ferrying news reporters to the island, but it also had communication and navigation functions. The plan was the cutter could: communicate with Earhart's aircraft via radio; transmit a radio homing signal to make it easy to find Howland Island"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " without precise celestial navigation; do radio direction finding if Earhart used her 500\u00a0kHz transmitter; use an experimental high-frequency direction finder for Earhart's voice transmissions; and use her boilers to \"make smoke\" (create a dark column of smoke that can be seen over the horizon). All of the navigation methods would fail to guide Earhart to Howland Island. The Electra had radio equipment for both communication and navigation, but details about that equipment are not clear. The Electra failed to establish two-way radio communications with and failed to radiolocate \"Itasca\". Many explanations have been proposed for those failures. The plane had a modified Western Electric model 13C transmitter. The 50-watt transmitter was crystal controlled and capable of transmitting on 500\u00a0kHz, 3105\u00a0kHz, and 6210\u00a0kHz. Crystal control means that the transmitter cannot be tuned to other frequencies; the plane could transmit only on those three frequencies. The transmitter had been modified at the factory to provide the 500\u00a0kHz capability. The plane had a modified Western Electric model 20B receiver. Ordinarily, the receiver covered four frequency bands: 188\u2013420\u00a0kHz, 550\u20131500\u00a0kHz, 1500\u20134000\u00a0kHz, and 4000\u201310000\u00a0kHz. The"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " receiver was modified to lower the frequencies in the second band to 485\u20131200\u00a0kHz. That modification allowed the reception of 500\u00a0kHz signals; such signals were used for marine distress calls and radio navigation. The model 20B receiver has two antenna inputs: a low-frequency antenna input and a high-frequency antenna input. The receiver's band selector also selects which antenna input is used; the first two bands use the low-frequency antenna, and the last two bands select the high-frequency antenna. It is unknown whether the model 20B receiver had a beat frequency oscillator that would enable the detection of continuous wave transmissions such as Morse code and radiolocation beacons. Neither Earhart nor Noonan were capable of using Morse code. They relied on voice communications. Manning, who was on the first world flight attempt but not the second, was skilled at Morse and had acquired an FCC aircraft radiotelegraph license for 15 words per minute in March 1937, just prior to the start of the first flight. A separate automatic radio direction finder receiver, a prototype Hooven Radio Compass, had been installed in the plane in October 1936, but that receiver was removed before the flight to save weight. The Hooven Radio Compass was replaced with a Bendix coupling unit that"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " allowed a conventional loop antenna to be attached to an existing receiver (i.e., the Western Electric 20B). The loop antenna is visible above the cockpit on Earhart's plane. Alternatively, the loop antenna may have been connected to a Bendix RA-1 auxiliary receiver with direction finding capability up to 1500\u00a0kHz. It is not clear that such a receiver was installed, and if it were, it may have been removed before the flight. Elgen and Marie Long describe Joe Gurr training Earhart to use a Bendix receiver and other equipment to tune radio station KFI on 640\u00a0kHz and determine its direction. Whichever receiver was used, there are pictures of Earhart's radio direction finder loop antenna and its 5-band Bendix coupling unit. The details of the loop and its coupler are not clear. Elgen and Marie Long claim that the coupling unit adapted a standard RDF-1-B loop to the RA-1 receiver, and that the system was limited to frequencies below 1430\u00a0kHz. During the first world flight attempt's leg from Honolulu to Howland (when Manning was a navigator), \"Itasca\" was supposed to transmit a CW homing beacon at either 375\u00a0kHz or 500\u00a0kHz. At least twice"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " during the world flight, Earhart failed to determine radio bearings at 7500\u00a0kHz. If the RDF equipment was not suitable for that frequency, then attempting such a fix would be operator error and fruitless. However, the earlier 7-band Navy RDF-1-A covered 500\u00a0kHz\u20138000\u00a0kHz. The later 3-band DU-1 covered 200\u00a0kHz\u20131600\u00a0kHz. It is not clear where the RDF-1-B or Earhart's coupler performance sits between those two units. In addition, the RDF-1-A and DU-1 coupler designs have other differences. The intention is to have the ordinary receive antenna connected to the coupler's antenna input; from there, it is passed on to the receiver. In the RDF-1-A design, the coupler must be powered on for that design function to work. In the later DU-1 design, the coupler need not be powered. There were problems with the RDF equipment during the world flight. During the transatlantic leg of the flight (Brazil to Africa), the RDF equipment did not work. The radio direction finding station at Darwin expected to be in contact with Earhart when she arrived there, but Earhart stated"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " that the RDF was not functioning; the problem was a blown fuse. During a test flight at Lae, Earhart could hear radio signals, but she failed to obtain an RDF bearing. While apparently near Howland Island, Earhart reported receiving a 7500\u00a0kHz signal from \"Itasca\", but she was unable to obtain an RDF bearing. The antennas and their connections on the Electra are not certain. A dorsal Vee antenna was added by Bell Telephone Laboratories. There had been a trailing wire antenna for 500\u00a0kHz, but the Luke Field accident collapsed both landing gear and wiped off the ventral antennas. After the accident, the trailing wire antenna was removed, the dorsal antenna was modified, and a ventral antenna was installed. It is not certain, but it is likely that the dorsal antenna was only connected to the transmitter (i.e., no \"break in\" relay), and the ventral antenna was only connected to the receiver. Once the second world flight started, problems with radio reception were noticed while flying across the US; Pan Am technicians may have modified the ventral antenna while the plane was in Miami. At Lae, problems with transmission quality on 6210\u00a0kHz were noticed. Once the flight took off from Lae,"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " Lae did not receive radio messages on 6210\u00a0kHz (Earhart's daytime frequency) until four hours later (at 2:18\u00a0pm); Lae's last reception was at 5:18\u00a0pm and was a strong signal; Lae received nothing after that; presumably the plane switched to 3105\u00a0kHz (Earhart's nighttime frequency). \"Itasca\" heard Earhart on 3105\u00a0kHz, but did not hear her on 6210\u00a0kHz. TIGHAR postulates that the ventral receiving antenna was scraped off while the Electra taxied to the runway at Lae; consequently, the Electra lost its ability to receive HF transmissions.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:Nearing Howland Island. The USCGC \"Itasca\" was on station at Howland. Its task was to communicate with Earhart's Electra and guide them to the island once they arrived in the vicinity. Noonan and Earhart expected to do voice communications on 3105\u00a0kHz during the night and 6210\u00a0kHz during the day. Through a series of misunderstandings or errors (the details of which are still controversial), the final approach to Howland Island using radio navigation was not successful. Fred Noonan had earlier written about problems affecting the"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " accuracy of radio direction finding in navigation. Another cited cause of possible confusion was that the \"Itasca\" and Earhart planned their communication schedule using time systems set a half-hour apart, with Earhart using Greenwich Civil Time (GCT) and the \"Itasca\" under a Naval time zone designation system. The Electra expected \"Itasca\" to transmit signals that the Electra could use as an RDF beacon to find the \"Itasca\". In theory, the plane could listen for the signal while rotating its loop antenna. A sharp minimum indicates the direction of the RDF beacon. The Electra's RDF equipment had failed due to a blown fuse during an earlier leg flying to Darwin; the fuse was replaced. Near Howland, Earhart could hear the transmission from \"Itasca\" on 7500\u00a0kHz, but she was unable to determine a minimum, so she could not determine a direction to \"Itasca\". Earhart was also unable to determine a minimum during an RDF test at Lae. One likely theory is that Earhart's RDF equipment did not work at 7500\u00a0kHz; most RDF equipment at the time was not designed to work above 2000\u00a0kHz. When operated above their design frequency, loop antennas lose their direction"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "ality. \"Itasca\" had its own RDF equipment, but that equipment did not work above 550\u00a0kHz, so \"Itasca\" could not determine the direction to the Electra's HF transmissions at 3105 and 6210\u00a0kHz. The Electra had been equipped to transmit a 500\u00a0kHz signal that \"Itasca\" could use for radio direction finding, but some of that equipment had been removed. The equipment originally used a long trailing wire antenna. While the plane was in flight, the wire antenna would be paid out at the tail; efficient transmissions at 500\u00a0kHz needed a long antenna. The antenna was bulky and heavy, so the trailing wire antenna was removed to save weight. If nothing else had been done, the plane would have been unable to transmit an RDF signal that \"Itasca\" could use. Such a modification was made, but without voice communication from \"Itasca\" to the plane, the ship could not tell the plane to use its 500\u00a0kHz signal. Even if \"Itasca\" could get a bearing to the plane, the \"Itasca\" could not tell the plane that bearing, so the plane could not head to the ship. Some sources have noted Earhart's apparent lack of understanding of her direction-finding system"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": ", which had been fitted to the aircraft just prior to the flight. The system was equipped with a new receiver from Bendix that operated on five wavelength \"bands\", marked 1 to 5. The loop antenna was equipped with a tuneable loading coil that changed the effective length of the antenna to allow it to work efficiently at different wavelengths. The tuner on the antenna was also marked with five settings, 1 to 5, but, critically, these were not the same frequency bands as the corresponding bands on the radio. The two were close enough for settings 1, 2 and 3, but the higher frequency settings, 4 and 5, were entirely different. The upper bands (4 and 5) could not be used for direction finding. Earhart's only training on the system was a brief introduction by Joe Gurr at the Lockheed factory, and the topic had not come up. A card displaying the band settings of the antenna was mounted so it was not visible. Gurr explained that higher frequency bands would offer better accuracy and longer range. Motion picture evidence from Lae suggests that an antenna mounted underneath the fuselage may have been torn off from the fuel-heavy Electra during taxi or takeoff from Lae's turf runway, though no antenna was reported found at Lae.</s>"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "<s>World flight in 1937.:Radio signals. During Earhart and Noonan's approach to Howland Island, the \"Itasca\" received strong and clear voice transmissions from Earhart identifying as KHAQQ, but she apparently was unable to hear voice transmissions from the ship. Signals from the ship would also be used for direction finding, implying that the aircraft's direction finder was also not functional. The first calls, routine reports stating the weather as cloudy and overcast, were received at 2:45 and just before 5\u00a0am on July 2. These calls were broken up by static, but at this point the aircraft would still be a long distance from Howland. At 6:14\u00a0am another call was received stating the aircraft was within, and requested that the ship use its direction finder to provide a bearing for the aircraft. Earhart began whistling into the microphone to provide a continual signal for them to home in on. It was at this point that the radio operators on the \"Itasca\" realized that their RDF system could not tune in the aircraft's 3105\u00a0kHz frequency; radioman Leo Bellarts later commented that he \"was sitting there sweating blood because I couldn't do a darn thing about it.\" A similar call asking for"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " a bearing was received at 6:45\u00a0am, when Earhart estimated they were out. An \"Itasca\" radio log (position 1) at 7:30\u20137:40\u00a0am states: Another \"Itasca\" radio log (position 2) at 7:42\u00a0am states: Earhart's 7:58\u00a0am transmission said she could not hear the \"Itasca\" and asked them to send voice signals so she could try to take a radio bearing. This transmission was reported by the \"Itasca\" as the loudest possible signal, indicating Earhart and Noonan were in the immediate area. They could not send voice at the frequency she asked for, so Morse code signals were sent instead. Earhart acknowledged receiving these but said she was unable to determine their direction. In her last known transmission at 8:43\u00a0am Earhart broadcast \"We are on the line 157 337. We will repeat this message. We will repeat this on 6210 kilocycles. Wait.\" However, a few moments later she was back on the same frequency (3105\u00a0kHz) with a transmission that was logged as \"questionable\": \"We are running on line north and south.\" Earhart's transmissions seemed to indicate she and Noonan believed they"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " had reached Howland's charted position, which was incorrect by about five nautical miles (10\u00a0km). The \"Itasca\" used her oil-fired boilers to generate smoke for a period of time, but the fliers apparently did not see it. The many scattered clouds in the area around Howland Island have also been cited as a problem: their dark shadows on the ocean surface may have been almost indistinguishable from the island's subdued and very flat profile. Whether any post-loss radio signals were received from Earhart and Noonan remains unclear. If transmissions were received from the Electra, most if not all were weak and hopelessly garbled. Earhart's voice transmissions to Howland were on 3105\u00a0kHz, a frequency restricted in the United States by the FCC to aviation use. This frequency was thought to be not fit for broadcasts over great distances. When Earhart was at cruising altitude and midway between Lae and Howland (over from each) neither station heard her scheduled transmission at 0815 GCT. Moreover, the 50-watt transmitter used by Earhart was attached to a less-than-optimum-length V-type antenna. The last voice transmission received on Howland Island from Earhart indicated she and Noonan were"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " flying along a line of position (running N\u2013S on 157\u2013337 degrees) which Noonan would have calculated and drawn on a chart as passing through Howland. After all contact was lost with Howland Island, attempts were made to reach the flyers with both voice and Morse code transmissions. Operators across the Pacific and the United States may have heard signals from the downed Electra but these were unintelligible or weak. Some of these reports of transmissions were later determined to be hoaxes but others were deemed authentic. Bearings taken by Pan American Airways stations suggested signals originating from several locations, including Gardner Island (Nikumaroro), 360 miles (580\u00a0km) to the SSE. It was noted at the time that if these signals were from Earhart and Noonan, they must have been on land with the aircraft since water would have otherwise shorted out the Electra's electrical system. Sporadic signals were reported for four or five days after the disappearance but none yielded any understandable information. The captain of later said: \"There was no doubt many stations were calling the Earhart plane on the plane's frequency, some by voice and others by signals. All of these added to the confusion and doubtfulness of the authenticity of the reports.\"</s><s>World"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " flight in 1937.:Contemporaneous search efforts. Beginning approximately one hour after Earhart's last recorded message, the USCGC \"Itasca\" undertook an ultimately unsuccessful search north and west of Howland Island based on initial assumptions about transmissions from the aircraft. The United States Navy (USN) soon joined the search and over a period of about three days sent available resources to the search area in the vicinity of Howland Island. The initial search by the \"Itasca\" involved running up the 157/337 line of position to the NNW from Howland Island. The \"Itasca\" then searched the area to the immediate NE of the island, corresponding to the area, yet wider than the area searched to the NW. Based on bearings of several supposed Earhart radio transmissions, some of the search efforts were directed to a specific position on a line of 281 degrees (approximately northwest) from Howland Island without evidence of the flyers. Four days after Earhart's last verified radio transmission, on July 6, 1937, the captain of the battleship \"Colorado\" received orders from the Commandant, Fourteenth Naval District to take over all naval and coast guard units to coordinate search efforts. Later search efforts were directed to the Phoenix Islands south of Howland Island. A"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " week after the disappearance, naval aircraft from the \"Colorado\" flew over several islands in the group including Gardner Island (now called Nikumaroro), which had been uninhabited for over 40 years. The subsequent report on Gardner read: \"Here signs of recent habitation were clearly visible but repeated circling and zooming failed to elicit any answering wave from possible inhabitants and it was finally taken for granted that none were there... At the western end of the island a tramp steamer (of about 4000 tons)... lay high and almost dry head onto the coral beach with her back broken in two places. The lagoon at Gardner looked sufficiently deep and certainly large enough so that a seaplane or even an airboat could have landed or takenoff in any direction with little if any difficulty. Given a chance, it is believed that Miss Earhart could have landed her aircraft in this lagoon and swum or waded ashore.\" They also found that Gardner's shape and size as recorded on charts were wholly inaccurate. Other Navy search efforts were again directed north, west and southwest of Howland Island, based on a possibility the Electra had ditched in the ocean, was afloat, or that the aviators were in an emergency raft. The official search efforts lasted until July 19"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": ", 1937. At $4\u00a0million, the air and sea search by the Navy and Coast Guard was the most costly and intensive in U.S. history up to that time, but search and rescue techniques during the era were rudimentary and some of the search was based on erroneous assumptions and flawed information. Official reporting of the search effort was influenced by individuals wary about how their roles in looking for an American hero might be reported by the press. Despite an unprecedented search by the United States Navy and Coast Guard, no physical evidence of Earhart, Noonan or the Electra 10E was found. The aircraft carrier, the battleship USS \"Colorado\", the, the Japanese oceanographic survey vessel \"Koshu\", and the Japanese seaplane tender \"Kamoi\" searched for six\u2013seven days each, covering. Immediately after the end of the official search, Putnam financed a private search by local authorities of nearby Pacific islands and waters, concentrating on the Gilberts. In late July 1937, Putnam chartered two small boats, and, while he remained in the United States, directed a search of the Phoenix Islands, Christmas (Kiritimati) Island, Fanning (Tabuaeran) Island, the Gilbert Islands, and the Marshall Islands,"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " but no trace of the Electra or its occupants was found. Back in the United States, Putnam acted to become the trustee of Earhart's estate so that he could pay for the searches and related bills. In probate court in Los Angeles, Putnam requested to have the \"declared death \"in absentia\"\" seven-year waiting period waived so that he could manage Earhart's finances. As a result, Earhart was declared legally dead on January 5, 1939.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance. There has been considerable speculation on what happened to Earhart and Noonan. Most historians hold to the simple \"crash and sink\" theory, but a number of other possibilities have been proposed, including several conspiracy theories. Some have suggested that Earhart and Noonan survived and landed elsewhere, but were either never found or killed, making en-route locations like Tarawa unlikely. Proposals have included the uninhabited Gardner Island, from the vicinity of Howland, the Japanese-controlled Marshall Islands, at the closest point of Mili Atoll, and the Japanese-controlled Northern Mariana Islands, from Howland.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Crash-and-sink theory. Many researchers believe that Earhart and Noonan ran"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " out of fuel while searching for Howland Island, ditched at sea, and died. The plane would have carried enough fuel to reach Howland with some extra to spare. The extra fuel would cover some contingencies such as headwinds and searching for Howland. The plane could fly a compass course toward Howland through the night. In the morning, the time of apparent sunrise would allow the plane to determine its line of position (a \"sun line\" that ran 157\u00b0\u2013337\u00b0). From that line, the plane could determine how much farther it must travel before reaching a parallel sun line that ran through Howland. At 6:14 AM \"Itasca\" time, Earhart estimated they were away from Howland. As the plane closed with the island, it expected to be in radio contact with \"Itasca\". With the radio contact, the plane should have been able to use radio direction finding (RDF) to head directly for the \"Itasca\" and Howland. The plane was not receiving a radio signal from \"Itasca\", so it would have been unable to determine a respective RDF bearing. Although \"Itasca\" was receiving HF radio signals from the plane, it did not have HF RDF equipment, so it could not determine"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " a bearing to the plane. Almost no communications were transmitted to the plane. Consequently, the plane was not directed to Howland, and was left on its own with little fuel. Presumably, the plane reached the parallel sun line and started searching for Howland on that line of position. At 7:42 AM, Earhart reported, \"We must be on you, but cannot see you \u2013 but gas is running low. Have been unable to reach you by radio. We are flying at 1,000 feet.\" At 8:43 AM, Earhart reported, \"We are on the line 157 337. We will repeat this message. We will repeat this on 6210 kilocycles. Wait.\" Between Earhart's low-on-fuel message at 7:42 AM and her last confirmed message at 8:43, her signal strength remained consistent, indicating that she never left the immediate Howland area as she ran out of fuel. The U.S. Coast Guard made this determination by tracking her signal strength as she approached the island, noting signal levels from her reports of 200 and 100 miles out. These reports were roughly 30 minutes apart, providing vital ground-speed clues. Based on these facts, and the lack of additional signals from Earhart, the Coast Guard"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " first responders initiating the search concluded that she ran out of fuel somewhere very close to and north of Howland. During the 1970s, retired USN captain Laurance Safford began a lengthy analysis of the flight. His research included the intricate radio transmission documentation. Safford concluded that the flight had suffered from \"poor planning, worse execution\". In 1982, retired USN rear admiral Richard R. Black, who was in administrative charge of the Howland Island airstrip and was present in the radio room on the \"Itasca\", asserted that \"the Electra went into the sea about 10\u00a0am, July 2, 1937, not far from Howland\". British aviation historian Roy Nesbit interpreted evidence in contemporary accounts and Putnam's correspondence and concluded that Earhart's Electra was not fully fueled at Lae. William L. Polhemous, the navigator on Ann Pellegreno's 1967 flight that followed Earhart and Noonan's original flight path, studied navigational tables for July 2, 1937, and thought Noonan may have miscalculated the \"single line approach\" intended to \"hit\" Howland. David Jourdan, a former Navy submariner and ocean engineer specializing in deep-sea recoveries, has claimed that"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " any transmissions attributed to Gardner Island were false. Through his company Nauticos, he extensively searched a quadrant north and west of Howland Island during two deep-sea sonar expeditions (2002 and 2006, total cost $4.5\u00a0million) and found nothing. The search locations were derived from the line of position (157\u2013337) broadcast by Earhart on July 2, 1937. Nevertheless, Elgen Long's interpretations have led Jourdan to conclude, \"The analysis of all the data we have \u2013 the fuel analysis, the radio calls, other things \u2013 tells me she went into the water off Howland.\" Earhart's stepson George Palmer Putnam Jr. has been quoted as saying he believes \"the plane just ran out of gas\".Kleinberg, Eliot. \"Amelia Earhart's disappearance still haunts her stepson, 83.\" \"Palm Beach Post\", December 27, 2004. Retrieved: July 1, 2013. Earhart biography author Susan Butler posits that the aircraft went into the ocean out of sight of Howland Island and rests on the seafloor at a depth of. Tom D. Crouch, senior curator of the National Air and Space Museum, has said the Electra is \"18,000"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " ft. down\" and compares its archaeological significance to the \"Titanic\", saying, \"the mystery is part of what keeps us interested. In part, we remember her because she's our favorite missing person.\"</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Gardner Island hypothesis. The Gardner Island hypothesis assumes that Earhart and Noonan, unable to find Howland Island, would not waste time searching for it, instead turning to the south to look for other islands. The 157/337 radio transmission suggests they flew a course of 157\u00b0 that would take them past Baker Island; if they missed this, then sometime later they would fly over the Phoenix Islands, now part of the Republic of Kiribati, about south-southeast of Howland Island. One of the Phoenix Islands, known as Gardner Island (now Nikumaroro), has been the subject of inquiry as a possible crash-landing site. A week after Earhart disappeared, Navy planes from USS \"Colorado\" (which had sailed from Pearl Harbor) searched Gardner Island. The planes saw signs of recent habitation and the November 1929 wreck of the, but did not see any signs of Earhart's plane or people. After the Navy ended its search, G. P. Putnam undertook a search in"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " the Phoenix Group and other islands, but nothing was found. In October 1937, Eric Bevington and Henry E. Maude visited Gardner with some potential settlers. A group walked all the way around the island, but did not find a plane or other evidence. In December 1938, laborers landed on the island and started constructing a settlement. In late 1939, did a survey of the island. Around April 1940, a skull was discovered and buried, but British colonial officer Gerald Gallagher did not learn of it until September. Gallagher did a more thorough search of the discovery area, including looking for artifacts such as rings. The search found more bones, a bottle, a shoe, and a sextant box. On September 23, 1940, Gallagher radioed his superiors that he had found a \"skeleton... possibly that of a woman\", along with an old-fashioned sextant box (later revealed to have been left during a recent hydrographic survey), under a tree on the island's southeast corner. Gallagher stated that the \"Bones look more than four years old to me but there seems to be very slight chance that this may be remains of Amelia Earhart.\" He was ordered to send the remains to Fiji. On 4 April 1941, Dr. D. W"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": ". Hoodless of the Central Medical School (later named the Fiji School of Medicine) examined the bones, took measurements, and wrote a report. Using Karl Pearson's formulas for stature and the lengths of the femur, tibia, and humerus, Hoodless concluded that the person was about tall. Hoodless wrote that the skeleton \"could be that of a short, stocky, muscular European, or even a half-caste, or person of mixed European descent.\" Earhart's 1930 pilot's license states she was and. Hoodless also wrote that \"it may be definitely stated that the skeleton is that of a MALE. Owing to the weather-beaten condition of all the bones it is impossible to be dogmatic in regard to the age of the person at the time of death, but I am of the opinion that he was not less than 45 years of age and that probably he was older: say between 45 and 55 years.\" Earhart was just under 40 years old when she disappeared. Hoodless offered to make more detailed measurements if needed, but suggested that any further examination be done by the Anthropological Department at Sydney University. These bones were apparently misplaced in Fiji and presumed lost. Around the turn of the 21st century, researchers used"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " Hoodless's measurements to argue against his conclusions that the bones were that of a male. In two 2015 episodes of \"Expedition Unknown\", host Josh Gates searched under a house which had belonged to another doctor from the Fiji School of Medicine, where in 1968 the house's new owner had found a box containing bones including a skull; these were brought to a local museum and lost. Gates combed several bone fragments from the area where the box had been found; these were DNA tested and determined to belong to a male. During World War II, US Coast Guard LORAN Unit 92, a radio navigation station built in the summer and fall of 1944, and operational from mid-November 1944 until mid-May 1945, was located on Gardner Island's southeast end. Dozens of Coast Guard personnel were involved in its construction and operation, but were mostly forbidden from leaving the small base or having contact with the Gilbertese colonists then on the island, and found no artifacts known to relate to Earhart. In 1988, The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR) began an investigation and sent eleven research expeditions to Nikumaroro, producing inconclusive results. They have suggested that Earhart and Noonan may have flown without further radio transmissions for two and a half hours"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " along the line of position Earhart noted in her last transmission received at Howland, then found the then-uninhabited Gardner Island, landed the Electra on an extensive reef flat near the wreck of a large freighter (the SS \"Norwich City\") on the northwest side of the atoll, and ultimately perished. Artifacts discovered by TIGHAR on Nikumaroro have included improvised tools, an aluminum panel, an oddly cut piece of clear Plexiglas, and a size-9 woman's shoe heel. Recently rediscovered photos of Earhart's Electra just before departure in Miami show an aluminum panel over a window on the right side. Ric Gillespie, head of TIGHAR, claimed that the aluminum panel artifact has the same dimensions and rivet pattern as the one shown in the photo \"to a high degree of certainty\". Based on this new evidence, Gillespie returned to the atoll in June 2015, but operations using a remotely operated underwater vehicle to investigate a sonar detection of a possible wreckage were hampered by technical problems. Further, a review of sonar data concluded it was most likely a coral ridge. In July 2017, staff from the New England Air Museum notified TIGHAR that the unique rivet pattern of the aluminum panel precisely matched the"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " top of the wing of a Douglas C-47 Skytrain in the museum inventory, particularly significant since a C-47B crashed on a nearby island during World War II and villagers acknowledged bringing aluminum from that wreck to Gardner Island. Some consider TIGHAR's theory the most plausible Earhart-survival theory, although not proven and not accepted beyond crash-and-sink. Other sources have criticized TIGHAR as seizing on unlikely possibilities as circumstantial evidence; for example, an article criticized the suggestion that a jar of freckle ointment found on Nikumaroro might have been Earhart's, when the Electra was \"virtually a flying gas station\" with little room for amenities, as Earhart and Noonan carried extra gas tanks in every scrap of available space and absence of any corroborating evidence connecting the artifact to her. The 2019 National Geographic special \"Expedition Amelia\" depicts an August 2019 search for Earhart's aircraft off Nikumaroro's reef conducted by ocean explorer Robert Ballard, who has found several ocean wrecks including the \"Titanic\". Ballard was intrigued by documented radio signal bearings that intersect near Nikumaroro, although they were taken from different locations and at different times. Ballard's expedition had more sophisticated search equipment"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " than TIGHAR used on its expedition in 2012. He completed his expedition in October 2019. After days of searching the deep cliffs supporting the island and the nearby ocean, Ballard did not find any evidence of the plane or any associated wreckage of it. Allison Fundis, Ballard's chief operating officer of the expedition stated, \"We felt like if her plane was there, we would have found it pretty early in the expedition.\" The documentary states of the Gardner Island hypothesis that \"It's a nice story. But like all the other evidence obtained here over the decades, there is no provable link to Amelia or her plane.\"</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Japanese capture theory. Another theory is that Earhart and Noonan were captured by Japanese forces, perhaps after somehow navigating to somewhere within the Japanese South Seas Mandate. In 1966, CBS correspondent Fred Goerner published a book claiming that Earhart and Noonan were captured and executed when their aircraft crashed on the island of Saipan, part of the Northern Mariana Islands archipelago. Saipan is more than 2,700 miles away from Howland Island, however. Later proponents of the Japanese capture hypothesis have generally suggested the Marshall Islands instead, which while still distant from the intended location (~800 miles),"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " is slightly more possible. In 1990, the NBC series \"Unsolved Mysteries\" broadcast an interview with a Saipanese woman who claimed to have witnessed Earhart and Noonan's execution by Japanese soldiers. No independent confirmation has ever emerged for any of these claims. Various purported photographs of Earhart during her captivity have been identified as either fraudulent or having been taken before her final flight. A slightly different version of the Japanese capture hypothesis is not that the Japanese captured Earhart, but rather that they shot down her plane. Henri Keyzer-Andre, a former Pan Am pilot, propounded this view in his 1993 book \"Age Of Heroes: Incredible Adventures of a Pan Am Pilot and his Greatest Triumph, Unravelling the Mystery of Amelia Earhart\". Since the end of World War II, a location on Tinian, which is five miles (8\u00a0km) southwest of Saipan, had been rumored to be the grave of the two aviators. In 2004, an archaeological dig at the site failed to turn up any bones. A recent proponent of this theory is Mike Campbell, who published the 2012 book \"Amelia Earhart: The Truth at Last\" in its favor. Campbell cites claims from Marshall Islanders to have witnessed a crash, as well"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " as a U.S. Army Sergeant who found a suspicious gravesite near a former Japanese prison on Saipan. A number of Earhart's relatives have been convinced that the Japanese were somehow involved in Amelia's disappearance, citing unnamed witnesses including Japanese troops and Saipan natives. According to one cousin, the Japanese cut the Lockheed Electra into scrap and threw the pieces into the ocean, to explain why the airplane was not found in the Marshall Islands. In 2017, a History Channel documentary called \"\", proposed that a photograph in the National Archives of Jaluit Atoll in the Marshall Islands was actually a picture of a captured Earhart and Noonan. The picture showed a Caucasian male on a dock who appeared to look like Noonan and a woman sitting on the dock but facing away from the camera, who was judged to have a physique and haircut resembling Earhart's. The documentary theorizes that the photo was taken after Earhart and Noonan crashed at Mili Atoll. The documentary also said that physical evidence recovered from Mili matches pieces that could have fallen off an Electra during a crash or subsequent overland move to a barge. \"The Lost Evidence\" proposed that a Japanese ship seen in the photograph was the \"Koshu Maru\", a"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " Japanese military ship. \"The Lost Evidence\" was quickly discredited, however, after Japanese blogger Kota Yamano found the original source of the photograph in the Archives in the National Diet Library Digital Collection. The original source of the photo was a Japanese travel guide published in October 1935, implying that the photograph was taken in 1935 or before, and thus would be unrelated to Earhart and Noonan's 1937 disappearance. Additionally, the researcher who discovered the photo also identified the ship in the right of the photo as another ship called \"Koshu\", seized by Allied Japanese forces during World War I, and not the \"Koshu Maru\". A common criticism of all versions of the Japanese capture hypothesis is that the Japanese-controlled Marshall Islands were considerably distant from Howland Island. To reach and land there would have required Earhart and Noonan, though low on fuel, to change her northeast course as she neared Howland Island and fly hundreds of miles northwest, a feat \"not supported by the basic rules of geography and navigation.\" Additionally, had the Japanese found a crashed Earhart and Noonan, they would have had substantial motivation to rescue the famous aviators and be hailed as heroes.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Myths, legends, and claims."}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " The unresolved circumstances of Earhart's disappearance, along with her fame, attracted a great body of other claims relating to her last flight. Several unsupported theories have become known in popular culture.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Myths, legends, and claims.:Spies for FDR. The World War II-era movie \"Flight for Freedom\" (1943) is a story of a fictional female aviator (obviously inspired by Earhart) who engages in a spying mission in the Pacific. The movie helped further a myth that Earhart was spying on the Japanese in the Pacific at the request of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. By 1949, both the United Press and U.S. Army Intelligence had concluded that this rumor was groundless. Jackie Cochran, another pioneering aviator and one of Earhart's friends, made a postwar search of numerous files in Japan and was convinced that the Japanese were not involved in Earhart's disappearance.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Myths, legends, and claims.:Tokyo Rose. A rumor that claimed that Earhart had made propaganda radio broadcasts as one of the many women compelled to serve as Tokyo Rose was investigated closely by George Putnam. According to several biographies of Earhart, Putnam investigated this rumor"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " personally but after listening to many recordings of numerous Tokyo Roses, he did not recognize her voice among them.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Myths, legends, and claims.:New Britain. The theory that Earhart may have turned back mid-flight has been posited. She would then have tried to reach the airfield at Rabaul, New Britain (northeast of mainland Papua New Guinea), approximately from Howland. In 1990, Donald Angwin, a veteran of the Australian Army's World War II campaign in New Britain, contacted researchers to suggest that a wrecked aircraft he had witnessed in jungle about southwest of Rabaul, on April 17, 1945, may have been Earhart's Electra. Angwin, who had been a corporal in the 11th Battalion at the time, reported that he and other members of a forward patrol on Japanese-occupied New Britain had found a wrecked twin-engined, unpainted all-metal aircraft. The soldiers recorded a rough position on a map, along with serial numbers seen on the wreckage. The map was found in the possession of another veteran in 1993, but subsequent searches of the area indicated failed to find a wreck. Angwin died in 2001. David Billings, an Australian aircraft engineer, has continued to"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " investigate his theory. Billings claims that the serial numbers written on the map,, represent: - a Pratt & Whitney R-1340-S3H1 model engine; and - \"Constructor's Number 1055\", an airframe identifier. These would be consistent with a Lockheed Electra 10E, such as that flown by Earhart, although they do not contain enough information to identify the wreck in question as NR16020. \"Pacific Wrecks\", a website that documents World War II-era aircraft crash sites, notes that no Electra has been reported lost in or around Papua New Guinea. Ric Gillespie of TIGHAR believes that based on Earhart's last estimated position, somewhat close to Howland Island, it was impossible for the aircraft to end up at New Britain, and over 13 hours' flight time away.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Myths, legends, and claims.:Assuming another identity. In November 2006, the National Geographic Channel aired episode two of the \"Undiscovered History\" series about a claim that Earhart survived the world flight, moved to New Jersey, changed her name, remarried and became Irene Craigmile Bolam. This claim had originally been raised in the book \"Amelia Earhart Lives\""}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " (1970) by author Joe Klaas, based on the research of Major Joseph Gervais. Irene Bolam, who had been a banker in New York during the 1940s, denied being Earhart, filed a lawsuit requesting $1.5\u00a0million in damages and submitted a lengthy affidavit in which she rebutted the claims. The book's publisher, McGraw-Hill, withdrew the book from the market shortly after it was released and court records indicate that the company reached an out-of-court settlement with her. Subsequently, Bolam's personal life history was thoroughly documented by researchers, eliminating any possibility that she was Earhart. Kevin Richlin, a professional criminal forensic expert hired by \"National Geographic\", studied photographs of both women and cited many measurable facial differences between Earhart and Bolam.</s><s>Legacy. Earhart was a widely known international celebrity during her lifetime. Her shyly charismatic appeal, independence, persistence, coolness under pressure, courage and goal-oriented career along with the circumstances of her disappearance at a comparatively early age have driven her lasting fame in popular culture. Hundreds of articles and scores of books have been written about her life, which is often cited as a motivational tale, especially for girls. Earhart is generally"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " regarded as a feminist icon. Earhart's accomplishments in aviation inspired a generation of female aviators, including the more than 1,000 women pilots of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) who ferried military aircraft, towed gliders, flew target practice aircraft, and served as transport pilots during World War II. The home where Earhart was born is now the Amelia Earhart Birthplace Museum and is maintained by The Ninety-Nines, an international group of female pilots of whom Earhart was the first elected president. A small section of Earhart's Lockheed Electra starboard engine nacelle recovered in the aftermath of the March 1937 Hawaii crash has been confirmed as authentic and is now regarded as a control piece that will help to authenticate possible future discoveries. The evaluation of the scrap of metal was featured on an episode of \"History Detectives\" on Season 7 in 2009.</s><s>Legacy.:Memorial flights. Two notable memorial flights by female aviators subsequently followed Earhart's original circumnavigational route. - In 1967, Ann Dearing Holtgren Pellegreno and a crew of three flew a similar aircraft (a Lockheed 10A Electra) to complete a world flight that closely mirrored Earhart's"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " flight plan. On the 30th anniversary of her disappearance, Pellegreno dropped a wreath in Earhart's honor over tiny Howland Island and returned to Oakland, completing the commemorative flight on July 7, 1967. - In 1997, on the 60th anniversary of Earhart's world flight, San Antonio businesswoman Linda Finch retraced the final flight path flying the same make and model of aircraft as Earhart, a restored 1935 Lockheed Electra 10E. Finch touched down in 18 countries before finishing the trip two and a half months later when she arrived back at Oakland Airport on May 28, 1997. In 2001, another commemorative flight retraced the route undertaken by Earhart in her August 1928 transcontinental record flight. Dr. Carlene Mendieta flew an original Avro Avian, the same type that was used in 1928. In 2013, Amelia Rose Earhart (no relation), a pilot and a reporter from Denver, Colorado, announced that she would be recreating the 1937 flight in the middle of 2014 in a single engine Pilatus PC-12NG. She completed the flight without incident on July 11, 2014. In June and July 2017, Brian Lloyd flew his Mooney M20K 231 around the world to commemorate Earhart"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "'s attempted circumnavigation 80 years earlier. Lloyd followed a route similar to the one taken by Earhart.</s><s>Legacy.:Other honors. Countless other tributes and memorials have been made in Amelia Earhart's name, including a 2012 tribute by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, speaking at a State Department event celebrating the ties of Earhart and the United States to its Pacific neighbors, noting: \"Earhart... created a legacy that resonates today for anyone, girls and boys, who dreams of the stars.\" In 2013, \"Flying\" magazine ranked Earhart No. 9 on its list of the \"51 Heroes of Aviation\". The following list is not considered definitive, but serves also to give significant examples of tributes and honors. - Amelia Earhart Centre And Wildlife Sanctuary was established at the site of her 1932 landing in Northern Ireland, Ballyarnet Country Park, Derry. - The \"Earhart Tree\" on Banyan Drive in Hilo, Hawaii, was planted by Earhart in 1935. - The Zonta International Amelia Earhart Fellowship Awards were established in 1938. - Earhart Light (also known as the Amelia Earhart Light), a navigational day beacon on Howland Island (has not been"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " maintained and is crumbling). - The Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarships (established in 1939 by The Ninety-Nines), provides scholarships to women for advanced pilot certificates and ratings, jet type ratings, college degrees, and technical training. - The Purdue University Amelia Earhart Scholarship, first awarded in 1940, is based on academic merit and leadership and is open to juniors and seniors enrolled in any school at the West Lafayette campus. After being discontinued in the 1970s, a donor resurrected the award in 1999. - In 1942, a United States Liberty ship named was launched. It was wrecked in 1948. - Amelia Earhart Field (1947), formerly Masters Field and Miami Municipal Airport, after closure in 1959, Amelia Earhart Park was dedicated in an area of undeveloped federal government land located north and west of the former Miami Municipal Airport and immediately south of Opa-locka Airport. - Amelia Earhart Airport (1958), located in Atchison, Kansas. - Amelia Earhart Commemorative Stamp (8\u00a2 airmail postage) was issued in 1963 by the United States Postmaster-General. - The Civil Air Patrol Amelia Earhart Award (since 1964) is awarded to cadets who have completed the first 11 achievements of the cadet program along"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " with receipt of the General Billy Mitchell Award. - Amelia Earhart Residence Hall opened in 1964 as a residence hall for women at Purdue University and became coed in 2002. An eight-foot sculpture of Earhart, by Ernest Shelton, was placed in front of the Earhart Hall Dining Court in 2009. - Member of National Aviation Hall of Fame (1968). - Amelia Earhart Statue by Ernest Shelton (circa 1971), Los Angeles, California - Member of National Women's Hall of Fame (1973). - Crittenton Women's Union (Boston) Amelia Earhart Award recognizes a woman who continues Earhart's pioneering spirit and who has significantly contributed to the expansion of opportunities for women (since 1982). - Earhart Corona, a corona on Venus was named by the IAU in 1982 (initially as Earhart crater). - The Amelia Earhart Birthplace, Atchison, Kansas (a museum and historic site, owned and maintained by The Ninety-Nines since 1984). - In 1988, the Federal Aviation Administration announced that it had retired Earhart's aircraft registration number, N16020, from use in the United States. - UCI Irvine Amelia Earhart Award (since 1990). - She was inducted into the Motorsports"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " Hall of Fame of America in 1992. - 3895 Earhart, a minor planet discovered in 1987, was named in 1995 after her, by its discoverer, Carolyn S. Shoemaker. - Earhart Foundation, located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Established in 1995, the foundation funds research and scholarship through a network of 50 \"Earhart professors\" across the United States. - Amelia Earhart Festival (annual event since 1996), located in Atchison, Kansas. - Amelia Earhart Pioneering Achievement Award, Atchison, Kansas: Since 1996, the Cloud L. Cray Foundation provides a $10,000 women's scholarship to the educational institution of the honoree's choice. - Amelia Earhart Earthwork in Warnock Lake Park, Atchison, Kansas. Stan Herd created the landscape mural in 1997 from permanent plantings and stone to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Earhart's birth. Located at and best viewed from the air. - Amelia Earhart Bridge (1997), located in Atchison, Kansas. - Greater Miami Aviation Association Amelia Earhart Award for outstanding achievement (2006); first recipient: noted flyer Patricia \"Patty\" Wagstaff. - On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " Maria Shriver inducted Earhart into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. - USNS \"Amelia Earhart\" (T-AKE-6) was named in her honor in May 2007. - Amelia Earhart full size bronze statue was placed at the Spirit of Flight Center located in Lafayette, Colorado, in 2008. - The Amelia Earhart General Aviation Terminal, a satellite terminal at Boston's Logan Airport (formerly used by American Eagle, now unused). - Amelia Earhart Dam on the Mystic River in eastern Massachusetts. - Schools named after Earhart are found throughout the United States including the Amelia Earhart Elementary School, in Alameda, California, Amelia Earhart Elementary School, in Hialeah, Florida, Amelia Earhart Middle School, Riverside, California, and Amelia Earhart International Baccalaureate World School, in Indio, California. - Amelia Earhart Hotel, located in Wiesbaden, Germany, originally used as a hotel for women, then as temporary military housing is now operated as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Europe District Headquarters with offices for the Army Contracting Agency and the Defense Contract Management Agency. - Amelia Earhart Road, located in Oklahoma City ("}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "headquarters of The Ninety-Nines), Oklahoma. - Earhart Road, located next to the Oakland International Airport North Field in Oakland, California. - Amelia Earhart Playhouse, at Wiesbaden Army Airfield. - To commemorate her first transatlantic flight, on the Millennium Coastal Path at Pwll, Burry Port, South Wales is a blue plaque sponsored by Llanelli Community Heritage. - In 2015, was provisionally named after Amelia Earhart. - North Hollywood Amelia Earhart Regional Library and nearby sculpture. - In 2022, Kansas added a statue of Earhart in the National Statuary Hall Collection.</s><s>In popular culture. Earhart's life has spurred the imaginations of many writers and others; the following examples are given although many other mentions have also occurred in contemporary or current media: - \"Amelia Earhart's Last Flight\", by \"Yodelling Cowboy\" Red River Dave McEnery, is thought to be the first song ever performed on commercial television (at the 1939 World's Fair). He recorded it in 1941 and it was subsequently covered by artists including Kinky Friedman and the Country Gentlemen. - The Rosalind Russell film \"Flight for Freedom\" (1943) derived from a treatment, \"Stand"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " by to Die\", was a fictionalized treatment of Earhart's life. - Possibly the first tribute album dedicated to the legend of Earhart was by Plainsong, \"In Search of Amelia Earhart\" (Elektra K42120), released in 1972. Both the album and the Press Pak released by Elektra are highly prized by collectors and they have also gained a cult status. - Singer Joni Mitchell's song \"Amelia\" appears on her album \"Hejira\" (1976) and it also features in the video of her 1980 live album \"Shadows and Light\" (1980) with clips of Earhart. Commenting on the origins of the song, which interweaves the story of a desert journey with aspects of Earhart's disappearance, Mitchell said: \"I was thinking of Amelia Earhart and addressing it from one solo pilot to another... sort of reflecting on the cost of being a woman and having something you must do.\" - \"In Search of: Amelia Earhart\", (1976) was episode 16 of the 1976\u20131982 \"In Search Of\" series; this episode spurred a number of popular documentaries that followed. - A television biographical drama titled \"Amelia Earhart\" (1976), starring Susan Clark and John Forsy"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "the, included flying by Hollywood stunt pilot Frank Tallman whose late partner in Tallmantz Aviation, Paul Mantz, had tutored Earhart in the 1930s. - \"Amelia Earhart: The Price of Courage\" (1993) is an \"American Experience\" television documentary. - \"\" (1994) starring Diane Keaton, Rutger Hauer, and Bruce Dern, was initially released as a TV movie and subsequently rereleased as a theatrical feature. - In the video game \"\" (2003), Mr. Burns admits to having Amelia Earhart's plane shot down, claiming she was \"getting too big for her jodhpurs\". - Actress Amy Adams portrayed Earhart in \"\" (2009). - In the film \"Amelia\" (2009), Earhart is portrayed by Hilary Swank, who also served as co-executive producer of the biopic. - In 2011, the Great Canadian Theatre Company hosted a musical play titled \"Amelia: The Girl Who Wants To Fly\". This is one of numerous plays on the subject. - Google honored Earhart with a Doodle on her birthday in 2012. - Earhart was one of several inspiring women represented by a new line of Barbie dolls introduced March 6, 2018. - The online battle roy"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "ale game \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" introduces an unlockable costume character named \"Airheart\", who parodies Earhart. - In \"Flying Blind\", a \"Nathan Heller\" novel by Max Allan Collins, Earheart is a major character, a love interest of \"Nathan Heller,\" who was first her bodyguard and who, after her 'disappearance,' seeks to rescue her from her Japanese captors. - A 2020 digital comic, \"Wonder Woman: Agent of Peace\", had Wonder Woman reveal that a 1930s woman aviator crashed at the Amazons' island Themyscira and chose to remain there permanently. The story doesn't give her name, but was accompanied by a navigator named Fred who didn't survive the crash. - The \"\" episode \"The 37's\" solves the mystery of her disappearance via alien abduction. - Lego produced a limited run of Amelia's \"Little Red Bus.\" Lego Model Number 40450. - In the 2021 alternate history novella \"Or Even Eagle Flew\" by Harry Turtledove, Earhart does not go missing in 1937 and later joins the Eagle Squadrons of the British Royal Air Force to fight against the Nazis in World War II. - In the \"Legends of Tomorrow\" episode"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " \"Meat: The Legends\", Earhart is revealed to be a lone survivor on an alien planet now possessed by an extraterrestrial. - In, Earhart (portrayed by Lily Rabe), is found alive by President Dwight Eisenhower and dies giving birth to an alien.</s><s>Records and achievements. - Woman's world altitude record: 14,000\u00a0ft (1922) - First woman to fly the Atlantic Ocean (1928) - Speed records for 100\u00a0km (and with cargo) (1931) - First woman to fly an autogyro (1931) - Altitude record for autogyros: 18,415\u00a0ft (1931) - First woman to cross the United States in an autogyro (1931) - First woman to fly the Atlantic solo (1932) - First person to fly the Atlantic twice (1932) - First woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross (1932) - First woman to fly nonstop, coast-to-coast across the U.S. (1932) - Women's speed transcontinental record (1933) - First person to fly solo between Honolulu, Hawaii, and Oakland, California (1935) - First person to fly solo from Los Angeles to"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " Mexico City (1935) - First person to fly solo nonstop from Mexico City to Newark, New Jersey (1935) - Speed record for east-to-west flight from Oakland, California, to Honolulu, Hawaii (1937) - First person to fly solo from the Red Sea to Karachi (1937)</s><s>Books by Earhart. Earhart was a successful and heavily promoted writer who served as aviation editor for \"Cosmopolitan\" magazine from 1928 to 1930. She wrote magazine articles, newspaper columns, and essays, and published two books based upon her experiences as a flyer during her lifetime: - \"20 Hrs., 40 Min.\" (1928) is a journal of her experiences as the first woman passenger on a transatlantic flight. - \"The Fun of It\" (1932) is a memoir of her flying experiences and an essay on women in aviation. - \"Last Flight\" (1937) features the periodic journal entries she sent back to the United States during her world flight attempt, published in newspapers in the weeks prior to her final departure from New Guinea. Compiled by her husband GP Putnam after she disappeared over the Pacific, many historians consider this book to be only partially Earhart's original work.</s><s>See also."}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " - 99s Museum of Women Pilots - Amelia Earhart Park - Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry - Aviation archaeology - Coast Guard Air Station Miami - Cornelia Fort - Douglas Corrigan - Elsie Mackay - Eugene Luther Vidal - Frances Wilson Grayson - Harriet Quimby - Jerrie Mock - List of female explorers and travelers - List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea - Nancy Harkness Love</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Works cited. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lubben, Kristen and Erin Barnett. \"Amelia Earhart: Image and Icon\". New York: International Center of Photography, 2007.. - - - Morrissey, Muriel Earhart. \"Amelia Earhart\". Santa Barbara, California: Bellerophon Books, 1992.. - - - - - Pellegrino, Anne Holtgren. \"World Flight: The Amelia Trail\". Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State University Press, 1971.. - - \"The Radio Amateur's Handbook\". West Hartford, Connecticut: American Radio Relay League, 1945. No ISBN. - - - - - Safford, Laurance"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " F. with Cameron A. Warren and Robert R. Payne. \"Earhart's Flight into Yesterday: The Facts Without the Fiction\", McLean, Virginia: Paladwr Press, 2003.. - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - Barker, Ralph. \"Great Mysteries of the Air\". London: Pan Books, 1966.. - Briand, Paul. \"Daughter of the Sky\". New York: Duell, Sloan, Pearce, 1960. - Brink, Randall. \"Lost Star: The Search for Amelia Earhart\". New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.. - Burke, John. \"Winged Legend: The Story of Amelia Earhart\". New York: Ballantine Books, 1971.. - Cady, Barbara. \"They Changed the World: 200 Icons Who Have Made a Difference\". New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2003.. - Chapman, Sally Putnam, with Stephanie Mansfield. \"Whistled Like a Bird: The Untold Story of Dorothy Putnam, George Putnam and Amelia Earhart\". New York: Warner Books, 1997.. - Cochran, Jacqueline and Maryann Bucknum Brinkley. \"Jackie Cochran: The Aut"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": "obiography of the Greatest Woman Pilot in Aviation History\". Toronto: Bantam Books, 1987.. - Devine, Thomas E. \"Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident\". Frederick, Colorado: Renaissance House, 1987.. - Goodridge, Walt F. \"Amelia Earhart on Saipan Tour Booklet\". Saipan, Marshall Islands: @Walt F. J. Goodridge, 2017.. - Hoverstein, Paul. \"An American Obsession\". \"Air & Space Smithsonian\". Vol. 22, No. 2, June/July 2007. - Landsberg. Alan. \"In Search of Missing Persons\". New York: Bantam Books, 1978.. - Loomis, Vincent V. \"Amelia Earhart, the Final Story\". New York: Random House, 1985.. - Moolman, Valerie. \"Women Aloft\" (The Epic of Flight series). Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1981.. - O'Leary, Michael. \"The Earhart Discovery: Fact or Fiction?\" \" Air Classics\", Vol 28, No. 8, August 1992. - Reuther, Ronald T. and William T. Larkins. \"Images of America: Oakland Aviation\". Mount Pleasant,"}, {"title": "Amelia Earhart", "text": " South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2008.. - Turner, Mary. \"The Women's Century: A Celebration of Changing Roles 1900\u20132000\". Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK: The National Archives, 2003.. - Wright, Monte Duane. \"Most Probable Position, A History of Aerial Navigation to 1941\". Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1972..</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Amelia Earhart", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000414", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Dr. Dre.", "docs": [{"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "<s>Dr. Dre Andre Romell Young (born February 18, 1965), known professionally as Dr. Dre, is an American rapper and record producer. He is the founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics, and previously co-founded, co-owned, and was the president of Death Row Records. Dr. Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin' Cru in 1985 and later found fame with the gangsta rap group N.W.A. The group popularized explicit lyrics in hip hop to detail the violence of street life. During the early 1990s, Dre was credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk, a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a synthesizer foundation and slow, heavy beats. Dre's solo debut studio album \"The Chronic\" (1992), released under Death Row Records, made him one of the best-selling American music artists of 1993. It earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the single \"Let Me Ride\", as well as several accolades for the single \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\". That year, he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Doggy Dogg's debut album \"Doggy"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "style\" and mentored producers such as his stepbrother Warren G (leading to the multi-platinum debut \"Regulate...G Funk Era\" in 1994) and Snoop Dogg's cousin Daz Dillinger (leading to the double-platinum debut \"Dogg Food\" by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995), as well as mentor to upcoming producers Sam Sneed and Mel-Man. In 1996, Dr. Dre left Death Row Records to establish his own label, Aftermath Entertainment. He produced a compilation album, \"Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath\", in 1996, and released a solo album, \"2001\", in 1999. During the 2000s, Dre focused on producing other artists, occasionally contributing vocals. He signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002, and co-produced their albums. He has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many other rappers, including the D.O.C., Snoop Dogg, Xzibit, Knoc-turn'al, the Game, Kendrick Lamar, and Anderson.Paak. Dre has also had acting roles in movies such as \"Set It Off\", \"The Wash\", and \"Training Day\". He has won seven Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year, Non-"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "Classical. \"Rolling Stone\" ranked him number 56 on the list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. He was the second-richest figure in hip hop as of 2018 with an estimated net worth of $800 million. Accusations of Dre's violence against women have been widely publicized. Following his assault of television host Dee Barnes, he was fined $2,500, given two years' probation, ordered to perform 240 hours of community service, and given a spot on an anti-violence public service announcement. A civil suit was settled out of court. In 2015, Michel'le, the mother of one of his children, accused him of domestic violence during their time together as a couple. Their abusive relationship is portrayed in her 2016 biopic \"\". Lisa Johnson, the mother of three of Dr. Dre's children, stated that he beat her many times, including while she was pregnant. She was granted a restraining order against him. Former labelmate Tairrie B claimed that Dre assaulted her at a party in 1990, in response to her track \"Ruthless Bitch\". Two weeks following the release of his third album, \"Compton\" in August 2015, he issued an apology to the women \"I've hurt\".</s><s>Early life"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": ". Dre was born Andre Romelle Young in Compton, California, on February 18, 1965, the son of Theodore and Verna Young. His middle name is derived from the Romells, his father's amateur R&B group. His parents married in 1964, separated in 1968, and divorced in 1972. His mother later remarried to Curtis Crayon and had three children: sons Jerome and Tyree (both deceased) and daughter Shameka. In 1976, Dre began attending Vanguard Junior High School in Compton, but due to gang violence, he transferred to the safer suburban Roosevelt Junior High School. The family moved often and lived in apartments and houses in Compton, Carson, Long Beach, and the Watts and South Central neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Dre has said that he was mostly raised by his grandmother in the New Wilmington Arms housing project in Compton. His mother later married Warren Griffin, which added three step-sisters and one step-brother to the family; the latter would eventually begin rapping under the name Warren G. Dre is also the cousin of producer Sir Jinx. Dre attended Centennial High School in Compton during his freshman year in 1979, but transferred to Fremont High School in South Central Los Angeles due to poor grades. He attempted to enroll"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " in an apprenticeship program at Northrop Aviation Company, but poor grades at school made him ineligible. Thereafter, he focused on his social life and entertainment for the remainder of his high school years. Dre's frequent absences from school jeopardized his position as a diver on his school's swim team. After high school, he attended Chester Adult School in Compton following his mother's demands for him to get a job or continue his education. After brief attendance at a radio broadcasting school, he relocated to the residence of his father and residence of his grandparents before returning to his mother's house.</s><s>Musical career.</s><s>Musical career.:1985\u20131986: World Class Wreckin' Cru. Inspired by the Grandmaster Flash song \"The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel\", Dr. Dre often attended a club called Eve's After Dark to watch many DJs and rappers performing live. He subsequently became a DJ in the club, initially under the name \"Dr. J\", based on the nickname of Julius Erving, his favorite basketball player. At the club, he met aspiring rapper Antoine Carraby, later to become member DJ Yella of N.W.A. Soon afterwards he adopted the moniker Dr.\u00a0Dre, a mix"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " of previous alias Dr. J and his first name, referring to himself as the \"Master of Mixology\". Eve After Dark had a back room with a small four-track studio. In this studio, Dre and Yella recorded several demos. In their first recording session, they recorded a song entitled \"Surgery\". Dr. Dre's earliest recordings were released in 1994 on a compilation titled \"Concrete Roots\". Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine of allmusic described the compiled music, released \"several years before Dre developed a distinctive style\", as \"surprisingly generic and unengaging\" and \"for dedicated fans only\". Dre later joined the musical group World Class Wreckin' Cru, which released its debut album under the Kru-Cut label in 1985. The group would become stars of the electro-hop scene that dominated early-mid 1980s West Coast hip hop. \"Surgery\", which was officially released after being recorded prior to the group's official formation, would prominently feature Dr.\u00a0Dre on the turntable. The record would become the group's first hit, selling 50,000\u00a0copies within the Compton area. Dr.\u00a0Dre and DJ Yella also performed mixes for local radio station KDAY, boosting ratings for its afternoon"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " rush-hour show \"The Traffic Jam\".</s><s>Musical career.:1986\u20131991: N.W.A and Ruthless Records. In 1986, Dr. Dre met rapper O'Shea Jackson\u2014known as Ice Cube\u2014who collaborated with him to record songs for Ruthless Records, a hip hop record label run by local rapper Eazy-E. N.W.A and fellow West Coast rapper Ice-T are widely credited as seminal artists of the gangsta rap genre, a profanity-heavy subgenre of hip hop, replete with gritty depictions of urban crime and gang lifestyle. Not feeling constricted to racially charged political issues pioneered by rap artists such as Public Enemy or Boogie Down Productions, N.W.A favored themes and uncompromising lyrics, offering stark descriptions of violent, inner-city streets. Propelled by the hit \"Fuck tha Police\", the group's first full album \"Straight Outta Compton\" became a major success, despite an almost complete absence of radio airplay or major concert tours. The Federal Bureau of Investigation sent Ruthless Records a warning letter in response to the song's content. After Ice Cube left N.W.A in 1989 over financial disputes, Dr. Dre produced and performed for much of the"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " group's second album \"Efil4zaggin\". He also produced tracks for a number of other acts on Ruthless Records, including Eazy-E's 1988 solo debut \"Eazy-Duz-It\", Above the Law's 1990 debut \"Livin' Like Hustlers\", Michel'le's 1989 self-titled debut, the D.O.C.'s 1989 debut \"No One Can Do It Better\", J.J. Fad's 1988 debut \"Supersonic\" and funk rock musician Jimmy Z's 1991 album \"Muzical Madness\".</s><s>Musical career.:1991\u20131996: \"The Chronic\" and Death Row Records. After a dispute with Eazy-E, Dre left the group at the peak of its popularity in 1991 under the advice of friend, and N.W.A lyricist, the D.O.C. and his bodyguard at the time, Suge Knight. Knight, a notorious strongman and intimidator, was able to have Eazy-E release Young from his contract and, using Dr.\u00a0Dre as his flagship artist, founded Death Row Records. In 1992, Young released his first single, the title track to the film \"Deep Cover\", a collaboration with rapper Sno"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "op Dogg, whom he met through Warren G. Dr.\u00a0Dre's debut solo album was \"The Chronic\", released under Death Row Records with Suge Knight as executive producer. Young ushered in a new style of rap, both in terms of musical style and lyrical content, including introducing a number of artists to the industry including Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Daz Dillinger, RBX, the Lady of Rage, Nate Dogg and Jewell. On the strength of singles such as \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\", \"Let Me Ride\", and \"Fuck wit Dre Day (and Everybody's Celebratin')\" (known as \"Dre Day\" for radio and television play), all of which featured Snoop Dogg as guest vocalist, \"The Chronic\" became a cultural phenomenon, its G-funk sound dominating much of hip hop music for the early 1990s. In 1993, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album triple platinum, and Dr.\u00a0Dre also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for his performance on \"Let Me Ride\". For that year, \"Billboard\" magazine also ranked Dr.\u00a0Dre as the eighth best-"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "selling musical artist, \"The Chronic\" as the sixth best-selling album, and \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\" as the 11th best-selling single. Besides working on his own material, Dr.\u00a0Dre produced Snoop Dogg's debut album \"Doggystyle\", which became the first debut album for an artist to enter the \"Billboard\" 200 album charts at number one. In 1994 Dr.\u00a0Dre produced some songs on the soundtracks to the films \"Above the Rim\" and \"Murder Was the Case\". He collaborated with fellow N.W.A member Ice Cube for the song \"Natural Born Killaz\" in 1995. For the film \"Friday\", Dre recorded \"Keep Their Heads Ringin'\", which reached number ten on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 1 on the Hot Rap Singles (now Hot Rap Tracks) charts. In 1995, Death Row Records signed rapper 2Pac, and began to position him as their major star: he collaborated with Dr. Dre on the commercially successful single \"California Love\", which became both artists' first song to top the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. However, in March 1996 Young left the label amidst a contract dispute and growing concerns that"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " label boss Suge Knight was corrupt, financially dishonest and out of control. Later that year, he formed his own label, Aftermath Entertainment, under the distribution label for Death Row Records, Interscope Records. Subsequently, Death Row Records suffered poor sales by 1997, especially following the death of 2Pac and the racketeering charges brought against Knight. Dr. Dre also appeared on the single \"No Diggity\" by R&B group Blackstreet in 1996: it too was a sales success, topping the Hot 100 for four consecutive weeks, and later won the award for Best R&B Vocal by a Duo or Group at the 1997 Grammy Awards. After hearing it for the first time, several of Dr. Dre's former Death Row colleagues, including 2Pac, recorded and attempted to release a song titled \"Toss It Up\", containing numerous insults aimed at Dr. Dre and using a deliberately similar instrumental to \"No Diggity\", but were forced to replace the production after Blackstreet issued the label with a cease and desist order stopping them from distributing the song.</s><s>Musical career.:1996\u20132000: Move to Aftermath Entertainment and \"2001\". The \"Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath\" album, released on November 26,"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " 1996, featured songs by Dr.\u00a0Dre himself, as well as by newly signed Aftermath Entertainment artists, and a solo track \"Been There, Done That\", intended as a symbolic farewell to gangsta rap. Despite being classified platinum by the RIAA, the album was not very popular among music fans. In October 1996, Dre performed \"Been There, Done That\" on \"Saturday Night Live\". In 1997, Dr. Dre produced several tracks on the Firm's \"The Album\"; it was met with largely negative reviews from critics. Rumors began to abound that Aftermath was facing financial difficulties. Aftermath Entertainment also faced a trademark infringement lawsuit by the underground thrash metal band Aftermath. \"First Round Knock Out\", a compilation of various tracks produced and performed by Dr. Dre, was also released in 1996, with material ranging from World Class Wreckin' Cru to N.W.A to Death Row recordings. Dr. Dre chose to take no part in the ongoing East Coast\u2013West Coast hip hop rivalry of the time, instead producing for, and appearing on, several New York artists' releases, such as Nas' \"Nas Is Coming\", LL Cool J's \"Zoom\" and Jay-Z's \"Watch Me\"."}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " The turning point for Aftermath came in 1998, when Dre's close friend, Jimmy Iovine, the co-founder of Interscope Records (parent label for Aftermath), suggested that Dr. Dre sign Eminem, a white rapper from Detroit. Dre produced three songs and provided vocals for two on Eminem's successful and controversial debut album \"The Slim Shady LP\", released in 1999. The Dr. Dre-produced lead single from that album, \"My Name Is\", brought Eminem to public attention for the first time, and the success of \"The Slim Shady LP\" \u2013 it reached number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 and received general acclaim from critics \u2013 revived the label's commercial ambitions and viability. Dr.\u00a0Dre's second solo album, \"2001\", released on November 16, 1999, was considered an ostentatious return to his gangsta rap roots. It was initially titled \"The Chronic 2000\" to imply being a sequel to his debut solo effort \"The Chronic\" but was re-titled \"2001\" after Death Row Records released an unrelated compilation album with the title \"\" in May 1999. Other tentative titles included \"The Chronic 2001\" and \"Dr.\u00a0Dre\". The album featured numerous collaborators, including Devin the"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " Dude, Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, Eminem, Knoc-turn'al, King T, Defari, Kokane, Mary J. Blige and new prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Hittman, as well as co-production between Dre and new Aftermath producer Mel-Man. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the website AllMusic described the sound of the album as \"adding ominous strings, soulful vocals, and reggae\" to Dr.\u00a0Dre's style. The album was highly successful, charting at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 charts and has since been certified six times platinum, validating a recurring theme on the album: Dr.\u00a0Dre was still a force to be reckoned with, despite the lack of major releases in the previous few years. The album included popular hit singles \"Still D.R.E.\" and \"Forgot About Dre\", both of which Dr.\u00a0Dre performed on NBC's \"Saturday Night Live\" on October 23, 1999. Dr.\u00a0Dre won the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical in 2000, and joined the Up in Smoke Tour with fellow rappers Eminem, Snoop Dogg, and"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " Ice Cube that year as well. During the course of \"2001\"s popularity, Dr.\u00a0Dre was involved in several lawsuits. Lucasfilm Ltd., the film company behind the Star Wars film franchise, sued him over the use of the THX-trademarked \"Deep Note\". The Fatback Band also sued Dr.\u00a0Dre over alleged infringement regarding its song \"Backstrokin'\" in his song \"Let's Get High\" from the \"2001\" album; Dr.\u00a0Dre was ordered to pay $1.5\u00a0million to the band in 2003. French jazz musician Jacques Loussier sued Aftermath for $10 million in March 2002, claiming that the Dr.\u00a0Dre-produced Eminem track \"Kill You\" plagiarized his composition \"Pulsion\". The online music file-sharing company Napster also settled a lawsuit with him and metal band Metallica in mid-2001, agreeing to block access to certain files that artists do not want to have shared on the network.</s><s>Musical career.:2000\u20132010: Focus on production and \"Detox\". Following the success of \"2001\", Dr.\u00a0Dre focused on producing songs and albums for other artists. He co-produced six tracks on Eminem's landmark"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " \"Marshall Mathers LP\", including the Grammy-winning lead single, \"The Real Slim Shady\". The album itself earned a Grammy and proved to be the fastest-selling rap album of all time, moving 1.76\u00a0million units in its first week alone. He produced the single \"Family Affair\" by R&B singer Mary J. Blige for her album \"No More Drama\" in 2001. He also produced \"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\", a duet by rapper Eve and No Doubt lead singer Gwen Stefani and signed R&B singer Truth Hurts to Aftermath in 2001. Dr. Dre produced and rapped on singer and Interscope labelmate Bilal's 2001 single \"Fast Lane\", which barely missed the Top 40 of the R&B charts. He later assisted in the production of Bilal's second album, \"Love for Sale\", which Interscope controversially shelved because of its creative direction. Dr. Dre was the executive producer of Eminem's 2002 release, \"The Eminem Show\". He produced three songs on the album, one of which was released as a single, and he appeared in the award-winning video for \"Without Me\". He also produced the D.O.C"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": ".'s 2003 album \"Deuce\", where he made a guest appearance on the tracks \"Psychic Pymp Hotline\", \"Gorilla Pympin'\" and \"Judgment Day\". Another copyright-related lawsuit hit Dr.\u00a0Dre in the fall of 2002, when Sa Re Ga Ma, a film and music company based in Calcutta, India, sued Aftermath Entertainment over an uncredited sample of the Lata Mangeshkar song \"Thoda Resham Lagta Hai\" on the Aftermath-produced song \"Addictive\" by singer Truth Hurts. In February 2003, a judge ruled that Aftermath would have to halt sales of Truth Hurts' album \"Truthfully Speaking\" if the company would not credit Mangeshkar. In 2002, Dr. Dre signed rapper 50 Cent to Aftermath in a joint venture between Interscope and Eminem's Shady Records. Dr. Dre served as executive producer for 50 Cent's commercially successful February 2003 debut studio album \"Get Rich or Die Tryin'\". Dr. Dre produced or co-produced four tracks on the album, including the hit single \"In da Club\". Eminem's fourth album since joining Aftermath, \"Encore\", again saw Dre taking on the role of executive producer"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": ", and this time he was more actively involved in the music, producing or co-producing a total of eight tracks, including three singles. In November 2004, at the \"Vibe\" magazine awards show in Los Angeles, Dr.\u00a0Dre was attacked by a fan named Jimmy James Johnson, who was supposedly asking for an autograph. In the resulting scuffle, then-G-Unit rapper Young Buck stabbed the man. Johnson claimed that Suge Knight, president of Death Row Records, paid him $5,000 to assault Dre in order to humiliate him before he received his Lifetime Achievement Award. Knight immediately went on CBS's \"The Late Late Show\" to deny involvement and insisted that he supported Dr. Dre and wanted Johnson charged. In September 2005, Johnson was sentenced to a year in prison and ordered to stay away from Dr.\u00a0Dre until 2008. Dr.\u00a0Dre also produced \"How We Do\", a 2005 hit single from rapper the Game from his album \"The Documentary\", as well as tracks on 50 Cent's successful second album \"The Massacre\". For an issue of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine in April 2005, Dr. Dre was ranked 54th out of 100 artists for \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list \"The"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " Immortals: The Greatest Artists of All Time\". Kanye West wrote the summary for Dr. Dre, where he stated Dr. Dre's song \"Xxplosive\" as where he \"got (his) whole sound from\". In November 2006, Dr.\u00a0Dre began working with Raekwon on his album \"Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II\". He also produced tracks for the rap albums \"Buck the World\" by Young Buck, \"Curtis\" by 50 Cent, \"Tha Blue Carpet Treatment\" by Snoop Dogg, and \"Kingdom Come\" by Jay-Z. Dre also appeared on Timbaland's track \"Bounce\", from his 2007 solo album, \"Timbaland Presents Shock Value\" alongside, Missy Elliott, and Justin Timberlake. During this period, the D.O.C. stated that Dre had been working with him on his fourth album \"Voices through Hot Vessels\", which he planned to release after \"Detox\" arrived. Planned but unreleased albums during Dr.\u00a0Dre's tenure at Aftermath have included a full-length reunion with Snoop Dogg titled \"Breakup to Makeup\", an album with fellow former N.W.A member Ice"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " Cube which was to be titled \"Heltah Skeltah\", an N.W.A reunion album, and a joint album with fellow producer Timbaland titled \"Chairmen of the Board\". In 2007, Dr. Dre's third studio album, formerly known as \"Detox\", was slated to be his final studio album. Work for the upcoming album dates back to 2001, where its first version was called \"the most advanced rap album ever\", by producer Scott Storch. Later that same year, he decided to stop working on the album to focus on producing for other artists, but then changed his mind; the album had initially been set for a fall 2005 release. Producers confirmed to work on the album include DJ Khalil, Nottz, Bernard \"Focus\" Edwards Jr., Hi-Tek, J.R. Rotem, RZA, and Jay-Z. Snoop Dogg claimed that \"Detox\" was finished, according to a June 2008 report by \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. After another delay based on producing other artists' work, \"Detox\" was then scheduled for a 2010 release, coming after 50 Cent's \"Before I Self Destruct\" and Eminem's \"Relapse\", an album for which Dr"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": ". Dre handled the bulk of production duties. In a Dr Pepper commercial that debuted on May 28, 2009, he premiered the first official snippet of \"Detox\". 50 Cent and Eminem asserted in a 2009 interview on BET's \"106 & Park\" that Dr. Dre had around a dozen songs finished for \"Detox\". On December 15, 2008, Dre appeared in the remix of the song \"Set It Off\" by Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall (also with Pusha T); the remix debuted on DJ Skee's radio show. At the beginning of 2009, Dre produced, and made a guest vocal performance on, the single \"Crack a Bottle\" by Eminem and the single sold a record 418,000 downloads in its first week and reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart on the week of February 12, 2009. Along with this single, in 2009 Dr. Dre produced or co-produced 19 of 20 tracks on Eminem's album \"Relapse\". These included other hit singles \"We Made You\", \"Old Time's Sake\", and \"3 a.m.\" (The only track Dre did not produce was the Eminem-produced single \"Beautiful\".). On April 20, 2010, \"Under Pressure\", featuring Jay-"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "Z and co-produced with Scott Storch, was confirmed by Jimmy Iovine and Dr. Dre during an interview at Fenway Park as the album's first single. The song leaked prior to its intended release in an unmixed, unmastered form without a chorus on June 16, 2010; however, critical reaction to the song was lukewarm, and Dr. Dre later announced in an interview that the song, along with any other previously leaked tracks from \"Detox\"s recording process, would not appear on the final version of the album. Two genuine singles \u2013 \"Kush\", a collaboration with Snoop Dogg and fellow rapper Akon, and \"I Need a Doctor\" with Eminem and singer Skylar Grey \u2013 were released in the United States during November 2010 and February 2011 respectively: the latter achieved international chart success, reaching number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and later being certified double platinum by the RIAA and the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). On June 25, 2010, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored Dr. Dre with its Founders Award for inspiring other musicians.</s><s>Musical career.:2010\u20132020: \"The Planets\", hiatus, Coachella, and \"Compton"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "\". In an August 2010 interview, Dr. Dre stated that an instrumental album, \"The Planets\", was in its first stages of production; each song being named after a planet in the Solar System. On September 3, Dr. Dre showed support to longtime prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Eminem, and appeared on his and Jay-Z's Home & Home Tour, performing hit songs such as \"Still D.R.E.\", \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\", and \"Crack a Bottle\", alongside Eminem and another prot\u00e9g\u00e9, 50 Cent. Sporting an \"R.I.P. Proof\" shirt, Dre was honored by Eminem telling Detroit's Comerica Park to do the same. They did so, by chanting \"DEEE-TOX\", to which he replied, \"I'm coming!\" On November 14, 2011, Dre announced that he would be taking a break from music after he finished producing for artists Slim the Mobster and Kendrick Lamar. In this break, he stated that he would \"work on bringing his Beats By Dre to a standard as high as Apple\" and would also spend time with his family. On January 9, 2012, Dre headlined the final nights of the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " in April 2012. In June 2014, Marsha Ambrosius stated that she had been working on Detox, but added that the album would be known under another title. In September 2014, Aftermath in-house producer Dawaun Parker confirmed the title change and stated that over 300 beats had been created for the album over the years, but few of them have had vocals recorded over them. The length of time that \"Detox\" had been recorded for, as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry. Numerous release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, although none of them transpired to be genuine. Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers 50 Cent, the Game and producer DJ Quik, had speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material. On August 1, 2015, Dre announced that he would release what would be his final album, titled \"Compton\". It is inspired by the N"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": ".W.A biopic, \"Straight Outta Compton\", and is a compilation-style album, featuring a number of frequent collaborators, including Eminem, Snoop Dogg, Kendrick Lamar, Xzibit and the Game, among others. It was initially released on Apple Music on August 7, with a retail version releasing on August 21. In an interview with \"Rolling Stone\", he revealed that he had about 20 to 40 tracks for \"Detox\" but he did not release it because it did not meet his standards. Dre also revealed that he suffers from social anxiety and due to this, remains secluded and out of attention. On February 12, 2016, it was revealed that Apple would create its first original scripted television series for its then-upcoming Apple TV+ streaming service. Titled \"Vital Signs\", it was set to reflect Dre's life. He was also an executive producer on the show before the show's cancellation sometime in September 2018, due to an overly graphic concept of drugs, gun violence and sex. In October 2016, Sean Combs brought out Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and others on his Bad Boy reunion tour. In 2018, he produced four songs on \"Oxnard\" by Anderson.Paak. He"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " was the executive producer on the album, as so its follow-up, 2019's \"Ventura\".</s><s>Musical career.:2020\u2013present: Return to production and Super Bowl halftime show. Dr. Dre was the executive producer of Eminem's 2020 release, \"Music To Be Murdered By\". He produced four songs on the album. He also produced two songs on the deluxe edition of the album, \"Side B\", and appeared on the song, \"Gunz Blazing\". On September 30, 2021, it was revealed that Dre would perform at the Super Bowl LVI halftime show alongside Eminem, Snoop Dogg, Mary J. Blige, and Kendrick Lamar. In December 2021, an update for the video game, \"Grand Theft Auto Online\", predominantly featured Dre and added some of his previously unreleased tracks which was released as an EP, \"The Contract\", on February 3, 2022. Around this time, Dre announced he was collaborating with Marsha Ambrosius on \"Casablanco\", and with Mary J. Blige on an upcoming album. Later that year, Snoop Dogg announced that him and Dr. Dre are in the process of recording their new album, \"Missionary\". Snoop said the album will be released via"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " Death Row and Aftermath. On February 13, 2022, Dr. Dre performed at the Super Bowl LVI halftime show alongside Eminem, Snoop Dogg, Kendrick Lamar, and Mary J. Blige, with surprise appearances from 50 Cent and Anderson. Paak. The performance was met with critical acclaim and is the first Super Bowl halftime show to win the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special (Live). The show also won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Production Design for a Variety Special and Outstanding Music Direction. The same year, he produced numerous songs including \"The King and I\", a collaboration between Eminem and CeeLo Green for the 2022 biopic, \"Elvis,\" and a remix of Kanye West's song \"Use This Gospel\" for DJ Khaled's album \"God Did\". In September 2022, it was reported that Dr. Dre will compose the original score for the upcoming animated series, \"Death for Hire: The Origin of Tehk City\". The show is created by Ice-T and Arabian Prince; based on the graphic novel of the same title, it features the voice talent of Ice-T, his wife Coco Austin, Snoop Dogg, Busta Rhymes, and Treach among others. In February"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " 2023, Dre and Marsha Ambrosius held a listening party for the \"Casablanco\" album in Los Angeles.</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Film appearances. Dr. Dre made his first on screen appearance as a weapons dealer in the 1996 bank robbery movie \"Set It Off\". In 2001, Dr.\u00a0Dre also appeared in the movies \"The Wash\" and \"Training Day\". A song of his, \"Bad Intentions\" (featuring Knoc-Turn'Al and produced by Mahogany), was featured on \"The Wash\" soundtrack. Dr.\u00a0Dre also appeared on two other songs \"On the Blvd.\" and \"The Wash\" along with his co-star Snoop Dogg.</s><s>Other ventures.:Crucial Films. In February 2007, it was announced that Dr.\u00a0Dre would produce dark comedies and horror films for New Line Cinema-owned company Crucial Films, along with longtime video director Phillip Atwell. Dr.\u00a0Dre announced \"This is a natural switch for me, since I've directed a lot of music videos, and I eventually want to get into directing.\" Along with fellow member Ice Cube, Dr. Dre produced \"Straight Outta Compton\" ("}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "2015), a biographical film about N.W.A.</s><s>Other ventures.:Entrepreneurship.</s><s>Other ventures.:Entrepreneurship.:Beats Electronics. In 2006, Dre co-founded Beats Electronics with his partner, Jimmy Iovine. Its first brand of headphones were launched in July 2008. The line consisted of Beats Studio, a circumaural headphone; Beats Tour, an in-ear headphone; Beats Solo & Solo HD, a supra-aural headphone; Beats Spin; Heartbeats by Lady Gaga, also an in-ear headphone; and Diddy Beats. In late 2009, Hewlett-Packard participated in a deal to bundle Beats By Dr. Dre with some HP laptops and headsets. HP and Dr. Dre announced the deal on October 9, 2009, at a press event. An exclusive laptop, known as the HP ENVY 15 Beats limited edition, was released for sale October 22. In January 2014, Beats Music was introduced and launched as a streaming service. Then, in May, technology giant Apple purchased the Beats brand for $3.4 billion. The deal made Dr. Dre the \"richest man in hip hop\". Dr. Dre became an Apple employee in an executive role, and worked with"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " Apple for years. As of 2022, it was found that Apple had subtracted $200 million from the deal after entertainer Tyrese Gibson revealed the news of the acquisition on social media a month before it was completed without the company's permission.</s><s>Other ventures.:Philanthropy. During May 2013, Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine donated a $70 million endowment to the University of Southern California to create the USC Jimmy Iovine and Andre Young Academy for Arts, Technology and the Business of Innovation. The goal of the academy has been stated as \"to shape the future by nurturing the talents, passions, leadership and risk-taking of uniquely qualified students who are motivated to explore and create new art forms, technologies, and business models.\" The first class of the academy began in September 2014. In June 2017, it was announced that Dr. Dre has committed $10 million to the construction of a performing arts center for the new Compton High School. The center will encompass creative resources and a 1,200-seat theater, and is expected to break ground in 2020. The project is a partnership between Dr. Dre and the Compton Unified School District.</s><s>Other ventures.:Commercial endorsements. In 2002 and 2003, Dr. Dre appeared in TV commercials for"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " Coors Light beer. Beginning in 2009, Dr. Dre appeared in TV commercials that also featured his Beats Electronics product line. A 2009 commercial for the Dr Pepper soft drink had Dr. Dre DJing with Beats headphones and playing a brief snippet off the never-released \"Detox\" album. In 2010, Dr. Dre had a cameo in a commercial for HP laptops that featured a plug for Beats Audio. Then in 2011, the Chrysler 300S \"Imported from Detroit\" ad campaign had a commercial narrated by Dr. Dre and including a plug for Beats Audio.</s><s>Other ventures.:Dr. Dre started Burning Man rumors. An urban legend surfaced in 2011 when a Tumblr blog titled Dr. Dre Started Burning Man began promulgating the notion that the producer, rapper and entrepreneur had discovered Burning Man in 1995 during a music video shoot and offered to cover the cost of the event's permit from the Nevada Bureau of Land Management under an agreement with the festival's organizers that he could institute an entrance fee system, which had not existed before his participation. This claim was supported by an alleged letter from Dre to Nicole Threatt Young that indicated that Dre had shared his experience witnessing the Burning Man festival with her. \"Business Insider\" mentions the portion of the letter where Dr. Dre purportedly"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " states \"someone should get behind this\u00a0... and make some money off these fools\" and compares Dr. Dre's potential entrepreneurial engagement with Burning Man as a parallel to Steve Jobs' efforts to centralize and profit from the otherwise unorganized online music industry. According to \"Salon\", Dr. Dre's ethos seems to be aligned with seven of the ten principles of the Burning Man community: \"radical self-reliance, radical self-expression, communal effort, civic responsibility, leaving no trace, participation and immediacy.\"</s><s>Musical influences and style.</s><s>Musical influences and style.:Production style. Dre is noted for his evolving production style, while always keeping in touch with his early musical sound and re-shaping elements from previous work. At the beginning of his career as a producer for the World Class Wreckin Cru with DJ Alonzo Williams in the mid-1980s, his music was in the electro-hop style pioneered by the Unknown DJ, and that of early hip-hop groups like the Beastie Boys and Whodini. From \"Straight Outta Compton\" on, Dre uses live musicians to replay old melodies rather than sampling them. With Ruthless Records, collaborators included guitarist Mike \"Crazy Neck\" Sims, multi"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "-instrumentalist Colin Wolfe, DJ Yella and sound engineer Donovan \"The Dirt Biker\" Sound. Dre is receptive of new ideas from other producers, one example being his fruitful collaboration with Above the Law's producer Cold 187um while at Ruthless. Cold 187\u00a0um was at the time experimenting with 1970s P-Funk samples (Parliament, Funkadelic, Bootsy Collins, George Clinton etc.), that Dre also used. Dre has since been accused of \"stealing\" the concept of G-funk from Cold 187\u00a0um. Upon leaving Ruthless and forming Death Row Records in 1991, Dre called on veteran West Coast DJ Chris \"the Glove\" Taylor and sound engineer Greg \"Gregski\" Royal, along with Colin Wolfe, to help him on future projects. His 1992 album \"The Chronic\" is thought to be one of the most well-produced hip-hop albums of all time. Musical themes included hard-hitting synthesizer solos played by Wolfe, bass-heavy compositions, background female vocals and Dre fully embracing 1970s funk samples. Dre used a minimoog synth to replay the melody from Leon Haywood's 1972 song \"I Wanna Do Somethin' Freaky to You\" for the Chronic's first single"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\" which became a global hit. For his new prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Snoop Doggy Dogg's album \"Doggystyle\", Dre collaborated with then 19-year-old producer Daz Dillinger, who received co-production credits on songs \"Serial Killa\" and \"For all My Niggaz & Bitches\", The Dramatics bass player Tony \"T. Money\" Green, guitarist Ricky Rouse, keyboardists Emanuel \"Porkchop\" Dean and Sean \"Barney Rubble\" Thomas and engineer Tommy Daugherty, as well as Warren G and Sam Sneed, who are credited with bringing several samples to the studio. The influence of \"The Chronic\" and \"Doggystyle\" on the popular music of the 1990s went not only far beyond the West Coast, but beyond hip-hop as a genre. Artists as diverse as Master P (\"Bout It, Bout It\"), George Michael (\"Fastlove\"), Mariah Carey (\"Fantasy\"), Adina Howard (\"Freak Like Me\"), Luis Miguel (\"Dame\"), and The Spice Girls (\"Say You'll Be There\") used G-funk instrumentation in their songs. Bad Boy Records producer Chucky Thompson stated in the"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " April 2004 issue of \"XXL\" magazine that the sound of \"Doggystyle\" and \"The Chronic\" was the basis for the Notorious B.I.G.'s 1995 hit single \"Big Poppa\": In 1994, starting with the \"Murder was the Case\" soundtrack, Dre attempted to push the boundaries of G-funk further into a darker sound. In songs such as \"Murder was the Case\" and \"Natural Born Killaz\", the synthesizer pitch is higher and the drum tempo is slowed down to 91 BPM (87 BPM in the remix) to create a dark and gritty atmosphere. Percussion instruments, particularly sleigh bells, are also present. Dre's frequent collaborators from this period included Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania natives Stuart \"Stu-B-Doo\" Bullard, a multi-instrumentalist from the Ozanam Strings Orchestra, Sam Sneed, Stephen \"Bud'da\" Anderson, and percussionist Carl \"Butch\" Small. This style of production has been influential far beyond the West Coast. The beat for the Houston-based group Geto Boys 1996 song \"Still\" follows the same drum pattern as \"Natural Born Killaz\" and Eazy E's \"Wut Would U Do"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "\" (a diss to Dre) is similar to the original \"Murder was the Case\" instrumental. This style of production is usually accompanied by horror and occult-themed lyrics and imagery, being crucial to the creation of horrorcore. By 1996, Dre was again looking to innovate his sound. He recruited keyboardist Camara Kambon to play the keys on \"Been There, Done That\", and through Bud'da and Sam Sneed he was introduced to fellow Pittsburgh native Melvin \"Mel-Man\" Bradford. At this time, he also switched from using the E-mu SP-1200 to the Akai MPC3000 drum kit and sampler, which he still uses today. Beginning with his 1996 compilation Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath, Dre's production has taken a less sample-based approach, with loud, layered snare drums dominating the mix, while synthesizers are still omnipresent. In his critically acclaimed second album, 2001, live instrumentation takes the place of sampling, a famous example being \"The Next Episode\", in which keyboardist Camara Kambon re-played live the main melody from David McCallum's 1967 jazz-funk work \"The Edge\". For every song on \"2001\", Dre had a keyboardist,"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " guitarist and bassist create the basic parts of the beat, while he himself programmed the drums, did the sequencing and overdubbing and added sound effects, and later mixed the songs. During this period, Dre's signature \"west coast whistle\" riffs are still present albeit in a lower pitch, as in \"Light Speed\", \"Housewife\", \"Some L.A. Niggaz\" and Eminem's \"Guilty Conscience\" hook. The sound of \"2001\" had tremendous influence on hip-hop production, redefining the West Coast's sound and expanding the G-funk of the early 1990s. To produce the album, Dre and Mel-Man relied on the talents of Scott Storch and Camara Kambon on the keys, Mike Elizondo and Colin Wolfe on bass guitar, Sean Cruse on lead guitar and sound engineers Richard \"Segal\" Huredia and Mauricio \"Veto\" Iragorri. From the mid-2000s, Dr. Dre has taken on a more soulful production style, using more of a classical piano instead of a keyboard, and having claps replace snares, as evidenced in songs such as Snoop Dogg's \"Imagine\" and \"Boss' Life\", Bust"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "a Rhymes' \"Get You Some\" and \"Been Through the Storm\", Stat Quo's \"Get Low\" and \"The Way It Be\", Jay-Z's \"Lost One\", Nas' \"Hustlers\", and several beats on Eminem's Relapse album. Soul and R&B pianist Mark Batson, having previously worked with The Dave Matthews Band, Seal and Maroon 5 has been credited as the architect of this sound. Besides Batson, Aftermath producer and understudy of Dre's, Dawaun Parker, who has named Q-Tip and J Dilla as his primary influences, is thought to be responsible for giving Dre's newest beats an East Coast feel. Despite an occasional hint of trap about the beats and an intriguingly warped use of autotune in his Compton album song, \"Darkside/Gone\", his production seems to stand slightly apart from current trends in hip-hop like Eminem's song \"Little Engine\" with an ominous horrorcore beat \u2014 reminiscent of some of his works on Eminem's album Relapse - or the West Coast joint Lock It Up.</s><s>Musical influences and style.:Production equipment. Dr.\u00a0Dre has said that his primary instrument in the studio is the Akai MPC"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "3000, a drum machine and sampler, and that he often uses as many as four or five to produce a single recording. He cites 1970s funk musicians such as George Clinton, Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield as his primary musical influences. Unlike most rap producers, he tries to avoid samples as much as possible, preferring to have studio musicians re-play pieces of music he wants to use, because it allows him more flexibility to change the pieces in rhythm and tempo. In 2001 he told \"Time\" magazine, \"I may hear something I like on an old record that may inspire me, but I'd rather use musicians to re-create the sound or elaborate on it. I can control it better.\" Other equipment he uses includes the E-mu SP-1200 drum machine and other keyboards from such manufacturers as Korg, Rhodes, Wurlitzer, Moog, and Roland. Dr. Dre also stresses the importance of equalizing drums properly, telling \"Scratch\" in 2004 that he \"used the same drum sounds on a couple of different songs on one album before but you'd never be able to tell the difference because of the EQ\". Dr. Dre also uses the digital audio workstation Pro Tools and uses the software to combine hardware drum machines and vintage analog"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " keyboards and synthesizers. After founding Aftermath Entertainment in 1996, Dr.\u00a0Dre took on producer Mel-Man as a co-producer, and his music took on a more synthesizer-based sound, using fewer vocal samples (as he had used on \"Lil' Ghetto Boy\" and \"Let Me Ride\" on \"The Chronic\", for example). Mel-Man has not shared co-production credits with Dr.\u00a0Dre since approximately 2002, but fellow Aftermath producer Focus has credited Mel-Man as a key architect of the signature Aftermath sound. In 1999, Dr.\u00a0Dre started working with Mike Elizondo, a bassist, guitarist, and keyboardist who has also produced, written and played on records for female singers such as Poe, Fiona Apple and Alanis Morissette, In the past few years Elizondo has since worked for many of Dr.\u00a0Dre's productions. Dr.\u00a0Dre also told \"Scratch\" magazine in a 2004 interview that he has been studying piano and music theory formally, and that a major goal is to accumulate enough musical theory to score movies. In the same interview he stated that he has collaborated with famed 1960s songwriter Burt Bacharach by sending"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " him hip hop beats to play over, and hopes to have an in-person collaboration with him in the future.</s><s>Musical influences and style.:Work ethic. Dr.\u00a0Dre has stated that he is a perfectionist and is known to pressure the artists with whom he records to give flawless performances. In 2006, Snoop Dogg told the website Dubcnn.com that Dr.\u00a0Dre had made new artist Bishop Lamont re-record a single bar of vocals 107\u00a0times. Dr.\u00a0Dre has also stated that Eminem is a fellow perfectionist, and attributes his success on Aftermath to his similar work ethic. He gives a lot of input into the delivery of the vocals and will stop an MC during a take if it is not to his liking. However, he gives MCs that he works with room to write lyrics without too much instruction unless it is a specifically conceptual record, as noted by Bishop Lamont in the book \"How to Rap\". A consequence of his perfectionism is that some artists who initially sign deals with Dr.\u00a0Dre's Aftermath label never release albums. In 2001, Aftermath released the soundtrack to the movie \"The Wash\", featuring a number of Aftermath acts such as Shaunta, D"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "aks, Joe Beast and Toi. To date, none have released full-length albums on Aftermath and have apparently ended their relationships with the label and Dr.\u00a0Dre. Other noteworthy acts to leave Aftermath without releasing albums include King Tee, \"2001\" vocalist Hittman, Joell Ortiz, Raekwon and Rakim.</s><s>Musical influences and style.:Collaborators and co-producers. Over the years, word of other collaborators who have contributed to Dr.\u00a0Dre's work has surfaced. During his tenure at Death Row Records, it was alleged that Dr.\u00a0Dre's stepbrother Warren G and Tha Dogg Pound member Daz made many uncredited contributions to songs on his solo album \"The Chronic\" and Snoop Doggy Dogg's album \"Doggystyle\" (Daz received production credits on Snoop's similar-sounding, albeit less successful album \"Tha Doggfather\" after Young left Death Row Records). It is known that Scott Storch, who has since gone on to become a successful producer in his own right, contributed to Dr.\u00a0Dre's second album \"2001\"; Storch is credited as a songwriter on several songs and played keyboards on several"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " tracks. In 2006 he told \"Rolling Stone\": Current collaborator Mike Elizondo, when speaking about his work with Young, describes their recording process as a collaborative effort involving several musicians. In 2004 he claimed to \"Songwriter Universe\" magazine that he had written the foundations of the hit Eminem song \"The Real Slim Shady\", stating, \"I initially played a bass line on the song, and Dr.\u00a0Dre, Tommy Coster Jr. and I built the track from there. Eminem then heard the track, and he wrote the rap to it.\" This account is essentially confirmed by Eminem in his book \"Angry Blonde\", stating that the tune for the song was composed by a studio bassist and keyboardist while Dr.\u00a0Dre was out of the studio but Young later programmed the song's beat after returning. A group of disgruntled former associates of Dr.\u00a0Dre complained that they had not received their full due for work on the label in the September 2003 issue of \"The Source\". A producer named Neff-U claimed to have produced the songs \"Say What You Say\" and \"My Dad's Gone Crazy\" on \"The Eminem Show\", the songs \"If I Can't\" and \"Back Down\" on 50 Cent's \""}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "Get Rich or Die Tryin'\", and the beat featured on Dr.\u00a0Dre's commercial for Coors beer. Although Young studies piano and music theory, he serves as more of a conductor than a musician himself, as Josh Tyrangiel of \"Time\" magazine has noted: Although Snoop Dogg retains working relationships with Warren G and Daz, who are alleged to be uncredited contributors on the hit albums \"The Chronic\" and \"Doggystyle\", he states that Dr.\u00a0Dre is capable of making beats without the help of collaborators, and that he is responsible for the success of his numerous albums. Dr.\u00a0Dre's prominent studio collaborators, including Scott Storch, Elizondo, Mark Batson and Dawaun Parker, have shared co-writing, instrumental, and more recently co-production credits on the songs where he is credited as the producer. Anderson.Paak also praised Dr. Dre in a 2016 interview with \"Music Times\", telling the publication that it was a dream come true to work with Dre.</s><s>Musical influences and style.:Ghostwriters. It is acknowledged that most of Dr.\u00a0Dre's raps are written for him by others, though he retains ultimate control over his lyrics and the"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " themes of his songs. As Aftermath producer Mahogany told \"Scratch\": \"It's like a class room in [the booth]. He'll have three writers in there. They'll bring in something, he'll recite it, then he'll say, 'Change this line, change this word,' like he's grading papers.\" As seen in the credits for tracks Young has appeared on, there are often multiple people who contribute to his songs (although often in hip hop many people are officially credited as a writer for a song, even the producer). In the book \"How to Rap\", RBX explains that writing \"The Chronic\" was a \"team effort\" and details how he ghostwrote \"Let Me Ride\" for Dre. In regard to ghostwriting lyrics he says, \"Dre doesn't profess to be no super-duper rap dude \u2013 Dre is a super-duper producer\". As a member of N.W.A, the D.O.C. wrote lyrics for him while he stuck with producing. Jay-Z ghostwrote lyrics for the single \"Still D.R.E.\" from Dr.\u00a0Dre's album \"2001\".</s><s>Personal life. On December 15, 1981, when Dre was 16 years old and"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " his then-girlfriend Cassandra Joy Greene was 15 years old, the two had a son named Curtis, who was brought up by Greene and first met Dre 20 years later. Curtis performed as a rapper under the name Hood Surgeon. In 1983, Dre and Lisa Johnson had a daughter named La Tanya Danielle Young. Dre and Johnson have three daughters together. In 1988, Dre and Jenita Porter had a son named Andre Young Jr. In 1990, Porter sued Dre, seeking $5,000 of child support per month. On August 23, 2008, Andre died at the age of 20 from an overdose of heroin and morphine at his mother's Woodland Hills home. From 1987 to 1996, Dre dated singer Michel'le, who frequently contributed vocals to Ruthless Records and Death Row Records albums. In 1991, they had a son named Marcel. In April 1992, after a verbal dispute with his engineer, Dre was consequentially shot four times in his leg. In 1996, Dre married Nicole (n\u00e9e Plotzker) Threatt, who was previously married to basketball player Sedale Threatt. They have two children together: a son named Truice (born 1997) and a daughter named Truly (born 2001). In 2001, Dre earned a total of about US$"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "52\u00a0million from selling part of his share of Aftermath Entertainment to Interscope Records and his production of such hit songs that year as \"Family Affair\" by Mary J. Blige. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine thus named him the second highest-paid artist of the year. Dr.\u00a0Dre was ranked 44th in 2004 from earnings of $11.4\u00a0million, primarily from production royalties from such projects as albums from G-Unit and D12 and the single \"Rich Girl\" by singer Gwen Stefani and rapper Eve. \"Forbes\" estimated his net worth at US$270 million in 2012. The same publication later reported that he acquired US$110\u00a0million via his various endeavors in 2012, making him the highest\u2013paid artist of the year. Income from the 2014 sale of Beats to Apple, contributing to what \"Forbes\" termed \"the biggest single-year payday of any musician in history\", made Dr. Dre the world's richest musical performer of 2015. In 2014, Dre purchased a $40 million home in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles from its previous owners, NFL player Tom Brady and supermodel Gisele B\u00fcndchen. It was reported that Dre suffered a brain aneurysm on"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " January 5, 2021, and that he was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center's ICU in Los Angeles, California. Hours after his admission to the hospital, Dre's home was targeted for an attempted burglary. He eventually received support from LeBron James, Martin Lawrence, LL Cool J, Missy Elliott, Snoop Dogg, Ice Cube, 50 Cent, Ellen DeGeneres, Ciara, her husband Russell Wilson, T.I., Quincy Jones and others. In February, he was released with a following message on Instagram: \"Thanks to my family, friends and fans for their interest and well wishes. I'm doing great and getting excellent care from my medical team. I will be out of the hospital and back home soon. Shout out to all the great medical professionals at Cedars. One Love!!\"</s><s>Controversies and legal issues.</s><s>Controversies and legal issues.:Violence against women. Dre has been accused of multiple incidents of violence against women. On January 27, 1991, at a music industry party at the Po Na Na Souk club in Hollywood, Dr. Dre assaulted television host Dee Barnes of the Fox television program \"Pump it Up!\", following an episode of the show. Barnes had interviewed NWA"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": ", which was followed by an interview with Ice Cube in which Cube mocked NWA. Barnes filed a $22.7 million lawsuit in response to the incident. Subsequently, Dr. Dre was fined $2,500, given two years' probation, ordered to undergo 240 hours of community service, and given a spot on an anti-violence public service announcement on television. The civil suit was settled out of court. Barnes stated that he \"began slamming her face and the right side of her body repeatedly against a wall near the stairway\". Dr. Dre later commented: \"People talk all this shit, but you know, somebody fucks with me, I'm gonna fuck with them. I just did it, you know. Ain't nothing you can do now by talking about it. Besides, it ain't no big thing \u2013 I just threw her through a door.\" In March 2015, Michel'le, the mother of one of Dre's children, accused him of subjecting her to domestic violence during their time together as a couple, but did not initiate legal action. Their abusive relationship is portrayed in her 2016 biopic \"\". Dre threatened a lawsuit against Lifetime, Sony Pictures and filmmakers of \"Surviving Compton\" in a cease and desist, but never"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " ultimately took action. Interviewed by Ben Westhoff for the book \"Original Gangstas: the Untold Story of Dr Dre, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, Tupac Shakur, and the Birth of West Coast Rap\", Lisa Johnson stated that Dre beat her many times, including while she was pregnant. She was granted a restraining order against him. Former labelmate Tairrie B claimed that Dre assaulted her at a post-Grammy party in 1990, in response to her track \"Ruthless Bitch\". During press for the 2015 film \"Straight Outta Compton\", questions about the portrayal and behavior of Dre and other prominent figures in the rap community about violence against women \u2013 and the question about its absence in the film \u2013 were raised. The discussion about the film led to Dre addressing his past behavior in the press. In August 2015, in an interview with \"Rolling Stone\", Dre lamented his abusive past, saying, \"I made some fucking horrible mistakes in my life. I was young, fucking stupid. I would say all the allegations aren't true\u2014some of them are. Those are some of the things that I would like to take back. It was really fucked up. But I paid for those mistakes, and there's no"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " way in hell that I will ever make another mistake like that again.\" In a statement to \"The New York Times\" on August 21, 2015, exactly two weeks after his album, \"Compton\", was released, Dre again addressed his abusive past, stating, \"25 years ago I was a young man drinking too much and in over my head with no real structure in my life. However, none of this is an excuse for what I did. I've been married for 19 years and every day I'm working to be a better man for my family, seeking guidance along the way. I'm doing everything I can so I never resemble that man again.\u00a0... I apologize to the women I've hurt. I deeply regret what I did and know that it has forever impacted all of our lives.\" In the 2017 film \"The Defiant Ones\", Dr. Dre explained about the Dee Barnes incident again, \"This was a very low point in my life. I've done a lot of stupid shit in my life. A lot of things I wish I could go and take back. I've experienced abuse. I've watched my mother get abused. So there's absolutely no excuse for it. No woman should ever be treated that way. Any man that puts his hands"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " on a female is a fucking idiot. He's out of his fucking mind, and I was out of my fucking mind at the time. I fucked up, I paid for it, I'm sorry for it, and I apologize for it. I have this dark cloud that follows me, and it's going to be attached to me forever. It's a major blemish on who I am as a man.\"</s><s>Controversies and legal issues.:Second divorce. Dre's wife, Nicole Plotzker-Young, filed for divorce in June 2020, citing irreconcilable differences. In November 2020, she filed legal claims that Dre engaged in verbal violence and infidelity during their marriage. She also stated that he tore up their prenuptial agreement that he wanted her to sign out of anger. Dre's representative responded, calling her claims of infidelity and violence in their marriage \"false\". Before being released from the Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, he was ordered to pay Plotzker-Young $2 million in temporary spousal support. Between the spring and summer of the year, Dre was ordered by the Los Angeles County judge to pay his ex-wife over $300,000 a month in spousal support. The $"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "2 million extension request was also dismissed, due to insufficient claims. In July 2021, Dr. Dre was ordered by the Los Angeles Superior Court Judge to pay an additional $293,306 a month to estranged wife in spousal support starting August 1 until she decides to remarry or \"further order of the Court\". Then, in August, the judge denied his wife's request for a protective order, due to her being afraid of Dre after a snippet leaked on Instagram of him rapping about the divorce proceedings and his possible brain aneurysm earlier that February; in this snippet, he called his wife a \"greedy bitch\". In mid-October, Dr. Dre was served more divorce papers, during his grandmother's funeral. That same month, Dre was officially deemed \"single\" by the judge. The financial owings in this case included expenses of Dre's Malibu, Palisades and Hollywood Hills homes, but not his stock in past ownership of Beats Electronics, prior to its sale to Apple in 2014. As of December 2021, the divorce proceedings have entered its final stages. On December 28, the divorce was settled with Dre keeping most of his assets and income due to the prenuptial agreement, although he would have to pay a 9-"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "figure settlement within one year.</s><s>Controversies and legal issues.:Other. On June 28, 1992, hours before midnight, a barbecue grill and an overfill of charcoal caused Dre's Calabasas mansion to set on fire. Two firefighters who exhausted the fire were treated in the hospital for minor injuries. The fire caused over $125,000 in home damages. Dre pleaded guilty in October 1992 in a case of battery of a police officer and was convicted on two additional battery counts stemming from a brawl in the lobby of the New Orleans hotel in May 1991. In 1993, he was convicted of battery after an altercation with a man who stood outside the front porch of his Woodland Hills home in front of the musician's girlfriend. He claimed that Dre broke his jaw as a result. On January 10, 1994, Dre was arrested after leading police on a 90\u00a0mph pursuit through Beverly Hills in his 1987 Ferrari. It was revealed that Dr. Dre had a blood alcohol of 0.16, twice the state of California's legal limit. The conviction violated the conditions of parole following Dre's battery conviction in 1993; he plead no contest and was sentenced to eight months in prison in September 1994. He was ordered to pay a $1,053 fine and attend"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " an alcohol education program. On October 30, 2015, Ruthless co-founder Jerry Heller filed suit against Dre, Ice Cube, Eazy-E's widow, Tomica Woods-Wright, director F. Gary Gray and Universal Pictures for defamation of character and copyright infringement over the biopic, \"Straight Outta Compton\". The lawsuit states that depictions of Heller in the film, portrayed by Paul Giamatti, were wrongfully taken from an autobiography he wrote about his involvement with Ruthless and N.W.A. The case was taken to court in June 2016 where a judge criticized the filing, saying that the film was \"approved to portray these facts in \"colorful and hyperbolic\" terms\". On September 2, 2016, Jerry Heller died of a car accident, preceded by a heart attack. However, his lawsuit kept on through his legal team and members of his estate. In October 2018, the lawsuit was dropped, costing Heller's estate $35 million for punitive and $75 million for compensatory damages. On April 4, 2016, TMZ and the \"New York Daily News\" reported that Suge Knight had accused Dre and the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department of a kill-for-hire plot in the 2014 shooting of Knight in club 1 O"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": "AK. Three months later, in July, Dre was reportedly detained by police after confronting a next-door neighbor in Malibu about a test drive. It was also alleged that he brandished a handgun on the neighbor, but no evidence would be linked and Dre was soon released. On May 8, 2018, Dre lost a name trademark filing to a Pennsylvania gynecologist named Draion Burch, who previously filed a trademark petition in 2015 to use his nickname, Dr. Drai, which has the similar pronunciation. Then, on June 26, Dre and Jimmy Iovine were ordered to pay $25 million to former partner and creative designer Steven Lamar, who sued the two co-founders for $100 million in unpaid royalties for designing the early Beats headphone models. The lawsuit was filed in 2015 after news broke out of Apple's acquisition of the headphone brand a year prior. In August 2021, Dr. Dre's oldest daughter LaTanya Young spoke out about being homeless and unable to support her four children. She is currently working for UberEats and DoorDash, and she also works at warehouse jobs. She is living in debt in her SUV while her children are living with friends. Dr. Dre has allegedly stopped supporting LaTanya financially since January 2020 because she"}, {"title": "Dr. Dre", "text": " has \"spoken about him in the press\".</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio albums. - \"The Chronic\" (1992) - \"2001\" (1999) - \"Compton\" (2015)</s><s>Discography.:Soundtrack albums. - \"Deep Cover\" (1992) - \"The Wash\" (2001)</s><s>Discography.:Collaboration albums. with World Class Wreckin' Cru - \"World Class\" (1985) - \"Rapped in Romance\" (1986) with N.W.A. - \"N.W.A. and the Posse\" (1987) - \"Straight Outta Compton\" (1988) - \"100 Miles and Runnin'\" (1990) - \"Niggaz4Life\" (1991)</s><s>Awards and nominations.</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Grammy Awards. Dr. Dre has won seven Grammy Awards. Three of them are for his production work.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Works cited. - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Dr. Dre", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000415", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Quincy Jones.", "docs": [{"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": "<s>Quincy Jones Quincy Delight Jones Jr. (born March 14, 1933) is an American record producer, songwriter, composer, arranger, and film and television producer. His career spans 70 years, with a record of 80 Grammy Award nominations, 28 Grammys, and a Grammy Legend Award in 1992. Jones came to prominence in the 1950s as a jazz arranger and conductor before working on pop music and film scores. He moved easily between genres, producing pop hit records for Lesley Gore in the early 1960s (including \"It's My Party\") and serving as an arranger and conductor for several collaborations between the jazz artists Frank Sinatra and Count Basie. In 1968, Jones became the first African American to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"The Eyes of Love\" from the film \"Banning\". Jones was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score for his work on the 1967 film \"In Cold Blood\", making him the first African American to be nominated twice in the same year. Jones produced three of the most successful albums by the pop star Michael Jackson: \"Off the Wall\" (1979), \"Thriller\" (1982), and \"Bad\" (1987). In 1985, Jones produced and"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " conducted the charity song \"We Are the World\", which raised funds for victims of famine in Ethiopia. In 1971, Jones became the first African American to be the musical director and conductor of the Academy Awards. In 1995, he was the first African American to receive the academy's Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award. He is tied with sound designer Willie D. Burton as the second most Oscar-nominated African American, with seven nominations each. In 2013, Jones was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as the winner, alongside Lou Adler, of the Ahmet Ertegun Award. He was named one of the most influential jazz musicians of the 20th century by \"Time\".</s><s>Early life. Quincy Delight Jones Jr. was born in the South Side of Chicago, Illinois on March 14, 1933, the eldest of two sons to Sarah Frances (n\u00e9e Wells; died 1999), a bank officer and apartment complex manager, and Quincy Delight Jones, a semi-professional baseball player and carpenter from Kentucky. Jones's paternal grandmother was an ex-slave from Louisville, and Jones later discovered that his paternal grandfather was Welsh. With the help of the author Alex Haley in 1972 and Latter-day Saint researchers in Salt Lake City, Jones discovered"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " that one of his mother's ancestors was James Lanier, a relative of poet Sidney Lanier. Jones said, \"He had a baby with my great-grandmother [a slave], and my grandmother was born there [on a plantation in Kentucky]. We traced this all the way back to the Laniers, the same family as Tennessee Williams.\" Learning that the Lanier immigrant ancestors were French Huguenots who had court musicians among their ancestors, Jones attributed some of his musicianship to them. For the 2006 PBS television program \"African American Lives\", Jones had his DNA tested, and genealogists researched his family history again. His DNA revealed he is mostly African, but also has 34% European ancestry on both sides of his family. Research showed that he has English, French, Italian, and Welsh ancestry through his father. His mother's side is of West and Central African descent, specifically the Tikar people of Cameroon. His mother also had European ancestry, including Lanier male ancestors who fought for the Confederacy, making him eligible for membership in the Sons of Confederate Veterans. Among his ancestors is Betty Washington Lewis, a sister of president George Washington. Jones's family moved to Chicago during the Great Migration. Jones had a younger brother, Lloyd, who was an engineer"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " for the Seattle television station KOMO-TV until his death in 1998. Jones was introduced to music by his mother, who always sang religious songs, and next-door neighbor Lucy Jackson. When Jones was five or six, Jackson played stride piano next door, and he would listen through the walls. Jackson recalled that after he heard her one-day, she could not get him off her piano. When Jones was young, his mother had a schizophrenic breakdown and was sent to a mental institution. His father divorced her and married Elvera Jones, who already had three children of her own: Waymond, Theresa, and Katherine. Elvera and Quincy Sr. later had three children together: Jeanette, Margie, and Richard. In 1943, the family moved to Bremerton, Washington, Jones's father took a wartime job at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. After the war, the family moved to Seattle, where Jones attended Garfield High School and developed his skills as a trumpeter and arranger. His classmates included Charles Taylor, who played saxophone and whose mother, Evelyn Bundy, was one of Seattle's first society jazz bandleaders. Jones and Taylor began playing music together, and at the age of fourteen, they played with a"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " National Reserve band. Jones said he acquired more experience with music growing up in a smaller city due to the lack of competition. At age 14, Jones introduced himself to 16-year-old Ray Charles after watching him play at the Black Elks Club. Jones cites Charles as an early inspiration for his own music career, noting that Charles overcame his blindness to achieve his musical goals. He credited his father's sturdy work ethic with giving him the means to proceed and his loving strength with holding the family together. Jones said his father had a rhyming motto: \"Once a task is just begun, never leave until it's done. Be the labor great or small, do it well or not at all.\" In 1951, Jones earned a scholarship to Seattle University. After one semester, he transferred to what is now the Berklee College of Music in Boston on another scholarship. There, he played at Izzy Ort's Bar & Grille with Bunny Campbell and Preston Sandiford, whom he cited as important influences. He left his studies after receiving an offer to tour as a trumpeter, arranger, and pianist with bandleader Lionel Hampton and embarked on his professional career. On the road with Hampton, he displayed a gift for arranging songs. He moved to New York City,"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " where he received freelance commissions writing arrangements for Charles, who was by then a close friend, and for Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, and Gene Krupa.</s><s>Music career. In 1953, aged 20, Jones traveled with jazz bandleader Lionel Hampton for a European tour of the Hampton orchestra. He said the tour changed his view of racism in the United States: In early 1956, Jones accepted a temporary job at CBS' Stage Show hosted by Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey that was broadcast live from Studio 50 in New York City (known today as the Ed Sullivan Theater). On January 28, February 4, 11 and 18, as well as on March 17 and 24, Jones played second trumpet in the studio band that supported 21-year-old Elvis Presley in his first six television appearances. Presley sang \"Heartbreak Hotel\", which became his first No. 1 record and the \"Billboard\" magazine Pop Record of the year. Soon after, as a trumpeter and musical director for Dizzy Gillespie, Jones went on tour of the Middle East and South America sponsored by the United States Information Agency. After returning, he signed a contract with ABC-Paramount and started his recording career as the leader of his band."}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " In 1957, he settled in Paris, where he studied composition and theory with Nadia Boulanger and Olivier Messiaen and performed at the Paris Olympia. He became music director at Barclay, a French record company and the licensee for Mercury in France. During the 1950s, Jones toured Europe with several jazz orchestras. As musical director of Harold Arlen's jazz musical \"Free and Easy\", he took to the road again. A European tour closed in Paris in February 1960. With musicians from the Arlen show, he formed his big band the Jones Boys with eighteen musicians. The band included double bass player Eddie Jones and trumpeter Reunald Jones (none of the three were related). The band toured North America and Europe, and the concerts met enthusiastic audiences and sparkling reviews, but the earnings failed to support a band of this size. Poor budget planning resulted in an economic disaster; the band dissolved, leaving Jones in a financial crisis. \"We had the best jazz band on the planet, and yet we were literally starving. That's when I discovered that there was \"music\", and there was the \"music business\". If I were to survive, I would have to learn the difference between the two.\" Irving Green, head of Mercury, helped Jones with a"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " personal loan and a job as musical director of the company's New York division. He worked with Doug Moody, founder of Mystic Records.</s><s>Music career.:Breakthrough and rise. In 1961, Jones was promoted as the vice-president of Mercury, becoming the first African American to hold the position. During the same year, at the invitation of director Sidney Lumet, he composed music for \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). It was the first of his nearly 40 major motion picture scores. Following the success of \"The Pawnbroker\", Jones left Mercury and moved to Los Angeles. After composing film scores for \"Mirage\" and \"The Slender Thread\" in 1965, he was in constant demand as a composer. His film credits over the next seven years included \"Walk, Don't Run\", \"The Deadly Affair\", \"In Cold Blood\", \"In the Heat of the Night\", \"Mackenna's Gold\", \"The Italian Job\", \"Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice\", \"Cactus Flower\", \"The Out-Of-Towners\", \"They Call Me Mister Tibbs!\", \"The Anderson Tapes\", \"$ (Dollars)\", and \"The Getaway\". In addition, he composed \"The Streetbeater"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": "\", which became the theme music for the television sitcom \"Sanford and Son\", starring his close friend Redd Foxx, and the themes for other TV shows, including \"Ironside\", \"Rebop\", \"Banacek\", \"The Bill Cosby Show\", the opening episode of \"Roots\", \"Mad TV\", and the game show \"Now You See It\". In the 1960s, Jones worked as an arranger for Billy Eckstine, Ella Fitzgerald, Shirley Horn, Peggy Lee, Nana Mouskouri, Frank Sinatra, Sarah Vaughan, and Dinah Washington. His solo recordings included \"Walking in Space\", \"Gula Matari\", \"Smackwater Jack\", \"You've Got It Bad Girl\", \"Body Heat\", \"Mellow Madness\", and \"I Heard That!!\" Jones's 1962 tune \"Soul Bossa Nova\", which originated on the \"Big Band Bossa Nova\" album, was used as the theme for the 1997 spy comedy \"\". Jones produced all four million-selling singles for Lesley Gore during the early and mid-sixties, including \"It's My Party\" (UK No.\u00a08; US No.\u00a01), its sequel \"Judy's Turn to Cry\" (US No.\u00a0"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": "5), \"She's a Fool\" (also a US No.\u00a05) in 1963, and \"You Don't Own Me\" (US No.\u00a02 for four weeks in 1964). He continued to produce for Gore until 1966, including the Greenwich/Barry hits \"Look of Love\" (US No.\u00a027 in 1965) and \"Maybe I Know\" (UK No.\u00a020; US No.\u00a014 in 1964). In 1975, he founded Qwest Productions, for which he arranged and produced successful albums by Frank Sinatra and others. In 1978, he produced the soundtrack for \"The Wiz\", the musical adaptation of \"The Wizard of Oz\", which starred Michael Jackson and Diana Ross. In 1982, he produced Jackson's \"Thriller\", the bestselling album in history of the music industry. His 1981 album \"The Dude\" yielded the hits \"Ai No Corrida\" (a remake of a song by Chaz Jankel), \"Just Once\", and \"One Hundred Ways\", both sung by James Ingram. Marking Jones's debut as a film producer, 1985's \"The Color Purple\" received 11 Oscar nominations that year, including one for Jones's score. Jones, Thomas Newman, and Alan Silvestri are the"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " only composers besides John Williams to have written scores for a Steven Spielberg-directed theatrical feature film. Additionally, through this picture, Jones is credited with introducing Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey to film audiences around the world. After the 1985 American Music Awards ceremony, Jones used his influence to draw most of the major American recording artists of the day into a studio to record the song \"We Are the World\" to raise money for the victims of famine in Ethiopia. When people marveled at his ability to make the collaboration work, Jones explained that he had taped a sign on the entrance reading \"Check Your Ego at the Door\". He was also quoted as saying, \"We don't want to make a hunger record in tuxedos\", requiring all participants to wear casual clothing in the studio. In 1986, he started off Qwest Entertainment to produce theatrical feature films, through Qwest Film and Television, and launched a home video label, Qwest Home Video, in order to manage the home video titles made by the studio, and Qwest Entertainment would continue to operate their pre-existing subsidiaries like Qwest Records, Quincy Jones Productions and Qwest Music Publishing. In 1990, Quincy Jones Productions joined with Time Warner to create Quincy Jones Entertainment (QJE)."}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " The company signed a 10-picture deal with Warner Bros. and a two-series deal with NBC Productions (now Universal Television). The television show \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\" was completed in 1990, but producers of \"In the House\" (from UPN) rejected its early concept stages. Jones produced the successful \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\" (discovering Will Smith), UPN's \"In the House\", First-Run Syndication's \"The Jenny Jones Show\" (in association with Telepictures Productions, 1994\u20131997 only) and FOX's \"Madtv\" which ran for 14 seasons. In the early 1990s, he started a huge, ongoing project called \"The Evolution of Black Music\". QJE started a weekly talk show with Jones's friend, Reverend Jesse Jackson, as the host. Beginning in the late 1970s, Jones tried to convince Miles Davis to revive the music he recorded on several classic albums of the 1950s, which was arranged by Gil Evans. Davis always refused, citing a desire to avoid revisiting the past. But in 1991, Davis relented. Despite having pneumonia, he agreed to perform the music at the Montreux Jazz Festival. The recording, \"Miles & Quincy Live at"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " Montreux\", was his last album; he died several months afterward. In 1993, Jones collaborated with David Salzman to produce the concert \"An American Reunion\", a celebration of Bill Clinton's inauguration as President of the United States. During the same year, he and Salzman renamed his company to Quincy Jones/David Salzman Entertainment. In 2001, Jones published his autobiography \"Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones\". On July 31, 2007, he partnered with Wizzard Media to start the Quincy Jones Video Podcast. In each episode, he shares his knowledge and experience in the music industry. The first episode features him in the studio producing \"I Knew I Loved You\" for Celine Dion. This is included on the Ennio Morricone tribute album \"We All Love Ennio Morricone\". Jones helped produce Anita Hall's 2009 album \"Send Love\". In 2013, he produced Emily Bear's album \"Diversity\". After that, he produced albums for Grace, Justin Kauflin, Alfredo Rodr\u00edguez, Andreas Varady, and Nikki Yanofsky. He also became a mentor to Jacob Collier. In 2017, Jones and French producer Reza Ackbaraly started Qwest TV, the world's"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " first subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) service for jazz and eclectic music from around the world. The platform features a handpicked selection of ad-free concerts, interviews, documentaries, and exclusive, original content, all in HD or 4K. In 2010, Jones, along with brand strategist Chris Vance, co-founded Playground Sessions, a NY City-based developer of subscription software that teaches people to play the piano using interactive videos. Pianists Harry Connick Jr. and David Sides are among the company's video instructors. Jones worked with Vance and Sides to develop the video lessons and incorporate techniques to modernize the instruction format.</s><s>Music career.:Work with Frank Sinatra. Quincy Jones first worked with Frank Sinatra in 1958 when invited by Princess Grace to arrange a benefit concert at the Monaco Sporting Club. Six years later, Sinatra hired him to arrange and conduct Sinatra's second album with Count Basie, \"It Might as Well Be Swing\" (1964). Jones conducted and arranged Sinatra's live album with the Basie Band, \"Sinatra at the Sands\" (1966). Jones was also the arranger/conductor when Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr., Dean Martin, and Johnny Carson performed with the Bas"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": "ie orchestra in June 1965 in St. Louis, Missouri, in a benefit for Dismas House. The fund-raiser was broadcast to movie theaters around the country and eventually released on VHS. Later that year, Jones was the arranger/conductor when Sinatra and Basie appeared on \"The Hollywood Palace\" TV show on October 16, 1965. Nineteen years later, Sinatra and Jones teamed up for 1984's \"L.A. Is My Lady\". Jones said,</s><s>Music career.:Work with Michael Jackson. While working on the film \"The Wiz\", Michael Jackson asked Jones to recommend some producers for his upcoming solo album. Jones offered some names but eventually offered to produce the record himself. Jackson accepted and the resulting record, \"Off the Wall\", sold about 20 million copies. This made Jones the most powerful record producer in the industry at that time. Jones and Jackson's next collaboration, \"Thriller\", sold 65 million copies and became the highest-selling album of all time. The rise of MTV and the advent of music videos as promotional tools also contributed to \"Thriller's\" sales. Jones worked on Jackson's album \"Bad\", which sold 45 million copies, and was the last time they worked with each other. Audio"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " interviews with Jones are included in the 2001 special editions of \"Off the Wall\", \"Thriller\", and \"Bad\". In a 2002 interview, when asked if he would work with Jones again, Jackson suggested he might. But in 2007, when Jones was asked by \"NME\", he said, \"Man, please! We already did that. I have talked to him about working with him again but I've got too much to do. I've got 900 products, I'm 74 years old.\" Following Jackson's death on June 25, 2009, Jones said: In October 2013, the BBC and \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said Jones planned to sue Michael Jackson's estate for $10 million. Jones said that MJJ Productions, a song company managed by Jackson's estate and Sony Music Entertainment, improperly re-edited songs to deprive him of royalties and production fees and breached an agreement giving him the right to remix master recordings for albums released after Jackson's death. The songs Jones produced for Jackson were used in the film \"This Is It\". Jones was reported to be filing the suits against the Michael Jackson Cirque du Soleil shows and the 25th-anniversary edition of the \"Bad\" album. He believed he should have received a producer credit in the film."}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": "</s><s>Music career.:Brazilian culture. The Brazilian singer Simone, whom Jones cites as \"one of the world's greatest singers\"; Brazilian musicians Ivan Lins and Milton Nascimento; and percussionist Paulinho da Costa, who Jones called \"one of the best in the business\", have become close friends and partners in his recent works.</s><s>Music career.:Media appearances. Jones had a brief appearance in the 1990 video for the Time song \"Jerk Out\", and was a guest actor on an episode of \"The Boondocks\". He appeared with Ray Charles in the music video of their song \"One Mint Julep\" and also with Ray Charles and Chaka Khan in the music video of their song \"I'll Be Good to You\". Jones hosted an episode of the long-running NBC sketch comedy show \"Saturday Night Live\" on February 10, 1990 (during SNL's 15th season). The episode was notable for having 10 musical guests (the most any \"SNL\" episode has had in its 40 plus years on the air): Tevin Campbell, Andrae Crouch, Sandra Crouch, rappers Kool Moe Dee and Big Daddy Kane, Melle Mel, Quincy D III, Siedah Garrett, Al Jarreau"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": ", and Take 6, and for a performance of Dizzy Gillespie's \"Manteca\" by the SNL Band (conducted by Quincy Jones). Jones impersonated Marion Barry, the former mayor of Washington, D.C., in the recurring sketch \"The Bob Waltman Special\". He later produced his own sketch comedy show, FOX's \"MADtv\", which ran from 1995 to 2009. Jones appeared in the 1999 Walt Disney Pictures animated film \"Fantasia 2000\", introducing the set piece of George Gershwin's \"Rhapsody in Blue\". Two years later, he made a cameo appearance as himself in the film \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\". On February 10, 2008, Jones joined Usher in presenting the Grammy Award for Album of the Year to Herbie Hancock. On January 6, 2009, he appeared on NBC's \"Last Call with Carson Daly\" to discuss his career. Daly informally floated the idea that Jones should become the first minister of culture for the United States, pending the inauguration of Barack Obama as president. Daly noted that only the US and Germany, among leading world countries, did not have a cabinet-level position for this role. Commentators on NPR and in the \"Chronicle of Higher Education\" have also"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " discussed the topic of a minister of culture. In February 2014, Jones appeared in \"Keep on Keepin' On\", a documentary about his friend, jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn player Clark Terry. In the film, Terry introduces Jones to his prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Justin Kauflin, whom Jones then signs to his band and label. In July 2014, Jones starred in a documentary film called \"The Distortion of Sound\". In September 2015, he was a guest on Dr. Dre's \"The Pharmacy\" on Beats 1 Radio. He was also featured on Jacob Collier's YouTube cover of Michael Jackson's \"PYT (Pretty Young Thing)\". On February 28, 2016, he and Pharrell Williams presented Ennio Morricone with the Oscar for best film score. and in August 2016, he and his music were featured at BBC Proms in Royal Albert Hall, London. On March 20, 2020, Jones guest starred on a music video by Travis Scott and Young Thug for the song \"Out West\". Jones makes and consumes a sandwich during the course of the video. In January 2022, Jones appeared on the album \"Dawn FM\" by Canadian singer the Weeknd, performing a monologue in the sixth track, \"A"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " Tale by Quincy\".</s><s>Activism. Jones's social activism began in the 1960s with his support of Martin Luther King Jr. Jones is one of the founders of the Institute for Black American Music (IBAM), whose events aim to raise enough funds for the creation of a national library of African-American art and music. Jones is also one of the founders of the Black Arts Festival in his hometown of Chicago. In the 1970s, Jones formed the Quincy Jones Workshops. Meeting at the Los Angeles Landmark Variety Arts Center, the workshops educated and honed the skills of inner-city youth in musicianship, acting, and songwriting. Among its alumni were Alton McClain, who had a hit song with Alton McClain and Destiny, and Mark Wilkins, who co-wrote the hit song \"Havin' a Love Attack\" with Mandrill and became National Promotion Director for Mystic Records. For many years, Jones has worked closely with Bono of U2 on a number of philanthropic causes. He is the founder of the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation, a nonprofit organization that built more than 100 homes in South Africa and which aims to connect youths with technology, education, culture, and music. One of the organization's programs is an inter"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": "cultural exchange between underprivileged youths from Los Angeles and South Africa. In 2004, Jones helped launch the We Are the Future (WAF) project, which gives children in poor and conflict-ridden areas a chance to live their childhoods and develop a sense of hope. The program is the result of a strategic partnership between the Global Forum, the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation, and Hani Masri, with the support of the World Bank, UN agencies, and major companies. The project was launched with a concert in Rome, Italy, in front of an audience of half a million people. Jones supports a number of other charities, including the NAACP, GLAAD, Peace Games, AmfAR, and the Maybach Foundation. He serves on the advisory board of HealthCorps. On July 26, 2007, he announced his endorsement of Hillary Clinton for president. But with the election of Barack Obama, Jones said that his next conversation \"with President Obama [will be] to beg for a secretary of arts.\" This prompted the circulation of a petition on the internet asking Obama to create such a Cabinet-level position in his administration. In 2001, Jones became an honorary member of the board of directors of the Jazz Foundation of America. He worked with the foundation to"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " save the homes and lives of America's elderly jazz and blues musicians, including those who survived Hurricane Katrina. Jones is a spokesperson for the Global Down Syndrome Foundation, co-founded by his friend John Sie, which annually awards the Quincy Jones Exceptional Advocacy Award. Also he is involved in Linda Crnic Institute, Improving the lives of people with Down syndrome through advanced biomedical research.</s><s>Personal life. Jones never learned to drive, citing his involvement in a car crash at age 14 as the reason. Jones revealed that Ray Charles introduced him to heroin at 15. He is a believer in astrology. In regard to religion, he stated in February 2018 that he believes in a God that opposes the love of money but dismisses the notion of an afterlife; he holds a negative opinion of the Catholic Church, believing it is built upon the notions of money and \"fear, smoke, and murder\". Jones claimed to have knowledge of the truth of the Kennedy assassination, stating his belief that mobster Sam Giancana was responsible, as well as outing sexual relationships Marlon Brando had with James Baldwin, Richard Pryor, and Marvin Gaye. In the same interview, Jones stated he dated Ivanka Trump despite expressing disdain for her father. He later apologized for the interview after"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " a family intervention with his six daughters, blaming the things he said on \"word vomit\". In 1974, Jones developed a life-threatening brain aneurysm, leading to a decision to reduce his workload to spend time with his friends and family. Since his family and friends believed Jones's life was coming to an end, they started to plan a memorial service for him. He attended his own service with his neurologist by his side, in case the excitement overwhelmed him. Some of the entertainers at his service were Richard Pryor, Marvin Gaye, Sarah Vaughan, and Sidney Poitier.</s><s>Personal life.:Marriages and children. Jones has been married three times and has seven children with five different women. He was married to Jeri Caldwell from 1957 to 1966, and they had a daughter named Jolie. He had a brief affair with Carol Reynolds, and they had a daughter named Rachel. He was later married to Swedish actress Ulla Andersson from 1967 to 1974, and they had a daughter named Martina and a son named Quincy, who also became a music producer. The day after his divorce from Andersson, Jones married American actress Peggy Lipton. They had two daughters, Kidada (who was born before they were married) and Rashida"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": ", both of whom became actors. Jones and Lipton divorced in 1989. He later dated and lived with German actress Nastassja Kinski from 1991 to 1995, and they had a daughter named Kenya, who became a fashion model. In 1994, rapper Tupac Shakur criticized Jones for having relationships with white women, prompting Jones's daughter Rashida to pen a scathing open letter in response, which was published in \"The Source\". Rashida's sister Kidada developed a romantic relationship with Shakur and had been living with him for four months at the time of his death.</s><s>Awards and honors. - Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music (1983) - Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Ray Charles in 1984. - Grammy Legend Award in 1992 (one of only 15 people ever to receive it). - Third in the list of all-time Grammy award wins. - Garfield High School in Seattle named a performing arts center after him. - Quincy Jones Elementary School, located in South Central Los Angeles, is named after him. - Humanitarian Award at the BET Awards in 2008. - John F. Kennedy Center Honors in 2001. - National Medal of Arts from President Barack Obama on March 2"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": ", 2011. - Los Angeles Press Club Visionary Award in 2014. - Honorary doctorate from the Royal Academy of Music, London, in 2015. - Ahmet Ertegun Award into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2013. - In 2021, Jones was inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame as a \"foundational inductee\".</s><s>Film scores and soundtracks. - \"The Pawnbroker\" (Mercury, 1965) - \"Mirage\" (Mercury, 1965) - \"The Slender Thread\" (Mercury, 1965) - \"Walk, Don't Run\" (Mainstream, 1966) - \"The Deadly Affair\" (Verve, 1967) - \"Enter Laughing\" (Liberty, 1967) - \"Banning\" (1967) - \"In the Heat of the Night\" (United Artists, 1967) - \"In Cold Blood\" (Colgems, 1967) - \"A Dandy in Aspic\" (1968) - \"The Counterfeit Killer\" (1968) - \"Jigsaw\" (1968) - \"For Love of Ivy\" (ABC, 1968) - \"The Hell with Heroes\" (1968) - \"The Split\" (1968)"}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": " - \"Mackenna's Gold\" (RCA Victor, 1969) - \"The Italian Job\" (Paramount, 1969) - \"The Lost Man\" (Uni, 1969) - \"Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice\" (Bell, 1969) - \"John and Mary\" (A&M, 1969) - \"Original Sound Track: Cactus Flower\" (Bell, 1969) from \"Cactus Flower\" (1969) - \"Last of the Mobile Hot Shots\" (1970) - \"The Out-of-Towners\" (1970) - \"Original Motion Picture Score: They Call Me Mister Tibbs!\" (United Artists, 1970) from \"They Call Me Mister Tibbs!\" (1970) - \"Brother John\" (1971) - \"The Anderson Tapes\" (1971) - \"Honky\" (1971) - \"Sanford and Son Theme\" (RCA, 1972) in \"Sanford and Son\"\u2013 included in \"You've Got It Bad Girl\" (A&M, 1973) - \"Dollars\" (Reprise, 1972) from \"Dollars\" (1971) - \"The Hot Rock\" (Prophesy, 1972) - \"The New Centurions\" ("}, {"title": "Quincy Jones", "text": "1972) - \"Love Theme From \"The Getaway\"\" (A&M, 1973) in \"The Getaway\" (1972)\u2013 included in \"You've Got It Bad Girl\" (A&M, 1973) - \"Roots: The Saga of an American Family\" (A&M, 1977) from \"Roots\" (1977) - \"The Wiz original soundtrack\" (MCA, 1978) from \"The Wiz\" (1978) - \"The Color Purple: Music From the Motion Picture\" (Quest, 1986) from \"The Color Purple\" (1985)</s><s>Filmography. - \"Fantasia 2000\" (1999) \u2013 Himself (segment \"Rhapsody in Blue\") - \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) \u2013 Himself - \"Sandy Wexler\" (2017) \u2013 Himself - \"Quincy\" (2018) \u2013 Himself - \"The Black Godfather\" (2019) \u2013 Himself - \"Jay Sebring...Cutting to the Truth\" (2020) \u2013 Himself</s><s>Further reading. -  Video interview. - - - -  (26 mins, airdate May 25, 2013)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Quincy Jones", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000416", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Eric Winter.", "docs": [{"title": "Eric Winter", "text": "<s>Eric Winter Eric Barrett Winter (born July 17, 1976) is an American actor and former fashion model. He has appeared in the television roles of Rex Brady on the NBC soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\", FBI Special Agent Craig O'Laughlin on the CBS drama series \"The Mentalist\" (2010\u20132012), Dash Gardiner on the Lifetime fantasy-drama series \"Witches of East End\" (2013\u20132014), and Sergeant Tim Bradford on the ABC drama \"The Rookie\". His film appearances include \"Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay\" (2008) and \"The Ugly Truth\" (2009).</s><s>Early life. Winter was born on July 17, 1976, in La Mirada, California. He graduated from UCLA with a degree in psychology. To pay for college, he began modeling, and his career goal, which was to become a doctor, changed as he decided to pursue acting.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Modeling. Before his acting roles, Winter was a model and had some high-profile campaigns, such as one print campaign for Tommy Hilfiger. He appeared in a television commercial with Britney Spears for her fragrance, Curious.</s><s>Career.:Acting. Winter played the"}, {"title": "Eric Winter", "text": " role of Rex Brady on the daytime soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\" from July 8, 2002, until July 26, 2005. After leaving \"Days of Our Lives\", he had many small roles in television shows, such as \"\"; \"Love, Inc.\"; \"Charmed\"; and \"Just Legal\". He guest-starred on ABC Family's \"Wildfire\" for five episodes. His character, R.J. Blake, a bull-rider who dated the character of Dani Davis (played by Nicole Tubiola), was killed in the episode \"Heartless\", which aired originally on February 28, 2007. Winter also appeared on \"The Parkers\" in the episode \"The Boomerang Effect\". He appeared in an episode of the CBS series \"The Ex-List\", and in the recurring role of Jason McCallister, the brother of Senator Robert McCallister (Rob Lowe) and love interest of Kevin Walker (Matthew Rhys) on the ABC drama \"Brothers & Sisters\". Winter was a regular on the short-lived CBS series \"Viva Laughlin\" and \"Moonlight\". He appears in the feature films \"Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay\" (2008) and \"The Ugly Truth\" (2009). In 2010"}, {"title": "Eric Winter", "text": ", Winter starred as the character Michael Friend, the imaginary friend of Jane (Alyssa Milano) in the Lifetime television movie \"Sundays at Tiffany's\". From 2010 to 2012, Winter appeared in the CBS crime drama \"The Mentalist\" as FBI agent Craig O'Laughlin, the boyfriend and later fianc\u00e9 of Amanda Righetti's character Grace Van Pelt. In 2012, he had a recurring role as Luke Lourd on the ABC comedy-drama series \"GCB\". Winter appeared in the video game \"\". In 2013, Winter began starring in the Lifetime television series \"Witches of East End\" as Dash Gardiner. The series was canceled on November 4, 2014, after two seasons. In October 2018, he began starring in the ABC drama \"The Rookie\" as Sergeant Tim Bradford.</s><s>Career.:Book. Winter is the co-author with his wife, Roselyn S\u00e1nchez, of the children's book \"Sebi and the Land of Cha Cha Cha\", published in 2017. The book was inspired by their daughter, Sebella 'Sebi' Rose Winter.</s><s>Personal life. Winter was married to actress Allison Ford from 2001 until 2005. He dated actress Roselyn S\u00e1nchez"}, {"title": "Eric Winter", "text": " for two years prior to their engagement on January 1, 2008, during a holiday vacation on Vieques, an island just east of mainland Puerto Rico. The couple wed on November 29, 2008, at a historic fort in San Juan, Puerto Rico. S\u00e1nchez and Winter have two children.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Eric Winter", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000417", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of George Washington.", "docs": [{"title": "George Washington", "text": "<s>George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and served as president of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which created and ratified the Constitution of the United States and the American federal government. Washington has been called the \"Father of his Country\" for his manifold leadership in the nation's founding. Washington's first public office, from 1749 to 1750, was as surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia. He subsequently received his first military training and was assigned command of the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War. He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army and led American forces allied with France to victory over the British at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the Revolutionary War, paving the way for American independence. He resigned his commission in 1783 after the Treaty of Paris was signed. Washington played an indispensable role in adopting and ratifying the Constitution"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " of the United States, which replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1789 and remains the world's longest-standing written and codified national constitution to this day. He was then twice elected president by the Electoral College unanimously. As the first U.S. president, Washington implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry that emerged between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty. He set enduring precedents for the office of president, including use of the title \"Mr. President\" and taking an Oath of Office with his hand on a Bible. His Farewell Address on September 19, 1796, is widely regarded as a preeminent statement on republicanism. Washington was a slave owner who had a complicated relationship with slavery. During his lifetime, he owned a cumulative total of over 577 slaves, who were forced to work on his farms and wherever he lived, including the President's House in Philadelphia. Yet, as president, he also signed laws passed by Congress that both protected and curtailed slavery. His will stated that one of his slaves, William Lee, should be freed upon his death and that the other 123 slaves should be freed on his"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " wife's death, though she freed them earlier during her lifetime. Washington endeavored to assimilate Native Americans into the Anglo-American culture. He also waged military campaigns against Native American nations during the Revolutionary War and the Northwest Indian War. He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons and supported broad religious freedom as the Continental Army commanding general and nation's first president. Upon his death, Washington was eulogized by Henry \"Light-Horse Harry\" Lee as \"first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen\". Washington has been memorialized by monuments, a federal holiday, various media depictions, geographical locations including the national capital, the State of Washington, stamps, and currency. Many scholars and ordinary Americans alike rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents. In 1976, Washington was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies, the highest rank in the U.S. Army.</s><s>Early life (1732\u20131752). The Washington family was a wealthy Virginia planter family that had made its fortune through land speculation and the cultivation of tobacco. Washington's great-grandfather John Washington emigrated in 1656 from Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, England"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": ", to the English colony of Virginia where he accumulated of land, including Little Hunting Creek on the Potomac River. George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, in the British colony of Virginia, and was the first of six children of Augustine and Mary Ball Washington. His father was a justice of the peace and a prominent public figure who had four additional children from his first marriage to Jane Butler. The family moved to Little Hunting Creek in 1735. In 1738, they moved to Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, Virginia, on the Rappahannock River. When Augustine died in 1743, Washington inherited Ferry Farm and ten slaves; his older half-brother Lawrence inherited Little Hunting Creek and renamed it Mount Vernon. Washington did not have the formal education his elder brothers received at Appleby Grammar School in England, but he did attend the Lower Church School in Hartfield. He learned mathematics, trigonometry, and land surveying and became a talented draftsman and map-maker. By early adulthood, he was writing with \"considerable force\" and \"precision\". In his pursuit of admiration, status, and power, his writing displayed little wit or humor. Washington often visited Mount Vernon and"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " Belvoir, the plantation that belonged to Lawrence's father-in-law William Fairfax. Fairfax became Washington's patron and surrogate father, and Washington spent a month in 1748 with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property. The following year he received a surveyor's license from the College of William & Mary when he was 17 years old. Even though Washington had not served the customary apprenticeship, Fairfax appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia, and he appeared in Culpeper County to take his oath of office July 20, 1749. He subsequently familiarized himself with the frontier region, and though he resigned from the job in 1750, he continued to do surveys west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. By 1752 he had bought almost in the Valley and owned. In 1751, Washington made his only trip abroad when he accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, hoping the climate would cure his brother's tuberculosis. Washington contracted smallpox during that trip, which immunized him and left his face slightly scarred. Lawrence died in 1752, and Washington leased Mount Vernon from his widow Anne; he inherited it outright after her death in 1761.</s><s>Colonial military career (1752\u20131758). Lawrence Washington's service as"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " adjutant general of the Virginia militia inspired his half-brother George to seek a commission. Virginia's lieutenant governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed George Washington as a major and commander of one of the four militia districts. The British and French were competing for control of the Ohio Valley. While the British were constructing forts along the Ohio River, the French were doing the same, constructing forts between the Ohio River and Lake Erie. In October 1753, Dinwiddie appointed Washington as a special envoy. He had sent George to demand French forces to vacate land that was being claimed by the British. Washington was also appointed to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy, and to gather further intelligence about the French forces. Washington met with Half-King Tanacharison, and other Iroquois chiefs, at Logstown, and gathered information about the numbers and locations of the French forts, as well as intelligence concerning individuals taken prisoner by the French. Washington was given the nickname Conotocaurius (town destroyer or devourer of villages) by Tanacharison. The nickname had previously been given to his great-grandfather John Washington in the late seventeenth century by the Susquehannock. Washington's party reached the"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " Ohio River in November 1753, and was intercepted by a French patrol. The party was escorted to Fort Le Boeuf, where Washington was received in a friendly manner. He delivered the British demand to vacate to the French commander Saint-Pierre, but the French refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave Washington his official answer in a sealed envelope after a few days' delay, as well as food and extra winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia. Washington completed the precarious mission in 77 days, in difficult winter conditions, achieving a measure of distinction when his report was published in Virginia and in London.</s><s>Colonial military career (1752\u20131758).:French and Indian War. In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted Washington to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia Regiment, with orders to confront French forces at the Forks of the Ohio. Washington set out for the Forks with half the regiment in April and soon learned a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of Fort Duquesne there. In May, having set up a defensive position at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp away; he decided to take the offensive. The French detachment proved to be only about 50"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " men, so Washington advanced on May 28 with a small force of Virginians and Indian allies to ambush them. What took place, known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen or the \"Jumonville affair\", was disputed, and French forces were killed outright with muskets and hatchets. French commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, who carried a diplomatic message for the British to evacuate, was killed. French forces found Jumonville and some of his men dead and scalped and assumed Washington was responsible. Washington blamed his translator for not communicating the French intentions. Dinwiddie congratulated Washington for his victory over the French. This incident ignited the French and Indian War, which later became part of the larger Seven Years' War. The full Virginia Regiment joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month with news that he had been promoted to command of the regiment and colonel upon the regimental commander's death. The regiment was reinforced by an independent company of a hundred South Carolinians led by Captain James Mackay, whose royal commission outranked that of Washington, and a conflict of command ensued. On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men, and the ensuing battle ended in Washington's surrender. In the aftermath, Colonel"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " James Innes took command of intercolonial forces, the Virginia Regiment was divided, and Washington was offered a captaincy which he refused, with the resignation of his commission. In 1755, Washington served voluntarily as an aide to General Edward Braddock, who led a British expedition to expel the French from Fort Duquesne and the Ohio Country. On Washington's recommendation, Braddock split the army into one main column and a lightly equipped \"flying column\". Suffering from a severe case of dysentery, Washington was left behind, and when he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela the French and their Indian allies ambushed the divided army. Two-thirds of the British force became casualties, including the mortally wounded Braddock. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage, Washington, still very ill, rallied the survivors and formed a rear guard, allowing the remnants of the force to disengage and retreat. During the engagement, he had two horses shot from under him, and his hat and coat were bullet-pierced. His conduct under fire redeemed his reputation among critics of his command in the Battle of Fort Necessity, but he was not included by the succeeding commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in planning subsequent operations. The Virginia Regiment"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " was reconstituted in August 1755, and Dinwiddie appointed Washington its commander, again with the rank of colonel. Washington clashed over seniority almost immediately, this time with John Dagworthy, another captain of superior royal rank, who commanded a detachment of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters in Fort Cumberland. Washington, impatient for an offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have granted him a royal commission and pressed his case in February 1756 with Braddock's successor as Commander-in-Chief, William Shirley, and again in January 1757 with Shirley's successor, Lord Loudoun. Shirley ruled in Washington's favor only in the matter of Dagworthy; Loudoun humiliated Washington, refused him a royal commission and agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland. In 1758, the Virginia Regiment was assigned to the British Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. Washington disagreed with General John Forbes' tactics and chosen route. Forbes nevertheless made Washington a brevet brigadier general and gave him command of one of the three brigades that would assault the fort. The French abandoned the fort and the valley before the assault was launched; Washington saw only a friendly fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured."}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " The war lasted another four years, and Washington resigned his commission and returned to Mount Vernon. Under Washington, the Virginia Regiment had defended of frontier against twenty Indian attacks in ten months. He increased the professionalism of the regiment as it increased from 300 to 1,000 men, and Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies. Some historians have said this was Washington's \"only unqualified success\" during the war. Though he failed to realize a royal commission, he did gain self-confidence, leadership skills, and invaluable knowledge of British military tactics. The destructive competition Washington witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of a strong central government.</s><s>Marriage, civilian, and political life (1755\u20131775). On January 6, 1759, Washington, at age 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, the 27-year-old widow of wealthy plantation owner Daniel Parke Custis. The marriage took place at Martha's estate; she was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate, and the couple created a happy marriage. They raised John Parke Custis (Jacky) and Martha Parke Custis (Patsy), children from her previous marriage, and later Jacky's children Eleanor Parke Custis"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " (Nelly) and George Washington Parke Custis (Washy). Washington's 1751 bout with smallpox is thought to have rendered him sterile, though it is equally likely that \"Martha may have sustained injury during the birth of Patsy, her final child, making additional births impossible.\" The couple lamented not having any children together. They moved to Mount Vernon, near Alexandria, where he took up life as a planter of tobacco and wheat and emerged as a political figure. The marriage gave Washington control over Martha's one-third dower interest in the Custis estate, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children; the estate also included 84 slaves. He became one of Virginia's wealthiest men, which increased his social standing. At Washington's urging, Governor Lord Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's 1754 promise of land bounties to all-volunteer militia during the French and Indian War. In late 1770, Washington inspected the lands in the Ohio and Great Kanawha regions, and he engaged surveyor William Crawford to subdivide it. Crawford allotted to Washington; Washington told the veterans that their land was hilly and unsuitable for farming, and he agreed to purchase, leaving some feeling they had been dup"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": "ed. He also doubled the size of Mount Vernon to and increased its slave population to more than a hundred by 1775. Washington's political activities included supporting the candidacy of his friend George William Fairfax in his 1755 bid to represent the region in the Virginia House of Burgesses. This support led to a dispute which resulted in a physical altercation between Washington and another Virginia planter, William Payne. Washington defused the situation, including ordering officers from the Virginia Regiment to stand down. Washington apologized to Payne the following day at a tavern. Payne had been expecting to be challenged to a duel. As a respected military hero and large landowner, Washington held local offices and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County in the House of Burgesses for seven years beginning in 1758. He plied the voters with beer, brandy, and other beverages, although he was absent while serving on the Forbes Expedition. He won the election with roughly 40 percent of the vote, defeating three other candidates with the help of several local supporters. He rarely spoke in his early legislative career, but he became a prominent critic of Britain's taxation policy and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies starting in the 1760s. By occupation, Washington was a planter, and he"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " imported luxuries and other goods from England, paying for them by exporting tobacco. His profligate spending combined with low tobacco prices left him \u00a31,800 in debt by 1764, prompting him to diversify his holdings. In 1765, because of erosion and other soil problems, he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat and expanded operations to include corn flour milling and fishing. Washington also took time for leisure with fox hunting, fishing, dances, theater, cards, backgammon, and billiards. Washington soon was counted among the political and social elite in Virginia. From 1768 to 1775, he invited some 2,000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly those whom he considered people of rank, and was known to be exceptionally cordial toward his guests. He became more politically active in 1769, presenting legislation in the Virginia Assembly to establish an embargo on goods from Great Britain. Washington's step-daughter Patsy Custis suffered from epileptic attacks from age 12, and she died in his arms in 1773. The following day, he wrote to Burwell Bassett: \"It is easier to conceive, than to describe, the distress of this Family\". He canceled all business activity and remained with Martha every night"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " for three months.</s><s>Marriage, civilian, and political life (1755\u20131775).:Opposition to the British Parliament and Crown. Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution. His distrust of the British military had begun when he was passed over for promotion into the Regular Army. Opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, he and other colonists were also angered by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains and protected the British fur trade. Washington believed the Stamp Act of 1765 was an \"Act of Oppression\", and he celebrated its repeal the following year. In March 1766, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act asserting that Parliamentary law superseded colonial law. In the late 1760s, the interference of the British Crown in American lucrative western land speculation spurred on the American Revolution. Washington himself was a prosperous land speculator, and in 1767, he encouraged \"adventures\" to acquire backcountry western lands. Washington helped lead widespread protests against the Townshend Acts passed by Parliament in 1767, and he introduced a proposal in May 1769 drafted by George Mason which called Virginians to boycott British goods; the Acts were mostly repealed in"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " 1770. Parliament sought to punish Massachusetts colonists for their role in the Boston Tea Party in 1774 by passing the Coercive Acts, which Washington referred to as \"an invasion of our rights and privileges\". He said Americans must not submit to acts of tyranny since \"custom and use shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as the blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway\". That July, he and George Mason drafted a list of resolutions for the Fairfax County committee which Washington chaired, and the committee adopted the Fairfax Resolves calling for a Continental Congress, and an end to the slave trade. On August 1, Washington attended the First Virginia Convention, where he was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress, September 5 to October 26, 1774, which he also attended. As tensions rose in 1774, he helped train county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the Continental Association boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress. The American Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Siege of Boston. The colonists were divided over breaking away from British rule and split into two factions: Patriots who rejected British rule, and Loyalists who desired to remain subject to the King. General Thomas Gage was commander of British"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " forces in America at the beginning of the war. Upon hearing the shocking news of the onset of war, Washington was \"sobered and dismayed\", and he hastily departed Mount Vernon on May 4, 1775, to join the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783). Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, and Samuel and John Adams nominated Washington to become its commander-in-chief. Washington was chosen over John Hancock because of his military experience and the belief that a Virginian would better unite the colonies. He was considered an incisive leader who kept his ambition in check. He was unanimously elected commander in chief by Congress the next day. Washington appeared before Congress in uniform and gave an acceptance speech on June 16, declining a salary, though he was later reimbursed expenses. He was commissioned on June 19 and was roundly praised by Congressional delegates, including John Adams, who proclaimed that he was the man best suited to lead and unite the colonies. Congress appointed Washington \"General & Commander in chief of the army of the United Colonies and of all the forces raised or to be raised by them\", and instructed him to take charge of the Siege of Boston on June 22, 1775. Congress chose"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " his primary staff officers, including Major General Artemas Ward, Adjutant General Horatio Gates, Major General Charles Lee, Major General Philip Schuyler, Major General Nathanael Greene, Colonel Henry Knox, and Colonel Alexander Hamilton. Washington was impressed by Colonel Benedict Arnold and gave him responsibility for launching an invasion of Canada. He also engaged French and Indian War compatriot Brigadier General Daniel Morgan. Henry Knox impressed Adams with ordnance knowledge, and Washington promoted him to colonel and chief of artillery. At the start of the Revolutionary War, Washington opposed the recruiting of blacks, both free and enslaved, into the Continental Army and initially banned their enlistment. The British saw an opportunity to divide the colonies, and the colonial governor of Virginia issued a proclamation, which promised freedom to slaves if they joined the British. Desperate for manpower by late 1777, Washington relented and overturned his ban. By the end of the war, around one-tenth of Washington's army were blacks. Following the British surrender, Washington sought to enforce terms of the preliminary Treaty of Paris (1783) by reclaiming slaves freed by the British and returning them to servitude. He arranged to make this request to Sir Guy Carleton on May 6, 1783. Instead,"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " Carleton issued 3,000 freedom certificates and all former slaves in New York City were able to leave before the city was evacuated by the British in late November 1783.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783).:Siege of Boston. Early in 1775, in response to the growing rebellious movement, London sent British troops, commanded by General Thomas Gage, to occupy Boston. They set up fortifications about the city, making it impervious to attack. Various local militias surrounded the city and effectively trapped the British, resulting in a standoff. As Washington headed for Boston, word of his march preceded him, and he was greeted everywhere; gradually, he became a symbol of the Patriot cause. Upon arrival on July 2, 1775, two weeks after the Patriot defeat at nearby Bunker Hill, he set up his Cambridge, Massachusetts headquarters and inspected the new army there, only to find an undisciplined and badly outfitted militia. After consultation, he initiated Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms\u2014drilling the soldiers and imposing strict discipline, floggings, and incarceration. Washington ordered his officers to identify the skills of recruits to ensure military effectiveness, while removing incompetent officers. He petitioned Gage, his former superior, to release captured Patriot officers from"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " prison and treat them humanely. In October 1775, King George III declared that the colonies were in open rebellion and relieved General Gage of command for incompetence, replacing him with General William Howe. The Continental Army, further diminished by expiring short-term enlistments, and by January 1776 reduced by half to 9,600 men, had to be supplemented with the militia, and was joined by Knox with heavy artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga. When the Charles River froze over, Washington was eager to cross and storm Boston, but General Gates and others were opposed to untrained militia striking well-garrisoned fortifications. Washington reluctantly agreed to secure the Dorchester Heights, 100 feet above Boston, in an attempt to force the British out of the city. On March 9, under cover of darkness, Washington's troops brought up Knox's big guns and bombarded British ships in Boston harbor. On March 17, 9,000 British troops and Loyalists began a chaotic ten-day evacuation of Boston aboard 120 ships. Soon after, Washington entered the city with 500 men, with explicit orders not to plunder the city. He ordered variolation against smallpox to great effect, as he did later in Morristown, New Jersey. He refrained from"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " exerting military authority in Boston, leaving civilian matters in the hands of local authorities.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783).:Invasion of Quebec (1775). The Invasion of Quebec (June 1775 \u2013 October 1776, French: Invasion du Qu\u00e9bec) was the first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. On June 27, 1775, Congress authorized General Philip Schuyler to investigate, and, if it seemed appropriate, begin an invasion. Benedict Arnold, passed over for its command, went to Boston and convinced General George Washington to send a supporting force to Quebec City under his command. The objective of the campaign was to seize the Province of Quebec (part of modern-day Canada) from Great Britain, and persuade French-speaking Canadiens to join the revolution on the side of the Thirteen Colonies. One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery, besieged and captured Fort St. Johns, and very nearly captured British General Guy Carleton when taking Montreal. The other expedition, under Benedict Arnold, left Cambridge, Massachusetts and traveled with great difficulty through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. The two forces joined there, but they were defeated at the Battle of Quebec in December 1775"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": ", where Montgomery died.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783).:Battle of Long Island. Washington then proceeded to New York City, arriving on April 13, 1776, and began constructing fortifications to thwart the expected British attack. He ordered his occupying forces to treat civilians and their property with respect, to avoid the abuses which Bostonian citizens suffered at the hands of British troops during their occupation. A plot to assassinate or capture him was discovered and thwarted, resulting in the arrest of 98 people involved or complicit (56 of which were from Long Island (Kings (Brooklyn) and Queens counties)), including the Loyalist Mayor of New York David Mathews. Washington's bodyguard, Thomas Hickey, was hanged for mutiny and sedition. General Howe transported his resupplied army, with the British fleet, from Halifax to New York, knowing the city was key to securing the continent. George Germain, who ran the British war effort in England, believed it could be won with one \"decisive blow\". The British forces, including more than a hundred ships and thousands of troops, began arriving on Staten Island on July2 to lay siege to the city. After the Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, Washington informed his troops in"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " his general orders of July9 that Congress had declared the united colonies to be \"free and independent states\". Howe's troop strength totaled 32,000 regulars and Hessian auxiliaries, and Washington's consisted of 23,000, mostly raw recruits and militia. In August, Howe landed 20,000 troops at Gravesend, Brooklyn, and approached Washington's fortifications, as George III proclaimed the rebellious American colonists to be traitors. Washington, opposing his generals, chose to fight, based upon inaccurate information that Howe's army had only 8,000-plus troops. In the Battle of Long Island, Howe assaulted Washington's flank and inflicted 1,500 Patriot casualties, the British suffering 400. Washington retreated, instructing General William Heath to acquisition river craft in the area. On August 30, General William Alexander held off the British and gave cover while the army crossed the East River under darkness to Manhattan Island without loss of life or materiel, although Alexander was captured. Colonel John Glover's Massachusetts regiment successfully evacuated Washington's 9,000 men, horses, and artillery from Brooklyn to Manhattan on August 29. Howe was emboldened by his Long Island victory and dispatched Washington as \"George Washington, Esq.\" in futility to negotiate peace. Washington declined, demanding to be addressed with"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " diplomatic protocol, as general and fellow belligerent, not as a \"rebel\", lest his men are hanged as such if captured. The Royal Navy bombarded the unstable earthworks on lower Manhattan Island. Washington, with misgivings, heeded the advice of Generals Greene and Putnam to defend Fort Washington. They were unable to hold it, and Washington abandoned it despite General Lee's objections, as his army retired north to the White Plains. Howe's pursuit forced Washington to retreat across the Hudson River to Fort Lee to avoid encirclement. Howe landed his troops on Manhattan in November and captured Fort Washington, inflicting high casualties on the Americans. Washington was responsible for delaying the retreat, though he blamed Congress and General Greene. Loyalists in New York considered Howe a liberator and spread a rumor that Washington had set fire to the city. Patriot morale reached its lowest when Lee was captured. Now reduced to 5,400 troops, Washington's army retreated through New Jersey, and Howe broke off pursuit, delaying his advance on Philadelphia, and set up winter quarters in New York.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783).:Crossing the Delaware, Trenton, and Princeton. Washington crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, where Lee's replacement John"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " Sullivan joined him with 2,000 more troops. The future of the Continental Army was in doubt for lack of supplies, a harsh winter, expiring enlistments, and desertions. Washington was disappointed that many New Jersey residents were Loyalists or skeptical about the prospect of independence. Howe split up his British Army and posted a Hessian garrison at Trenton to hold western New Jersey and the east shore of the Delaware, but the army appeared complacent, and Washington and his generals devised a surprise attack on the Hessians at Trenton, which he codenamed \"Victory or Death\". The army was to cross the Delaware River to Trenton in three divisions: one led by Washington (2,400 troops), another by General James Ewing (700), and the third by Colonel John Cadwalader (1,500). The force was to then split, with Washington taking the Pennington Road and General Sullivan traveling south on the river's edge. Washington first ordered a 60-mile search for Durham boats to transport his army, and he ordered the destruction of vessels that could be used by the British. Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night, December 25, 1776, while he personally risked capture staking out the Jersey shoreline. His men followed across the"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " ice-obstructed river in sleet and snow from McConkey's Ferry, with 40 men per vessel. The wind churned up the waters, and they were pelted with hail, but by 3:00a.m. on December 26, they made it across with no losses. Henry Knox was delayed, managing frightened horses and about 18 field guns on flat-bottomed ferries. Cadwalader and Ewing failed to cross due to the ice and heavy currents, and awaiting Washington doubted his planned attack on Trenton. Once Knox arrived, Washington proceeded to Trenton to take only his troops against the Hessians, rather than risk being spotted returning his army to Pennsylvania. The troops spotted Hessian positions a mile from Trenton, so Washington split his force into two columns, rallying his men: \"Soldiers keep by your officers. For God's sake, keep by your officers.\" The two columns were separated at the Birmingham crossroads. General Nathanael Greene's column took the upper Ferry Road, led by Washington, and General John Sullivan's column advanced on River Road. (.) The Americans marched in sleet and snowfall. Many were shoeless with bloodied feet, and two died of exposure. Meanwhile, Hessian Commander Johann Rall"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " was held up at the home of Abraham Hunt, of Trenton, who had placated Rall and some of his officers with plenty of food and drink into the late hours of the evening and morning. At sunrise, Washington, aided by Major General Knox and artillery, led his men in a surprise attack on an unsuspecting Rall. The Hessians had 22 killed, including Colonel Rall, 83 wounded, and 850 captured with supplies. Washington retreated across the Delaware River to Pennsylvania and returned to New Jersey on January 3, 1777, launching an attack on British regulars at Princeton, with 40 Americans killed or wounded and 273 British killed or captured. American Generals Hugh Mercer and John Cadwalader were being driven back by the British when Mercer was mortally wounded, then Washington arrived and led the men in a counterattack which advanced to within of the British line. Some British troops retreated after a brief stand, while others took refuge in Nassau Hall, which became the target of Colonel Alexander Hamilton's cannons. Washington's troops charged, the British surrendered in less than an hour, and 194 soldiers laid down their arms. Howe retreated to New York City where his army remained inactive until early the next year. From January to May, Washington took up winter headquarters in Jacob Arnold's"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " Tavern in Morristown, New Jersey, while he received munition from Hibernia mines. Meanwhile, \"his troops stayed in [locals]\u2019 homes\" or camped in the Loantaka Valley to the east. While in Morristown, Washington disrupted British supply lines and expelled them from parts of New Jersey. Washington later said the British could have successfully counterattacked his encampment before his troops were dug in. The victories at Trenton and Princeton by Washington revived Patriot morale and changed the course of the war. The British still controlled New York, and many Patriot soldiers did not re-enlist or deserted after the harsh winter campaign. Congress instituted greater rewards for re-enlisting and punishments for desertion to effect greater troop numbers. Strategically, Washington's victories were pivotal for the Revolution and quashed the British strategy of showing overwhelming force followed by offering generous terms. In February 1777, word reached London of the American victories at Trenton and Princeton, and the British realized the Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783).:Brandywine, Germantown, and Saratoga. In July 1777, British General John Burgoyne led the Sar"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": "atoga campaign south from Quebec through Lake Champlain and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga intending to divide New England, including control of the Hudson River. However, General Howe in British-occupied New York blundered, taking his army south to Philadelphia rather than up the Hudson River to join Burgoyne near Albany. Meanwhile, Washington and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe and were shocked to learn of Burgoyne's progress in upstate New York, where the Patriots were led by General Philip Schuyler and successor Horatio Gates. Washington's army of less experienced men were defeated in the pitched battles at Philadelphia. Howe outmaneuvered Washington at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, and marched unopposed into the nation's capital at Philadelphia. A Patriot attack failed against the British at Germantown in October. Major General Thomas Conway prompted some members of Congress (referred to as the Conway Cabal) to consider removing Washington from command because of the losses incurred at Philadelphia. Washington's supporters resisted, and the matter was finally dropped after much deliberation. Once the plot was exposed, Conway wrote an apology to Washington, resigned, and returned to France. Washington was concerned with Howe's"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " movements during the Saratoga campaign to the north, and he was also aware that Burgoyne was moving south toward Saratoga from Quebec. Washington took some risks to support Gates' army, sending reinforcements north with Generals Benedict Arnold, his most aggressive field commander, and Benjamin Lincoln. On October 7, 1777, Burgoyne tried to take Bemis Heights but was isolated from support by Howe. He was forced to retreat to Saratoga and ultimately surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga. As Washington suspected, Gates' victory emboldened his critics. Biographer John Alden maintains, \"It was inevitable that the defeats of Washington's forces and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared.\" The admiration for Washington was waning, including little credit from John Adams. British commander Howe resigned in May 1778, left America forever, and was replaced by Sir Henry Clinton.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783).:Valley Forge and Monmouth. Washington's army of 11,000 went into winter quarters at Valley Forge north of Philadelphia in December 1777. They suffered between 2,000 and 3,000 deaths in the extreme cold over six months, mostly from disease and lack of food, clothing, and"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " shelter. Meanwhile, the British were comfortably quartered in Philadelphia, paying for supplies in pounds sterling, while Washington struggled with a devalued American paper currency. The woodlands were soon exhausted of game, and by February, lowered morale and increased desertions ensued. Washington made repeated petitions to the Continental Congress for provisions. He received a congressional delegation to check the Army's conditions and expressed the urgency of the situation, proclaiming: \"Something must be done. Important alterations must be made.\" He recommended that Congress expedite supplies, and Congress agreed to strengthen and fund the army's supply lines by reorganizing the commissary department. By late February, supplies began arriving. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben's incessant drilling soon transformed Washington's recruits into a disciplined fighting force, and the revitalized army emerged from Valley Forge early the following year. Washington promoted Von Steuben to Major General and made him chief of staff. In early 1778, the French responded to Burgoyne's defeat and entered into a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans. The Continental Congress ratified the treaty in May, which amounted to a French declaration of war against Britain. The British evacuated Philadelphia for New York that June and Washington summoned a war council of American and French Generals. He chose a partial attack on"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " the retreating British at the Battle of Monmouth; the British were commanded by Howe's successor General Henry Clinton. Generals Charles Lee and Lafayette moved with 4,000 men, without Washington's knowledge, and bungled their first attack on June 28. Washington relieved Lee and achieved a draw after an expansive battle. At nightfall, the British continued their retreat to New York, and Washington moved his army outside the city. Monmouth was Washington's last battle in the North; he valued the safety of his army more than towns with little value to the British.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783).:West Point espionage. Washington became \"America's first spymaster\" by designing an espionage system against the British. In 1778, Major Benjamin Tallmadge formed the Culper Ring at Washington's direction to covertly collect information about the British in New York. Washington had disregarded incidents of disloyalty by Benedict Arnold, who had distinguished himself in many battles. In 1780, Arnold began supplying British spymaster John Andr\u00e9 with sensitive information intended to compromise Washington and capture West Point, a key American defensive position on the Hudson River. Historians have noted as possible reasons for Arnold's defection to be his anger at losing promotions to"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " junior officers, or repeated slights from Congress. He was also deeply in debt, profiteering from the war, and disappointed by Washington's lack of support during his eventual court-martial. Arnold repeatedly asked for command of West Point, and Washington finally agreed in August. Arnold met Andr\u00e9 on September 21, giving him plans to take over the garrison. Militia forces captured Andr\u00e9 and discovered the plans, but Arnold escaped to New York. Washington recalled the commanders positioned under Arnold at key points around the fort to prevent any complicity, but he did not suspect Arnold's wife Peggy. Washington assumed personal command at West Point and reorganized its defenses. Andr\u00e9's trial for espionage ended in a death sentence, and Washington offered to return him to the British in exchange for Arnold, but Clinton refused. Andr\u00e9 was hanged on October 2, 1780, despite his last request being to face a firing squad, to deter other spies.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783).:Southern theater and Yorktown. In late 1778, General Clinton shipped 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against Savannah, reinforced by 2,000 British and Loyalist troops. They repelled an attack by American patriots and French naval"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " forces, which bolstered the British war effort. In June 1778, Iroquois warriors joined with Loyalist rangers led by Walter Butler and killed more than 200 frontiersmen in June, laying waste to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. In mid-1779, in response to this and other attacks on New England towns, Washington ordered General John Sullivan to lead an\u00a0expedition to force the Iroquois out of New York by effecting \"the total destruction and devastation\" of their villages and by taking their women and children hostage. The expedition systematically destroyed Iroquois villages and food stocks, and forced at least 5,036 Iroquois to flee to British Canada. The campaign directly killed a few hundred Iroquois, but according to anthropologist Anthony F. C. Wallace, the net effect of the campaign was to reduce the Iroquois by half, who became unable to support themselves or survive the harsh winter of 1779\u20131780. Rhiannon Koehler estimates that as many as 5,500 Iroquois, around 55.5% of the population, may have perished as a result of the campaign, which some historians have described as genocidal. Washington's troops went into quarters at Morristown, New Jersey during"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " the winter of 1779\u20131780 and suffered their worst winter of the war, with temperatures well below freezing. New York Harbor was frozen, snow and ice covered the ground for weeks, and the troops again lacked provisions. Clinton assembled 12,500 troops and attacked Charlestown, South Carolina in January 1780, defeating General Benjamin Lincoln who had only 5,100 Continental troops. The British went on to occupy the South Carolina Piedmont in June, with no Patriot resistance. Clinton returned to New York and left 8,000 troops commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. Congress replaced Lincoln with Horatio Gates; he failed in South Carolina and was replaced by Washington's choice of Nathaniel Greene, but the British already had the South in their grasp. Washington was reinvigorated, however, when Lafayette returned from France with more ships, men, and supplies, and 5,000 veteran French troops led by Marshal Rochambeau arrived at Newport, Rhode Island in July 1780. French naval forces then landed, led by Admiral Grasse, and Washington encouraged Rochambeau to move his fleet south to launch a joint land and naval attack on Arnold's troops. Washington's army went into winter quarters at New Windsor, New York in December 1780, and"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " Washington urged Congress and state officials to expedite provisions in hopes that the army would not \"continue to struggle under the same difficulties they have hitherto endured\". On March 1, 1781, Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation, but the government that took effect on March2 did not have the power to levy taxes, and it loosely held the states together. General Clinton sent Benedict Arnold, now a British Brigadier General with 1,700 troops, to Virginia to capture Portsmouth and conduct raids on Patriot forces from there; Washington responded by sending Lafayette south to counter Arnold's efforts. Washington initially hoped to bring the fight to New York, drawing off British forces from Virginia and ending the war there, but Rochambeau advised Grasse that Cornwallis in Virginia was the better target. Grasse's fleet arrived off the Virginia coast, and Washington saw the advantage. He made a feint towards Clinton in New York, then headed south to Virginia. The siege of Yorktown was a decisive Allied victory by the combined forces of the Continental Army commanded by General Washington, the French Army commanded by the General Comte de Rochambeau, and the French Navy commanded by Admiral de Grasse, in the defeat of Cornwallis' British forces. On August 19, the march to"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " Yorktown led by Washington and Rochambeau began, which is known now as the \"celebrated march\". Washington was in command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen, 3,100 militia, and 8,000 Continentals. Not well experienced in siege warfare, Washington often referred to the judgment of General Rochambeau and used his advice about how to proceed; however, Rochambeau never challenged Washington's authority as the battle's commanding officer. By late September, Patriot-French forces surrounded Yorktown, trapped the British Army, and prevented British reinforcements from Clinton in the North, while the French navy emerged victorious at the Battle of the Chesapeake. The final American offensive was begun with a shot fired by Washington. The siege ended with a British surrender on October 19, 1781; over 7,000 British soldiers were made prisoners of war, in the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War. Washington negotiated the terms of surrender for two days, and the official signing ceremony took place on October 19; Cornwallis claimed illness and was absent, sending General Charles O'Hara as his proxy. As a gesture of goodwill, Washington held a dinner for the American, French, and British generals, all of whom fratern"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": "ized on friendly terms and identified with one another as members of the same professional military caste.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783).:Southern theater and Yorktown.:Asgill Affair. After the surrender at Yorktown, a situation developed that threatened relations between the newly independent America and Britain. Following a series of retributive executions between Patriots and Loyalists, Washington, in May 1782, wrote in a letter to General Moses Hazen that a British captain should be executed in retaliation for the execution of Joshua Huddy, a Patriot captain, who was hanged at the direction of the Loyalist Richard Lippincott. Washington initially had wanted Lippincott himself to be executed but was rebuffed. Later that same month, Charles Asgill was chosen from amongst 13 British Captains by the drawing of lots from a hat. This was a violation of the 14th article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation, which protected prisoners of war from acts of retaliation. Washington's feelings on matters soon changed, declaring in a June letter to General Elias Dayton, \"I most devoutly Wish his Life may be saved.\" Nonetheless, Washington refused to reconsider the death sentence. Rather, he passed on the responsibility of determining Asgill"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": "'s fate to the Continental Congress. After much consideration, and due in large measure to appeals from French Foreign Minister, the comte de Vergennes, Asgill was released to return to England in November 1782. Peter Henriques writes that the Asgill Affair \"could have left an ugly blot on George Washington's reputation\", calling it \"a blip that reminds us even the greatest of men make mistakes\".</s><s>Commander in chief (1775\u20131783).:Demobilization and resignation. When peace negotiations began in April 1782, both the British and French began gradually evacuating their forces. The American treasury was empty, unpaid, and mutinous soldiers forced the adjournment of Congress, and Washington dispelled unrest by suppressing the Newburgh Conspiracy in March 1783; Congress promised officers a five-year bonus. Washington submitted an account of $450,000 in expenses which he had advanced to the army, equivalent to $\u00a0million in. The account was settled, though it was allegedly vague about large sums and included expenses his wife had incurred through visits to his headquarters. The following month, a Congressional committee led by Alexander Hamilton began adapting the army for peacetime. In August 1783, Washington gave the Army's perspective to the committee"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " in his \"Sentiments on a Peace Establishment\", which advised Congress to keep a standing army, create a \"national militia\" of separate state units, and establish a navy and a national military academy. The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, and Great Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States. Washington then disbanded his army, giving a farewell address to his soldiers on November 2. During this time, Washington oversaw the evacuation of British forces in New York and was greeted by parades and celebrations. There he announced that Colonel Henry Knox had been promoted commander-in-chief. Washington and Governor George Clinton took formal possession of the city on November 25. In early December 1783, Washington bade farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern and resigned as commander-in-chief soon thereafter, refuting Loyalist predictions that he would not relinquish his military command. In a final appearance in uniform, he gave a statement to the Congress: \"I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping.\" Washington's resignation was acclaimed at home and abroad and"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " showed a skeptical world that the new republic would not degenerate into chaos. The same month, Washington was appointed president-general of the Society of the Cincinnati, a newly established hereditary fraternity of Revolutionary War officers. He served in this capacity for the remainder of his life.</s><s>Early republic (1783\u20131789).</s><s>Early republic (1783\u20131789).:Return to Mount Vernon. Washington was longing to return home after spending just ten days at Mount Vernon out of years of war. He arrived on Christmas Eve, delighted to be \"free of the bustle of a camp and the busy scenes of public life\". He was a celebrity and was f\u00eated during a visit to his mother at Fredericksburg in February 1784, and he received a constant stream of visitors wishing to pay their respects to him at Mount Vernon. Washington reactivated his interests in the Great Dismal Swamp and Potomac canal projects begun before the war, though neither paid him any dividends, and he undertook a 34-day, trip to check on his land holdings in the Ohio Country. He oversaw the completion of the remodeling work at Mount Vernon, which transformed his residence into the mansion that survives to this day\u2014although his financial situation was not strong. Cred"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": "itors paid him in depreciated wartime currency, and he owed significant amounts in taxes and wages. Mount Vernon had made no profit during his absence, and he saw persistently poor crop yields due to pestilence and poor weather. His estate recorded its eleventh year running at a deficit in 1787, and there was little prospect of improvement. Washington undertook a new landscaping plan and succeeded in cultivating a range of fast-growing trees and shrubs that were native to North America. He also began breeding mules after having been gifted a Spanish jack by King Charles III of Spain in 1784. There were few mules in the United States at that time, and he believed that properly bred mules would revolutionize agriculture and transportation.</s><s>Early republic (1783\u20131789).:Constitutional Convention of 1787. Before returning to private life in June 1783, Washington called for a strong union. Though he was concerned that he might be criticized for meddling in civil matters, he sent a circular letter to all the states, maintaining that the Articles of Confederation was no more than \"a rope of sand\" linking the states. He believed the nation was on the verge of \"anarchy and confusion\", was vulnerable to foreign intervention, and that a national constitution"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " would unify the states under a strong central government. When Shays' Rebellion erupted in Massachusetts on August 29, 1786, over taxation, Washington was further convinced that a national constitution was needed. Some nationalists feared that the new republic had descended into lawlessness, and they met together on September 11, 1786, at Annapolis to ask Congress to revise the Articles of Confederation. One of their biggest efforts, however, was getting Washington to attend. Congress agreed to a Constitutional Convention to be held in Philadelphia in Spring 1787, and each state was to send delegates. On December 4, 1786, Washington was chosen to lead the Virginia delegation, but he declined on December 21. He had concerns about the legality of the convention and consulted James Madison, Henry Knox, and others. They persuaded him to attend it, however, as his presence might induce reluctant states to send delegates and smooth the way for the ratification process. On March 28, Washington told Governor Edmund Randolph that he would attend the convention but made it clear that he was urged to attend. Washington arrived in Philadelphia on May 9, 1787, though a quorum was not attained until Friday, May 25. Benjamin Franklin nominated Washington to preside over the convention, and he was unanimously elected to serve as president"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " general. The convention's state-mandated purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation with \"all such alterations and further provisions\" required to improve them, and the new government would be established when the resulting document was \"duly confirmed by the several states\". Governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia introduced Madison's Virginia Plan on May 27, the third day of the convention. It called for an entirely new constitution and a sovereign national government, which Washington highly recommended. Washington wrote Alexander Hamilton on July 10: \"I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings of our convention and do therefore repent having had any agency in the business.\" Nevertheless, he lent his prestige to the goodwill and work of the other delegates. He unsuccessfully lobbied many to support ratification of the Constitution, such as anti-federalist Patrick Henry; Washington told him \"the adoption of it under the present circumstances of the Union is in my opinion desirable\" and declared the alternative would be anarchy. Washington and Madison then spent four days at Mount Vernon evaluating the new government's transition.</s><s>Early republic (1783\u20131789).:Chancellor of William & Mary. In 1788, the Board of Visitors of the College of William & Mary decided to re-establish the position of Chancellor, and elected Washington"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " to the office on January 18. The College Rector Samuel Griffin wrote to Washington inviting him to the post, and in a letter dated April 30, 1788, Washington accepted the position of the 14th Chancellor of the College of William & Mary. He continued to serve in the post through his presidency until his death on December 14, 1799.</s><s>Early republic (1783\u20131789).:First presidential election. The delegates to the Convention anticipated a Washington presidency and left it to him to define the office once elected. The state electors under the Constitution voted for the president on February 4, 1789, and Washington suspected that most republicans had not voted for him. The mandated March4 date passed without a Congressional quorum to count the votes, but a quorum was reached on April 5. The votes were tallied the next day, and Congressional Secretary Charles Thomson was sent to Mount Vernon to tell Washington he had been elected president. Washington won the majority of every state's electoral votes; John Adams received the next highest number of votes and therefore became vice president. Washington had \"anxious and painful sensations\" about leaving the \"domestic felicity\" of Mount Vernon, but departed for New York City on April 16 to be inaugurated.</s><s>Presidency"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " (1789\u20131797). Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789, taking the oath of office at Federal Hall in New York City. His coach was led by militia and a marching band and followed by statesmen and foreign dignitaries in an inaugural parade, with a crowd of 10,000. Chancellor Robert R. Livingston administered the oath, using a Bible provided by the Masons, after which the militia fired a 13-gun salute. Washington read a speech in the Senate Chamber, asking \"that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations\u2014and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, consecrate the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States\". Though he wished to serve without a salary, Congress insisted adamantly that he accept it, later providing Washington $25,000 per year to defray costs of the presidency, equivalent to $\u00a0million in. Washington wrote to James Madison: \"As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a precedent, it is devoutly wished on my part that these precedents be fixed on true principles.\" To that end, he preferred the title \"Mr. President\" over more majestic names proposed by the Senate, including \"His Excell"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": "ency\" and \"His Highness the President\". His executive precedents included the inaugural address, messages to Congress, and the cabinet form of the executive branch. Washington planned to resign after his first term, but the political strife in the nation convinced him he should remain in office. He was an able administrator and a judge of talent and character, and he regularly talked with department heads to get their advice. He tolerated opposing views, despite fears that a democratic system would lead to political violence, and he conducted a smooth transition of power to his successor. He remained non-partisan throughout his presidency and opposed the divisiveness of political parties, but he favored a strong central government, was sympathetic to a Federalist form of government, and leery of the Republican opposition. Washington dealt with major problems. The old Confederation lacked the powers to handle its workload and had weak leadership, no executive, a small bureaucracy of clerks, a large debt, worthless paper money, and no power to establish taxes. He had the task of assembling an executive department and relied on Tobias Lear for advice selecting its officers. Great Britain refused to relinquish its forts in the American West, and Barbary pirates preyed on American merchant ships in the Mediterranean before the United States even had a navy.</s>"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": "<s>Presidency (1789\u20131797).:Cabinet and executive departments. Congress created executive departments in 1789, including the State Department in July, the War Department in August, and the Treasury Department in September. Washington appointed fellow Virginian Edmund Randolph as Attorney General, Samuel Osgood as Postmaster General, Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, and Henry Knox as Secretary of War. Finally, he appointed Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury. Washington's cabinet became a consulting and advisory body, not mandated by the Constitution. Washington's cabinet members formed rival parties with sharply opposing views, most fiercely illustrated between Hamilton and Jefferson. Washington restricted cabinet discussions to topics of his choosing, without participating in the debate. He occasionally requested cabinet opinions in writing and expected department heads to agreeably carry out his decisions.</s><s>Presidency (1789\u20131797).:Domestic issues. Washington was apolitical and opposed the formation of parties, suspecting that conflict would undermine republicanism. He exercised great restraint in using his veto power, writing that \"I give my Signature to many Bills with which my Judgment is at variance\u2026.\" His closest advisors formed two factions, portending the First Party System. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton formed the Federalist Party to promote national credit"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " and a financially powerful nation. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton's agenda and founded the Jeffersonian Republicans. Washington favored Hamilton's agenda, however, and it ultimately went into effect\u2014resulting in bitter controversy. Washington proclaimed November 26, 1789, as a day of Thanksgiving to encourage national unity. \"It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor.\" He spent that day fasting and visiting debtors in prison to provide them with food and beer.</s><s>Presidency (1789\u20131797).:Domestic issues.:African Americans. In response to two antislavery petitions that were presented to Congress in 1790, slaveholders in Georgia and South Carolina objected and threatened to \"blow the trumpet of civil war\". Washington and Congress responded with a series of racist measures: naturalized citizenship was denied to black immigrants; blacks were barred from serving in state militias; the Southwest Territory that would soon become the state of Tennessee was permitted to maintain slavery; and two more slave states were admitted (Kentucky in 1792 and Tennessee in 1796). On February 12, 1793, Washington signed into law the Fugitive Slave Act"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": ", which overrode state laws and courts, allowing agents to cross state lines to capture and return escaped slaves. Many free blacks in the north decried the law believing it would allow bounty hunting and the kidnappings of blacks. The Fugitive Slave Act gave effect to the Constitution's Fugitive Slave Clause, and the Act was passed overwhelmingly in Congress (e.g. the vote was 48 to 7 in the House). On the anti-slavery side of the ledger, Washington signed a reenactment of the Northwest Ordinance in 1789, which had freed all slaves brought after 1787 into a vast expanse of federal territory north of the Ohio River, except for slaves escaping from slave states. That 1787 law lapsed when the new U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789. The Slave Trade Act of 1794, which sharply limited American involvement in the Atlantic slave trade, was also signed by Washington. Congress also acted on February 18, 1791, to admit the free state of Vermont into the Union as the 14th state as of March 4, 1791. }}</s><s>Presidency (1789\u20131797).:Domestic issues.:National Bank. Washington's first term was largely devoted to economic concerns, in which Hamilton"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " had devised various plans to address matters. The establishment of public credit became a primary challenge for the federal government. Hamilton submitted a report to a deadlocked Congress, and he, Madison, and Jefferson reached the Compromise of 1790 in which Jefferson agreed to Hamilton's debt proposals in exchange for moving the nation's capital temporarily to Philadelphia and then south near Georgetown on the Potomac River. The terms were legislated in the Funding Act of 1790 and the Residence Act, both of which Washington signed into law. Congress authorized the assumption and payment of the nation's debts, with funding provided by customs duties and excise taxes. Hamilton caused controversy among Cabinet members by advocating for the establishment of the First Bank of the United States. Madison and Jefferson objected to the idea, but legislation creating the bank easily passed Congress. Jefferson and Randolph insisted the federal government was going beyond its constitutional authority by establishing the new bank. Hamilton argued the government could charter the bank under the implied powers granted by the constitution. Washington sided with Hamilton and signed the bank legislation on February 25, 1791. Meanwhile, the rift between Hamilton and Jefferson became openly hostile. The nation's first financial crisis occurred in March 1792. Hamilton's Federalists exploited large loans to gain control of U.S. debt"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " securities, causing a run on the national bank; the markets returned to normal by mid-April. Jefferson believed Hamilton was part of the scheme, despite Hamilton's efforts to ameliorate, and Washington again found himself in the middle of a feud.</s><s>Presidency (1789\u20131797).:Domestic issues.:Jefferson\u2013Hamilton feud. Jefferson and Hamilton adopted diametrically opposed political principles. Hamilton believed in a strong national government requiring a national bank and foreign loans to function, while Jefferson believed the states and the farm element should primarily direct the government; he also resented the idea of banks and foreign loans. To Washington's dismay, the two men persistently entered into disputes and infighting. Hamilton demanded that Jefferson resign if he could not support Washington, and Jefferson told Washington that Hamilton's fiscal system would lead to the overthrow of the republic. Washington urged them to call a truce for the nation's sake, but they ignored him. Washington reversed his decision to retire after his first term to minimize party strife, but the feud continued after his re-election. Jefferson's political actions, his support of Freneau's \"National Gazette\", and his attempt to undermine Hamilton nearly led Washington to dismiss him from the cabinet; Jefferson ultimately resigned his position in December"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " 1793, and Washington forsook him from that time on. The feud led to the well-defined Federalist and Republican parties, and party affiliation became necessary for election to Congress by 1794. Washington remained aloof from congressional attacks on Hamilton, but he did not publicly protect him, either. The Hamilton\u2013Reynolds sex scandal opened Hamilton to disgrace, but Washington continued to hold him in \"very high esteem\" as the dominant force in establishing federal law and government.</s><s>Presidency (1789\u20131797).:Domestic issues.:Whiskey Rebellion. In March 1791, at Hamilton's urging, with support from Madison, Congress imposed an excise tax on distilled spirits to help curtail the national debt, which took effect in July. Grain farmers strongly protested in Pennsylvania's frontier districts; they argued that they were unrepresented and were shouldering too much of the debt, comparing their situation to excessive British taxation before the Revolutionary War. On August 2, Washington assembled his cabinet to discuss how to deal with the situation. Unlike Washington, who had reservations about using force, Hamilton had long waited for such a situation and was eager to suppress the rebellion by using federal authority and force. Not wanting to involve the federal government if possible, Washington called on Pennsylvania state"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " officials to take the initiative, but they declined to take military action. On August 7, Washington issued his first proclamation for calling up state militias. After appealing for peace, he reminded the protestors that, unlike the rule of the British crown, the Federal law was issued by state-elected representatives. Threats and violence against tax collectors, however, escalated into defiance against federal authority in 1794 and gave rise to the Whiskey Rebellion. Washington issued a final proclamation on September 25, threatening the use of military force to no avail. The federal army was not up to the task, so Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792 to summon state militias. Governors sent troops, initially commanded by Washington, who gave the command to Light-Horse Harry Lee to lead them into the rebellious districts. They took 150 prisoners, and the remaining rebels dispersed without further fighting. Two of the prisoners were condemned to death, but Washington exercised his Constitutional authority for the first time and pardoned them. Washington's forceful action demonstrated that the new government could protect itself and its tax collectors. This represented the first use of federal military force against the states and citizens, and remains the only time an incumbent president has commanded troops in the field. Washington justified his action against \"certain self-created societies\", which"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " he regarded as \"subversive organizations\" that threatened the national union. He did not dispute their right to protest, but he insisted that their dissent must not violate federal law. Congress agreed and extended their congratulations to him; only Madison and Jefferson expressed indifference.</s><s>Presidency (1789\u20131797).:Foreign affairs. In April 1792, the French Revolutionary Wars began between Great Britain and France, and Washington declared America's neutrality. The revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Edmond-Charles Gen\u00eat to America, and he was welcomed with great enthusiasm. He created a network of new Democratic-Republican Societies promoting France's interests, but Washington denounced them and demanded that the French recall Gen\u00eat. The National Assembly of France granted Washington honorary French citizenship on August 26, 1792, during the early stages of the French Revolution. Hamilton formulated the Jay Treaty to normalize trade relations with Great Britain while removing them from western forts, and also to resolve financial debts remaining from the Revolution. Chief Justice John Jay acted as Washington's negotiator and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794; critical Jeffersonians, however, supported France. Washington deliberated, then supported the treaty because it avoided war with Britain, but was disappointed that its provisions favored Britain. He"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " mobilized public opinion and secured ratification in the Senate but faced frequent public criticism. The British agreed to abandon their forts around the Great Lakes, and the United States modified the boundary with Canada. The government liquidated numerous pre-Revolutionary War debts, and the British opened the British West Indies to American trade. The treaty secured peace with Britain and a decade of prosperous trade. Jefferson claimed that it angered France and \"invited rather than avoided\" war. Relations with France deteriorated afterward, leaving succeeding president John Adams with prospective war. James Monroe was the American Minister to France, but Washington recalled him for his opposition to the Treaty. The French refused to accept his replacement Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and the French Directory declared the authority to seize American ships two days before Washington's term ended.</s><s>Presidency (1789\u20131797).:Native American affairs. Ron Chernow describes Washington as always trying to be even-handed in dealing with the Natives. He states that Washington hoped they would abandon their itinerant hunting life and adapt to fixed agricultural communities in the manner of white settlers. He also maintains that Washington never advocated outright confiscation of tribal land or the forcible removal of tribes and that he berated American settlers who abused natives, admitting that he"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " held out no hope for pacific relations with the natives as long as \"frontier settlers entertain the opinion that there is not the same crime (or indeed no crime at all) in killing a native as in killing a white man.\" By contrast, Colin G. Calloway writes that, \"Washington had a lifelong obsession with getting Indian land, either for himself or for his nation, and initiated policies and campaigns that had devastating effects in Indian country.\" \"The growth of the nation,\" Galloway has stated, \"demanded the dispossession of Indian people. Washington hoped the process could be bloodless and that Indian people would give up their lands for a \"fair\" price and move away. But if Indians refused and resisted, as they often did, he felt he had no choice but to \"extirpate\" them and that the expeditions he sent to destroy Indian towns were therefore entirely justified.\" During the fall of 1789, Washington had to contend with the British refusing to evacuate their forts in the Northwest frontier and their concerted efforts to incite Indian tribes to attack American settlers. The Northwest tribes under Miami chief Little Turtle allied with the British Army to resist American expansion, and killed 1,500 settlers between 1783 and 1790. As documented by Harless in"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " 2018, Washington declared that, \"the Government of the United States are determined that their Administration of Indian Affairs shall be directed entirely by the great principles of Justice and humanity\", and provided that treaties should negotiate their land interests. The administration regarded powerful tribes as foreign nations, and Washington even smoked a peace pipe and drank wine with them at the Philadelphia presidential house. He made numerous attempts to conciliate them; he equated killing indigenous peoples with killing whites and sought to integrate them into European American culture. Secretary of War Henry Knox also attempted to encourage agriculture amongst non-agriculturalist tribes. In the Southwest, negotiations failed between federal commissioners and raiding Indian tribes seeking retribution. Washington invited Creek Chief Alexander McGillivray and 24 leading chiefs to New York to negotiate a treaty and treated them like foreign dignitaries. Knox and McGillivray concluded the Treaty of New York on August 7, 1790, in Federal Hall, which provided the tribes with agricultural supplies and McGillivray with the rank of Brigadier General and an annual salary of $1,200,. In 1790, Washington sent Brigadier General Josiah Harmar to pacify the Northwest tribes, but Little Turtle routed him twice and forced him to withdraw. The Northwestern Confederacy of tribes used guerrilla tactics and were an"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " effective force against the sparsely manned American Army. Washington sent Major General Arthur St. Clair from Fort Washington on an expedition to restore peace in the territory in 1791. On November 4, St. Clair's forces were ambushed and soundly defeated by tribal forces with few survivors, despite Washington's warning of surprise attacks. Washington was outraged over what he viewed to be excessive Native American brutality and execution of captives, including women and children. St. Clair resigned his commission, and Washington replaced him with the Revolutionary War hero Major General Anthony Wayne. From 1792 to 1793, Wayne instructed his troops on Native American warfare tactics and instilled discipline which was lacking under St. Clair. In August 1794, Washington sent Wayne into tribal territory with authority to drive them out by burning their villages and crops in the Maumee Valley. On August 24, the American army under Wayne's leadership defeated the Northwestern Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and the Treaty of Greenville in August 1795 opened up two-thirds of the Ohio Country for American settlement.</s><s>Presidency (1789\u20131797).:Second term. Washington initially planned to retire after his first term, while many Americans could not imagine anyone else taking his place. After nearly four years as president,"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " and dealing with the infighting in his own cabinet and with partisan critics, Washington showed little enthusiasm in running for a second term, while Martha also wanted him not to run. James Madison urged him not to retire, that his absence would only allow the dangerous political rift in his cabinet and the House to worsen. Jefferson also pleaded with him not to retire and agreed to drop his attacks on Hamilton, or he would also retire if Washington did. Hamilton maintained that Washington's absence would be \"deplored as the greatest evil\" to the country at this time. Washington's close nephew George Augustine Washington, his manager at Mount Vernon, was critically ill and had to be replaced, further increasing Washington's desire to retire and return to Mount Vernon. When the election of 1792 neared, Washington did not publicly announce his presidential candidacy. Still, he silently consented to run to prevent a further political-personal rift in his cabinet. The Electoral College unanimously elected him president on February 13, 1793, and John Adams as vice president by a vote of 77 to 50. Washington, with nominal fanfare, arrived alone at his inauguration in his carriage. Sworn into office by Associate Justice William Cushing on March 4, 1793, in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": ", Washington gave a brief address and then immediately retired to his Philadelphia presidential house, weary of office and in poor health. On April 22, 1793, during the French Revolution, Washington issued his famous Neutrality Proclamation and was resolved to pursue \"a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers\" while he warned Americans not to intervene in the international conflict.  Although Washington recognized France's revolutionary government, he would eventually ask French minister to the United States Edmond-Charles Gen\u00eat be recalled over the Citizen Gen\u00eat affair. Gen\u00eat was a diplomatic troublemaker who was openly hostile toward Washington's neutrality policy. He procured four American ships as privateers to strike at Spanish forces (British allies) in Florida while organizing militias to strike at other British possessions. However, his efforts failed to draw America into the foreign campaigns during Washington's presidency. On July 31, 1793, Jefferson submitted his resignation from Washington's cabinet. Washington signed the Naval Act of 1794 and commissioned the first six federal frigates to combat Barbary pirates. In January 1795, Hamilton, who desired more income for his family, resigned from office and was replaced by Washington appointment Oliver Wolcott Jr. Washington and Hamilton remained friends. However, Washington's relationship with his Secretary of"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " War Henry Knox deteriorated. Knox resigned from office due to a rumor that he profited from contracts for the construction of U.S. frigates. In the final months of his presidency, Washington was assailed by his political foes and a partisan press who accused him of being ambitious and greedy, while he argued that he had taken no salary during the war and had risked his life in battle. He regarded the press as a disuniting, \"diabolical\" force of falsehoods, sentiments that he expressed in his Farewell Address. At the end of his second term, Washington retired for personal and political reasons, dismayed with personal attacks, and to ensure that a truly contested presidential election could be held. He did not feel bound to a two-term limit, but his retirement set a significant precedent. Washington is often credited with setting the principle of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds.</s><s>Presidency (1789\u20131797).:Farewell Address. In 1796, Washington declined to run for a third term of office, believing his death in office would create an image of a lifetime appointment. His retirement established a precedent for a two-term limit on the"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " U.S. presidency. In May 1792, in anticipation of his retirement, Washington instructed James Madison to prepare a \"valedictory address\", an initial draft of which was entitled the \"Farewell Address\". In May 1796, Washington sent the manuscript to his Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton who did an extensive rewrite, while Washington provided final edits. On September 19, 1796, David Claypoole's \"American Daily Advertiser\" published the final version of the address. Washington stressed that national identity was paramount, while a united America would safeguard freedom and prosperity. He warned the nation of three eminent dangers: regionalism, partisanship, and foreign entanglements, and said the \"name of AMERICAN, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations.\" Washington called for men to move beyond partisanship for the common good, stressing that the United States must concentrate on its own interests. He warned against foreign alliances and their influence in domestic affairs, and bitter partisanship and the dangers of political parties. He counseled friendship and commerce with all nations, but advised against involvement in European wars. He stressed the importance of religion, asserting that"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " \"religion and morality are indispensable supports\" in a republic. Washington's address favored Hamilton's Federalist ideology and economic policies. Washington closed the address by reflecting on his legacy: After initial publication, many Republicans, including Madison, criticized the Address and believed it was an anti-French campaign document. Madison believed Washington was strongly pro-British. Madison also was suspicious of who authored the Address. In 1839, Washington biographer Jared Sparks maintained that Washington's \"...Farewell Address was printed and published with the laws, by order of the legislatures, as an evidence of the value they attached to its political precepts, and of their affection for its author.\" In 1972, Washington scholar James Flexner referred to the Farewell Address as receiving as much acclaim as Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. In 2010, historian Ron Chernow reported the \"Farewell Address\" proved to be one of the most influential statements on republicanism.</s><s>Post-presidency (1797\u20131799).</s><s>Post-presidency (1797\u20131799).:Retirement. Washington retired to Mount Vernon in March 1797 and devoted time to his plantations and other business interests, including his. His plantation operations were only minimally profitable"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": ", and his lands in the west (Piedmont) were under Indian attacks and yielded little income, with the squatters there refusing to pay rent. He attempted to sell these but without success. He became an even more committed Federalist. He vocally supported the Alien and Sedition Acts and convinced Federalist John Marshall to run for Congress to weaken the Jeffersonian hold on Virginia. Washington grew restless in retirement, prompted by tensions with France, and he wrote to Secretary of War James McHenry offering to organize President Adams' army. In a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars, French privateers began seizing American ships in 1798, and relations deteriorated with France and led to the \"Quasi-War\". Without consulting Washington, Adams nominated him for a lieutenant general commission on July 4, 1798, and the position of commander-in-chief of the armies. Washington chose to accept, and he served as the commanding general from July 13, 1798, until his death 17 months later. He participated in planning for a provisional army, but he avoided involvement in details. In advising McHenry of potential officers for the army, he appeared to make a complete break with Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans: \"you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the government of this country.\" Washington delegated the active leadership of the army to Hamilton, a major general. No army invaded the United States during this period, and Washington did not assume a field command. Washington was known to be rich because of the well-known \"glorified fa\u00e7ade of wealth and grandeur\" at Mount Vernon, but nearly all his wealth was in the form of land and slaves rather than ready cash. To supplement his income, he erected a for substantial whiskey production. Historians estimate that the estate was worth about $1\u00a0million in 1799 dollars, equivalent to $\u00a0million in. He bought land parcels to spur development around the new Federal City named in his honor, and he sold individual lots to middle-income investors rather than multiple lots to large investors, believing they would more likely commit to making improvements.</s><s>Post-presidency (1797\u20131799).:Final days and death. On December 12, 1799, Washington inspected his farms on horseback. He returned home late and had guests over for dinner. He had a sore throat the next day but was well enough to mark trees for cutting. That evening,"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " Washington complained of chest congestion but was still cheerful. On Saturday, however, he awoke to an inflamed throat and difficulty breathing and ordered estate overseer George Rawlins to remove nearly a pint of his blood; bloodletting was a common practice of the time. His family summoned Drs. James Craik, Gustavus Richard Brown, and Elisha C. Dick. Dr. William Thornton arrived some hours after Washington died. Dr. Brown initially believed Washington had quinsy; Dr. Dick thought the condition was a more serious \"violent inflammation of the throat\". They continued the process of bloodletting to approximately five pints, but Washington's condition deteriorated further. Dr. Dick proposed a tracheotomy, but the other physicians were not familiar with that procedure and therefore disapproved. Washington instructed Brown and Dick to leave the room, while he assured Craik, \"Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go.\" Washington's death came more swiftly than expected. On his deathbed, out of fear of being entombed alive, he instructed his private secretary Tobias Lear to wait three days before his burial. According to Lear, Washington died between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. on December 14, 1799, with"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " Martha seated at the foot of his bed. His last words were \"'Tis well\", from his conversation with Lear about his burial. He was 67. Congress immediately adjourned for the day upon news of Washington's death, and the Speaker's chair was shroud in black the next morning. The funeral was held four days after his death on December 18, 1799, at Mount Vernon, where his body was interred. Cavalry and foot soldiers led the procession, and six colonels served as the pallbearers. The Mount Vernon funeral service was restricted mostly to family and friends. Reverend Thomas Davis read the funeral service by the vault with a brief address, followed by a ceremony performed by various members of Washington's Masonic lodge in Alexandria, Virginia. Congress chose Light-Horse Harry Lee to deliver the eulogy. Word of his death traveled slowly; church bells rang in the cities, and many places of business closed. People worldwide admired Washington and were saddened by his death, and memorial processions were held in major cities of the United States. Martha wore a black mourning cape for one year, and she burned their correspondence to protect their privacy. Only five letters between the couple are known to have survived: two from Martha to George and three from him to her."}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " The diagnosis of Washington's illness and the immediate cause of his death have been subjects of debate since his death. The published account of Drs. Craik and Brown stated that his symptoms had been consistent with cynanche trachealis, a term of the period used to describe severe inflammation of the upper windpipe, including quinsy. Accusations have persisted since Washington's death concerning medical malpractice with some believing he had been bled to death from his bloodletting treatments. Various modern medical authors have speculated that he died from a severe case of epiglottitis complicated by the treatments, most notably the massive blood loss that almost certainly caused hypovolemic shock.</s><s>Burial, net worth, and aftermath. Washington was buried in the old Washington family vault at Mount Vernon, situated on a grassy slope overspread with willow, juniper, cypress, and chestnut trees. It contained the remains of his brother Lawrence and other family members, but the decrepit brick vault needed repair, prompting Washington to leave instructions in his will for the construction of a new vault. Washington's estate at the time of his death was worth an estimated $780,000 in 1799, equivalent to $\u00a0million in. Washington's peak net worth was"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " $587\u00a0million, including his 300 slaves. Washington held title to more than 65,000 acres of land in 37 different locations. In 1830, a disgruntled ex-employee of the estate attempted to steal what he thought was Washington's skull, prompting the construction of a more secure vault. The next year, the new vault was constructed at Mount Vernon to receive the remains of George and Martha and other relatives. In 1832, a joint Congressional committee debated moving his body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the Capitol. The crypt had been built by architect Charles Bulfinch in the 1820s during the reconstruction of the burned-out capital, after the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812. Southern opposition was intense, antagonized by an ever-growing rift between North and South; many were concerned that Washington's remains could end up on \"a shore foreign to his native soil\" if the country became divided, and Washington's remains stayed in Mount Vernon. On October 7, 1837, Washington's remains were placed, still in the original lead coffin, within a marble sarcophagus designed by William Strickland and constructed by John Struthers earlier that year. The sarcophagus was sealed and encased with planks, and"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " an outer vault was constructed around it. The outer vault has the sarcophagi of both George and Martha Washington; the inner vault has the remains of other Washington family members and relatives.</s><s>Personal life. Washington was somewhat reserved in personality, but he generally had a strong presence among others. He made speeches and announcements when required, but he was not a noted orator or debater. He was taller than most of his contemporaries; accounts of his height vary from to tall, he weighed between as an adult, and he was known for his great strength. He had grey-blue eyes and long reddish-brown hair. He did not wear a powdered wig; instead he wore his hair curled, powdered, and tied in a queue in the fashion of the day. Washington frequently suffered from severe tooth decay and ultimately lost all his teeth but one. He had several sets of false teeth which he wore during his presidency. Contrary to common lore, these were not made of wood, but of metal, ivory, bone, animal teeth, and human teeth possibly obtained from slaves. These dental problems left him in constant pain, which he treated with laudanum. As a public figure, he relied on the strict confidence of his dentist. Washington was a talented equestrian"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " early in life. He collected thoroughbreds at Mount Vernon, and his two favorite horses were Blueskin and Nelson. Fellow Virginian Thomas Jefferson said Washington was \"the best horseman of his age and the most graceful figure that could be seen on horseback\"; he also hunted foxes, deer, ducks, and other game. He was an excellent dancer and frequently attended the theater. He drank alcohol in moderation but was morally opposed to excessive drinking, smoking tobacco, gambling, and profanity.</s><s>Personal life.:Religion and Freemasonry. Washington was descended from Anglican minister Lawrence Washington, who was his great-great-grandfather and whose troubles with the Church of England may have prompted his heirs to emigrate to America. Washington was baptized as an infant in April 1732 and became a devoted member of the Church of England, also known as the Anglican Church. He served more than 20 years as a vestryman and churchwarden at Fairfax Parish and Truco Parish in Virginia. He privately prayed and read the Bible daily, and he publicly encouraged people and the nation to pray. He may have taken communion on a regular basis prior to the Revolutionary War, but he did not do so following the war and was admonished by Pastor James Aberc"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": "rombie for failing to do so. Washington believed in a \"wise, inscrutable, and irresistible\" Creator God who was active in the Universe, contrary to deistic thought. He referred to God in Enlightenment terms, including \"Providence\", the \"Creator\", or the \"Almighty\", and the \"Divine Author\" or \"Supreme Being\". He believed in a divine power who watched over battlefields, was involved in the outcome of war, was protecting his life, and was involved in American politics and specifically the creation of the United States. Modern historian Ron Chernow has argued that Washington avoided evangelistic Christianity or hellfire-and-brimstone speech along with communion and anything inclined to \"flaunt his religiosity\". Chernow has said Washington \"never used his religion as a device for partisan purposes or in official undertakings\". No mention of Jesus Christ appears in his private correspondence, and such references are rare in his public writings. However, Washington frequently quoted from the Bible or paraphrased it, and often referred to the Anglican \"Book of Common Prayer\". There is debate on whether he is best classed as a Christian or a theistic rationalist\u2014or both. Washington emphasized religious toleration in a nation with numerous denominations"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " and religions. He publicly attended services of different Christian denominations and prohibited anti-Catholic celebrations in the Army. He engaged workers at Mount Vernon without regard for religious belief or affiliation. While president, he acknowledged major religious sects and gave speeches on religious toleration. He was distinctly rooted in the ideas, values, and modes of thinking of the Enlightenment, but he harbored no contempt of organized Christianity and its clergy, \"being no bigot myself to any mode of worship\". In 1793, speaking to members of the New Church in Baltimore, Washington said, \"We have abundant reason to rejoice that in this Land the light of truth and reason has triumphed over the power of bigotry and superstition.\" Freemasonry was a widely accepted institution in the late 18th century, known for advocating moral teachings. Washington was attracted to the Masons' dedication to the Enlightenment principles of rationality, reason, and brotherhood. American Masonic lodges did not share the anti-clerical perspective of the controversial European lodges. A Masonic lodge was established in Fredericksburg, Virginia in September 1752, and Washington was initiated two months later at the age of 20 as one of its first Entered Apprentices. Within a year, he progressed through its ranks to become a Master Mason. Washington had"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " high regard for the Masonic Order, but his personal lodge attendance was sporadic. In 1777, a convention of Virginia lodges asked him to be the Grand Master of the newly established Grand Lodge of Virginia, but he declined due to his commitments leading the Continental Army. After 1782, he frequently corresponded with Masonic lodges and members, and he was listed as Master in the Virginia charter of Alexandria Lodge No. 22 in 1788.</s><s>Slavery. In Washington's lifetime, slavery was deeply ingrained in the economic and social fabric of Virginia. Slavery was legal in all of the Thirteen Colonies prior to the American Revolution.</s><s>Slavery.:Washington's slaves. Washington owned and rented enslaved African Americans, and during his lifetime over 577 slaves lived and worked at Mount Vernon. He acquired them through inheritance, gaining control of 84 dower slaves upon his marriage to Martha, and purchased at least 71 slaves between 1752 and 1773. From 1786 he rented slaves, at his death he was renting 41. His early views on slavery were no different from any Virginia planter of the time. From the 1760s his attitudes underwent a slow evolution. The first doubts were prompted by his transition from tobacco to grain crops, which left him"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " with a costly surplus of slaves, causing him to question the system's economic efficiency. His growing disillusionment with the institution was spurred by the principles of the American Revolution and revolutionary friends such as Lafayette and Hamilton. Most historians agree the Revolution was central to the evolution of Washington's attitudes on slavery; \"After 1783\", Kenneth Morgan writes, \"...[Washington] began to express inner tensions about the problem of slavery more frequently, though always in private...\" The many contemporary reports of slave treatment at Mount Vernon are varied and conflicting. Historian Kenneth Morgan (2000) maintains that Washington was frugal on spending for clothes and bedding for his slaves, and only provided them with just enough food, and that he maintained strict control over his slaves, instructing his overseers to keep them working hard from dawn to dusk year-round. However, historian Dorothy Twohig (2001) said: \"Food, clothing, and housing seem to have been at least adequate\". Washington faced growing debts involved with the costs of supporting slaves. He held an \"engrained sense of racial superiority\" towards African Americans but harbored no ill feelings toward them. Some enslaved families worked at different locations on the plantation but were allowed to visit one another on their days off. Washington's slaves received two"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " hours off for meals during the workday and were given time off on Sundays and religious holidays. Some accounts report that Washington opposed flogging but at times sanctioned its use, generally as a last resort, on both men and women slaves. Washington used both reward and punishment to encourage discipline and productivity in his slaves. He tried appealing to an individual's sense of pride, gave better blankets and clothing to the \"most deserving\", and motivated his slaves with cash rewards. He believed \"watchfulness and admonition\" to be often better deterrents against transgressions but would punish those who \"will not do their duty by fair means\". Punishment ranged in severity from demotion back to fieldwork, through whipping and beatings, to permanent separation from friends and family by sale. Historian Ron Chernow maintains that overseers were required to warn slaves before resorting to the lash and required Washington's written permission before whipping, though his extended absences did not always permit this. Washington remained dependent on slave labor to work his farms and negotiated the purchase of more slaves in 1786 and 1787. Washington brought several of his slaves with him and his family to the federal capital during his presidency. When the capital moved from New York City to Philadelphia in 1791, the president began rotating his"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " slave household staff periodically between the capital and Mount Vernon. This was done deliberately to circumvent Pennsylvania's Slavery Abolition Act, which, in part, automatically freed any slave who moved to the state and lived there for more than six months. In May 1796, Martha's personal and favorite slave Oney Judge escaped to Portsmouth. At Martha's behest, Washington attempted to capture Ona, using a Treasury agent, but this effort failed. In February 1797, Washington's personal slave Hercules escaped to Philadelphia and was never found. In February 1786, Washington took a census of Mount Vernon and recorded 224 slaves. By 1799, slaves at Mount Vernon totaled 317, including 143 children. Washington owned 124 slaves, leased 40, and held 153 for his wife's dower interest. Washington supported many slaves who were too young or too old to work, greatly increasing Mount Vernon's slave population and causing the plantation to operate at a loss.</s><s>Slavery.:Abolition and manumission. Based on his letters, diary, documents, accounts from colleagues, employees, friends, and visitors, Washington slowly developed a cautious sympathy toward abolitionism that eventually ended with his will freeing his military/war valet Billy Lee, and then subsequently freeing the rest of his personally-"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": "owned slaves outright upon Martha's death. As president, he remained publicly silent on the topic of slavery, believing it was a nationally divisive issue that could destroy the union. During the American Revolutionary War, Washington began to change his views on slavery. In a 1778 letter to Lund Washington, he made clear his desire \"to get quit of Negroes\" when discussing the exchange of slaves for the land he wanted to buy. The next year, Washington stated his intention not to separate enslaved families as a result of \"a change of masters\". During the 1780s, Washington privately expressed his support for the gradual emancipation of slaves. Between 1783 and 1786, he gave moral support to a plan proposed by Lafayette to purchase land and free slaves to work on it, but declined to participate in the experiment. Washington privately expressed support for emancipation to prominent Methodists Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury in 1785 but declined to sign their petition. In personal correspondence the next year, he made clear his desire to see the institution of slavery ended by a gradual legislative process, a view that correlated with the mainstream antislavery literature published in the 1780s that Washington possessed. He significantly reduced his purchases of slaves after the war but continued to acquire them in small numbers. In 1788"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": ", Washington declined a suggestion from a leading French abolitionist, Jacques Brissot, to establish an abolitionist society in Virginia, stating that although he supported the idea, the time was not yet right to confront the issue. The historian Henry Wiencek (2003) believes, based on a remark that appears in the notebook of his biographer David Humphreys, that Washington considered making a public statement by freeing his slaves on the eve of his presidency in 1789. The historian Philip D. Morgan (2005) disagrees, believing the remark was a \"private expression of remorse\" at his inability to free his slaves. Other historians agree with Morgan that Washington was determined not to risk national unity over an issue as divisive as slavery. Washington never responded to any of the antislavery petitions he received, and the subject was not mentioned in either his last address to Congress or his Farewell Address. The first clear indication that Washington seriously intended to free his slaves appears in a letter written to his secretary, Tobias Lear, in 1794. Washington instructed Lear to find buyers for his land in western Virginia, explaining in a private coda that he was doing so \"to liberate a certain species of property which I possess, very repugnantly to my own feelings\". The plan,"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " along with others Washington considered in 1795 and 1796, could not be realized because he failed to find buyers for his land, his reluctance to break up slave families, and the refusal of the Custis heirs to help prevent such separations by freeing their dower slaves at the same time. On July 9, 1799, Washington finished making his last will; the longest provision concerned slavery. All his slaves were to be freed after the death of his wife, Martha. Washington said he did not free them immediately because his slaves intermarried with his wife's dower slaves. He forbade their sale or transportation out of Virginia. His will provided that old and young freed people be taken care of indefinitely; younger ones were to be taught to read and write and placed in suitable occupations. Washington freed more than 160 slaves, including about 25 he had acquired from his wife's brother Bartholomew Dandridge in payment of a debt. He was among the few large slave-holding Virginians during the Revolutionary Era who emancipated their slaves. On January 1, 1801, one year after George Washington's death, Martha Washington signed an order to free his slaves. Many of them, having never strayed far from Mount Vernon, were naturally reluctant to try their luck elsewhere"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": "; others refused to abandon spouses or children still held as dower slaves (the Custis estate) and also stayed with or near Martha. Following George Washington's instructions in his will, funds were used to feed and clothe the young, aged, and infirm slaves until the early 1830s.</s><s>Historical reputation and legacy. Washington's legacy endures as one of the most influential in American history since he served as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, a hero of the Revolution, and the first president of the United States. Various historians maintain that he also was a dominant factor in America's founding, the Revolutionary War, and the Constitutional Convention. Revolutionary War comrade Light-Horse Harry Lee as \"First in war\u2014first in peace\u2014and first in the hearts of his countrymen\". Lee's words became the hallmark by which Washington's reputation was impressed upon the American memory, with some biographers regarding him as the great exemplar of republicanism. He set many precedents for the national government and the presidency in particular, and he was called the \"Father of His Country\" as early as 1778. In 1879, Congress proclaimed Washington's Birthday to be a federal holiday. Twentieth-century biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": ", \"The great big thing stamped across that man is character.\" Modern historian David Hackett Fischer has expanded upon Freeman's assessment, defining Washington's character as \"integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others\". Washington became an international symbol for liberation and nationalism as the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire. The Federalists made him the symbol of their party, but the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence for many years and delayed building the Washington Monument. Washington was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on January 31, 1781, before he had even begun his presidency. He was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States during the United States Bicentennial to ensure he would never be outranked; this was accomplished by the congressional joint resolution passed on January 19, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976. On March 13, 1978, Washington was militarily promoted to the rank of General of the Armies.{{cite magazine }} Parson Weems wrote a hagiographic biography in 1809 to honor Washington. Historian Ron Chernow maintains that Weems attempted"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " to humanize Washington, making him look less stern, and to inspire \"patriotism and morality\" and to foster \"enduring myths\", such as Washington's refusal to lie about damaging his father's cherry tree. Weems' accounts have never been proven or disproven. Historian John Ferling, however, maintains that Washington remains the only founder and president ever to be referred to as \"godlike\", and points out that his character has been the most scrutinized by historians, past and present. Historian Gordon S. Wood concludes that \"the greatest act of his life, the one that gave him his greatest fame, was his resignation as commander-in-chief of the American forces.\" Chernow suggests that Washington was \"burdened by public life\" and divided by \"unacknowledged ambition mingled with self-doubt\". A 1993 review of presidential polls and surveys consistently ranked Washington number 4, 3, or2 among presidents. A 2018 Siena College Research Institute survey ranked him number1 among presidents. In the 21st century, Washington's reputation has been critically scrutinized. Along with various other Founding Fathers, he has been condemned for holding enslaved human beings. Though he expressed the desire to see the abolition of slavery come through legislation,"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " he did not initiate or support any initiatives for bringing about its end. This has led to calls from some activists to remove his name from public buildings and his statue from public spaces. Nonetheless, Washington maintains his place among the highest-ranked U.S. Presidents, listed second (after Lincoln) in a 2021 C-SPAN poll.</s><s>Historical reputation and legacy.:Memorials. Jared Sparks began collecting and publishing Washington's documentary record in the 1830s in \"Life and Writings of George Washington\" (12 vols., 1834\u20131837). \"The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745\u20131799\" (1931\u20131944) is a 39-volume set edited by John Clement Fitzpatrick, whom the George Washington Bicentennial Commission commissioned. It contains more than 17,000 letters and documents and is available online from the University of Virginia.</s><s>Historical reputation and legacy.:Memorials.:Educational institutions. Numerous secondary schools are named in honor of Washington, as are many universities, including George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis.</s><s>Historical reputation and legacy.:Memorials.:Places and monuments. Many places and monuments have been named in honor of Washington,"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " most notably the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. The state of Washington is the only US state to be named after a president. Washington appears as one of four U.S. presidents in a colossal statue by Gutzon Borglum on Mount Rushmore in South Dakota.</s><s>Historical reputation and legacy.:Memorials.:Currency and postage. George Washington appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the one-dollar bill, the Presidential one-dollar coin and the quarter-dollar coin (the Washington quarter). Washington and Benjamin Franklin appeared on the in 1847. Washington has since appeared on many postage issues, more than any other person.</s><s>See also. - British Army during the American Revolutionary War - Founders Online - List of American Revolutionary War battles - List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War - Timeline of the American Revolution</s><s>Bibliography.</s><s>Bibliography.:Print sources. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -"}, {"title": "George Washington", "text": " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Bibliography.:Primary sources. - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Bibliography.:Online sources. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "George Washington", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000418", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Valerie Harper.", "docs": [{"title": "Valerie Harper", "text": "<s>Valerie Harper Valerie Kathryn Harper (August 22, 1939\u00a0\u2013 August 30, 2019) was an American actress. She began her career as a dancer on Broadway, making her debut as a replacement in the musical \"Li'l Abner\". She is best remembered for her role as Rhoda Morgenstern on \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" (1970\u20131977) and its spinoff \"Rhoda\" (1974\u20131978). For her work on \"Mary Tyler Moore\", she thrice received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, and later received the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for \"Rhoda\". From 1986 to 1987, she appeared as Valerie Hogan on the sitcom \"Valerie\", which she subsequently left for salary reasons. Her character was killed off, and the show was retitled \"Valerie's Family\" and eventually \"The Hogan Family\". Actress Sandy Duncan was cast in a new role that served as a replacement for Harper's character. Her film appearances include roles in \"Freebie and the Bean\" (1974) and \"Chapter Two\" (1979), both of which garnered her Golden Globe Award nominations. She returned to stage work in her later career, appearing in several Broadway"}, {"title": "Valerie Harper", "text": " productions. In 2010, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance as Tallulah Bankhead in the play \"Looped\".</s><s>Early life. Harper was born on August 22, 1939, in Suffern, New York, the daughter of Iva Mildred (n\u00e9e McConnell) and Howard Donald Harper. Her father was a lighting salesman; her mother was born (and raised) in Dalmeny, Saskatchewan, before becoming a teacher and later training as a nurse. Her parents married in Alberta before her mother immigrated to the United States. Valerie was the middle child of three, between her sister Leanne and her brother Merrill, who later took the name \"Don\". After her parents' divorce in 1957, she also had a half-sister, Virginia, from her father's second marriage to Angela Posillico (1933\u20131996). She stated that her parents were expecting a boy. But after her arrival her first and middle names were derived from tennis players Valerie Scott and Kay Stammers who were victorious doubles partners at a tournament Harper\u2019s father was attending the day she was born. She was of French, English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. Harper based her character Rhoda Morgen"}, {"title": "Valerie Harper", "text": "stern on her Italian stepmother and Penny Ann Green (n\u00e9e Joanna Greenberg), with whom she danced in the Broadway musical \"Wildcat\". She was raised Catholic, although at an early age she \"quit\" the church. Her family moved every two years due to her father's work. Harper attended schools in South Orange, New Jersey; Pasadena, California; Monroe, Michigan; Ashland, Oregon; and Jersey City, New Jersey. When her family returned to Oregon, she stayed in the New York City area to study ballet. She attended Lincoln High School in Jersey City, New Jersey before graduating from the private Young Professionals School on West 56th Street, where classmates included Sal Mineo, Tuesday Weld, and Carol Lynley.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Broadway dancer and improv. Harper began her show business career as a dancer and chorus girl on Broadway, and went on to perform in several Broadway shows, some choreographed by Michael Kidd, including \"Wildcat\" (starring Lucille Ball), \"Li'l Abner,\" \"Take Me Along\" (starring Jackie Gleason), and \"Subways Are for Sleeping\". She was also cast in the musical \"Destry Rides Again\", but was forced to leave"}, {"title": "Valerie Harper", "text": " rehearsals due to illness. She returned to Broadway in February 2010, playing Tallulah Bankhead in Matthew Lombardo's \"Looped\" at the Lyceum Theatre. Harper had a bit part in the film version of \"Li'l Abner\" (1959), playing a Yokumberry Tonic wife. She broke into television on an episode of the soap opera \"The Doctors\" (\"Zip Guns can Kill\"), and was an extra in \"Love with the Proper Stranger\". She was in the ensemble cast of Paul Sills' Story Theatre and toured with Second City along with then-husband Richard Schaal, Linda Lavin, and others, later appearing in sketches on \"Playboy After Dark\". She performed several characters in a comedy LP record, \"When You're in Love the Whole World is Jewish\", which included the popular novelty single, \"The Ballad of Irving\", a recitation by TV announcer Frank Gallop. Harper and Schaal moved to Los Angeles in 1968, and co-wrote an episode of \"Love, American Style\".</s><s>Career.:Television. While doing theater in Los Angeles in 1970, Harper was spotted by casting agent Ethel Winant, who called her in to audition for the role of Rhoda Morgenst"}, {"title": "Valerie Harper", "text": "ern on \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\". She co-starred there from 1970 to 1974, then starred in the spinoff series \"Rhoda\" (CBS 1974\u20131978) in which her character returned to New York City. She won four Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for her work as Rhoda Morgenstern. In 2000, she reunited with Moore in \"Mary and Rhoda\", a television film that reunited their characters in later life. The first season of \"Rhoda\" was released on DVD on April 21, 2009 by Shout! Factory. Harper was nominated for a Golden Globe for \"New Star of the Year\" for her role in \"Freebie and the Bean\" (1974), and was a guest star on \"The Muppet Show\" in 1976, its first season. Harper returned to situation comedy in 1986 when she played family matriarch Valerie Hogan on the NBC series \"Valerie\". Following a salary dispute with NBC and production company Lorimar in 1987, she was fired from the series at the end of its second season, and she sued NBC and Lorimar for breach of contract. Her claims against NBC were dismissed, but the jury found that Lorimar had wrongfully fired her and awarded her $1.4"}, {"title": "Valerie Harper", "text": " million plus 12.5% of the show's profits. The series continued without her, with the explanation that her character had died offscreen. In 1987, it was initially renamed \"Valerie's Family\", then \"The Hogan Family\", as Harper was replaced by Sandy Duncan, who played her sister-in-law Sandy Hogan. Harper appeared in various television films, including a performance as Maggie in a production of the Michael Cristofer play \"The Shadow Box\", directed by Paul Newman, and in guest roles on such series as \"Melrose Place\" (1998) and \"Sex and the City\" (1999).</s><s>Career.:Later career. Harper was a member of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and ran for its presidency in 2001, losing to Melissa Gilbert. She served on SAG's Hollywood board of directors. In 2005\u20132006, Harper portrayed Golda Meir in a United States national tour of the one-woman drama \"Golda's Balcony\". A film of the production was released in 2007. She played Tallulah Bankhead in the world-premiere production of Matthew Lombardo's \"Looped\" at the Pasadena Playhouse from June 27 to August 3, 2008. The show moved to Arena Stage in Washington"}, {"title": "Valerie Harper", "text": ", D.C., in 2009. It then briefly ran on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre, from February 2010 (previews) through April 2010, for which Harper received a Tony Award nomination. She was to continue the role on a national tour beginning January 2013, but withdrew due to her health. She played Claire Bremmer, aunt of Susan Delfino (Teri Hatcher), on ABC's \"Desperate Housewives\" in 2011. On September 4, 2013, Harper was announced as a contestant for the 17th season of \"Dancing with the Stars\", partnered with professional dancer Tristan MacManus. They were eliminated from the show on October 7, 2013. Harper appeared as the character Wanda on the American comedy web television series \"Liza on Demand\", in its July 11, 2018, episode: \"Valentine's Day\".</s><s>Career.:Activism and charity work. In the 1970s and '80s, Harper was involved in the women's liberation movement and was an advocate of the Equal Rights Amendment. With Dennis Weaver she co-founded L.I.F.E. (Love Is Feeding Everyone) in 1983, a charity that fed thousands of needy people in Los Angeles.</s><s>Personal life"}, {"title": "Valerie Harper", "text": ". Harper's NYC roommate was Arlene Golonka. Harper married actor Richard Schaal in 1964. They divorced in 1978, after which she had a relationship with Peter Horton. She married Tony Cacciotti in 1987, after dating for seven years, and they adopted a daughter, Cristina. Despite playing Jewish characters such as Rhoda Morgenstern, Harper herself was not Jewish.</s><s>Illness and death. In 2009, Harper was diagnosed with lung cancer. She announced on March 6, 2013, that tests from a January hospital stay revealed she had leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, a rare condition where cancer cells spread into the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain. She explained her doctors had given her as little as three months to live. Although the disease was considered incurable, her doctors said they were treating her with chemotherapy to try to slow its progress. In April 2014, Harper said she was responding well to the treatment. On July 30, 2015, she was hospitalized in Maine after falling unconscious, and taken via medevac to a larger hospital for further treatment. She was later discharged. In 2016, Harper's cancer continued, with treatment at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, but she was well enough to appear"}, {"title": "Valerie Harper", "text": " in a short film, \"My Mom and the Girl\", based on the experiences of director/writer Susie Singer Carter, whose mother has Alzheimer's disease. In September 2017, she said: \"People are saying, 'She's on her way to death and quickly'. Now it's five years instead of three months... I'm going to fight this. I'm going to see a way.\" At the time, she was developing a television series with Carter. By July 2019, she was on a regimen of \"a multitude of medications and chemotherapy drugs\" and was experiencing \"extreme physical and painful challenges\" that required \"around-the-clock, 24/7 care.\" Harper died on the morning of August 30, 2019, in Los Angeles.</s><s>References. Bibliography - - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Valerie Harper", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000419", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of James Franco.", "docs": [{"title": "James Franco", "text": "<s>James Franco James Edward Franco (born April 19, 1978) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has starred in numerous films, including Sam Raimi's \"Spider-Man\" trilogy (2002\u20132007), \"Milk\" (2008), \"Eat Pray Love\" (2010), \"Rise of the Planet of the Apes\" (2011), \"Spring Breakers\" (2012), and \"Oz the Great and Powerful\" (2013). He is known for his collaborations with fellow actor Seth Rogen, having appeared in eight films and one television series with him, examples being \"Pineapple Express\" (2008), \"This Is the End\" (2013), \"Sausage Party\" (2016), and \"The Disaster Artist\" (2017), for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. For his role in \"127 Hours\" (2010), he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. Franco is also known for his work on television where his first prominent acting role was the character Daniel Desario on the short-lived ensemble comedy-drama \"Freaks and Geeks\" (1999\u20132000), which developed a cult following. He portrayed the title character in the television biographical film \"James Dean\" ("}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": "2001), for which he won a Golden Globe Award, and received nominations for Screen Actors Guild Award and Primetime Emmy Award. Franco had a recurring role on the daytime soap opera \"General Hospital\" (2009\u20132012) and starred in the limited series \"11.22.63\" (2016). He starred in the David Simon-created HBO drama \"The Deuce\" (2017\u20132019). Franco volunteers for The Art of Elysium charity and has taught film classes at numerous schools. Franco admitted to having sex with several of his students during his time as a teacher, which led to lawsuits and a $2 million sexual-misconduct settlement in 2021.</s><s>Early life. James Edward Franco was born in Palo Alto, California on April 19, 1978. His mother, Betsy Lou (\"n\u00e9e\" Verne), is a children's book author and occasional actress, and his father, Douglas Eugene Franco, ran a Silicon Valley business. His father was of Portuguese and Swedish ancestry, while his mother was from a family of Russian Jews. His paternal grandmother, Marjorie (\"n\u00e9e\" Peterson), is a published author of young adult books. His maternal grandfather, Daniel, changed his surname from \"Verovitz\" to \"Verne\" some time after 1940"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": ", and his maternal grandmother, Mitzie (\"n\u00e9e\" Levine), owned the prominent Verne Art Gallery in Cleveland, Ohio and was an active member in the National Council of Jewish Women. Franco's family upbringing was \"academic, liberal, and largely secular\". He grew up in California with his two younger brothers, actors Tom and Dave. A \"math whiz\", Franco interned at Lockheed Martin. He was often encouraged by his father to get good grades and did well on the SAT. He graduated from Palo Alto High School in 1996, where he acted in plays. This led to him attending CSSSA in 1998 for theater studies. In his high school years, Franco was arrested for underage drinking, graffiti, and being a part of a group that stole designer fragrances from department stores and sold them to classmates. These arrests led to Franco briefly becoming a ward of the state. Facing the possibility of juvenile hall, he was given a second chance by the judge. He recalled of his troubles with the law, \"It was teen angst. I was uncomfortable in my own skin. I was shy. I changed my ways just in time to get good grades.\" Although the idea of becoming a marine zoologist interested him, Franco had always secretly wanted to become"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " an actor but feared being rejected. He enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) as an English major, but dropped out after his first year (against his parents' wishes) to pursue a career as an actor, since he would have had to wait two years to audition for their acting program. He instead chose to take acting lessons with Robert Carnegie at the Playhouse West. Around this time, he took up a late-night job at McDonald's to support himself because his parents refused to do so. He was a vegetarian for the year prior to working there. While working at the establishment, he would practice accents on customers, an experience he remembered nostalgically in a 2015 \"Washington Post\" editorial titled \"McDonald's was there for me when no one else was\".</s><s>Acting career.</s><s>Acting career.:1997\u20132001. After 15 months of training, Franco began auditioning in Los Angeles. His first paid role was a television commercial for Pizza Hut, featuring a dancing Elvis Presley. He found guest roles on television shows but his first break came in 1999, after he was cast in a leading role on the short-lived but well-reviewed NBC television series \"Freaks and Geeks\", which ran for 18 episodes"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " and was canceled due to low viewership. Later, the show became a cult hit among audiences. He has since described the series as \"one of the most fun\" work experiences that he has had. In another interview, Franco said: \"When we were doing \"Freaks and Geeks\", I didn't quite understand how movies and TV worked, and I would improvise even if the camera wasn't on me\u00a0... So I was improvising a little bit back then, but not in a productive way.\" After his film debut \"Never Been Kissed\", he played a popular jock Chris in \"Whatever It Takes\" (2000), a modern-day remake of the 1897 play \"Cyrano de Bergerac\". He was subsequently cast as the title role in director Mark Rydell's 2001 TV biographical film \"James Dean\". To immerse himself in the role, Franco went from being a non-smoker to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day, bleached his dark brown hair blond, and learned to ride a motorcycle as well as play guitar and the bongos. To have a greater understanding of Dean, Franco spent hours with two of Dean's associates. Other research included reading books on Dean and studying his movies. While filming \"James"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " Dean\", Franco, to get into character, cut off communication with his family and friends, as well as his then-girlfriend. \"It was a very lonely existence,\" he notes. \"If I wasn't on a set, I was watching James Dean. That was my whole thinking. James Dean. James Dean.\" Despite already being a fan of Dean, Franco feared he might be typecast if he'd captured the actor too convincingly. Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote: \"Franco could have walked through the role and done a passable Dean, but instead gets under the skin of this insecure, rootless young man.\" He received a Golden Globe Award and nominations for an Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award (SAG).</s><s>Acting career.:2002\u20132007. Franco achieved worldwide fame and attention in the 2002 superhero film \"Spider-Man\", when he played Harry Osborn, the son of the villainous Green Goblin (Willem Dafoe) and best friend of Spider-Man (Tobey Maguire). Originally, Franco was considered for the lead role of Spider-Man/Peter Parker in the film. Todd McCarthy of \"Variety\" noted that there are \"good moments\" between Maguire"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " and Franco in the film. \"Spider-Man\" was a commercial and critical success. The movie grossed $114\u00a0million during its opening weekend in North America and went on to earn $822\u00a0million worldwide. He next starred in \"Sonny\", a 2002 release in which he was directed by fellow actor Nicolas Cage, whose involvement had attracted Franco to the film. Set in 1980s New Orleans, \"Sonny\" follows the titular character (Franco) returning home after just being discharged from the Army. To prepare for his role, he met with sex workers or people who had previously been prostitutes. The movie was panned by critics, with the \"New York Post\"'s Lou Lumenick calling it an \"instant candidate for worst movie of the year\". Franco was cast as a homeless drug addict in the drama \"City by the Sea\" (2002) after co-star Robert De Niro saw a snippet of his work in \"James Dean\". He lived on the streets for several days to better understand the subject matter as well as talking to former or still-using drug addicts. He also co-starred with Neve Campbell in Robert Altman's ballet movie \"The Company\" (2003). The success of the first \"Spider"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": "-Man\" film led Franco to reprise the role in the 2004 sequel, \"Spider-Man 2\". The movie was well received by critics, and it proved to be a big financial success, setting a new opening weekend box office record for North America. With a revenue of $783\u00a0million worldwide, it became the second highest-grossing film in 2004. The following year he made and starred in the black comedy \"The Ape\" and the 2005 war film \"The Great Raid\", in which he portrayed Robert Prince, a captain in the United States Army's elite Sixth Ranger Battalion. In 2006, Franco co-starred with Tyrese Gibson in \"Annapolis\" and played legendary hero Tristan in \"Tristan & Isolde\", a period piece dramatization of the Tristan and Iseult story also starring British actress Sophia Myles. For the former, he did eight months of boxing training and for the latter, he practiced horseback riding and sword fighting. He then completed training for his Private Pilot Licence in preparation for his role in \"Flyboys\", which was released in September 2006; the same month, Franco appeared briefly in \"The Wicker Man\", the remake of the seminal horror film. Also in 2006, he"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " made a cameo appearance in the romantic comedy \"The Holiday\". He again played Harry Osborn in \"Spider-Man 3\" (2007). In contrast to the previous two films' positive reviews, \"Spider-Man 3\" was met with a mixed reception by critics. Nonetheless, with a total worldwide gross of $891\u00a0million, it stands as the most successful film in the series, and Franco's highest-grossing film to date. In this same year, Franco made a cameo appearance as himself in the Apatow-directed comedy \"Knocked Up\", which starred \"Freaks and Geeks\" alumni Seth Rogen, Jason Segel and Martin Starr. Franco co-starred with Sienna Miller in the low-budget independent film \"Camille\", a dark fantasy dramedy about a young newlywed couple and \"Interview\", where he appears in a voice only role, both 2007 movies that were ignored by audiences and critics alike. Among his other 2007 projects were \"Good Time Max\", which Franco wrote, directed and starred in. The movie premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival and tells the story of two talented brothers who take very diverse paths in life, one going on to become a doctor whilst the other sibling (Franco) experiences unemployment and"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " uses drugs. The actor chose to cast himself in that role because, \"It was really just a process of elimination. I was better suited for this role than the responsible surgeon\".</s><s>Acting career.:2008\u20132010. He next starred in \"Pineapple Express\" (2008), a stoner comedy co-starring and co-written by Seth Rogen and produced by Judd Apatow. Of Franco's character, Apatow said, \"You tell him, 'Okay, you're going to play a pot dealer', and he comes back with a three-dimensional character you totally believe exists. He takes it very seriously, even when it's comedy\". In her \"New York Times\" review, critic Manohla Dargis wrote: \"He's delightful as Saul, loosey-goosey and goofy yet irrepressibly sexy, despite that greasy curtain of hair and a crash pad with a zero WAF (Woman Acceptance Factor). It's an unshowy, generous performance and it greatly humanizes a movie that, as it shifts genre gears and cranks up the noise, becomes disappointingly sober and self-serious\". His performance earned him a second Golden Globe nomination, for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": ". He has stated in some interviews that he no longer uses cannabis (although he has occasionally alluded to smoking it, most notably during an extended segment on \"The Colbert Report\"). He was awarded \"High Times\" magazine's Stoner of the Year Award for his work in \"Pineapple Express\". In 2008 he also appeared in two films by American artist Carter, exhibited at the Yvon Lambert gallery in Paris. On September 20, 2008, he hosted the sketch comedy show \"Saturday Night Live\" (\"SNL\"), and a second time on December 19, 2009. Franco starred with Sean Penn, Josh Brolin and Emile Hirsch, in Gus Van Sant's \"Milk\" (2008). In the film he plays Scott Smith, the boyfriend of Harvey Milk (Penn). Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\", in review of the film, wrote: \"Franco is a nice match for him [Penn] as the lover who finally has enough of political life\". For his performance in the film, Franco won the Independent Spirit Award in the category for Best Supporting Actor. In late 2009 he joined the cast of the daytime soap opera \"General Hospital\" on a recurring basis. He plays Franco, a multimedia artist much like himself, who comes to Port Charles"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " to do an art exhibition and becomes obsessed with Jason Morgan (Steve Burton). Franco has called his \"General Hospital\" role performance art. Franco began 2010 by making an appearance on the sitcom \"30 Rock\" where he played himself and carried on a fake romance with Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) in a scheme concocted by their respective agents. After appearing in the commercial successes \"Date Night\", an action comedy, and \"Eat Pray Love\", an adaption of a novel, Franco played poet Allen Ginsberg in the drama \"Howl\", released on September 24. The latter, about his most known poem and the trial about the work, premiered at the Berlin Film Festival and earned modest reviews. In his next project, \"127 Hours\", directed by Danny Boyle, Franco portrayed real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston. It was given a limited release starting on November 5, 2010. \"127 Hours\" centered on Ralston trying to free his hand after it became trapped under a boulder in a ravine while canyoneering alone in Utah and resorting to desperate measures in order to survive, eventually amputating his arm. During the five-week, 12-hours-per-day shoot, Franco would only leave the g"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": "ully set to use the lavatory and would read books such as academic textbooks to keep busy. Franco later called making \"127 Hours\" a once-in-a-lifetime experience. To date, \"127 Hours\" is one of his most well-reviewed movies and was also a commercial success, earning $60.7\u00a0million against an $18\u00a0million budget. His performance earned him universal acclaim from critics. Subsequently, he was nominated for an Academy Award, Golden Globe and SAG award, as well as winning an Independent Spirit Award.</s><s>Acting career.:2011\u2013present. On February 23, 2011, Franco made a cameo appearance on NBC's \"Minute to Win It\" where the real-life Ralston was participating as a contestant playing for charity. After having an uncredited cameo in the opening scene of \"The Green Hornet\" (2011), he starred opposite Natalie Portman and Danny McBride in the Medieval fantasy comedy \"Your Highness\". In the film, he plays Fabious, a prince who teams up with his brother (McBride) to rescue the soon to be bride of Fabious (played by Zooey Deschanel). In May 2010, he was cast to star in Rupert Wyatt's $93\u00a0"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": "million budgeted \"Rise of the Planet of the Apes\", a reboot of the \"Planet of the Apes\" series which was released on August 5. Franco starred alongside Winona Ryder in \"The Letter\", originally entitled \"The Stare\", directed by Jay Anania. He was cast as a drug-addicted lawyer in \"About Cherry\", also starring Heather Graham, which started shooting the following month in California. He dropped out of the indie film \"While We're Young\" to star in \"Oz the Great and Powerful\", a Disney prequel to L. Frank Baum's \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (1900). Filming began in July 2011, and the film was released on March 8, 2013. He has signed to do a sequel to it. At the end of September 2010, the actor acquired the rights to Stephen Elliott's \"The Adderall Diaries\", with the intention to adapt, direct, and star in the film. It was announced in January 2011 that the actor has planned to not only star in, but direct himself in \"The Night Stalker\", a film version of author Philip Carlo's book about the 1980s serial killer, Richard Ramirez. Co-screenwriter of the screenplay, Nicholas Constantine, was initially"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " unconvinced that Franco would be right for the movie, until he learned of Franco's desire to be a director and later watched three of his short films, one of which featured a serial killer, ultimately confirming to the writer that the actor had a darker side. Franco also directed a film version of William Faulkner's novel \"As I Lay Dying\";  the film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. In late 2013, Franco starred in \"This Is the End\" as a fictionalized version of himself stuck in a house during an apocalypse with Seth Rogen, Jay Baruchel, Craig Robinson, Jonah Hill, and Danny McBride, also fictionalized versions of themselves. In February 2012, Franco began shooting a film version of Cormac McCarthy's 1973 novella \"Child of God\", which stars Scott Haze as Lester Ballard. The film chronicles the depraved and violent impulses of the young Tennessee backwoodsman after he is dispossessed of his ancestral land. Child of God was selected in official competition at the 70th Venice Film Festival, an official selection to the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and an official selection to the prestigious 51st New York Film Festival. In 2013, Franco starred as the gangster"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " \"Alien\" in Harmony Korine's \"Spring Breakers,\" with Vanessa Hudgens, Selena Gomez, Ashley Benson, Gucci Mane and Rachel Korine. A24 films began a campaign in September 2013 in support of a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination for Franco's performance. In March 2013, it was announced that Franco was set to make his 2014 Broadway stage debut in the role of George in a revival of John Steinbeck's \"Of Mice and Men\". In October 2013, Franco appeared in the music video for \"City of Angels\" by Thirty Seconds to Mars. On March 8, 2013, Franco received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6838 Hollywood Boulevard. In April 2014, Franco directed and appeared in \"Techno Color Sunglasses\", which promoted Gucci's eyewear collection. In December, Franco starred in the controversial Sony comedy thriller, \"The Interview\", a film which played a central role in the real world diplomatic relations between the United States and North Korea as they related to the 2014 Sony hacking incident. In April 2015, two of his projects, titled \"I Am Michael\" and \"True Story\", were shown at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. In \"I Am Michael\", Franco plays a gay activist who rejects"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " his homosexuality and becomes a conservative Christian pastor with a girlfriend. In \"True Story\", based on a true story, Franco played Christian Longo, a man who was on the FBI's most wanted list for murdering his wife and three children in Oregon, and who had also been hiding under the identity of Michael Finkel, a journalist played by Jonah Hill. In 2015, Franco was cast in the lead role for the Hulu limited series \"11.22.63\" which is based on the novel of the same name by Stephen King. The eight-episode series premiered on February 15, 2016. In 2016, Franco co-produced and starred in \"King Cobra\", a true story about the rise of gay pornographic actor Brent Corrigan and the murder of Bryan Kocis. Franco played Joseph Kerekes who (along with his partner) was convicted of the murder. In the comedy \"Why Him?\", released in December 2016, Franco played an immature tech-billionaire whose girlfriend's conservative father tries to intervene in the couple's relationship, with Zoey Deutch playing the girlfriend and Bryan Cranston as her father. He briefly appeared in the \"Alien\" prequel, \"\", alongside friend and frequent collaborator Danny McBride, and Michael Fassbender and Noomi Rapace"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": ". He played Branson, the captain of the Covenant ship and husband to Daniels, played by Katherine Waterston. The film was released on May 19, 2017. In 2016, Franco directed, co-produced, and starred in \"The Disaster Artist\", the film adaptation of actor Greg Sestero's non-fiction book of the same name, about the making of \"The Room\", which is considered to be one of worst films ever made. In the film, Franco portrayed the film's star, director, screenwriter, and producer Tommy Wiseau, while Franco's brother, Dave, portrayed Sestero. Franco remained in character as Wiseau throughout the entirety of the shoot. \"The Disaster Artist\" was released on December 1, 2017, to positive reviews, while his portrayal of Wiseau gained near-universal praise. His performance won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor \u2013 Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. At the end of 2017, Franco, almost 40, said he was slowing down to focus on himself. On December 23, 2021, Franco gave his first interview in nearly four years when he appeared on an episode of the \"Jess Cagle Podcast\". In August 2022, Franco was cast as Fidel Castro in \"Alina in Cuba\", a casting decision that was"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " supported by Fidel Castro's daughter.</s><s>Other projects. Franco produced and directed a documentary titled \"Saturday Night\" documenting a week in the production of an episode of \"SNL\". The film began as a short for an NYU class but grew due to his two episodes as host, while short stories he wrote for other classes appeared in \"Esquire\" and \"McSweeney's\". In summer 2010, the fictional Franco from \"General Hospital\" held an exhibit at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, while the real Franco held an exhibit at the museum based on his experiences on the soap opera. In 2008, Franco was named as the face of Gucci's men's fragrance line. His short films as director \"The Feast of Stephen\" and \"Herbert White\" were both presented within Maryland Film Festival in May 2010. Another of his short movies, \"The Clerk's Tale\", was screened in competition at the Hamptons Film Festival at the end of 2010. In June 2010, James Franco presented his first solo exhibition, \"The Dangerous Book Four Boys\", presented at The Clocktower Gallery in New York City. Curated by Alanna Heiss, the show featured video, drawings, sculptures and installation. On October 19, 2010, Scribner published"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " a collection of short stories, \"Palo Alto\", by Franco. The book is named after the California city where Franco grew up and is dedicated to many of the writers he worked with at Brooklyn College. Inspired by some of Franco's own teenage memories \"Palo Alto\", and memories written and submitted by high school students at Palo Alto Senior High School, consists of life in Palo Alto as experienced by a series of teenagers who spend most of their time indulging in driving drunk, smoking marijuana, and taking part in unplanned acts of violence. Each passage is told by a young narrator. The book has received mixed reviews; \"Los Angeles Times\" called it \"the work of an ambitious young man who clearly loves to read, who has a good eye for detail, but who has spent way too much time on style and virtually none on substance\". \"The Guardian\" reported that Franco's \"foray into the literary world may be met with cynicism in some quarters, but this is a promising debut from a most unlikely source\". Writing in \"The New York Times\", reviewer and fellow author Joshua Mohr praised Franco for how, in the story \"American History\", he juxtaposed historical parts with a present-day social commentary that \"makes the we wonder how much we've actually"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " evolved in post-bellum America\". At least one editor of a literary journal testified he would not publish Franco's stories, claiming he has been published due to his star power, not literary talent. \"Publishers Weekly\" reviewed the collection, stating \"The author fails to find anything remotely insightful to say in these 11 amazingly underwhelming stories\". In January 2011, Franco screened his multimedia project, entitled \"Three's Company The Drama\", in which he merges video and art to update the titular sitcom, at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. Franco reunited with \"Milk\" director Van Sant to make \"Unfinished\", a project that features two movies: \"Endless Idaho\" and \"My Own Private River\". \"Endless Idaho\" showcases edited outtakes, deleted scenes and behind-the-scenes footage from the 1991 movie \"My Own Private Idaho\", while \"My Own Private River\" focuses on actor River Phoenix. The idea for the exhibition was conceived after Van Sant introduced unused footage from the 1991 film to Franco, inspiring him to turn it into something more. \"Unfinished\" opened from February 26 to April 9 at the Gagosian Gallery in Beverly Hills. On February 27, 2011, he and Anne Hathaway hosted the 83rd Academy Awards."}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " The two were selected to help the awards show achieve its goal of attracting a younger audience. Franco had previously said that he accepted the job for the experience and because it was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Numerous media viewers criticized Franco for his discontent and lack of energy on stage and the show was widely panned, with some reviewers dubbing it the worst telecast in its history. The actor later spoke about his hosting in an interview on the \"Late Show with David Letterman\". He explained that when accepting the job he never had high hopes, adding \"It was never on my list of things to do. It doesn't mean I didn't care and it doesn't mean I didn't try, right?\" Regarding allegations that he was under the influence of marijuana while hosting, Franco commented \"I think the Tasmanian Devil would look stoned standing next to Anne Hathaway. She has a lot of energy!\" He concluded that he tried his best and could have had \"low energy\" during the telecast. In May, Franco made his dance-theater directorial debut at New York's Stella Adler Studios, where he narrated all the performances. Entitled \"Collage\" and described as a \"mixed-media piece\", the show featured"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " live dance, theater, music, and poetry. Tickets were free but were distributed on a first-come, first-served basis. The actor also directed two short films for songs (\"Blue\" and \"That Someone Is You\") by R.E.M. from their album \"Collapse into Now\" (2011). Franco continued his career as a filmmaker with \"The Broken Tower\", a 90-minute docudrama shot in black and white about poet Hart Crane, who committed suicide by jumping off the steamship \"SS Orizaba\". It originally started out as his master's thesis. It was screened at 2011's Los Angeles Film Festival among more than 200 feature films, short projects, and music videos from more than 30 countries. It was released on DVD in 2012. In 2011, Franco taught a graduate-level film course at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. He has also taught film classes at USC and UCLA, as well as a screenwriting class on the online learning community Skillshare. For his students' film projects, Franco has helped to attract actors, including Seth MacFarlane, Kate Mara, Natalie Portman, Chloe Sevigny, Kristen Wiig and Olivia Wilde. Franco developed an aptitude for art\u2014painting"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " in particular\u2014during his high school years while attending the California State Summer School for the Arts (CSSSA). Franco has said painting was the \"outlet\" he needed in high school, and he \"has actually been painting longer than he has been acting\". His paintings were displayed publicly for the first time at the Gl\u00fc Gallery in Los Angeles, from January 7, through February 11, 2006. He launched his first European art exhibition in 2011 at Peres Projects in Berlin. In September 2012, Franco announced the release of his band Daddy's first single \"Love in the Old Days\" and their first EP \"MotorCity.\" On July 9, 2013, Franco announced that he would be the featured roastee on the next \"Comedy Central Roast\". The roast aired on September 2, 2013. In February 2014, Franco wrote an article in \"The New York Times\" in support of the metamodernist performance art of Shia LaBeouf, describing LaBeouf's project as one \"in which a young man in a very public profession tries to reclaim his public persona\". In April 2014, the literary publisher Graywolf Press issued Franco's first collection of poetry, \"Directing Herbert White\". The title alludes to a poem (made by Franco into a"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " 2010 short film) by Frank Bidart, who has served as friend and mentor to Franco.</s><s>In the media. Viewed as a sex symbol, Franco was named the Sexiest Man Living in 2009 by \"Salon\". There has often been frequent media coverage of Franco, particularly regarding his interest in going to colleges. In addition to that, Franco has also claimed to have been strongly misquoted by reports in the media and news outlets reporting erroneous information about him. This led to the actor being parodied in an episode of \"SNL\"s Weekend Update segment, which an \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer deemed \"clever\". In a 2011 interview, he stated: Franco has deliberately garnered a reputation for publishing \"selfies\" and wrote an explanatory article for \"The New York Times\" in December 2013. He stated: In April 2012, \"Shalom Life\" ranked Franco and his brother, Dave, together as number two on its list of 50 talented and attractive Jewish men. In 2013, Franco was featured as the cover model and featured focus in the men's magazine \"Man of the World\". In other forms of media, a Chicago-based theater company, Under the Gun Theater, developed a show inspired by and titled after Franco. The 2015"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " production of \"Dear James Franco\" used, parodied and deconstructed letters penned to or by celebrities. The performances used improvisation to satirize their subject matter.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Religion. Franco has described himself as Jewish; regarding his secular upbringing, he told \"The Guardian\" that he feels as if he has \"missed out on the Jewish experience\", but has been told not to worry about that by his Jewish friends and said in the same interview that he likes \"the idea of religion as a source of community\". When asked if he was a \"believer\", he responded, \"In God? I don't know. Yes. To a certain extent. It's a complicated question.\" In 2015, he had an official bar mitzvah ceremony, presided over by a rabbi.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships and sexuality. Due to his support for the LGBT community and his portrayal of gay characters in his projects, Franco's sexuality has been a subject of discussion in media sources. In a March 2015 interview with \"Four Two Nine\" magazine, Franco again opened up about his sexuality, stating, \"In the twenties and thirties, they used to define homosexuality by how you acted and not by whom you slept"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " with. Sailors would fuck guys all the time, but as long as they behaved in masculine ways, they weren't considered gay. Well, I like to think that I'm gay in my art and straight in my life.\" After meeting on the set of \"Whatever It Takes\" in 1999, Franco dated co-star Marla Sokoloff for five years. He was later in a relationship with actress Ahna O'Reilly until 2011. He confirmed their separation in an interview for \"Playboy\" magazine's August 2011 issue, saying that his interest in education got between them.</s><s>Personal life.:Education. Franco, dissatisfied with his career's direction, reenrolled at UCLA in autumn 2006 as an English major with a creative writing concentration. He received permission to take as many as 62 course credits per quarter compared to the normal limit of 19, while still continuing to act, receiving many of his credits from independent study for his involvement on the set of \"Spider-Man 3\". He received his undergraduate degree in June 2008 with a GPA of 3.5/4.0. For his degree, Franco prepared his departmental honors thesis as a novel under the supervision of Mona Simpson. Franco was selected as the commencement speaker at UCLA, and was to speak"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " at the ceremony on June 12, 2009. Several months before commencement, an editorial in the student newspaper questioned his \"caliber\" and a student created a Facebook page protesting the choice. On June 3, Franco withdrew, citing a date conflict with location pre-production on a film. On January 26, 2011, Franco and the \"Harvard Lampoon\" released a satirical video on prominent comedy website Funny or Die mocking his last-minute cancellation. Franco moved to New York to simultaneously attend graduate school at Columbia University School of the Arts for writing, New York University's Tisch School of the Arts for filmmaking, and Brooklyn College for fiction writing, while also attending the low-residency MFA Program for Writers at North Carolina's Warren Wilson College for poetry. He received his M.F.A. from Columbia in 2010. As of 2010, Franco was studying in the Ph.D. program in English at Yale University. He has also attended the Rhode Island School of Design. In an interview with \"Showbiz411\", on September 23, 2010, Franco made the erroneous public announcement that he received a \"D\" grade in \"Acting\" class at the NYU Graduate Film School. He had, in fact, received that grade in a \"Directing the Actor\""}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " class. Franco's professor, Jos\u00e9 Angel Santana, alleged that Franco did not earn his grades while attending that school and stated that Franco only received high marks and a degree because of his celebrity status as an actor. Franco made unfavorable comments about Santana's teaching. In September 2012, after having been terminated from his position Santana filed a lawsuit against Franco for defamation; Santana claimed that Franco's comments were false and had led to his termination. In September 2013, Franco and Santana settled the defamation lawsuit. \"The matter has been resolved to the mutual satisfaction of the parties,\" said Santana's attorney Matthew Blit. Franco defended himself on the \"Howard Stern Show\", stating that he had told the professor before the semester began that he would have to miss most classes to film \"127 Hours\" and that they had agreed that Franco would receive a \"D\" in the course. In March 2013, Franco was featured in half-page print advertisements for his alma mater UCLA which celebrated the university's famous alumnus as a \"prolific academic\" and carried the tagline: \"Some A-Listers Actually Get A's\".</s><s>Sexual misconduct accusations and lawsuit. In 2014, a seventeen-year-old girl posted screenshots of alleged messages between her and Franco on Instagram. The"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " messages showed that Franco, then aged 35, tried to meet her in a hotel room after she told him she was seventeen. He sent multiple pictures of himself to prove his real identity. Franco admitted on \"Live! With Kelly and Michael\" that he had written the messages. Though his actions were legal, given the age of consent in New York is seventeen, he was the subject of media backlash due to the wide age gap. He initially responded to the scandal by tweeting, \"I HOPE PARENTS KEEP THEIR TEENS AWAY FROM ME. Thank you.\" He later stated he was \"embarrassed\" and that \"I learned my lesson.\" At the 2018 Golden Globe Awards, Franco wore a Time's Up pin in solidarity with the MeToo movement, to protest sexual harassment against women. His pin drew criticism on social media from actress Ally Sheedy, who hinted she had quit acting after working with Franco on a play. A former girlfriend, Violet Paley, also alleged that he once forced her to give him oral sex in a car while they were dating. On January 9, 2018, \"The New York Times\", citing the allegations, canceled a planned event with Franco. On January 10, Franco said on \"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\" that the"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " accusations made against him on Twitter were \"not accurate\". On January 11, 2018, the \"Los Angeles Times\" reported that five women were accusing Franco of inappropriate or sexually exploitative behavior during the period when Franco was serving as their acting teacher or mentor. One former student stated that Franco \"would always make everybody think there were possible roles on the table if we were to perform sexual acts or take off our shirts\" in his projects. Another alleged that Franco held a sex scenes class and removed students' vaginal guards while simulating oral sex with them. Franco's attorney, Michael Plonsker, disputed the allegations. In her 2018 memoir, Busy Philipps puts forth an account in which Franco screamed at her before violently shoving her to the ground while on the set of \"Freaks and Geeks\". On October 3, 2019, two former students of Franco's now-closed film and acting school, Studio 4, filed a lawsuit against him and his partners. According to \"The New York Times\", the complaint alleged that the program \"was little more than a scheme to provide him and his male collaborators with a pool of young female performers that they could take advantage of.\" The case claimed that pupils were subjected to \"sexually exploitative auditions and film shoots\" and"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " had to sign away their rights to the recordings. The litigants sought unspecified monetary damages as well as the return or destruction of any questionable material. Franco has denied the plaintiffs' claims through his attorney. On February 21, 2021, it was reported that the lawsuit was settled and that, according to documents filed on February 11, both students had agreed to drop their individual claims. The deal was submitted for preliminary court approval by March 15, 2021. In June 2021, terms of the settlement were revealed, and it was disclosed that Franco, pending a judge's approval, would pay more than $2.2 million to resolve two different legal disputes: one by the two women who cited sexual exploitation (they will receive $894,000), and another class-action plaint by approximately 1,500 Studio 4 students who maintain that they were defrauded. A joint statement by the plaintiffs and defendants reads in part: \"While Defendants continue to deny the allegations in the Complaint, they acknowledge that Plaintiffs have raised important issues; and all parties strongly believe that now is a critical time to focus on addressing the mistreatment of women in Hollywood.\" Charlyne Yi worked with Franco on \"The Disaster Artist\" and claimed in April 2021 that, after trying to quit the film"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " over the allegations, a bigger role was offered by the filmmakers to Yi. Yi viewed this enticement as an attempted bribe and also accused Franco's long-time co-star Seth Rogen of enabling his behavior.\"\" A month later, Rogen commented on the allegations against Franco and expressed doubts that he would ever work with him again. On December 23, 2021, Franco admitted to having had sex with students and to being in treatment for sex addiction since 2016; however, he did not address other forms of sexual exploitation.</s><s>Philanthropy. Franco has volunteered at the charity the Art of Elysium, which helps children with serious medical conditions. He said the experience helped save his life. In January 2011, at the Art of Elysium Heaven Gala in Los Angeles, Franco was honored for his work at the hospital, receiving the Spirit of Elysium accolade. On March 31, 2011, the actor took part in \"An Evening with James Franco\", a Washington D.C. dinner benefit for 826DC, a non-profit after-school literature program. Franco became involved with Dave Eggers' 826 National after Eggers asked him to do a conceptual idea for the program, and he directed a documentary for them and has since been a supporter of"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": " them. At the event, he spoke about how he thought schools needed to be more original with their literature programs. \"Writing can do things that video cannot\", he added. In April 2011, Franco autographed a T-shirt that would be auctioned off through the Yoshiki Foundation, with the proceeds being donated for Japanese tsunami relief. On June 14, he was honored by amfAR, the foundation for AIDS research, at the Museum of Modern Art. Franco received the Piaget Award of Inspiration for his humanitarian work and contributions to men's style. In April 2013, Franco received the Ally Award at the 15th annual Miami Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. The award was presented to him in recognition of his unwavering support of the LGBT community. In April 2014, Franco presented at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS Easter Bonnet Competition with Leighton Meester and Chris O'Dowd, after raising donations at his Broadway show \"Of Mice and Men\". In June 2014, Franco performed in the BC/EFA benefit Broadway Bares.</s><s>Selected works. - Franco, James. \"A Star, a Soap and the Meaning of Art\". \"The Wall Street Journal\", December 4, 2009. - Franco, James"}, {"title": "James Franco", "text": ". \"Just Before the Black\". \"Esquire\", March 24, 2010. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Albums. - 2011: \"Turn It Up\" EP \u2013 collaboration with Kalup Linzy - 2012: \"MotorCity\" EP \u2013 with Tim O'Keefe, as the duo \"Daddy\" - 2016: \"Let Me Get What I Want\" \u2013 with Tim O'Keefe, as the duo \"Daddy\"</s><s>Discography.:Music on other albums. - 2013: \"Hanging with Da Dopeboys\" \u2013 featuring DangeRuss from album \"Spring Breakers: Music from the Motion Picture\" - 2013: \"I Love You\" \u2013 featuring Kalup Linzy from album \"Romantic Loner\" - 2015: \"11/22/63\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "James Franco", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000420", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Katherine Ryan.", "docs": [{"title": "Katherine Ryan", "text": "<s>Katherine Ryan Katherine Louisa Ryan (born 30 June 1983) is a Canadian comedian, writer, presenter, actress and singer based in the United Kingdom. She has appeared on many British panel shows, including as a regular team captain on \"8 Out of 10 Cats\" and \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\", \"A League of Their Own\", \"Mock the Week\", \"Would I Lie to You?\", \"QI\", \"Just a Minute, Safeword\", and \"Have I Got News for You\". In 2015, she replaced Steve Jones as the presenter of \"Hair\" on BBC Two. As an actress, Ryan has appeared on numerous television series in the UK, including the sitcoms \"Campus\", \"Episodes\", and her Netflix show \"The Duchess\". As a stand-up comedian, Ryan has appeared on the BBC's \"Live at the Apollo\", both as a featured act and as a lead act. She has had two live stand-up specials released on Netflix: \"Katherine Ryan: In Trouble\" (2017) and \"\" (2019).</s><s>Early life. Ryan's father, Finbar, is a draughtsman and owner of an engineering company who originally emigrated from Ireland to Canada. Her mother Julie"}, {"title": "Katherine Ryan", "text": " McCarthy is British/Canadian and owns an IT consulting company. Ryan and her two younger sisters were born and raised in Sarnia, Ontario. Ryan's parents separated when she was a teenager. When she was 18, she decided to leave home and chose to study city planning at Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University) in Toronto. While attending university, she worked at restaurant chain Hooters, and she then began training other waitresses. In her spare time she undertook open mic nights as an alternative form of personal entertainment, and by graduation, she had developed a basic comedic routine. She was one of the many dancers in MuchMusic's \"Electric Circus\" program.</s><s>Career. After graduation, Ryan continued working for Hooters as a corporate trainer, travelling around Canada to train other waitresses, and helping to open the then-only UK branch in Nottingham. Her partner at the time wanted to explore London, so she agreed to do so for an initial month from summer 2007, moving there permanently from January 2008.</s><s>Career.:As a comedian. Ryan won the Funny Women award in 2008, Rachel Stubbings and Sara Pascoe were runners up. Ryan first appeared on television as herself in episodes of the Canadian music video review show \"Video on"}, {"title": "Katherine Ryan", "text": " Trial\" between season one in 2005 and her last appearance in 2008 in season three. After relocating to the United Kingdom, she first appeared on Channel 4's \"8 Out of 10 Cats\" in 2012. She had previously appeared in the cast of Channel 4's \"Campus\". On 23 February 2013, she appeared as a celebrity contestant on BBC One's \"Let's Dance for Comic Relief\" as Nicki Minaj dancing to \"Starships\". Ryan reached the final, and finished in fourth place. Ryan was later featured on the Whitney Cummings Just for Laughs 2013 Gala that was taped before a live audience on 28 July 2013. She has since taken new routines to the Edinburgh Festival. In 2015, Ryan replaced Steve Jones as the presenter of \"Hair\" on BBC Two. Also in 2015, Ryan became a panellist for Tinie Tempah's team on Sky 1's music/comedy panel show \"Bring the Noise\" and on the ITV2 show, \"Safeword\". In 2016, Ryan appeared on series 2 of \"Taskmaster\". She beat Doc Brown, Joe Wilkinson, Richard Osman and Jon Richardson, to win the season. Ryan went on a comedy tour in 2016, called \"Kathbum\", a name her toddler"}, {"title": "Katherine Ryan", "text": " sister used to call her. In February 2017, Netflix released \"Katherine Ryan: In Trouble\", featuring her stand-up comedy live performance at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, during that tour. She joined Jimmy Carr in 2017 to host four series of the reboot of \"Your Face or Mine?\". In 2018, Ryan joined American comedy panel show, \"The Fix\" as a team captain. In July 2019, Netflix released her second live stand-up special, \"\".</s><s>Career.:Actress. As an actress, Ryan has appeared on numerous television series in the UK, including the sitcoms \"Campus\", \"Episodes\" and \"Badults\". Ryan stars in the August 2020 season 1, Netflix comedy \"The Duchess,\" based on a single mother's life in London; she is credited as its writer, executive producer, and creator.</s><s>Career.:Other work. On 6 June 2014, YouTube comedy duo Jack and Dean released a music video for their song \"Consent\" featuring Ryan in an acting role. In 2015 and 2016 Ryan wrote a weekly column in the British entertainment magazine \"NME\". In 2016 she featured in Disney XD and Teletoon's animated television series \"Counterfeit Cat\", where she voiced Ranceford"}, {"title": "Katherine Ryan", "text": ", the stuck-up, white, odd-eyed cat and leader of the Sunshine Circle for Cats. In 2021 Ryan hosted the six-part reality competition \"\" on BBC2. Also in 2021 she presented the ITV2 dating show \"Ready to Mingle\". In November 2022 Ryan was the subject of an interview in the BBC series \"Louis Theroux Interviews...\" with Louis Theroux,  during which she told Theroux about the \"open secret\" of an alleged sexual abuser who was a prominent TV personality. In January 2023, Ryan appeared as \"Pigeon\" on the fourth series of \"The Masked Singer\".</s><s>Recognition. For her comedy work, Ryan won the 2008 Funny Women Award and was described as \"the funniest new female stand up in Britain\" by a national newspaper. In February 2023, Ryan won the Outstanding Female Comedy Entertainment Performance award at the 2023 National Comedy Awards for \"Backstage with Katherine Ryan\".</s><s>Personal life. Ryan dated English actor and TV presenter Jeff Leach and had a relationship with American comedian Alex Edelman. In 2019, Ryan entered into a civil partnership with Bobby Kootstra. The ceremony took place in Denmark in the presence of her daughter. The two had dated in Canada as"}, {"title": "Katherine Ryan", "text": " teenagers and were reunited when Ryan returned to her hometown while filming an episode of the TV show \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" Her second child, a son, was born in June 2021. Her third child, a daughter, was born in December 2022.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Katherine Ryan", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000421", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ralph Macchio.", "docs": [{"title": "Ralph Macchio", "text": "<s>Ralph Macchio Ralph George Macchio Jr. ( ; born November 4, 1961) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Daniel LaRusso in three \"Karate Kid\" films and in \"Cobra Kai\", a sequel television series. He also played Johnny Cade in \"The Outsiders\", Jeremy Andretti in \"Eight Is Enough,\" Bill Gambini in \"My Cousin Vinny\", Eugene Martone in \"Crossroads\", and Archie Rodriguez in \"Ugly Betty\", and had a recurring role as Officer Haddix in \"The Deuce\".</s><s>Early life. Macchio was born in Huntington, New York. He is the son of Rosalie (n\u00e9e DeSantis) and Ralph George Macchio Sr., who owned a few laundromats and a wastewater disposal company. Ralph has a younger brother Steven. His father is of half Italian and half Greek descent, and his mother is of Italian ancestry. In a 1980 screen test, Macchio said his family was from Naples. In 1979, Macchio graduated from Half Hollow Hills Central School District in New York. Macchio began tap dancing lessons at the age of three and was discovered by a talent agent when he was 16 years old.</s><s>Care"}, {"title": "Ralph Macchio", "text": "er.</s><s>Career.:Early roles. Macchio was cast as Jeremy Andretti for two seasons in the television series \"Eight Is Enough\". He next won the role of Johnny Cade in the 1983 film \"The Outsiders\".</s><s>Career.:\"Karate Kid\" films. His work on \"The Outsiders\" helped him to win the role of Daniel LaRusso in the blockbuster 1984 film \"The Karate Kid.\" He continued to portray the character in two of its sequels, \"The Karate Kid Part II\" (1986) and \"The Karate Kid Part III\" (1989). In \"The Karate Kid\", Macchio portrayed a \"high school weakling turned bullybuster\" who learns karate from his friend and mentor, Mr. Miyagi (portrayed by Pat Morita). Macchio's work in the \"Karate Kid\" series made him \"stratospherically famous\".</s><s>Career.:Later roles. Macchio appeared in the 1986 film \"Crossroads\", portraying music student Eugene Martone. Also in 1986, Macchio starred in \"Cuba and His Teddy Bear\" on Broadway, alongside Robert DeNiro. In 1992, he starred opposite Joe Pesci and Marisa Tomei in"}, {"title": "Ralph Macchio", "text": " the hit comedy \"My Cousin Vinny\", playing Billy Gambini, who was wrongfully accused of murder while passing through a small Alabama town. In 1996, Macchio performed the lead role of J. Pierrepont Finch in the U.S. tour revival of the 1962 Tony Award-winning musical \"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\", and received positive reviews. Referring to his performance as a chorister in a high school production of the same musical, Macchio said, \"I was known as the 'Dancing Kid,' not that I was all that great. But I had been dancing since the age of three, taking lessons at the June Claire School of Dance in Babylon, Long Island.\" In 2005, Macchio played himself in the HBO series \"Entourage\". Beginning in October 2008, he appeared in several episodes of the ABC Network television series \"Ugly Betty\" as Archie Rodriguez, a local politician who is Hilda's love interest. As of November 2008, Macchio was ranked No. 80 among VH1's \"100 Greatest Teen Stars\". On September 20, 2010, Macchio played the adult Carl Morelli in a staged reading of the Charles Messina play \"A Room of My Own\" presented by the B"}, {"title": "Ralph Macchio", "text": "leecker Street Theater Company. In February 2011, it was announced that Macchio would compete on ABC's \"Dancing with the Stars\". He was eliminated during the semi-finals, placing fourth in the overall competition. Macchio appeared in Canadian band Danko Jones' music videos for \"Had Enough\" and \"I Think Bad Thoughts\". In April 2012, Macchio was cast in the film \"Hitchcock\", based on the non-fiction book \"Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho\". Macchio portrayed \"Psycho\" screenwriter Joseph Stefano.</s><s>Career.:Post-\"Karate Kid\" and \"Cobra Kai\". Macchio appeared in the 2007 music video for the song \"Sweep the Leg\" by No More Kings as a caricature of himself and Daniel from \"The Karate Kid.\" In June 2010, Macchio appeared in Funny or Die's online short, \"Wax On, F*ck Off\", in which his loved ones stage an intervention to turn the former child star from a well-adjusted family man into an addict besieged with tabloid scandal in order to help his career, with frequent references to \"The Karate Kid\". A recurring joke in the sketch is that Macchio is confused for an adolescent. The"}, {"title": "Ralph Macchio", "text": " short was lauded by \"TV Guide\"'s Bruce Fretts, who referred to the video as \"sidesplitting\" and \"comic gold\". In 2013, he appeared in \"How I Met Your Mother\". One of the main characters, Barney Stinson, asserts that Macchio's character, Daniel LaRusso, in \"The Karate Kid\" is not the real karate kid; instead, it's Johnny Lawrence, Daniel's nemesis in the film. At a celebration of the 30th anniversary of \"The Karate Kid\" at the Japanese American National Museum in 2014, Macchio said that the yellow 1947 Ford convertible his character Daniel receives from Miyagi in the first film was sitting in his garage. Beginning in 2018, Macchio reprised his role as Daniel LaRusso in \"Cobra Kai\", an action comedy-drama series that began on YouTube Red and later moved to Netflix. \"Cobra Kai\" begins in the fall of 2017, and re-examines the \"Miyagi-Verse\" narrative from Johnny's point of view, beginning with his decision to reopen the Cobra Kai karate dojo, and the rekindling of his old rivalry with Daniel. Along with William Zabka, he"}, {"title": "Ralph Macchio", "text": " is also a co-executive producer of the series.</s><s>Career.:Post-\"Karate Kid\" and \"Cobra Kai\".:Memoir. In 2022, Macchio published the memoir \"Waxing On: The Karate Kid and Me\" (Dutton), in which he reflects upon the legacy of the \"Karate Kid\" films and \"Cobra Kai\".</s><s>Personal life. Macchio was introduced to his future wife, Phyllis Fierro, by his grandmother when he was 15. They married on April 5, 1987, and have two children, Julia (born 1992) and Daniel (born 1996). Fierro is a nurse practitioner. Macchio is a fan of the New York Islanders hockey team and was featured as the team's celebrity captain in the 1991 Pro Set Platinum trading card series. A 2016 bobblehead promotion saw his likeness in the team's uniform donning the iconic 'crane kick' pose from \"The Karate Kid\".</s><s>Book. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ralph Macchio", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000422", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rebecca Romijn.", "docs": [{"title": "Rebecca Romijn", "text": "<s>Rebecca Romijn Rebecca Alie O'Connell (n\u00e9e Romijn [ ; ], born November 6, 1972) is an American actress and former model. She is known for her role as Mystique in the original trilogy (2000\u20132006) of the \"X-Men\" film series, as Joan from \"The Punisher\" (2004) (both based on Marvel Comics), the dual roles of Laure Ash and Lily Watts in \"Femme Fatale\" (2002), and Una Chin-Riley on \"\" (2019) and \"\" (2022present). She has also had a recurring role as Alexis Meade on the television series \"Ugly Betty\". Her other major roles include Eve Baird on the TNT series \"The Librarians\", voicing Lois Lane in the DC Animated Movie Universe, and as the host of the reality competition show \"Skin Wars\".</s><s>Early life. Romijn was born in Berkeley, California. Her mother, Elizabeth Romijn (n\u00e9e Kuizenga), is a community college instructor of English as a Second Language (ESL) and textbook author. Rebecca's father, Jaap Romijn, is a custom furniture maker. Her father is a native of Barneveld, the Netherlands, while her"}, {"title": "Rebecca Romijn", "text": " mother is an American of Dutch and English ancestry. Her mother met Rebecca's father as a teenager while living in the Netherlands on a student exchange program. Romijn's maternal grandfather, Henry Bernard Kuizenga, was a Presbyterian minister and seminary professor. On \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", when questioned about always being glamorous and beautiful, Romijn revealed that in her early teens she was an insecure \"drama geek\" and that, as a result of her growth spurt, she suffered from scoliosis and was in constant pain. Many sources say that she was once nicknamed the \"Jolly Blonde Giant\" because of her height, but she has admitted to making that up \"for a laugh\". While studying music (voice) at the University of California, Santa Cruz, she became involved with fashion modeling and eventually moved to Paris, where she lived for more than three years.</s><s>Career. Among other jobs, Romijn started her modeling career in 1991. She has appeared on the covers of American, French, Spanish, Russian and Swedish editions of \"Elle\", \"Marie Claire\", American, Italian, Spanish, German, Portuguese, Russian, Greek, and Mexican editions of \"Cosmopolitan\", Allure\", Glamour\", \"G"}, {"title": "Rebecca Romijn", "text": "Q\", \"Esquire\", and \"Sports Illustrated\". She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Escada, Christian Dior, La Perla, Tommy Hilfiger, Furla, Liz Claiborne, J. Crew, Victoria's Secret, bebe, La Senza, Dillard's, Pantene, Got Milk?, Miller Lite, and Maybelline. She has walked for Giorgio Armani, Sonia Rykiel, and Anna Molinari along with the likes of Claudia Schiffer, Stephanie Seymour, Karen Mulder, Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell, Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, Helena Christensen and Christy Turlington. She was also the host of MTV's \"House of Style\" from 1998 to 2000. Romijn has been featured numerous times in annual lists of the world's most beautiful women by publications such as \"Maxim\" (2003\u20132007), AskMen.com (2001\u20132003, 2005\u20132006), and \"FHM\" (2000\u20132005). She appeared as a guest in the animated talk show \"Space Ghost Coast to Coast\" episode \"Chinatown\". In 2000's \"X-Men\", Romijn had her first major film role as Mystique; she returned to the role in 2003's sequel"}, {"title": "Rebecca Romijn", "text": " \"X2\" and for \"\" (2006). In these films, her costume consisted of blue makeup and some strategically placed prosthetics on her otherwise nude body. In \"X2\" she shows up in a bar in one scene in her \"normal\" look and in \"X-Men: The Last Stand\", as a dark-haired \"de-powered\" Mystique. The role has since been recast with Jennifer Lawrence playing the younger version of the character. She had her first leading role in Brian De Palma's \"Femme Fatale\" (2002). She also has starred in films such as \"Rollerball\", \"The Punisher\", and \"Godsend\". She played the leading role in \"Pepper Dennis\", a short-lived TV series on The WB. In January 2007, Romijn made her first appearance on the ABC series \"Ugly Betty\" as a full-time regular cast member. She played Alexis Meade, a transgender woman and the sister of lead character Daniel Meade. In April 2008, it was reported that Romijn would only be appearing as a recurring character in Season 3 due to a change in direction by the writing staff (aligning with Romijn's pregnancy, which would have been inconsistent with her character"}, {"title": "Rebecca Romijn", "text": "'s storyline). In November 2007, Romijn made a guest appearance on the ABC series \"Carpoolers\", where she played the ex-wife of the character Laird, played by her real-life husband Jerry O'Connell. Romijn starred in the ABC series \"Eastwick\", reuniting her with her former \"Pepper Dennis\" co-star, Lindsay Price, before ABC canceled the show on November 9, 2009. She appears in an uncredited cameo in the 2011 feature film \"\", appearing as an older version of the character played by Jennifer Lawrence. Romijn appeared as lab worker Jessie on the Adult Swim live-action show \"\" for two seasons. Between June and September 2013, she starred in TNT's series \"King & Maxwell\" as Michelle Maxwell, a former Secret Service agent who works as a private investigator. In addition to her film ventures, Romijn has also recorded music, performing a cover of Prince's \"Darling Nikki\" for the 2005 album \"Electro Goth Tribute to Prince\". She was also featured on the song \"Color Me Love\" for RuPaul's eighth studio album \"Realness\" in 2015. She starred as Eve Baird, the guardian of the eponymous group in \"The Librarians\", a direct spin-"}, {"title": "Rebecca Romijn", "text": "off of \"The Librarian\" film series. She also hosted GSN's original series and reality show \"Skin Wars\". In 2018 she voiced Lois Lane in the DC Animated Movie Universe. In 2019, she was a recurring guest in the second season of \"\", playing the character of Una Chin-Riley, first officer of the USS \"Enterprise\". She reprised the role in the spin-off series \"\", which was released in 2022. She and husband O\u2019Connell are currently the hosts of \"The Real Love Boat\", which premiered October 5, 2022 on CBS.</s><s>Personal life. Romijn began dating actor John Stamos in 1994 after they met at a Victoria's Secret fashion show where she was modeling. They became engaged on Christmas Eve 1997, and married on September 19, 1998 at the Beverly Hills Hotel. During the marriage, she used the name Rebecca Romijn-Stamos personally and professionally. They announced their separation in April 2004. Stamos filed for divorce in August 2004, and it became final on March 1, 2005. Romijn resumed using her maiden name, but revealed in an August 2013 interview on \"Conan\" that she had never legally changed her name back from Romijn-Stamos after a \"Con"}, {"title": "Rebecca Romijn", "text": "an\" staff member noticed \"Romijn-Stamos\" on her driver's license. In 2004, Romijn started dating actor Jerry O'Connell. They became engaged in September 2005, and married at their home in Calabasas, California on July 14, 2007. They have twin daughters, born in 2008.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rebecca Romijn", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000423", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Richard Kuklinski.", "docs": [{"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": "<s>Richard Kuklinski Richard Leonard Kuklinski (; April 11, 1935 \u2013 March 5, 2006), also known as The Iceman, was an American criminal and convicted contract killer. Kuklinski was engaged in criminal activities for most of his adult life; he ran a burglary ring and distributed pirated pornography. He committed at least five murders between 1980 and 1984. Prosecutors described him as someone who killed for profit. Kuklinski lived with his wife and children in the New Jersey suburb of Dumont. They knew him as a loving father and husband, although one who also had a violent temper. They stated that they were unaware of his crimes. He was given the moniker Iceman by authorities after they discovered that he had frozen the body of one of his victims in an attempt to disguise the time of death. Kuklinski's modus operandi was to lure men to clandestine meetings with the promise of lucrative business deals, then kill them and steal their money. He also killed two associates to prevent them from becoming informants. Eventually, Kuklinski came to the attention of law enforcement when an investigation into his burglary gang linked him to several murders, as he was the last person to have seen five missing men alive. An eighteen-"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": "month-long undercover operation led to his arrest in December 1986. In 1988, he was convicted of four murders and sentenced to life imprisonment. In 2003, he received an additional 30-year sentence after confessing to the murder of a police officer named Peter Calabro. After his murder convictions, Kuklinski gave interviews to writers, prosecutors, criminologists, and psychiatrists. He claimed to have murdered anywhere from 100 to 200 men, often in gruesome fashion. None of these additional murders have been corroborated. Kuklinski also claimed to have worked as a hitman for the Mafia. He said he participated in several famous Mafia killings, including the disappearance and presumed murder of Teamsters' president Jimmy Hoffa. Law enforcement and organized crime experts have expressed skepticism about Kuklinski's claimed Mafia ties. He was the subject of three HBO documentaries aired in 1992, 2001 and 2003; several biographies, and a 2012 feature film \"The Iceman\".</s><s>Early life. Richard Kuklinski was born in his family's apartment on 4th Street in Jersey City, New Jersey, to Stanley Kuklinski ( Stanis\u0142aw Kukli\u0144ski; December 22, 1906 \u2013 January 1977), a Polish immigrant from Karw"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": "acz, Masovian Voivodeship. His father worked as a brakeman on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. His mother was Anna McNally (January 31, 1911 \u2013 March 21, 1972) from Harsimus, a devoutly Catholic first-generation Irish American who worked in a meat-packing plant. He was the second of four children. According to Kuklinski, his father Stanley was a violent alcoholic who beat his children regularly and sometimes beat his wife. Stanley abandoned the family while Richard was still a child, but returned periodically, usually drunk, and his returns were often followed by more beatings for Richard. Anna Kuklinski reportedly was also often abusive. She would beat Richard with broom handles (sometimes breaking the handle on his body during the assaults) and other household objects. He recalled an incident during his pre-teen years when his mother attempted to kill his father Stanley with a kitchen knife. Anna was a zealous Catholic and believed that stern discipline should be accompanied by a strict religious upbringing. Richard, therefore, was raised in the Roman Catholic Church and served as an altar boy. Kuklinski later rejected Catholicism. He regarded his mother as a \"cancer\" who destroyed everything she touched. Kukl"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": "inski had three siblings. Kuklinski's brother Joseph was convicted in 1970 of raping a 12-year-old girl and murdering her by throwing her and her dog off the top of a five-story building. When asked about his brother's crimes, Kuklinski replied: \"We come from the same father.\"</s><s>Criminal history.</s><s>Criminal history.:Early crimes. In the mid-1960s, Kuklinski worked at a Manhattan film lab. Through the lab, he accessed master copies of popular films, and he made bootleg copies of Disney animated films to sell. Kuklinski also discovered a lucrative market for tapes of pornographic movies; copying and distributing pornography was a regular source of income for him. He was once arrested for passing a bad check, the only crime he was charged with prior to his arrest for murder. He was photographed and fingerprinted, but the charges were dropped after he agreed to pay back the money owed. Several of his known murder victims were men he met through trafficking pornography and drugs. He also headed a burglary group with Gary Smith, Barbara Deppner, Daniel Deppner, and Percy House.</s><s>Criminal history.:Murder of George Malliband. On January 30, 1980"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": ", Kuklinski killed George Malliband during a meeting to sell him tapes. Malliband was reportedly carrying $27,000 at the time. Malliband's body was discovered a week later, on February 5, 1980. Kuklinski had placed it in a 55-gallon drum and left it near the Chemitex chemical plant in Jersey City. He cut the tendons of Malliband's leg in order to fit the corpse into the barrel. This was the first murder linked to Kuklinski. Malliband's brother told police officers that Malliband was meeting Kuklinski the day he disappeared. After a plea bargain, Kuklinski admitted to shooting Malliband five times, saying, \"It was due to business.\"</s><s>Criminal history.:Murder of Paul Hoffman. In 1982, Kuklinski met Paul Hoffman, a 51-year-old pharmacist who occasionally browsed \"the store\" in Paterson, New Jersey, a storefront with a back room holding a wide variety of stolen items for sale. Hoffman hoped to make a big profit by purchasing stolen Tagamet, a popular drug to treat peptic ulcers, to re-sell through his pharmacy. He believed Kuklinski could supply the"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " drugs and badgered him to make a deal. Hoffman was last seen on his way to meet Kuklinski with $25,000 to buy prescription drugs from Kuklinski. After a plea bargain, Kuklinski admitted to killing Hoffman on April 29, 1982. He stated that he lured Hoffman into a rented garage and tried to shoot him, but the gun jammed. Instead, he beat Hoffman to death with a tire iron. He said he then stuffed the body into a 55-gallon drum and left it outside a motel in Little Ferry. One day, Kuklinski noticed that the drum had disappeared but never learned what had happened to it. Hoffman's body was never recovered.</s><s>Criminal history.:Murder of Gary Smith. By the early 1980s, Kuklinski's burglary gang was under investigation by law enforcement. In December 1982, Percy House, a member of the gang, was arrested. House agreed to inform on Kuklinski and was placed in protective custody. Warrants were also issued for the arrest of two other gang members, Gary Smith and Daniel Deppner. Kuklinski urged them to lay low and rented them a room at the York Motel in North Bergen, New Jersey."}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " Smith left the motel to visit his daughter. Kuklinski feared that Smith, after he discussed going straight, might become an informant. According to the testimony of Barbara Deppner, Kuklinski, Daniel Deppner, and House (in jail at the time) decided that Smith had to be killed. Kuklinski fed Smith a hamburger laced with cyanide, but when this was slow to work, Daniel Deppner also strangled Smith with a lamp cord. According to forensic pathologist Michael Baden, Smith's death would probably have been attributed to something non-homicidal in nature (such as drug overdose) if Kuklinski relied solely on the poison. However, the ligature mark around Smith's neck, and the fact that the body had been deliberately hidden, proved to investigators that he was murdered. After Barbara Deppner did not return with a car to move Smith's body, Kuklinski and Daniel Deppner placed it in between the mattress and box spring. Over the next four days, a number of patrons rented the room, and although they thought the smell in the room was odd, most of them did not think to look under the bed. Finally, on December 27, 1982, after"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " more complaints from guests about the smell, the motel manager investigated and discovered the decomposing corpse.</s><s>Criminal history.:Murder of Daniel Deppner. After Smith's murder, Kuklinski moved Deppner to an apartment in Bergenfield, New Jersey, belonging to Rich Patterson, then-fianc\u00e9 of Kuklinski's daughter, Merrick. Patterson was away at the time, but Kuklinski possessed keys to the apartment. Between February and May 1983, Deppner was killed by Kuklinski. Investigators deduced he was murdered in Patterson's apartment after discovering a bloody carpet. Kuklinski enlisted Patterson's help to dispose of Deppner's body, telling Patterson the victim was a friend in trouble with law enforcement and someone had broken in and killed him over the weekend. He added it was best to dump the body to avoid trouble with the police, then forget about the incident. Kuklinski made another mistake when he informed an associate that he had killed Deppner. Deppner's corpse was discovered May 14, 1983, after a bicyclist riding Clinton Road in a wooded area of West Milford, New Jersey, spotted the corpse surrounded by vultures. Kukl"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": "inski wrapped the corpse inside green garbage bags before dumping it. Medical examiners listed Deppner's cause of death as \"undetermined,\" although they noted pinkish spots on his skin, a possible sign of cyanide poisoning. Deppner was also strangled. Investigators guessed that Deppner had already been incapacitated, such as by poison, because the partially-eaten corpse had no defensive wounds and healthy adult men are rarely killed by strangulation. The medical examiner found Deppner's stomach full of undigested food, indicating that he had died shortly after (or during) a meal. The beans that Deppner had eaten were burned, so they reasoned the meal was home-cooked because most restaurants would not get away with serving burned food to customers. Investigating officers discovered the corpse just away from the ranch where Kuklinski's family often went horseback riding. Deppner was the third Kuklinski associate to be found dead.</s><s>Criminal history.:Louis Masgay discovered. On September 25, 1983, the body of Louis Masgay was discovered near a town park near Clausland Mountain Road in Orangetown, New York, with a bullet hole in the back of his head. Masgay disappeared over two"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " years earlier, on July 1, 1981, the day he was to meet Kuklinski at a New Jersey diner to purchase a large quantity of blank videocassette recorder tapes, for which Masgay had $95,000 in his van. His body was stored in a freezer, then discovered fifteen months later. After another plea bargain, Kuklinski admitted to shooting Masgay. However, Kuklinski did not thaw the corpse before he dumped it. He also wrapped it in plastic garbage bags, which kept it insulated and partially frozen. The Rockland County medical examiner found ice crystals inside the body on a warm September day. If the body had thawed before discovery, the medical examiner stated he probably would never have noticed Kuklinski's trickery. Investigators realized Masgay was wearing the clothes his wife and son said he was wearing the day he disappeared. The discovery Kuklinski froze Masgay's corpse encouraged law enforcement officers to nick-name him \"Iceman.\" Newspaper reporters sensationalized Kuklinski's frequently used moniker of \"Iceman\" in headlines.</s><s>Investigation and arrest. Kuklinski came to the attention of Pat Kane, an officer with the New Jersey State Police, when an informant helped"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " Kane connect him to a gang carrying out burglaries in northern New Jersey. He built a file on him. Eventually, five unsolved homicides\u2014Hoffman, Smith, Deppner, Masgay, and Malliband\u2014were linked to Kuklinski because he was the last person to see each of them alive. A joint task force of law enforcement officials titled \"Operation Iceman\" was created between the New Jersey Attorney General's office and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms dedicated to arresting and convicting Kuklinski. The ATF was involved due to Kuklinski's firearm sales. ATF Special Agent Dominick Polifrone went undercover for eighteen months to apprehend Kuklinski. Starting in 1985, Kane and Polifrone worked with Phil Solimene, a close long-time friend of Kuklinski, to get Polifrone close to Kuklinski. Posing as a Mafia-connected criminal named Dominic Provenzano, Polifrone purchased a handgun-muffler combination from Kuklinski. In recordings, Kuklinski discussed a corpse he kept in a freezer for two and a half years. He told Polifrone he preferred poison, saying \"Why be messy? You do it"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " nice and calm.\" He asked Polifrone if he could supply him with pure cyanide. Polifrone told Kuklinski he wanted to hire him to murder a wealthy Jewish cocaine dealer, and recorded Kuklinski speaking in detail about how he would do it. Kuklinski was also recorded boasting he killed a man by putting cyanide on his hamburger, and of his plans to kill \"a couple of rats\" (Barbara Deppner and Percy House). On December 17, 1986, Kuklinski met Polifrone to get cyanide for a planned murder, which was to be an attempt on an undercover police officer. After the recorded conversation with Polifrone, Kuklinski went for a walk. He tested Polifrone's (purported) cyanide on a stray dog, using a hamburger as bait, and saw it was not poison. Suspicious, Kuklinski decided not to go through with the planned murder and went home instead. He was arrested at a roadblock two hours later. His wife was charged with disorderly conduct for interfering with his arrest. Officers discovered a firearm in the vehicle, and she was charged with possession of a firearm because she was a passenger.</s><s>Trial and"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " incarceration. Prosecutors charged Kuklinski with five murder counts and six weapons violations, as well as attempted murder, robbery, and attempted robbery. Law enforcement officials said Kuklinski had large sums of money in Swiss bank accounts and a reservation on a flight to that country. Kuklinski was held on a $2million bail bond, and made to surrender his passport. After the arrest, Kuklinski told reporters \u2033This is unwarranted, unnecessary. These guys watch too many movies.\u2033 At a press conference, New Jersey state Attorney General W. Cary Edwards characterized the motive for the murders as \"profit\" and said \u2033He set individuals up for business deals, they disappeared, and the money ended up in his hands.\u2033 At trial, Kuklinski's former associates including Percy House and Barbara Deppner gave evidence against him as did ATF Special Agent Polifrone. The case was prosecuted by Deputy Attorney General Robert Carrol while Kuklinski was represented by a public defender. Kuklinski's lawyer argued Kuklinski had no history of violence, and only projected a \"tough image,\" including his statements to ATF Special Agent Polifrone. The defence theorized Deppner was responsible for the murder"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " of Smith, and there was no cause of death determined for Deppner. Additionally, he argued the testimony of House and Barbara Deppner was unreliable because they lied to law enforcement officials, and House received immunity from prosecution. In March 1988, jurors found Kuklinski guilty of murdering Smith and Deppner, but found the deaths were not proven to be by Kuklinski's conduct, meaning he would not face the death penalty. He was then sentenced to a minimum 60 years in prison. After the trial, Kuklinski pled guilty to killing Masgay and Malliband. Kuklinski was sentenced to an additional two life sentences to be served consecutively. State prosecutors explained he would spend the rest of his life in prison if he had successful appeals to his previous convictions. Kuklinski also confessed to killing Hoffman, but prosecutors decided not to go to trial as they had a weak case and additional life sentences would not have impacted Kuklinski's prison stay. As part of the plea bargains, the firearm charge against his wife and an unrelated marijuana possession charge against his son were dismissed. Kuklinski was ineligible for parole until 2046, when he would have been 111 years old. He was incarcerated at Trenton State"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " Prison. During his incarceration, Kuklinski granted interviews to prosecutors, psychiatrists, criminologists, and writers. Several television producers also spoke to Kuklinski about his criminal career, upbringing, and personal life. These talks culminated in three televised documentaries known as \"The Iceman Tapes\", broadcast on HBO in 1992, 2001, and 2003. According to his daughter, Merrick Kuklinski, her mother convinced Richard to do the interviews and she was paid \"handsomely\" for them. In the last installment, \"The Iceman and the Psychiatrist\", Kuklinski was interviewed by renowned forensic psychiatrist Dr. Park Dietz in 2002. Dietz stated he believed Kuklinski suffered from anti-social personality disorder plus paranoid personality disorder. Writers Anthony Bruno and Philip Carlo wrote biographies of Kuklinski. Kuklinski's wife, Barbara, received a share of the profits from the Bruno book.</s><s>Additional victims. In various interviews, Kuklinski claimed to have murdered around 200 people. He alleged he used multiple ways to kill people, including a crossbow, icepicks, a bomb attached to remote controlled toy, firearms, grenades, as well as cyanide solution spray he considered to be his"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " favorite. He said he committed his first murder at 14, and murdered homeless people for practice. In 2006, Paul Smith, a member of the task force involved in arresting Kuklinski \u2013 and later a supervisor of the organized crime division of the New Jersey Attorney General's office \u2013 said: \"I checked every one of the murders Kuklinski said he committed, and not one was true.\" He added, \"Authorities throughout the country could not corroborate one case based on the tidbits Kuklinski gave.\" In 2020, Dominick Polifrone said \"I don't believe he killed two-hundred people. I don't believe he killed a hundred people. I\u2019ll go as high as 15, maybe.\" Kuklinski also alleged he was a Mafia contract killer independently working for all the Five Families of New York City, as well as the DeCavalcante family of New Jersey. He claimed he carried out dozens of murders on behalf of Gambino soldier Roy DeMeo. He said he was one of the murderers of Bonanno family boss Carmine Galante in July 1979, and Gambino family boss Paul Castellano in December 1985. For the Castellano murder, Kuklinski said he was"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " personally recruited by John Gotti ally Sammy Gravano, who instructed him to kill Castellano's driver and bodyguard, Thomas Bilotti. He told Philip Carlo he was hired by John Gotti to kidnap, torture, and murder John Favara, the man who accidentally killed Gotti's 12-year-old son Frank after hitting him with his car. However, Kuklinski's alleged involvement in mafia hits has been disputed by other authorities. According to Jerry Capeci, \"[Philip Carlo] claims the Iceman killed Paul Castellano, Carmine Galante and Jimmy Hoffa, along with Roy DeMeo and about 200 others. C\u2019mon, do you believe that? I don't know anyone who believes that. No one.\" After he became a government witness in 1990, Sammy Gravano admitted to planning the murder of Castellano and Bilotti, but said the shooters were all members of John Gotti's crew and were chosen by Gotti; he did not mention Kuklinski. Anthony Bruno felt Kuklinski's participation in the killing of Castellano was \"highly unlikely\". Bruno noted that in 1986 Anthony Indelicato was convicted of Galante's murder and Kuklinski was not mentioned during"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " the trial. Kuklinski biographer Philip Carlo also acknowledged that Kuklinski's claim to have been involved in Galante's murder was untrue. Former Colombo family capo Michael Franzese called Kuklinski a \"pathological liar\" and said, \"I spent 25 years in that life, on the street. I never heard his name mentioned once. Not once.\" Kuklinski claimed he dumped bodies in caves in Bucks County, Pennsylvania and fed a victim to rats in the caves. However, in 2013, the \"Philadelphia Inquirer\" noted the caves have had a lot of visitors since Kuklinski's time, and no human remains have been discovered. Local cave enthusiast Richard Kranzel also queried the idea of flesh-eating rats, saying \"The only rats I encountered in caves are 'cave rats,' and they are reclusive and shy creatures, and definitely not fierce as Kuklinski claims.\" Law enforcement officers also doubt he stored a corpse for two years in a Mister Softee truck.</s><s>Additional victims.:Robert Prongay. In interviews and documentaries, Kuklinski says he killed Robert Prongay, a mentor to him. Prongay was murdered in 1984, shot multiple"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " times in the head, and was subsequently discovered in his Mister Softee ice cream truck. Robbery was not considered a motive at the time. Prongay had been about to go on trial for blowing up the front door of his ex-wife's house. Kuklinski says that Prongay taught him to use cyanide and other methods to kill, and it was Prongay who told him to freeze the body of Masgay. However, Kuklinski says he killed Prongay after he threatened his family. Law enforcement officials have considered Kuklinski a prime suspect in the murder since 1986, but the director of the New Jersey Division of Criminal Justice said no charges were sought because Kuklinski was convicted of other crimes. In 1993, in response to his claims, Hudson County Prosecutor said new charges against Kuklinski were possible since the Prongay murder was still an open investigation, and they would assess whether there was enough evidence to prosecute him. Ultimately, no charges were brought against Kuklinski for the Prongay murder.</s><s>Additional victims.:Roy DeMeo. Kuklinski claimed he killed Gambino Crime family member Roy DeMeo in an interview for the 1993 book \"\"The Ice"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": "man: The True Story of a Cold-Blooded Killer\"\" by Anthony Bruno\".\" He described DeMeo as a mentor of his, but after he fell behind on a loan to distribute pornography, he received a beating. The two later became business partners. Kuklinski says DeMeo taught him how murder for hire could be a way to make money. However, author Jerry Capeci, who has written extensively about DeMeo and the mafia, doubts Kuklinski killed DeMeo or had close ties to the DeMeo crew.\"\" Most sources indicate DeMeo was killed by members of his crew, with no suggestion Kuklinski was involved. Kuklinski is not mentioned in Capeci and Gene Mustain's book about the DeMeo crew, \"Murder Machine\", or Albert DeMeo's account of his father's life in the mob, \"For the Sins of My Father\". Philip Carlo, whose biography of Kuklinski includes the claim that he killed DeMeo, acknowledged in the postscript to a later edition that this claim was probably untrue.</s><s>Additional victims.:Peter Calabro. In his 2001 HBO interview, Kuklinski confessed to killing NYPD officer Peter Calabro,"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " who was ambushed and shot dead by an unknown gunman on March 14, 1980. Calabro was rumored to have mob connections and was investigated for selling confidential information to the Gambino family. His wife Carmella drowned under mysterious circumstances three years earlier and members of her family believed Calabro was responsible. At the time, his murder was thought by law enforcement officials to be revenge either carried out or arranged by his deceased wife's relatives. Her brothers were regarded as \"key suspects,\" but the crime remained unsolved. The Bergen County prosecutor believed Kuklinski's confession to be a fabrication, but his successor decided to proceed with the case. In February 2003, Kuklinski was charged with Calabro's murder, and received another sentence of thirty years. This was considered a waste because it was during multiple life sentences, plus he would be ineligible for parole until he was over the age of 100. Describing the murder, Kuklinski said he parked his van on the side of a narrow road, forcing other drivers to slow to pass. He lay in a snowbank behind his van until Calabro came by at 2 AM, then stepped out and shot him in the head with a sawed-off shotgun, decapitating Calabro"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": ". He stated he was unaware that Calabro was a police officer but said he probably would have murdered him anyway. Kuklinski claimed he was paid to kill Calabro by Gambino crime family soldier (later underboss) Sammy \"The Bull\" Gravano, and The Bull provided the murder weapon. Gravano, serving a twenty-year sentence in Arizona for drugs, was also indicted for the murder. Kuklinski was set to testify against him. Gravano denied any involvement in Calabro's death and rejected a plea bargain, under which, he would receive no additional jail time if he confessed to the crime and informed on all his accomplices. The charges against Gravano were dropped after Kuklinski's death in 2006.</s><s>Additional victims.:Jimmy Hoffa. In his 2001 HBO interview, \"Secrets of a Mafia Hitman\", Kuklinski said he knew who killed former Teamsters union president Jimmy Hoffa. Kuklinski did not claim any personal involvement in Hoffa's disappearance and presumed murder and did not identify any culprit. However, he later claimed he killed Hoffa. In his account, Kuklinski was part of a four-man kidnap team. They grabbed Hoffa in Detroit. While"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " they were in the car, Kuklinski killed Hoffa by stabbing him with a large hunting knife. He said he drove Hoffa's corpse from Detroit to a New Jersey junkyard. It was placed in a drum, set on fire, and then buried in the junkyard. Later, fearing an accomplice might snitch, the drum was disenterred, placed in the trunk of a car, and compacted into a cube. It was sold as scrap metal along with hundreds of other compacted cars. It was shipped off to Japan to be used in making new cars. Deputy Chief Bob Buccino, who worked on the Kuklinski case, said \"They took a body from Detroit, where they have one of the biggest lakes in the world, and drove it all the way back to New Jersey? Come on.\" Buccino added: \"We didn't believe a lot of things he said.\" Former FBI Special Agent Robert Garrity stated Kuklinski's admission to killing Hoffa was \"a hoax,\" and that Kuklinski was never a suspect in Hoffa's disappearance, adding \"I never heard of him.\" Anthony Bruno said he investigated Kuklinski's alleged involvement in Hoffa's disappearance but felt \"[his"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": "] story didn't check out.\" He opined Kuklinski made the confession to \"add extra value to his brand\", and so, he omitted the story from his biography of Kuklinski.</s><s>Personal life. Kuklinski's first wife, Linda, was nine years his senior. They had two sons, Richard Jr. and David. While working for a trucking company, he met Barbara Pedrici, a secretary at the same firm. Richard and Linda divorced, and he married Barbara in September 1961, and had two daughters, Merrick and Christin, and a son, Dwayne. Barbara described his behavior as alternating between \"good Richie\" and \"bad Richie.\" \"Good Richie\" was a hard-working provider and an affectionate father and loving husband, who enjoyed time with his family. Barbara remembered that when Merrick became seriously ill soon after she was born, Richard stayed up night after night to care for her. In contrast, \"Bad Richie\" \u2013 who would appear at irregular intervals: sometimes one day after another, other times not appearing for months \u2013 was prone to unpredictable fits of rage, smashing furniture and domestic violence. During these periods, he was physically abusive to his wife (one time breaking her nose and giving"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " her a black eye) and emotionally abusive towards his children. Merrick later recalled that he once killed her dog right in front of her to punish her for coming home late. Barbara stated that she had once told Richard she wanted to see other people. He responded by silently jabbing her from behind with a hunting knife so sharp she did not even feel the blade go in. He told her that she belonged to him and that if she tried to leave, he would kill her entire family; when Barbara began screaming at him in anger, he throttled her into unconsciousness. Merrick also remembered a number of road rage incidents involving her father. Kuklinski's family and Dumont, New Jersey neighbors were unaware of his activities, and instead believed he was a successful businessman. Barbara described him as a \"wholesale distributor\" and said he employed an accountant. She did suspect that some of his income was from illegal activities, due to their lifestyle and the large amounts of cash he often possessed. However, given his volatility, she never expressed these worries to him, instead maintaining a \"don't ask questions\" philosophy when it came to his business life or associates. If Richard suddenly left the house in the middle of the night, Barbara would never ask where he was"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " going. The Kuklinskis divorced in 1993, when Richard was in prison. Barbara said the divorce was for \"money reasons.\" She continued to visit him in prison, but only about once a year. On June 6, 1984, Kuklinski filed for personal bankruptcy listing debts of $160,697, and assets of only $300.</s><s>Death. In October 2005, after nearly 18 years in prison, Kuklinski was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease (an inflammation of the blood vessels). He was transferred to a secure wing at St. Francis Medical Center in Trenton, New Jersey. Although he had asked doctors to make sure they revived him if he developed cardiopulmonary arrest (or risk of heart attack), his then-former wife Barbara had signed a \"do not resuscitate\" order. A week before his death, the hospital called Barbara to ask if she wished to rescind the instruction, but she declined. Kuklinski died at age 70 on March 5, 2006. At the request of Kuklinski's family, noted forensic pathologist Michael Baden reviewed his autopsy report. Baden confirmed that Kuklinski died of cardiac arrest and had been suffering with heart disease and phlebitis. Michael Shannon"}, {"title": "Richard Kuklinski", "text": " played Kuklinski in the 2012 film \"The Iceman\" loosely based on Anthony Bruno's book \"The Iceman: The True Story of a Cold-Blooded Killer\". The film was directed by Ariel Vromen and also stars Winona Ryder, Ray Liotta, Stephen Dorff, and Chris Evans. Another movie about Kuklinski which was to star Mickey Rourke in the title role was announced in 2010 but ultimately never made.</s><s>Further reading. - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Richard Kuklinski", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000424", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Aaron Burr.", "docs": [{"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": "<s>Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Jr. (February 6, 1756 \u2013 September 14, 1836) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the third vice president of the United States from 1801 to 1805. Burr's legacy is defined by his famous personal conflict with Alexander Hamilton that culminated with Burr killing Hamilton in a duel in 1804, while Burr was vice president. Burr was born to a prominent family in New Jersey. After studying theology at Princeton, he began his career as a lawyer before joining the Continental Army as an officer in the American Revolutionary War in 1775. After leaving military service in 1779, Burr practiced law in New York City, where he became a leading politician and helped form the new Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party. As a New York Assemblyman in 1785, Burr supported a bill to end slavery, despite having owned slaves himself. At age 26, Burr married Theodosia Bartow Prevost, who died in 1794 after twelve years of marriage. They had one daughter, Theodosia. In 1791, Burr was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served until 1797. Burr would later run as the Democratic-Republican presidential candidate in the 1800 election. An electoral college tie between Burr and"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " Thomas Jefferson resulted in the House of Representatives voting in Jefferson's favor, with Burr becoming Jefferson's vice president due to receiving the second-highest share of the votes. Although Burr maintained that he supported Jefferson, the president was highly suspicious of Burr, who was relegated to the sidelines of the administration during his vice presidency and was not selected as Jefferson's running mate in 1804 after the ratification of the 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. During his last year as vice president, Burr engaged in the duel in which he fatally shot Alexander Hamilton, his political rival, near where Hamilton's son Philip Hamilton died three years prior. Although dueling was illegal, Burr was never tried, and all charges against him were eventually dropped. Nevertheless, Hamilton's death ended Burr's political career. Burr traveled west to the American frontier, seeking new economic and political opportunities. His secretive activities led to his 1807 arrest in Alabama on charges of treason. He was brought to trial more than once for what became known as the Burr conspiracy, an alleged plot to create an independent country led by Burr, but was acquitted each time. With large debts and few influential friends, Burr left the United States to live as an expatriate in Europe. He returned in 1812 and resumed practicing law"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " in New York City. Burr's brief second marriage resulted in divorce and further scandal. Handicapped by a stroke and financially ruined, Burr died at a boarding house in 1836.</s><s>Early life. Aaron Burr Jr. was born in 1756 in Newark, New Jersey, as the second child of the Reverend Aaron Burr Sr., a Presbyterian minister and second president of the College of New Jersey, which became Princeton University. His mother Esther Edwards Burr was the daughter of noted theologian Jonathan Edwards and his wife Sarah. Burr had an older sister Sarah (\"Sally\"), who was named for her maternal grandmother. She married Tapping Reeve, founder of the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut. Burr's father died in 1757 while serving as president of the college at Princeton. Burr's grandfather, Jonathan Edwards, succeeded Burr's father as president and came to live with Burr and his mother in December 1757. Edwards died in March 1758, and Burr's mother and grandmother died within the same year, leaving Burr and his sister orphaned when he was two years old. Young Aaron and Sally were then placed with the William Shippen family in Philadelphia. In 1759, the children's guardianship was assumed by their 21-year-"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": "old maternal uncle Timothy Edwards. The next year, Edwards married Rhoda Ogden and moved the family to Elizabeth, New Jersey where Burr attended the Elizabethtown Academy. Burr had a very strained relationship with his uncle, who was often physically abusive. As a child, he made several attempts to run away from home. At age 13, Burr was admitted to Princeton as a sophomore, where he joined the American Whig Society and the Cliosophic Society, the college's literary and debating societies. In 1772, at age 16, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree, but continued studying theology at Princeton for an additional year. He then undertook rigorous theological training with Joseph Bellamy, a Presbyterian, but changed his career path after two years. At age 19, he moved to Connecticut to study law with his brother-in-law Tapping Reeve. In 1775, news reached Litchfield of the clashes with British troops at Lexington and Concord, and Burr put his studies on hold to enlist in the Continental Army.</s><s>Early life.:Revolutionary War. During the American Revolutionary War, Burr took part in Colonel Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec, an arduous trek of more than through the frontier of Maine. Arnold was impressed by Burr's \"great spirit"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " and resolution\" during the long march. He sent him up the Saint Lawrence River to contact General Richard Montgomery, who had taken Montreal, and escort him to Quebec. Montgomery then promoted Burr to captain and made him an aide-de-camp. Burr distinguished himself during the Battle of Quebec on December 31, 1775, where he attempted to recover Montgomery's corpse after he had been killed. In the spring of 1776, Burr's stepbrother Matthias Ogden helped him to secure a position with George Washington's staff in Manhattan, but he quit on June 26 to be on the battlefield. General Israel Putnam took Burr under his wing, and Burr saved an entire brigade from capture after the British landing in Manhattan by his vigilance in the retreat from lower Manhattan to Harlem. Washington failed to commend his actions in the next day's General Orders, which was the fastest way to obtain a promotion. Burr was already a nationally known hero, but he never received a commendation. According to Ogden, he was infuriated by the incident, which may have led to the eventual estrangement between him and Washington. Nevertheless, Burr defended Washington's decision to evacuate New York as \"a necessary consequence\". It was not until the 1790s that the two men found themselves on opposite"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " sides in politics. Burr was briefly posted in Kingsbridge during 1776, at which time he was charged with protecting 14-year-old Margaret Moncrieffe, the daughter of Staten Island-based British Major Thomas Moncrieffe. Miss Moncrieffe was in Manhattan \"behind enemy lines,\" and Major Moncrieffe asked Washington to ensure her safe return there. Burr fell in love with Margaret, and Margaret's attempts to remain with Burr were unsuccessful. In late 1776, Burr attempted to secure Washington's approval to retake fortifications held by the British on Staten Island, citing his deep familiarity with the area. Washington deferred taking such actions until possibly later in the conflict (which ultimately were not attempted). The British learned of Burr's plans and afterwards took extra precautions. Burr was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July 1777 and assumed virtual leadership of Malcolm's Additional Continental Regiment. There were approximately 300 men under Colonel William Malcolm's nominal command, but Malcolm was frequently called upon to perform other duties, leaving Burr in charge. The regiment successfully fought off many nighttime raids into central New Jersey by Manhattan-based British troops who arrived by water. Later that year, Burr commanded a small contingent during the harsh winter encampment at Valley Forge, guarding \"the Gulph,\""}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " an isolated pass that controlled one approach to the camp. He imposed discipline and defeated an attempted mutiny by some of the troops. Burr's regiment was devastated by British artillery on June 28, 1778, at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey, and Burr suffered heatstroke. In January 1779, he was assigned to Westchester County, New York in command of Malcolm's Regiment, a region between the British post at Kingsbridge, Bronx and that of the Americans about to the north. This district was part of the more significant command of General Alexander McDougall, and there was much turbulence and plundering by lawless bands of civilians and by raiding parties of ill-disciplined soldiers from both armies. In March 1779, due to continuing bad health, Burr resigned from the Continental Army. He renewed his study of law. Technically, he was no longer in the service, but he remained active in the war; he was assigned by General Washington to perform occasional intelligence missions for Continental generals, such as Arthur St. Clair. On July 5, 1779, he rallied a group of Yale students at New Haven, Connecticut, along with Captain James Hillhouse and the Second Connecticut Governor's Guards, in a skirmish with the British at the West River"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": ". The British advance was repulsed, forcing them to enter New Haven from Hamden, Connecticut.</s><s>Early life.:Marriage to Theodosia Bartow Prevost. Burr met Theodosia Bartow Prevost in August 1778 while she was married to Jacques Marcus Prevost, a Swiss-born British officer in the Royal American Regiment. In Prevost's absence, Burr began regularly visiting Theodosia at The Hermitage, her home in New Jersey. Although she was ten years older than Burr, the constant visits provoked gossip, and by 1780 the two were openly lovers. In December 1781, he learned that Prevost had died in Jamaica of yellow fever. Theodosia and Aaron Burr were married in 1782, and they moved to a house on Wall Street in Lower Manhattan. After several years of severe illness, Theodosia died in 1794 from stomach or uterine cancer. Their only child to survive to adulthood was Theodosia Burr Alston, born in 1783.</s><s>Law and politics. Despite his wartime activities, Burr finished his studies and was admitted to the bar at Albany, New York in 1782, the year of his marriage. He began practicing law in New York City"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " the following year after the British evacuated the city. Burr served in the New York State Assembly in 1784\u201385. In 1784, as an assemblyman, Burr unsuccessfully sought to abolish slavery immediately following the American Revolutionary War. Also, he continued his military service as a lieutenant colonel and commander of a regiment in the militia brigade commanded by William Malcolm. He became seriously involved in politics in 1789, when George Clinton appointed him as New York State Attorney General. He was also Commissioner of Revolutionary War Claims in 1791. In 1791, he was elected by the legislature as a Senator from New York, defeating incumbent General Philip Schuyler. He served in the Senate until 1797. Burr ran for president in the 1796 election and received 30 electoral votes, coming in fourth behind John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Pinckney. He was shocked by this defeat, but many Democratic-Republican electors voted for Jefferson and no one else, or for Jefferson and a candidate other than Burr. (Jefferson and Burr were again candidates for president and vice president during the election of 1800. Jefferson ran with Burr in exchange for Burr working to obtain New York's electoral votes for Jefferson.) President John Adams appointed Washington as commanding general of U.S. forces in 1798"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": ", but he rejected Burr's application for a brigadier general's commission during the Quasi-War with France. Washington wrote, \"By all that I have known and heard, Colonel Burr is a brave and able officer, but the question is whether he has not equal talents at intrigue.\" Burr was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1798 and served there through 1799. During this time, he cooperated with the Holland Land Company in gaining passage of a law to permit aliens to hold and convey lands. National parties became clearly defined during Adams' Presidency, and Burr loosely associated himself with the Democratic-Republicans. However, he had moderate Federalist allies such as Senator Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey.</s><s>Law and politics.:New York City politics. Burr quickly became a key player in New York politics, largely due to the power of the Tammany Society (which became Tammany Hall). Burr converted it from a social club into a political machine to help Jefferson reach the presidency, particularly in crowded New York City. In September 1799, Burr fought a duel with John Barker Church, whose wife Angelica was the sister of Alexander Hamilton's wife Elizabeth. Church had accused Burr of taking a bribe from the Holland Company in exchange for his political influence. Burr and Church"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " fired at each other and missed, and afterward, Church acknowledged that he was wrong to have accused Burr without proof. Burr accepted this as an apology, and the two men shook hands and ended the dispute. In 1799, Burr founded the Bank of the Manhattan Company, and the enmity between him and Hamilton may have arisen from how he did so. Before the establishment of Burr's bank, the Federalists held a monopoly on banking interests in New York via the federal government's Bank of the United States and Hamilton's Bank of New York. These banks financed operations of significant business interests owned by aristocratic members of the city. Hamilton had prevented the formation of rival banks in the city. Small businessmen relied on tontines to buy property and establish a voting voice (at this time, voting was based upon property rights). Burr solicited support from Hamilton and other Federalists under the guise that he was establishing a badly needed water company for Manhattan. He secretly changed the application for a state charter at the last minute to include the ability to invest surplus funds in any cause that did not violate state law, and dropped any pretense of founding a water company once he had gained approval (although he did dig a well and built a large working water storage tank on the site of"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " his bank, which was still standing and apparently still working in 1898). Hamilton and other supporters believed that he had acted dishonorably in deceiving them. Meanwhile, construction was delayed on a safe water system for Manhattan, and writer Ron Chernow suggests that the delay may have contributed to deaths during a subsequent malaria epidemic. Burr's Manhattan Company was more than a bank; it was a tool to promote Democratic-Republican power and influence, and its loans were directed to partisans. By extending credit to small businessmen, who then obtained enough property to gain the franchise, the bank was able to increase the party's electorate. Federalist bankers in New York responded by trying to organize a credit boycott of Democratic-Republican businessmen.</s><s>1800 presidential election. In the 1800 city elections, Burr combined the political influence of the Manhattan Company with party campaign innovations to deliver New York's support for Jefferson. In 1800, New York's state legislature was to choose the presidential electors, as they had in 1796 (for John Adams). Before the April 1800 legislative elections, the State Assembly was controlled by the Federalists. The City of New York elected assembly members on an at-large basis. Burr and Hamilton were the key campaigners for their respective parties. Burr's Democratic-Republican slate of assemblymen"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " for New York City was elected, giving the party control of the legislature, which in turn gave New York's electoral votes to Jefferson and Burr. This drove another wedge between Hamilton and Burr. Burr enlisted the help of Tammany Hall to win the voting for selection of Electoral College delegates. He gained a place on the Democratic-Republican presidential ticket in the 1800 election with Jefferson. Though Jefferson and Burr won New York, he and Burr tied for the presidency overall, with 73 electoral votes each. Members of the Democratic-Republican Party understood they intended that Jefferson should be president and Burr vice president, but the tied vote required that the final choice be made by the House of Representatives, with each of the 16 states having one vote, and nine votes needed for election. Publicly, Burr remained quiet and refused to surrender the presidency to Jefferson, the great enemy of the Federalists. Rumors circulated that Burr and a faction of Federalists were encouraging Republican representatives to vote for him, blocking Jefferson's election in the House. However, solid evidence of such a conspiracy was lacking, and historians generally gave Burr the benefit of the doubt. In 2011, however, historian Thomas Baker discovered a previously unknown letter from William P. Van Ness to Edward Livingston, two leading Democratic-Republicans in New York"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": ". Van Ness was very close to Burr \u2013 serving as his second in the next duel with Hamilton. As a leading Democratic-Republican, Van Ness secretly supported the Federalist plan to elect Burr as president and tried to get Livingston to join. Livingston agreed at first, then reversed himself. Baker argues that Burr probably supported the Van Ness plan: \"There is a compelling pattern of circumstantial evidence, much of it newly discovered, that strongly suggests Aaron Burr did exactly that as part of a stealth campaign to compass the presidency for himself.\" The attempt did not work, due partly to Livingston's reversal, but more to Hamilton's vigorous opposition to Burr. Jefferson was ultimately elected president, and Burr vice president.</s><s>Vice presidency (1801\u20131805). Jefferson never trusted Burr, so he was effectively shut out of party matters. As Vice President, Burr earned praise from some enemies for his even-handed fairness and his judicial manner as President of the Senate; he fostered some practices for that office that have become time-honored traditions. Burr's judicial manner in presiding over the impeachment trial of Justice Samuel Chase has been credited as helping to preserve the principle of judicial independence that was established by \"Marbury v. Madison\" in 1803. One newspaper wrote that Burr"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " had conducted the proceedings with the \"impartiality of an angel, but with the rigor of a devil\". Burr was not nominated to a second term as Jefferson's running mate in Jefferson's successful 1804 re-election campaign and New York governor George Clinton replaced Burr as Jefferson's vice president on March 4, 1805. Burr's farewell speech on March 2, 1805 moved some of his harshest critics in the Senate to tears. But the 20-minute speech was never recorded in full, and has been preserved only in short quotes and descriptions of the address, which defended the United States of America's system of government.</s><s>Vice presidency (1801\u20131805).:Duel with Hamilton. When it became clear that Jefferson would drop Burr from his ticket in the 1804 election, the Vice President ran for Governor of New York instead. Burr lost the election to little known Morgan Lewis, in what was the most significant margin of loss in New York's history up to that time. Burr blamed his loss on a personal smear campaign believed to have been orchestrated by his party rivals, including New York governor George Clinton. Alexander Hamilton also opposed Burr, due to his belief that Burr had entertained a Federalist secession movement in New York. In April, the \""}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": "Albany Register\" published a letter from Dr. Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler, which relayed Hamilton's judgment that Burr was \"a dangerous man and one who ought not to be trusted with the reins of government,\" and claiming to know of \"a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Mr. Burr\". In June, Burr sent this letter to Hamilton, seeking an affirmation or disavowal of Cooper's characterization of Hamilton's remarks. Hamilton replied that Burr should give specifics of Hamilton's remarks, not Cooper's. He said he could not answer regarding Cooper's interpretation. A few more letters followed, in which the exchange escalated to Burr's demanding that Hamilton recant or deny any statement disparaging Burr's honor over the past 15 years. Hamilton, having already been disgraced by the Maria Reynolds adultery scandal and mindful of his reputation and honor, did not. According to historian Thomas Fleming, Burr would have immediately published such an apology, and Hamilton's remaining power in the New York Federalist party would have been diminished. Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a duel, personal combat under the formalized rules for dueling, the \"code duello\". Dueling had been outlawed in New York; the sentence for conviction of dueling was death."}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " It was illegal in New Jersey as well, but the consequences were less severe. On July 11, 1804, the enemies met outside Weehawken, New Jersey, at the same spot where Hamilton's oldest son had died in a duel just three years prior. Both men fired, and Hamilton was mortally wounded by a shot just above the hip. The observers disagreed on who fired first. They did agree that there was a three-to-four-second interval between the first and the second shot, raising difficult questions in evaluating the two camps' versions. Historian William Weir speculated that Hamilton might have been undone by his machinations: secretly setting his pistol's trigger to require only a half-pound of pressure as opposed to the usual 10\u00a0pounds. Weir contends, \"There is no evidence that Burr even knew that his pistol had a set trigger.\"{{cite book }} Louisiana State University history professors Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein concur with this. They note that \"Hamilton brought the pistols, which had a larger barrel than regular dueling pistols, and a secret hair-trigger, and were therefore much more deadly,\" and conclude that \"Hamilton gave himself an unfair advantage in their duel, and got the worst of it anyway.\" However, other"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " accounts state that Hamilton reportedly quietly responded \"not this time\" when his second, Nathaniel Pendleton, asked whether he would set the hair-trigger feature. David O. Stewart, in his biography of Burr, \"American Emperor\", notes that the reports of Hamilton's intentionally missing Burr with his shot began to be published in newspaper reports in papers friendly to Hamilton only in the days after his death. But Ron Chernow, in his biography, \"Alexander Hamilton\", states Hamilton told numerous friends well before the duel of his intention to avoid firing at Burr. Additionally, Hamilton wrote several letters, including a \"Statement on Impending Duel With Aaron Burr\" and his last missives to his wife dated before the duel, which also attest to his intention. The second shot, witnesses reported, followed so soon after the first that witnesses could not agree on who fired first. Before the duel proper, Hamilton took a good deal of time getting used to the feel and weight of the pistol (which had been used in the duel at the same Weehawken site in which his 19-year-old son had been killed), as well as putting on his glasses to see his opponent more clearly. The seconds placed Hamilton so that Burr would have the rising sun behind him, and during the brief"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " duel, one witness reported, Hamilton seemed to be hindered by this placement as the sun was in his eyes. Each man took one shot. Burr's fatally injured Hamilton, while Hamilton's was purposely fired into the air. Burr's bullet entered Hamilton's abdomen above his right hip, piercing Hamilton's liver and spine. Hamilton was evacuated to the Manhattan home of a friend, William Bayard Jr., where he and his family received visitors including Episcopal bishop Benjamin Moore, who gave Hamilton the last rites. Burr was charged with multiple crimes, including murder, in New York and New Jersey, but was never tried in either jurisdiction. He fled to South Carolina, where his daughter lived with her family, but soon returned to Philadelphia and then to Washington to complete his term as vice president. He avoided New York and New Jersey for a time, but all the charges against him were eventually dropped. In the case of New Jersey, the indictment was thrown out on the basis that, although Hamilton was shot in New Jersey, he died in New York.</s><s>Post-vice presidency (1805\u20131836).</s><s>Post-vice presidency (1805\u20131836).:Conspiracy and trial. After Burr left the vice presidency at the end of his term in 1805, he"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " journeyed to the Western frontier, areas west of the Allegheny Mountains and down the Ohio River Valley eventually reaching the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. Burr had leased 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) of land \u2014 known as the Bastrop Tract \u2014 along the Ouachita River, in present-day Louisiana, from the Spanish government. Starting in Pittsburgh and then proceeding to Beaver, Pennsylvania, and Wheeling, Virginia, and onward he drummed up support for his planned settlement, whose purpose and status was unclear. His most important contact was General James Wilkinson, Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Army at New Orleans, and Governor of the Louisiana Territory. Others included Harman Blennerhassett, who offered the use of his private island for training and outfitting Burr's expedition. Wilkinson would later prove to be a bad choice. Burr saw war with Spain as a distinct possibility. In case of a war declaration, Andrew Jackson stood ready to help Burr, who would be in a position to join in immediately. Burr's expedition of about eighty men carried modest arms for hunting, and no war \"materiel\" was ever revealed, even when Blennerhassett Island was seized by Ohio militia. The aim"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " of his \"conspiracy,\" he always avowed, was that if he settled there with a large group of armed \"farmers\" and war broke out, he would have a force with which to fight and claim land for himself, thus recouping his fortunes. However, the war did not come as Burr expected: the 1819 Adams\u2013On\u00eds Treaty secured Florida for the United States without a fight, and war in Texas did not occur until 1836, the year Burr died. After a near-incident with Spanish forces at Natchitoches, Wilkinson decided he could best serve his conflicting interests by betraying Burr's plans to President Jefferson and his Spanish paymasters. Jefferson issued an order for Burr's arrest, declaring him a traitor before any indictment. Burr read this in a newspaper in the Territory of Orleans on January 10, 1807. Jefferson's warrant put Federal agents on his trail. Burr twice turned himself in to Federal authorities, and both times judges found his actions legal and released him. Jefferson's warrant, however, followed Burr, who fled toward Spanish Florida. He was intercepted at Wakefield, in Mississippi Territory (now in the state of Alabama), on February 19, 1807. He was confined to Fort Stoddert after being arrested"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " on charges of treason. Burr's secret correspondence with Anthony Merry and the Marquis of Casa Yrujo, the British and Spanish ministers at Washington, was eventually revealed. He had tried to secure money and to conceal what may have been his true design, to help Mexico overthrow Spanish power in the Southwest. If Burr intended to found a dynasty in what would have become former Mexican territory this was a misdemeanor, based on the Neutrality Act of 1794, which Congress passed to block filibuster expeditions against U.S. neighbors, such as those of George Rogers Clark and William Blount. Jefferson, however, sought the highest charges against Burr. In 1807, Burr was brought to trial on a charge of treason before the United States Circuit court at Richmond, Virginia. His defense lawyers included Edmund Randolph, John Wickham, Luther Martin, and Benjamin Gaines Botts. Burr had been arraigned four times for treason before a grand jury indicted him. The only physical evidence presented to the Grand Jury was Wilkinson's so-called letter from Burr, which proposed the idea of stealing land in the Louisiana Purchase. During the Jury's examination, the court discovered that the letter was written in Wilkinson's handwriting. He said he had made a copy because he had lost the original."}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " The Grand Jury threw the letter out as evidence, and the news made a laughingstock of the General for the rest of the proceedings. The trial, presided over by Chief Justice John Marshall, began on August 3. requires that treason either be admitted in open court, or proven by an overt act witnessed by two people. Since no two witnesses came forward, Burr was acquitted on September 1, despite the full force of the Jefferson administration's political influence thrown against him. Burr was immediately tried on a misdemeanor charge and was again acquitted. Given that Jefferson was using his influence as president to obtain a conviction, the trial was a major test of the Constitution and the concept of separation of powers. Jefferson challenged the authority of the Supreme Court, specifically Chief Justice Marshall, an Adams appointee who clashed with Jefferson over John Adams' last-minute judicial appointments. Jefferson believed that Burr's treason was obvious. Burr sent a letter to Jefferson in which he stated that he could do Jefferson much harm. The case, as tried, was decided on whether Aaron Burr was present at certain events at certain times and in certain capacities. Thomas Jefferson used all of his influence to get Marshall to convict, but Marshall was not swayed. Historians Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein write that Burr: David O."}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " Stewart, on the other hand, insists that while Burr was not explicitly guilty of treason, according to Marshall's definition, evidence exists that links him to treasonous crimes. For example, Bollman admitted to Jefferson during an interrogation that Burr planned to raise an army and invade Mexico. He said that Burr believed that he should be Mexico's monarch, as a republican government was not right for the Mexican people. Many historians believe the extent of Burr's involvement may never be known.</s><s>Post-vice presidency (1805\u20131836).:Exile and return. By the conclusion of his trial for treason, despite an acquittal, all of Burr's hopes for a political comeback had been dashed, and he fled America and his creditors for Europe. Dr. David Hosack, Hamilton's physician and a friend to both Hamilton and Burr, lent Burr money for passage on a ship. Burr lived in self-imposed exile from 1808 to 1812, passing most of this period in England, where he occupied a house on Craven Street in London. He became a good friend, even confidant, of the English Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, and on occasion lived at Bentham's home. He also spent time in Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " France. Ever hopeful, he solicited funding for renewing his plans for a conquest of Mexico but was rebuffed. He was ordered out of England and Emperor Napoleon of France refused to receive him. However, one of his ministers held an interview concerning Burr's goals for Spanish Florida or the British possessions in the Caribbean. After returning from Europe, Burr used the surname \"Edwards,\" his mother's maiden name, for a while to avoid creditors. With help from old friends Samuel Swartwout and Matthew L. Davis, Burr returned to New York and his law practice. Later he helped the heirs of the Eden family in a financial lawsuit. By the early 1820s, the remaining members of the Eden household, Eden's widow and two daughters, had become a surrogate family to Burr.</s><s>Post-vice presidency (1805\u20131836).:Later life and death. Despite financial setbacks, after returning, Burr lived out the remainder of his life in New York in relative peace until 1833. On July 1, 1833, at age 77, Burr married Eliza Jumel, a wealthy widow who was 19 years younger. They lived together briefly at her residence which she had acquired with her first husband, the Morris-Jumel Mansion in"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, it is now preserved and open to the public. Soon after the marriage, Jumel realized her fortune was dwindling due to Burr's land speculation losses, so she separated from him after four months of marriage. She chose Alexander Hamilton Jr. as her divorce lawyer in 1834, the same year Burr suffered an immobilizing stroke. He died on Staten Island in the village of Port Richmond, in a boardinghouse that later became known as the St. James Hotel on September 14, 1836, the same day the divorce was officially completed. He was buried near his father in Princeton, New Jersey.</s><s>Personal life. In addition to his daughter Theodosia, Burr was the father of at least three other children and he adopted two sons. Burr also acted as a parent to his two stepsons by his wife's first marriage and he became a mentor or guardian to several prot\u00e9g\u00e9s who lived in his home.</s><s>Personal life.:Burr's daughter Theodosia. Theodosia Burr was born in 1783 and was named after her mother. She was the only child of Burr's marriage to Theodosia Bartow Prevost who survived to"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " adulthood. A second daughter, Sally, lived to the age of three. Burr was a devoted and attentive father to Theodosia. Believing that a young woman should have an education equal to that of a young man, Burr prescribed a rigorous course of studies for her which included the classics, French, horsemanship and music. Their surviving correspondence indicates that he affectionately treated his daughter as a close friend and confidante as long as she lived. Theodosia became widely known for her education and accomplishments. In 1801, she married Joseph Alston of South Carolina. They had a son together, Aaron Burr Alston, who died of fever at age ten. During the winter of 1812\u20131813, Theodosia was lost at sea with the schooner \"Patriot\" off the Carolinas, either murdered by pirates or shipwrecked in a storm.</s><s>Personal life.:Stepchildren and prot\u00e9g\u00e9s. Upon Burr's marriage, he became stepfather to the two teenage sons of his wife's first marriage. Augustine James Frederick Prevost (called Frederick) and John Bartow Prevost had both joined their father in the Royal American Regiment in December 1780, at the ages of 16 and 14. When they returned in"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " 1783 to become citizens of the United States, Burr acted as a father to them: he assumed responsibility for their education, gave both of them clerkships in his law office, and frequently was accompanied by one of them as an assistant when he traveled on business. John was later appointed by Thomas Jefferson to a post in the Territory of Orleans as the first judge of the Louisiana Supreme Court. Burr served as a guardian to Nathalie de Lage de Volude (1782\u20131841) from 1794 to 1801, during Theodosia's childhood. The young daughter of a French marquis, Nathalie had been taken to New York for safety during the French Revolution by her governess Caroline de Senat. Burr opened his home to them, allowing Madame Senat to tutor private students there along with his daughter, and Nathalie became a companion and close friend to Theodosia. While traveling to France for an extended visit in 1801, Nathalie met Thomas Sumter Jr., a diplomat and the son of General Thomas Sumter. They married in Paris in March 1802, before returning to his home in South Carolina. From 1810 to 1821, they lived in Rio de Janeiro, where Sumter served as the American"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " ambassador to Portugal during the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil. One of their children, Thomas De Lage Sumter, was a Congressman from South Carolina. In the 1790s, Burr also took the painter John Vanderlyn into his home as a prot\u00e9g\u00e9, and provided him with financial support and patronage for 20 years. He arranged Vanderlyn's training by Gilbert Stuart in Philadelphia and sent him in 1796 to the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris where he remained for six years.</s><s>Personal life.:Adopted and acknowledged children. Burr adopted two sons, Aaron Columbus Burr and Charles Burdett, during the 1810s and 1820s after the death of his daughter Theodosia. Aaron (born Aaron Burr Columbe) was born in Paris in 1808 and arrived in America around 1815, and Charles was born in 1814. Both of the boys were reputed to be Burr's biological sons. A Burr biographer described Aaron Columbus Burr as \"the product of a Paris adventure,\" conceived presumably during Burr's exile from the United States between 1808 and 1814. In 1835, the year before his death, Burr acknowledged two young daughters whom he had fathered late in his life, by"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " different mothers. Burr made specific provisions for his surviving daughters in a will dated January 11, 1835, in which he left \"all the rest and residue\" of his estate, after other specific bequests, to six-year-old Frances Ann (born ), and two-year-old Elizabeth (born ).</s><s>Personal life.:Unacknowledged children. In 1787 or earlier, Burr began a relationship with Mary Emmons, also known as Eugenie, who may have been East Indian. She worked as a servant in his household during his first marriage. Emmons may have come from Calcutta to Haiti or Saint-Domingue before coming to America. Burr fathered two children with Emmons, both of whom married into Philadelphia's \"Free Negro\" community in which their families became prominent: - Louisa Burr (Webb) (Darius) (-1878) worked most of her life as a valued servant in the home of Elizabeth Powel Francis Fisher, a prominent Philadelphia society matron, and later in the home of her son Joshua Francis Fisher. She was married to Francis Webb (1788\u20131829), a founding member of the Pennsylvania Augustine Education Society, secretary of the Haytien Emigration Society formed in 18"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": "24, and distributor of \"Freedom's Journal\" from 1827 to 1829. After his death, Louisa remarried and became Louisa Darius. Her youngest son Frank J. Webb wrote the 1857 novel \"The Garies and Their Friends\". - John Pierre Burr (\u20131864) became a member of Philadelphia's Underground Railroad and served as an agent for the abolitionist newspaper \"The Liberator\". He worked in the National Black Convention movement and served as chairman of the American Moral Reform Society. One contemporary of John Pierre Burr identified him as a natural son of Burr in a published account, but Burr never acknowledged his relationship or children with Emmons during his life, in contrast to his adoption or acknowledgment of other children born later in his life. In 2018, Louisa and John were acknowledged by the Aaron Burr Association as the children of Burr after Sherri Burr, a descendant of John Pierre, provided both documentary evidence and results of a DNA test to confirm a familial link between descendants of Burr and descendants of John Pierre. The Association installed a headstone at John Pierre's grave to mark his ancestry. Stuart Fisk Johnson, the president of the association, commented, \"A few people didn't want to go into it because Aaron's first wife, Theod"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": "osia, was still alive, and dying of cancer [when Aaron fathered John Pierre]... But the embarrassment is not as important as it is to acknowledge and embrace actual living, robust, accomplished children.\"</s><s>Character. Aaron Burr was a man of complex character who made many friends, but also many powerful enemies. He was indicted for murder after the death of Hamilton, but never prosecuted; he was reported by acquaintances to be curiously unmoved by Hamilton's death, expressing no regret for his role in the result. He was arrested and prosecuted for treason by President Jefferson, but acquitted. Contemporaries often remained suspicious of Burr's motives to the end of his life, continuing to view him as untrustworthy at least since his role in the founding of the Bank of Manhattan. In his later years in New York, Burr provided money and education for several children, some of whom were reputed to be his natural children. To his friends and family, and often to strangers, he could be kind and generous. The wife of the struggling poet Sumner Lincoln Fairfield recorded in her autobiography that in the late 1820s, their friend Burr pawned his watch to provide for the care of the Fairfields' two children. Jane Fairfield wrote that, while"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " traveling, she and her husband had left the children in New York with their grandmother, who proved unable to provide adequate food or heat for them. The grandmother took the children to Burr's home and asked his help: \"[Burr] wept, and replied, 'Though I am poor and have not a dollar, the children of such a mother shall not suffer while I have a watch.' He hastened on this godlike errand, and quickly returned, having pawned the article for twenty dollars, which he gave to make comfortable my precious babes.\" By Fairfield's account, Burr had lost his religious faith before that time; upon seeing a painting of Christ's suffering, Burr candidly told her, \"It is a fable, my child; there never was such a being.\" Burr believed women to be intellectually equal to men and hung a portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft over his mantel. The Burrs' daughter, Theodosia, was taught dance, music, several languages, and learned to shoot from horseback. Until her death at sea in 1813, she remained devoted to her father. Not only did Burr advocate education for women, upon his election to the New York State Legislature, he submitted a bill, which failed to"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " pass, that would have allowed women to vote. Hamilton attacked Burr for supporting the idea women were the intellectual equals of men. Conversely, Burr was considered a notorious womanizer. In addition to cultivating relationships with women in his social circles, Burr's journals indicate that he was a frequent patron of prostitutes during his travels in Europe; he recorded brief notes of dozens of such encounters, and the amounts he paid. He described \"sexual release as the only remedy for his restlessness and irritability\". Burr also fought against anti-immigrant sentiment, led by Hamilton's Federalist party, which suggested that anyone without English heritage was a second-class citizen, and even challenged the rights of non-Anglos to hold office. In response, Burr insisted that anyone who contributed to society deserved all the rights of any other citizen, no matter their background. John Quincy Adams wrote in his diary when Burr died: \"Burr's life, take it all together, was such as in any country of sound morals his friends would be desirous of burying in quiet oblivion.\" Adams' father, President John Adams, had frequently defended Burr during his life. At an earlier time, he wrote, Burr \"had served in the army, and came out of it with the character of a knight"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " without fear and an able officer\". Gordon S. Wood, a leading scholar of the revolutionary period, holds that it was Burr's character that put him at odds with the rest of the \"founding fathers,\" especially Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton. He believed that this led to his personal and political defeats and, ultimately, to his place outside the golden circle of revered revolutionary figures. Because of Burr's habit of placing self-interest above the good of the whole, those men thought that Burr represented a serious threat to the ideals for which they had fought the revolution. Their ideal, as particularly embodied in Washington and Jefferson, was that of \"disinterested politics,\" a government led by educated gentlemen. They would fulfill their duties in a spirit of public virtue and without regard to personal interests or pursuits. This was the core of an Enlightenment gentleman, and Burr's political enemies thought that he lacked that essential core. Hamilton thought that Burr's self-serving nature made him unfit to hold office, especially the presidency. Although Hamilton considered Jefferson a political enemy, he also believed him a man of public virtue. Hamilton conducted an unrelenting campaign in the House of Representatives to prevent Burr's election to the presidency and gain election of his erstwhile enemy, Jefferson. Hamilton characterized Burr as exceedingly"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " immoral, an \"unprincipled... voluptuary\" and deemed his political quest as one for \"permanent power.\" He contended that Burr cared little about the Constitution and predicted that if he gained any more power, his leadership would continue to be for personal gain, while Jefferson was a true patriot and public servant, committed to preserving the Constitution.</s><s>Legacy. Although Burr is often remembered primarily for his duel with Hamilton, his establishment of guides and rules for the first impeachment trial set a high bar for behavior and procedures in the Senate chamber, many of which are followed today. Historian Nancy Isenberg, explaining why Burr has been demonized in modern times, writes that Burr's villainy is actually the result of a smear campaign invented by his political enemies centuries ago, and then disseminated in newspapers, pamphlets and personal letters during and after his lifetime. According to her, pop-cultural portraits of Burr have blindly repeated these distortions, transforming Burr into the quintessential bad guy of early American history. Stuart Fisk Johnson describes Burr as progressive thinker and doer, a brave military patriot and brilliant lawyer who helped establish some of the physical infrastructure and guiding legal principles which helped in the founding of America. A lasting consequence of Burr's role in the election of"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " 1800 was the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which changed how vice presidents were chosen. As was evident from the 1800 election, the situation could quickly arise where the vice president, as the defeated presidential candidate, could not work well with the president. The Twelfth Amendment required that electoral votes be cast separately for president and vice president. Burr is also sometimes seen as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, although this characterization is unusual.</s><s>Legacy.:Representation in literature and popular culture. - Burr appears as a character of worldly sophistication in Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1859 historical romance \"The Minister's Wooing\". - Edward Everett Hale's 1863 story \"The Man Without a Country\" is about a fictional co-conspirator of Burr's in the Southwest and Mexico, who is exiled for his crimes. - \"My Theodosia\" (1945) by Anya Seton is a fictional interpretation of the life of Burr's daughter Theodosia. - In \"The Jack Benny Program\" episode \"The Alexander Hamilton Show\", Jack Benny dreams that he is Alexander Hamilton; Dennis Day plays Burr. - Gore Vidal's \"Burr: A Novel\" (1973) is part of his \"Narratives of Empire"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": "\" series. - A 1993 \"Got Milk?\" commercial directed by Michael Bay features a historian obsessed with the study of Aaron Burr\u2014he owns the guns and the bullet from the duel (see Aaron Burr (advertisement)). - PBS's \"American Experience\" episode \"The Duel\" (2000) chronicled the events that led to the Burr\u2013Hamilton duel. - Burr is a principal character in the 2015 Broadway musical \"Hamilton\", written by Lin-Manuel Miranda and inspired by historian Ron Chernow's 2004 biography of Hamilton. Leslie Odom Jr. won the 2016 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of Aaron Burr. - Mike Resnick's Alternate Presidents (1992) the short story \"The War of '07\" by Jayge Carr Burr is elected President in 1800 against Thomas Jefferson, establishes an alliance with Napoleon Bonaparte, and creates a family dictatorship.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Citations. - References in popular culture</s><s>References.:Works cited. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " - - - - - - - - - - - - Wood, Gordon S. \"The Real Treason of Aaron Burr.\" \"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society\" 143.2 (1999): 280-295. online - -</s><s>Further reading.</s><s>Further reading.:Biographical. - Alexander, Holmes Moss. \"Aaron Burr: The Proud Pretender\". 1937; Reprinted by Greenwood-Heinemann Publishing, 1973. - Brands, H. W. \"The Heartbreak of Aaron Burr (American Portraits Series)\" (2012). - Cohalan, John P., \"The Saga of Aaron Burr\". (1986) - K\u00fcnstler, Laurence S. \"The Unpredictable Mr. Aaron Burr\" (1974). - Todd, Charles Burr. \"The True Aaron Burr: A Biographical Sketch\" (1902). New York, A.S. Barnes & Company. - Vail, Philip. \"The Great American Rascal: The Turbulent Life of Aaron Burr\" (1973).</s><s>Further reading.:Scholarly topical studies. - Abernethy, Thomas Perkins. \"Aaron Burr in Mississippi.\" \"Journal of Southern History\" 1949 15 (1): 9\u201321. -"}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " Adams, Henry, \"History of the United States\", vol. iii. New York, 1890. (For the traditional view of Burr's conspiracy.) - - Faulkner, Robert K. \"John Marshall and the Burr Trial\". \"Journal of American History\" 1966 53(2): 247\u2013258. - Freeman, Joanne B. \"Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr-Hamilton Duel.\" \"William and Mary Quarterly\" 53(2) (1996): 289\u2013318. - Harrison, Lowell. 1978. \"The Aaron Burr Conspiracy.\" American History I Illustrated 13:25. - - Larson, Edward J. \"A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign\". New York: Free Press, 2007. - Melton, Buckner F. Jr. \"Aaron Burr: Conspiracy to Treason\". New York: John Wiley, 2002. online edition - Rogow, Arnold A. \"A Fatal Friendship: Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr\" (1998). - Rorabaugh, William J. \"The Political Duel in the Early Republic: Burr v. Hamilton\". \"Journal of the Early Republic\" 1995 15(1): 1\u201323. - Wells, Colin."}, {"title": "Aaron Burr", "text": " \"Aristocracy, Aaron Burr, and the Poetry of Conspiracy\". \"Early American Literature\" (2004). - Wheelan, Joseph. \"Jefferson's Vendetta: The Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary\". New York: Carroll & Graff, 2005.</s><s>Further reading.:Primary sources. - Burr, Aaron. \"Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr\". Mary-Jo Kline and Joanne W. Ryan, eds. 2 vol. Princeton University Press, 1983. 1311 pp. - - Ford, Worthington Chauncey. \"Some Papers of Aaron Burr\" \"Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society\" 29#1: 43\u2013128. 1919 - Robertson, David. \"Reports of the Trials of Colonel Aaron Burr (Late Vice President of the United States) for Treason and for Misdemeanor\u00a0... Two Volumes\" (1808) online - Van Ness, William Peter. \"An Examination of the Various Charges Exhibited Against Aaron Burr, vice-president of the United States: and a Development of the Characters and Views of His Political Opponents\". (1803) Available through Haithi Trust -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Aaron Burr", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "North America"}}
{"id": "factscore-000425", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rory Burns.", "docs": [{"title": "Rory Burns", "text": "<s>Rory Burns Rory Joseph Burns (born 26 August 1990) is an English cricketer who has played internationally for the England Test cricket team. In domestic cricket, he captains Surrey in first-class and List A cricket. Burns made his Test debut in 2018. He led Surrey to the 2018 and 2022 County Championship titles. He plays as a left-handed opening batsman.</s><s>Early life. Burns was born in Epsom, Surrey and educated at City of London Freemen's School in Ashtead, Surrey, Whitgift School and Cardiff Metropolitan University (UWIC). Whilst at Whitgift school, Rory Burns played with fellow England international Jason Roy, who is the same age.</s><s>Domestic career. Having played Second XI cricket for both Surrey and Hampshire, Burns made his first-class debut for Surrey against Cambridge MCCU in May 2011. He made scores of 23 and 16, and keeping wicket ahead of regular keepers Steven Davies and Gary Wilson he took two catches. This was his only first team appearance for Surrey in the 2011 season. In the 2012 season, he scored a century against Leeds Bradford MCCU and filled in as wicket-keeper in one game before being called upon to open the batting in early July"}, {"title": "Rory Burns", "text": " against Lancashire. He remained on the team for the rest of the season finishing with 741 runs at an average of 49.4. He continued to open the batting in 2013 and 2014, playing all Surrey's first-class games in both seasons. He scored 1000 runs in a season for the first time in 2014. In June 2015, whilst playing for Surrey in a NatWest t20 Blast game against Sussex Sharks at Arundel Castle, Burns collided with teammate Mois\u00e9s Henriques while attempting to take a catch. Both players were knocked unconscious from the collision with Burns requiring stitches to facial injuries and Henriques suffering a broken jaw. Ambulances and medical staff treated the players on-field before taking them both to hospital. The game was abandoned due to the injuries. Burns returned to the team in late-June and finished the season with 1019 First-Class runs at an average of 48.52. He also played in 7 of Surrey's 10 games in the Royal London Cup, including all the knock-out games, scoring 364 runs. His good form in the previous season saw him selected to represent the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against the champions Yorkshire in the traditional curtain-raiser to the 2016 English cricket season. In"}, {"title": "Rory Burns", "text": " July 2017, he made his highest score of 219 not out versus Hampshire whilst deputising as captain in place of the injured Gareth Batty; the first time he had captained Surrey in a first class match. Before the 2018 season, Burns was appointed club captain for first-class and List A formats, with Batty stepping down. In the 2018 season, Burns led Surrey to their first County Championship title since 2002. In the process, he scored over 1000 runs for the fifth consecutive season, finishing the season overall as Division One's top run-scorer, with 1359 runs at an average of 64.71. Burns' Surrey availability was limited in 2019, 2020 and 2021 by his England duties. In the 2019 County Championship, Burns scored 603 runs in 8 matches at an average of 37.68. Burns only played one match in Surrey's 2020 Bob Willis Trophy campaign, hitting 103 and 52 against Sussex. Playing 9 matches in the 2021 County Championship, Burns scored 617 runs at an average of 47.46. In April 2022, he was bought by the Oval Invincibles for the 2022 season of The Hundred.</s><s>International career. In September 2018, Burns was named in England's Test squad for their tour of Sri Lanka, replacing the retiring"}, {"title": "Rory Burns", "text": " Alastair Cook. He made his Test debut on 6 November 2018, and played all three matches in the series, making 155 runs at an average of 25.83. This was enough for Burns to hold his place into England's tour of the West Indies, where he averaged 24.16, and fell short of a maiden Test century with 84 in the first Test. After a disappointing first home Test, scoring just 12 runs against Ireland, Burns was selected as England's opener for the Ashes alongside Surrey teammate Jason Roy. Burns made his maiden Test century in the first Test at Edgbaston, scoring 133 in \"an urgent, scrappy, dogged\" innings after a period of poor form. Burns success continued throughout the Ashes - he was the series' third highest scorer, making 390 runs in 10 innings, supplementing his century with scores of 53 and 81. Burns' good form continued into the 2019-20 winter, as he scored 184 runs in just 3 innings against New Zealand, including his second Test century at Hamilton. However, after scoring 84 in England's first Test against South Africa, Burns was ruled out the last 3 Tests after rolling his ankle playing a game of football. The injury would have also ruled him out of England's upcoming tour of Sri Lanka,"}, {"title": "Rory Burns", "text": " but the series was later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Burns came back into the side for the behind closed doors Test series against West Indies and Pakistan in 2020. Against the West Indies, Burns scored 234 runs - England's second most - at 46.80, including two half-centuries in the third Test. However, this success was followed by a series of failures against Pakistan, Burns scoring just 20 runs in his 4 innings. After missing England's 2021 tour of Sri Lanka for the birth of his child, Burns rejoined the team for their tour of India. After scoring just 58 runs in the first two Tests (including 2 ducks), Burns was dropped for the final two Tests. Burns was immediately brought back into the team for England's 2021 home series against New Zealand, and found form straight away. Named England's player of the series, Burns scored 238 runs at 59.50, including 132 in the first Test and 81 in the second. In the following four home Tests against India, Burns made two half-centuries and two ducks, averaging just 26.14. Opening for England in the 2021\u201322 Ashes, Burns had a disastrous start, being bowled for a golden duck with the opening ball of the first day. This made"}, {"title": "Rory Burns", "text": " Burns the first man since Stan Worthington in 1936 to be dismissed with the first ball of an Ashes series. Burns played in three Tests over the full series scoring 77 runs at an average of 12.83. He was not included for England's subsequent Test tour of the West Indies.</s><s>Personal life. Burns missed England's 2021 tour of Sri Lanka for the birth of his daughter. Burns is very close to his school, Surrey and England teammate Jason Roy, both of them serving as each other's best man at their weddings.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rory Burns", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000426", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Feroze Gandhi.", "docs": [{"title": "Feroze Gandhi", "text": "<s>Feroze Gandhi Feroze Gandhi (born Feroze Jehangir Ghandy; 12 September 1912\u00a0\u2013 8 September 1960) was an Indian freedom fighter, politician and journalist. Gandhi published the newspapers \"The National Herald\" and \"The Navjivan\". He served as a member of the provincial parliament between 1950 and 1952, and later a member of the Lok Sabha, the Lower House of India's parliament. Gandhi's wife, Indira Nehru (daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India), and their elder son Rajiv were both prime ministers of India.</s><s>Early life. Feroze Jehangir Ghandy was born on 12 September 1912 to a Parsi family at the Tehmulji Nariman Hospital in the Fort district of Bombay; his parents, Jehangir Faredoon Ghandy and Ratimai (n\u00e9e Commissariat), lived in Nauroji Natakwala Bhawan in Khetwadi Mohalla in Bombay. His father Jahangir was a marine engineer working for Killick Nixon and was later promoted as a warrant engineer. Feroze was the youngest of the five children with two brothers Dorab and Faridun Jehangir,"}, {"title": "Feroze Gandhi", "text": " and two sisters, Tehmina Kershashp and Aloo Dastur. The family had migrated to Bombay from Bharuch (now in South Gujarat) where their ancestral home, which belonged to his grandfather, still exists in Kotpariwad. In the early 1920s, after the death of his father, Feroze and his mother moved to Allahabad to live with his unmarried maternal aunt, Shirin Commissariat, a surgeon at the city's Lady Dufferin Hospital. He attended the Vidya Mandir High School and then graduated from the British-staffed Ewing Christian College.</s><s>Family and career. In 1930, the wing of Congress Freedom fighters, the \"Vanar Sena\" was formed. Feroze met Kamala Nehru and Indira among the women demonstrators picketing outside Ewing Christian College. Kamala fainted with the heat of the sun and Feroze went to comfort her. The next day, he abandoned his studies to join the Indian independence movement. Being inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, Feroze changed the spelling of his surname from \"Ghandy\" to \"Gandhi\" after joining the Independence movement. He was imprisoned in 1930, along with Lal Bahadur Shast"}, {"title": "Feroze Gandhi", "text": "ri (the 2nd Prime Minister of India), head of Allahabad District Congress Committee, and lodged in Faizabad Jail for nineteen months. Soon after his release, he was involved with the agrarian no-rent campaign in the United Province (now Uttar Pradesh) and was imprisoned twice, in 1932 and 1933, while working closely with Nehru. Feroze first proposed to Indira in 1933, but she and her mother rejected it, putting forward that she was too young, only 16. He grew close to the Nehru family, especially to Indira's mother Kamala Nehru, accompanying her to the TB sanatorium at Bhowali in 1934, helping arrange her trip to Europe when her condition worsened in April 1935, and visiting her at the sanitarium at Badenweiler and finally at Lausanne, where he was at her bedside when she died on 28 February 1936. In the following years, Indira and Feroze grew closer to each other while in England. They married in March 1942 according to Hindu rituals. Indira's father Jawaharlal Nehru opposed her marriage and approached Mahatma Gandhi to dissuade the young couple, but to no avail. The couple were arrested and jailed in August 1942,"}, {"title": "Feroze Gandhi", "text": " during the Quit India Movement less than six months after their marriage. He was imprisoned for a year in Allahabad's Naini Central Prison. The following five years were of comfortable domestic life and the couple had two sons, Rajiv and Sanjay, born in 1944 and 1946, respectively. After independence, Jawaharlal became the first Prime Minister of India. Feroze and Indira settled in Allahabad with their two young children, and Feroze became Managing Director of \"The National Herald\", a newspaper founded by his father-in-law, Jawaharlal Nehru. After being a member of the provincial parliament (1950\u20131952), Feroze won independent India's first general elections in 1952, from Rae Bareli constituency in Uttar Pradesh. Indira came down from Delhi and worked as his campaign organizer. Feroze soon became a prominent force in his own right, criticizing the government of his father-in-law and beginning a fight against corruption. In the years after independence, many Indian business houses had become close to the political leaders, and some of them started various financial irregularities. In a case exposed by Feroze in December 1955, he revealed how Ram Kishan Dalmia, as chairman of a bank and an"}, {"title": "Feroze Gandhi", "text": " insurance company, used these companies to fund his takeover of Bennett and Coleman and started transferring money illegally from publicly held companies for personal benefit. In 1957, he was re-elected from Rae Bareli. In the parliament in 1958, he raised the Haridas Mundhra scandal involving the government controlled LIC insurance company. This was a huge embarrassment to the clean image of Nehru's government and eventually led to the resignation of the Finance Minister T.T. Krishnamachari. His rift with Indira had also become public knowledge by then, and added to the media interest in the matter. Feroze also initiated a number of nationalization drives, starting with the Life Insurance Corporation. At one point he also suggested that TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) be nationalized since they were charging nearly double the price of a Japanese railway engine. This raised a stir in the Parsi community since the Tatas were also Parsi. He continued challenging the government on a number of other issues, and emerged as a parliamentarian well-respected on both sides of the bench.</s><s>Death and legacy. Feroze suffered a heart attack in 1958. Indira, who stayed with her father at Teen Murti House, the official residence of the"}, {"title": "Feroze Gandhi", "text": " prime minister, was at that time away on a state visit to Bhutan. She returned to look after him in Kashmir. Feroze died in 1960 at the Willingdon Hospital, Delhi, after suffering a second heart attack. He was cremated and his ashes interred at the Parsi cemetery in Allahabad. His Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency seat was held by his daughter-in-law, and wife of Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi in 2004, 2009, 2014 and 2019. A school of higher education that he helped found was named after him in Rae Bareli. Feroze Gandhi College; http://fgc.edu.in NTPC Limited renamed their Unchahar Thermal Power Station in Uttar Pradesh to Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Feroze Gandhi", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000427", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jean-Claude Van Damme.", "docs": [{"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": "<s>Jean-Claude Van Damme Jean-Claude Camille Fran\u00e7ois Van Varenberg (, ; born 18 October 1960), known professionally as Jean-Claude Van Damme (, ), is a Belgian actor, martial artist, filmmaker, and fight choreographer. Credited with helping popularize martial arts in film, Van Damme is widely regarded as one of the most iconic martial arts action stars of all time. Born and raised in Brussels, Belgium, at the age of ten his father enrolled him in a Shotokan karate school. From there, he went on to develop his fighting skills, both in Shotokan karate and kickboxing. He was a member of the Belgium Karate Team when it won the European Karate Championship on 26 December 1979. With the desire of becoming an actor, he moved to the United States in 1982, where he did odd jobs and worked on several films, until he got his break as the lead in the martial arts film \"Bloodsport\" (1988). Van Damme became a popular action film star and followed up with \"Cyborg\" (1989), \"Kickboxer\" (1989), \"Lionheart\" (1990), \"Death Warrant\" (1990), \"Double Impact\" (1991"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": "), \"Universal Soldier\" (1992), \"Nowhere to Run\" (1993), \"Hard Target\" (1993), \"Timecop\" (1994), \"Street Fighter\" (1994), \"Sudden Death\" (1995), \"The Quest\" (1996), \"Maximum Risk\" (1996), etc. After a decline, Van Damme returned to prominence with the critically acclaimed crime drama \"JCVD\" (2008). Thereafter, Van Damme continued starring in more action films and playing supporting roles in \"The Expendables 2\" (2012), the \"Kung Fu Panda\" franchise (2011\u20132016), the film series (2016\u20132018), \"\" (2022), etc.</s><s>Early life and education. Van Damme was born Jean-Claude Camille Fran\u00e7ois Van Varenberg, on 18 October 1960, in Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Brussels, Belgium, the son of Eliana and Eug\u00e8ne Van Varenberg, who was an accountant and florist. His father is from Brussels and bilingual, and his mother is Flemish (Dutch-speaking). Van Damme was brought up Roman Catholic. His paternal grandmother was Jewish. He began martial arts at the age of ten, enrolled by his father in"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " a Sh\u014dt\u014dkan karate school. His styles consist of Sh\u014dt\u014dkan Karate and Kickboxing. He eventually earned his black belt in karate at 18. He started lifting weights to improve his physique, which eventually led to a Mr. Belgium bodybuilding title. At the age of 16, he took up ballet, which he studied for five years. According to Van Damme, ballet \"is an art, but it's also one of the most difficult sports. If you can survive a ballet workout, you can survive a workout in any other sport.\" Later he took up both Taekwondo and Muay Thai.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early 1970s to 1980: Martial arts and first film appearance. At the age of 12, Van Damme joined the \"Centre National de Karat\u00e9\" (National Center of Karate) under the guidance of Claude Goetz in Belgium. Van Damme trained for four years and he earned a spot on the Belgian Karate Team; he later trained in full-contact karate and kickboxing with Dominique Valera. At the age of 15, Van Damme started his competitive karate career in Belgium. From 1976 to 1980, Van Damme compiled a"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " record of 44 victories and 4 defeats in tournament and non-tournament semi-contact matches. Van Damme was a member of the Belgium Karate Team when it won the European Karate Championship on 26 December 1979 at La Coupe Fran\u00e7ois Persoons Karate Tournament in Brussels. Van Damme placed second at the Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials). At the 3-day tournament, Van Damme defeated 25 opponents before losing in the finals to teammate Angelo Spataro. On 8 March 1980, in Brussels, Belgium, Van Damme competed against his former teammate Patrick Teugels at the Forest National Arena on the undercard of the Dan Macaruso-Dominique Valera Professional Karate Association Light-Heavyweight World Championship bout. Prior to this match, Teugels had defeated Van Damme twice by decision, including a match for the Belgium Lightweight Championship. Van Damme had a 1977 victory over Teugels. Teugels was coming off an impressive showing at the World Association of Kickboxing Organizations World Championships four months earlier, and was favored by some to win this match. According to reports, and Patrick Teugels' own interview (with photos), Teugels lost to Van Damme by TKO"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " in the 1st round. Teugels was kicked in the nose and was unable to continue as a result. In a 2013 interview, Van Damme called this fight his most memorable match. Van Damme began his full-contact career in 1977, when Claude Goetz promoted the first ever full-contact karate tournament in Belgium. From 1977 to 1982, Van Damme compiled a record of 18 victories (18 knockouts) and 1 defeat. In 1979, he had an uncredited role in Andr\u00e9 Delvaux's \"Woman Between Wolf and Dog\", a Belgian-French drama film starring Marie-Christine Barrault, and Rutger Hauer. In 1980, Van Damme caught the attention of \"Professional Karate Magazine\" publisher and editor Mike Anderson and multiple European champion Geert Lemmens. Both men tabbed Van Damme as an upcoming prospect. Van Damme retired from competition in 1982. During his early life, Van Damme sold flowers in restaurants, and got a loan to open a gym to save some money before his move to the United States.</s><s>Career.:1982 to 1988: Early works and breakthrough. In 1982, Van Damme and childhood friend Michel Qissi moved to the United States in the hope of working"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " as actors. They did a variety of jobs to support themselves. Their first job working on a film as extras in the hip hop dance film \"Breakin'\" (1984), made by Cannon Films. They are seen dancing in the background at a dance demonstration. Around that time he developed a friendship with action martial art film star Chuck Norris. They started sparring together, and Van Damme started to work as a bouncer at a bar named Woody's Wharf, owned by Norris. In the 1984 action film \"Missing in Action\" starring Norris, which was also released by Cannon Films, Van Damme is credited in the stunt team crew. That same year he also had a role in the comedy short film \"Monaco Forever.\" On 2 May 1986, Corey Yuen's martial arts film \"No Retreat, No Surrender\" premiered in Los Angeles. It was Van Damme's first sizeable role when he was cast as the Russian villain. It starred Kurt McKinney, and was released through New World Pictures. McKinney performs as Jason Stillwell, a U.S. teenager who learns karate from the spirit of Bruce Lee. Stillwell uses these lessons to defend his martial arts dojo against a Soviet martial artist played by Van Damme. He was"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " set to star in \"No Retreat, No Surrender 2,\" but backed out. Van Damme worked for director John McTiernan for the film \"Predator\" (1987) as an early (eventually abandoned) version of the titular alien, before being removed and replaced by Kevin Peter Hall. As the first choice to play the titular Predator character, with the intent that he would use his martial arts skills to make the alien an agile, ninja-like hunter, but after few days shot, he left the film. It was reported that Van Damme constantly complained about the monster suit being too hot and causing him to pass out; he allegedly also voiced reservations about only appearing on camera in the suit. Additionally, it became apparent that a more physically imposing actor was needed to make the creature appear threatening against the team of soldiers. The role eventually went to Kevin Peter Hall. After \"Predator\" was a success, Van Damme said that he appreciated the movie and that he had no regrets about missing that role. Van Damme's breakout film was \"Bloodsport\", which opened on 26 February 1988, based on the alleged true story of Frank Dux. It was shot on a $1.5-million budget for Cannon. The film"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " is about U.S. Army Captain Frank Dux (played by Van Damme), trained from his youth in the ways of ninjutsu by Senzo Tanaka, who honors his mentor by taking the place of Tanaka's deceased son Shingo in the illegal martial-arts tournament Kumite in Hong Kong. It became a U.S. box-office hit in the spring of 1988. Producer Mark Di Salle said he was looking for \"a new martial arts star who was a ladies' man, [but Van Damme] appeals to both men and women. He's an American hero who fights for justice the American way and kicks the stuffing out of the bad guys.\" Also in 1988, Van Damme played another Russian villain, in \"Black Eagle\", opposite Sho Kosugi. In the film, Sho Kosugi is a martial artist and special operative for the U.S. government codenamed \"Black Eagle\", and summoned by his superiors after an F-111 carrying an experimental black ops laser tracking device was shot down over Malta by Russian forces.</s><s>Career.:1989 to 1999: International stardom. After the success of \"Bloodsport\", Cannon Films offered Van Damme the lead in \"\", \"American Ninja 3\" or \""}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": "Cyborg\", a cyperpunk martial arts film directed by Albert Pyun. Van Damme chose \"Cyborg\" which premiered in 1989. The film was a low budget box office success and led to two sequels, neither of which Van Damme appeared in. Cannon used Van Damme again in \"Kickboxer\" released that same year. It was highly successful, returning over $50 million on a $3-million budget. The film started the \"Kickboxer\" franchise. Van Damme did not appear in any of the film's four sequels, though he did return as a different character in the reboot series. In 1990 Van Damme starred in \"Death Warrant\", the first script credit for David S. Goyer. Also that year he starred in \"Lionheart\". \"Lionheart\" was directed by Sheldon Lettich who had co-written \"Bloodsport\", and said the film was \"the first movie to demonstrate that Van Damme was more than just a flash-in-the-pan \"Karate Guy\" who would never rise above simplistic low-budget karate movies.\" It also featured rear nudity from Van Damme which Lettich says \"became a very memorable moment for the ladies in the audience, and"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " for the gay guys as well. Showing off his butt (clothed or unclothed) almost became a signature trademark of his after that.\" In 1991, \"Double Impact\" was released. Directed by Lettich, it features Van Damme in the dual role of Alex and Chad Wagner, estranged twin brothers fighting to avenge the deaths of their parents. Upon its opening it received mixed reviews. \"The Los Angeles Times\" said the film \u201cdelivers the goods\u201d, while \"Variety\" didn\u2019t like the plotline and predicted a flop. The film grossed $ 23,683,813 in its first 28 days. It made a total of $30,102,717 in the US. Retrospective critics perceive it to be a fun action film, with good comical moments, and a good performance by Van Damme who plays two distinct characters. In 1992, Van Damme starred in one of the biggest blockbusters of the year in the sci-fi action picture \"Universal Soldier\" directed by Roland Emmerich for Carolco. Van Damme (as Luc Deveraux) and Dolph Lundgren (as Sergeant Andrew Scott) play U.S. soldiers during the Vietnam War"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " who are sent to secure a village against North Vietnamese forces. However they end up shooting each other dead after Devereaux discovers that Scott has gone insane and has resorted to mutilating the villagers and barbarically cutting off their ears, taking an innocent girl and boy hostage. They are later reanimated in a secret Army project along with a large group of other previously dead soldiers and sent on a mission as GR operatives. At the 1992 Cannes Film Festival, Van Damme and Lundgren were involved in a verbal altercation that almost turned physical when both men pushed each other only to be separated, but it was believed to have only been a publicity stunt. \"Universal Soldier\" opened in theatres on 10 July 1992, a moderate success domestically with $36,299,898 in US ticket sales, but a major blockbuster worldwide, making over $65\u00a0million overseas, which earned the film a total of $102\u00a0million worldwide, on a $23\u00a0million budget. Van Damme was considered to play Simon Phoenix in \"Demolition Man\" and was briefly considered for the role of Michael Cheritto in \"Heat\". In 1993 Van Damme made a cameo in \"Last Action Hero\", and starred in \"Nowhere To Run\". The film was the first in a"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " three-picture deal between Van Damme and Columbia Pictures and his fee was $3.5 million. Columbia said the film is \"true to his audience and goes beyond his audience.\" In 1994, he starred in \"Hard Target\" for Universal, the first American film from director John Woo. Also released that year he starred in \"Timecop\", playing a time-traveling cop. Directed by Peter Hyams, the film was a huge success, grossing over $100 million worldwide, and remains his highest-grossing film in a lead role to date. Also that year, Van Damme starred in \"Street Fighter,\" written and directed by Steven E. de Souza for Universal and based on the video game. It was poorly received critically. Though a commercial success, making approximately three times its production cost. Van Damme and Hyams re-teamed for Universal' on \"Sudden Death\" released in 1995. Van Damme plays a French Canadian-born firefighter with the Pittsburgh Fire Bureau who suffered a personal crisis after he was unable to save a young girl from a house fire. Now removed from active duty, Darren has become demoted to being fire marshal for the Pittsburgh Civic Arena, where a gang of terrorists are holding U.S."}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " Vice President and several other VIPs hostage in a luxury suite during a game. In 1996, Van Damme starred and turned director for \"The Quest\". That year, he appeared in the TV show \"Friends\" in the two-part episode \"The One After the Superbowl\". He also starred in \"Maximum Risk\", the first American film directed by Ringo Lam, and their first collaboration. Van Damme's first box office bomb since he became a star was \"Double Team\" (1997), a buddy film with basketball superstar Dennis Rodman. It was Hong Kong director Tsui Hark's American debut. In 1998, he and Hark reunited on \"Knock Off.\" Also that year, Van Damme acted in the costume action film, \"Legionnaire\". Despite a $35 million budget, it was not released theatrically in the US, only overseas. In 1999, Van Damme starred in \"\", (1999), where he returns as Luc Deveraux. That year he also starred in \"Inferno.\"</s><s>Career.:2000s: Subsequent films. Released in 2001, \"Replicant\" is the second collaboration between Van Damme and director Ringo Lam, and the fifth time that Van Damme has starred in"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " a dual role. It co-stars Michael Rooker. Also that year he starred in \"The Order\", directed by Sheldon Lettich, and written by Van Damme. In 2002 he starred in \"Derailed.\" \"In Hell\" is a 2003 American prison action film directed by Ringo Lam. It is the third collaboration between Van Damme and Lam. Van Damme plays an American working overseas in Magnitogorsk, Russia. That same year, Van Damme employed his dancing training in the music video for Bob Sinclar's \"Kiss My Eyes\". His 2004 film was \"Wake of Death,\" an action film directed by Philippe Martinez. Ringo Lam was the original director, but he left the project after a few weeks of filming in Canada. It co-stars Simon Yam, Valerie Tian, Tony Schiena, etc. In 2005, he played himself in the French film \"Narco.\" In 2006, he starred in \"Second in Command\" directed by Simon Fellows, and \"The Hard Corps\" directed by Sheldon Lettich. In 2007, played a small role in \"The Exam\", a Turkish comedy-drama film directed by \u00d6mer Faruk Sorak. Also that year he starred in \"Until"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " Death\". Van Damme returned to the mainstream with the limited theatrical release of the 2008 film \"JCVD\", which received positive reviews. \"Time Magazine\" named Van Damme's performance in the film the second best of the year (after Heath Ledger's The Joker in \"The Dark Knight\"), having previously stated that Van Damme \"deserves not a black belt, but an Oscar.\" Also in 2008, he starred in Isaac Florentine's \".\" He then reprised his role as Luc Deveraux alongside Dolph Lundgren in the 2009 film \"\", directed by John Hyams. The film was released theatrically in the Middle East and Southeast Asia and directly to video in the United States and other parts of the world. Since its release, the film has received better than average reviews for a straight-to-DVD franchise sequel.</s><s>Career.:2010\u2013present: Current work. In 2010, Van Damme directed himself in the barely released \"Full Love.\" That same year, he turned down the role of Gunner Jensen in the first instalment of \"The Expendables\" and the role went to Dolph Lundgren. In 2011, Van Damme voiced Master Croc in the computer animation film \"Kung Fu Panda 2"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": "\". In the film, Van Damme voices a character who helps the heroes of the previous film. That same year, he co-starred with Scott Adkins in \"Assassination Games\". Also in 2011, he played a role in the French comedy \"Beur sur la ville.\" Also that year, Van Damme starred in his own reality TV show \"\". The show showcases his family life, his personal troubles, and an upcoming fight. Since 2009, Van Damme has been planning to make a comeback to fight former boxing Olympic gold-medalist Somluck Kamsing. The fight was a focal point in his ITV reality show \"\". The fight has been repeatedly postponed, with many critics doubting it will occur, especially due to the difficulty of booking the venue. In 2012, he acted in the Russian comedy film named \"Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon,\" and \"U.F.O.\" He starred in \"Dragon Eyes\", \"\", and \"Six Bullets\". Also that year, he starred as the main villain in \"The Expendables 2\". The film series follows a mercenary group as they undertake a mission which evolves into a quest for revenge against a rival mercenary (Van Damme). The film was a success. it grossed over"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " $310 million worldwide. Also that year, Van Damme was seen as part of Kam Sing's ring crew when Kam Sing fought against Jomhod Kiatadisak. He also appeared in commercials for Coors Light beer, showing him on a snow-covered mountain wearing a sleeveless denim jacket, and for the washing powder Dash. On 21 October 2012, Van Damme was honored with a life-size statue of himself in his hometown of Brussels. He told reporters during the unveiling, \"Belgium is paying me back something, but really it's to pay back to the dream. So when people come by here, it is not Jean-Claude van Damme but it's a guy from the street who believed in something. I want the statue to represent that\". In 2013 Van Damme acted in the comedy \"Welcome to the Jungle.\" Also that year\",\" he played the main villain in \"Enemies Closer,\" an American action thriller film directed by Peter Hyams. On 13 November 2013, Volvo Trucks released an advertisement on YouTube that shows Van Damme doing the splits while perched with each of his feet on the outer rearview mirrors of one semi-trailer truck and one box truck moving backwards, which Van Damme describes in"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " the commercial as \"the most epic of splits\". The video quickly went viral around the web, receiving more than 11 million views in three days, 35 million in the first week. It was dubbed as \"The Epic Split\". \"Swelter\" is a 2014 American action film where he plays one of the leads. It stars Lennie James, and co-stars Grant Bowler, Josh Henderson, and Alfred Molina. James plays a sheriff in a small town who has a dark past that he can not remember, only to have to confront it when his ex-partners show up looking for stolen money they believe he has. 2015, he starred in the action thriller film \"Pound of Flesh,\" directed by Ernie Barbarash. Also that year, he had a supporting role in a Chinese superhero parody film. In 2016, he returned to his voice role of Master Croc in the \"Kung Fu Panda\" franchise for the third installment. Also that year, he acted in \"\" directed by John Stockwell. It is a reboot of the original where Van Damme was the lead. That year he also played the lead in the tv serie \"Jean-Claude Van Johnson\". In 2017, he starred in \"Kill 'Em All\", an action"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " film directed by Peter Malota. In 2018, he returned to his role in \",\" a sequel to the reboot. That same year, he acted in \"Black Water\". It co-stars Dolph Lundgren in the fifth collaboration between both actors as well as the first time they appear together as on-screen allies. In 22 August of that same year, he starred in Julien Leclercq's \"The Bouncer\". In 2019, Van Damme starred in \"We Die Young\". In 2021, Van Damme starred in \"The Last Mercenary.\" In 2022, Van Damme voiced the character Jean-Clawed in the computer animation film \"\".</s><s>Monument. In 2012, a statue of the actor was unveiled in Anderlecht, Belgium. The artwork, which depicts a younger incarnation of \"the Muscles from Brussels\" in one of his fighting poses from the movie \"Kickboxer\", was commissioned to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Westland Shopping complex. The unveiling took place on Boulevard Sylvain Dupuis and was attended by Van Damme, his parents, Wallonia-Brussels culture minister and nearly 2,000 fans. Van Damme said the statue \"represented the dream of a Brussels kid\" and"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " was \"for all the children who want something bad\", adding that \"if you believe in something strongly enough, it can come true\". In 2019, a Van Damme monument was mounted in the Vandam village of Qabala, Azerbaijan, due to the similarity of the village name and Van Damme's name. The actor subsequently published a post on his Facebook account, thanking those responsible.</s><s>Controversies.</s><s>Controversies.:Lawsuit and fight record controversy. In 1997, Frank Dux, the martial artist whom Van Damme portrayed in \"Bloodsport\", filed a lawsuit against Van Damme for $50,000 for co-writing and consultation work Dux did on the 1996 film \"The Quest\". According to the lawsuit, Dux also accused Van Damme of lying to the public about his martial arts fight record, stating that when Dux tutored Van Damme while Van Damme was laying carpet for a living, Van Damme exhibited a lack of martial arts skills. Van Damme's lawyer, Martin Singer, responded, \"There are records to document his martial arts acclaim. Why, just look at his movies; he didn't get those roles on his acting ability! He's the one who does those splits on chairs"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": ". He doesn't have a stuntman to do that.\"</s><s>Controversies.:Steven Seagal incident. In 2008, actor Sylvester Stallone declared to the British magazine \"FHM\" that \"At a party in my home in Miami in 1997, Van Damme was tired of Steven Seagal claiming he could kick his ass so he offered Seagal outside into my back yard.\" According to Stallone, Seagal made his excuses and left while Van Damme tracked him down at a nightclub and challenged him again. Stallone finished by stating \"Van Damme was too strong. Seagal wanted none of it.\"</s><s>Controversies.:Chuck Zito incident. Tensions arose between Van Damme and bodyguard/stuntman Chuck Zito when Zito began dating Van Damme's estranged wife Darcy LaPier. Zito was reportedly unhappy about LaPier's claim in a divorce action that Van Damme had abused her. On 6 February 1998, the \"New York Daily News\" reported that Van Damme had been punched by Zito the previous night at the Scores strip club in Manhattan, New York. Zito, who had previously bodyguarded Van Damme and did stunts on the film \""}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": "Nowhere to Run\", recalled the incident in his 2002 autobiography \"Street Justice\", claiming that he suffered a broken hand as a result of striking Van Damme several times after Van Damme made disparaging remarks about him to a club bouncer, who then relayed the comments to Zito. Van Damme denied in an appearance on \"Inside Edition\" days after the incident that he had been struck by Zito and challenged Zito to a fight. Zito has stated: \"I hope we can be friends again, but he was abusive. Some people will take that kind of abuse. I am not one of them.\"</s><s>Controversies.:Kadyrov event. In October 2011, Van Damme, along with other celebrities including Hilary Swank, Vanessa-Mae and Seal attracted criticism from human rights groups for attending an event in Russian federal subject Chechnya's capital Grozny on the 35th birthday of Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov on 5 October. Human rights groups, who had urged the celebrities to cancel their appearances because of abuses carried out under Kadyrov, criticised the celebrities for attending the event. Human Rights Watch released a statement which said, \"Ramzan Kadyrov is linked to a litany of horrific human rights"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " abuses. It's inappropriate for stars to get paid to party with him [...] And getting paid to be part of such a lavish show in Chechnya trivializes the suffering of countless victims of human rights abuses there.\"</s><s>Public image and influence. In the French-speaking world, Van Damme is well known \u2013 and often mocked \u2013 for the picturesque aphorisms that he delivers on a wide range of topics (personal well-being, spirituality, the environment, women, dogs, his ability to crack walnuts with his buttocks, his realization that Christianity is flawed based on the fact that \"snakes are nice\" and \"apples contain pectin which is anti-cholesterol\", etc.) in a sort of Zen franglais. He was deeply affected by his depiction in the media and the frequent derisive use of his interviews in comedy shows in the early 2000s, becoming increasingly reluctant to grant new interviews in French. He later explained that he was trying to communicate bits of his hard-earned wisdom to young uneducated people dreaming of success, like he used to be himself, and had to struggle with the time constraints of TV, with his difficulties reacquainting with the French language, and with the effects of jet lag, often resulting"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " in a clumsy, haphazard delivery. His public image in the French-speaking world became a major theme of the 2008 movie \"J.C.V.D.\" (directed by Mabrouk El Mechri, a fan of Van Damme's from his childhood, who sought to rehabilitate him by exploring those issues head-on). The original video game \"Mortal Kombat\" was conceived as a fighting game based on Van Damme. Creators Ed Boon and John Tobias had originally wanted to star Van Damme himself in the game. That fell through as he had a prior deal for another game under the auspices of the Sega Genesis platform. Ed Boon and John Tobias eventually decided to create a different character for the game named Johnny Cage, who is modelled after Van Damme, primarily from Van Damme's appearance and outfit in the martial arts film \"Bloodsport\". In the German version of the Donkey Kong 64 website, DK's greatest hero is Jean-Claude van Kong. Renowned UFC fighter Georges St-Pierre was inspired by Van Damme, and described fighting him in the film \"\" as \"a dream come true\". In January 2017, Van Damme featured in an Ultra Tune television advert which was part of"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " a controversial series of ads. Two women were confronted in a car park by a gang of youths in a threatening manner, Van Damme appears to defend them and then the mood lightens and they take pictures with the star. In October 2020, Van Damme rescued a three-month-old chihuahua, saving her from euthanasia after a legal tussle between Norway and Bulgaria.</s><s>Personal life. By the mid-1990s, the stress of the constant filming and promotion of his films, as Van Damme explains, led him to develop a cocaine habit, on which he spent up to $10,000 a week, and consuming up to 10 grams per day by 1996. He was arrested for driving under the influence in 1999. Attempts at drug rehabilitation were unsuccessful, and he resorted to resolve his addiction via quitting cold turkey and exercise. In 1998, he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. In 2011, he discussed the condition on the British reality show \"\", saying, \"Sometimes you're gonna like me, and sometimes you're gonna hate me. But what can I do? I'm not perfect\u00a0... I'm an extreme bipolar, and I'm taking medication for this\u00a0... When I was young, I was suffering those swing moods"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": ". In the morning, the sky was blue [when I was] going to school, and to me, the sky was black. I was so sad.\" Van Damme has been married five times to four different women. Until 1992 he was married to his third wife, bodybuilder Gladys Portugues, with whom he has two children, Kristopher (born 1987) and Bianca Brigitte (born 1990).) He had begun an affair with actress Darcy LaPier, whom he married in February 1994. From this marriage, the couple has a son named Nicholas (born 10 October 1995). That same year he had an affair with his \"Street Fighter\" co-star Kylie Minogue during filming in Thailand. LaPier, who was pregnant with their son at the time, did not become aware of the affair until Van Damme publicly admitted it in 2012. Van Damme had been in a decade long relationship with Model Alena Kaverina, though still married to Gladys Portugues. Kaverina was born in Ukraine; Van Damme visited the country during the Russian invasion of Ukraine to show his support.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments. Mr. Belgium bodybuilding Championships (1976 Gold) Belgium Karate Lightweight Championships (1977"}, {"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "text": " Gold) Belgium Karate team European Championships (1979 Gold) Belgium Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament Championships (1980 Silver)</s><s>Books cited. -  (Wako) -  (PKA World Heavyweight Title) -  (Eku) - -</s><s>Further reading. - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jean-Claude Van Damme", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000428", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Daniil Medvedev.", "docs": [{"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": "<s>Daniil Medvedev Daniil Sergeyevich Medvedev (; born 11 February 1996) is a Russian professional tennis player. He is currently ranked as the world No. 5 in men's singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), and was ranked as the world No. 1 for 16 total weeks. Medvedev has won 18 ATP Tour singles titles, including the 2021 US Open and 2020 ATP Finals. In the former, Medvedev defeated then-world No. 1 Novak Djokovic in the final to deny him the Grand Slam. In the latter, he became the first and only player to defeat the top three ranked players in the world en route to the year-end championship title. He has also won four Masters 1000 titles and contested four major finals. Medvedev made his ATP Tour main draw debut at the singles event of the 2015 Kremlin Cup. In 2017, he participated in a major for the first time at Wimbledon, where he defeated world No. 3 Stan Wawrinka. In 2018, Medvedev won his first ATP Tour singles titles at Sydney and Winston-Salem, and his first ATP 500 title in Tokyo. He achieved a breakthrough in 2019, making his top 10 debut after Wim"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": "bledon and reaching six consecutive tournament finals, including at the US Open. In February 2022, Medvedev became the first man outside of the Big Three to hold the world No. 1 ranking since Andy Murray in November 2016, the third Russian man following Yevgeny Kafelnikov in 1999 and Marat Safin in 2000, and the 27th man overall.</s><s>Early and personal life. Medvedev was born in Moscow to Sergey Medvedev and Olga Medvedeva. Daniil's father, a computer engineer, developed his own business of building materials sales, from the mid-1980s to the early 2010s. Medvedev has two older sisters named Julia and Elena, 12 and 8 years his senior, respectively. When he was 6 years old, his mother noticed an advertisement for group tennis lessons at the pool where he was taking swimming lessons. His father encouraged him to enroll. Medvedev's first tennis teacher was Ekaterina Kryuchkova, a former coach of professional tennis player Vera Zvonareva among others. - -  Daniil's other childhood activities besides sport included harpsichord and guitar lessons. Medvedev studied physics and math at a specialized school before graduating early and enrolling in economics and commerce"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. He later dropped out to focus on tennis. He then switched to the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth, and Tourism, where he received his diploma as coach. With his family he moved to Antibes, France where he trained at the tennis academy. His parents have been living in France since then, as retirees. As a result of living mostly overseas after turning 18, Medvedev can speak French and English fluently, besides his native Russian. Medvedev married his girlfriend Daria Chernyshkova, a Moscow State University graduate and former juniors tennis player, in Moscow on 12 September 2018. -  On October 14, 2022, he announced with his wife, Daria, the birth of their daughter. In September 2019, he credited his marriage for the improvement of his tennis results: \"Before I made a proposal, I had been on the 65th place in the ranking, and then in ten months I've won two major tournaments and entered the top 10. We have significantly rebuilt our life, we work for each other. I earn [money], and Dasha helps me to earn more\". Daria also works as his assistant, e.g., she helps to procure travel"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " visas which is not easy with a Russian passport. When he won the US Open on 12 September 2021, his first Grand Slam singles title, Medvedev joked, referring to the final being on the same day as his wedding anniversary, \"If I lose, I have no time to find a present. So I have to win this match.\" Medvedev has been listed as an \"unsuitable\" subject to compulsory military service in the Russian Armed Forces because of his minor health issues due to the preterm birth at 8 months. Like many other Russian tennis players, Medvedev considered switching to the flag of Kazakhstan in the beginning of his professional career for a lack of support from the Russian Tennis Federation. -  Sports psychologist Francisca Dauzet has been a part of his French-speaking entourage since 2018. He is a supporter of FC Bayern Munich.</s><s>Junior career. Medvedev played his first junior match in July 2009 at the age of 13 at a grade 4 tournament in Estonia. In December 2010, he won his first junior title as a qualifier at just his third tournament. 2012\u20132013 would see Medvedev surge on the junior circuit as he won six titles between October 2012 and July 2013 which included four consecutive titles."}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " He made his junior Grand Slam debut at 2013 Junior Wimbledon where he won his first round match against Hong Seong-chan but lost in the second round to 2nd seed Nikola Milojevi\u0107. At the 2013 Junior US Open, he went into the tournament seeded 10th and made the third round where he lost to Johan Tatlot. Medvedev reached his career-high junior ranking of world No. 13 at the beginning of 2014 and went into the 2014 Junior Australian Open seeded 8th. He ended his junior career after a first round loss at 2014 Junior Wimbledon. Medvedev ended his junior career with an overall win\u2013loss record of 109\u201343 and wins over several future stars including Alexander Zverev and Reilly Opelka. Junior Grand Slam results \u2013 singles: Australian Open: 3R (2014) French Open: 3R (2014) Wimbledon: 2R (2013) US Open: 3R (2013)</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:2015\u20132016 Early pro career. Medvedev made his ATP main draw debut at the 2015 Kremlin Cup, partnering Aslan Karatsev in the doubles event. The two defeated Aliaksandr Bury and Denis Istomin in the first round but"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " were defeated by Radu Albot and Franti\u0161ek \u010cerm\u00e1k in the second round. As a qualifier, Medvedev made his ATP singles main draw debut at the 2016 Nice Open, losing to Guido Pella in three sets. Three weeks later he earned his first singles ATP World Tour win at the 2016 Ricoh Open, defeating Horacio Zeballos in straight sets. Medvedev was disqualified from the second round of the Savannah Challenger event (in Georgia, U.S.) for comments he made after the umpire ruled in favor of his opponent. Medvedev thought he had won a break point against his opponent Donald Young's serve, but chair umpire Sandy French ruled that his returning shot had gone out. After that, Medvedev said Young and French were friends. As both parties are black, he was disqualified mid-match for allegedly 'question[ing] the impartiality of the umpire based on her race'.</s><s>Career.:2017 First ATP final. In January 2017, Medvedev reached his first ATP singles final. In the final at the Chennai Open he lost to Roberto Bautista Agut in two sets. As a result, Medvedev jumped 34 positions from 99 to 65 in the"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " ATP rankings, a new career-high. In February, he advanced to the quarterfinals of both the Open Sud de France and the Open 13, losing to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Lucas Pouille respectively. In June, he made it to the quarterfinals of the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships, defeating the 6th seed, Robin Haase, and Thanasi Kokkinakis before losing to Ivo Karlovi\u0107 in straight sets. At the Aegon Championships, he advanced to his first ATP 500 quarterfinal by beating Nicolas Mahut and Kokkinakis in the first two rounds, before losing to the No. 6 seed, Grigor Dimitrov, in the quarterfinals. One week later, he on grass advanced to the semifinal of Eastbourne International, losing to Novak Djokovic. Medvedev registered his maiden Grand Slam match win at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships, defeating fifth seed and world No. 3, Stan Wawrinka, in the first round in four sets. He lost in the next round to Ruben Bemelmans. Medvedev was handed three fines totaling $14,500 (\u00a311,200) for his conduct during the match with Bemelmans: $7,000 for"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " insulting the umpire on two occasions and $7,500 for throwing coins under the umpire's chair.</s><s>Career.:2018 First ATP titles. Medvedev started the 2018 season by qualifying for the Sydney International. He reached the final which he won against Australian Alex de Minaur. The final was the youngest ATP Tour tournament final since 2007, when a 20-year-old Rafael Nadal defeated a 19-year-old Novak Djokovic in the final of Indian Wells. It also was the tournament's youngest final since 1989. In August, Medvedev won his second ATP title at the 2018 Winston-Salem Open after defeating Steve Johnson in straight sets. In October, Medvedev won his first ATP 500 and third career ATP title in Tokyo as a qualifier, overcoming Japanese star and No. 3 seeded, Kei Nishikori, in straight sets in the final. This triumph brought him to a new career high ranking of No. 22 and made him the No. 1 player in Russia. The victory also marked the third consecutive final that Medvedev had beaten the home favorite in to win the title. Medvedev reached the Kremlin Cup semifinal, losing to his countryman and eventual champion Karen Khachanov."}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " One week later, he made the semifinals at the ATP 500 Swiss Indoors event, which he lost to Roger Federer. After the tournament, he achieved a new career high ranking of world No. 16. Medvedev finished 2018 with the most hard court match wins of any player on the ATP Tour (38 wins). He also had the most titles on hard court tournaments (3 titles), tying with Roger Federer, Novak Djokovic and Karen Khachanov.</s><s>Career.:2019 Two Masters titles, US Open final. Medvedev started the season strongly by reaching the final of the Brisbane International, defeating Andy Murray, Milos Raonic and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga en route, but then lost to Kei Nishikori. At the Australian Open, he was seeded 15th, the first time he was seeded at a major. He reached the round of 16 for the first time in his career, where he was defeated by eventual champion Novak Djokovic. In February, Medvedev won his fourth ATP title at the Sofia Open, beating M\u00e1rton Fucsovics in the final. The following week, Medvedev lost in the semifinals of Rotterdam to Ga\u00ebl Monfils."}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " Medvedev entered the Monte Carlo Masters having only won two of his 13 career matches on clay courts. Despite this, he reached his first ever Masters 1000 quarterfinal at the event after defeating world No. 8 Stefanos Tsitsipas. In the quarterfinals, Medvedev earned his first triumph over a world number 1 ranked player, when he defeated Djokovic in three sets. His run ended in the semifinals against Du\u0161an Lajovi\u0107. At the Barcelona Open, Medvedev earned his third successive top 10 victory (this time over Kei Nishikori) to reach his first clay-court final. There, he was defeated by world No. 5 Dominic Thiem. Following his victory over Nishikori, Medvedev experienced a five-match losing streak, including an opening-round defeat at the French Open. He returned to form on the grass courts of Queen's Club, reaching his sixth semifinal of the season where he lost to Gilles Simon. Medvedev made his top 10 debut after reaching the third round of Wimbledon. The North American hard-court swing proved to be a momentous breakthrough in Medevdev's career, as he reached four tournament finals (in Washington, Montreal, Cincinnati, and the US"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " Open), becoming only the third man in tennis history to do so (after Ivan Lendl and Andre Agassi). In Washington, he was defeated by Nick Kyrgios in the final. He followed this up with a strong performance at the Rogers Cup, reaching his first Masters final after beating top 10 players Dominic Thiem and Karen Khachanov. In the final, he was defeated by defending champion Rafael Nadal. Medvedev would reach a second consecutive Masters final at Cincinnati after beating defending champion Djokovic for the second time, where he defeated David Goffin in straight sets for his first Masters title. Medvedev entered the US Open as the world No. 5. In his second round match, he fought off cramping to defeat Hugo Dellien in four sets. He then defeated Feliciano L\u00f3pez in a contentious match for which he was fined $5,000 for unsportsmanlike conduct and $4,000 for flipping off the crowd. Medvedev next recovered from a set and a break deficit to beat Dominik K\u00f6pfer and reach his first Major quarterfinal. He then beat former champion Stan Wawrinka in the quarterfinals and Grigor Dimitrov in the semifinals to reach his first Grand Slam final"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": ". There, Medvedev was defeated by Rafael Nadal in five sets. Medvedev followed up his success in North America with his maiden title on Russian soil at the St. Petersburg Open, to become the first Russian to win the tournament in 15 years. Medvedev then won a second consecutive title at the Shanghai Masters, defeating Alexander Zverev in the final. By reaching the final, Medvedev became the 7th man since 2000 to reach at least nine finals in a season. He ended the season losing his last four matches, including all three round robin matches in his ATP Finals debut.</s><s>Career.:2020 ATP Finals champion, third Masters title. Medvedev opened his season at the inaugural edition of the ATP Cup as Russia's top ranked singles player. He led Russia to the semifinals, where they were eliminated by the Serbian team after Medvedev lost to world No. 2 Novak Djokovic. At the Australian Open, Medvedev was eliminated in the fourth round by former champion Stan Wawrinka in five sets. During the February indoor season, Medvedev suffered early defeats in Rotterdam and Marseille. When the season resumed in August after a six-month hiatus due to the COVID-19"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " pandemic, Medvedev failed to defend his title at Cincinnati Masters, losing to Roberto Bautista Agut in the quarterfinals. As the 3rd seed in the US Open, Medvedev reached the semifinals before losing to eventual champion Dominic Thiem. At the French Open, Medvedev exited the tournament in the first round for the fourth consecutive year, losing to M\u00e1rton Fucsovics. His struggles with form continued into the October indoor season, failing to string together more than two consecutive match wins in the St. Petersburg Open and Vienna Opens. Medvedev then resurged, winning his first title in a year at the Paris Masters. At the ATP Finals, Medvedev won all his round-robin matches in straight sets, over Alexander Zverev, Novak Djokovic and Diego Schwartzman. Medvedev recovered from a set- and break-deficit to defeat Rafael Nadal in the semifinals, before beating Dominic Thiem in the final, once again coming from a set down. With the victory, he became the first player to have defeated the world's top three players at the ATP Finals, and only the fourth player (after Djokovic, Boris Becker, and David Nalbandian) to"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " have done so at any tournament since the inception of the ATP Tour in 1990.</s><s>Career.:2021 US Open, Davis and ATP Cups champion. At the second edition of the ATP Cup in February, Medvedev led Russia to the title, going 4\u20130 in singles. This included 3 top ten victories (over Diego Schwartzman, Alexander Zverev, and Matteo Berrettini) extending his win streak over top 10 opponents to ten wins. Medvedev then reached his second Grand Slam final at the Australian Open after straight sets victories over Andrey Rublev and Stefanos Tsitsipas, extending his win streak against top 10 opponents to twelve wins, and his overall win streak to twenty wins. In the final, he was defeated by the defending champion Novak Djokovic in straight sets. Medvedev won his first title of the season at the Open 13 in Marseille, defeating Pierre-Hugues Herbert in the final. With the win, Medvedev ascended to world number 2 in the ATP rankings, becoming the first man outside of the Big Four to occupy a position in the top 2 since Lleyton Hewitt in July 2005. On 13 April, Medvedev tested positive for COVID-19 and was forced"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " to withdraw from the 2021 Monte-Carlo Masters. At the French Open, Medvedev reached the quarterfinals, where he lost to Stefanos Tsitsipas. With the grass-court season, Medvedev took a wildcard to play in the Mallorca Championships, where he won his first career grass-court title. At Wimbledon, he reached the fourth round for the first time in his career. There, he lost to Hubert Hurkacz in a match plagued by rain delays. Medvedev entered both the men's singles and the men's doubles events at the 2020 Summer Olympics. In doubles, Medvedev and Aslan Karatsev were defeated in the first round by Slovakia's Filip Pol\u00e1\u0161ek and Luk\u00e1\u0161 Klein. In singles, he defeated Kazakhstan's Alexander Bublik, India's Sumit Nagal, and Italy's Fabio Fognini to reach the quarterfinals. In the quarterfinals, he lost to Spain's Pablo Carre\u00f1o Busta. To start the North American hardcourt season, Medvedev competed at the Canadian Open, where he won the title by defeating Reilly Opelka in the final. The following week, he competed at the Cincinnati Masters, reaching the semifinals where"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " he was defeated by Andrey Rublev. At the US Open, Medvedev dropped just one set en route to his first major title, defeating Novak Djokovic in the final. The final received immense attention, as Djokovic was vying to become only the second man in the Open Era to achieve the calendar-year Grand Slam. Following the US Open, Medvedev participated in the Laver Cup as part of Team Europe. Team Europe comfortably won the title, with Medvedev winning his match against Denis Shapovalov in straight sets. At the Indian Wells Masters, Medvedev was upset in the fourth round by Grigor Dimitrov. At the Paris Masters, Medvedev reached the final for the second consecutive year, but lost to Novak Djokovic in three sets. In his third ATP Finals, Medvedev qualified for the semifinals after winning all of his group matches. He there defeated Casper Ruud, but lost in straight sets to Alexander Zverev in the final. Medvedev ended his 2021 season by leading Russia to the Davis Cup title, not dropping a set through his five singles matches.</s><s>Career.:2022 Australian Open final, world No. 1. Medvedev represented Russia in the"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " third edition of the ATP Cup. Russia advanced to the semifinals of the tournament after Medvedev and Roman Safiullin went undefeated in doubles. There, Medvedev won his singles match against Canada's F\u00e9lix Auger-Aliassime, but Russia was eliminated when Medvedev and Safiullin were defeated in the decisive doubles rubber. In January, Medvedev reached the final of the Australian Open for the second successive year. En route to the final, he beat home favorite Nick Kyrgios, world No. 10 Auger-Aliassime (saving match point), and world No. 4 Stefanos Tsitsipas. In the final, he was defeated in five epic sets by Rafael Nadal despite taking a two-set lead. At 5 hours and 24 minutes, it was the second longest Major final ever played. In February, Medvedev was nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year award. Medvedev entered the Mexican Open with the opportunity to gain the world number 1 ranking from Novak Djokovic. Medvedev reached the semifinals where he was defeated once again by Rafael Nadal in a rematch of the Australian Open final. However, as Djokovic was also defeated"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " in the Dubai quarterfinals being played simultaneously, Medvedev ascended to world number 1 for the first time. Medvedev thus became the first man outside of the Big Four to hold the top ranking since Andy Roddick in February 2004, and the third Russian man to achieve the ranking, following Yevgeny Kafelnikov in 1999 and Marat Safin in 2000. At the Indian Wells Masters, Medvedev lost to Gael Monfils in the third round. The loss resulted in his losing the number 1 ranking, with Novak Djokovic once again taking the top spot. Medvedev had a chance to reclaim the number 1 ranking the following fortnight if he reached the semifinals at the Miami Masters, but fell one match short, losing to defending champion Hubert Hurkacz in the quarterfinals. On April 2, Medvedev announced that he would miss the beginning of the clay court season to recover from a hernia procedure. On April 20, the All England Club announced a ban on all Russian and Belarusian players, including Medvedev, from competing at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Following his recovery from surgery, Medvedev returned to play at the Geneva Open, where he lost his opening"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " match to Richard Gasquet in straight sets. At the French Open, Medvedev was eliminated in the fourth round by Marin \u010cili\u0107. However, as Novak Djokovic failed to defend his title, Medvedev reclaimed the number 1 ranking. Medvedev entered three tournaments in the grass court season, Rosmalen, Halle, and Mallorca. At his first event in Rosmalen, he reached the final without dropping a set before suffering a shock loss to world No. 205 Tim van Rijthoven. He then reached the final at Halle, once again without dropping a set, where he lost to Hubert Hurkacz. In Mallorca, Medvedev was defeated in the quarterfinals by Roberto Bautista Agut. Medvedev started his North American summer hardcourt season by winning the title at the Los Cabos Open defeating Cameron Norrie in the final. In his opening round match against Rinky Hijikata, he recorded his 250th career singles match win. At the Canadian Open, Medvedev, who was the defending champion, lost his opening match to Nick Kyrgios. At the Cincinnati Masters, Medvedev was defeated by Stefanos Tsitsipas in the"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " semifinals. Medvedev was yet again defeated by Kyrgios at the US Open, resulting in Medvedev losing his number one ranking. Medvedev began the fall indoor-hardcourt season by competing at the Moselle Open, where he lost his opening match to Stan Wawrinka in three sets. Medvedev next competed at the Astana Open where he reached the semifinals. In his semifinal match, against Novak Djokovic, Medvedev was forced to retire with the match level at one-set-all with a leg injury. Medvedev returned to play at the Vienna Open where he defeated Denis Shapovalov in the final to win his second title of the year, and second ATP 500 title of his career. Medvedev finished the year on a 4 match losing skid, losing in the opening round in Paris Masters, and losing all three of his round robin matches in the ATP Finals in third-set tiebreakers. This resulted in him dropping to world no. 7 in the year-end rankings.</s><s>Career.:2023: Three consecutive titles, Indian Wells Final. Medvedev started the season at the Adelaide International where he reached the semifinals, losing to Novak Djokovic in"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " straight sets. Seeded 7th at the Australian Open, he defeated opponents Marcos Giron and John Millman before losing to Sebastian Korda in straight sets in the third round. As a result, Medvedev dropped out of the Top 10 to World No. 12. In February, Medvedev entered the ABN AMRO Open in Rotterdam seeded 6th, where he made it to the finals whilst dropping only one set. In the final, he defeated Italian No. 1 Jannik Sinner in three sets, thus returning back to the Top 10. The following week, Medvedev entered the Qatar ExxonMobil Open seeded third and won the tournament, defeating Andy Murray in straight sets in the final. In March, Medvedev defeated No. 2 seed Andrey Rublev in straight sets in an all-Russian final to win in Dubai his third title in three weeks, and his 18th title overall thus winning titles in 18 different cities and becoming the first man in the Open Era to accomplish the feat. In this tournament, he did not drop a set including his win against No. 1 seed Novak Djokovic, snapping his 20-match winning streak. As a result he moved back to world No. 6 on 6 March 20"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": "23. At the next Masters 1000 Indian Wels Masters he reached back-to-back quarterfinals defeating 12th seed Alexander Zverev. His victory against American, Frances Tiafoe propelled him into the final against Carlos Alcaraz. In the finals, he lost to Carlos Alcaraz in straight sets but reentered Top 5.</s><s>Rivalries.</s><s>Rivalries.:Stefanos Tsitsipas. Daniil Medvedev and Stefanos Tsitsipas have faced each other 11 times since 2018, with Medvedev leading the rivalry, 7\u20134. They are considered to be two of the best tennis players of their generation. Medvedev won his first five matches against Tsitsipas, but Tsitsipas has won four of their last six.</s><s>Rivalries.:Alexander Zverev. Medvedev and Zverev have faced each other 13 times with Medvedev leading the rivalry 7\u20136. Zverev won the first four matches of their rivalry, but Medvedev won six of their next seven encounters.</s><s>Playing style and mentality. Medvedev is a counterpuncher. Standing at 1.98 m (6\u00a0ft 6 in) tall,"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " he has an extremely powerful first serve capable of reaching 145\u00a0mph (232\u00a0km/h). He also hits long, flat groundstrokes, often wearing opponents down with lengthy baseline rallies. Medvedev is also known for his strong return of serve. He tends to adopt an extremely deep position at the back of the court which allows him to hit full-swing groundstrokes rather than blocking the serve back into play. He also possesses one of the best backhands on tour. His forehand is generally the weaker shot of the two. Medvedev is also a mentally strong competitor, which is evident in his attitude on the court, playing style, and demeanor in big matches. According to Francisca Dauzet, the performance coach he has been working with since 2018, he has \u201cmonstrous mental potential\u201d and is learning to control his impatience. At times he has been \u201cunable to channel his outbursts\u201d, but Dauzet described him as a quick learner who is \"fast at catching things\". Medvedev's preferred surface is hardcourt and he has been one of the very best and most consistent players on the surface since he first broke through to the top 10 in 2019. He struggles"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": " much more on clay due to his extremely flat strokes and the fact that his movement, one of his biggest strengths on a hardcourt, is hampered. However, he has still achieved solid results on the surface. With his playing style, Novak Djokovic has described Medvedev as a \"very complete\" player and Alexander Zverev called him \"the best player in the world right now\" in October 2019. 2019 ATP Finals champion, Stefanos Tsitsipas, once described his way of playing as \"very boring\"; however, later said \"he just plays extremely smart and outplays you\".</s><s>Endorsements. Medvedev is endorsed by Lacoste for apparel and shoes, Tecnifibre for racquets, and Bovet for watches. He also has been employed as an ambassador by BMW, Tinkoff Bank, and HyperX for gaming accessories, mostly for the Russian-speaking world. He was previously endorsed by Lotto for apparel and shoes until 2019. -  Since November 2021, he has been signed as a promoter of the Guojiao 1573 brand.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Grand Slam singles performance timeline. \"Current through the 2023 Australian Open.\"</s><s>"}, {"title": "Daniil Medvedev", "text": "Records. - These records were attained in the Open Era.</s><s>Awards. - National - The Russian Cup in the nominations: - Male Tennis Player of the Year: 2019, 2021; - Team of the Year: 2019, 2021. - Sports title \"Merited Master of Sports of Russia\" (2019)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Daniil Medvedev", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000429", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Coco Chanel.", "docs": [{"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": "<s>Coco Chanel Gabrielle Bonheur \"Coco\" Chanel (, ; 19 August 1883 \u2013 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post\u2013World War I era with popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. This replaced the \"corseted silhouette\" that was dominant beforehand with a style that was simpler, far less time consuming to put on and remove, more comfortable, and less expensive, all without sacrificing elegance. She is the only fashion designer listed on \"Time\" magazine's. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her aesthetic design in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product, and Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s. Her couture house closed in 1939, with the outbreak of World War II. Chanel stayed in France and was criticized during the war for collaborating with the Nazi-German occupiers and the Vichy puppet regime to boost her professional career. One of Chanel's liaisons was"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " with a German diplomat, Baron (\"Freiherr\") Hans G\u00fcnther von Dincklage. After the war, Chanel was interrogated about her relationship with Dincklage, but she was not charged as a collaborator due to intervention by British prime minister Winston Churchill. When the war ended, Chanel moved to Switzerland, returning to Paris in 1954 to revive her fashion house. In 2011, Hal Vaughan published a book about Chanel based on newly declassified documents, revealing that she had collaborated directly with the Nazi intelligence service, the \"Sicherheitsdienst\". One plan in late 1943 was for her to carry an SS peace overture to Churchill to end the war.</s><s>Early life. Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel was born in 1883 to Eug\u00e9nie Jeanne Devolle Chanel, known as Jeanne, a laundrywoman, in the charity hospital run by the Sisters of Providence (a poorhouse) in Saumur, Maine-et-Loire. She was Jeanne's second child with Albert Chanel; the first, Julia, had been born less than a year earlier. Albert Chanel was an itinerant street vendor who peddled work clothes and undergarments, living a nomadic life,"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " traveling to and from market towns. The family resided in run-down lodgings. In 1884, he married Jeanne Devolle, persuaded to do so by her family who had \"united, effectively, to pay Albert\". At birth, Chanel's name was entered into the official registry as \"Chasnel\". Jeanne was too unwell to attend the registration, and Albert was registered as \"traveling\". With both parents absent, the infant's last name was misspelled, probably due to a clerical error. She went to her grave as Gabrielle Chasnel because to correct, legally, the misspelled name on her birth certificate would reveal that she was born in a poor house hospice. The couple had six children\u2014Julia, Gabrielle, Alphonse (the first boy, born 1885), Antoinette (born 1887), Lucien, and Augustin (who died at six months)\u2014and lived crowded into a one-room lodging in the town of Brive-la-Gaillarde. When Gabrielle was 11, Jeanne died at the age of 32. The children did not attend school. Her father sent his two sons to work as farm laborers and sent his three daughters to the convent of Aubazine,"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " which ran an orphanage. Its religious order, the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary, was \"founded to care for the poor and rejected, including running homes for abandoned and orphaned girls\". It was a stark, frugal life, demanding strict discipline. Placement in the orphanage may have contributed to Chanel's future career, as it was where she learned to sew. At age eighteen, Chanel, too old to remain at Aubazine, went to live in a boarding house for Catholic girls in the town of Moulins. Later in life, Chanel would retell the story of her childhood somewhat differently; she would often include more glamorous accounts, which were generally untrue. She said that when her mother died, her father sailed for America to seek his fortune, and she was sent to live with two aunts. She also claimed to have been born a decade later than 1883 and that her mother had died when she was much younger than 11.</s><s>Personal life and early career.</s><s>Personal life and early career.:Aspirations for a stage career. Having learned to sew during her six years at Aubazine, Chanel found employment as a seamstress. When not sewing, she sang in a cabaret frequented"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " by cavalry officers. Chanel made her stage debut singing at a \"cafe-concert\" (a popular entertainment venue of the era) in a Moulins pavilion, \"La Rotonde\". She was a \"poseuse\", a performer who entertained the crowd between star turns. The money earned was what they managed to accumulate when the plate was passed. It was at this time that Gabrielle acquired the name \"Coco\" when she spent her nights singing in the cabaret, often the song, \"Who Has Seen Coco?\" She often liked to say the nickname was given to her by her father. Others believe \"Coco\" came from \"Ko Ko Ri Ko\", and \"Qui qu'a vu Coco\", or it was an allusion to the French word for kept woman, \"cocotte\". As an entertainer, Chanel radiated a juvenile allure that tantalized the military habitu\u00e9s of the cabaret. In 1906, Chanel worked in the spa resort town of Vichy. Vichy boasted a profusion of concert halls, theatres, and caf\u00e9s where she hoped to achieve success as a performer. Chanel's youth and physical charms impressed those for whom she auditioned, but her singing voice"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " was marginal and she failed to find stage work. Obliged to find employment, she took work at the \"Grande Grille\", where as a \"donneuse d'eau\" she was one whose job was to dispense glasses of the purportedly curative mineral water for which Vichy was renowned. When the Vichy season ended, Chanel returned to Moulins, and her former haunt \"La Rotonde\". She realized then that a serious stage career was not in her future.</s><s>Personal life and early career.:Aspirations for a stage career.:Balsan and Capel. At Moulins, Chanel met a young French ex-cavalry officer and textile heir, \u00c9tienne Balsan. At the age of twenty-three, Chanel became Balsan's mistress, supplanting the courtesan \u00c9milienne d'Alen\u00e7on as his new favourite. For the next three years, she lived with him in his ch\u00e2teau Royallieu near Compi\u00e8gne, an area known for its wooded equestrian paths and the hunting life. It was a lifestyle of self-indulgence. Balsan's wealth allowed the cultivation of a social set"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " that reveled in partying and the gratification of human appetites, with all the implied accompanying decadence. Balsan showered Chanel with the baubles of \"the rich life\"\u2014diamonds, dresses, and pearls. Biographer Justine Picardie, in her 2010 study \"Coco Chanel: The Legend and the Life\", suggests that the fashion designer's nephew, Andr\u00e9 Palasse, supposedly the only child of her sister Julia-Berthe who had committed suicide, was Chanel's child by Balsan. In 1908, Chanel began an affair with one of Balsan's friends, Captain Arthur Edward 'Boy' Capel. In later years, Chanel reminisced of this time in her life: \"two gentlemen were outbidding for my hot little body.\" Capel, a wealthy member of the English upper class, installed Chanel in an apartment in Paris. and financed her first shops. It is said that Capel's sartorial style influenced the conception of the Chanel look. The bottle design for Chanel No. 5 had two probable origins, both attributable to her association with Capel. It is believed Chanel adapted the rectangular, bevelled lines of the Charvet toiletry bottles"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " he carried in his leather travelling case or she adapted the design of the whiskey decanter Capel used. She so much admired it that she wished to reproduce it in \"exquisite, expensive, delicate glass\". The couple spent time together at fashionable resorts such as Deauville, but despite Chanel's hopes that they would settle together, Capel was never faithful to her. Their affair lasted nine years. Even after Capel married an English aristocrat, Lady Diana Wyndham in 1918, he did not completely break off with Chanel. He died in a car accident on 22 December 1919. A roadside memorial at the site of Capel's accident is said to have been commissioned by Chanel. Twenty-five years after the event, Chanel, then residing in Switzerland, confided to her friend, Paul Morand, \"His death was a terrible blow to me. In losing Capel, I lost everything. What followed was not a life of happiness, I have to say.\" Chanel had begun designing hats while living with Balsan, initially as a diversion that evolved into a commercial enterprise. She became a licensed milliner in 1910 and opened a boutique at 21 rue Cambon, Paris, named \"Chanel Modes\". As this"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " location already housed an established clothing business, Chanel sold only her millinery creations at this address. Chanel's millinery career bloomed once theatre actress Gabrielle Dorziat wore her hats in Fernand Nozi\u00e8re's play \"Bel Ami\" in 1912. Subsequently, Dorziat modelled Chanel's hats again in photographs published in \"Les Modes\".</s><s>Personal life and early career.:Aspirations for a stage career.:Deauville and Biarritz. In 1913, Chanel opened a boutique in Deauville, financed by Arthur Capel, where she introduced deluxe casual clothing suitable for leisure and sport. The fashions were constructed from humble fabrics such as jersey and tricot, at the time primarily used for men's underwear. The location was a prime one, in the center of town on a fashionable street. Here Chanel sold hats, jackets, sweaters, and the \"marini\u00e8re\", the sailor blouse. Chanel had the dedicated support of two family members, her sister Antoinette, and her paternal aunt Adrienne, who was of a similar age. Adrienne and Antoinette were recruited to model Chanel's designs; on a daily basis the two women paraded through"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " the town and on its boardwalks, advertising the Chanel creations. Chanel, determined to re-create the success she enjoyed in Deauville, opened an establishment in Biarritz in 1915. Biarritz, on the C\u00f4te Basque, close to wealthy Spanish clients, was a playground for the moneyed set and those exiled from their native countries by the war. The Biarritz shop was installed not as a store-front, but in a villa opposite the casino. After one year of operation, the business proved to be so lucrative that in 1916 Chanel was able to reimburse Capel's original investment. In Biarritz Chanel met an expatriate aristocrat, the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia. They had a romantic interlude, and maintained a close association for many years afterward. By 1919, Chanel was registered as a \"couturi\u00e8re\" and established her \"maison de couture\" at 31 rue Cambon, Paris.</s><s>Established couturi\u00e8re. In 1918, Chanel purchased the building at 31 rue Cambon, in one of the most fashionable districts of Paris. In 1921, she opened an early incarnation of a fashion boutique, featuring clothing, hats"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": ", and accessories, later expanded to offer jewellery and fragrances. By 1927, Chanel owned five properties on the rue Cambon, buildings numbered 23 to 31. In the spring of 1920, Chanel was introduced to the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky by Sergei Diaghilev, impresario of the Ballets Russes. During the summer, Chanel discovered that the Stravinsky family sought a place to live, having left the Russian Soviet Republic after the war. She invited them to her new home, \"Bel Respiro\", in the Paris suburb of \"Garches\", until they could find a suitable residence. They arrived at \"Bel Respiro\" during the second week of September and remained until May 1921. Chanel also guaranteed the new (1920) Ballets Russes production of Stravinsky's \"Le Sacre du Printemps\" ('The Rite of Spring') against financial loss with an anonymous gift to Diaghilev, said to be 300,000 francs. In addition to turning out her couture collections, Chanel threw herself into designing dance costumes for the Ballets Russes. In the years 1923\u20131937, she collaborated on productions choreographed by Diaghilev and dancer Vaslav Nij"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": "insky, notably \"Le Train bleu\", a dance-opera; \"Orph\u00e9e\" and \"Oedipe Roi\". She developed a romantic relationship with Igor Stravinsky during this time and went on tour around the world with him, unknown to his wife. In 1922, at the Longchamps races, Th\u00e9ophile Bader, founder of the Paris Galeries Lafayette, introduced Chanel to businessman Pierre Wertheimer. Bader was interested in selling Chanel No. 5 in his department store. In 1924, Chanel made an agreement with the Wertheimer brothers, Pierre and Paul, directors since 1917 of the eminent perfume and cosmetics house Bourjois. They created a corporate entity, \"Parfums Chanel\", and the Wertheimers agreed to provide full financing for the production, marketing, and distribution of Chanel No. 5. The Wertheimers would receive seventy percent of the profits, and Th\u00e9ophile Bader twenty percent. For ten percent of the stock, Chanel licensed her name to \"Parfums Chanel\" and withdrew from involvement in business operations. Later, unhappy with the arrangement, Chanel worked for more than twenty years to gain full control of \"Parfums Chanel\". She"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " said that Pierre Wertheimer was \"the bandit who screwed me\". One of Chanel's longest enduring associations was with Misia Sert, a member of the bohemian elite in Paris and wife of Spanish painter Jos\u00e9-Maria Sert. It is said that theirs was an immediate bond of kindred souls, and Misia was attracted to Chanel by \"her genius, lethal wit, sarcasm and maniacal destructiveness, which intrigued and appalled everyone\". Both women were convent-schooled, and maintained a friendship of shared interests and confidences. They also shared drug use. By 1935, Chanel had become a habitual drug user, injecting herself with morphine on a daily basis: a habit she maintained to the end of her life. According to Chandler Burr's \"The Emperor of Scent\", Luca Turin related an apocryphal story in circulation that Chanel was \"called Coco because she threw the most fabulous cocaine parties in Paris\". The writer Colette, who moved in the same social circles as Chanel, provided a whimsical description of Chanel at work in her atelier, which appeared in \"Prisons et Paradis\" (1932):If every human face bears a resemblance to some animal, then Mademoiselle"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " Chanel is a small black bull. That tuft of curly black hair, the attribute of bull-calves, falls over her brow all the way to the eyelids and dances with every maneuver of her head.</s><s>Established couturi\u00e8re.:Associations with British aristocrats. In 1923, Vera Bate Lombardi, (born Sarah Gertrude Arkwright), reputedly the illegitimate daughter of the Marquess of Cambridge, offered Chanel entry into the highest levels of British aristocracy. It was an elite group of associations revolving around such figures as politician Winston Churchill, aristocrats such as the Duke of Westminster and royals such as Edward, Prince of Wales. In Monte Carlo in 1923, at age forty, Chanel was introduced by Lombardi to the vastly wealthy Duke of Westminster, Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor, known to his intimates as \"Bendor\". The duke lavished Chanel with extravagant jewels, costly art and a home in London's prestigious Mayfair district. His affair with Chanel lasted ten years. The duke, an outspoken antisemite, intensified Chanel's inherent antipathy toward Jews. He shared with her an expressed homophobia. In 1946, Chanel was quoted by her friend and confidant"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": ", Paul Morand, Homosexuals?\u00a0... I have seen young women ruined by these awful queers: drugs, divorce, scandal. They will use any means to destroy a competitor and to wreak vengeance on a woman. The queers want to be women\u2014but they are lousy women. They are charming! Coinciding with her introduction to the duke was her introduction, again through Lombardi, to Lombardi's cousin, the Prince of Wales, Edward VIII. The prince allegedly was smitten with Chanel and pursued her in spite of her involvement with the Duke of Westminster. Gossip had it that he visited Chanel in her apartment and requested that she call him \"David\", a privilege reserved only for his closest friends and family. Years later, Diana Vreeland, editor of \"Vogue\", would insist that \"the passionate, focused and fiercely-independent Chanel, a virtual tour de force\", and the Prince \"had a great romantic moment together\". In 1927, the Duke of Westminster gave Chanel a parcel of land he had purchased in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin on the French Riviera. Chanel built a villa here, which she called \"La Pausa\" ('restful pause'), hiring the architect"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " Robert Streitz. Streitz's concept for the staircase and patio contained design elements inspired by Aubazine, the orphanage where Chanel spent her youth. When asked why she did not marry the Duke of Westminster, she is supposed to have said: \"There have been several Duchesses of Westminster. There is only one Chanel.\" During Chanel's affair with the Duke of Westminster in the 1930s, her style began to reflect her personal emotions. Her inability to reinvent the little black dress was a sign of such reality. She began to design a \"less is more\" aesthetic.</s><s>Established couturi\u00e8re.:Designing for film. In 1931, while in Monte Carlo Chanel became acquainted with Samuel Goldwyn. She was introduced through a mutual friend, the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, cousin to the last tsar of Russia, Nicolas II. Goldwyn offered Chanel a tantalizing proposition. For the sum of a million dollars (approximately US$75\u00a0million today), he would bring her to Hollywood twice a year to design costumes for his stars. Chanel accepted the offer. Accompanying her on her first trip to Hollywood was her friend, Misia Sert. En route to California from New York, travelling in a white"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " train carriage luxuriously outfitted for her use, Chanel was interviewed by \"Collier's\" magazine in 1932. She said that she had agreed to go to Hollywood to \"see what the pictures have to offer me and what I have to offer the pictures\". Chanel designed the clothing worn on screen by Gloria Swanson, in \"Tonight or Never\" (1931), and for Ina Claire in \"The Greeks Had a Word for Them\" (1932). Both Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich became private clients. Her experience with American film making left Chanel with a dislike for Hollywood's film business and a distaste for the film world's culture, which she called \"infantile\". Chanel's verdict was that \"Hollywood is the capital of bad taste\u00a0... and it is vulgar.\" Ultimately, her design aesthetic did not translate well to film. \"The New Yorker\" speculated that Chanel left Hollywood because \"they told her her dresses weren't sensational enough. She made a lady look like a lady. Hollywood wants a lady to look like two ladies.\" Chanel went on to design the costumes for several French films, including Jean Renoir's 1939 film \"La R\u00e8gle du jeu\", in which she was credited"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " as \"La Maison Chanel\". Chanel introduced the left-wing Renoir to Luchino Visconti, aware that the shy Italian hoped to work in film. Renoir was favorably impressed by Visconti and brought him in to work on his next film project.</s><s>Established couturi\u00e8re.:Significant liaisons: Reverdy and Iribe. Chanel was the mistress of some of the most influential men of her time, but she never married. She had significant relationships with the poet Pierre Reverdy and the illustrator and designer Paul Iribe. After her romance with Reverdy ended in 1926, they maintained a friendship that lasted some forty years. It is postulated that the legendary maxims attributed to Chanel and published in periodicals were crafted under the mentorship of Reverdy\u2014a collaborative effort. A review of her correspondence reveals a complete contradiction between the clumsiness of Chanel the letter writer and the talent of Chanel as a composer of maxims\u00a0... After correcting the handful of aphorisms that Chanel wrote about her \"m\u00e9tier\", Reverdy added to this collection of \"Chanelisms\" a series of thoughts of a more general nature, some touching on life and"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " taste, others on allure and love. Her involvement with Iribe was a deep one until his sudden death in 1935. Iribe and Chanel shared the same reactionary politics, Chanel financing Iribe's monthly, ultra-nationalist and anti-republican newsletter, \"Le T\u00e9moin\", which encouraged a fear of foreigners and preached antisemitism. In 1936, one year after \"Le T\u00e9moin\" ceased publication, Chanel veered to the opposite end of the ideological continuum by financing Pierre Lestringuez's radical left-wing magazine \"Futur\".</s><s>Established couturi\u00e8re.:Rivalry with Schiaparelli. The Chanel couture was a lucrative business enterprise, employing 4,000 people by 1935. As the 1930s progressed, Chanel's place on the throne of haute couture was threatened. The boyish look and the short skirts of the 1920s flapper seemed to disappear overnight. Chanel's designs for film stars in Hollywood were not successful and had not enhanced her reputation as expected. More significantly, Chanel's star had been eclipsed by her premier rival, the designer Elsa Schiaparelli. Schiaparelli's innovative designs, replete with playful"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " references to surrealism, were garnering critical acclaim and generating enthusiasm in the fashion world. Feeling she was losing her avant-garde edge, Chanel collaborated with Jean Cocteau on his theatre piece \"Oedipe Rex\". The costumes she designed were mocked and critically lambasted: \"Wrapped in bandages the actors looked like ambulant mummies or victims of some terrible accident.\" She was also involved in the costuming of \"Baccanale\", a Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo production. The designs were made by Salvador Dal\u00ed. However, due to Britain's declaration of war on 3 September 1939, the ballet was forced to leave London. They left the costumes in Europe and were re-made, according to Dali's initial designs, by Karinska.</s><s>World War II. In 1939, at the beginning of World War II, Chanel closed her shops, maintaining her apartment situated above the couture house at 31 Rue de Cambon. She said that it was not a time for fashion; as a result of her action, 4,000 female employees lost their jobs. Her biographer Hal Vaughan suggests that Chanel used the outbreak of war as an opportunity to retaliate against those workers who had striked for higher"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " wages and shorter work hours in the French general labor strike of 1936. In closing her couture house, Chanel made a definitive statement of her political views. Her dislike of Jews, reportedly sharpened by her association with society elites, had solidified her beliefs. She shared with many of her circle a conviction that Jews were a threat to Europe because of the Bolshevik government in the Soviet Union. During the German occupation, Chanel resided at the Hotel Ritz. It was noteworthy as the preferred place of residence for upper-echelon German military staff. During this time, she had a romantic liaison with Baron, a German aristocrat and member of Dincklage noble family. He served as diplomat in Paris and was a former Prussian Army officer and attorney general who had been an operative in military intelligence since 1920, who eased her arrangements at the Ritz.</s><s>World War II.:Battle for control of \"Parfums Chanel\". \"Sleeping with the Enemy, Coco Chanel and the Secret War\" written by Hal Vaughan further solidifies the consistencies of the French intelligence documents released by describing Chanel as a \"vicious antisemite\" who praised Hitler. World War II, specifically the Nazi seizure of all Jewish-owned property and"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " business enterprises, provided Chanel with the opportunity to gain the full monetary fortune generated by \"Parfums Chanel\" and its most profitable product, Chanel No. 5. The directors of \"Parfums Chanel\", the Wertheimers, were Jewish. Chanel used her position as an \"Aryan\" to petition German officials to legalize her claim to sole ownership. She wrote: I have an indisputable right of priority\u00a0... the profits that I have received from my creations since the foundation of this business\u00a0... are disproportionate\u00a0... [and] you can help to repair in part the prejudices I have suffered in the course of these seventeen years.Chanel was not aware that the Wertheimers, anticipating the forthcoming Nazi mandates against Jews had, in May 1940, legally turned control of \"Parfums Chanel\" over to F\u00e9lix Amiot, a Christian French businessman and industrialist. At war's end, Amiot returned \"Parfums Chanel\" to the hands of the Wertheimers. During the period directly following the end of World War II, the business world watched with interest and some apprehension the ongoing legal wrestle for control of \"Parfums Chanel\". Interested parties in the proceedings were cogn"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": "izant that Chanel's Nazi affiliations during wartime, if made public knowledge, would seriously threaten the reputation and status of the Chanel brand. \"Forbes\" magazine summarized the dilemma faced by the Wertheimers: [it is Pierre Wertheimer's worry] how \"a legal fight might illuminate Chanel's wartime activities and wreck her image\u2014and his business.\" Chanel hired Ren\u00e9 de Chambrun, Vichy France prime minister Pierre Laval's son-in-law, as her lawyer to sue Wertheimer. Ultimately, the Wertheimers and Chanel came to a mutual accommodation, renegotiating the original 1924 contract. On 17 May 1947, Chanel received wartime profits from the sale of Chanel No. 5, an amount equivalent to some million in 2022 valuation. Her future share would be two percent of all Chanel No. 5 sales worldwide (projected to gross her $34\u00a0million a year as of 2022), making her one of the richest women in the world at the time the contract was renegotiated. In addition, Pierre Wertheimer agreed to an unusual stipulation proposed by Chanel herself: Wertheimer agreed to pay all of Chanel's living expenses\u2014from the trivial to the large\u2014"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": "for the rest of her life.</s><s>Activity as Nazi agent. Declassified archival documents unearthed by Vaughan reveal that the French Pr\u00e9fecture de Police had a document on Chanel in which she was described as \"Couturier and perfumer. Pseudonym: Westminster. Agent reference: F 7124. Signalled as suspect in the file\" (\"Pseudonyme: Westminster. Indicatif d'agent: F 7124. Signal\u00e9e comme suspecte au fichier\"). For Vaughan, this was a piece of revelatory information linking Chanel to German intelligence operations. Anti-Nazi activist Serge Klarsfeld declared, \"Just because Chanel had a spy number doesn't necessarily mean she was personally involved. Some informers had numbers without being aware of it.\" (\"\"Ce n'est pas parce que Coco Chanel avait un num\u00e9ro d'espion qu'elle \u00e9tait n\u00e9cessairement impliqu\u00e9e personnellement. Certains indicateurs avaient des num\u00e9ros sans le savoir\"\"). Vaughan establishes that Chanel committed herself to the German cause as early as 1941 and worked for General Walter Schellenberg, chief of the German intelligence agency \"Sicherhe"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": "itsdienst\" (Security Service; SD) and the military intelligence spy network \"Abwehr\" (Counterintelligence) at the Reich Security Main Office (\"Reichssicherheitshauptamt\"; RSHA) in Berlin. At the end of the war, Schellenberg was tried by the Nuremberg Military Tribunal, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment for war crimes. He was released in 1951 owing to incurable liver disease and took refuge in Italy. Chanel paid for Schellenberg's medical care and living expenses, financially supported his wife and family and paid for Schellenberg's funeral upon his death in 1952. Suspicions of Coco Chanel's involvement first began when German tanks entered Paris and began the Nazi occupation. Chanel immediately sought refuge in the deluxe Hotel Ritz, which was also used as the headquarters of the German military. It was at the Hotel Ritz where she fell in love with Baron Hans Gunther von Dincklage, working in the German embassy close to the Gestapo. When the Nazi occupation of France began, Chanel decided to close her store, claiming a patriotic motivation behind such decision. However, when she moved into the same Hotel Ritz that was housing the German military"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": ", her motivations became clear to many. While many women in France were punished for \"horizontal collaboration\" with German officers, Chanel faced no such action. At the time of the French liberation in 1944, Chanel left a note in her store window explaining Chanel No. 5 to be free to all GIs. During this time, she fled to Switzerland to avoid criminal charges for her collaborations as a Nazi spy. After the liberation, she was known to have been interviewed in Paris by Malcolm Muggeridge, who at the time was an officer in British military intelligence, about her relationship with the Nazis during the occupation of France.</s><s>Activity as Nazi agent.:Operation Modellhut. In late 2014, French intelligence agencies declassified and released documents confirming Coco Chanel's role with Germany in World War II. Working as a spy, Chanel was directly involved in a plan for the Third Reich to take control of Madrid. Such documents identify Chanel as an agent in the German military intelligence, the Abwehr. Chanel visited Madrid in 1943 to convince the British ambassador to Spain, Sir Samuel Hoare, a friend of Winston Churchill, about a possible German surrender once the war was leaning towards an Allied victory. One of the most prominent missions she was"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " involved in was Operation Modellhut (\"Operation Model Hat\"). Her duty was to act as a messenger from Hitler's Foreign Intelligence to Churchill, to prove that some of the Third Reich attempted peace with the Allies. In 1943, Chanel traveled to the RSHA in Berlin\u2014the \"lion's den\"\u2014with her liaison and \"old friend\", the German Embassy in Paris press attach\u00e9 Baron Hans G\u00fcnther von Dincklage, a former Prussian Army officer and attorney general, who was also known as \"Sparrow\" among his friends and colleagues. Dincklage was also a collaborator for the German SD; his superiors being Walter Schellenberg and Alexander Waag in Berlin. Chanel and Dincklage were to report to Schellenberg at the RSHA, with a plan that Chanel had proposed to Dincklage: she, Coco Chanel, was to meet Churchill and persuade him to negotiate with the Germans. In late 1943 or early 1944, Chanel and her SS superior, Schellenberg, who had a weakness for unconventional schemes, devised a plan to get Britain to consider a separate peace to be negotiated by the SS. When interrogated by British intelligence at the war's end, Schellenberg maintained that"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " Chanel was \"a person who knew Churchill sufficiently to undertake political negotiations with him\". For this mission, code-named \"Operation Modellhut\", they also recruited Vera Bate Lombardi. Count Joseph von Ledebur-Wicheln, a Nazi agent who defected to the British Secret Service in 1944, recalled a meeting he had with Dincklage in early 1943, in which the baron had suggested including Lombardi as a courier. Dincklage purportedly said, The \"Abwehr\" had first to bring to France a young Italian woman [Lombardi, who] Coco Chanel was attached to because of her lesbian vicesUnaware of the machinations of Schellenberg and Chanel, Lombardi was led to believe that the forthcoming journey to Spain would be a business trip exploring the potential for establishing Chanel couture in Madrid. Lombardi acted as an intermediary, delivering a letter written by Chanel to Churchill, to be forwarded to him via the British Embassy in Madrid. Schellenberg's SS liaison officer, Captain Walter Kutschmann, acted as bagman, \"told to deliver a large sum of money to Chanel in Madrid\". Ultimately, the mission was a failure for the Germans: British intelligence files"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " reveal that the plan collapsed after Lombardi, on arrival in Madrid, proceeded to denounce Chanel and others to the British Embassy as Nazi spies.</s><s>Activity as Nazi agent.:Protection from prosecution. In September 1944, Chanel was interrogated by the Free French Purge Committee, the \"\u00e9puration\". The committee had no documented evidence of her collaborative activities and was obliged to release her. According to Chanel's grand-niece, Gabrielle Palasse Labrunie, when Chanel returned home she said, \"Churchill had me freed\". The extent of Churchill's intervention for Chanel after the war became a subject of gossip and speculation. Some historians claimed that people worried that, if Chanel were forced to testify about her own activities at trial, she would expose the pro-Nazi sympathies and activities of certain top-level British officials, members of the society elite and the royal family. Vaughan writes that some claim that Churchill instructed Duff Cooper, British ambassador to the French provisional government, to protect Chanel. Requested to appear in Paris before investigators in 1949, Chanel left her retreat in Switzerland to confront testimony given against her at the war crime trial of Baron Louis de Vaufreland, a French traitor and highly placed German intelligence agent."}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " Chanel denied all the accusations. She offered the presiding judge, Leclercq, a character reference: \"I could arrange for a declaration to come from Mr. Duff Cooper.\" Chanel's friend and biographer Marcel Haedrich said of her wartime interaction with the Nazi regime: If one took seriously the few disclosures that Mademoiselle Chanel allowed herself to make about those black years of the occupation, one's teeth would be set on edge.Churchill and Chanel's friendship marks its origin in the 1920s, with the eruption of Chanel's scandalous beginning when falling in love with the Duke of Westminster. Churchill's intervention at the end of the war prevented Chanel's punishment for spy collaborations, and ultimately salvaged her legacy.</s><s>Activity as Nazi agent.:Controversy. When Vaughan's book was published in August 2011, his disclosure of the contents of recently declassified military intelligence documents generated considerable controversy about Chanel's activities. Maison de Chanel issued a statement, portions of which were published by several media outlets. Chanel corporate \"refuted the claim\" (of espionage), while acknowledging that company officials had read only media excerpts of the book. The Chanel Group stated, What is certain is that she had a relationship"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " with a German aristocrat during the War. Clearly it wasn't the best period to have a love story with a German, even if Baron von Dincklage was English by his mother and she (Chanel) knew him before the War.In an interview given to the Associated Press, author Vaughan discussed the unexpected turn of his research, I was looking for something else and I come across this document saying 'Chanel is a Nazi agent'\u00a0... Then I really started hunting through all of the archives, in the United States, in London, in Berlin, and in Rome and I came across not one, but 20, 30, 40 absolutely solid archival materials on Chanel and her lover, Hans G\u00fcnther von Dincklage, who was a professional Abwehr spy.Vaughan also addressed the discomfort many felt with the revelations provided in his book: A lot of people in this world don't want the iconic figure of Gabrielle Coco Chanel, one of France's great cultural idols, destroyed. This is definitely something that a lot of people would have preferred to put aside, to forget, to just go on selling Chanel scarves and jewellery.</s><s>Post-war life and career. In 1945, Chanel moved"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " to Switzerland, where she lived for several years, part of the time with Dincklage. In 1953 she sold her villa \"La Pausa\" on the French Riviera to the publisher and translator Emery Reves. Five rooms from La Pausa have been replicated at the Dallas Museum of Art, to house the Reves' art collection as well as pieces of furniture belonging to Chanel. Unlike the pre-war era, when women reigned as the premier couturiers, Christian Dior achieved success in 1947 with his \"New Look\", and a cadre of male designers achieved recognition: Dior, Crist\u00f3bal Balenciaga, Robert Piguet, and Jacques Fath. Chanel was convinced that women would ultimately rebel against the aesthetic favoured by the male couturiers, what she called \"illogical\" design: the \"waist cinchers, padded bras, heavy skirts, and stiffened jackets\". At more than 70 years old, after having her couture house closed for 15 years, she felt the time was right for her to re-enter the fashion world. The revival of her couture house in 1954 was fully financed by Chanel's opponent in the perfume battle, Pierre Wertheimer. When"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " Chanel came out with her comeback collection in 1954, the French press were cautious due to her collaboration during the war and the controversy of the collection. However, the American and British press saw it as a \"breakthrough\", bringing together fashion and youth in a new way. Bettina Ballard, the influential editor of the US \"Vogue\", remained loyal to Chanel, and featured the model Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Arnaud\u2014the \"face of Chanel\" in the 1950s\u2014in the March 1954 issue, photographed by Henry Clarke, wearing three outfits: a red dress with a V-neck paired with ropes of pearls; a tiered seersucker evening gown; and a navy jersey mid-calf suit. Arnaud wore this outfit, \"with its slightly padded, square shouldered cardigan jacket, two patch pockets and sleeves that unbuttoned back to reveal crisp white cuffs\", above \"a white muslin blouse with a perky collar and bow [that] stayed perfectly in place with small tabs that buttoned onto the waistline of an easy A-line skirt.\" Ballard had bought the suit herself, which gave \"an overwhelming impression of insouciant, youthful elegance\", and orders for the clothing that"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " Arnaud had modelled soon poured in from the US.</s><s>Last years. According to Edmonde Charles-Roux, Chanel had become tyrannical and extremely lonely late in life. In her last years she was sometimes accompanied by Jacques Chazot and her confidante Lilou Marquand. A faithful friend was also the Brazilian Aim\u00e9e de Heeren, who lived in Paris four months a year at the nearby H\u00f4tel Meurice. The former rivals shared happy memories of times with the Duke of Westminster. They frequently strolled together through central Paris.</s><s>Death. As 1971 began, Chanel was 87 years old, tired, and ailing. She carried out her usual routine of preparing the spring catalogue. She had gone for a long drive on the afternoon of Saturday, 9 January. Soon after, feeling ill, she went to bed early. She announced her final words to her maid which were: \"You see, this is how you die.\" She died on Sunday, 10 January 1971, at the Hotel Ritz, where she had resided for more than 30 years. Her funeral was held at the \u00c9glise de la Madeleine; her fashion models occupied the first seats during the ceremony and her coffin was covered with white"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " flowers\u2014camellias, gardenias, orchids, azaleas and a few red roses. Salvador Dal\u00ed, Serge Lifar, Jacques Chazot, Yves Saint Laurent and Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne de Rothschild attended her funeral in the Church of the Madeleine. Her grave is in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, Switzerland. Most of her estate was inherited by her nephew Andr\u00e9 Palasse, who lived in Switzerland, and his two daughters, who lived in Paris. Although Chanel was viewed as a prominent figure of luxury fashion during her life, Chanel's influence has been examined further after her death in 1971. When Chanel died, the first lady of France, Mme Pompidou, organized a hero's tribute. Soon, damaging documents from French intelligence agencies were released that outlined Chanel's wartime involvements, quickly ending her monumental funeral plans.</s><s>Legacy as designer. As early as 1915, \"Harper's Bazaar\" raved over Chanel's designs: \"The woman who hasn't at least one Chanel is hopelessly out of fashion\u00a0... This season the name Chanel is on the lips of every buyer.\" Chanel's ascendancy"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " was the official deathblow to the corseted female silhouette. The frills, fuss, and constraints endured by earlier generations of women were now pass\u00e9; under her influence\u2014gone were the \"\"aigrettes\", long hair, hobble skirts\". Her design aesthetic redefined the fashionable woman in the post\u2013World War I era. The Chanel trademark look was of youthful ease, liberated physicality, and unencumbered sportive confidence. The horse culture and penchant for hunting so passionately pursued by the elites, especially the British, fired Chanel's imagination. Her own enthusiastic indulgence in the sporting life led to clothing designs informed by those activities. From her excursions on water with the yachting world, she appropriated the clothing associated with nautical pursuits: the horizontal striped shirt, bell-bottom pants, crewneck sweaters, and \"espadrille\" shoes\u2014all traditionally worn by sailors and fishermen.</s><s>Legacy as designer.:Jersey fabric. Chanel's initial triumph was her innovative use of jersey, a machine knit material manufactured for her by the firm Rodier. Traditionally relegated to the manufacture of undergarments and sportswear (tennis, golf, and beach attire), jersey was considered too \"ordinary\""}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " to be used in couture, and was disliked by designers because the knit structure made it difficult to handle compared to woven fabrics. According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, \"With her financial situation precarious in the early years of her design career, Chanel purchased jersey primarily for its low cost. The qualities of the fabric, however, ensured that the designer would continue to use it long after her business became profitable.\" Chanel's early wool jersey travelling suit consisted of a cardigan jacket and pleated skirt, paired with a low-belted pullover top. This ensemble, worn with low-heeled shoes, became the casual look in expensive women's wear. Chanel's introduction of jersey to high-fashion worked well for two reasons: First, the war had caused a shortage of more traditional couture materials, and second, women began desiring simpler and more practical clothes. Her fluid jersey suits and dresses were created with these notions in mind and allowed for free and easy movement. This was greatly appreciated at the time because women were working for the war effort as nurses, civil servants, and in factories. Their jobs involved physical activity and they had to ride trains, buses, and bicycles to get to work. For such circumstances, they desired outfits that did not give"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " way easily and could be put on without the help of servants.</s><s>Legacy as designer.:Slavic influence. Designers such as Paul Poiret and Fortuny introduced ethnic references into haute couture in the 1900s and early 1910s. Chanel continued this trend with Slav-inspired designs in the early 1920s. The beading and embroidery on her garments at this time was exclusively executed by Kitmir, an embroidery house founded by an exiled Russian aristocrat, the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, who was the sister of Chanel's erstwhile lover, Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich. Kitmir's fusion of oriental stitching with stylised folk motifs was highlighted in Chanel's early collections. One 1922 evening dress came with a matching embroidered 'babushka' headscarf. In addition to the headscarf, Chanel clothing from this period featured square-neck, long belted blouses alluding to Russian \"muzhiks\" (peasant) attire known as the \"roubachka\". Evening designs were often embroidered with sparkling crystal and black jet embroidery.</s><s>Legacy as designer.:Chanel suit. First introduced in 1923, the Chan"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": "el tweed suit was designed for comfort and practicality. It consisted of a jacket and skirt in supple and light wool or mohair tweed, and a blouse and jacket lining in jersey or silk. Chanel did not stiffen the material or use shoulder pads, as was common in contemporary fashion. She cut the jackets on the straight grain, without adding bust darts. This allowed for quick and easy movement. She designed the neckline to leave the neck comfortably free and added functional pockets. For a higher level of comfort, the skirt had a grosgrain stay around the waist, instead of a belt. More importantly, meticulous attention was placed on detail during fittings. Measurements were taken of a customer in a standing position with arms folded at shoulder height. Chanel conducted tests with models, having them walk around, step up to a platform as if climbing stairs of an imaginary bus, and bend as if getting into a low-slung sports car. Chanel wanted to make sure women could do all of these things while wearing her suit, without accidentally exposing parts of their body they wanted covered. Each client would have repeated adjustments until their suit was comfortable enough for them to perform daily activities with comfort and ease.</s><s>Legacy as designer.:"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": "Camellia. The camellia had an established association used in Alexandre Dumas' literary work, \"La Dame aux Cam\u00e9lias\" (The Lady of the Camellias). Its heroine and her story had resonated for Chanel since her youth. The flower was associated with the courtesan, who would wear a camellia to advertise her availability. The camellia came to be identified with The House of Chanel; the designer first used it in 1933 as a decorative element on a white-trimmed black suit.</s><s>Legacy as designer.:Little black dress. After the jersey suit, the concept of the little black dress is often cited as a Chanel contribution to the fashion lexicon, a style still worn to this day. In 1912\u20131913, the actress Suzanne Orlandi was one of the first women to wear a Chanel little black dress, in velvet with a white collar. In 1920, Chanel herself vowed that, while observing an audience at the opera, she would dress all women in black. In 1926, the American edition of \"Vogue\" published an image of a Chanel little black dress with long sleeves, dubbing it the \"gar\u00e7onne\" ('little boy' look"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": "). \"Vogue\" predicted that such a simple yet chic design would become a virtual uniform for women of taste, famously comparing its basic lines to the ubiquitous and no less widely accessible Ford automobile. The spare look generated widespread criticism from male journalists, who complained: \"no more bosom, no more stomach, no more rump\u00a0... Feminine fashion of this moment in the 20th century will be baptized lop off everything.\" The popularity of the little black dress can be attributed in part to the timing of its introduction. The 1930s was the Great Depression era, when women needed affordable fashion. Chanel boasted that she had enabled the non-wealthy to \"walk around like millionaires\". Chanel started making little black dresses in wool or chenille for the day and in satin, cr\u00eape or velvet for the evening. Chanel proclaimed \"I imposed black; it's still going strong today, for black wipes out everything else around.\"</s><s>Legacy as designer.:Jewlery. Chanel introduced a line of jewelry that was a conceptual innovation, as her designs and materials incorporated both costume jewellery and fine gem stones. This was revolutionary in an era when jewelry was strictly categorized into either fine or costume jewelry. Her inspirations were global,"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " often inspired by design traditions of the Orient and Egypt. Wealthy clients who did not wish to display their costly jewelry in public could wear Chanel creations to impress others. In 1933, designer Paul Iribe collaborated with Chanel in the creation of extravagant jewellery pieces commissioned by the International Guild of Diamond Merchants. The collection, executed exclusively in diamonds and platinum, was exhibited for public viewing and drew a large audience; some 3,000 attendees were recorded in a one-month period. As an antidote for \"vrais bijoux en toc\", the obsession with costly, fine jewels, Chanel turned costume jewelry into a coveted accessory\u2014especially when worn in grand displays, as she did. Originally inspired by the opulent jewels and pearls given to her by aristocratic lovers, Chanel raided her own jewel vault and partnered with Duke Fulco di Verdura to launch a House of Chanel jewelry line. A white enamelled cuff featuring a jewelled Maltese cross was Chanel's personal favourite; it has become an icon of the Verdura\u2013Chanel collaboration. The fashionable and wealthy loved the creations and made the line wildly successful. Chanel said, \"It's disgusting to walk around with millions around the neck because one happens to be rich."}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " I only like fake jewellery\u00a0... because it's provocative.\"</s><s>Legacy as designer.:The Chanel bag. In 1929, Chanel introduced a handbag inspired by soldiers' bags. Its thin shoulder strap allowed the user to keep her hands free. Following her comeback, Chanel updated the design in February 1955, creating what would become the \"2.55\" (named for the date of its creation). Whilst details of the classic bag have been reworked, such as the 1980s update by Karl Lagerfeld when the clasp and lock were redesigned to incorporate the Chanel logo and leather was interlaced through the shoulder chain, the bag has retained its original basic form. In 2005, the Chanel firm released an exact replica of the original 1955 bag to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its creation. The bag's design was informed by Chanel's convent days and her love of the sporting world. The chain used for the strap echoed the \"chatelaines\" worn by the caretakers of the orphanage where Chanel grew up, whilst the burgundy lining referenced the convent uniforms. The quilted outside was influenced by the jackets worn by jockeys, whilst at the same time enhancing the bag's shape and volume.</s>"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": "<s>Legacy as designer.:Suntans. In an outdoor environment of turf and sea, Chanel took in the sun, making suntans not only acceptable, but a symbol denoting a life of privilege and leisure. Historically, identifiable exposure to the sun had been the mark of labourers doomed to a life of unremitting, unsheltered toil. \"A milky skin seemed a sure sign of aristocracy.\" By the mid-1920s, women could be seen lounging on the beach without a hat to shield them from the sun's rays. The Chanel influence made sun bathing fashionable.</s><s>Depictions in popular culture.</s><s>Depictions in popular culture.:Theatre. - The Broadway production \"Coco\", with music by Andr\u00e9 Previn, book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, opened 18 December 1969 and closed 3 October 1970. It is set in 1953\u20131954 at the time that Chanel was reestablishing her couture house. Chanel was played by Katharine Hepburn for the first eight months, and by Danielle Darrieux for the rest of its run.</s><s>Depictions in popular culture.:Film. - The first film about Chanel was \"Chanel Solitaire\" (1981), directed by"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " George Kaczender and starring Marie-France Pisier, Timothy Dalton, and Rutger Hauer. - \"Coco Chanel\" (2008) was a television movie starring Shirley MacLaine as the 70-year-old Chanel. Directed by Christian Duguay, the film also starred Barbora Bobu\u013eov\u00e1 as the young Chanel and Olivier Sitruk as Boy Capel. - \"Coco avant Chanel\" (\"Coco Before Chanel\") (2009) was a French-language biographical film directed by Anne Fontaine, starring Audrey Tautou as the young Chanel, with Beno\u00eet Poelvoorde as \u00c9tienne Balsan and Alessandro Nivola as Boy Capel - \"Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky\" (2009) was a French-language film directed by Jan Kounen. Anna Mouglalis played Chanel, and Mads Mikkelsen played Igor Stravinsky. The film was based on the 2002 novel \"Coco and Igor\" by Chris Greenhalgh, which concerns a purported affair between Chanel and Stravinsky. It was chosen to close the Cannes Film Festival of 2009.</s><s>Further reading. - -"}, {"title": "Coco Chanel", "text": " - - - -  (Reviewed in \"The Montreal Review\") -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Coco Chanel", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000430", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Henry VII of England.", "docs": [{"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": "<s>Henry VII of England Henry VII (28 January 1457 \u2013 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Henry's father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of Henry VI of England and a member of the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd, died three months before his son Henry was born. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. He attained the throne when his forces, supported by France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " following the civil war. He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. He paid very close attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising new revenues. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII.</s><s>Ancestry and early life. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. He was the only child of Lady Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke, though no documentation of the event exists. His father died three months before his birth. Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the \""}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": "Squires to the Body to the King\" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Owen is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, Catherine of Valois. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and \"formally declared legitimate by Parliament\". The descent of Henry's mother, Margaret, through the legitimised House of Beaufort bolstered Henry's claim to the English throne. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. Nonetheless"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": ", by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Henry also made some political capital out of his Welsh ancestry in attracting military support and safeguarding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth. He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king, and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard Andr\u00e9, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent. In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. His younger brother, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, undertook to protect Edmund's widow Margaret, who was"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry. When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. Pembroke Castle, and later the Earldom of Pembroke, were granted to the Yorkist William Herbert, who also assumed the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and the young Henry. Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the \"Kingmaker\"), went over to the Lancastrians. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. Henry was thus handed over to English envoys and escorted to the Breton port of Saint-Malo. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. An ally of Henry's, Viscount, soon arrived, bringing news that Francis"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " had recovered, and in the confusion Henry was able to flee to a monastery. There he claimed sanctuary until the envoys were forced to depart.</s><s>Rise to the throne. By 1483, Henry's mother was actively promoting him as an alternative to Richard III, despite her being married to Lord Stanley, a Yorkist. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. She was Edward's heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, King Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. He was welcomed by the French, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Wales was historically a Lancastrian stronghold, and Henry owed the support he gathered to his Welsh birth and ancestry, being agnatically descended from Rhys ap Gruffydd. He amassed an army of about 5,000\u20136,000 soldiers. Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses.</s><s>Reign. To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. Thus, anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of treason and Henry could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III, while"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " restoring his own. Henry spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and made the Yorkist heiress Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Salisbury \"suo jure\". He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. He was 29 years old, she was 20. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example) with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. Henry had Parliament repeal \"Titulus Regius\", the statute that declared Edward IV's"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of \"Titulus Regius\" gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of \"retainers\" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. Edward, Earl of Warwick, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother George, Duke of Clarence, was the senior surviving male of the House of York. Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. Despite such precautions, Henry faced several"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " rebellions over the next twelve years. The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). The rebellion began in Ireland, where the historically Yorkist nobility, headed by the powerful Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel king and provided troops for his invasion of England. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the \"Princes in the Tower\". Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " to invade England in 1496. In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed. When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around \u00a310,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. However, he spared Warwick's elder sister Margaret, who survived until 1541 when she was executed by Henry VIII.</s><s>Reign.:Economics. For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. Story's register still exists and, according to the 19th-century historian W.R.W. Stephens, \"affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king\". It seems that Henry was skilful at extracting money from his subjects on many pretexts, including that of war with France or war with Scotland. The money so extracted added to the"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose. Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. Henry VII introduced stability to the financial administration of England by keeping the same financial advisors throughout his reign. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose \"Morton's Fork\" was a catch-22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes. Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple \"greed\" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial and customary systems of units. In 1506 he resumed the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, started under Henry VI, guaranteeing finances which would continue even after his death.</s><s>Reign.:Foreign policy. Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Up to a point, he succeeded. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. Based on the terms of the accord, Henry sent 6000 troops to fight (at the expense of Brittany) under the command of Lord Daubeney. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. Henry started a new"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " policy to recover Guyenne and other lost Plantagenet claims in France. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of \u00a324,000. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever \u2013 and the"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " world's oldest surviving \u2013 dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. John Cabot, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted new found territory far west of Ireland. Having secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London, Cabot was granted carefully phrased letters patent from Henry in March 1496, permitting him to embark on an exploratory voyage westerly. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the union of the English and Scottish crowns"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " under Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, following the death of Henry's granddaughter Elizabeth I. Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (1493\u20131519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. Later on, Henry had exchanged letters with Pope Julius II in 1507, in which he encouraged him to establish peace among Christian realms, and to organise an expedition against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire.</s><s>Reign.:Trade agreements. Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. With the English economy heavily invested in wool production, Henry VII became involved in the alum trade in 1486. With the assistance of the Italian merchant banker Lodovico della Fava and the"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " Italian banker Girolamo Frescobaldi, Henry VII became deeply involved in the trade by licensing ships, obtaining alum from the Ottoman Empire, and selling it to the Low Countries and in England. This trade made an expensive commodity cheaper, which raised opposition from Pope Julius II, since the Tolfa mine was a part of papal territory and had given the Pope monopoly control over alum. Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the \"Magnus Intercursus\" (\"great agreement\") of 1496. In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the Burgundian Netherlands in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. Both parties realised they were mutually disadvantaged by the reduction in commerce. Its restoration by the \"Magnus Intercursus\" was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrep\u00f4t (transshipment"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the \"Malus Intercursus\" (\"evil agreement\"). France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. Philip died shortly after the negotiations.</s><s>Reign.:Law enforcement and justices of the peace. Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm recovering from the Wars of the Roses. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. He was content to allow the"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. He passed laws against \"livery\" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and \"maintenance\" (the keeping of too many male \"servants\"). These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats. However, his principal weapon was the Court of Star Chamber. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. Henry VII used justices of the peace on a large, nationwide scale. They were appointed for every shire and served for a year at a time. Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " under Henry's reign. Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures. By 1509, justices of the peace were key enforcers of law and order for Henry VII. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. Local gentry saw the office as one of local influence and prestige and were therefore willing to serve. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages.</s><s>Reign.:Later years and death. In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession."}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the \"English sweating sickness\". This made Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, heir apparent to the throne. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the Queen is evidence that the marriage was a happy one, as is his reaction to Queen Elizabeth's death the following year, when he shut himself away for several days, refusing to speak to anyone. Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death impacted him severely. Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. Elizabeth had died in childbirth, so Henry had the dispensation also permit him to marry Catherine himself. After obtaining the dispensation, Henry had second thoughts about the marriage of his son and Catherine. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. The marriage did not take place during his lifetime. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain \u2014 Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. In 1505 he was sufficiently interested in a potential marriage to Joanna of Naples that he sent ambassadors to Naples to report on the 27-year-old Joanna's physical suitability. The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " residence by Henry VII, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife, thus the death of Arthur created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny; these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " his mother Margaret. Many of the entries show a man who loosened his purse strings generously for his wife and children, and not just on necessities: in spring 1491 he spent a great amount of gold on a lute for his daughter Mary; the following year he spent money on a lion for Elizabeth's menagerie. With Elizabeth's death, the possibilities for such family indulgences greatly diminished. Immediately afterwards, Henry became very sick and nearly died himself, allowing only his mother Margaret Beaufort near him: \"privily departed to a solitary place, and would that no man should resort unto him.\" Further compounding Henry's distress, his older daughter Margaret had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland and within months of her mother's death she had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again. Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. He was succeeded by his second son,"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " Henry VIII (reigned 1509\u201347), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509.</s><s>Appearance and character. Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him \u2013 even before he had become king \u2013 with \"a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness\". On the debit side, he may have looked a little delicate as he suffered from poor health.</s><s>Legacy and memory. Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. By 1600 historians emphasised Henry's wisdom in drawing lessons in statecraft from other monarchs. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his \"History of the Reign of King Henry VII\". By 1900 the \"New Monarchy\" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles"}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " Louis and Ferdinand.</s><s>Family. Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children: - Arthur (19 September 1486 \u2013 2 April 1502), Prince of Wales, heir apparent from birth to death (named after the legendary King Arthur) - Margaret (28 November 1489 \u2013 18 October 1541), Queen of Scotland as the wife of James IV and regent for their son James V - Henry VIII (28 June 1491 \u2013 28 January 1547), Henry VII's successor - Elizabeth (2 July 1492 \u2013 14 September 1495) - Mary (18 March 1496 \u2013 25 June 1533), briefly Queen of France as the wife of Louis XII, then wife of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk - Edmund (21 February 1499 \u2013 19 June 1500), styled Duke of Somerset but never formally created a peer - Katherine (2 February 1503 \u2013 18 February 1503)</s><s>See also. - \"Cestui que\" - Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading.</s><s>Further reading.:Historiography. -</s><s>Further reading.:Other."}, {"title": "Henry VII of England", "text": " - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Henry VII of England", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000431", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jamie Dornan.", "docs": [{"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": "<s>Jamie Dornan James Peter Maxwell Dornan ( born 1 May 1982) is an actor, model, and musician from Northern Ireland. Formerly a character actor, he often portrays solemn, steady characters. The recipient of two Irish Film and Television Awards, he has been nominated for a BAFTA Television Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. In 2020, he was listed at number 32 on \"The Irish Times\" list of Ireland's greatest film actors. Initially beginning his career as a model in 2001, he appeared in campaigns for Hugo Boss, Dior Homme, and Calvin Klein. Dubbed \"the Golden Torso\" by \"The New York Times\", he was ranked one of the \"25 Biggest Male Models of All Time\" by \"Vogue\" in 2015. In addition, he performed in the folk band Sons of Jim until 2008. He began acting in 2006, and earned international recognition for playing Sheriff Graham Humbert in the series \"Once Upon a Time\" (2011\u20132013) and serial killer Paul Spector in the crime drama series \"The Fall\" (2013\u20132016). For the latter, he won the Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in Television and was nominated for a British Academy Television"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": " Award for Best Actor. In film, he has portrayed Axel von Fersen in Sofia Coppola's \"Marie Antoinette\" (2006), Christian Grey in the \"Fifty Shades\" franchise (2015\u20132018), Jan Kubi\u0161 in \"Anthropoid\" (2016), Commandant Pat Quinlan in \"The Siege of Jadotville\" (2016), Paul Conroy in \"A Private War\" (2018), and Pa in \"Belfast\" (2021), receiving a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor \u2013 Motion Picture for the lattermost.</s><s>Early life. Dornan was born in Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland, and grew up in the suburbs of Belfast. His mother, Lorna, died of pancreatic cancer when Dornan was 16. His father Jim Dornan, an obstetrician and gynaecologist who had also considered becoming an actor, died from complications related to COVID-19 on 15 March 2021. He has echoed his father's support throughout his career, stating: \"...Some people go their whole lives without being told, \u2018You've made your parents proud\u2019. My dad would tell me every day.\" Dornan has two older"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": " sisters: Liesa, who works for Disney in London, and Jessica, a fashion designer based in Falmouth, Cornwall, England. He is a first cousin, twice removed, of actress Greer Garson. His grandparents on both sides of his family were Methodist lay preachers. He attended and boarded at Methodist College Belfast, where he played rugby and participated in the drama department. In school, he appeared in \"Christmas Pantomime\" portraying Widow Twanky which earned him his first drama prize. He also played Baby Face in \"Bugsy Malone\" and the milkman in \"Blood Brothers\" during school productions. He was a member of Belfast's youth amateur drama group, Holywood Players and participated in Ballymoney's Drama Festival with this group on several occasions. From the age of twelve, he participated in the native production of Anton Chekhov's stage dramas. He attended Teesside University but dropped out and moved to London in 2002 to train as an actor, but never applied to drama school. He worked in a pub in Knightsbridge for six months until he embarked on his modelling career. Referring to those six months as a rough time, Dornan stated he went through much financial hardship and to make ends meet, he took a job at"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": " the pub.</s><s>Initial career.</s><s>Initial career.:Music. Dornan performed in the folk band Sons of Jim until it disbanded in 2008. He founded the band with his schoolmate David Alexander and formed their own record label Doorstep Records under which they published their songs \"Fairytale\" and \"My Burning Sun\". Sons of Jim supported Scottish singer-songwriter KT Tunstall on tour.</s><s>Initial career.:Modelling. Dornan was not keen to pursue modelling as a career but was persuaded by his step mother and sisters. In 2001, he took part in the Channel 4 reality show \"Model Behaviour\". He was eliminated but signed a modelling contract with Select Model Management. In 2003, he modelled for Abercrombie & Fitch with Malin \u00c5kerman. He then modelled for Aquascutum, Hugo Boss, and Armani. In 2005, he became the face of Dior Homme's fragrance advertising campaign. Dornan's first appearance in Calvin Klein's advertising campaign was in 2004 with Russian model Natalia Vodianova. His later notable works for Calvin Klein include the jeans advertising campaigns with Kate Moss in 2006 and with Eva Mendes in 2010. In 2009, he was made"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": " the face of Calvin Klein's 'CK Free' fragrance and appeared solo in Calvin Klein's underwear campaign. In 2006, he was labelled \"The Golden Torso\" by \"The New York Times\". He also appeared as a judge in Calvin Klein's model hunt competition, 'Nine countries, nine men, one winner'. Dornan appeared in commercials for Dolce & Gabbana, Zara, Banana Republic, Dior, Calvin Klein, and Levi's Jeans. In 2006, he was dubbed the \"male Kate Moss\" by \"GQ\" and in 2015 was ranked one of the \"25 Biggest Male Models of All Time\" by \"Vogue\". He was ranked 3rd and 15th on \"GQ\"'s 50 best dressed British men list respectively in 2015 and 2016. In 2018, he became the new face of \"Boss The Scent\" for Hugo Boss alongside Dutch model Birgit Kos. During his career, he worked with fashion photographers Terry Richardson, Bruce Weber, Carter Smith, as well as designer Hedi Slimane. Dornan's modelling significance was his look which was named \"Dornan Furrow\" by the industry and the media. He never participated in ramp walks because of his unconventional style of walking.</s>"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": "<s>Acting career.</s><s>Acting career.:2006\u20132012: Career beginnings. Being a \"model turned actor\", Dornan stated that the designation held significant stigma concerning such transition. He struggled with auditions and casting agents who treated him only as a model, but he had always wanted to act and was steadfast in proving his acting abilities. He moved to Los Angeles with a view to building an acting career in comedy, which eventually never happened. He had also written a comic blog for Funny or Die that did not get published. His first acting role in a film was as Count Axel Fersen in the Sofia Coppola film \"Marie Antoinette\" (2006). He also appeared in the drama film \"Shadows in the Sun\" (2009) alongside Jean Simmons. In 2008, he played the lead role of Ed in the Hammer Horror production \"Beyond the Rave\". Dornan garnered recognition when he appeared in nine episodes of the ABC television series \"Once Upon a Time\" between 2011 and 2013, playing the role of the Huntsman/Sheriff Graham. While Graham was killed by the town's mayor Regina/the Evil Queen in the episode \"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter\", Dornan stated that he would return as the Hunts"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": "man from the Enchanted Forest at some point. He returned as the Huntsman for the season finale \"A Land Without Magic\", and later as Graham for the season two episode \"Welcome to Storybrooke\" in its flashback segment. About his performance, Laura Prudom of \"The Huffington Post\" wrote: \"Irish-born Jamie Dornan did an excellent job of portraying Graham's hopelessness and confusion\".</s><s>Acting career.:2013\u20132015: Breakthrough with \"The Fall\" and \"Fifty Shades\" trilogy. Dornan received critical acclaim when he starred alongside Gillian Anderson in the Northern Irish drama series \"The Fall\", playing Paul Spector, a serial killer terrorising Belfast. He initially auditioned for the role of a police officer, but he was later called upon to audition for the lead role, for which he was eventually selected. Beginning in 2013, the show aired for three series ending in October 2016. He read books about serial killers and watched interviews of Ted Bundy to get an understanding of the mindset of his character, and stalked a woman in his preparation for the role. Reviewing the first season, David Thomson of \"The New Republic\" complimented Dornan on his performance: \"Jamie Dornan as Paul"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": ", has become the center of the drama in a performance that unpeels as slowly as a stripper- and maybe as seductively.\" He won his first Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in Television and was nominated for a British Academy Television Award for Best Actor. He credited \"The Fall\" to be the turning point of his career. In 2014, Dornan was cast as Abe Goffe in \"New Worlds\", a historical drama series. On 23 October 2013, Dornan was cast as Christian Grey in the film adaptation of \"Fifty Shades of Grey\", replacing Charlie Hunnam. Initially announced to be released on 1 August 2014, the film was later rescheduled and released on 13 February 2015. He visited a private sex dungeon as preparation for playing his sadistic character. He reprised his role in the second and third installments of the \"Fifty Shades\" film franchise, \"Fifty Shades Darker\", released in 2017, and \"Fifty Shades Freed\", released in 2018. Earning approximately $1.32 billion, the franchise became the seventh highest-grossing R-rated franchise. Despite being a box office blockbuster, the trilogy was poorly received by critics, with Dornan's performance being critically panned. He later"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": " stated that he was reluctant about his involvement in the project and knew the franchise would not be treated well by critics. But he said:\"...it\u2019s given me so much beyond finance-wise, I mean that opportunity to then do the movies...movies like that have so much heart and mean so much to me. I would not have been given those opportunities if I hadn\u2019t done Fifty Shades.\" Dornan played Dr. Allan Pascal in a Miramax film titled \"The 9th Life of Louis Drax\", a supernatural thriller based on a book of the same name. It was released in 2016.</s><s>Acting career.:2016\u2013present: Transition to independent film roles and \"Belfast\". Dornan was cast as Commandant Pat Quinlan in Netflix's historical war film \"The Siege of Jadotville\" in 2016. He was sent to a boot camp in South Africa with the rest of the cast to train for the film. The film got released at the Galway Film Festival 2016, receiving mixed reviews. Writing for \"The Irish Times,\" critic Donald Clarke took note of Dornan's suave acting. For the film, he received his third nomination for best actor in a leading role in Irish Film and"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": " Television Award. In the same year, he starred as Jan Kubi\u0161, alongside Cillian Murphy in another war film \"Anthropoid\". Rupert Hawksley of \"The Daily Telegraph\" felt that he made a decent fist of portraying Kubis and said: \"Nazi nail-biter Anthropoid shows Jamie Dornan has many more than 50 shades\". For the film, he received nominations for the British Independent Film Award and Czech Lion Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2018, Dornan co-starred alongside Peter Dinklage, as a journalist Danny Tate, in the HBO television film \"My Dinner with Herv\u00e9\", written and directed by Sacha Gervasi. The film narrated a fictional take on Gervasi's interview with actor Herv\u00e9 Villechaize in 1993, days before his suicide. Matthew Gilbert of \"The Boston Globe\" said: \"The Danny plot is fine - nothing special really, although Dornan is excellent and manages to bring a good sense of transformation to an underwritten character\". In the same year, Dornan portrayed journalist Paul Conroy in the biographical drama \"A Private War\". Ann Hornaday, writing for \"The Washington Post\", described Dornan's performance as \"a gallantly"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": " self-effacing performance\". Kenneth Turan for \"Los Angeles Times\" described Dornan's performance as \"excellent work from the \"Fifty Shades\" veteran\". Later that year, he appeared as Will Scarlet in \"Robin Hood\" and as Nick, a doctor and memoirist, in \"Untogether\". In 2019, Dornan starred as a paramedic in the science fiction thriller film \"Synchronic\". It had its world premiere at the 44th Toronto International Film Festival, receiving positive reviews from critics. He also played the role of an Irish writer in the semi-improvised romantic drama \"Endings, Beginnings\" that year. Dornan then appeared in two comedy films, \"Wild Mountain Thyme\" (2020) and \"Barb and Star Go to Vista Del Mar\" (2021). He won plaudits from critics for his musical number and comedic turn in \"Barb and Star\". Writing for \"TheWrap\", Alonso Duralde addressed his ballad as \"a definite highlight\" of the film and said: \"While it's definitely [Annie] Mumolo and [Kristen] Wiig's show all the way, Dornan winds up being surprisingly capable at holding his own against these two"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": " dynamos\". \"Wild Mountain Thyme\", John Patrick Shanley's film adaptation of his own play \"Outside Mullingar\", was poorly received and was criticised for accent inaccuracy. Nevertheless, Simran Hans of \"The Guardian\" described Dornan's performance as \"a commendable feat of comic brilliance, not to be missed.\" Some critics supposed him to be a miscast. In 2021, Dornan portrayed a working class father in Kenneth Branagh's drama film \"Belfast\", the character being based on Branagh's father. His performance received critical acclaim. Critic Peter Travers wrote on \"Good Morning America\": \"Dornan, free of the s&m sex trap of the \"50 Shades of Grey\" trilogy, builds on his virtuoso turn on \"The Fall\" to show an actor of ferocity and feeling as he invests Pa, often absent from home for construction work in England, with simmering emotion and quiet strength\". He received nominations for the Golden Globe Award and Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor. The film was nominated for Best Picture at the 94th Academy Awards. After \"Belfast\", he secured the lead role of an amnesiac in BBC thriller series \"The Tourist\". Upon its"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": " release on BBC iPlayer in January 2022, it became the most watched show of that month with highest ratings until then. He himself and critics alike found his character challenging. In a review for \"The Guardian\", TV critic Lucy Mangan highlighted Dornan's \"compelling performance\" and found him in \"fine form\".</s><s>Charitable work. Dornan has lent his support towards various means and organisations. He was the patron of TinyLife, a Northern Ireland charity for premature and vulnerable babies. In 2017, he participated in a charity football match, Game 4 Grenfell, to provide aid to the victims of Grenfell Tower fire in West London that year. In 2018, Dornan became the patron of the newly established charity Northern Ireland Pancreatic Cancer (NIPanC) which was created in partnership with Pancreatic Cancer Action and the Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund. Due to busy filming schedule, he stepped down from the patronage in 2021 but considered himself a strong supporter of it. In 2020, Dornan read a bedtime story as part of \"Save with Stories\" to raise funds for Save the Children's Emergency Coronavirus Appeal. In the same year, he supported the Faster 5K Friday campaign for the Care Workers Charity"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": ", which provides financial grants for care workers. Dornan appeared in annual fundraising events \"Red Nose Day\" by Comic Relief and \"Children in Need\" by BBC. He has also backed emergency campaigns providing help for children's treatment.</s><s>Personal life and other ventures. In 2003, Dornan met actress Keira Knightley in an Asprey photoshoot. After being together for two years, they split up in 2005. In 2010, Dornan met English actress and singer-songwriter Amelia Warner and they became engaged in 2012, and married in 2013. They have three daughters. Dornan is an atheist. In interviews he has said that he considers himself Irish. He launched his menswear clothing line 'Eleven Eleven' in 2022.</s><s>Authored article. -</s><s>Acting credits and awards. Dornan's most acclaimed films, according to review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, include \"A Private War\" (2018), \"Belfast\" (2021), \"My Dinner with Herv\u00e9\" (2018), \"Barb and Star Go to Vista Del Mar\" (2021) and \"Synchronic\" (2019). His critically lauded television works are \"The Fall\" (2013\u20132016"}, {"title": "Jamie Dornan", "text": ") and \"Once Upon a Time\" (2011). Dornan has won two Irish Film and Television Awards, a Broadcasting Press Guild Award and a People's Choice Award. He was nominated in the Best Actor category of the 60th BAFTA Awards for his performance in \"The Fall\".</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jamie Dornan", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000432", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Napoleon.", "docs": [{"title": "Napoleon", "text": "<s>Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 \u2013 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon\u00a0I, was a Corsica-born French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the \"de facto\" leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. His campaigns are still studied at military academies worldwide. Between three and six million civilians and soldiers died in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica, not long after its annexation by France, to a native family descending from minor Italian nobility. He supported the French Revolution in 1789 while serving in the French army, and tried to spread its ideals to his native Corsica. He rose rapidly in the Army after he saved the governing French Directory by firing on royalist insurgents"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ". In 1796, he began a military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring decisive victories and becoming a national hero. Two years later, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He engineered a coup in November 1799 and became \"First Consul of the Republic\". Differences with the United Kingdom meant France faced the War of the Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with victories in the Ulm campaign, and at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him. Napoleon defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, marched the Grande Arm\u00e9e into Eastern Europe, and defeated the Russians in June 1807 at Friedland, forcing the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to accept the Treaties of Tilsit. Two years later, the Austrians challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle of Wagram. Hoping to extend the Continental System, his embargo against Britain, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ". The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted in the Peninsular War aided by a British army, culminating in defeat for Napoleon's marshals. Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic retreat of Napoleon's Grande Arm\u00e9e. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France, resulting in a large coalition army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig. The coalition invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba, between Corsica and Italy. In France, the Bourbons were restored to power. Napoleon escaped in February 1815 and took control of France. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic, where he died in 1821 at the age of 51. Napoleon had an extensive impact on the modern world, bringing liberal reforms to the lands he conquered, especially the regions of the Low Countries, Switzerland and parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented many liberal policies in France and Western Europe.</s><s>Early life. Napoleon's family was of Italian origin"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ". His paternal ancestors, the Buonapartes, descended from a minor Tuscan noble family who emigrated to Corsica in the 16th century and his maternal ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended from a minor Genoese noble family. The Buonapartes were also the relatives, by marriage and by birth, of the Pietrasentas, Costas, Paraviccinis, and Bonellis, all Corsican families of the interior. His parents Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino maintained an ancestral home called \"Casa Buonaparte\" in Ajaccio. Napoleon was born there on 15 August 1769. He was the fourth child and third son of the family. He had an elder brother, Joseph, and younger siblings Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline, and J\u00e9r\u00f4me. Napoleon was baptised as a Catholic, under the name \"Napoleone\". In his youth, his name was also spelled as \"Nabulione\", \"Nabulio\", \"Napolionne\", and \"Napulione\". Napoleon was born in the same year that the Republic of Genoa (former Italian state) ceded the region of Cors"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "ica to France. The state sold sovereign rights a year before his birth and the island was conquered by France during the year of his birth. It was formally incorporated as a province in 1770, after 500 years under Genoese rule and 14 years of independence. Napoleon's parents joined the Corsican resistance and fought against the French to maintain independence, even when Maria was pregnant with him. His father Carlo was an attorney who had supported and actively collaborated with patriot Pasquale Paoli during the Corsican war of independence against France; after the Corsican defeat at Ponte Novu in 1769 and Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo began working for the new French government and went on to be named representative of the island to the court of Louis XVI in 1777. The dominant influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, whose firm discipline restrained a rambunctious child. Later in life, Napoleon stated, \"The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother.\"{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcYZlz0ezQUC&q=%22The+future+destiny+of+the+child+is+always+the+work+of+"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "the+mother%22&pg=PA385 When he turned 9 years old, he moved to the French mainland and enrolled at a religious school in Autun in January 1779. In May, he transferred with a scholarship to a military academy at Brienne-le-Ch\u00e2teau. In his youth he was an outspoken Corsican nationalist and supported the state's independence from France. Like many Corsicans, Napoleon spoke and read Corsican (as his mother tongue) and Italian (as the official language of Corsica). He began learning French in school at around age 10. Although he became fluent in French, he spoke with a distinctive Corsican accent and never learned how to spell correctly in French. Consequently, Napoleon was treated unfairly by his schoolmates. He was, however, not an isolated case, as it was estimated in 1790 that fewer than 3\u00a0million people, out of France's population of 28\u00a0million, were able to speak standard French, and those who could write it were even fewer. Napoleon was routinely bullied by his peers for his accent, birthplace, short stature, mannerisms and inability to speak French quickly. He became reserved and melancholy, applying himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon \"has always been distinguished for his application"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography\u00a0... This boy would make an excellent sailor\". One story told of Napoleon at the school is that he led junior students to victory against senior students in a snowball fight, showing his leadership abilities. In early adulthood, Napoleon briefly intended to become a writer; he authored a history of Corsica and a romantic novella. On completion of his studies at Brienne in 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the \"\u00c9cole Militaire\" in Paris. He trained to become an artillery officer and, when his father's death reduced his income, was forced to complete the two-year course in one year. He was the first Corsican to graduate from the \"\u00c9cole Militaire\". He was examined by the famed scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace.</s><s>Early career. Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in \"La F\u00e8re\" artillery regiment. He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. Bonaparte was a fervent Corsican nationalist during this period. He asked for leave to join his mentor Pasquale Paoli, when Paoli was allowed to return to Corsica by the National"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " Assembly. Paoli had no sympathy for Napoleon, however, as he deemed his father a traitor for having deserted his cause for Corsican independence. He spent the early years of the Revolution in Corsica, fighting in a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. Napoleon came to embrace the ideals of the Revolution, becoming a supporter of the Jacobins and joining the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy and his aspirations of secession. He was given command over a battalion of volunteers and was promoted to captain in the regular army in July 1792, despite exceeding his leave of absence and leading a riot against French troops. When Corsica declared formal secession from France and requested the protection of the British government, Napoleon and his commitment to the French Revolution came into conflict with Paoli, who had decided to sabotage the Corsican contribution to the \"Exp\u00e9dition de Sardaigne\", by preventing a French assault on the Sardinian island of La Maddalena. Bonaparte and his family were compelled to flee to Toulon on the French mainland in June 1793 because of the split with Paoli. Although he was born \"Napoleone Buonaparte\", it was after this that Napoleon began styling himself"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " \"Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte\". His family did not drop the name Buonaparte until 1796. The first known record of him signing his name as Bonaparte was at the age of 27 (in 1796).</s><s>Early career.:Siege of Toulon. In July 1793, Bonaparte published a pro-republican pamphlet entitled \"Le souper de Beaucaire\" (Supper at Beaucaire) which gained him the support of Augustin Robespierre, the younger brother of the Revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre. With the help of his fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed senior gunner and artillery commander of the republican forces which arrived on 8 September at Toulon. He adopted a plan to capture a hill where republican guns could dominate the city's harbour and force the British to evacuate. The assault on the position led to the capture of the city, and during it Bonaparte was wounded in the thigh on 16 December. Catching the attention of the Committee of Public Safety, he was put in charge of the artillery of France's Army of Italy. On 22 December he was on his way to his new post in Nice, promoted"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " from the rank of colonel to brigadier general at the age of 24. He devised plans for attacking the Kingdom of Sardinia as part of France's campaign against the First Coalition. The French army carried out Bonaparte's plan in the Battle of Saorgio in April 1794, and then advanced to seize Ormea in the mountains. From Ormea, they headed west to outflank the Austro-Sardinian positions around Saorge. After this campaign, Augustin Robespierre sent Bonaparte on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine that country's intentions towards France.</s><s>Early career.:13 Vend\u00e9miaire. Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794. Napoleon's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs. According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy, with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time. Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defence in a letter to the commissar Saliceti, and he was acquitted of any wrongdoing. He was released within two weeks ("}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "on 20 August) and due to his technical skills, was asked to draw up plans to attack Italian positions in the context of France's war with Austria. He also took part in an expedition to take back Corsica from the British, but the French were repulsed by the British Royal Navy. By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary, daughter of Fran\u00e7ois Clary. D\u00e9sir\u00e9e's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vend\u00e9e\u2014a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vend\u00e9e, a region in west-central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general\u2014for which the army already had a full quota\u2014and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting. He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety. He sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella \"Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie\", about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "'s own relationship with D\u00e9sir\u00e9e. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vend\u00e9e campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects. On 3 October, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention. Paul Barras, a leader of the Thermidorian Reaction, knew of Bonaparte's military exploits at Toulon and gave him command of the improvised forces in defence of the convention in the Tuileries Palace. Napoleon had seen the massacre of the King's Swiss Guard there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defence. He ordered a young cavalry officer named Joachim Murat to seize large cannons and used them to repel the attackers on 5 October 1795\u2014\"13 Vend\u00e9miaire An IV\" in the French Republican Calendar. 1,400 royalists died and the rest fled. He cleared the streets with \"a whiff of grapeshot\", according to 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle in \"\". The defeat of the royalist insurrection extinguished the threat to the Convention and earned Bonaparte sudden fame, wealth, and the patronage of the new government, the Directory. Murat married one of"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " Napoleon's sisters, becoming his brother-in-law; he also served under Napoleon as one of his generals. Bonaparte was promoted to Commander of the Interior and given command of the Army of Italy. Within weeks, he was romantically involved with Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais, the former mistress of Barras. The couple married on 9 March 1796 in a civil ceremony.</s><s>Early career.:First Italian campaign. Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign, he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli. The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ", the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000. The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100\u00a0km from Vienna, and decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and, ending 1,100 years of Venetian independence. He authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark. On the journey, Bonaparte conversed much about the warriors of antiquity, especially Alexander, Caesar, Scipio and Hannibal. He studied their strategy and combined it with his own."}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " In a question from Bourrienne, asking whether he gave his preference to Alexander or Caesar, Napoleon said that he places Alexander the Great in the first rank, the main reason being his campaign in Asia. His application of conventional military ideas to real-world situations enabled his military triumphs, such as creative use of artillery as a mobile force to support his infantry. He stated later in life: \"I have fought sixty battles and I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning. Look at Caesar; he fought the first like the last\". Bonaparte could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the \"hinge\" of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170 standards. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics. During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45\u00a0million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12\u00a0million in precious metals and jewels. His forces confiscated more than 300 priceless paintings and sculptures. Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a \"coup d'\u00e9tat\" and purge the royalists on 4 September\u2014the Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent upon Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio. Bonaparte returned to Paris in December 1797 as a hero. He met Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister\u2014who served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon\u2014and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain.</s><s>Early career.:Egyptian expedition. After two months of planning, Bonaparte decided that France's naval strength was not yet sufficient to confront the British Royal Navy. He decided on a military expedition to seize Egypt and thereby undermine Britain's access to its trade interests in India. Bonaparte wished to"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " establish a French presence in the Middle East and join forces with Tipu Sultan, the Sultan of Mysore who was an enemy of the British. Napoleon assured the Directory that \"as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions\". The Directory agreed in order to secure a trade route to the Indian subcontinent. In May 1798, Bonaparte was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences. His Egyptian expedition included a group of 167 scientists, with mathematicians, naturalists, chemists, and geodesists among them. Their discoveries included the Rosetta Stone, and their work was published in the \"Description de l'\u00c9gypte\" in 1809. En route to Egypt, Bonaparte reached Malta on 9 June 1798, then controlled by the Knights Hospitaller. Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim surrendered after token resistance, and Bonaparte captured an important naval base with the loss of only three men. Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " military caste. This helped the French practise their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the morale of the French army. On 1 August 1798, the British fleet under Sir Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two vessels of the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and some 1,500\u20132,000 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning. Men, women, and children"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " were robbed and murdered for three days. Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men. 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease\u2014mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium. The number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.</s><s>Ruler of France. While in Egypt, Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs. He learned that France had suffered a series of defeats in the War of the Second Coalition. On 24 August 1799, fearing that the Republic's future was in doubt, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail for France, despite the fact that he had received no explicit orders from Paris. The army was left in the charge of Jean-Baptiste Kl\u00e9ber. Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " to ward off possible invasions of French soil, but poor lines of communication prevented the delivery of these messages. By the time that he reached Paris in October, France's situation had been improved by a series of victories. The Republic, however, was bankrupt and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population. The Directory discussed Bonaparte's \"desertion\" but was too weak to punish him. Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Siey\u00e8s, his brother Lucien, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos, director Joseph Fouch\u00e9, and Talleyrand, and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'\u00e9tat on 9 November 1799 (\"the 18th Brumaire\" according to the revolutionary calendar), closing down the Council of Five Hundred. Napoleon became \"first consul\" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only. His power was confirmed by the new \"Constitution of the Year VIII\", originally devised by Siey\u00e8s to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favour, 1,567"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " opposed). The constitution preserved the appearance of a republic but, in reality, established a dictatorship.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Consulate. Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called \"dictatorship by plebiscite\". Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting \"yes\". Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3\u00a0million people had participated in the plebiscite. The real number was 1.5\u00a0million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5\u00a0million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the consulate. In the first few months of the consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous. In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt. After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. The fierce resistance of this French army, under Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na, gave the northern force some time to carry out their operations with little interference. After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies collided at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June. General Melas had a numerical advantage, fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops. The battle began favourably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. Melas stated that he had won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. The French lines never broke during their tactical retreat. Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and reversed the tide of the battle. A"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " series of artillery barrages and cavalry charges decimated the Austrian army, which fled over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region. Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As David G. Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign. In 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that \"Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless\" while attaining \"the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy\". Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " negotiations in Lun\u00e9ville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lun\u00e9ville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Consulate.:Temporary peace in Europe. After a decade of constant warfare, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Amiens called for the withdrawal of British troops from recently conquered colonial territories as well as for assurances to curtail the expansionary goals of the French Republic. With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Napoleon's popularity soared to its highest levels under the consulate, both domestically and abroad. In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802, the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent, essentially elevating Napoleon to dictator for life. Whereas"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " the plebiscite two years earlier had brought out 1.5\u00a0million people to the polls, the new referendum enticed 3.6\u00a0million to go and vote (72 percent of all eligible voters). There was no secret ballot in 1802 and few people wanted to openly defy the regime. The constitution gained approval with over 99% of the vote. His broad powers were spelled out in the new constitution: \"Article 1. The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life.\" After 1802, he was generally referred to as Napoleon rather than Bonaparte. The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint L'Ouverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw a chance to reestablish control over the colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. In the 18th century, Saint-Domingue had been France's most profitable colony, producing more sugar than all the British West Indies colonies combined. However, during the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Aware of the expenses required to"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " fund his wars in Europe, Napoleon made the decision to reinstate slavery in all French Caribbean colonies. The 1794 decree had only affected the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and Guiana, and did not take effect in Mauritius, Reunion and Martinique, the last of which had been captured by the British and as such remained unaffected by French law. In Guadeloupe slavery had been abolished (and its ban violently enforced) by Victor Hugues against opposition from slaveholders thanks to the 1794 law. However, when slavery was reinstated in 1802, a slave revolt broke out under the leadership of Louis Delgr\u00e8s. The resulting Law of 20 May had the express purpose of reinstating slavery in Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and French Guiana, and restored slavery throughout most of the French colonial empire (excluding Saint-Domingue) for another half a century, while the French transatlantic slave trade continued for another twenty years. Napoleon sent an expedition under his brother-in-law General Leclerc to reassert control over Saint-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army,"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " and Jean-Jacques Dessalines won a string of victories, first against Leclerc, and when he died from yellow fever, then against Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, whom Napoleon sent to relieve Leclerc with another 20,000 men. In May 1803, Napoleon acknowledged defeat, and the last 8,000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Haiti in 1804. In the process, Dessalines became arguably the most successful military commander in the struggle against Napoleonic France. Seeing the failure of his efforts in Haiti, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15\u00a0million. The peace with Britain proved to be uneasy and controversial. Britain did not evacuate Malta as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his Act of Mediation, which established a new Swiss Confederation. Neither of these territories were covered by Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly. The dispute culminated in a declaration of war by Britain in"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " May 1803; Napoleon responded by reassembling the invasion camp at Boulogne and declaring that every British male between eighteen and sixty years old in France and its dependencies to be arrested as a prisoner of war.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire. During the consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the \"Conspiration des poignards\" (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the \"Infernal Machine\") two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, becoming one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars. To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as \"Emperor of the French\" by a tally exceeding 99%. As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6\u00a0million voters to the polls. A keen observer of Bonaparte's rise to absolute power, Madame de R\u00e9musat, explains that \"men worn out by the turmoil of the Revolution [\u2026] looked for the domination of an able ruler\" and that \"people believed quite sincerely that Bonaparte, whether as consul or emperor, would exert his authority and save [them] from the perils of anarchy.\"\"</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Coronation. Napoleon's coronation, at which Pope Pius VII officiated, took place at Notre Dame de Paris, on 2 December 1804. The ceremony, more or less, lasted around three hours, so the guests who arrived earlier became dull or bored and had to go in out and of the cathedral, to at least rejuvenate their spirits and also to buy food and drink. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire, and a replica of Char"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "lemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings since the laurel wreath symbolized victory, peace and civic virtue. For the official coronation, he raised the replica Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. After the crown was placed on his head, everyone in the Notre Dame Cathedral stood up spontaneously, the men waving their feathered hats. Josephine, his wife, knelt in front of Napoleon where he then placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Josephine became only the second queen to be crowned and anointed in French history, other than Marie de' Medici. Napoleon was then crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on 26 May 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from among his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army on 18 May 1804, the official start of the Empire.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:War of the Third Coalition. Great Britain had broken the Peace of Amiens by declaring"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " war on France in May 1803. In December 1804, an Anglo-Swedish agreement became the first step towards the creation of the Third Coalition. By April 1805, Britain had also signed an alliance with Russia. Austria had been defeated by France twice in recent memory and wanted revenge, so it joined the coalition a few months later. Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the \"Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre\", around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called \"La Grande Arm\u00e9e\". At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36\u201340 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the \"Grande Arm\u00e9e\" countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the \"Grande Arm\u00e9e\" had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers. Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the British West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defence of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the English channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unravelled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to C\u00e1diz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel. By August 1805, Napoleon had realized that"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " the strategic situation had changed fundamentally. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. His basic objective was to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian allies could arrive. On 25 September, after great secrecy and feverish marching, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of. Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon swung his forces to the southeast and the \"Grande Arm\u00e9e\" performed an elaborate wheeling movement that outflanked the Austrian positions. The Ulm Maneuver completely surprised General Mack, who belatedly understood that his army had been cut off. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of Ulm, Mack finally surrendered after realizing that there was no way to break out of the French encirclement. For just 2,000 French casualties, Napoleon had managed to capture a total of 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. Napoleon wrote after the conflict: \"I have accomplished my object, I have destroyed the Austrian army by simply marching.\" The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by a French fleet in a large-scale engagement for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars. Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights, a sloping hill near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right flank weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan\u2014of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2,000 years before. The Allied disaster at Austerlitz significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lun\u00e9ville between the two powers. The treaty confirmed the Austrian"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " loss of lands to France in Italy and Bavaria, and lands in Germany to Napoleon's German allies. It imposed an indemnity of 40\u00a0million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil. Napoleon went on to say, \"The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought\". Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a \"personal Napoleonic one\". Vincent Cronin disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, \"he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen\".</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Middle-Eastern alliances. Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognised Napoleon as \"Emperor\". He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France \"our sincere and natural ally\". That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was formed between Napoleon"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " and the Persian Empire of Fat\u2032h-Ali Shah Qajar. It collapsed in 1807 when France and Russia formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon had made no effective alliances in the Middle East.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:War of the Fourth Coalition and Tilsit. After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe, the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians. The brazen reorganization of German territory by the French risked threatening Prussian influence in the region, if not eliminating it outright. War fever in Berlin rose steadily throughout the summer of 1806. At the insistence of his court, especially his wife Queen Louise, Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war. The initial military manoeuvres began in September 1806. In a letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase \"le bataillon-carr\u00e9\" (\"square battalion\"). In the \"bataillon-carr\u00e9\" system, the"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " various corps of the \"Grande Arm\u00e9e\" would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. As in previous campaigns, his fundamental objective was to destroy one opponent before reinforcements from another could tip the balance of the war. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which began to quickly disintegrate. In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the \"peak of Napoleonic warfare\", according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: \"Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered\". Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight. Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and was involved in the bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at Heilsberg that proved indecisive. On 14 June Napoleon obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the Battle of Friedland, wiping out the majority of the Russian army in a very bloody struggle. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. On 19 June, Tsar Alexander sent an envoy to seek an armistice with Napoleon. The latter assured the envoy that the Vistula River represented the natural borders between French and Russian influence in Europe. On that basis, the two emperors began peace negotiations at the town of Tilsit after meeting on an iconic raft on the River Niemen. The very first thing Alexander said to Napoleon was probably well-cal"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "ibrated: \"I hate the English as much as you do\". Their meeting lasted two hours. Despite waging wars against each other the two Emperors were very much impressed and fascinated by one another. \u201cNever,\u201d said Alexander afterward, \u201cdid I love any man as I loved that man.\u201d Alexander faced pressure from his brother, Duke Constantine, to make peace with Napoleon. Given the victory he had just achieved, the French emperor offered the Russians relatively lenient terms\u2014demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia, and hand over the Ionian Islands to France. By contrast, Napoleon dictated very harsh peace terms for Prussia, despite the ceaseless exhortations of Queen Louise. Wiping out half of Prussian territories from the map, Napoleon created a new kingdom of called Westphalia and appointed his young brother J\u00e9r\u00f4me as its monarch. Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused a deep and bitter antagonism that festered as the Napoleonic era progressed. Moreover, Alexander's pretensions at friendship with Napoleon led the latter to seriously misjudge the true intentions of his Russian counterpart, who would violate numerous provisions of the treaty in the next few years"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ". Despite these problems, the Treaties of Tilsit at last gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Peninsular War and Erfurt. The settlements at Tilsit gave Napoleon time to organize his empire. One of his major objectives became enforcing the Continental System against the British forces. He decided to focus his attention on the Kingdom of Portugal, which consistently violated his trade prohibitions. After defeat in the War of the Oranges in 1801, Portugal adopted a double-sided policy. Unhappy with this change of policy by the Portuguese government, Napoleon negotiated a secret treaty with Charles IV of Spain and sent an army to invade Portugal. On 17 October 1807, 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish cooperation and headed towards Portugal to enforce Napoleon's orders. This attack was the first step in what would eventually become the Peninsular War, a six-year struggle that significantly sapped French strength. Throughout the winter of 1808, French agents became increasingly involved in Spanish internal affairs, attempting to incite discord between members of the Spanish royal family. On 16 February 1808, secret French mach"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "inations finally materialized when Napoleon announced that he would intervene to mediate between the rival political factions in the country. Marshal Murat led 120,000 troops into Spain. The French arrived in Madrid on 24 March, where wild riots against the occupation erupted just a few weeks later. Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as the new King of Spain in the summer of 1808. The appointment enraged a heavily religious and conservative Spanish population. Resistance to French aggression soon spread throughout Spain. The shocking French defeats at the Battle of Bail\u00e9n and the Battle of Vimiero gave hope to Napoleon's enemies and partly persuaded the French emperor to intervene in person. Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden and made it an autonomous Grand Duchy, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria \"to the best of its ability\". Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " war. The \"Grande Arm\u00e9e\", under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809 and the death of Moore. Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal \"guerrilla warfare\" that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favour of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814 the Allies had pushed the French out of the peninsula. The impact of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain and ousting of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy in favour of his brother Joseph had an enormous impact on the Spanish empire. In Spanish America many local elites formed juntas and set up mechanisms to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain, whom they considered the legitimate Spanish monarch. The outbreak of the Spanish American wars of independence in most of the empire was a result of Napoleon's destabilizing actions in Spain and led to the rise of strongmen in the wake of these wars.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:War of the Fifth Coalition and Marie Louise. After four years on the sidelines"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ", Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats. Austria could not count on Russian support because the latter was at war with Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire in 1809. Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians but reneged before conflict began. A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized. Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon, a stance that landed him in the so-called \"peace party\", he did not want to see the army demobilized either. On 8 February 1809, the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French. In the early morning of 10 April, leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the Inn River and invaded Bavaria. The early Austrian attack surprised the French; Napoleon himself was still in Paris when he heard about the invasion. He arrived at Donauw\u00f6rth on the 17th to find the \"Grande Arm\u00e9e\" in a dangerous position, with its two wings separated by and joined by a thin cordon of Bavarian"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " troops. Charles pressed the left wing of the French army and hurled his men towards the III Corps of Marshal Davout. In response, Napoleon came up with a plan to cut off the Austrians in the celebrated \"Landshut Maneuver\". He realigned the axis of his army and marched his soldiers towards the town of Eckm\u00fchl. The French scored a convincing win in the resulting Battle of Eckm\u00fchl, forcing Charles to withdraw his forces over the Danube and into Bohemia. On 13 May, Vienna fell for the second time in four years, although the war continued since most of the Austrian army had survived the initial engagements in Southern Germany. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " could be beaten on the battlefield. After the setback at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took more than six weeks in planning and preparing for contingencies before he made another attempt at crossing the Danube. From 30 June to the early days of July, the French recrossed the Danube in strength, with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians. Charles received the French with 150,000 of his own men. In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat. Austrian losses were very heavy, reaching well over 40,000 casualties. The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July. In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed \"Walcheren Fever\". Over 4,000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis waited to see how the British performed in their theatre before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks. The resulting Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end, they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. While most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ". Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Jos\u00e9phine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Jos\u00e9phine on 10 January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the 18-year-old Archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis II. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of \"King of Rome\". His son never actually ruled the empire, but given his brief titular rule and cousin Louis-Napol\u00e9on's subsequent naming himself Napol\u00e9on III, historians often refer to him as \"Napoleon II\".David Watkin, \"The Roman Forum\". Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. 183. books.google.com/books?id=cRrufMNLOhwC&pg=PA183</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Invasion of Russia. In 1808, Napoleon and Tsar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ". The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased, a strain on the relationship became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians as their economy was failing, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain. By 1812, advisers to Alexander suggested the possibility of an invasion of the French Empire and the recapture of Poland. On receipt of intelligence reports on Russia's war preparations, Napoleon expanded his \"Grande Arm\u00e9e\" to more than 450,000 men. He ignored repeated advice against an invasion of the Russian heartland and prepared for an offensive campaign; on 24 June 1812 the invasion commenced. In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, Napoleon termed the war the \"Second Polish War\"\u2014the \"First Polish War\" had been the Bar Confederation uprising by Polish nobles against Russia in 1768. Polish patriots wanted the Russian part of Poland to be joined with the Duchy of Warsaw and an independent Poland created. This was rejected by Napoleon, who stated he had promised his ally Austria this would not happen. Napoleon refused to manumit the Russian serfs because of concerns this might provoke a reaction"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " in his army's rear. The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France's retreat. The Russians avoided Napoleon's objective of a decisive engagement and instead retreated deeper into Russia. A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles, and Napoleon resumed his advance. The Russians again avoided battle, although in a few cases this was only achieved because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity arose. Owing to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found it increasingly difficult to forage food for themselves and their horses. The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive. Napoleon's own account was: \"The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible\". The Russian army withdrew and retreated past Moscow. Napoleon entered the"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " city, assuming its fall would end the war and Alexander would negotiate peace. Moscow was burned, rather than surrendered, on the order of Moscow's governor Feodor Rostopchin. After five weeks, Napoleon and his army left. In early November Napoleon became concerned about the loss of control back in France after the Malet coup of 1812. His army walked through snow up to their knees, and nearly 10,000 men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November alone. After the Battle of Berezina Napoleon managed to escape but had to abandon much of the remaining artillery and baggage train. On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left the army in a sledge. The French suffered in the course of a ruinous retreat, including from the harshness of the Russian Winter. The Arm\u00e9e had begun as over 400,000 frontline troops, with fewer than 40,000 crossing the Berezina River in November 1812. The Russians had lost 150,000 soldiers in battle and hundreds of thousands of civilians.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:War of the Sixth Coalition. There was a lull in fighting over the winter of 1812\u201313 while both the Russians and the French rebuilt their forces; Napoleon"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " was able to field 350,000 troops. Heartened by France's loss in Russia, Prussia joined with Austria, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal in a new coalition. Napoleon assumed command in Germany and inflicted a series of defeats on the Coalition culminating in the Battle of Dresden in August 1813. Despite these successes, the numbers continued to mount against Napoleon, and the French army was pinned down by a force twice its size and lost at the Battle of Leipzig. This was by far the largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars and cost more than 90,000 casualties in total. The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of the French, but it would be reduced to its \"natural frontiers\". That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats while ending"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " the highly destabilizing series of wars. Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium, but Napoleon would remain Emperor. However, he rejected the term. The British wanted Napoleon permanently removed, and they prevailed, though Napoleon adamantly refused. Napoleon withdrew into France, his army reduced to 70,000 soldiers and little cavalry; he faced more than three times as many Allied troops. Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's older brother, abdicated as king of Spain on 13 December 1813 and assumed the title of lieutenant general to save the collapsing empire. The French were surrounded: British armies pressed from the south, and other Coalition forces positioned to attack from the German states. By the middle of January 1814, the Coalition had already entered France's borders and launched a two-pronged attack on Paris, with Prussia entering from the north, and Austria from the East, marching out of the capitulated Swiss confederation. The French"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " Empire, however, would not go down so easily. Napoleon launched a series of victories in the Six Days' Campaign. While they repulsed the coalition forces and delayed the capture of Paris by at least a full month, these were not significant enough to turn the tide. The coalitionaries camped on the outskirts of the capital on 29 March. A day later, they advanced onto the demoralised soldiers protecting the city. Joseph Bonaparte led a final battle at the gates of Paris. They were greatly outnumbered, as 30,000 French soldiers were pitted against a combined coalition force that was 5 times greater than theirs. They were defeated, and Joseph retreated out of the city. The leaders of Paris surrendered to the Coalition on the last day of March 1814. On 1 April, Alexander addressed the S\u00e9nat conservateur. Long docile to Napoleon, under Talleyrand's prodding it had turned against him. Alexander told the S\u00e9nat that the Allies were fighting against Napoleon, not France, and they were prepared to offer honourable peace terms if Napoleon were removed from power. The next day, the S\u00e9nat passed the Acte de d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance de l'Empereur (\"Emperor's Demise Act\"), which declared Napoleon dep"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "osed. Napoleon had advanced as far as Fontainebleau when he learned that Paris had fallen. When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his senior officers and marshals mutinied. On 4 April, led by Ney, the senior officers confronted Napoleon. When Napoleon asserted the army would follow him, Ney replied the army would follow its generals. While the ordinary soldiers and regimental officers wanted to fight on, the senior commanders were unwilling to continue. Without any senior officers or marshals, any prospective invasion of Paris would have been impossible. Bowing to the inevitable, on 4 April Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie Louise as regent. However, the Allies refused to accept this under prodding from Alexander, who feared that Napoleon might find an excuse to retake the throne. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication only two days later. In his farewell address to the soldiers of Old Guard in 20 April, Napoleon said:\"Soldiers of my Old Guard, I have come to bid you farewell. For twenty years you have accompanied me faithfully on the paths of honor and glory....With men like you, our cause was [not] lost, but the war would have dragged on interminably, and it would"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " have been a civil war.... So I am sacrificing our interests to those of our country....Do not lament my fate; if I have agreed to live on, it is to serve our glory. I wish to write the history of the great deeds we have done together. Farewell, my children!\"</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Exile to Elba. In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled Napoleon to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of \"Emperor\". Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled, while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. He was conveyed to the island on HMS \"Undaunted\" by Captain Thomas Ussher, and he arrived at Portoferraio on 30 May 1814. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, oversaw the construction of new roads, issued decrees on modern agricultural methods, and overhauled the island's legal and"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " educational system. A few months into his exile, Napoleon learned that his ex-wife Josephine had died in France. He was devastated by the news, locking himself in his room and refusing to leave for two days.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Hundred Days. Separated from his wife and son, who had returned to Austria, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba in the brig \"Inconstant\" on 26 February 1815 with 700 men. Two days later, he landed on the French mainland at Golfe-Juan and started heading north. The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on 7 March 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, \"Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish.\" The soldiers quickly responded with, \"Vive L'Empereur!\" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage,"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together toward Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing that he had little political support. On 13 March, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Napoleon arrived in Paris on 20 March and governed for a period now called the Hundred Days. By the start of June, the armed forces available to him had reached 200,000, and he decided to go on the offensive to attempt to drive a wedge between the oncoming British and Prussian armies. The French Army of the North crossed the frontier into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in modern-day Belgium. Napoleon's forces fought two Coalition armies, commanded by the British Duke of Wellington and the Prussian Prince Bl\u00fccher, at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Wellington's army withstood repeated attacks by the French and drove them from the field while the Prussians arrived in force and broke through Napoleon's right flank. Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " turned against him. Realizing that his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent of restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne. When Napoleon heard that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive, he fled to Rochefort, considering an escape to the United States. British ships were blocking every port. Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland on on 15 July 1815.</s><s>Exile on Saint Helena. Refusing Napoleon's request for political asylum in England, the British kept Napoleon on the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, from the west coast of Africa. Napoleon arrived at Jamestown, Saint Helena in October 1815 on board the \"HMS Northumberland\". The British also took the precaution of sending a small garrison of soldiers to both Saint Helena and the nearby uninhabited Ascension Island, which lay between St. Helena and Europe, to prevent any escape from the island"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ".{{cite book Napoleon stayed for two months at Briars pavilion before he was moved to Longwood House, a large wooden bungalow on Saint Helena, in December 1815. By this point, the house had fallen into disrepair. The location and interior of the house was damp, windswept and unhealthy. \"The Times\" published articles insinuating the British government was trying to hasten his death. Napoleon often complained of the living conditions of Longwood House in letters to the island's governor and his custodian, Hudson Lowe, while his attendants complained of \"colds, catarrhs, damp floors and poor provisions.\" Modern scientists have speculated that his later illness may have arisen from arsenic poisoning caused by copper arsenite in the wallpaper at Longwood House. With a small cadre of followers, Napoleon dictated his memoirs and grumbled about the living conditions. Lowe cut Napoleon's expenditure, ruled that no gifts were allowed if they mentioned his imperial status, and made his supporters sign a guarantee they would stay with the prisoner indefinitely. When he held a dinner party, men were expected to wear military dress and \"women [appeared] in evening gowns and gems. It was an explicit denial of the circumstances of his captivity\". While in exile"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ", Napoleon wrote a book about Julius Caesar, one of his great heroes. He also studied English under the tutelage of Count Emmanuel de Las Cases with the main aim of being able to read English newspapers and books, as access to French newspapers and books was heavily restricted to him on Saint Helena. Napoleon also devoted himself to compiling a book \"\"M\u00e9morial de Ste-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne\"\", an account which reflected his self-depiction as a liberal, visionary ruler for European unification, deposed by reactionary elements of the \"Ancien R\u00e9gime\". Another pastime of Napoleon's while in exile was playing card games. The number of patiences named in his honour seems to suggest that he was an avid player of the solitary game. Napoleon at St Helena is described as being a favourite of his, while Napoleon's Favourite (or St. Helena) is clearly a contender. Other games with a Napoleonic theme include Napoleon's Flank, Napoleon's Shoulder, Napoleon's Square and Little Napoleon Patience. However, Arnold argues that, while Napoleon played cards in exile, the notion that he played numerous patience games is \"based on a misunderstanding\". There were rumours of plots and even of his escape from Saint Helena, but in"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " reality, no serious attempts were ever made. For English poet Lord Byron, Napoleon was the epitome of the Romantic hero, the persecuted, lonely, and flawed genius.</s><s>Exile on Saint Helena.:Death. Napoleon's personal physician, Barry O'Meara, warned London that his declining state of health was mainly caused by the harsh treatment. During the last few years of his life, Napoleon confined himself for months on end in his damp, mold-infested and wretched habitation of Longwood. Years of isolation and loneliness took its toll on Napoleon's mental health, having his court continually reduced, including the arrest of Count Emmanuel de Las Cases, conditions which Lord Holland used to bring about a debate regarding the treatment of Napoleon in captivity. In February 1821, Napoleon's health began to deteriorate rapidly, and he reconciled with the Catholic Church. By March, he had become confined to bed. Napoleon died on 5 May 1821 at Longwood House at age 51, after making his last confession, Extreme Unction and Viaticum in the presence of Father Ange Vignali from his deathbed. His last words were, \"France, l'arm\u00e9e, t\u00eate d'arm\u00e9e, Jos\u00e9phine\" (\"France, the"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " army, head of the army, Jos\u00e9phine\"). Shortly after his death, an autopsy was conducted and Fran\u00e7ois Carlo Antommarchi, the doctor conducting the autopsy, cut off Napoleon's penis. Napoleon's original death mask was created around 6 May, although it is not clear which doctor created it. Napoleon's heart and intestines were removed and contained separately in two sealed vessels, which were placed inside his coffin at his feet. In his will, he had asked to be buried on the banks of the Seine, but the British governor said he should be buried on Saint Helena, in the Valley of the Willows. In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British government to return Napoleon's remains to France. His casket was opened to confirm that it still contained the former emperor. Despite being dead for nearly two decades, Napoleon had been very well preserved and not decomposed at all. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The horse-drawn hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St J\u00e9r\u00f4me's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a sarcophagus of red quartzite from Russia (often mistaken for porphyry) in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.</s><s>Exile on Saint Helena.:Death.:Cause of death. The cause of Napoleon's death has been debated. His physician, Fran\u00e7ois Carlo Antommarchi, led the autopsy, which found the cause of death to be stomach cancer. Antommarchi did not sign the official report. Napoleon's father had died of stomach cancer, although this was apparently unknown at the time of the autopsy. Antommarchi found evidence of a stomach ulcer; this was the most convenient explanation for the British, who wanted to avoid criticism over their care of Napoleon. In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in \"Nature\" to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Furthermore, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ", Forshufvud noted that Napoleon's body was found to be well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring. They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison. Their hypothesis was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. According to a 2007 article, the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts was mineral, the most toxic, and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz, this supported the conclusion that he was murdered. There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives. Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, suggesting peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.</s><s>Religion. Napoleon was baptised in Ajaccio on 21 July 1771. He was raised as a Catholic but never developed much faith, though he recalled the day of his First Communion in the Catholic Church to be the happiest day of his life. As an adult, Napoleon was a deist, believing in an absent and distant God. However, he had a keen appreciation of the power of organized religion in social and political affairs, and he paid a great deal of attention to bending it to his purposes. He noted the influence of Catholicism's rituals and splendors. Napoleon had a civil marriage with Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. Napoleon was crowned Emperor on 2 December 1804 at Notre-Dame de Paris in a ceremony presided over by Pope Pius VII. On the eve of the coronation ceremony, and at the insistence of Pope Pius VII, a private religious wedding ceremony of Napoleon and Jos\u00e9phine was celebrated. Cardinal Fesch"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " performed the wedding. This marriage was annulled by tribunals under Napoleon's control in January 1810. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon married the Austrian princess Marie Louise in a Catholic ceremony. Napoleon was excommunicated by the Pope through the bull \"Quum memoranda\" in 1809, but later reconciled with the Catholic Church before his death in 1821. While in exile in Saint Helena he is recorded to have said \"I know men; and I tell you that Jesus Christ is not a man.\"{{cite book He also defended Muhammad (\"a great man\") against Voltaire's \"Mahomet\".</s><s>Religion.:Concordat. Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, Napoleon and Pope Pius VII signed the Concordat of 1801 on 15 July 1801. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. The Concordat did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, Napoleon presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles. While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy,"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " the balance of church\u2013state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the Pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favour with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, \"Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them\". French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon.</s><s>Religion.:Arrest of Pope Pius VII. In 1809, under Napoleon's orders, Pope Pius VII was placed under arrest in Italy, and in 1812 the prisoner Pontiff was transferred to France, being held in the Palace of Fontainebleau. Because the arrest was made in a clandestine manner, some sources describe it as a kidnapping. In January 1813, Napoleon personally forced the Pope to sign a humiliating \"Concordat of Fontainebleau\" which was later repudiated by the Pontiff. The Pope was not released until 1814, when the Coalition invaded France.</s><s>Religion.:Religious emancipation. Napoleon emancipated Jews,"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " as well as Protestants in Catholic countries and Catholics in Protestant countries, from laws which restricted them to ghettos, and he expanded their rights to property, worship, and careers. Despite the antisemitic reaction to Napoleon's policies from foreign governments and within France, he believed emancipation would benefit France by attracting Jews to the country given the restrictions they faced elsewhere. In 1806 an assembly of Jewish notables was gathered by Napoleon to discuss 12 questions broadly dealing with the relations between Jews and Christians, as well as other issues dealing with the Jewish ability to integrate into French society. Later, after the questions were answered in a satisfactory way according to the Emperor, a \"great Sanhedrin\" was brought together to transform the answers into decisions that would form the basis of the future status of the Jews in France and the rest of the empire Napoleon was building. He stated, \"I will never accept any proposals that will obligate the Jewish people to leave France, because to me the Jews are the same as any other citizen in our country. It takes weakness to chase them out of the country, but it takes strength to assimilate them\". He was seen as so favourable to the Jews that the Russian Orthodox Church formally condemned him as \"Antichrist and the Enemy of God\"."}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " One year after the final meeting of the Sanhedrin, on 17 March 1808, Napoleon placed the Jews on probation. Several new laws restricting the citizenship the Jews had been offered 17 years previously were instituted at that time. However, despite pressure from leaders of a number of Christian communities to refrain from granting Jews emancipation, within one year of the issue of the new restrictions, they were once again lifted in response to the appeal of Jews from all over France.</s><s>Religion.:Freemasonry. It is not known for certain if Napoleon was initiated into Freemasonry. As Emperor, he appointed his brothers to Masonic offices under his jurisdiction: Louis was given the title of Deputy Grand Master in 1805; Jerome the title of Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Westphalia; Joseph was appointed Grand Master of the Grand Orient de France; and finally Lucien was a member of the Grand Orient of France.</s><s>Personality. Historians emphasize the strength of the ambition that took Napoleon from an obscure village to rule over most of Europe. In-depth academic studies about his early life conclude that up until age 2, he had a \"gentle disposition\". His older brother, Joseph, frequently received their mother's attention which made Napoleon more assertive and approval-"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "driven. During his early schooling years, he would be harshly bullied by classmates for his Corsican identity and limited command of the French language. To withstand the stress he became domineering, eventually developing an inferiority complex. George F. E. Rud\u00e9 stresses his \"rare combination of will, intellect and physical vigour\". In one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic effect on people, seemingly bending the strongest leaders to his will. He understood military technology, but was not an innovator in that regard. He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. He could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point, and like a chess master, \"seeing\" the best plays moves ahead. This intellectual vigour was accompanied by a mixture of \"remarkable charisma and willpower\" and \"a furious temper\" exhibited during failure of his plans; which commanded respect as well as dread from his adjutants. Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, \"Give me lucky generals\", arguing that \"luck\" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer states that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805\u201306 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. \"I am of the race that founds empires\" he once boasted, deeming himself an heir to the Ancient Romans. In terms of influence on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for wars. He inspired his men\u2014the Duke of Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win.</s><s>Image. The military historian Martin van Creveld has described him as \"the most competent human being who ever lived\". Since his death, many towns, streets"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ", ships, and even cartoon characters have been named after him. He has been portrayed in hundreds of films and discussed in hundreds of thousands of books and articles. The German legal scholar Carl Theoder Welcker described Napoleon as \"the greatest master of Machiavellism\". When his contemporaries met him in person, many were surprised by his apparently unremarkable physical appearance in contrast to his significant deeds and reputation, especially in his youth, when he was consistently described as small and thin. English painter Joseph Farington, who observed Napoleon personally in 1802, commented that \"Samuel Rogers stood a little way from me and... seemed to be disappointed in the look of [Napoleon's] countenance [\"face\"] and said it was that of a little Italian.\" Farington said Napoleon's eyes were \"lighter, and more of a grey, than I should have expected from his complexion\", that \"his person is below middle size\", and that \"his general aspect was milder than I had before thought it.\" A personal friend of Napoleon's said that when he first met him in Brienne-le-Ch\u00e2teau as a young man, Napoleon was only notable \"for the dark color of his complexion, for his piercing and scrutinising glance, and"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " for the style of his conversation\"; he also said that Napoleon was personally a serious and somber man: \"his conversation bore the appearance of ill-humor, and he was certainly not very amiable.\" Johann Ludwig Wurstemberger, who accompanied Napoleon from Camp Fornio in 1797 and on the Swiss campaign of 1798, noted that \"Bonaparte was rather slight and emaciated-looking; his face, too, was very thin, with a dark complexion... his black, unpowdered hair hung down evenly over both shoulders\", but that, despite his slight and unkempt appearance, \"[h]is looks and expression were earnest and powerful.\" Denis Davydov met him personally and considered him remarkably average in appearance: During the Napoleonic Wars, he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. Despite or due to his average size, Napoleon was mocked in British newspapers as a short tempered small man and he was nicknamed \"Little Boney in a strong fit\".{{cite news Some historians believe his size at death was incorrectly recorded due to use of an obsolete old French yardstick (a French foot equals 33\u00a0cm, while an English foot equals 30.47\u00a0cm). But"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " Napoleon was a champion of the metric system and had no use for the old yardsticks that had been out of use since 1793 in France. It is likely that he was, the height measured on St. Helena (a British island), since he would have most likely been measured with an English yardstick rather than a yardstick of the French Old Regime. Napoleon surrounded himself with tall bodyguards and was affectionately nicknamed \"le petit caporal\" (the little corporal), reflecting his reported camaraderie with his soldiers rather than his height. When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur \u00e0 Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that served as his personal escort many times, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his L\u00e9gion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " in contrast to the complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him. In his later years he gained quite a bit of weight and had a complexion considered pale or sallow, something contemporaries took note of. Novelist Paul de Kock, who saw him in 1811 on the balcony of the Tuileries, called Napoleon \"yellow, obese, and bloated\". A British captain who met him in 1815 stated \"I felt very much disappointed, as I believe everyone else did, in his appearance\u00a0... He is fat, rather what we call pot-bellied, and although his leg is well shaped, it is rather clumsy\u00a0... He is very sallow, with light grey eyes, and rather thin, greasy-looking brown hair, and altogether a very nasty, priestlike-looking fellow.\" The stock character of Napoleon is a comically short \"petty tyrant\" and this has become a clich\u00e9 in popular culture. He is often portrayed wearing a large bicorne hat\u2014sideways\u2014with a hand-in-waistcoat gesture\u2014a reference to the painting produced in 1812 by Jacques-Louis David. In 1908 Alfred Adler, a psychologist, cited Napoleon to describe an inferiority complex in which short people adopt an"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " over-aggressive behaviour to compensate for lack of height; this inspired the term \"Napoleon complex\".</s><s>Reforms. Napoleon instituted various reforms, such as higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire prior to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the United States. In May 1802, he instituted the Legion of Honour, a substitute for the old royalist decorations and orders of chivalry, to encourage civilian and military achievements; the order is still the highest decoration in France.</s><s>Reforms.:Napoleonic Code. Napoleon's set of civil laws, the \"Code Civil\"\u2014now often known as the Napoleonic Code\u2014was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques R\u00e9gis de Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s, the \"Second Consul\". Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts."}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes (\"Les cinq codes\") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process. The Napoleonic code was adopted throughout much of Continental Europe, though only in the lands he conquered, and remained in force after Napoleon's defeat. Napoleon said: \"My true glory is not to have won forty battles\u00a0... Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories.\u00a0... But\u00a0... what will live forever, is my Civil Code\". The Code influences a quarter of the world's jurisdictions such as those in Continental Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Dieter Langewiesche described the code as a \"revolutionary project\" that spurred the development of bourgeois society in Germany by the extension of the right to own property and an acceleration towards the end of feudalism. Napoleon reorganized what had been the Holy Roman Empire, made up of about three hundred \"Kleinstaaterei\", into a more streamlined forty-state Confederation of the Rhine; this helped promote the German Confederation and the unification of Germany in 1871."}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " The movement toward Italian unification was similarly precipitated by Napoleonic rule. These changes contributed to the development of nationalism and the nation state. Napoleon directly overthrew remnants of feudalism in much of western Continental Europe. He liberalized property laws, ended seigneurial dues, abolished the guild of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship, legalized divorce, closed the Jewish ghettos and made Jews equal to everyone else. The Inquisition ended as did the Holy Roman Empire. The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and equality under the law was proclaimed for all men.</s><s>Reforms.:Warfare. In the field of military organization, Napoleon borrowed from previous theorists such as Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert, and from the reforms of preceding French governments, and then developed much of what was already in place. He continued the policy, which emerged from the Revolution, of promotion based primarily on merit. Corps replaced divisions as the largest army units, mobile artillery was integrated into reserve batteries, the staff system became more fluid and cavalry returned as an important formation in French military doctrine. These methods are now referred to as essential features of Napoleonic warfare. Though he consolidated the practice of modern conscription introduced by the Directory, one"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " of the restored monarchy's first acts was to end it. His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defences, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent change. Napoleon's biggest influence was in the conduct of warfare. Antoine-Henri Jomini explained Napoleon's methods in a widely used textbook that influenced all European and American armies. Napoleon was regarded by the influential military theorist Carl von Clausewitz as a genius in the operational art of war, and historians rank him as a great military commander. Wellington, when asked who was the greatest general of the day, answered"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ": \"In this age, in past ages, in any age, Napoleon\". Under Napoleon, a new emphasis towards the destruction, not just outmaneuvering, of enemy armies emerged. Invasions of enemy territory occurred over broader fronts which made wars costlier and more decisive. The political effect of war increased; defeat for a European power meant more than the loss of isolated enclaves. Near-Carthaginian peaces intertwined whole national efforts, intensifying the Revolutionary phenomenon of total war.</s><s>Reforms.:Metric system. The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the \"mesures usuelles\" (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade, a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example, the \"livre metrique\" (metric pound) was 500\u00a0g, in contrast to the value of the \"livre du roi\" (the king's pound), 489.5\u00a0g"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ". Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner prior to the definitive introduction of the metric system across parts of Europe in the middle of the 19th century.</s><s>Reforms.:Education. Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the \"Ancien R\u00e9gime\", The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (\"lyc\u00e9es\") designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the \"Ancien R\u00e9gime\", religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present with the teachers from the clergy. Napoleon hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, such as the \u00c9cole Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first efforts at establishing a system"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.</s><s>Memory and evaluation.</s><s>Memory and evaluation.:Criticism. In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was \"an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe\" or \"a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler\". Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed. He was considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents at the time and ever since. His critics charge that he was not troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's overseas colonies are controversial and affect his reputation. French liberal intellectual Benjamin Constant (1767\u20131830) was a staunch critic of political homogenisation and"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " personality cult that dominated Napoleonic France and wrote several books condemning Napoleon such as \"\"The Spirit of Conquest and Usurpation\"\" (1814) and \"\"Principles of Politics Applicable to All Representative Governments\"\" (1815). According to Constant, Bonapartism was even more tyrannical than the Bourbon monarchy, since it forced the masses to support its grand universalist narrative through imperialism and jingoism. Napoleon institutionalized plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Mus\u00e9e du Louvre for a grand central museum; an example which would later be followed by others. He was compared to Adolf Hitler by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947, and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, \"Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius\u2014in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction.\" Critics argue Napoleon"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "'s true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, \"After all, the military record is unquestioned\u201417 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost.\" McLynn states that, \"He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars.\" Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions that aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution. British military historian Correlli Barnett calls him \"a social misfit\" who exploited France for his personal megalomaniac goals. He says Napoleon's reputation is exaggerated. French scholar Jean Tulard provided an influential account of his image as a saviour. Louis Bergeron has praised the numerous changes he made to French society, especially regarding the law as well as education. His greatest failure was the Russian invasion. Many historians have blamed Napoleon's poor planning, but Russian scholars instead emphasize the Russian response, noting the notorious winter weather was just as hard on the defenders. The large and growing histor"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "iography in French, English, Russian, Spanish and other languages has been summarized and evaluated by numerous scholars.</s><s>Memory and evaluation.:Propaganda and memory. Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his r\u00e9gime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling various key constituents of the press, books, theatre, and art were part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered a relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals. In England, Russia and across Europe\u2014though not in France\u2014Napoleon was a popular topic of caricature. Hazareesingh (2004) explores how Napoleon's image and memory are best understood. They played a key role in collective political defiance of the Bourbon restoration monarchy in 1815\u20131830. People from different walks of life and areas of France"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ", particularly Napoleonic veterans, drew on the Napoleonic legacy and its connections with the ideals of the 1789 Revolution. Widespread rumours of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations\u2014they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime. Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period\u2014Victorien Sardou's \"Madame Sans-G\u00eane\" (1893), Maurice Barr\u00e8s's \"Les D\u00e9racin\u00e9s\" (1897), Edmond Rostand's \"L'Aiglon\" (1900), and Andr\u00e9 de Lorde and Gyp's \"Napol\u00e9onette\" (1913)\u2014Datta examines how writers and critics of the \"Belle \u00c9poque\" exploited the Napoleonic"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " legend for diverse political and cultural ends. Reduced to a minor character, the new fictional Napoleon became not a world historical figure but an intimate one, fashioned by individuals' needs and consumed as popular entertainment. In their attempts to represent the emperor as a figure of national unity, proponents and detractors of the Third Republic used the legend as a vehicle for exploring anxieties about gender and fears about the processes of democratization that accompanied this new era of mass politics and culture. International Napoleonic Congresses take place regularly, with participation by members of the French and American military, French politicians and scholars from different countries. In January 2012, the mayor of Montereau-Fault-Yonne, near Paris\u2014the site of a late victory of Napoleon\u2014proposed development of Napoleon's Bivouac, a commemorative theme park at a projected cost of 200\u00a0million euros.</s><s>Memory and evaluation.:Long-term influence outside France. Napoleon was responsible for spreading the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially in legal reform. After the fall of Napoleon, not only was it retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but it has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The code was also used as a model in many parts of Latin America. The reputation of Napoleon in Poland has been favourable, especially for his support of independence, opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class administration. Napoleon had an influence on the establishment of modern Germany. He caused the end of the Holy Roman Empire and helped create middle sized states such as Bavaria and W\u00fcrttemberg along the great powers Prussia and Austria. Although he also directly or indirectly helped to reduce the number of German states (from about 300 to fewer than 50), the middle sized states tried to prevent the unification of Germany as a federalist state. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism which eventually turned the German Confederation into the German Empire after a series of conflicts and other political developments. Napoleon indirectly began the process of Latin American independence when he invaded Spain in 1808. The abdication of King Charles IV and renunciation of his son, Ferdinand VII created a power vacuum that was filled by native born political leaders such as Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar and Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn. Such leaders embraced nationalistic sentiments influenced by French nationalism"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " and led successful independence movements in Latin America. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15\u00a0million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union. From 1796 to 2020, at least 95 major ships were named for him. In the 21st century, at least 18 Napoleon ships are operated under the flag of France, as well as Indonesia, Germany, Italy, Australia, Argentina, India, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.</s><s>Wives, mistresses, and children. Napoleon married Jos\u00e9phine (\"n\u00e9e\" Marie Jos\u00e8phe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie) in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, had been executed during the Reign of Terror. Five days after Alexandre de Beauharnais' death, the Reign of Terror initiator Maximilien de Robespierre was overthrown and executed, and, with the help of high-placed friends, Jos\u00e9phine was freed. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as \"Rose\", a name which he disliked"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": ". He called her \"Jos\u00e9phine\" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eug\u00e8ne and second cousin (via marriage) St\u00e9phanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Jos\u00e9phine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis. Jos\u00e9phine had lovers, such as Lieutenant Hippolyte Charles, during Napoleon's Italian campaign. Napoleon learnt of that affair and a letter he wrote about it was intercepted by the British and published widely, to embarrass Napoleon. Napoleon had his own affairs too: during the Egyptian campaign he took Pauline Bellisle Four\u00e8s, the wife of a junior officer, as his mistress. She became known as \"Cleopatra\". While Napoleon's mistresses had children by him, Jos\u00e9phine did not produce an heir, possibly because of either the stresses of her imprisonment during the Reign of Terror or an abortion she may have had in her twenties. Napoleon chose divorce so he could remarry in search of an heir. Despite his divorce from Josephine, Napoleon showed his dedication to her for the rest of his life. When he heard the news of her death while in exile in Elba, he"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " locked himself in his room and would not come out for two full days. Her name would also be his final word on his deathbed in 1821. On 11 March 1810 by proxy, he married the 19-year-old Marie Louise, Archduchess of Austria, and a great-niece of Marie Antoinette. Thus he had married into a German royal and imperial family. Louise was less than happy with the arrangement, at least at first, stating: \"Just to see the man would be the worst form of torture\". Her great-aunt had been executed in France, while Napoleon had fought numerous campaigns against Austria all throughout his military career. However, she seemed to warm up to him over time. After her wedding, she wrote to her father: \"He loves me very much. I respond to his love sincerely. There is something very fetching and very eager about him that is impossible to resist\". Napoleon and Marie Louise remained married until his death, though she did not join him in exile on Elba and thereafter never saw her husband again. The couple had one child, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles (1811\u20131832), known from birth as the King of Rome. He became Napoleon II in 1814 and reigned for only two"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " weeks. He was awarded the title of the Duke of Reichstadt in 1818 and died of tuberculosis aged 21, with no children. Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles L\u00e9on (1806\u20131881) by El\u00e9onore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810\u20131868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von M\u00fchlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus von Wolfsberg and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Napoleone Bonaparte (1816\u20131907) by Albine de Montholon.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Biographical studies. - -  only 140pp; by a scholar - - - - - - - - Gueniffey, Patrice. \"Bonaparte: 1769\u20131802\" (Harvard UP, 2015, French edition 2013); 1008 pp.; vol 1 of most comprehensive"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " recent scholarly biography by leading French specialist; less emphasis on battles and campaigns excerpt; also online review - ; 200 pp.; quite hostile -  influential wide-ranging history - - - ; 303 pp.; short biography by an Oxford scholar online - - -, 412 pp.; by an Oxford scholar -</s><s>References.:Primary sources. - Babelon, Jean-Pierre, D'Huart, Suzanne and De Jonge, Alex. \"Napoleon's Last Will and Testament\". Paddington Press Ltd. New York & London. 1977. ISBN 0-448-22190-X. - Broadley, A. M., and J. Holland Rose. \"Napoleon in caricature 1795\u20131821\" (John Lane, 1911) online, illustrated -</s><s>References.:Historiography and memory. - - - - Englund, Steven. \"Napoleon and Hitler\". \"Journal of the Historical Society\" (2006) 6#1 pp.\u00a0151\u201369. - - -  excerpt and text search - Hazareesingh, Sudhir. \"Memory and Political Imagination: The Legend of Napoleon Revisited\", \"French History\" (2004) 18#4 pp.\u00a0463\u201383. - - Porterfield, Todd,"}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": " and Susan Siegfried. \"Staging Empire: Napoleon, Ingres, and David\" (Penn State Press, 2006). online review.</s><s>References.:Specialty studies. - - - - - - - - - - - - Clausewitz, Carl von (2018). \"Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign.\" Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. - Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). \"Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.\" Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. - Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). \"The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.\" Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. - - - - Dobi.A. 1974. \u201cFor the Emperor-Bibliophile, Only the Very Best.\u201d \"Wilson Library Bulletin\" 49 (November): 229\u201333. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mowat, R.B. (1924) \""}, {"title": "Napoleon", "text": "The Diplomacy of Napoleon\" (1924) 350 pp. online - - - Richardson, Hubert N.B. \"A Dictionary of Napoleon and His Times\" (1921) online free 489pp - - -  advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Napoleon", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000433", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jeremy Corbyn.", "docs": [{"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "<s>Jeremy Corbyn Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (; born 26 May 1949) is a British politician who served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2020. On the political left of the Labour Party, Corbyn describes himself as a socialist. He has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North since 1983. Corbyn sits in the House of Commons as an independent, having had the whip suspended in October 2020. Born in Chippenham, Wiltshire, and raised in Wiltshire and Shropshire, Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became a trade union representative. In 1974, he was elected to Haringey Council and became Secretary of Hornsey Constituency Labour Party until being elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983; he has been reelected to the office nine times. His activism has included roles in Anti-Fascist Action, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and advocating for a united Ireland and Palestinian statehood. As a backbench MP, Corbyn routinely voted against the Labour whip, including New Labour governments under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. A vocal opponent of the Iraq War, he chaired the Stop the War Coalition from 2011"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " to 2015, a period when he received the Gandhi International Peace Award; he also won the Se\u00e1n MacBride Peace Prize in 2017. Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic. Corbyn has condemned antisemitism, but has been criticised by political opponents for his past associations with individuals accused of antisemitism, and an Equality and Human Rights Commission inquiry into antisemitism found the Labour Party under his leadership was responsible for unlawful acts of discrimination and harassment. Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party in 2015. The party's membership increased sharply, both during the leadership campaign and following his election. Taking the party to the left, he advocated renationalising public utilities and railways, a less interventionist military policy, and reversals of austerity cuts to welfare and public services. Although critical of the European Union, he supported continued membership in the 2016 referendum. After Labour MPs sought to remove him in 2016, he won a second leadership contest. In the 2017 general election, Labour increased its share of the vote to 40%, with its 9.6% vote rise their largest improvement since the 1945 general election. This resulted in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament, but the Conservative Prime Minister, Theresa May, formed a minority"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " government and Labour remained in Opposition. In 2019, after deadlock in Parliament over Brexit, Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the withdrawal agreement, with a personal stance of neutrality. In the 2019 general election, Labour's vote share fell to 32%, leading to a net loss of 60 seats and leaving it with 202, its fewest since 1935. Corbyn said he would not lead Labour into the next election, triggering a leadership election in 2020 that was won by Keir Starmer, his Shadow Brexit Secretary. Corbyn was suspended from Labour Party membership in October 2020 after asserting that the scale of antisemitism within the party had been overstated for political reasons. The membership suspension was lifted a month later after Corbyn was issued with a formal warning by a party disciplinary panel, but the Labour leadership declined to restore the whip, denying readmission to the parliamentary party. In March 2023, Labour's national executive committee resolved not to endorse Corbyn standing as a candidate in the next general election.</s><s>Early life. Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 in Chippenham, Wiltshire, and lived until the age of seven in the nearby village of Kington St Michael. He is the youngest of the four sons of Naomi Loveday (n\u00e9e Josling; 1915\u2013"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "1987), a maths teacher, and David Benjamin Corbyn (1915\u20131986), an electrical engineer and expert in power rectifiers. His brother Piers Corbyn is a physicist, meteorologist and weather forecaster. His parents were Labour Party members and peace campaigners who met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of the Spanish Republic at Conway Hall during the Spanish Civil War. When Corbyn was seven, the family moved to Pave Lane in Shropshire, where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century farmhouse which was once part of the Duke of Sutherland's Lilleshall estate. Corbyn attended Castle House School, an independent preparatory school near Newport, Shropshire, before, at the age of 11, becoming a day student at the Adams Grammar School in the town. While still at school, Corbyn became active in The Wrekin constituency Young Socialists, his local Labour Party, and the League Against Cruel Sports. He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16 and achieved two A-Levels, at grade E, the lowest-possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18. Corbyn joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) in 1966 while at school and later became one of"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " its three vice-chairs and subsequently vice-president. Around this time, he also campaigned against the Vietnam War. After school, Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for a local newspaper, the \"Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser\". At around the age of 19, he spent two years doing Voluntary Service Overseas in Jamaica as a youth worker and geography teacher. He subsequently travelled through Latin America in 1969 and 1970, visiting Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. While in Brazil he participated in a student demonstration in S\u00e3o Paulo against the Brazilian military government. He also attended a May Day march in Santiago, where the atmosphere around Salvador Allende's Popular Unity alliance which swept to power in the Chilean elections of 1970 made an impression on him: \"[I] noticed something very different from anything I had experienced... What Popular Unity and Allende had done was weld together the folk tradition, the song tradition, the artistic tradition and the intellectual tradition\".</s><s>Early career and political activities. Returning to the UK in 1971, he worked as an official for the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers. Corbyn began a course in Trade Union Studies at North London Polytechnic but left after a year without a degree after a series of arguments with his tutors"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " over the curriculum. He worked as a trade union organiser for the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) and Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union, where his union was approached by Tony Benn and \"encouraged... to produce a blueprint for workers' control of British Leyland\"; the plans did not proceed after Benn was moved to a different Department. He was appointed a member of a district health authority and in early 1974, at the age of 24, he was elected to Haringey Council in South Hornsey ward. After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected in Harringay ward as councillor, remaining so until 1983. As a delegate from Hornsey to the Labour Party Conference in 1978, Corbyn successfully moved a motion calling for dentists to be employed by the NHS rather than as private contractors. He also spoke in another debate, describing a motion calling for greater support for law and order as \"more appropriate to the National Front than to the Labour Party\". Corbyn became the local Labour Party's agent and organiser, and had responsibility for the 1979 general election campaign in Hornsey. Around this time, he became involved with the \"London Labour Briefing,\" where he was a contributor. Described by \"The Times\" in 1981 as"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " \"\"Briefing\"s founder\", \"The Economist\" in a 1982 article named Corbyn as \"\"Briefing\"s general secretary figure\", as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographer Andrew Roth in 2004, which states that he joined the editorial board as General Secretary in 1979. Michael Crick in his 2016 edition of \"Militant\" says Corbyn was \"a member of the editorial board\", as does Lansley, Goss and Wolmar's 1989 work, \"The Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left\". Corbyn said these reports were inaccurate in 2017, telling Sophy Ridge \"I read the magazine. I wrote for the magazine. I was not a member of the editorial board. I didn't agree with it.\" He worked on Tony Benn's unsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981. He was keen to allow former International Marxist Group member Tariq Ali to join the party, despite Labour's National Executive having declared him unacceptable, and declared that \"so far as we are concerned... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card.\" In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn; in November the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " on Ali's membership \"up to and including the point of disbandment of the party\". In the July 1982 edition of \"Briefing\", Corbyn opposed expulsions of the Trotskyist and entryist group Militant, saying that \"If expulsions are in order for Militant, they should apply to us too.\" In the same year, he was the \"provisional convener\" of \"Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign\", based at Corbyn's then address. The Metropolitan Police's Special Branch monitored Corbyn for two decades, until the early 2000s, as he was \"deemed to be a subversive\". According to the Labour Party, \"The Security Services kept files on many peace and Labour movement campaigners at the time, including anti-Apartheid activists and trade unionists\".</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983\u20132015).</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983\u20132015).:Labour in opposition (1982\u20131997). Corbyn was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the constituency of Islington North, in February 1982, winning the final ballot for selection by 39 votes against 35 for GLC councillor Paul Boateng, who in 1987 became one of the first three Black British Members of Parliament (MP). At the 1983 general"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " election he was elected MP for the constituency, defeating the Independent Labour incumbent Michael O'Halloran, and immediately joined the socialist Campaign Group, later becoming secretary of the group. Shortly after being elected to Parliament, he began writing a weekly column for the left-wing \"Morning Star\" newspaper. In May 2015, he said that \"the \"Star\" is the most precious and only voice we have in the daily media\". In February 2017, the \"Morning Star\" said of Corbyn: \"He has been bullied, betrayed and ridiculed, and yet he carries on with the same grace and care he always shows to others \u2013 however objectionable their behaviour and treatment of him might be.\" In 1983, Corbyn spoke on a \"no socialism without gay liberation\" platform and continued to campaign for LGBT rights. He was a campaigner against apartheid in South Africa, serving on the National Executive of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and was arrested in 1984 while demonstrating outside South Africa House, leading, decades later, to a viral image of Corbyn being arrested circulated by supporters on social media. This was as a member of the City of London Anti-Apartheid Group (CLAAG) who carried out a \"non-stop picket\" for 1,408 days to campaign for Nelson Mandela's"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " release from prison. The Anti-Apartheid Movement did not support this protest, as they had agreed not to demonstrate within 30 feet of the embassy, and the picket failed to gain support from the London ANC; Mandela's failure to respond to CLAAG following his release from prison in 1990 is frequently described as a'snub'. He supported the 1984\u201385 miners' strike. In 1985, he invited striking miners into the gallery of the House of Commons; they were expelled for shouting: \"Coal not dole\". At the end of the strike Corbyn was given a medallion by the miners in recognition of his help. In 1985, he was appointed national secretary of the newly launched Anti-Fascist Action. During the BBC's \"Newsnight\" in 1984, Conservative MP Terry Dicks said that so-called Labour \"scruffs\" (such as Corbyn, who at this time was known for wearing an old polo-necked sweater to the Commons) should be banned from addressing the House of Commons unless they maintained higher standards. Corbyn responded, saying that: \"It's not a fashion parade, it's not a gentleman's club, it's not a bankers' institute, it's a place where the people are represented.\" In 1990,"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " Corbyn opposed the poll tax (formally known as the Community Charge) and nearly went to jail for not paying the tax. He appeared in court the following year as a result. Corbyn supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the 1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London which argued that there was insufficient evidence to tie them to the act, along with Amnesty International, Unison and a number of journalists and other MPs. Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain. The convictions were upheld by the High Court of Justice in 2001 and by the European Court of Human Rights in 2007. Corbyn sat on the Social Security Select Committee from 1992 to 1997.</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983\u20132015).:Labour in opposition (1982\u20131997).:Irish politics. A longstanding supporter of a united Ireland, in the 1980s Corbyn met Sinn F\u00e9in leader Gerry Adams a number of times. Corbyn consistently stated that he maintained links with Sinn Fein in order to work for a resolution to the armed conflict. According to \"The Sunday Times\", Corbyn was involved in over 72 events connected with Sinn F\u00e9in or other pro-republican groups during the period"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " of the IRA's paramilitary campaign. Corbyn met Adams at the 1983 and 1989 Labour conferences (facilitated by pro-IRA Red Action) and in 1983 at Westminster, along with a number of other Labour MPs. In 1984, Corbyn and Ken Livingstone invited Adams, two convicted IRA volunteers and other members of Sinn F\u00e9in to Westminster. During the 1980s, he campaigned on behalf of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, who were wrongly convicted of responsibility for IRA bombings in England in the mid-70s. In 1986, Corbyn was arrested with 15 demonstrators protesting against what they saw as weak evidence and poor treatment during the trial of a group of IRA members including Patrick Magee, who was convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and other attacks. After refusing police requests to move from outside the court, Corbyn and the other protesters were arrested for obstruction and held for five hours before being released on bail, but were not charged. Following the 1987 Loughgall ambush, in which eight IRA members and one civilian were shot dead by the British Army in a pre-planned ambush of an IRA attack on a Royal Ulster Constabulary base, Corbyn attended a commemoration by the Wolfe Tone Society and stated \"I'm happy to commemorate all those who died fighting for an independent Ireland"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": ".\" Corbyn has said that he had attended the event and a minute of silence to \"call for a peace and dialogue process\". He voted against the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying \"We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason.\" In the early 1990s, MI5 opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links to the IRA. In 1994, Corbyn signed a Commons motion condemning the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings, which killed 21 people. The meeting took place three weeks after the IRA's bombing of the Conservative Party leadership that killed five people. A short time after IRA plans to bomb London were foiled in 1996, Corbyn invited Adams to the House of Commons for a press conference to promote Adams' autobiography, \"Before the Dawn\". Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary Mo Mowlam and Labour leader Tony Blair condemned the invitation, with Mowlam arguing that it was detrimental to the peace process, and Blair threatening disciplinary action. Adams cancelled the event, to save further embarrassment to Corbyn and to avoid negative publicity. In 1998, he voted for the Good Friday Agreement, saying he looked forward to \"peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": ".\" In 2017, Corbyn said that he had \"never met the IRA\", although Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott later clarified that although he had met members of the IRA, \"he met with them in their capacity as activists in Sinn Fein\".</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983\u20132015).:Labour in government (1997\u20132010). Between 1997 and 2010, during the most recent Labour Government, Corbyn was the Labour MP who voted most often against the party whip, including three-line whip votes. In 2005 he was identified as the second most rebellious Labour MP of all time when the party was in government. He was the most rebellious Labour MP in the 1997\u20132001 Parliament, the 2001\u20132005 Parliament and the 2005\u20132010 Parliament, defying the whip 428 times while Labour was in power. \"Jacobin\" described him as \"a figure who for decades challenged them [Labour Party elites] from the backbench as one of the most rebellious left-wing members of parliament.\" Corbyn sat on the London Regional Select Committee from 2009 to 2010.</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983\u20132015).:Labour in government (1997\u20132010).:Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activism. In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " of the Stop the War Coalition, which was formed to oppose the War in Afghanistan which started later that year. In 2002, Corbyn reported unrest : \"there is disquiet...about issues of foreign policy\" among some members of the Labour party. He cited \"the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq\" as examples. He was vehemently opposed to the Iraq War in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He spoke at the February anti-Iraq War protest which was said to be the largest such protest in British political history. In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to support Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party's call for a parliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War. He was elected chair of the coalition in succession to Andrew Murray in September 2011, but resigned once he became Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015.</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983\u20132015).:Labour in government (1997\u20132010).:Parliamentary groups and activism. Corbyn is a member of a number of Parliamentary Trade Union Groups: he is sponsored by several trade unions, including UNISON, Unite and the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers. He is a supporter of the Un"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "ite Against Fascism pressure group. Corbyn was chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on the Chagos Islands, chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and vice-chair of the APPG on Human Rights. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly removed Chagossians to return to the British Indian Ocean Territory. Corbyn appeared on a call-in show on Press TV, an Iranian government television channel, several times between 2009 and 2012. He was criticised for appearing on the channel in light of Iran executing and imprisoning homosexuals, as well as Corbyn not questioning contributors who called the BBC \"Zionist liars\" and described Israel as a \"disease\". Corbyn said in response that he used the programme to address \"human rights issues\" and that his appearance fee was \"not an enormous amount\" and was used to help meet constituency office costs. Corbyn's final appearance was six months after the network was fined by Ofcom for its part in filming an interview with Maziar Bahari, an Iranian journalist, saying the interview had been held under duress and after torture.</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983\u20132015).:Labour in opposition (2010\u20132015"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "). In the 2010 Labour Party leadership election, Corbyn supported Diane Abbott in the first round in which she was eliminated; thereafter, he supported Ed Miliband. Corbyn was one of 16 signatories to an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling for Labour to make a commitment to opposing further austerity, to take rail franchises back into public ownership, and to strengthen collective bargaining arrangements. Corbyn sat on the Justice Select Committee from 2010 to 2015. Before becoming party leader Corbyn had been returned as member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, gaining 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194 in the 2015 general election.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:Leadership election. Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015, Ed Miliband resigned as its party leader, triggering a leadership election. Corbyn decided to stand as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice, and said to his local newspaper, \"The Islington Tribune\", that he would have a \"clear anti-austerity platform\". He also said he would vote to scrap the Trident nuclear weapons system and would \"seek to withdraw from Nato\"."}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " He suggested that Britain should establish a national investment bank to boost house-building and improve economic growth and lift wages in areas that had less investment in infrastructure. He would also aim to eliminate the current budget deficit over time and restore the 50p top rate of income tax. He added: \"This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate\". He indicated that, if he were elected, policies that he put forward would need to be approved by party members before being adopted and that he wanted to \"implement the democratic will of our party\". The other candidates were Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper, Shadow Health Secretary Andy Burnham and Shadow Care Minister Liz Kendall. Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win. At the Second Reading of the Welfare Reform and Work Bill in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as \"rotten and indefensible\", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained under direction from interim leader Harriet Har"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "man. In August 2015, he called on Iain Duncan Smith to resign as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after it was reported that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by Work Capability Assessments (instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014, although this was challenged by the government and by FullFact who said that the figure included those who had died and therefore their claim had ended, rather than being found fit for work. Corbyn rapidly became the frontrunner among the candidates and was perceived to benefit from a large influx of new members. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the hustings across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed \"Corbynmania\" by the press. A chant of \"Oh, Jeremy Corbyn\" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters, sung in the style of a football chant to the tune of a riff from \"Seven Nation Army\" by The White Stripes. The chant later attracted attention at the Glastonbury Festival of 2017, where Corbyn spoke. Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of his leadership. In addition, following a rule change under Miliband, members of the public who supported Labour's aims and values could join the party as \"registered"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " supporters\" for \u00a33 and be entitled to vote in the election. There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members. He was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting. He would have won in the first round with 51% of votes, even without \"\u00a33 registered supporters\", having gained the support of 49.6% of full members and 57.6% of affiliated supporters. His 40.5% majority was a larger proportional majority than that attained by Tony Blair in 1994. His margin of victory was said to be \"the largest mandate ever won by a party leader\". An internal Labour Party report, entitled \"The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014\u20132019\", which was leaked to the media in April 2020, stated that, during the 2015 and 2016 leadership contests staff members at Labour party headquarters looked for ways to exclude from voting members who they believed would vote for Corbyn. The staff members referred to this activity as \"trot busting\", \"bashing trots\" and \"trot spotting\".</s><s>Leadership of the Labour"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " Party (2015\u20132020).:Corbynmania. Corbynmania was the enthusiastic support for Jeremy Corbyn. Initially viewed as a token candidate for the left wing of the party and not expected to win, many new young members, who had joined after the membership fee had been reduced to \u00a33, were attracted by what they saw as Corbyn's authentic, informal style and radical policies. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the hustings across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed \"Corbynmania\" by the press. Jonathan Dean characterised Corbynmania as a political fandom, comparable with the enthusiastic followings of popular media stars and other modern politicians such as Bernie Sanders and Justin Trudeau. Specific features included use of the #jezwecan hashtag, attendance at rallies and the posting of pictures such as selfies on social media. Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm. This included a \u201cJeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister\u201d (JC4PM) tour by celebrities such as Charlotte Church, Jeremy Hardy, and Maxine Peake; a Corbyn superhero comic book; mash-ups and videos. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual. These were seen as cultish by critics such as Margaret Beckett who said in 2016 that the Labour Party had been turned into the \"Jeremy Corbyn Fan Club\". A chant of \"Oh, Jeremy Corbyn\" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. Sung in the style of a football chant to the tune of a riff from \"Seven Nation Army\" by The White Stripes, it attracted special attention at the Glastonbury Festival of 2017, where Corbyn appeared and spoke to the crowds. Labour's weaker than expected performance in the 2018 United Kingdom local elections led to suggestions that Corbynmania had peaked.{{citation |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-plays-the-patriotic-card-but-gets-a-red-one-3f6hr7clw |author=Sarah Baxter</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015\u20132017). After being elected leader, Corbyn became Leader of the Official Opposition and shortly thereafter his appointment to the Privy Council was announced. In Corbyn's first Prime Minister's Questions session as leader, he broke with the traditional format"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails. Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the \"theatrical\" nature of the House of Commons, and his d\u00e9but was described in a \"Guardian\" editorial as \"a good start\" and a \"long overdue\" change to the tone of PMQs. He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015. Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn. In September 2015 an unnamed senior serving general in the British Army stated that a mutiny by the Army could occur if a future Corbyn government moved to scrap Trident, pull out of Nato or reduce the size of the armed forces. The general said \"the Army just wouldn't stand for it. The general staff would not allow a prime minister to jeopardise the security of this country and I think people would use whatever means possible, fair or foul to prevent that. You can't put a maverick in charge of a country's security\". In July 2016, a study and analysis by academics from the London School of Economics of months"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " of eight national newspaper articles about Corbyn in the first months of his leadership of Labour showed that 75% of them either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015\u20132017).:First Shadow Cabinet and other appointments. On 13 September 2015, Corbyn unveiled his Shadow Cabinet. He appointed his leadership campaign manager and long-standing political ally John McDonnell as Shadow Chancellor, leadership opponent Andy Burnham as Shadow Home Secretary, and Angela Eagle as Shadow First Secretary of State to deputise for him in the House of Commons. Corbyn promoted a number of female backbench MPs to Shadow Cabinet roles, including Diane Abbott, Heidi Alexander and Lisa Nandy, making his the first Shadow Cabinet with more women than men, although the most senior roles went to men. In October 2015, Corbyn appointed the \"Guardian\" journalist Seumas Milne as the Labour Party's Executive Director of Strategy and Communications.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015\u20132017).:Military intervention in Syria. After members of Islamic State carried out terrorist attacks in Paris in November 2015, Corbyn agreed with David Cameron that"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " a political settlement between the Syrian Government and the rebels should be aimed at resolving the Syrian civil war. Prime Minister David Cameron sought to build political consensus for UK military intervention against IS targets in Syria in the days after the attacks. Corbyn warned against \"external intervention\" in Syria but told delegates that Labour would \"consider the proposals the Government brings forward\". After Cameron set out his case for military intervention to Parliament, Corbyn held a Shadow Cabinet meeting, in which he said he would continue with efforts \"to reach a common view\" on Syria, while Shadow Foreign Secretary Hilary Benn suggested the case for air strikes was \"compelling\". Corbyn sent a letter to Labour MPs saying that he could not support military action against Islamic State: \"The issue [is] whether what the Prime Minister is proposing strengthens, or undermines, our national security...I do not believe the current proposal for air strikes in Syria will protect our security and therefore cannot support it.\" Amid widespread reports of division in the Parliamentary Labour Party, Corbyn insisted that the final decision on whether the Labour Party would oppose air strikes rested with him. Corbyn eventually agreed that Labour MPs would be given a free vote on air strikes when the issue was voted on. 66 Labour MPs voted for the Syrian air strikes, including Hilary Benn and Deputy"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " Labour Leader Tom Watson, while Corbyn and the majority of Labour MPs voted against.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015\u20132017).:January 2016 Shadow Cabinet reshuffle. There was widespread speculation following the vote that Corbyn would reshuffle his Shadow Cabinet to remove Hilary Benn, but Corbyn's January reshuffle retained Benn in the same position. The reshuffle prompted the resignations of three junior shadow ministers who were unhappy that Corbyn had sacked or moved shadow ministers who disagreed with his position on Syria and Trident. On 6 January 2016, Corbyn replaced Shadow Culture Secretary Michael Dugher with Shadow Defence Secretary Maria Eagle (who was in turn replaced by Shadow Employment Minister Emily Thornberry). Thornberry, unlike Maria Eagle, is an opponent of nuclear weapons and British involvement in Syria. Corbyn also replaced Shadow Europe Minister (not attending Shadow Cabinet) Pat McFadden with Pat Glass. On 11 January 2016, Shadow Attorney General Catherine McKinnell resigned, citing party infighting, family reasons and the ability to speak in Parliament beyond her legal portfolio. She was replaced by Karl Turner.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015\u20132017).:May"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " 2016 local elections. In the 2016 local elections, Labour had a net loss of 18 local council seats and controlled as many councils as before (gaining control of Bristol but losing Dudley). There were also Westminster by-elections in two Labour safe seats, which Labour retained: Ogmore and Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough. The BBC's Projected National Vote Share was 31% for Labour, 30% for the Conservatives, 15% for the Liberal Democrats and 12% for UKIP. Labour candidate Sadiq Khan won the London mayorship from the Conservatives. Labour's misfortunes in Scotland continued, where they fell into third place behind the Conservatives. They retained government in Wales whilst suffering some small losses.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015\u20132017).:EU referendum. Following the 2016 United Kingdom European Union (EU) membership referendum, Corbyn was accused of \"lukewarm\" campaigning for Britain to remain and showing a \"lack of leadership\" on the issue by several party figures. Alan Johnson, who headed up the Labour In for Britain campaign said \"at times\" it felt as if Corbyn's office was \"working against the rest of the party and had conflicting objectives\". Corbyn's"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " decision to go on holiday during the campaign was also criticised by Phil Wilson, the chair of Labour in for Britain. In September 2016, Corbyn's spokesman said Corbyn wanted access to the European Single Market, but there were \"aspects\" of EU membership related to privatisation \"which Jeremy campaigned against in the referendum campaign.\" Diane Abbott, one of Corbyn's key allies, later said \"Jeremy in his heart of hearts is a Brexiter\". She said Corbyn was hostile to the European Union, which he considered it \"a conspiracy of business people\".</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015\u20132017).:Shadow Cabinet resignations and vote of no confidence. Three days after the EU referendum, on 26 June, Hilary Benn was sacked after it was disclosed that he had been organising a mass resignation of Shadow Cabinet members to force Corbyn to stand down. Several other Shadow Cabinet members resigned in solidarity with Benn and by the following day, 23 of the 31 Shadow Cabinet members had resigned their roles, as did seven parliamentary private secretaries. On the same day, 27 June, Corbyn announced changes to his Shadow Cabinet, moving Emily Thornberry (to Shadow Foreign Secretary), Diane Abbott (to Shadow Health Secretary), and"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " appointing Pat Glass, Andy McDonald, Clive Lewis, Rebecca Long-Bailey, Kate Osamor, Rachael Maskell, Cat Smith and Dave Anderson to his Shadow Cabinet. Just two days later one of the newly appointed members, Pat Glass, resigned, saying \"the situation is untenable\". A motion of no confidence in Corbyn as Labour leader was tabled by MPs Margaret Hodge and Ann Coffey on 24 June 2016. Hodge said: \"This has been a tumultuous referendum which has been a test of leadership... Jeremy has failed that test\". Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell and union leaders including Len McCluskey condemned the motion. On 28 June, he lost the vote of confidence by Labour Party MPs by 172\u201340. He responded with a statement that the motion had no \"constitutional legitimacy\" and that he intended to continue as the elected leader. The vote did not require the party to call a leadership election, but was expected to lead to a leadership challenge. Corbyn was encouraged to resign by Tom Watson and senior Labour politicians including his predecessor, Ed Miliband. Several union leaders (from GMB, UCATT, the CWU, the TSSA, ASLEF, the FBU, the BFWAU and the NUM) issued a joint statement saying that"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " Corbyn was \"the democratically-elected leader of Labour and his position should not be challenged except through the proper democratic procedures provided for in the party's constitution\" and that a leadership election would be an \"unnecessary distraction\".</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015\u20132017).:2016 leadership challenge and election. The division between Corbyn and the Labour parliamentary party continued. On 11 July 2016, Angela Eagle, who had recently resigned from his Shadow Cabinet, formally launched her leadership campaign. After news reports that Eagle's office had been vandalised, and threats and abuse to other MPs, including death threats to himself, Corbyn said: \"It is extremely concerning that Angela Eagle has been the victim of a threatening act\" and called for \"respect and dignity, even where there is disagreement.\" On 12 July 2016, following a dispute as to whether the elected leader would need nominations in an election as a \"challenger\" to their own leadership, Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC) resolved that Corbyn, as the incumbent leader, had an automatic right to be on the ballot, and also decided that members needed to have been a member for more than six months to be eligible to vote, meaning that many members"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " who had joined recently would not be able to vote. The NEC's decision was that \"registered supporters\" would be entitled to vote if they paid a one off fee of \u00a325. 184,541 people subsequently paid the one-off fee to become \"registered supporters\" of the party during the two-day window in July, meaning that over 700,000 people had a vote in the leadership election. The decision to retain Corbyn on the ballot was contested unsuccessfully in a High Court action brought by Labour donor Michael Foster. On 13 July, Owen Smith entered the Labour Party leadership race. Subsequently, on 19 July, Angela Eagle withdrew and offered her endorsement to Smith. A survey of the public on 14 July found that 66% of those surveyed believed that the Labour party needed a new leader before the 2020 elections and only 23 per cent believed that Corbyn would make a good Prime Minister while Theresa May had an approval rating of 55 per cent. A later poll on 23 July found that among those who said they backed Labour, 54% supported Corbyn against just 22% who would prefer Smith. When voters were asked who they thought would be the best prime minister \u2013 Corbyn or Theresa May \u2013 among Labour supporters 48% said Corbyn and 22% May, among all UK voters 52% chose"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " May and just 16% were for Corbyn. More than 40 female Labour MPs, in an open letter during the campaign in July 2016, called on Corbyn to deal with issues relating to online abuse, and criticised him for his allegedly unsatisfactory responses and inaction. Speaking at the launch of policies intending to democratise the internet in late August, Corbyn described such abuse as \"appalling\". He continued: \"I have set up a code of conduct on this. The Labour party has a code of conduct on this, and it does have to be dealt with\". On 16 August 2016, Corbyn released a video of himself sitting on the floor of a Virgin Trains East Coast train while travelling to a leadership hustings in Gateshead. Corbyn said the train was \"ram-packed\" and used this to support his policy to reverse the 1990s privatisation of the railways of Great Britain. A dispute, nicknamed Traingate in the media, developed a week later when Virgin released CCTV images appearing to show that Corbyn had walked past some available seats on the train before recording his video. Corbyn subsequently said that there had not been room for all his team to sit together, but that a train manager later found seats for him and his team, including his wife, by upgrading other passengers. The"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " psephologist John Curtice wrote just before Corbyn's second leadership win: \"There is evidently a section of the British public, to be found particularly among younger voters, for whom the Labour leader does have an appeal; it just does not look like a section that is big enough, on its own at least, to enable Labour to win a general election\". Meanwhile, on 23 September, a poll for \"The Independent\" by BMG Research suggested that working class voters were more likely to consider Corbyn \"incompetent\" than those from the middle class, and a higher proportion thought he was also \"out of touch\". Martin Kettle of \"The Guardian\" wrote that \"many Labour MPs, even some who face defeat, want an early election\" to prove decisively that Corbyn's Labour is unelectable as a government, stating that \"If there is hope for Labour it lies with the voters. Only they can change the party\". Corbyn was re-elected as Labour leader on 24 September, with 313,209 votes (61.8%) compared to 193,229 (38.2%) for Owen Smith \u2013 a slightly increased share of the vote compared to his election in 2015, when he won 59%. On a turnout of 77.6%, Corbyn won the support"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " of 59% of party members, 70% of registered supporters and 60% of affiliated supporters. In his acceptance speech, Corbyn called on the \"Labour family\" to end their divisions and to \"wipe that slate clean from today and get on with the work we've got to do as a party\". He continued: \"Together, arguing for the real change this country needs, I have no doubt this party can win the next election whenever the Prime Minister decides to call it and form the next government.\"</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015\u20132017).:Article 50. In January 2017, Corbyn announced that he would impose a three-line whip to force Labour MPs to vote in favour of triggering Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union to initiate the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. In response, two Labour whips said they would vote against the bill. Tulip Siddiq, the shadow minister for early years, and Jo Stevens, the Shadow Welsh Secretary resigned in protest. On 1 February, forty seven Labour MPs defied Corbyn's whip on the second reading of the bill.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition ("}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "2015\u20132017).:May 2017 local elections. At the 2017 local elections, Labour lost nearly 400 councillors and control of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire county councils. The BBC's Projected National Vote Share was 38% for the\u00a0Conservatives, 27% for\u00a0Labour, 18% for the\u00a0Liberal Democrats\u00a0and 5% for\u00a0UKIP, with others on around 12%.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:2017 general election. Corbyn said he welcomed Prime Minister Theresa May's proposal to seek an early general election in 2017. He said his party should support the government's move in the parliamentary vote. The Labour campaign focused on social issues like health care, education and ending austerity. Earlier in the year, Corbyn had become the first opposition party leader since 1982 to lose a by-election to an incumbent government, and at the time May called the election Labour trailed the Conservative Party by up to 25 points in some opinion polls. A large Conservative majority was widely predicted. Following the short campaign, Labour again finished as the second largest party in parliament but surprised many pundits by increasing their share of the popular vote to 40%, resulting in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament. Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " behind, it defied expectations by gaining 40% of the vote, its greatest share since 2001. It was the first time Labour had made a net gain of seats since 1997, and the party's 9.6% increase in vote share was its largest in a single general election since 1945. This has partly been attributed to the popularity of its 2017 Manifesto that promised to scrap tuition fees, address public sector pay, make housing more affordable, end austerity, nationalise the railways and provide school students with free lunches. Corbyn's election campaign was run under the slogan \"For the Many, Not the Few\" and featured rallies with a large audience and connected with a grassroots following for the party, including appearing on stage in front of a crowd of 20,000 at the Wirral Live Festival in Prenton Park. He chose to take part in television debates and dressed more professionally than usual, wearing a business suit and tie. He said the result was a public call for the end of \"austerity politics\" and suggested May should step down as Prime Minister. Corbyn said that he had received the largest vote for a winning candidate in the history of his borough.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:2017 general election.:Leaked Labour Party"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " report on antisemitism. In April 2020, an internal Labour Party report, entitled \"The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014\u20132019\", was leaked to the media. The report was completed in the last months of Corbyn's leadership and was meant to form part of the Labour Party's submission to the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) inquiry into Labour's approach to dealing with antisemitism. It included 10,000 emails and thousands of private WhatsApp communications between former senior party officials. The Labour Party had, after the intervention of party lawyers, decided not to submit the report to the EHRC. According to the report there was \"an abnormal intensity of factional opposition\" to Corbyn which had \"inhibited the proper functioning of the Labour Party bureaucracy\". The report included what it alleges were examples of how senior Labour Party officials including former party general secretary Iain McNicol worked to undermine Labour's campaign in the 2017 general election in order to force a change of leader. The report revealed that senior party officials sent insulting WhatsApp messages about leftwing MPs, including Diane Abbott, and officials in Corbyn's office. Prior to the 2017 election, officials discussed using party resources to assist candidates critical of Corbyn, such"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " as deputy leader Tom Watson. The report stated that officials operated a \"secret key seats team from where a parallel general election campaign was run to support MPs associated with the right wing of the party\". The officials expressed dismay over the party's unexpectedly strong results in the 2017 general election. In response to the report, Labour MP Kate Osamor called for the expulsion of those involved. Stephen Bush wrote in the \"New Statesman\" that the \"report's summary writes a cheque that its findings cannot cash\". In May 2020, the Labour Party National Executive Committee (NEC) appointed barrister Martin Forde to chair an investigation into the leaked report on antisemitism. The inquiry was set up to examine the contents of the report as well as how it was authored and leaked. It was expected to release its findings in 2021, but was delayed indefinitely over concerns it could prejudice an investigation by the information commissioner into the leak, eventually being published in July 2022. In Corbyn's submission to the Forde inquiry, submitted jointly with eight other colleagues, he was reported to have accused officials of sabotage and said their diversion of funds could constitute fraud. The diverted funds refer to the \"Bespoke Materials Service\" (sometimes referred to as the 'Ergon House Project'), which represented"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " 1.2 per cent of Labour's total election spend and was focused towards certain Labour-held seats rather than offensive targets. BMS was apparently not disclosed to Corbyn's office. Officials said their targeting was due to fears Labour would lose seats, based on its poor polling position at the start of the campaign, and that three of the seats supported by BMS were less than 500 votes away from being lost to the Conservatives. The 2017 campaigns chief, Patrick Heneghan also stated that Corbyn's office had demanded he divert funds towards a list of Labour-held seats, some with majorities of over 10,000, to help MPs were considered allies of Corbyn, including Ian Lavery and Jon Trickett. Heneghan said the use of funds in BMS was legal, as it had been authorised by the General Secretary, and stated it had been kept from Corbyn's office because staffers believed they were \"in a bind\" and \"felt it was pointless to try and discuss this sensibly with Jeremy's staff\". \"The Guardian\" reported that \"[w]hile the leaked report does show hostility to Corbyn during the 2017 election, and even dismay among some officials when he did better than expected, there is seemingly no proof of active obstruction\" by Labour officials and that there was"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " \"an argument that any evidence of election-scuppering is circumstantial rather than a smoking gun\". In July 2022, the Forde Report concluded that while the leader's office and party staff \u201cwere trying to win in different ways\u201d, it was \"highly unlikely\" this cost Labour the 2017 election (see Publication of Forde Report).</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:2017 general election.:Opinion polling. Opinion polls during the first few months of his leadership gave Corbyn lower personal approval ratings than any previous Labour leader in the early stages of their leadership amongst the general public. His approval amongst party members was initially strong reaching a net approval of +45 in May 2016, though this fell back sharply to just +3 by the end of the next month following criticism of Corbyn's handling of the EU referendum and a string of Shadow Cabinet resignations. A poll by Election Data in February 2017 found that 50% of Labour voters wanted Corbyn to stand down by the next election, while 44% wanted him to stay. In the same month, YouGov found party members' net approval rating of Corbyn was 17%, whereas a year earlier the result found by the same pollsters had been 55%. Also during February 2017, Ips"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "os MORI found Corbyn's satisfaction rating among the electorate as a whole was minus 38%; among Labour voters it was minus 9%. Polling by the end of the first week of campaigning during the 2017 general election was suggesting a defeat for Labour with the parliamentary party much reduced and a landslide victory for the Conservatives with a majority of perhaps 150 MPs. An ITV Wales/YouGov poll at this time placed the Conservatives on 40% in Wales against Labour's 30%; Labour MPs have formed a majority in Wales since the 1922 election. An opinion poll published on 22 May suggested that the position had been reversed, with Labour now polling 44% in Wales and the Conservatives 34%. Polls following the publication of the Labour and Conservative manifestos suggested that nationally, Labour was narrowing the Conservative lead to nine points, with YouGov putting the party on 35% of the vote. The final election polls predicted an increased majority for the Tories.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017\u20132019).</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017\u20132019).:June 2017 Shadow Cabinet dismissals. Corbyn sacked three Shadow Cabinet members and a fourth resigned after they"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " rebelled against party orders to abstain on a motion aimed at keeping the UK in the EU single market, which was put forward by Labour MP Chuka Umunna.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017\u20132019).:Salisbury poisoning response. On 15 March 2018, Corbyn wrote in \"The Guardian\" that \"to rush way ahead of the evidence\" about Russia's involvement in the Salisbury poisoning \"serves neither justice nor our national security\" and that responsibility for the attack \"is a matter for police and security professionals to determine\". However, he also said that Theresa May was right \"to identify two possibilities for the source of the attack in Salisbury [...] Either this was a crime authored by the Russian state; or that state has allowed these deadly toxins to slip out of the control it has an obligation to exercise.\" This sparked a row within the Labour Party, with more than 30 backbenchers signing an Early Day Motion \"unequivocally\" blaming Russia for the attack and several frontbenchers, including shadow foreign secretary Emily Thornberry, shadow defence secretary Nia Griffith and shadow Brexit secretary Sir Keir Starmer, stating that Russia was to blame. A poll on 17"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " March found only 16% of voters believed Corbyn would be the best person to deal with the UK's relations with Russia, compared to 39% saying Theresa May. On 20 March, Corbyn called for the British authorities to send a sample of the nerve agent involved in the poisoning to Russia, so they could \"say categorically one way or the other\" where it came from. A few days later, Corbyn was satisfied that the evidence pointed to Russia. Polling between 10\u201313 April found only 23% of voters believed Corbyn had handled the situation well, with 44% (including 28% of 2017 Labour voters) believing he had handled it badly. Corbyn advisor Andrew Murray later said that the Salisbury attack was \"something we got wrong\", saying \"evidence that's emerged since is overwhelming\". Murray said that at the time Corbyn and his team \"just didn't think the Russian state would be so stupid and brazen as to [...] carry out a poisoning attack on British soil\", although he admitted \"given the Litvinenko precedent perhaps we should have done\". Murray also suggested the response was the turning point for Corbyn's leadership, as it \"started bringing all the doubts about Jeremy and the leader's office to the surface again\".</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": ").:Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017\u20132019).:Developments of the Labour Party's Brexit policies. Following the 2017 general election, the party faced internal pressure to shift its Brexit policy away from a soft Brexit and towards a second referendum, a position widely supported among the party membership. In response, Corbyn said at the 2018 Labour Party conference that he did not support a second referendum but would abide by the decision of members at the conference. The party conference decided to support a Brexit deal either negotiated by the Conservatives and meeting certain conditions or negotiated by Labour in government. The conference agreed to use all means to stop an unacceptable Brexit deal, including another referendum including an option to remain in the EU, as a last resort. A week after seven Labour MPs left the party in February 2019 to form The Independent Group, partly in protest over Labour's Brexit position, the Labour leadership said it would support another referendum \"as a final resort in order to stop a damaging Tory Brexit being forced on the country\". Following an exodus of Remain voters from Labour at the 2019 Europeans Parliament elections, Corbyn said he was \"listening very carefully\" after key members of his Shadow Cabinet including John McDonnell said publicly Labour should back a second referendum under any circumstances. In July 2019, Corbyn announced"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " Labour's policy was now that there must be a referendum on any Brexit deal, including the deal Labour would attempt to negotiate if it entered government, and that the party would campaign for Remain against any Tory Brexit. During the 2019 election Corbyn would promise to take a \"neutral stance\" during the referendum on any Brexit deal his government would negotiate.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017\u20132019).:Breakaway group of Labour MPs. In February 2019, seven MPs \u2013 Chuka Umunna, Luciana Berger, Chris Leslie, Angela Smith, Mike Gapes, Gavin Shuker and Ann Coffey \u2013 resigned from the Labour Party to form The Independent Group, citing Corbyn's handling of Brexit and of allegations of antisemitism. They were soon joined by Joan Ryan while Ian Austin resigned to sit as an independent. TIG later rebranded as Change UK, and all of the defecting MPs left Parliament at the 2019 general election, with some losing their seats, others not seeking re-election, and some standing and losing in different constituencies from the ones that they had previously held.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:Second term as Leader of the Opposition ("}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "2017\u20132019).:Other events. In 2018, Conservative MP Ben Bradley posted a tweet saying that Jeremy Corbyn had passed British secrets to a spy from communist Czechoslovakia. Corbyn threatened legal action against Bradley, which resulted in Bradley deleting the tweet, apologising for his comments which he accepted were \"untrue and false\", and agreeing to pay Corbyn's legal costs and to donate to a charity of Corbyn's choice. In March 2019, Corbyn was assaulted by a Brexit supporter outside a mosque in Finsbury Park, North London. His attacker was sentenced to 28 days in jail. A video of soldiers from the 3rd Battalion, Parachute Regiment, stationed in Afghanistan using an image of Corbyn for target practice was posted on social media in April 2019. Momentum said the video was a consequence of the \"radicalising effect the rightwing press\". \"The Independent\" expressed the view that Corbyn was \"unpopular in parts of the military because of his past policies on Northern Ireland, Trident and opposition to the Iraq War and other foreign interventions\". In July 2019, the soldiers involved received reprimands, with two being demoted. In 2019, Corbyn refused an invitation to attend a state banquet for Donald Trump, hosted by Queen Elizabeth II during the president's June visit to the"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " UK. Corbyn then attended a London protest outside Trump and May's joint press conference and requested a meeting with Trump to discuss issues such as the \"climate emergency, threats to peace and the refugee crisis\". Trump rejected the request, saying that Corbyn was a \"negative force\".</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:2019 general election and resignation. In May 2019, Theresa May announced her resignation and stood down as Prime Minister in July, following the election of her replacement, former Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson. Corbyn said that Labour was ready to fight an election against Johnson. The 2019 Labour Party Manifesto included policies to increase funding for health, negotiate a Brexit deal and hold a referendum giving a choice between the deal and remain, raise the minimum wage, stop the age pension age increase, nationalise key industries, and replace universal credit. Due to the plans to nationalise the \"big six\" energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT, the 2019 manifesto was widely considered as the most radical in several decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades. The 2019 general election was the worst defeat in seats for Labour since 1935, with Labour winning just 202 out of"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " 650 seats, their fourth successive election defeat. At 32.2%, Labour's share of the vote was down around eight points on the 2017 general election and is lower than that achieved by Neil Kinnock in 1992, although it was higher than in 2010 and 2015. In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was. The Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell largely blamed Brexit and the media representation of the party. Tony Blair argued that the party's unclear position on Brexit and the economic policy pursued by the Corbyn leadership were to blame. Following the Labour Party's unsuccessful performance in the 2019 general election, Corbyn conceded defeat and stated that he intended to step down as leader following the election of a successor and that he would not lead the party into the next election. Corbyn himself was re-elected for Islington North with 64.3% of the vote share and a majority of 26,188 votes over the runner-up candidate representing the Liberal Democrats, with Labour's share of the vote falling by 8.7%. \"The Guardian\" described the results as a \"realignment\" of UK politics as the Conservative landslide took many traditionally Labour seats in England and Wales. Corbyn insisted that he had \"pride in the manifesto\" that Labour put forward and blamed"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " the defeat on Brexit. According to polling by Lord Ashcroft, Corbyn was himself a major contribution to the party's defeat. On 4 April 2020, the results of the 2020 Labour Party leadership election were announced, with Sir Keir Starmer winning the election and succeeding Corbyn as the leader of the Labour Party.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015\u20132020).:2019 general election and resignation.:Opinion polling. In the months following the 2017 election, Labour consistently had a small lead in opinion polling. After Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019, he gained double-digit leads over Corbyn on the \"Best PM\" question, although Corbyn was seen to be \"more in touch\" with ordinary people than Johnson. Labour fell behind the Tories, partly because it lost some of its pro-Remain support to the Liberal Democrats.</s><s>Post-leadership.</s><s>Post-leadership.:EHRC report and suspension. On 29 October 2020, a report by the Equalities and Human Rights Commission into anti-Semitism in the Labour party was published, finding that the party was responsible for unlawful acts of harassment and discrimination. Corbyn said in his statement on the report that while anti-Semitism was \"absolutely abhorrent\" and that \"one anti-"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "Semite [in the Labour Party] is one too many\u201d, he alleged that \u201cthe scale of the problem was also dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media\". He further claimed that \"the public perception in an opinion poll last year was that one third of all Labour party members were somehow or other under suspicion of antisemitism. The reality is, it was 0.3 per cent of party members had a case against them which had to be put through the process.\" A fact check by \"Channel 4 News\" noted that Corbyn's \"0.3 per cent\" claim was likely based on an estimate provided by Labour General Secretary Jennie Formby during her investigation and first published in a 2019 study co-authored by Professor Greg Philo. Corbyn's claim that \"one-third\" of party members were believed to be involved in antisemitism complaints by the public likely originated in a Survation poll of 1,009 people conducted in 2019, in which the average perception of respondents familiar with the issue was that 34% of party members were involved in antisemitism complaints; this number is over 300 times the estimate produced by Formby's investigation. In his press conference around half"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " an hour after Corbyn's statement, Starmer said that anyone who thought the problems were \"exaggerated\" or were a \"factional attack\" were \"part of the problem and... should be nowhere near the Labour Party\". Corbyn defended his comments in a TV interview later that day; shortly after it aired, the Labour Party announced that it had suspended Corbyn pending an investigation. On 17 November 2020, a panel drawn from the party's national executive committee decided to readmit Corbyn to the Labour Party. However, Starmer did not restore the Labour whip to Corbyn, effectively denying him readmission to the parliamentary party, saying that he would \"keep this situation under review\". On 23 November 2020, the Labour chief whip Nick Brown wrote to Corbyn asking him to \"unequivocally, unambiguously and without reservation apologise for your comments\". In November 2021, Starmer said Corbyn \"knows what he must do in order to move this forward\" and that it was \"his choice\". He also stated that Corbyn might not be allowed to stand as a Labour candidate in Islington North unless the whip was restored. Corbyn believes his dismissal was unfair and has threatened legal action. In March 2023, Labour's national executive committee resolved not to endorse Corbyn in the next general election"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": ", preventing him from seeking re-election as a Labour candidate.</s><s>Post-leadership.:Peace and Justice Project. On 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. Corbyn launched the project on 17 January 2021, and its affiliates include Christine Blower, Len McCluskey and Zarah Sultana. Rafael Correa said that he \"welcome[d] the creation\" of the project.</s><s>Post-leadership.:Stop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisis. On 18 February 2022, in the week before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Corbyn alongside 11 Labour MPs cosigned a statement from the Stop the War Coalition opposing any war in Ukraine. The statement said that \"the crisis should be settled on a basis which recognises the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and addresses Russia's security concerns\", that NATO \"should call a halt to its eastward expansion\", and that the British government's sending of arms to Ukraine and troops to eastern Europe served \"no purpose other than inflaming tensions and indicating disdain for Russian concerns\". The statement's authors also said that they \"refute [sic] the idea that NATO is a defensive alliance\". On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " whip Alan Campbell wrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures. All 11 agreed to do so the same evening. Corbyn and fellow former Labour independent MP Claudia Webbe did not withdraw their signatures from the statement, though Labour shadow foreign secretary David Lammy urged Corbyn to do so.</s><s>Post-leadership.:Publication of the Forde Report. The Forde Report, written by lawyer Martin Forde in response to the dossier that was leaked in April 2020 (\"The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014\u20132019\"), was released on 19 July 2022, stating that: \"[R]ather than confront the paramount need to deal with the profoundly serious issue of anti-Semitism in the party, both factions treated it as a factional weapon.\" It also described senior Labour staff as having displayed \"deplorably factional and insensitive, and at times discriminatory, attitudes\" towards Corbyn and his supporters, and detailed concerns by some staff about a \"hierarchy of racism\" in the party which ignored Black people. The report also expressed regret that Corbyn himself did not engage with the authors' request to interview him. Responding to this, Corbyn's former advisor Andrew Fisher"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " wrote: \"Forde confirms that reflection is necessary. Cultural change requires painstaking work, not glib assertions of change.\" Corbyn himself stated that report \"calls into question the behaviour of senior officials in the party, in particular during the 2017 election\" and that \"wrongs must be righted.\"</s><s>Policies and views. In 1997 the political scientists David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh described Corbyn's political stance as \"far-left\". When asked in an interview in 2015 what politicised him Corbyn said, \"Peace issues. Vietnam. Environmental issues\". When asked if he regarded himself as a Marxist, Corbyn responded by saying: \"That is a very interesting question actually. I haven't thought about that for a long time. I haven't really read as much of Marx as we should have done. I have read quite a bit but not that much.\" Supporting John McDonnell's statement that there is \"a lot to learn\" from Karl Marx's book \"Das Kapital\", Corbyn described Marx as a \"great economist\". Corbyn has said he has read some of the works of Adam Smith, Karl Marx and David Ricardo and has \"looked at many, many others\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Economy and taxation. Corbyn has campaigned against"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " private finance initiative schemes, supported a higher rate of income tax for the wealthiest in society, and his shadow chancellor proposed the introduction of a \u00a310 per hour living wage. He advocates recouping losses from tax avoidance and evasion by investing \u00a31 billion in HM Revenue and Customs. Corbyn sought to reduce an estimated \u00a393 billion that companies receive in tax relief. The amount is made up of several reliefs, including railway and energy subsidies, regional development grants, relief on investment and government procurement from the private sector. Corbyn opposes austerity, and has advocated an economic strategy based on investing-to-grow as opposed to making spending cuts. During his first Labour leadership election campaign, Corbyn proposed that the Bank of England should be able to issue money for capital spending, especially housebuilding, instead of quantitative easing, which attempts to stimulate the economy by buying assets from commercial banks. He describes it as \"People's Quantitative Easing\". A number of economists, including Steve Keen, said that Corbyn's candidature for leadership of the Labour party \"recognis[ed] the inspiring possibilities for a fairer and more equal society offered by an information economy in an interdependent world\". Robert Skidelsky offered a qualified endorsement of Corbyn's proposals to carry out QE through a National"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " Investment Bank. As the policy would change the central bank's focus on stabilising prices it has been argued it could increase the perceived risk of investing in the UK and raise the prospect of increased inflation. His second leadership campaign saw him promise \u00a3500 billion in additional public spending, though he did not detail how he would fund it. Corbyn has been a consistent supporter of renationalising public utilities, such as the now-privatised British Rail and energy companies, back into public ownership. Initially, Corbyn suggested completely renationalising the entire railway network, but would now bring them under public control \"line by line\" as franchises expire.</s><s>Policies and views.:National and constitutional issues. Corbyn is a longstanding supporter of a united Ireland and reportedly described himself as campaigner against imperialism in Ireland in 1984. In 1985, Corbyn voted against the Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying that it strengthened the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and he opposed it as he wished to see a united Ireland. In July 1998, Corbyn endorsed the Good Friday Agreement by voting for the Northern Ireland Bill saying: \"We look forward to peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future.\" Corbyn would prefer Britain to become a republic, but has said that, given the Royal Family's"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " popularity, \"it's not a battle that I am fighting\". On the issue of Scottish independence, when asked if he would consider himself a unionist, Corbyn said: \"No, I would describe myself as a Socialist. I would prefer the UK to stay together, yes, but I recognise the right of people to take the decision on their own autonomy and independence.\" Corbyn said that he did not favour holding a second Scottish independence referendum, but that it would be wrong for the UK Parliament to block such a referendum if the Scottish Parliament desired to have one. As Leader of the Opposition, Corbyn was one of the sponsors for the Constitutional Convention Bill, which was an attempt at codifying the UK's constitution, which has not been compiled into a single document. He appointed a Shadow Minister for the Constitutional Convention into his Shadow Cabinet and Teresa Pearce stepped down after the May 2017 local elections and this position has since remained vacant. In October 2017, Corbyn was one of 113 MPs to sign a cross-party petition to Home Secretary Amber Rudd, which requested making it a criminal offence for opponents of abortion to hold protests outside of abortion clinics. The letter called for buffer zones to be established around clinics, arguing women \"face daily abuse when undergoing terminations\", with protesters instead given space in town"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " centres or Speakers\u2019 corner. He also promised to allow abortion in Northern Ireland as well as same-sex marriage.</s><s>Policies and views.:Education. During the 2015 Labour leadership contest, Corbyn put forward a policy to scrap all tuition fees and restore student maintenance grants. The cost of the policy was estimated at \u00a310 billion which would be funded by \"a 7% rise in national insurance for those earning over \u00a350,000 a year and a 2.5% higher corporation tax, or by slowing the pace at which the deficit is reduced\". Corbyn apologised for the actions of previous Labour governments in imposing \"fees, top-up fees and the replacement of grants with loans\". He said \"I opposed those changes at the time \u2013 as did many others \u2013 and now we have an opportunity to change course\". During the 2017 election, Corbyn had a policy of scrapping university tuition fees from 2018 restoring the maintenance grants abolished by the Conservatives in 2016 and funding a free national education service. He also pledged to investigate cancelling student loan debts incurred by recent graduates. The policy said that the British average student starts their working life with debts of \u00a344,000 due to tuition costs and that university tuition is free in many northern European countries. The education changes were"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " costed at \u00a39.5 billion and would be funded by increasing taxes on the top 5 per cent of earners and increasing corporations tax.</s><s>Policies and views.:European Union. Corbyn has previously been a left-wing Eurosceptic. In the 1975 European Communities referendum, Corbyn opposed Britain's membership of the European Communities, the precursor of the EU. Corbyn also opposed the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, opposed the Lisbon Treaty in 2008, and backed a proposed referendum on British withdrawal from the EU in 2011. He accused the EU of acting \"brutally\" in the 2015 Greek crisis by allowing financiers to destroy its economy. During his leadership campaign, Corbyn said there might be circumstances in which he would favour withdrawal from the EU. In September 2015, Corbyn said that Labour would campaign for Britain to stay in the EU regardless of the result of Cameron's negotiations, and instead \"pledge to reverse any changes\" if Cameron reduced the rights of workers or citizens. He also believed that Britain should play a crucial role in Europe by making demands about working arrangements across the continent, the levels of corporation taxation and in forming an agreement on environmental regulation. In June 2016, in the run-up to the EU referendum, Corbyn said that"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " there was an \"overwhelming case\" for staying in the EU. In a speech in London, Corbyn said: \"We, the Labour Party, are overwhelmingly for staying in, because we believe the European Union has brought investment, jobs and protection for workers, consumers and the environment.\" Corbyn also criticised media coverage and warnings from both sides, saying that the debate had been dominated too much by \"myth-making and prophecies of doom\". He said he was \"seven, or seven and a half\" out of 10 for staying in the EU. In July 2017, Corbyn said that Britain could not remain in the European Single Market after leaving the EU, saying that membership of the single market was \"dependent on membership of the EU\", although it includes some non-EU countries. Shadow Minister Barry Gardiner later suggested that Corbyn meant that Labour interpreted the referendum result as wanting to leave the single market. Corbyn said that Labour would campaign for an alternative arrangement involving \"tariff free access\". In October 2017, Corbyn said that he would vote remain if there were another referendum. In January 2018, Corbyn reiterated that Labour would not seek to keep the UK in the single market after Brexit and in June 2018 he called for a \"new single market\" deal for the UK after Brexit maintaining"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " \"full access\" to the EU internal market, as opposed to the \"Norway model\" which pro-Remainers in the party wish to see. In 2018, Corbyn said his main reason for not committing to remaining in the single market was freedom from EU rules on state aid to industry. He said the UK government should not be \"held back, inside or outside the EU, from taking the steps we need to support cutting edge industries and local business\". This prompted backlash from senior EU figures, who said that state subsidisation would be a \"red line\" in negotiations, as it would lead to a possible trade war between the UK and EU. One senior figure told \"The Times\": \"We have to protect ourselves and the single market... If a Corbyn government implements his declared policies the level playing field mechanism will lead to increased costs for Britain to access the single market because of distortions caused by state aid.\" Also in 2018, Corbyn said he would seek a new type of customs union with the European Union, but will seek exemptions of some EU regulations for the UK, such as those regarding state aid and government subsidies. In January 2019, Labour lost a vote of no confidence in the government. The Conservative government sought to open cross-party talks while Corbyn initially said Labour would"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " refuse to attend talks unless the government ruled out a \"no deal Brexit\". In March 2019, Corbyn said that he could vote leave in a second referendum, depending on the Brexit deal on offer. Following the 2019 European Parliament election, Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement regardless of who negotiates it.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:War and peace. During the 1982 Falklands War, in a meeting of Haringey Council, Corbyn opposed a motion offering support to British troops sent to retake the islands, instead declaring the war to be a \"Tory plot\" and submitted an alternative motion that condemned the war as a \"nauseating waste of lives and money\". Corbyn has said that he would like Britain to achieve \"some reasonable accommodation\" with Argentina over their Falkland Islands dispute, with a \"degree of joint administration\" between the two countries over the islands. Corbyn does not consider himself an absolute pacifist and has named the Spanish Civil War, the British naval blockade to stop the slave trade in the nineteenth century and the role of UN peacekeepers in the 1999 crisis in East Timor as justified conflicts. Opposing violence and war has been \"the whole purpose of his life"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "\". He prominently opposed the invasion of Iraq and War in Afghanistan, NATO-led military intervention in Libya, military strikes against Assad's Syria, and military action against ISIS, and served as the chair of the Stop the War Coalition. When challenged on whether there were any circumstances in which he would deploy military forces overseas he said \"I'm sure there are some but I can't think of them at the moment.\" Corbyn has called for Tony Blair to be investigated for alleged war crimes during the Iraq War. In July 2016, the Chilcot Report of the Iraq Inquiry was issued, criticising Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq. Subsequently, Corbyn \u2013 who had voted against military action against Iraq \u2013 gave a speech in Westminster commenting: \"I now apologise sincerely on behalf of my party for the disastrous decision to go to war in Iraq in March 2003\" which he called an \"act of military aggression launched on a false pretext\" something that has \"long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion\". Corbyn specifically apologised to \"the people of Iraq\"; to the families of British soldiers who died in Iraq or returned injured; and to \"the millions of British citizens who feel our democracy was traduced and undermined by the way in which the decision to"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " go to war was taken on.\" Corbyn has said he would prefer to use diplomacy rather than armed force in international conflict. He would avoid military conflict by \"building up the diplomatic relationships and also trying to not isolate any country in Europe\". His aim is to \"achieve a world where we don't need to go to war, where there is no need for it\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:NATO. Corbyn favours the United Kingdom leaving NATO, and for NATO to be disbanded. In May 2012, Corbyn authored a piece in the \"Morning Star\" titled \"High time for an end to NATO\" where he described the organisation as an \"instrument of cold war manipulation\", saying that \"The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, with the ending of the Warsaw Pact mutual defence strategy, was the obvious time for NATO to have been disbanded.\" and also said a 2014 speech that the organisation was an \"engine for the delivery of oil to the oil companies\" and called for it to \"give up, go home and go away\". For these comments and a refusal to answer whether he would defend a NATO ally in the case of attack he was criticised by Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the former Prime Minister of Denmark and NATO Secretary General, who"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " said Corbyn's opinions were \"tempting President Putin to aggression\" and made comparisons between his views and those of the American president Donald Trump. He was also criticised by George Robertson, former Labour Party defence secretary, who said \"It beggars belief that the leader of the party most responsible for the collective security pact of NATO should be so reckless as to undermine it by refusing to say he would come to the aid of an ally\". He has since acknowledged that the British public do not agree with his beliefs that the UK should leave NATO, and instead intends to push for the organisation to \"restrict its role\". He believes there should be a debate about the extent of NATO's powers including its \"democratic accountability\" and why it has taken on a global role. In April 2014, Corbyn wrote an article for the \"Morning Star\" attributing the crisis in Ukraine to NATO. He said the \"root of the crisis\" lay in \"the US drive to expand eastwards\" and described Russia's actions as \"not unprovoked\". He has said it \"probably was\" a mistake to allow former Warsaw Pact countries to join NATO as it has increased tensions with Russia and made the \"world infinitely more dangerous\". Subsequently, he criticized the British government and other Western countries for"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " supplying arms to Ukraine. During the 2017 election, when questioned about Corbyn's anti-NATO statements, Labour Shadow Foreign Secretary Emily Thornberry said, \"Jeremy has been on a journey, to coin a phrase. There have been a number of discussions. It is quite clear that the predominance of opinion within the Labour is that we are committed to NATO.\"</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Nuclear weapons. Corbyn is a longstanding supporter of unilateral nuclear disarmament, although he has suggested a compromise of having submarines without nuclear weapons. He has campaigned for many years against nuclear weapons and the replacement of Trident and has said he would not authorise the use of nuclear weapons if he were prime minister. In June 2016, he agreed to allow Labour MPs a free vote on the replacement of Trident. In the subsequent vote 140 Labour MPs voted with the government in favour of the new submarines, in line with party policy, and 47 joined Corbyn to vote against. During the debate Corbyn said \"I do not believe the threat of mass murder is a legitimate way to deal with international relations\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:United States. Following the election of Donald Trump in the 2016 US presidential elections, Corbyn said that he believes that President Trump is"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " not offering solutions to problems, but simply being divisive. Corbyn also called for a proposed Trump state visit to the UK to be cancelled following his executive order banning visitors from certain majority-Muslim countries from entering the US. Corbyn criticised Trump's involvement in British politics after Trump said Boris Johnson should become PM and Nigel Farage should be part of the Brexit negotiating team, saying that it was \"not [Trump's] business who the British prime minister is\" following Trump's endorsement of Boris Johnson as a possible future leader. Corbyn criticised Trump's attacks on Sadiq Khan as \"unacceptable\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Israel and Palestine. Corbyn is a member of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, campaigning, for example, against the killing of Palestinian civilians during conflict in Gaza. In 2012 and again in 2017, Corbyn called for an investigation into Israeli influence in British politics. In August 2016, Corbyn said: \"I am not in favour of the academic or cultural boycott of Israel, and I am not in favour of a blanket boycott of Israeli goods. I do support targeted boycotts aimed at undermining the existence of illegal settlements in the West Bank.\" At a meeting hosted by Stop the War Coalition in 2009, Corbyn said he invited \"friends\" from Hamas and Hezbollah to"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " an event in parliament, referred to Hamas as \"an organisation dedicated towards the good of the Palestinian people,\" and said that the British government's labelling of Hamas as a terrorist organisation is \"a big, big historical mistake.\" Asked on \"Channel 4 News\" in July 2015 why he had called representatives from Hamas and Hezbollah \"friends\", Corbyn explained, \"I use it in a collective way, saying our friends are prepared to talk,\" and that the specific occasion he used it was to introduce speakers from Hezbollah at a Parliamentary meeting about the Middle East. He said that he does not condone the actions of either organisation: \"Does it mean I agree with Hamas and what it does? No. Does it mean I agree with Hezbollah and what they do? No. What it means is that I think to bring about a peace process, you have to talk to people with whom you may profoundly disagree \u2026 There is not going to be a peace process unless there is talks involving Israel, Hezbollah and Hamas and I think everyone knows that\", he argued. In January 2017, Corbyn expressed concern about Israeli involvement in British politics, after the broadcasting of \"The Lobby\". He described the actions of the Israeli official, Shai Masot, as \"improper interference in this country's democratic process\""}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " and was concerned on national security grounds that Boris Johnson had said the matter was closed. In his keynote speech at the 2018 annual Labour Party conference, Corbyn said that, if elected, his government would immediately recognise the Palestinian State as a way of supporting a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He declared that the Labour Party condemned the \"shooting of hundreds of unarmed demonstrators in Gaza by Israeli forces and the passing of Israel's discriminatory nation-state law\". In May 2019, Corbyn sent a message of support to the National Demonstration for Palestine in London in which Ahed Tamimi participated. He said the Labour Party condemned the \"ongoing human rights abuses by Israeli forces, including the shooting by Israeli forces of hundreds of unarmed Palestinian demonstrators in Gaza \u2013 most of them refugees or families of refugees \u2013 demanding their rights\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Tunisian wreath-laying controversy. In October 2014, Corbyn visited Tunisia to attend the \"International Conference on Monitoring the Palestinian Political and Legal Situation in the Light of Israeli Aggression\", organised by the Centre for Strategic Studies for North Africa. While there, Corbyn and other British parliamentarians attended a commemoration for victims of the 1985 Israeli air strikes on the PLO headquarters in Tunis"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": ". The bombardment had been condemned by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and US President Ronald Reagan, as well as the UN Security Council. In August 2018, the \"Daily Mail\" reported, with pictorial evidence, that during the event, Corbyn had also been present at a wreath-laying at the graves of Salah Khalaf and Atef Bseiso, both of whom are thought to have been key members of the Black September Organization, which was behind the 1972 Munich massacre. \"The Jerusalem Post\" commented: \"In another photo, Corbyn is seen close to the grave of terrorist Atef Bseiso, intelligence chief of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Bseiso is also linked to the massacre.\" There was condemnation from some of the British press, as well as from some members of the Labour Party and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. A Labour spokesperson said that \"a wreath was laid on behalf of those at the conference to all those who lost their lives, including families and children\". On 1 August, BBC News showed in a report from inside the cemetery that for the memorial for the 1985 victims, Corbyn would have stood in a designated confined covered area where all dignitaries typically stand during annual ceremonies, which also covers the graves of Bseiso"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " and Khalaf. Corbyn said that he had been present during commemorations where a wreath was laid for Palestinian leaders linked to Black September, but did not think that he had actually been involved. A Labour spokesperson stated that Corbyn \"did not lay any wreath at the graves of those alleged to have been linked to the Black September Organisation or the 1972 Munich killings. He of course condemns that terrible attack, as he does the 1985 bombing.\" The Labour Party initially made a complaint to the press watchdog Independent Press Standards Organisation against several newspapers' alleged misreporting of the event, although this was later dropped.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Kosovo. Unlike most Labour MPs at the time, Corbyn and a few other backbenchers opposed NATO intervention during the Kosovo War. In 2004, Corbyn and 24 other backbenchers signed a parliamentary motion praising an article by journalist John Pilger for \"reminding readers of the devastating human cost of the so-termed \u2018humanitarian\u2019 invasion of Kosovo, led by NATO and the United States in the Spring of 1999, without any sanction of the United Nations Security Council\". The motion also congratulated Pilger \"on his expose of the fraudulent justifications for intervening in a \u2018genocide\u2019 that"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " never really existed in Kosovo\". The motion said that initial estimates of casualties by the US Ambassador for War Crimes Issues were much higher than the later body count by the International War Crimes Tribunal. Balkan Insight wrote that, during the 2015 campaign for the Labour leadership, Corbyn was criticised by bloggers and journalists for \"having once apparently dismissed Serbian war crimes in Kosovo as a fabrication\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers. In 2006, Corbyn signed a petition calling for the lifting of the ban on the Tamil Tigers, which it referred to as the \"supposedly terrorist Tamil Tigers\", stating that \"the Sri Lanka government is carrying out an undeclared war against the Tamil people who have been struggling for more than two decades for the legitimate right to self-rule\" and calling for an end to aerial bombardment by the Sri Lankan government. In 2009, Corbyn called for a total economic boycott of Sri Lanka, stating \"the tourism must stop, the arms must stop, the trade must stop\", he later stated the Sri Lankan cricket team should also be boycotted. He expressed outrage particularly at the reports of the depopulation of Tamil areas of Eastern Sri Lanka and the relocation of Tamils, stating that denying Tamils"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " the right to return home was in contravention of international law, as well as reports of systematic sexual violence. In 2016, after Corbyn released a video stating his \"solidarity to stand with the Tamil community in the search for truth, justice, accountability and reconciliation\", while the Labour Party reiterated its \" full implementation of the UN Human Rights Councils resolution on Sri Lanka\", some Tamil activists interpreted the video to be a signal of Jeremy Corbyn's \"support for Tamil self-determination\". In 2017, John McDonnell stated that a Corbyn led Labour government would end arms sales to Sri Lanka.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Iran. Corbyn has called for the lifting of the sanctions on Iran as part of a negotiated full settlement of issues concerning the Iranian nuclear programme, and the starting of a political process to decommission Israel's nuclear arsenal.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Saudi Arabia. Corbyn has criticised Britain's close ties with Saudi Arabia and British involvement in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In January 2016, after a United Nations panel ruled Saudi-led bombing campaign of Yemen contravened international humanitarian law, Corbyn called for an independent inquiry into the UK's arms exports policy to Saudi Arabia. Corbyn and Hilary Benn wrote to David"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " Cameron asking him to \"set out the exact nature of the involvement of UK personnel working with the Saudi military\". Corbyn has constantly called for the British Government to stop selling arms to Saudi Arabia to show that Britain wants a peace process in Yemen, \"not an invasion by Saudi Arabia\". In March 2018, Corbyn accused Theresa May's government of \"colluding\" in war crimes committed by Saudi forces in Yemen. He said that a \"humanitarian disaster is now taking place in Yemen. Millions face starvation...because of the Saudi led bombing campaign and the blockade.\" Corbyn called for the suspension of arms sales to Saudi Arabia after dissident Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was murdered inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Corbyn also called for an international investigation into the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi and Saudi's war crimes in Yemen.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Chagos Islands sovereignty dispute. The sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean is disputed between the United Kingdom and Mauritius. Corbyn said he would respect a UN vote calling on the UK to decolonise the Chagos Archipelago and return Chagos to Mauritius. He said that \"What happened to the Chagos islanders was utterly disgraceful. [They were]"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " forcibly removed from their own islands, unfortunately, by this country. The right of return to those islands is absolutely important as a symbol of the way in which we wish to behave in international law.\"</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Cuba. Corbyn is a longtime supporter of the Cuba Solidarity Campaign, which campaigns against the US embargo against Cuba and supports the Cuban Revolution. In November 2016, following the death of former communist President of Cuba Fidel Castro, While saying that Castro had \"flaws\" and was a \"huge figure of modern history, national independence and 20th Century socialism...Castro's achievements were many\", Corbyn also praised his revolutionary \"heroism\". Internal Labour party critics of Corbyn accused him of glossing over Castro's human rights abuses.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Venezuela. When Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, the socialist President of Venezuela died in 2013, Corbyn tweeted that \"Hugo Chavez showed that the poor matter and wealth can be shared. He made massive contributions to Venezuela & a very wide world\". In 2014, Corbyn congratulated Ch\u00e1vez's successor, President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro on his election to the presidency. In February 2019, he said that \"intervention in Venezuela and sanctions against the government of"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " Nicol\u00e1s Maduro were wrong\" and that \"only Venezuelans have the right to decide their own destiny\". He was against outside interference in Venezuela, \"whether from the US or anywhere else\". He said there \"needed to be dialogue and a negotiated settlement to overcome the crisis\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Kurdistan and Kurds. In 1988, Jeremy Corbyn was one of the first MPs to raise the issue of Saddam Hussein's Halabja chemical attack against the Kurdish people, at a time when Hussein was still an ally of the west. In the aftermath, he called upon the Tory government to institute sanctions against Iraq and Iran to end the Iran\u2013Iraq War, and to end the use of chemical weapons against the Kurds. In 2016, Corbyn said that \"if peace is wanted in the region, the Kurdish people's right to self-determination must be accepted.\" Referring to the Kurdish nationalist leader Abdullah \u00d6calan, he remarked \"if there will be a peace process and solution, \u00d6calan must be free and at the table.\" At Chatham House in 2017 he was asked if he would \"condemn the genocide which is going on against the Kurds in Syria and in Turkey,\" Corbyn responded with \"I would be very strong with the"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " Turkish government on its treatment of Kurdish people and minorities and the way in which it's denied them their decency and human rights.\" On warfare by Turkey against the Kurds, Corbyn stated, \"If arms are being used to oppress people internally in violation of international law then they simply should not be supplied to them.\"</s><s>Allegations of antisemitism. Corbyn's critics, including British Orthodox rabbi Jonathan Sacks, former Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, have accused him of antisemitism in relation to past associations and comments as well as his handling of allegations within the party while defenders have cited his support for Jews against racism. These associations included hosting a meeting where Holocaust survivor and anti-Zionist political activist Hajo Meyer compared Israeli actions in Gaza to elements of the Holocaust; Corbyn stated of this event, \"In the past, in pursuit of justice for the Palestinian people and peace in Israel/Palestine, I have on occasion appeared on platforms with people whose views I completely reject. I apologise for the concerns and anxiety that this has caused.\u201d Corbyn attended \"two or three\" of the annual \"Deir Yassin Remembered commemorations\" in London, with Jewish fellow Labour MP Gerald Kaufman, organised by a group founded by"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " Paul Eisen, who has denied the Holocaust, but it is not known whether Eisen attended the commemorations. Corbyn stated that he was unaware of the views expressed by Eisen, and had associated with Mayer and others with whom he disagreed in pursuit of progress in the Middle East. Eisen had written an essay on his website in 2008 entitled \"My life as a Holocaust denier\". Corbyn has been criticized for his association with cleric Raed Salah, who was arrested in 2011 due to a deportation order a day before he was due to attend a meeting with MPs including Corbyn. Salah was accused of speaking of 'blood libel' (the myth that Jews in Europe had used children's blood in making holy bread) and had said after the 9/11 attacks, that 4,000 \"Jewish clerks\" had been absent on the day of the attacks. Salah denied the accusation of blood libel, of which he was later convicted and sentenced to eight months in prison, and successfully appealed his deportation. Corbyn said that Salah was \"a voice of the Palestinian people that needs to be heard\" and accused then-Home Secretary Theresa May of giving \"an executive detention order against him\". Following Salah's successful appeal against deportation, Corbyn said he was looking forward to inviting the cleric to \""}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "tea on the House of Commons terrace, because you deserve it\". A Labour source also stated in response, \"Jeremy Corbyn is a determined supporter of justice for the Palestinian people and opponent of anti-Semitism. He condemns support for Palestinians being used as a mask for anti-Semitism and attempts to silence legitimate criticism of Israel by wrongly conflating it with anti-Semitism. There was widespread criticism of the attempt to deport Raed Salah, including from Jews for Justice for Palestinians, and his appeal against deportation succeeded on all grounds.\" In 2018, Corbyn was criticised by Jewish leaders for not recognising an antisemitic canard after Mear One publicised on social media in 2012 that his mural about exploitative bankers and industrialists was being censored and Corbyn responded at the time by questioning its removal. In response to the criticism, Corbyn said he regretted that he \"did not look more closely at the image\", agreed it was antisemitic and endorsed the decision to remove it. In 2020, the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) revealed that an antisemitism complaint had been made against Corbyn in April 2018 over his defence of the mural, and members of Corbyn's office \"directly interfered in the decision not to investigate the case,\u201d an example"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " of political interference the EHRC concluded was \"unlawful\". Corbyn was criticised for a 2013 speech in which he spoke of certain Zionists who had \"berated\" the Palestinian speaker at a meeting, \"they don't want to study history and secondly having lived in this country for a very long time, probably all their lives, they don't understand English irony either\" (used by the speaker). The remarks were criticised for appearing to perpetuate the antisemitic canard that Jews fail or refuse to integrate into wider society. Corbyn responded that he was using \"Zionist\" \"in the accurate political sense and not as a euphemism for Jewish people\". Jonathan Sacks, a former Chief Rabbi, described the remark as \"the most offensive statement made by a senior British politician since Enoch Powell's 1968 \u2018rivers of blood\u2019 speech.\" In 2019, Corbyn was criticised for a foreword he wrote in 2011 for a republication of the 1902 book \"\" by John A. Hobson, as the book contains the antisemitic assertion that finance was controlled \"by men of a single and peculiar race, who have behind them many centuries of financial experience\" who \"are in a unique position to control the policy of nations\". In his foreword,"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " he called the book a \"great tome\" and \"brilliant, and very controversial at the time\". Corbyn responded that the language used to describe minorities in Hobson's work is \"absolutely deplorable\", but he stated that his foreword analysed \"the process which led to the first world war\" which he saw as the subject of the book and not Hobson's language. In July 2018 Corbyn was accosted by Labour MP Margaret Hodge in the Commons; she then told him she believed he was \u201can antisemitic racist\u201d because of his perceived reluctance to adopt the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance's definition of antisemitism in full. In an opinion piece for \"The Guardian\", Hodge explained that, for her, as the daughter of Holocaust survivors, the issue of racism was personal. The party began disciplinary action against Hodge but dropped the charges in August, claiming she had \"expressed regret for the manner in which she raised her views\", but Hodge denied this was the case. Following coverage of alleged antisemitic statements by party members, Corbyn commissioned the Chakrabarti Inquiry and supported changes to the party's rules and procedures to make hate crime a disciplinary offence. In July 2018, Labour, with Corbyn's support,"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " agreed a code of conduct which excluded or amended some of the examples from the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism relating to Israel. Britain's three main Jewish newspapers jointly called a Corbyn-led government an \"existential threat to Jewish life\" in Britain. Defenders, including Jewish Voice for Labour, have cited his record of opposing and campaigning against racism and antisemitism, and supporting Jewish communal initiatives. He organised a demonstration against a 1970s National Front march through Wood Green; spoke on the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Cable Street, noting that his mother was a protester; signed numerous early day motions condemning antisemitism; in 1987, campaigned to reverse Islington Council's decision to grant the planning application to destroy a Jewish cemetery; and in 2010, called on the UK government to facilitate the settlement of Yemeni Jews in Britain. He also took part in a ceremony in his Islington constituency to commemorate the original site of the North London Synagogue and visited the Theresienstadt Ghetto, calling it a reminder of the dangers of far-right politics, antisemitism and racism. In November 2019, John Bercow, the Jewish former Speaker of the House of Commons and Conservative MP, said that he had known Corbyn for 22 years, did not"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " believe he was antisemitic and had never experienced antisemitism from a Labour Party member. UK academics criticised the media for \"anti-Corbyn bias\" in its coverage of the anti-Semitism debate which they said had been \"weaponised\" against Corbyn ahead of important elections. A September 2018 poll carried out by polling firm Survation, on behalf of the Jewish Chronicle, found that 86% of British Jews and 39% of the British public believed Corbyn to be anti-Semitic. A poll conducted in 2021 by YouGov, again on behalf of the Jewish Chronicle, found that 70% of Labour members dismissed the idea that the party had a problem with anti-Semitism, and 72% believe Corbyn should not have been expelled from the party. In May 2021, Jewish Voice for Labour published a report entitled \"How the EHRC Got It So Wrong: Antisemitism and the Labour Party\". The report, which contained an introduction by Geoffrey Bindman, was critical of the EHRC investigation. In November 2019, British intellectuals, writers and artists urged voters in a letter published in \"The Guardian\" to reject Corbyn in the impending general election, alleging an \"association with antisemitism\". The Labour Party responded by noting their own commitment to rooting out antis"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "emitism and robust action dealing with it and that several of the signatories had themselves been accused of antisemitism, Islamophobia and misogyny and/or were Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. Another letter, supportive of Corbyn and published in the \"NME\", was signed by thirty high profile figures, including Noam Chomsky, Brian Eno, Naomi Klein, Lowkey, Thurston Moore, Robert Del Naja, Maxine Peake, Mark Ruffalo, Mark Rylance, Alexei Sayle, Roger Waters, Vivienne Westwood and Yanis Varoufakis. The letter describes Corbyn as a \"life-long committed anti-racist\" and says that \"no political party or political leader has done more to address (antisemitism) than Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party.\" A further letter in support of Corbyn, from a number of British Jews, mainly eminent academics, was published in \"The Guardian\" a few days later. An internal Labour Party report, entitled \"The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014\u20132019\", which was leaked to the media in April 2020, stated that Corbyn's team inherited a lack of \"robust processes, systems, training, education and effective line management\" as"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " well as factional hostility towards Corbyn amongst former senior officials. This contributed to \"a litany of mistakes\" which \"affected the expeditious and resolute handling of disciplinary complaints\". The investigation, which was completed in March 2020, concluded there was \"no evidence\" of antisemitism complaints being treated differently to other forms of complaint, or of current or former staff being \"motivated by antisemitic intent\". It was later reported in \"The Guardian\" that the Labour Party's most senior lawyer had said that the report was deliberately misleading. The report also stated that Corbyn's office was not made aware of the scale of the antisemitism problem in the party because former General Secretary Iain McNicol, and other senior figures provided \"false and misleading information\" to his office. It found that McNicol and staff in the Governance and Legal Unit \"provided timetables for the resolution of cases that were never met; falsely claimed to have processed all antisemitism complaints; falsely claimed that most complaints received were not about Labour members and provided highly inaccurate statistics of antisemitism complaints\". The report also stated Sam Matthews, who was Head of Disputes and acting Head of the Governance and Legal Unit, \"rarely replied or took any action\" in relation to antisem"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "itism complaints. It said the process for tackling antisemitism complaints improved when Jennie Formby became general secretary in 2018. In July 2020, Corbyn said he was disappointed at the Labour Party's decision to apologise and financially settle defamation cases arising from its response to the July 2019 BBC \"Panorama\" programme \"Is Labour Anti-Semitic?\" The Labour Party (led by Corbyn at the time) had accused the show's presenter John Ware of having \"invented quotes\", which in the settlement they admitted had been untrue. Corbyn said that the Labour Party risked \"giving credibility to misleading and inaccurate allegations about action taken to tackle anti-Semitism in the Labour Party in recent years\" and that the settlements were a \"political decision, not a legal one\". A fundraising campaign, set up with an initial target of \u00a320,000 to help Corbyn with legal fees related to Ware's action, surpassed \u00a3270,000 within a few days, eventually reaching over \u00a3370,000. Former Corbyn advisor Andrew Murray suggested Corbyn may have struggled to empathise with the Jewish community during his leadership, stating: \"He is very empathetic, Jeremy, but he's empathetic with the poor, the disadvantaged, the migrant, the marginalised. [...] Happily, that is not"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " the Jewish community in Britain today.\" Corbyn raised the question in internal debates of whether there was a risk of giving the Jewish community'special treatment'. In 2021 Corbyn was a guest at the Cambridge Union. He was asked by the society's President, Joel Rosen, what he had done to stop Luciana Berger, a Jewish MP for Liverpool Wavertree, from being \u201chounded out\u201d of the Labour party. Corbyn replied that Berger \"was not hounded out of the party. She unfortunately decided to resign from the party.\"</s><s>Allegations of antisemitism.:Suspension from the Labour Party. In October 2020, the EHRC announced that its investigation had found that the Labour Party had breached the Equality Act 2010 in three ways: - Unlawful harassment by agents of the party; namely a councillor, Pam Bromley, and Ken Livingstone in his defence of Naz Shah, - failure to provide appropriate training to those handling the complaints, and - 23 instances of \"inappropriate involvement\" by Corbyn's staff in antisemitism complaints. One of the complaints had been against Corbyn personally, regarding his response to the removal of the mural. In response, Corbyn said his team's involvement in complaints was \"to speed up, not hinder the"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " process\", that he did not accept all of the EHRC's findings, and that while \"[o]ne antisemite is one too many\", the scale of antisemitism within Labour had been \"dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media\". Corbyn was suspended from the Labour Party pending investigation by General Secretary David Evans when he failed to retract his remarks; he has said he will \"strongly contest the political intervention to suspend [him]\". Trade union officials such as Len McCluskey and Dave Ward, wrestler Sami Zayn as well as politicians Claudia Webbe, Laura Pidcock, Ken Livingstone, Pablo Iglesias Turri\u00f3n, Rafael Correa, Jill Stein, Diane Abbott, John McDonnell, Salma Yaqoob, Kate Osborne, Mercedes Villalba, Mary Foy, Nadia Whittome, Apsana Begum, Liam Byrne, Zarah Sultana and Richard Burgon called for the suspension to be revoked. Campaign group Momentum held a virtual rally entitled 'Stand with Corbyn' where they described Corbyn's suspension as \"a naked attack on the left\". On 31 October, the general secretaries of seven of Labour's"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " affiliated trade unions (CWU, FBU, NUM, Unite, BFAWU, ASLEF and TSSA) published a joint statement calling the suspension \"ill-advised and unjust\". A YouGov poll found that 58% of respondents, including 41% of those who had voted Labour in 2019 under Corbyn's leadership, thought it was right to suspend him, with 13% (and 26% of Labour voters) disagreeing while 29% did not know. On 17 November, Corbyn was given a formal warning and reinstated to the Labour Party. Starmer has not yet re-instated the whip to Corbyn. Corbyn received support from a number of Constituency Labour Parties (CLPs) around the country in response to Starmer's decision to remove the whip. The whip was suspended \u2013 initially for three months to allow an investigation to be conducted \u2013 however this suspension was still in place as of July 2021. On 26 November, Corbyn's lawyers lodged a pre-action disclosure application to the High Court as a prelude to taking legal action against the Labour Party for suspending the whip. The basis of Corbyn's claim is that he and Starmer had agreed to a deal to readmit him to the party. On 27 January 2021, the application for"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " a pre-action disclosure was dismissed. In September 2021, McCluskey wrote that Starmer had reneged on a deal to reinstate the whip to Corbyn in return for Corbyn agreeing to a statement that was co-written by senior Labour staff. McCluskey said he had provided a statement for Corbyn's legal challenge and would appear in court if required.</s><s>Media coverage. Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic. In July 2016, academics from the London School of Economics published a study of 812 articles about Corbyn taken from eight national newspapers around the time of his Labour leadership election. The study found that 75 percent of the articles either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. The study's director commented that \"Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader\". Another report by the Media Reform Coalition and Birkbeck College in July 2016, based on 10 days of coverage around the time of multiple shadow cabinet resignations, found \"marked and persistent imbalance\" in favour of sources critical to him; the \"International Business Times\" was the only outlet that gave him more favourable than"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " critical coverage. In August 2016, a YouGov survey found that 97% of Corbyn supporters agreed that the \"mainstream media as a whole has been deliberately biasing coverage to portray Jeremy Corbyn in a negative manner\", as did 51% of the general \"Labour selectorate\" sample. In May 2017, Loughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture concluded that the media was attacking Jeremy Corbyn far more than Theresa May during nine election campaign weekdays examined. The \"Daily Mail\" and \"Daily Express\" praised Theresa May for election pledges that were condemned when proposed by Labour in previous elections. In February 2018, Momentum reported that attacks on Corbyn in the press were associated with increases in their membership applications. In September 2019, Labour leaders argued that traditional mainstream media outlets showed bias. In December 2019, a study by Loughborough University found that British press coverage was twice as hostile to Labour and half as critical of the Conservatives during the 2019 general election campaign as it had been during the 2017 campaign. In an interview with \"Middle East Eye\" in June 2020, Corbyn described the media's treatment of himself while he was Labour leader as obsessive and \"at one level laughable, but all designed to be undermining\". He said that the media coverage had diverted his media team"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " from helping him pursue \"a political agenda on homelessness, on poverty in Britain, on housing, on international issues\" to \"rebutting these crazy stories, abusive stories, about me the whole time\". He said he considered suing as a result of media treatment but was guided by advice from Tony Benn, who told him, \"Libel is a rich man's game, and you're not a rich man [...] Go to a libel case \u2013 even if you win the case, you'll be destroyed financially in doing so\". Corbyn had in fact taken legal action against Conservative MP Ben Bradley during his leadership (see Other events).</s><s>Personal life. Corbyn lives in the Finsbury Park area of London. He has been married three times and divorced twice, and has three sons with his second wife. In 1974, he married his first wife, Jane Chapman, a fellow Labour Councillor for Haringey and now a professor at the University of Lincoln. They divorced in 1979. In the late 1970s, Corbyn had a brief relationship with Labour MP Diane Abbott. In 1987, Corbyn married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, granddaughter of Ricardo Bracchitta (Consul-General of Spain in Santiago), with whom he has three sons. He missed his youngest"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " son's birth as he was lecturing National Union of Public Employees members at the same hospital. Following a difference of opinion about sending their son to a grammar school (Corbyn opposes selective education) they divorced in 1999 after two years of separation, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continues to \"get on very well\" with her. His son subsequently attended Queen Elizabeth's School, which had been his wife's first choice. Their second son, Sebastian, worked on his leadership campaign and was later employed as John McDonnell's Chief of Staff. Corbyn's second oldest brother, Andrew, who was a geologist, died of a brain haemorrhage while in Papua New Guinea in 2001. Corbyn escorted the body from Papua New Guinea to Australia, where his brother's widow and children lived. In 2012, Corbyn went to Mexico to marry his Mexican partner Laura \u00c1lvarez, who runs a fair trade coffee import business which has been the subject of some controversy. A former human rights lawyer in Mexico, she first met Corbyn shortly after his divorce from Bracchitta, having come to London to support her sister Marcela following the abduction of her niece to America by her sister's estranged husband. They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003. \u00c1lvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in 2011. \u00c1lvarez has described Corbyn as \"not very good at house work but he is a good politician\". They have a cat called El Gato (\"The Cat\" in Spanish), while Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described by \"The Observer\" in 1984 as his \"only constant companion\" at the time. Corbyn named John Smith as the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as \"a decent, nice, inclusive leader\". He also said he was \"very close and very good friends\" with Michael Foot.</s><s>Personal life.:Personal beliefs and interests. When interviewed by \"The Huffington Post\" in December 2015, Corbyn refused to reveal his religious beliefs and called them a \"private thing\", but denied that he was an atheist. He has said that he is \"sceptical\" of having a god in his life. He compared his concerns about the environment to a sort of \"spiritualism\". Corbyn has described himself as frugal, telling Simon Hattenstone of \""}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "The Guardian\", \"I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car.\" He has been a vegetarian for nearly 50 years, after having volunteered on a pig farm in Jamaica when he was 19, and stated in April 2018 that he was considering becoming a vegan. Although he has been described in the media as teetotal, he said in an interview with the \"Daily Mirror\" that he does drink alcohol but \"very, very little\". Corbyn is a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Cycling. He enjoys reading and writing, and speaks fluent Spanish. He supports Arsenal FC, which is based in his constituency, and has signed parliamentary motions praising the successes of its men's and women's teams. He named Jens Lehmann, Ian Wright, and Dennis Bergkamp as his favourite Arsenal players, and has campaigned for the club to pay its staff a living wage. Corbyn is an avid \"drain spotter\" and has photographed decorative drain and manhole covers throughout the country.</s><s>Awards and recognition. In 2013, Corbyn was awarded the Gandhi International Peace Award for his \"consistent efforts over a 30-year parliamentary career to uphold the Gandhian values of social"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " justice and non\u2010violence\". In the same year, he was honoured by the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative for his \"ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes\". Corbyn has won the Parliamentary \"Beard of the Year Award\" a record six times, as well as being named as the Beard Liberation Front's \"Beard of the Year\", having previously described his beard as \"a form of dissent\" against New Labour. In 2016, Corbyn was the subject of a musical entitled \"Corbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries\", written by journalists Rupert Myers and Bobby Friedman. In 2017 the American magazine \"Foreign Policy\" named Corbyn in its Top 100 Global Thinkers list for that year \"for inspiring a new generation to re-engage in politics\". In December 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded the Se\u00e1n MacBride Peace Prize \"for his sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace\". The award was announced the previous September.</s><s>See also. - List of peace activists</s><s>Further reading. - Allen, Peter. \"Political science, punditry, and the Corbyn problem\". \"British Politics\" 15.1 (2020): 69\u201387 online. - Bolton, Matthew. \"Conceptual V"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": "andalism, Historical Distortion: The Labour Antisemitism Crisis and the Limits of Class Instrumentalism\". \"Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism\" 3.2 (2020) online. - Bolton, Matt, and Frederick Harry Pitts, eds. \"Corbynism: A Critical Approach\" (Bingley: Emerald, 2018). - Bower, Tom. \"Dangerous Hero: Corbyn's Ruthless Plot for Power\" (2019) - Cammaerts, Bart, Brooks DeCillia, and Jo\u00e3o Carlos Magalh\u00e3es. \"Journalistic transgressions in the representation of Jeremy Corbyn: From watchdog to attackdog\". \"Journalism\" 21.2 (2020): 191\u2013208 online. - Cawthorne, Nigel. \"Jeremy Corbyn: Leading from the Left\". CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015 - - Gilbert, W. Stephen. \"\". London: Eyeware Publishing Ltd (Squint Books series), 2015.. - Hedges, Paul, and Luca Farrow. \"UK Elections: Jeremy Corbyn, Anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia\". \"RSIS Commentaries\" (2 January 2020) online. - - Manwaring, Rob, and Evan Smith. \"Corbyn"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": ", British labour and policy change\". \"British Politics\" 15.1 (2020): 25\u201347 online. - Mueller, Frank, Andrea Whittle, and Gyuzel Gadelshina. \"The discursive construction of authenticity: The case of Jeremy Corbyn\". \"Discourse, Context & Media\" 31 (2019): 100324 online. - Prince, Rosa. \"Comrade Corbyn: A Very Unlikely Coup: How Jeremy Corbyn Stormed to the Labour Leadership\" (Biteback Publishing, 2016) - Seymour, Richard. \"Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics\". Verso Books, 2016. - Sinha, Paresha, Owain Smolovi\u0107 Jones, and Brigid Carroll. \"Theorizing dramaturgical resistance leadership from the leadership campaigns of Jeremy Corbyn\". \"Human Relations\" (2019): 0018726719887310. online - Watts, Jake, and Tim Bale. \"Populism as an intra-party phenomenon: The British Labour party under Jeremy Corbyn\". \"British Journal of Politics and International Relations\" 21.1 (2019): 99\u2013115 online - Whiteley, Paul and others. \"Oh Jeremy Corbyn! Why did Labour Party membership soar after the 2015 general election?\". \"British Journal of Politics"}, {"title": "Jeremy Corbyn", "text": " and International Relations\" 21.1 (2019): 80\u201398. online</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jeremy Corbyn", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000434", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Radja Nainggolan.", "docs": [{"title": "Radja Nainggolan", "text": "<s>Radja Nainggolan Radja Nainggolan (born 4 May 1988) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club SPAL. Nicknamed \"Il Ninja\", he spent almost his entire professional career in Italy, representing Piacenza, Cagliari, Roma and Inter Milan. He made 367 appearances and scored 48 goals in Serie A, being named four consecutive times in its Team of the Year. A Belgium international for eight years, Nainggolan played 30 times for his country (scoring six goals) and represented it at Euro 2016.</s><s>Early life. Nainggolan was born in Antwerp, the son of Lizy Bogaerts, a Belgian of Flemish ethnicity who raised him with his three half brothers and his twin sister, and Marianus Nainggolan, an Indonesian of Batak background and member of the Batak Christian Protestant Church. He was raised in Kiel, a working-class and multicultural neighbourhood of the city. His father abandoned the family when Radja was still a child. Nainggolan's mother died in 2010, and after her death he tattooed two large wings on his back with her dates of birth and death. He was raised Roman Catholic and"}, {"title": "Radja Nainggolan", "text": " speaks Dutch, English, French and Italian fluently.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Piacenza. Nainggolan began playing football with Tubantia Borgerhout at the age of 5. Seven years later he moved to the youth team of Germinal Beerschot, where he remained until 2005, when he moved to Italian Serie B club Piacenza. He made his senior debut on 28 May 2006 during a home defeat to Arezzo, being inserted permanently into the first team the following season. In the 2008\u201309 campaign, Nainggolan became a starter for the Emilia-Romagna side, playing 38 of 42 games and scoring three goals, which contributed to them avoiding relegation.</s><s>Club career.:Cagliari. On 27 January 2010, Nainggolan was loaned to Cagliari with a buyout clause. He made his Serie A debut on 7 February, playing seven minutes in a 3\u20130 away loss against Inter Milan. After making seven appearances (including being sent off a few minutes after entering the field on 28 February against Chievo), the club announced it had acquired 50% of his rights in a co-ownership deal. In the first part of 2010"}, {"title": "Radja Nainggolan", "text": "\u201311, under manager Pierpaolo Bisoli, Nainggolan started often due to the absence of Daniele Conti. On 31 October 2010 he scored his first goal in the Italian top division, from a right-footed volley in a 2\u20130 home win over Bologna. On 31 January 2011, Cagliari redeemed the second half of his contract from Piacenza. In early October 2013, after three seasons as an undisputed first-choice, Nainggolan agreed to an extension until 2016. His performances with the \"Rossoblu\" made him especially popular among their fans, who named him in a top 11 list comprising the best players in the history of the Sardinian club.</s><s>Club career.:Roma. On 7 January 2014, Nainggolan was loaned to fellow top-flight team Roma until the end of the campaign for a fee of \u20ac3 million, with an option to purchase 50% of his rights in the ensuing summer for \u20ac6 million. He made his debut two days later, starting in a 1\u20130 home victory over Sampdoria for the Coppa Italia which qualified for the quarter-finals. In the same competition, he also helped dispose of Juventus in said stage"}, {"title": "Radja Nainggolan", "text": " by playing the full 90 minutes at the end of the month. On 22 February 2014, Nainggolan scored his first goal for the capital side, grabbing the 1\u20130 winner against Bologna. His second, which arrived on 19 April against Fiorentina (same result) ensured his team automatic qualification to the UEFA Champions League. Nainggolan signed a permanent deal with Roma in the 2015 off-season, for \u20ac9 million. On 6 July 2016 he renewed his contract until June 2020, extending it a further year the following summer.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan. On 26 June 2018, Nainggolan signed with Inter Milan for \u20ac38 million (\u20ac24 million plus Davide Santon and Nicol\u00f2 Zaniolo, valued at \u20ac14 million) until June 2022. He scored in his league debut on 1 September, helping the visitors defeat Bologna 3\u20130, and just over a month later he netted the equaliser in a 2\u20131 comeback win at PSV in the Champions League group stage to become the first-ever Belgian to score for the club in the competition. In August 2019, Nainggolan returned to Cagliari on a season-long loan. He was named the league's"}, {"title": "Radja Nainggolan", "text": " MVP for November, with two long-range goals and three assists in three matches to help his team to reach fourth place. Nainggolan returned to the Sardegna Arena on 31 December 2020, again on loan.</s><s>Club career.:Antwerp. On 10 August 2021, Inter Milan announced that Nainggolan's contract with the club had been terminated by mutual consent; four days later, the 33-year-old signed a two-year deal with Antwerp. He made his debut in his country's First Division on 22 September, starting in the 4\u20132 home victory against Genk. His first goal in the competition was the game's only away to neighbours Beerschot on 5 December, and he dedicated the goal to his late mother whose honour had been insulted by the local fans. On 17 October 2022, Nainggolan was suspended indefinitely by Antwerp after being arrested for driving with an expired driver's licence and later smoking an electronic cigarette on the bench ahead of a 3\u20130 loss at Standard Li\u00e9ge. In December, he left by mutual consent.</s><s>Club career.:SPAL. After weeks of speculation, on 30 January 2023 Nainggolan officially joined Italian second-tier club SPAL"}, {"title": "Radja Nainggolan", "text": ", coached by former Roma team-mate and friend Daniele De Rossi, on a free transfer, signing a five-month contract with an option for one more season in case of promotion.</s><s>International career. Due to his father's heritage, Nainggolan was eligible to represent both Indonesia and Belgium, but ultimately chose to play for the latter nation. He took part at the 2007\u201309 International Challenge Trophy finals, a tournament which the under-23 team won. Nainggolan earned his first senior cap on 29 May 2009, against Chile in the Kirin Cup. He scored his first goal for the \"Red Devils\" on 5 March 2014, in a 2\u20132 friendly draw with C\u00f4te d'Ivoire. On 13 May 2014, Nainggolan was selected in a standby list for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He did not make the final cut, however. Nainggolan was a starter for the Marc Wilmots-led side during the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying campaign. He scored in an away draw with Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a 4\u20131 win in Andorra as the team qualified for the tournament for the first time in 16 years. Nainggolan was selected to the finals in"}, {"title": "Radja Nainggolan", "text": " France. He made his debut in the tournament on 13 June, playing 62 minutes in a 2\u20130 loss against Italy. After featuring as a second-half substitute in the second game, a 3\u20130 defeat of the Republic of Ireland, he returned to the starting XI against Sweden, scoring the game's only goal at the Stade de Nice after a counter-attack to send his country to the knockout stage as second; in the quarter-finals, he netted from 25 metres to put his country ahead against Wales after 12 minutes, but in an eventual 3\u20131 loss. On 26 August 2017, aged 29, Nainggolan announced that he would be retiring from international football after not being selected for Belgium's upcoming World Cup qualifiers, and stated that he would be focusing on his club career with Roma. However, he was selected by new manager Roberto Mart\u00ednez for friendlies against Mexico and Japan in November, only to pull out due to injury. On 21 May 2018, after once again not being picked for the upcoming World Cup in Russia, Nainggolan retired from the international scene.</s><s>Style of play. Considered by many experts to be one of the best and most complete midfielders in Europe, due to his ability to aid his"}, {"title": "Radja Nainggolan", "text": " team both offensively and defensively, Nainggolan is a quick, dynamic, hard-working, physically strong and versatile midfielder, who is capable of playing in several midfield positions; possessing good vision, passing range, and technique, he is often used as a playmaker in front of his team's defensive line. He is also known for his attacking drive, ability to get forward and eye for goal from midfield, courtesy of his powerful and accurate striking ability from distance, as well as his movement and ability to make late attacking runs off the ball; his talent, energy, skill, and wide range of attributes led to him being used in a more offensive role as an advanced playmaker behind the two forwards during his time with Cagliari. Due to his pace, stamina, tenacity and aggressive tackling, as well as his willingness and ability to chase down and press opponents off the ball, Nainggolan is also a good ball-winner, and has frequently been used in a box-to-box role; he is also capable of playing as a winger. After his move to Roma, he was mainly deployed as a central or defensive midfielder in a 4\u20133\u20133 formation or in the \"mezzala\" role, and on occasion even as a"}, {"title": "Radja Nainggolan", "text": " right-back; following the arrival of Luciano Spalletti, however, he returned to playing in a more advanced role as an attacking midfielder or second striker in a 4\u20132\u20133\u20131 or a 3\u20134\u20132\u20131 formation. He has also been used in a more central or attacking role on occasion, or even as a false attacking midfielder. In addition to his footballing abilities, Nainggolan has also been praised for his leadership in the media, although he has also drawn criticism for his difficult character and his involvement in several controversial incidents off the pitch.</s><s>Outside of football.</s><s>Outside of football.:Personal life. Nainggolan married Claudia Lai, with the couple being parents to daughters Aysha (b. 2012) and Mailey (b. 2016). His twin sister, Riana, is also a footballer; she is openly lesbian and he spoke out against homophobia. On 10 July 2019, Lai confirmed in an Instagram post that she had been diagnosed with cancer and would begin chemotherapy treatment.</s><s>Outside of football.:Controversy. Nainggolan smoked cigarettes during his playing career. On New Year's Eve 2018, he became the subject of strong controversy in Italy after he posted a video"}, {"title": "Radja Nainggolan", "text": " on Instagram cursing, drinking alcohol and smoking.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Honours. Inter Milan - Serie A: 2020\u201321 Individual - Serie A Team of the Year: 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316, 2016\u201317, 2017\u201318 - A.S. Roma Player of the Season: 2016\u201317 - Serie A Player of the Month: November 2019</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Radja Nainggolan", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000435", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Winston Churchill.", "docs": [{"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "<s>Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955. Apart from two years between 1922 and 1924, he was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1900 to 1964 and represented a total of five constituencies. Ideologically an economic liberal and imperialist, he was for most of his career a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955. He was a member of the Liberal Party from 1904 to 1924. Of mixed English and American parentage, Churchill was born in Oxfordshire to a wealthy, aristocratic family. He joined the British Army in 1895 and saw action in British India, the Anglo-Sudan War, and the Second Boer War, gaining fame as a war correspondent and writing books about his campaigns. Elected a Conservative MP in 1900, he defected to the Liberals in 1904. In H. H. Asquith's Liberal government, Churchill served as President of the Board of Trade and Home Secretary, championing prison reform and workers' social security. As First Lord of the Admiralty during the First World"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " War, he oversaw the Gallipoli Campaign but, after it proved a disaster, he was demoted to Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He resigned in November 1915 and joined the Royal Scots Fusiliers on the Western Front for six months. In 1917, he returned to government under David Lloyd George and served successively as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, and Secretary of State for the Colonies, overseeing the Anglo-Irish Treaty and British foreign policy in the Middle East. After two years out of Parliament, he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Stanley Baldwin's Conservative government, returning the pound sterling in 1925 to the gold standard at its pre-war parity, a move widely seen as creating deflationary pressure and depressing the UK economy. Out of government during his so-called \"wilderness years\" in the 1930s, Churchill took the lead in calling for British rearmament to counter the growing threat of militarism in Nazi Germany. At the outbreak of the Second World War he was re-appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. In May 1940, he became Prime Minister, succeeding Neville Chamberlain. Churchill formed a national government and oversaw British involvement in the Allied war effort against the Axis"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " powers, resulting in victory in 1945. After the Conservatives' defeat in the 1945 general election, he became Leader of the Opposition. Amid the developing Cold War with the Soviet Union, he publicly warned of an \"iron curtain\" of Soviet influence in Europe and promoted European unity. Between his terms as Prime Minister, he wrote several books recounting his experience during the war. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. He lost the 1950 election, but was returned to office in 1951. His second term was preoccupied with foreign affairs, especially Anglo-American relations and preservation of what remained of the British Empire with India now no longer part of it. Domestically, his government emphasised housebuilding and completed the development of a nuclear weapon (begun by his predecessor). In declining health, Churchill resigned as Prime Minister in 1955, remaining an MP until 1964. Upon his death in 1965, he was given a state funeral. Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Churchill remains popular in the Anglosphere, where he is seen as a victorious wartime leader who played an important role in defending Europe's liberal democracy against the spread of fascism. He has been criticised for some wartime events and also for\u00a0his imperialist views.</s><s>Early"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " life.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood and schooling: 1874\u20131895. Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at his family's ancestral home, Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire. On his father's side, he was a member of the British aristocracy as a direct descendant of the 1st Duke of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, representing the Conservative Party, had been elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Woodstock in 1874. His mother, Jennie, was a daughter of Leonard Jerome, a wealthy American businessman. In 1876, Churchill's paternal grandfather, John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, was appointed Viceroy of Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom. Randolph became his private secretary and the family relocated to Dublin. Winston's brother, Jack, was born there in 1880. Throughout much of the 1880s, Randolph and Jennie were effectively estranged, and the brothers were mostly cared for by their nanny, Elizabeth Everest. When she died in 1895, Churchill wrote that \"she had been my dearest and most intimate friend during the whole of the twenty years I had lived\". Churchill began boarding at St George's School in Ascot, Berkshire, at age seven but"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " was not academic and his behaviour was poor. In 1884 he transferred to Brunswick School in Hove, where his academic performance improved. In April 1888, aged 13, he narrowly passed the entrance exam for Harrow School. His father wanted him to prepare for a military career and so his last three years at Harrow were in the army form. After two unsuccessful attempts to gain admittance to the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, he succeeded on his third. He was accepted as a cadet in the cavalry, starting in September 1893. His father died in January 1895, a month after Churchill graduated from Sandhurst.</s><s>Early life.:Cuba, India, and Sudan: 1895\u20131899. In February 1895, Churchill was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 4th Queen's Own Hussars regiment of the British Army, based at Aldershot. Eager to witness military action, he used his mother's influence to get himself posted to a war zone. In the autumn of 1895, he and his friend Reggie Barnes, then a subaltern, went to Cuba to observe the war of independence and became involved in skirmishes after joining Spanish troops attempting to suppress independence fighters. Churchill sent reports about the conflict to the \"Daily Graphic\" in London. He"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " proceeded to New York City and, in admiration of the United States, wrote to his mother about \"what an extraordinary people the Americans are!\". With the Hussars, he went to Bombay in October 1896. Based in Bangalore, he was in India for 19 months, visiting Calcutta three times and joining expeditions to Hyderabad and the North West Frontier. In India, Churchill began a self-education project, reading a range of authors including Plato, Edward Gibbon, Charles Darwin and Thomas Babington Macaulay. The books were sent to him by his mother, with whom he shared frequent correspondence when abroad. In order to learn about politics, he also asked his mother to send him copies of \"The Annual Register\", the political almanac. In one 1898 letter to her, he referred to his religious beliefs, saying: \"I do not accept the Christian or any other form of religious belief\". Churchill had been christened in the Church of England but, as he related later, he underwent a virulently anti-Christian phase in his youth, and as an adult was an agnostic. In another letter to one of his cousins, he referred to religion as \"a delicious narcotic\" and expressed a preference for Protestantism over Roman Catholicism because he felt it"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " \"a step nearer Reason\". Interested in British parliamentary affairs, he declared himself \"a Liberal in all but name\", adding that he could never endorse the Liberal Party's support for Irish home rule. Instead, he allied himself to the Tory democracy wing of the Conservative Party and on a visit home, gave his first public speech for the party's Primrose League at Claverton Down, near Bath. Mixing reformist and conservative perspectives, he supported the promotion of secular, non-denominational education while opposing women's suffrage. Churchill volunteered to join Bindon Blood's Malakand Field Force in its campaign against Mohmand rebels in the Swat Valley of north-west India. Blood accepted him on condition that he was assigned as a journalist, the beginning of Churchill's writing career. He returned to Bangalore in October 1897 and there wrote his first book, \"The Story of the Malakand Field Force\", which received positive reviews. He also wrote his only work of fiction, \"Savrola\", a Ruritanian romance. To keep himself fully occupied, Churchill embraced writing as what Roy Jenkins calls his \"whole habit\", especially through his political career when he was out of office. Writing was his main safeguard against recurring depression, which he referred"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " to as his \"black dog\". Using his contacts in London, Churchill got himself attached to General Kitchener's campaign in the Sudan as a 21st Lancers subaltern while, additionally, working as a journalist for \"The Morning Post\". After fighting in the Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898, the 21st Lancers were stood down. In October, Churchill returned to England and began writing \"The River War\", an account of the campaign which was published in November 1899; it was at this time that he decided to leave the army. He was critical of Kitchener's actions during the war, particularly the latter's unmerciful treatment of enemy wounded and his desecration of Muhammad Ahmad's tomb in Omdurman. On 2 December 1898, Churchill embarked for India to settle his military business and complete his resignation from the 4th Hussars. He spent a lot of his time there playing polo, the only ball sport in which he was ever interested. Having left the Hussars, he sailed from Bombay on 20 March 1899, determined to launch a career in politics.</s><s>Early life.:Politics and South Africa: 1899\u20131901. Seeking a parliamentary career, Churchill spoke at Conservative meetings and was selected as one of the party"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "'s two parliamentary candidates for the June 1899 by-election in Oldham, Lancashire. While campaigning in Oldham, Churchill referred to himself as \"a Conservative and a Tory Democrat\". Although the Oldham seats had previously been held by the Conservatives, the result was a narrow Liberal victory. Anticipating the outbreak of the Second Boer War between Britain and the Boer Republics, Churchill sailed to South Africa as a journalist for the \"Morning Post\" under the editorship of James Nicol Dunn. In October, he travelled to the conflict zone near Ladysmith, then besieged by Boer troops, before heading for Colenso. After his train was derailed by Boer artillery shelling, he was captured as a prisoner of war (POW) and interned in a Boer POW camp in Pretoria. In December, Churchill escaped from the prison and evaded his captors by stowing away aboard freight trains and hiding in a mine. He eventually made it to safety in Portuguese East Africa. His escape attracted much publicity. In January 1900, he briefly rejoined the army as a lieutenant in the South African Light Horse regiment, joining Redvers Buller's fight to relieve the Siege of Ladysmith and take Pretoria. He was among the first"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " British troops into both places. He and his cousin, the 9th Duke of Marlborough, demanded and received the surrender of 52 Boer prison camp guards. Throughout the war, he had publicly chastised anti-Boer prejudices, calling for them to be treated with \"generosity and tolerance\", and after the war he urged the British to be magnanimous in victory. In July, having resigned his lieutenancy, he returned to Britain. His \"Morning Post\" despatches had been published as \"London to Ladysmith via Pretoria\" and had sold well. Churchill rented a flat in London's Mayfair, using it as his base for the next six years. He stood again as one of the Conservative candidates at Oldham in the October 1900 general election, securing a narrow victory to become a Member of Parliament at age 25. In the same month, he published \"Ian Hamilton's March\", a book about his South African experiences, which became the focus of a lecture tour in November through Britain, America and Canada. Members of Parliament were unpaid and the tour was a financial necessity. In America, Churchill met Mark Twain, President McKinley and Vice President Theodore Roosevelt; he did not get on well with Roosevelt. Later, in spring 1901, he"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " gave more lectures in Paris, Madrid and Gibraltar.</s><s>Early life.:Conservative MP: 1901\u20131904. In February 1901, Churchill took his seat in the House of Commons, where his maiden speech gained widespread press coverage. He associated with a group of Conservatives known as the Hughligans, but he was critical of the Conservative government on various issues, especially increases in army funding. He believed that additional military expenditure should go to the navy. This upset the Conservative front bench but was supported by Liberals, with whom he increasingly socialised, particularly Liberal Imperialists like H. H. Asquith. In this context, Churchill later wrote that he \"drifted steadily to the left\" of parliamentary politics. He privately considered \"the gradual creation by an evolutionary process of a Democratic or Progressive wing to the Conservative Party\", or alternately a \"Central Party\" to unite the Conservatives and Liberals. By 1903, there was real division between Churchill and the Conservatives, largely because he opposed their promotion of economic protectionism. As a free trader, he took part in the foundation of the Free Food League. Churchill sensed that the animosity of many party members would prevent him from gaining a Cabinet position under a Conservative government. The Liberal Party was then attracting growing support, and so his def"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "ection in 1904 may also have been influenced by personal ambition. He increasingly voted with the Liberals against the government. For example, he opposed an increase in military expenditure; he supported a Liberal bill to restore legal rights to trade unions; and he opposed the introduction of tariffs on goods imported into the British Empire, describing himself as a \"sober admirer\" of the principles of free trade. Arthur Balfour's government announced protectionist legislation in October 1903. Two months later, incensed by Churchill's criticism of the government, the Oldham Conservative Association informed him that it would not support his candidature at the next general election. In May 1904, Churchill opposed the government's proposed Aliens Bill, designed to curb Jewish migration into Britain. He stated that the bill would \"appeal to insular prejudice against foreigners, to racial prejudice against Jews, and to labour prejudice against competition\" and expressed himself in favour of \"the old tolerant and generous practice of free entry and asylum to which this country has so long adhered and from which it has so greatly gained\". On 31 May 1904, he crossed the floor, defecting from the Conservatives to sit as a member of the Liberal Party in the House of Commons.</s><s>Liberal MP: 1904\u20131908. As a Liberal"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": ", Churchill attacked government policy and gained a reputation as a radical under the influences of John Morley and David Lloyd George. In December 1905, Balfour resigned as Prime Minister and King Edward\u00a0VII invited the Liberal leader Henry Campbell-Bannerman to take his place. Hoping to secure a working majority in the House of Commons, Campbell-Bannerman called a general election in January 1906, which the Liberals won. Churchill won the Manchester North West seat. In the same month, his biography of his father was published; he received an advance payment of \u00a38,000. It was generally well received. It was also at this time that the first biography of Churchill himself, written by the Liberal Alexander MacCallum Scott, was published. In the new government, Churchill became Under-Secretary of State for the Colonial Office, a junior ministerial position that he had requested. He worked beneath the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin, and took Edward Marsh as his secretary; Marsh remained Churchill's secretary for 25 years. Churchill's first task was helping to draft a constitution for the Transvaal; and he helped oversee the formation of a government in the Orange River Colony. In dealing with southern Africa, he sought to"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " ensure equality between the British and the Boers. He also announced a gradual phasing out of the use of Chinese indentured labourers in South Africa; he and the government decided that a sudden ban would cause too much upset in the colony and might damage the economy. He expressed concerns about the relations between European settlers and the black African population; after the Zulu launched their Bambatha Rebellion in Natal, Churchill complained about the \"disgusting butchery of the natives\" by Europeans.</s><s>Asquith government: 1908\u20131915.</s><s>Asquith government: 1908\u20131915.:President of the Board of Trade: 1908\u20131910. Asquith succeeded the terminally ill Campbell-Bannerman on 8 April 1908 and, four days later, Churchill was appointed President of the Board of Trade, succeeding Lloyd George who became Chancellor of the Exchequer. Aged 33, Churchill was the youngest Cabinet member since 1866. Newly appointed Cabinet ministers were legally obliged to seek re-election at a by-election and on 24 April, Churchill lost the Manchester North West by-election to the Conservative candidate by 429 votes. On 9 May, the Liberals stood him in the safe seat of Dundee, where he won comfortably. In"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " private life, Churchill proposed marriage to Clementine Hozier; they were married on 12 September 1908 at St Margaret's, Westminster and honeymooned in Baveno, Venice, and Vever\u00ed Castle in Moravia. They lived at 33 Eccleston Square, London, and their first daughter, Diana, was born in July 1909. Churchill and Clementine were married for over 56 years until his death. The success of his marriage was important to Churchill's career as Clementine's unbroken affection provided him with a secure and happy background. One of Churchill's first tasks as a minister was to arbitrate in an industrial dispute among ship-workers and employers on the River Tyne. He afterwards established a Standing Court of Arbitration to deal with future industrial disputes, establishing a reputation as a conciliator. In Cabinet, he worked with Lloyd George to champion social reform. He promoted what he called a \"network of State intervention and regulation\" akin to that in Germany. Continuing Lloyd George's work, Churchill introduced the Mines Eight Hours Bill, which legally prohibited miners from working more than an eight-hour day. He introduced the Trade Boards Bill, creating Trade Boards which could prosecute exploitative employers. Passing with a large majority, it established the principle of a minimum"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " wage and the right of workers to have meal breaks. In May 1909, he proposed the Labour Exchanges Bill to establish over 200 Labour Exchanges through which the unemployed would be assisted in finding employment. He also promoted the idea of an unemployment insurance scheme, which would be part-funded by the state. To ensure funding for their reforms, Lloyd George and Churchill denounced Reginald McKenna's policy of naval expansion, refusing to believe that war with Germany was inevitable. As Chancellor, Lloyd George presented his \"People's Budget\" on 29 April 1909, calling it a war budget to eliminate poverty. With Churchill as his closest ally, Lloyd George proposed unprecedented taxes on the rich to fund the Liberal welfare programmes. The budget was vetoed by the Conservative peers who dominated the House of Lords. His social reforms under threat, Churchill became president of the Budget League, and warned that upper-class obstruction could anger working-class Britons and lead to class war. The government called the January 1910 general election, which resulted in a narrow Liberal victory; Churchill retained his seat at Dundee. After the election, he proposed the abolition of the House of Lords in a cabinet memorandum, suggesting that it be succeeded either by a unicameral system or by a new, smaller second chamber that lacked an in"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "-built advantage for the Conservatives. In April, the Lords relented and the People's Budget passed into law. Churchill continued to campaign against the House of Lords and assisted passage of the Parliament Act 1911 which reduced and restricted its powers.</s><s>Asquith government: 1908\u20131915.:Home Secretary: 1910\u20131911. In February 1910, Churchill was promoted to Home Secretary, giving him control over the police and prison services; he implemented a prison reform programme. Measures included a distinction between criminal and political prisoners, with prison rules for the latter being relaxed. There were educational innovations like the establishment of libraries for prisoners, and a requirement for each prison to stage entertainments four times a year. The rules on solitary confinement were relaxed somewhat, and Churchill proposed the abolition of automatic imprisonment of those who failed to pay fines. Imprisonment of people aged between 16 and 21 was abolished except for the most serious offences. Churchill commuted 21 of the 43 capital sentences passed while he was Home Secretary. One of the major domestic issues in Britain was women's suffrage. Churchill supported giving women the vote, but he would only back a bill to that effect if it had majority support from the (male) electorate. His proposed solution was a referendum on the issue, but this"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " found no favour with Asquith and women's suffrage remained unresolved until 1918. Many suffragettes believed that Churchill was a committed opponent of women's suffrage, and targeted his meetings for protest. In November 1910, the suffragist Hugh Franklin attacked Churchill with a whip; Franklin was arrested and imprisoned for six weeks. In the summer of 1910, Churchill had to deal with the Tonypandy Riot, in which coal miners in the Rhondda Valley violently protested against their working conditions. The Chief Constable of Glamorgan requested troops to help police quell the rioting. Churchill, learning that the troops were already travelling, allowed them to go as far as Swindon and Cardiff, but blocked their deployment; he was concerned that the use of troops could lead to bloodshed. Instead he sent 270 London police, who were not equipped with firearms, to assist their Welsh counterparts. As the riots continued, he offered the protesters an interview with the government's chief industrial arbitrator, which they accepted. Privately, Churchill regarded both the mine owners and striking miners as being \"very unreasonable\". \"The Times\" and other media outlets accused him of being too soft on the rioters; in contrast, many in the Labour Party, which was linked to the trade unions"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": ", regarded him as having been too heavy-handed. In consequence of the latter, Churchill incurred the long-term suspicion of the labour movement. Asquith called a general election in December 1910 and the Liberals were re-elected with Churchill secure in Dundee. In January 1911, Churchill became involved in the Siege of Sidney Street; three Latvian burglars had killed several police officers and hidden in a house in London's East End, which was surrounded by police. Churchill stood with the police though he did not direct their operation. After the house caught fire, he told the fire brigade not to proceed into the house because of the threat posed by the armed men. Afterwards, two of the burglars were found dead. Although he faced criticism for his decision, he stated that he \"thought it better to let the house burn down rather than spend good British lives in rescuing those ferocious rascals\". In March 1911, Churchill introduced the second reading of the Coal Mines Bill in parliament. When implemented, it imposed stricter safety standards at coal mines. He also formulated the Shops Bill to improve the working conditions of shop workers; it faced opposition from shop owners and only passed into law in a much emasculated form. In April, Lloyd George introduced the first health and"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " unemployment insurance legislation, the National Insurance Act 1911; Churchill had been instrumental in drafting it. In May, Clementine gave birth to their second child, Randolph, named after Churchill's father. In response to escalating civil strife in 1911, Churchill sent troops into Liverpool to quell protesting dockers and rallied against a national railway strike. During the Agadir Crisis of April 1911, when there was a threat of war between France and Germany, Churchill suggested an alliance with France and Russia to safeguard the independence of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands to counter possible German expansionism. The Agadir Crisis had a profound effect on Churchill and he altered his views about the need for naval expansion.</s><s>Asquith government: 1908\u20131915.:First Lord of the Admiralty. In October 1911, Asquith appointed Churchill First Lord of the Admiralty, and he took up official residence at Admiralty House. He created a naval war staff and, over the next two and a half years, focused on naval preparation, visiting naval stations and dockyards, seeking to improve morale, and scrutinising German naval developments. After the German government passed its 1912 Naval Law to increase warship production, Churchill vowed that Britain would do the same and that for every new battleship built by"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " the Germans, Britain would build two. He invited Germany to engage in a mutual de-escalation of naval building projects, but this was refused. Churchill pushed for higher pay and greater recreational facilities for naval staff, an increase in the building of submarines, and a renewed focus on the Royal Naval Air Service, encouraging them to experiment with how aircraft could be used for military purposes. He coined the term \"seaplane\" and ordered 100 to be constructed. Some Liberals objected to his levels of naval expenditure; in December 1913 he threatened to resign if his proposal for four new battleships in 1914\u201315 was rejected. In June 1914, he convinced the House of Commons to authorise the government purchase of a 51 percent share in the profits of oil produced by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, to secure continued oil access for the Royal Navy. The central issue in Britain at the time was Irish Home Rule and, in 1912, Asquith's government introduced the Home Rule Bill. Churchill supported it and urged Ulster Unionists to accept it as he opposed the partition of Ireland. Concerning the possibility of the Partition of Ireland, Churchill stated: \"Whatever Ulster's right may be, she cannot stand in the way of the whole of the rest of Ireland. Half a province"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " cannot impose a permanent veto on the nation. Half a province cannot obstruct forever the reconciliation between the British and Irish democracies\". Speaking in the House of Commons on 16 February 1922, Churchill said: \"What Irishmen all over the world most desire is not hostility against this country, but the unity of their own\". Later, following a Cabinet decision, he boosted the naval presence in Ireland to deal with any Unionist uprising. Seeking a compromise, Churchill suggested that Ireland remain part of a federal United Kingdom but this angered Liberals and Irish nationalists. As First Lord, Churchill was tasked with overseeing Britain's naval effort when the First World War began in August 1914. In the same month, the navy transported 120,000 British troops to France and began a blockade of Germany's North Sea ports. Churchill sent submarines to the Baltic Sea to assist the Russian Navy and he sent the Marine Brigade to Ostend, forcing a reallocation of German troops. In September, Churchill assumed full responsibility for Britain's aerial defence. On 7 October, Clementine gave birth to their third child, Sarah. In October, Churchill visited Antwerp to observe Belgian defences against the besieging Germans and promised British reinforcements for the city. Soon afterwards, however, Antwerp fell to the Germans and Churchill was criticised"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " in the press. He maintained that his actions had prolonged resistance and enabled the Allies to secure Calais and Dunkirk. In November, Asquith called a War Council, consisting of himself, Lloyd George, Edward Grey, Kitchener, and Churchill. Churchill set the development of the tank on the right track, and financed its creation with Admiralty funds. Churchill was interested in the Middle Eastern theatre and wanted to relieve Turkish pressure on the Russians in the Caucasus by staging attacks against Turkey in the Dardanelles. He hoped that, if successful, the British could even seize Constantinople. Approval was given and, in March 1915, an Anglo-French task force attempted a naval bombardment of Turkish defences in the Dardanelles. In April, the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, including the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), began its assault at Gallipoli. Both campaigns failed and Churchill was held by many MPs, particularly Conservatives, to be personally responsible. In May, Asquith agreed under parliamentary pressure to form an all-party coalition government, but the Conservatives' one condition of entry was that Churchill must be removed from the Admiralty. Churchill pleaded his case with both Asquith and Conservative leader Bonar Law, but had to accept"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " demotion and became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.</s><s>Military service, 1915\u20131916. On 25 November 1915, Churchill resigned from the government, although he remained an MP. Asquith rejected his request to be appointed Governor-General of British East Africa. Churchill decided to join the Army and was attached to the 2nd Grenadier Guards, on the Western Front. In January 1916, he was temporarily promoted to lieutenant-colonel and given command of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers. After a period of training, the battalion was moved to a sector of the Belgian Front near Ploegsteert. For over three months, they faced continual shelling although no German offensive. Churchill narrowly escaped death when, during a visit by his staff officer cousin the 9th Duke of Marlborough, a large piece of shrapnel fell between them. In May, the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers were merged into the 15th Division. Churchill did not request a new command, instead securing permission to leave active service. His temporary promotion ended on 16 May 1916, when he returned to the rank of major. Back in the House of Commons, Churchill spoke out on war issues, calling for conscription to be extended to the Irish,"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " greater recognition of soldiers' bravery, and for the introduction of steel helmets for troops. It was in November 1916 that he penned \"The greater application of mechanical power to the prosecution of an offensive on land\", but it fell on deaf ears. He was frustrated at being out of office as a backbencher, but he was repeatedly blamed for Gallipoli, mainly by the pro-Conservative press. Churchill argued his case before the Dardanelles Commission, whose published report placed no blame on him personally for the campaign's failure.</s><s>Lloyd George government: 1916\u20131922.</s><s>Lloyd George government: 1916\u20131922.:Minister of Munitions: 1917\u20131919. In October 1916, Asquith resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded by Lloyd George who, in May 1917, sent Churchill to inspect the French war effort. In July, Churchill was appointed Minister of Munitions. He quickly negotiated an end to a strike in munitions factories along the Clyde and increased munitions production. It was in his October 1917 letter to the attention of his Cabinet colleagues that he penned the plan of attack for the next year that would bring final victory to the Allies. He ended a second strike, in June 1918, by threatening to conscript"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " strikers into the army. In the House of Commons, Churchill voted in support of the Representation of the People Act 1918, which gave some British women the right to vote. In November 1918, four days after the Armistice, Churchill's fourth child, Marigold, was born.</s><s>Lloyd George government: 1916\u20131922.:Secretary of State for War and Air: 1919\u20131921. With the war over, Lloyd George called a general election with voting on Saturday, 14 December 1918. During the election campaign, Churchill called for the nationalisation of the railways, a control on monopolies, tax reform, and the creation of a League of Nations to prevent future wars. He was returned as MP for Dundee and, although the Conservatives won a majority, Lloyd George was retained as Prime Minister. In January 1919, Lloyd George moved Churchill to the War Office as both Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Air. Churchill was responsible for demobilising the British Army, although he convinced Lloyd George to keep a million men conscripted for the British Army of the Rhine. Churchill was one of the few government figures who opposed harsh measures against the defeated Germany, and he cautioned against demobilising the German Army, warning that"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " they may be needed as a bulwark against threats from the newly established Soviet Russia. He was an outspoken opponent of Vladimir Lenin's new Communist Party government in Russia. He initially supported the use of British troops to assist the anti-Communist White forces in the Russian Civil War, but soon recognised the desire of the British people to bring them home. After the Soviets won the civil war, Churchill proposed a \"cordon sanitaire\" around the country. In the Irish War of Independence, he supported the use of the para-military Black and Tans to combat Irish revolutionaries. After British troops in Iraq clashed with Kurdish rebels, Churchill authorised two squadrons to the area, proposing that they be equipped with mustard gas to be used to \"inflict punishment upon recalcitrant natives without inflicting grave injury upon them\", although this was never implemented. More broadly, he saw the occupation of Iraq as a drain on Britain and proposed, unsuccessfully, that the government should hand control of central and northern Iraq back to Turkey.</s><s>Lloyd George government: 1916\u20131922.:Secretary of State for the Colonies: 1921\u20131922. Churchill became Secretary of State for the Colonies in February 1921. The following month, the first exhibit of his paintings was held; it"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " took place in Paris, with Churchill exhibiting under a pseudonym. In May, his mother died; followed in August by his two-year-old daughter Marigold who succumbed to septicaemia. Marigold's death devastated her parents and Churchill was haunted by the tragedy for the rest of his life. Churchill was involved in negotiations with Sinn F\u00e9in leaders and helped draft the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Elsewhere, he was responsible for reducing the cost of occupying the Middle East, and was involved in the installations of Faisal I of Iraq and his brother Abdullah I of Jordan. Churchill travelled to Mandatory Palestine where, as a supporter of Zionism, he refused an Arab Palestinian petition to prohibit Jewish migration to Palestine. He did allow some temporary restrictions following the 1921 Jaffa riots. In September 1922, the Chanak Crisis erupted as Turkish forces threatened to occupy the Dardanelles neutral zone, which was policed by the British army based in Chanak (now \u00c7anakkale). Churchill and Lloyd George favoured military resistance to any Turkish advance but the majority Conservatives in the coalition government opposed it. A political debacle ensued which resulted in the Conservative withdrawal from the government, precipitating the November 1922 general election. Also in September, Churchill's fifth"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " and last child, Mary, was born, and in the same month he purchased Chartwell, in Kent, which became his family home for the rest of his lifetime. In October 1922, he underwent an operation for appendicitis. While he was in hospital, Lloyd George's coalition was dissolved. In the general election, Churchill lost his Dundee seat  to Edwin Scrymgeour, a prohibitionist candidate. Later, he wrote that he was \"without an office, without a seat, without a party, and without an appendix\". Still, he could be satisfied with his elevation as one of 50 Companions of Honour, as named in Lloyd George's 1922 Dissolution Honours list.</s><s>Out of Parliament: 1922\u20131924. Churchill spent much of the next six months at the Villa R\u00eave d'Or near Cannes, where he devoted himself to painting and writing his memoirs. He wrote an autobiographical history of the war, \"The World Crisis\". The first volume was published in April 1923 and the rest over the next ten years. After the 1923 general election was called, seven Liberal associations asked Churchill to stand as their candidate, and he selected Leicester West, but he did not win the seat. A Labour government led by Ramsay MacDonald"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " took power. Churchill had hoped they would be defeated by a Conservative-Liberal coalition. He strongly opposed the MacDonald government's decision to loan money to Soviet Russia and feared the signing of an Anglo-Soviet Treaty. On 19 March 1924, alienated by Liberal support for Labour, Churchill stood as an independent anti-socialist candidate in the Westminster Abbey by-election but was defeated. In May, he addressed a Conservative meeting in Liverpool and declared that there was no longer a place for the Liberal Party in British politics. He said that Liberals must back the Conservatives to stop Labour and ensure \"the successful defeat of socialism\". In July, he agreed with Conservative leader Stanley Baldwin that he would be selected as a Conservative candidate in the next general election, which was held on 29 October. Churchill stood at Epping, but he described himself as a \"Constitutionalist\". The Conservatives were victorious and Baldwin formed the new government. Although Churchill had no background in finance or economics, Baldwin appointed him as Chancellor of the Exchequer.</s><s>Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1924\u20131929. Becoming Chancellor on 6 November 1924, Churchill formally rejoined the Conservative Party. As Chancellor, he intended to pursue his free trade principles in the form of \"laissez-faire"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "\" economics, as under the Liberal social reforms. In April 1925, he controversially albeit reluctantly restored the gold standard in his first budget at its 1914 parity against the advice of some leading economists including John Maynard Keynes. The return to gold is held to have caused deflation and resultant unemployment with a devastating impact on the coal industry. Churchill presented five budgets in all to April 1929. Among his measures were reduction of the state pension age from 70 to 65; immediate provision of widow's pensions; reduction of military expenditure; income tax reductions and imposition of taxes on luxury items. During the General Strike of 1926, Churchill edited the \"British Gazette\", the government's anti-strike propaganda newspaper. After the strike ended, he acted as an intermediary between striking miners and their employers. He later called for the introduction of a legally binding minimum wage. In early 1927, Churchill visited Rome where he met Mussolini, whom he praised for his stand against Leninism.</s><s>The \"Wilderness Years\": 1929\u20131939.</s><s>The \"Wilderness Years\": 1929\u20131939.:\"Marlborough\" and the India Question: 1929\u20131932. In the 1929 general election, Churchill retained his Epping seat but the Conservatives were defeated and MacDonald formed his second Labour government."}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " Out of office, Churchill was prone to depression (his \"black dog\") as he sensed his political talents being wasted and time passing him by \u2013 in all such times, writing provided the antidote. He began work on \"\", a four-volume biography of his ancestor John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. It was by this time that he had developed a reputation for being a heavy drinker of alcoholic beverages, although Jenkins believes that was often exaggerated. Hoping that the Labour government could be ousted, he gained Baldwin's approval to work towards establishing a Conservative-Liberal coalition, although many Liberals were reluctant. In October 1930, after his return from a trip to North America, Churchill published his autobiography, \"My Early Life\", which sold well and was translated into multiple languages. In January 1931, Churchill resigned from the Conservative Shadow Cabinet because Baldwin supported the decision of the Labour government to grant Dominion status to India. Churchill believed that enhanced home rule status would hasten calls for full independence. He was particularly opposed to Mohandas Gandhi, whom he considered \"a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir\". His views enraged Labour and Liberal opinion although he was supported by many grassroot Conservatives. The October 1931 general election was a landslide victory for"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " the Conservatives Churchill nearly doubled his majority in Epping, but he was not given a ministerial position. The Commons debated Dominion Status for India on 3 December and Churchill insisted on dividing the House, but this backfired as only 43 MPs supported him. He embarked on a lecture tour of North America, hoping to recoup financial losses sustained in the Wall Street Crash. On 13 December, he was crossing Fifth Avenue in New York City when he was knocked down by a car, suffering a head wound from which he developed neuritis. To further his convalescence, he and Clementine took ship to Nassau for three weeks but Churchill became depressed there about his financial and political losses. He returned to America in late January 1932 and completed most of his lectures before arriving home on 18 March. Having worked on \"Marlborough\" for much of 1932, Churchill in late August decided to visit his ancestor's battlefields. Staying at the Regina Hotel in Munich, he met Ernst Hanfstaengl, a friend of Hitler, who was then rising in prominence. Hanfstaengl tried to arrange a meeting between Churchill and Hitler, but Hitler was unenthusiastic: \"What on earth would I talk to him about?\" he asked. After Churchill raised concerns about"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " Hitler's anti-Semitism, Hitler did not come to the hotel that day or the next. Hitler allegedly told Hanfstaengl that Churchill was not in office and was of no consequence. Soon after visiting Blenheim, Churchill was afflicted with paratyphoid fever and spent two weeks at a sanatorium in Salzburg. He returned to Chartwell on 25 September, still working on \"Marlborough\". Two days later, he collapsed while walking in the grounds after a recurrence of paratyphoid which caused an ulcer to haemorrhage. He was taken to a London nursing home and remained there until late October.</s><s>The \"Wilderness Years\": 1929\u20131939.:Warnings about Germany and the abdication crisis: 1933\u20131936. After Hitler came to power on 30 January 1933, Churchill was quick to recognise the menace of such a regime and expressed alarm that the British government had reduced air force spending and warned that Germany would soon overtake Britain in air force production. Armed with official data provided clandestinely by two senior civil servants, Desmond Morton and Ralph Wigram, Churchill was able to speak with authority about what was happening in Germany, especially the development of the Luftwaffe. He"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " told the people of his concerns in a radio broadcast in November 1934, having earlier denounced the intolerance and militarism of Nazism in the House of Commons. While Churchill regarded Mussolini's regime as a bulwark against the perceived threat of communist revolution, he opposed the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, despite describing the country as a primitive, uncivilised nation. Writing about the Spanish Civil War, he referred to Franco's army as the \"anti-red movement\", but later became critical of Franco. Two of his nephews, Esmond and Giles Romilly, fought as volunteers in the International Brigades in defence of the legitimate Republican government. Between October 1933 and September 1938, the four volumes of \"Marlborough: His Life and Times\" were published and sold well. In December 1934, the India Bill entered Parliament and was passed in February 1935. Churchill and 83 other Conservative MPs voted against it. In June 1935, MacDonald resigned and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Baldwin. Baldwin then led the Conservatives to victory in the 1935 general election; Churchill retained his seat with an increased majority but was again left out of the government. In January 1936, Edward\u00a0VIII succeeded his father, George\u00a0V, as monarch. His desire to marry an American divorcee, Wall"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "is Simpson, caused the abdication crisis. Churchill supported Edward and clashed with Baldwin on the issue. Afterwards, although Churchill immediately pledged loyalty to George\u00a0VI, he wrote that the abdication was \"premature and probably quite unnecessary\".</s><s>The \"Wilderness Years\": 1929\u20131939.:Anti-appeasement: 1937\u20131939. In May 1937, Baldwin resigned and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Neville Chamberlain. At first, Churchill welcomed Chamberlain's appointment but, in February 1938, matters came to a head after Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden resigned over Chamberlain's appeasement of Mussolini, a policy which Chamberlain was extending towards Hitler. In 1938, Churchill warned the government against appeasement and called for collective action to deter German aggression. In March, the \"Evening Standard\" ceased publication of his fortnightly articles, but the \"Daily Telegraph\" published them instead. Following the German annexation of Austria, Churchill spoke in the House of Commons, declaring that \"the gravity of the events[\u2026] cannot be exaggerated\"... He began calling for a mutual defence pact among European states threatened by German expansionism, arguing that this was the only way to halt Hitler. This was to no avail as, in September, Germany mobilised to invade the Sudet"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "enland in Czechoslovakia. Churchill visited Chamberlain at Downing Street and urged him to tell Germany that Britain would declare war if the Germans invaded Czechoslovak territory; Chamberlain was not willing to do this. On 30 September, Chamberlain signed up to the Munich Agreement, agreeing to allow German annexation of the Sudetenland. Speaking in the House of Commons on 5 October, Churchill called the agreement \"a total and unmitigated defeat\". Following the final dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Churchill and his supporters called for the foundation of a national coalition. His popularity increased and people began to agitate for his return to office.</s><s>First Lord of the Admiralty: September 1939 to May 1940.</s><s>First Lord of the Admiralty: September 1939 to May 1940.:The Phoney War and the Norwegian Campaign. On 3 September 1939, the day Britain declared war on Germany, Chamberlain reappointed Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty and he joined Chamberlain's war cabinet. Churchill later claimed that the Board of the Admiralty sent a signal to the Fleet: \"Winston is back\". As First Lord, Churchill was one of the highest-profile ministers during the so-called \"Phoney War\", when the only significant action by British forces was"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " at sea. Churchill was ebullient after the Battle of the River Plate on 13 December 1939 and afterwards welcomed home the crews, congratulating them on \"a brilliant sea fight\" and saying that their actions in a cold, dark winter had \"warmed the cockles of the British heart\". On 16 February 1940, Churchill personally ordered Captain Philip Vian of the destroyer to board the German supply ship in Norwegian waters freeing 299 captured British merchant seamen who had been captured by the. These actions, supplemented by his speeches, considerably enhanced Churchill's reputation. He was concerned about German naval activity in the Baltic Sea and initially wanted to send a naval force there but this was soon changed to a plan, codenamed \"Operation Wilfred\", to mine Norwegian waters and stop iron ore shipments from Narvik to Germany. There were disagreements about mining, both in the war cabinet and with the French government. As a result, \"Wilfred\" was delayed until 8 April 1940, the day before the German invasion of Norway was launched.</s><s>First Lord of the Admiralty: September 1939 to May 1940.:The Norway Debate and Chamberlain's resignation. After the Allies failed to prevent the German occupation of Norway, the Commons held an open debate from 7 to 9 May on the government's"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " conduct of the war. This has come to be known as the Norway Debate and is renowned as one of the most significant events in parliamentary history. On the second day (Wednesday, 8 May), the Labour opposition called for a division which was in effect a vote of no confidence in Chamberlain's government. There was considerable support for Churchill on both sides of the House but, as a member of the government, he was obliged to speak on its behalf. He was called upon to wind up the debate, which placed him in the difficult position of having to defend the government without damaging his own prestige. Although the government won the vote, its majority was drastically reduced amid calls for a national government to be formed. In the early hours of 10 May, German forces invaded Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands as a prelude to their assault on France. Since the division vote, Chamberlain had been trying to form a coalition but Labour declared on the Friday afternoon that they would not serve under his leadership, although they would accept another Conservative. The only two candidates were Churchill and Lord Halifax, the Foreign Secretary. The matter had already been discussed at a meeting on the 9th between Chamberlain, Halifax, Churchill, and David Margesson, the government Chief Whip. Halifax admitted that he could not govern effectively"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " as a member of the House of Lords and so Chamberlain advised the King to send for Churchill, who became Prime Minister. Churchill later wrote of feeling a profound sense of relief in that he now had authority over the whole scene. He believed himself to be walking with destiny and that his life so far had been \"a preparation for this hour and for this trial\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:War ministry created. In May, Churchill was still generally unpopular with many Conservatives and probably most of the Labour Party. Chamberlain remained Conservative Party leader until October when ill health forced his resignation. By that time, Churchill had won the doubters over and his succession as party leader was a formality. He began his premiership by forming a five-man war cabinet which included Chamberlain as Lord President of the Council, Labour leader Clement Attlee as Lord Privy Seal (later as Deputy Prime Minister), Halifax as Foreign Secretary and Labour's Arthur Greenwood as a minister without portfolio. In practice, these five were augmented by the service chiefs and ministers who attended the majority"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " of meetings. The cabinet changed in size and membership as the war progressed, one of the key appointments being the leading trades unionist Ernest Bevin as Minister of Labour and National Service. In response to previous criticisms that there had been no clear single minister in charge of the prosecution of the war, Churchill created and assumed the additional position of Minister of Defence, making him the most powerful wartime Prime Minister in British history. He drafted outside experts into government to fulfil vital functions, especially on the Home Front. These included personal friends like Lord Beaverbrook and Frederick Lindemann, who became the government's scientific advisor.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:Resolve to fight on. At the end of May, with the British Expeditionary Force in retreat to Dunkirk and the Fall of France seemingly imminent, Halifax proposed that the government should explore the possibility of a negotiated peace settlement using the still-neutral Mussolini as an intermediary. There were several high-level meetings from 26 to 28 May, including two with the French premier Paul Reynaud. Churchill's resolve was to fight on, even if France capitulated, but his position remained precarious until Chamberlain resolved to support him. Churchill had the full support of the"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " two Labour members but knew he could not survive as Prime Minister if both Chamberlain and Halifax were against him. In the end, by gaining the support of his outer cabinet, Churchill outmanoeuvred Halifax and won Chamberlain over. Churchill believed that the only option was to fight on and his use of rhetoric hardened public opinion against a peaceful resolution and prepared the British people for a long war \u2013 Jenkins says Churchill's speeches were \"an inspiration for the nation, and a catharsis for Churchill himself\". Churchill succeeded as an orator despite being handicapped from childhood with a speech impediment. He had a lateral lisp and was unable to pronounce the letter \"s\", verbalising it with a slur. He worked hard on his pronunciation by repeating phrases designed to cure his problem with the sibilant \"s\". He was ultimately successful and was eventually able to say: \"My impediment is no hindrance\". In time, he turned the impediment into an asset and could use it to great effect, as when he called Hitler a \"Nar-zee\" (rhymes with \"khazi\"; emphasis on the \"z\"), rather than a Nazi (\"ts\"). His first speech as Prime Minister, delivered to the Commons on 13 May was the \"blood, toil, tears"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " and sweat\" speech. It was little more than a short statement but, Jenkins says, \"it included phrases which have reverberated down the decades\". Churchill made it plain to the nation that a long, hard road lay ahead and that victory was the final goal:</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:Operation Dynamo and the Battle of France. Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of 338,226 Allied servicemen from Dunkirk, ended on Tuesday, 4 June when the French rearguard surrendered. The total was far in excess of expectations and it gave rise to a popular view that Dunkirk had been a miracle, and even a victory. Churchill himself referred to \"a miracle of deliverance\" in his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech to the Commons that afternoon, though he shortly reminded everyone that: \"We must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations\". The speech ended on a note of defiance coupled with a clear appeal to the United States: Germany initiated \"Fall Rot\" the following day and Italy entered the war on the 10th. The Wehrmacht occupied Paris on the 14th and completed their"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " conquest of France on 25 June. It was now inevitable that Hitler would attack and probably try to invade Great Britain. Faced with this, Churchill addressed the Commons on 18 June and delivered one of his most famous speeches, ending with this peroration: Churchill was determined to fight back and ordered the commencement of the Western Desert campaign on 11 June, an immediate response to the Italian declaration of war. This went well at first while the Italian army was the sole opposition and Operation Compass was a noted success. In early 1941, however, Mussolini requested German support and Hitler sent the Afrika Korps to Tripoli under the command of \"Generalleutnant\" Erwin Rommel, who arrived not long after Churchill had halted \"Compass\" so that he could reassign forces to Greece where the Balkans campaign was entering a critical phase. In other initiatives through June and July 1940, Churchill ordered the formation of both the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the Commandos. The SOE was ordered to promote and execute subversive activity in Nazi-occupied Europe while the Commandos were charged with raids on specific military targets there. Hugh Dalton, the Minister of Economic Warfare, took political responsibility for the SOE and recorded in his diary that Churchill told him: \"And now go and"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " set Europe ablaze\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:The Battle of Britain and the Blitz. On 20 August 1940, at the height of the Battle of Britain, Churchill addressed the Commons to outline the war situation. In the middle of this speech, he made a statement that created a famous nickname for the RAF fighter pilots involved in the battle: The Luftwaffe altered its strategy from 7 September 1940 and began the Blitz, which was especially intensive through October and November. Churchill's morale during the Blitz was generally high and he told his private secretary John Colville in November that he thought the threat of invasion was past. He was confident that Great Britain could hold its own, given the increase in output, but was realistic about its chances of actually winning the war without American intervention.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:Lend-Lease. In September 1940, the British and American governments concluded the Destroyers for Bases Agreement, by which fifty American destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy in exchange for free US base rights in Bermuda, the Caribbean and Newfoundland. An added advantage for Britain was that its military assets"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " in those bases could be redeployed elsewhere. Churchill's good relations with United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped secure vital food, oil and munitions via the North Atlantic shipping routes. It was for this reason that Churchill was relieved when Roosevelt was re-elected in 1940. Upon re-election, Roosevelt set about implementing a new method of providing necessities to Great Britain without the need for monetary payment. He persuaded Congress that repayment for this immensely costly service would take the form of defending the US. The policy was known as Lend-Lease and it was formally enacted on 11 March 1941.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:Operation Barbarossa. Hitler launched his invasion of the Soviet Union on Sunday, 22 June 1941. It was no surprise to Churchill, who had known since early April, from Enigma decrypts at Bletchley Park, that the attack was imminent. He had tried to warn General Secretary Joseph Stalin via the British ambassador to Moscow, Stafford Cripps, but to no avail as Stalin did not trust Churchill. The night before the attack, already intending an address to the nation, Churchill alluded to his hitherto anti-communist views by saying to Colville: \""}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "If Hitler invaded Hell, I would at least make a favourable reference to the Devil\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:Atlantic Charter. In August 1941, Churchill made his first transatlantic crossing of the war on board and met Roosevelt in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. On 14 August, they issued the joint statement that has become known as the Atlantic Charter. This outlined the goals of both countries for the future of the world and it is seen as the inspiration for the 1942 Declaration by United Nations, itself the basis of the United Nations which was founded in June 1945.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Pearl Harbor and United States entry into the war. On 7\u20138 December 1941, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was followed by their invasion of Malaya and, on the 8th, Churchill declared war on Japan. Three days later came the joint declaration of war by Germany and Italy against the United States. Churchill went to Washington later in the month to meet Roosevelt for the first Washington Conference (cod"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "ename \"Arcadia\"). This was important for \"Europe First\", the decision to prioritise victory in Europe over victory in the Pacific, taken by Roosevelt while Churchill was still in mid-Atlantic. The Americans agreed with Churchill that Hitler was the main enemy and that the defeat of Germany was key to Allied success. It was also agreed that the first joint Anglo-American strike would be Operation Torch, the invasion of French North Africa (i.e., Algeria and Morocco). Originally planned for the spring of 1942, it was finally launched in November 1942 when the crucial Second Battle of El Alamein was already underway. On 26 December, Churchill addressed a joint meeting of the US Congress but, that night, he suffered a mild heart attack which was diagnosed by his physician, Sir Charles Wilson (later Lord Moran), as a coronary deficiency needing several weeks' bed rest. Churchill insisted that he did not need bed rest and, two days later, journeyed on to Ottawa by train where he gave a speech to the Canadian Parliament that included the \"some chicken, some neck\" line in which he recalled French predictions in 1940 that \"Britain alone would have her neck wrung like a chicken\". He arrived home in mid-January, having flown from Bermuda to Plymouth in an American flying boat"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": ", to find that there was a crisis of confidence in both his coalition government and himself personally, and he decided to face a vote of confidence in the Commons, which he won easily. While he was away, the Eighth Army, having already relieved the Siege of Tobruk, had pursued Operation Crusader against Rommel's forces in Libya, successfully driving them back to a defensive position at El Agheila in Cyrenaica. On 21 January 1942, however, Rommel launched a surprise counter-attack which drove the Allies back to Gazala. Elsewhere, recent British success in the Battle of the Atlantic was compromised by the Kriegsmarine's introduction of its M4 4-rotor Enigma, whose signals could not be deciphered by Bletchley Park for nearly a year. In the Far East, the news was much worse with Japanese advances in all theatres, especially at sea and in Malaya. At a press conference in Washington, Churchill had to play down his increasing doubts about the security of Singapore.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Fall of Singapore, loss of Burma and the Bengal famine. Churchill already had grave concerns about the fighting quality of British"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " troops after the defeats in Norway, France, Greece and Crete. Following the fall of Singapore to the Japanese on 15 February 1942, he felt that his misgivings were confirmed and said: \"(this is) the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British military history\". More bad news had come on 11 February as the Kriegsmarine pulled off its audacious \"Channel Dash\", a massive blow to British naval prestige. The combined effect of these events was to sink Churchill's morale to its lowest point of the whole war. Meanwhile, the Japanese had occupied most of Burma by the end of April 1942. Counter-offensives were hampered by the monsoon season and by disordered conditions in Bengal and Bihar, as well as a severe cyclone which devastated the region in October 1942. A combination of factors, including the curtailment of essential rice imports from Burma, poor administration, wartime inflation and a series of large-scale natural disasters such as flooding and crop disease led to the Bengal famine of 1943, in which an estimated 2.1\u20133.8 million people died. From December 1942 onwards, food shortages had prompted senior officials in India to ask London for grain imports, although the colonial authorities failed to recognise the seriousness of the emerging famine and responded inept"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "ly. Churchill's government was criticised for refusing to approve more imports, a policy it ascribed to an acute wartime shortage of shipping. When the British realised the full extent of the famine in September 1943, Churchill ordered the transportation of 130,000 tons of Iraqi and Australian grain to Bengal and the war cabinet agreed to send 200,000 tons by the end of the year. During the last quarter of 1943, 100,000 tons of rice and 176,000 tons of wheat were imported, compared to averages of 55,000 tons of rice and 54,000 tons of wheat earlier in the year. In October, Churchill wrote to the newly appointed Viceroy of India, Lord Wavell, charging him with the responsibility of ending the famine. In February 1944, as preparation for Operation Overlord placed greater demands on Allied shipping, Churchill cabled Wavell saying: \"I will certainly help you all I can, but you must not ask the impossible\". Grain shipment requests continued to be turned down by the government throughout 1944, and Wavell complained to Churchill in October that \"the vital problems of India are being treated by His Majesty's Government with neglect, even sometimes with hostility and contempt\". The relative impact of British policies on the death toll of the famine remains a matter of controversy"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " among scholars.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:International conferences in 1942. On 20 May 1942, the Soviet Foreign Affairs minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, arrived in London and stayed until the 28th before going on to Washington. The purpose of this visit was to sign a treaty of friendship but Molotov wanted it done on the basis of certain territorial concessions regarding Poland and the Baltic countries. Churchill and Eden worked for a compromise and eventually a twenty-year treaty was formalised but with the question of frontiers placed on hold. Molotov was also seeking a Second Front in Europe but all Churchill could do was confirm that preparations were in progress and make no promises on a date. Churchill felt well pleased with these negotiations and said as much when he contacted Roosevelt on the 27th. The previous day, however, Rommel had launched his counter-offensive, \"Operation Venice\", to begin the Battle of Gazala. The Allies were ultimately driven out of Libya and suffered a major defeat in the loss of Tobruk on 21 June. Churchill was with Roosevelt when the news of Tobruk reached him. He was shocked by the surrender of 35,000 troops which was,"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " apart from Singapore, \"the heaviest blow\" he received in the war. The Axis advance was eventually halted at the First Battle of El Alamein in July and the Battle of Alam el Halfa in early September. Both sides were exhausted and in urgent need of reinforcements and supplies. Churchill had returned to Washington on 17 June. He and Roosevelt agreed on the implementation of \"Operation Torch\" as the necessary precursor to an invasion of Europe. Roosevelt had appointed General Dwight D. Eisenhower as commanding officer of the European Theater of Operations, United States Army (ETOUSA). Having received the news from North Africa, Churchill obtained shipment from America to the Eighth Army of 300 Sherman tanks and 100 howitzers. He returned to Britain on 25 June and had to face another motion of no confidence, this time in his central direction of the war, but again he won easily. In August, despite health concerns, Churchill visited the British forces in North Africa, raising morale in the process, en route to Moscow for his first meeting with Stalin. He was accompanied by Roosevelt's special envoy Averell Harriman. He was in Moscow 12\u201316 August and had four lengthy meetings with Stalin. Although they got along quite well together on a personal level, there was little chance of any"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " real progress given the state of the war with the Germans still advancing in all theatres. Stalin was desperate for the Allies to open the Second Front in Europe, as Churchill had discussed with Molotov in May, and the answer was the same.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Turn of the tide: El Alamein and Stalingrad. While he was in Cairo in early August, Churchill decided to appoint Field Marshal Alexander as Field Marshal Auchinleck's successor as Commander-in-Chief of the Middle East Theatre. Command of the Eighth Army was given to General William Gott but he was shot down and killed while flying to Cairo, only three days later and General Montgomery succeeded him. Churchill returned to Cairo from Moscow on 17 August and could see for himself that the Alexander/Montgomery combination was already having an effect. He returned to England on the 21st, nine days before Rommel launched his final offensive. As 1942 drew to a close, the tide of war began to turn with Allied victory in the key battles of El Alamein and Stalingrad. Until November, the Allies had always been on the defensive, but from November, the Germans were. Churchill ordered the"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " church bells to be rung throughout Great Britain for the first time since early 1940. On 10 November, knowing that El Alamein was a victory, he delivered one of his most memorable war speeches to the Lord Mayor's Luncheon at the Mansion House in London, in response to the Allied victory at El Alamein: \"This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:International conferences in 1943. In January 1943, Churchill met Roosevelt at the Casablanca Conference (codename \"Symbol\"), which lasted ten days. It was also attended by General Charles de Gaulle on behalf of the Free French Forces. Stalin had hoped to attend but declined because of the situation at Stalingrad. Although Churchill expressed doubts on the matter, the so-called Casablanca Declaration committed the Allies to securing \"unconditional surrender\" by the Axis powers. From Morocco, Churchill went to Cairo, Adana, Cyprus, Cairo again and Algiers for various purposes. He arrived home on 7 February having been out of the country for nearly a month. He addressed"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " the Commons on the 11th and then became seriously ill with pneumonia the following day, necessitating more than one month of rest, recuperation and convalescence \u2013 for the latter, he moved to Chequers. He returned to work in London on 15 March. Churchill made two transatlantic crossings during the year, meeting Roosevelt at both the third Washington Conference (codename \"Trident\") in May and the first Quebec Conference (codename \"Quadrant\") in August. In November, Churchill and Roosevelt met Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek at the Cairo Conference (codename \"Sextant\"). The most important conference of the year was soon afterwards (28 November to 1 December) at Tehran (codename \"Eureka\"), where Churchill and Roosevelt met Stalin in the first of the \"Big Three\" meetings, preceding those at Yalta and Potsdam in 1945. Roosevelt and Stalin co-operated in persuading Churchill to commit to the opening of a second front in western Europe and it was also agreed that Germany would be divided after the war, but no firm decisions were made about how. On their way back from Tehran, Churchill and Roosevelt held a second Cairo conference with Turkish president \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": ", but were unable to gain any commitment from Turkey to join the Allies. Churchill went from Cairo to Tunis, arriving on 10 December, initially as Eisenhower's guest (soon afterwards, Eisenhower took over as Supreme Allied Commander of the new SHAEF just being created in London). While Churchill was in Tunis, he became seriously ill with atrial fibrillation and was forced to remain until after Christmas while a succession of specialists were drafted in to ensure his recovery. Clementine and Colville arrived to keep him company; Colville had just returned to Downing Street after more than two years in the RAF. On 27 December, the party went on to Marrakesh for convalescence. Feeling much better, Churchill flew to Gibraltar on 14 January 1944 and sailed home on the. He was back in London on the morning of 18 January and surprised MPs by attending Prime Minister's Questions in the Commons that afternoon. Since 12 January 1943, when he set off for the Casablanca Conference, Churchill had been abroad or seriously ill for 203 of the 371 days.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Invasions of Sicily and Italy. In the autumn of 1942, after Churchill's meeting with Stalin in Moscow"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": ", he was approached by Eisenhower, commanding the North African Theater of Operations, United States Army (NATOUSA), and his aides on the subject of where the Western Allies should launch their first strike in Europe. According to General Mark Clark, who later commanded the United States Fifth Army in the Italian campaign, the Americans openly admitted that a cross-Channel operation in the near future was \"utterly impossible\". As an alternative, Churchill recommended \"slit(ting) the soft belly of the Mediterranean\" and persuaded them to invade first Sicily and then Italy after they had defeated the Afrika Korps in North Africa. After the war, Clark still agreed that Churchill's analysis was correct but he added that, when the Allies landed at Salerno, they found that Italy was \"a tough old gut\". The invasion of Sicily began on 9 July and was successfully completed by 17 August. Churchill was then all for driving straight up the Italian mainland with Rome as the main target, but the Americans wanted to withdraw several divisions to England in the build-up of forces for Operation Overlord, now scheduled for the spring of 1944. Churchill was still not keen on \"Overlord\" as he feared that an Anglo-American army in France might not be a match for the fighting efficiency of the"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " Wehrmacht. He preferred peripheral operations, including a plan called Operation Jupiter for an invasion of northern Norway. Events in Sicily had an unexpected impact in Italy. King Victor Emmanuel sacked Mussolini on 25 July and appointed Marshal Badoglio as Prime Minister. Badoglio opened negotiations with the Allies which resulted in the Armistice of Cassibile on 3 September. In response, the Germans activated Operation Achse and took control of most of Italy. Although he still preferred Italy to Normandy as the Allies' main route into the Third Reich, Churchill was deeply concerned about the strong German resistance at Salerno and, later, after the Allies successfully gained their bridgehead at Anzio but still failed to break the stalemate, he caustically said that instead of \"hurling a wildcat onto the shore\", the Allied force had become a \"stranded whale\".  The big obstacle was Monte Cassino and it was not until mid-May 1944 when it was finally overcome, enabling the Allies to at last advance on Rome, which was taken on 4 June.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Preparations for D-Day. The difficulties in Italy caused Churchill to have a"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " change of heart and mind about Allied strategy to the extent that, when the Anzio stalemate developed soon after his return to England from North Africa, he threw himself into the planning of \"Overlord\" and set up an ongoing series of meetings with SHAEF and the British Chiefs of Staff over which he regularly presided. These were always attended by either Eisenhower or his chief of staff General Walter Bedell Smith. Churchill was especially taken by the Mulberry project but he was also keen to make the most of Allied air power which, by the beginning of 1944, had become overwhelming. Churchill never fully lost his apprehension about the invasion, however, and underwent great fluctuation of mood as D-Day approached. Jenkins says that he faced potential victory with much less buoyancy than when he defiantly faced the prospect of defeat four years earlier.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Need for post-war reform. Churchill could not ignore the need for post-war reforms covering a broad sweep of areas such as agriculture, education, employment, health, housing and welfare. The Beveridge Report with its five \"Giant Evils\" was published in November 1942 and assumed great importance amid widespread popular acclaim"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": ". Even so, Churchill was not really interested because he was focused on winning the war and saw reform in terms of tidying up afterwards. His attitude was demonstrated in a Sunday evening radio broadcast on 26 March 1944. He was obliged to devote most of it to the subject of reform and showed a distinct lack of interest. In their respective diaries, Colville said Churchill had broadcast \"indifferently\" and Harold Nicolson said that, to many people, Churchill came across the air as \"a worn and petulant old man\". In the end, however, it was the population's demand for reform that decided the 1945 general election. Labour was perceived as the party that would deliver Beveridge. Arthur Greenwood had initiated its preceding social insurance and allied services inquiry in June 1941. Attlee, Bevin and Labour's other coalition ministers through the war were seen to be working towards reform and earned the trust of the electorate.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:D-Day: Allied invasion of Normandy. Churchill was determined to be actively involved in the Normandy invasion and hoped to cross the Channel on D-Day"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " itself (6 June 1944) or at least on D-Day+1. His desire caused unnecessary consternation at SHAEF until he was effectively vetoed by the King who told Churchill that, as head of all three services, he (the King) ought to go too. Churchill expected an Allied death toll of 20,000 on D-Day but he was proven to be pessimistic because less than 8,000 died in the whole of June. He made his first visit to Normandy on 12 June to visit Montgomery, whose HQ was then about five miles inland. That evening, as he was returning to London, the first V-1 flying bombs were launched. In a longer visit to Normandy on 22\u201323 July, Churchill went to Cherbourg and Arromanches where he saw the Mulberry Harbour.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:Quebec Conference, September 1944. Churchill met Roosevelt at the Second Quebec Conference (codename \"Octagon\") from 12 to 16 September 1944. Between themselves, they reached agreement on the Morgenthau Plan for the Allied occupation of Germany after the war, the intention of which was not only to demilitarise but also de-industrialise Germany. Eden strongly"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " opposed it and was later able to persuade Churchill to disown it. US Secretary of State Cordell Hull also opposed it and convinced Roosevelt that it was infeasible.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:Moscow Conference, October 1944. At the fourth Moscow conference (codename \"Tolstoy\") from 9 to 19 October 1944, Churchill and Eden met Stalin and Molotov. This conference has gained notoriety for the so-called \"Percentages agreement\" in which Churchill and Stalin effectively agreed the post-war fate of the Balkans. By that time, the Soviet armies were in Rumania and Bulgaria. Churchill suggested a scale of predominance throughout the whole region so as not to, as he put it, \"get at cross-purposes in small ways\". He wrote down some suggested percentages of influence per country and gave it to Stalin who ticked it. The agreement was that Russia would have 90% control of Romania and 75% control of Bulgaria. The UK and the USA would have 90% control of Greece. Hungary and Yugoslavia would be 50% each. In 1958, five years after the account of this meeting was published (in Churchill's \"The Second World War\"), Soviet authorities denied"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " that Stalin had accepted such an \"imperialist proposal\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:Yalta Conference, February 1945. From 30 January to 2 February 1945, Churchill and Roosevelt met for their Malta Conference ahead of the second \"Big Three\" event at Yalta from 4 to 11 February. Yalta had massive implications for the post-war world. There were two predominant issues: the question of setting up the United Nations Organisation after the war, on which much progress was made; and the more vexed question of Poland's post-war status, which Churchill saw as a test case for the future of Eastern Europe. Churchill faced some strong criticism for the Yalta agreement on Poland. For example, 27 Tory MPs voted against him when the matter was debated in the Commons at the end of the month. Jenkins, however, maintains that Churchill did as well as he could have done in very difficult circumstances, not least the fact that Roosevelt was seriously ill and could not provide Churchill with meaningful support. Another outcome of Yalta was the so-called Operation Keelhaul. The Western Allies agreed to the forcible repatriation of all Soviet citizens in the Allied zones, including prisoners of"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " war, to the Soviet Union and the policy was later extended to all Eastern European refugees, many of whom were anti-Communist. Keelhaul was implemented between 14 August 1946 and 9 May 1947.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:Area bombing controversy. On the nights of 13\u201315 February 1945, some 1,200 British and US bombers attacked the German city of Dresden, which was crowded with wounded and refugees from the Eastern Front. The attacks were part of an area bombing campaign that was initiated by Churchill in January with the intention of shortening the war. Churchill came to regret the bombing because initial reports suggested an excessive number of civilian casualties close to the end of the war, though an independent commission in 2010 confirmed a death toll between 22,700 and 25,000. On 28 March, he decided to restrict area bombing and sent a memorandum to General Ismay for the Chiefs of Staff Committee: British historian Frederick Taylor has pointed out that the number of Soviet citizens who died from German bombing was roughly equivalent to the number of German citizens who died from Allied raids. Jenkins asks if Churchill was moved more by foreboding than by regret but admits it is easy to criticise with the hindsight of victory."}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " He adds that the area bombing campaign was no more reprehensible than President Truman's use of the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki six months later. Andrew Marr, quoting Max Hastings, says that Churchill's memorandum was a \"calculated political attempt... to distance himself... from the rising controversy surrounding the area offensive\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:VE Day (Victory in Europe Day). On 7 May 1945 at the SHAEF headquarters in Reims the Allies accepted Germany's surrender. The next day was Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) when Churchill broadcast to the nation that Germany had surrendered and that a final ceasefire on all fronts in Europe would come into effect at one minute past midnight that night (i.e., on the 9th). Afterwards, Churchill went to Buckingham Palace where he appeared on the balcony with the Royal Family before a huge crowd of celebrating citizens. He went from the palace to Whitehall where he addressed another large crowd: \"God bless you all. This is your victory. In our long history, we have never seen a greater day than this. Everyone, man or woman, has done their best\". At this point he asked Ernest Bevin to come forward and share the"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " applause. Bevin said: \"No, Winston, this is your day\", and proceeded to conduct the people in the singing of \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow\". In the evening, Churchill made another broadcast to the nation asserting that the defeat of Japan would follow in the coming months (the Japanese surrendered on 15 August 1945).</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Caretaker government: May 1945 to July 1945. With a general election looming (there had been none for almost a decade), and with the Labour ministers refusing to continue the wartime coalition, Churchill resigned as Prime Minister on 23 May 1945. Later that day, he accepted the King's invitation to form a new government, known officially as the National Government, like the Conservative-dominated coalition of the 1930s, but sometimes called the caretaker ministry. It contained Conservatives, National Liberals and a few non-party figures such as Sir John Anderson and Lord Woolton, but not Labour or Archibald Sinclair's Official Liberals. Although Churchill continued to carry out the functions of Prime Minister, including exchanging messages with the US administration about the upcoming Potsdam Conference, he was not formally reappointed until 28 May.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Caretaker government: May 1945 to July"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " 1945.:Potsdam Conference. Churchill was Great Britain's representative at the post-war Potsdam Conference when it opened on 17 July and was accompanied at its sessions not only by Eden as Foreign Secretary but also, pending the result of the July general election, by Attlee. They attended nine sessions in nine days before returning to England for their election counts. After the landslide Labour victory, Attlee returned with Bevin as the new Foreign Secretary and there were a further five days of discussion. Potsdam went badly for Churchill. Eden later described his performance as \"appalling\", saying that he was unprepared and verbose. Churchill upset the Chinese, exasperated the Americans and was easily led by Stalin, whom he was supposed to be resisting.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940\u20131945.:Caretaker government: May 1945 to July 1945.:General election, July 1945. Churchill mishandled the election campaign by resorting to party politics and trying to denigrate Labour. On 4 June, he committed a serious political gaffe by saying in a radio broadcast that a Labour government would require \"some form of Gestapo\" to enforce its agenda. It backfired badly and Attlee made political capital by saying in his reply broadcast next day: \"The voice we heard last"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " night was that of Mr Churchill, but the mind was that of Lord Beaverbrook\". Jenkins says that this broadcast was \"the making of Attlee\". Although polling day was 5 July, the results of the election did not become known until 26 July, owing to the need to collect the votes of those serving overseas. Clementine and daughter Mary had been at the count in Woodford, Churchill's new constituency in Essex, and had returned to Downing Street to meet him for lunch. Churchill was unopposed by the major parties in Woodford, but his majority over a sole independent candidate was much less than expected. He now anticipated defeat by Labour and Mary later described the lunch as \"an occasion of Stygian gloom\". To Clementine's suggestion that election defeat might be \"a blessing in disguise\", Churchill retorted: \"At the moment it seems very effectively disguised\". That afternoon Churchill's doctor Lord Moran (so he later recorded in his book \"The Struggle for Survival\") commiserated with him on the \"ingratitude\" of the British public, to which Churchill replied: \"I wouldn't call it that. They have had a very hard time\". Having lost the election, despite enjoying much personal support amongst the British population, he resigned as Prime Minister that evening and"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " was succeeded by Attlee who formed the first majority Labour government. Many reasons have been given for Churchill's defeat, key among them being that a desire for post-war reform was widespread amongst the population and that the man who had led Britain in war was not seen as the man to lead the nation in peace. Although the Conservative Party was unpopular, many electors appear to have wanted Churchill to continue as Prime Minister whatever the outcome, or to have wrongly believed that this would be possible.</s><s>Leader of the Opposition: 1945\u20131951.</s><s>Leader of the Opposition: 1945\u20131951.:\"Iron Curtain\" speech. Churchill continued to lead the Conservative Party and, for six years, served as Leader of the Opposition. In 1946, he was in America for nearly three months from early January to late March. It was on this trip that he gave his \"Iron Curtain\" speech about the USSR and its creation of the Eastern Bloc. Speaking on 5 March 1946 in the company of President Truman at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, Churchill declared: The essence of his view was that, though the Soviet Union did not want war with the western Allies, its entrenched position in Eastern Europe had made it impossible for the three great powers to provide the world with"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " a \"triangular leadership\". Churchill's desire was much closer collaboration between Britain and America. Within the same speech, he called for \"a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States\", but he emphasised the need for co-operation within the framework of the United Nations Charter.</s><s>Leader of the Opposition: 1945\u20131951.:Politics. Churchill was an early proponent of pan-Europeanism, having called for a \"United States of Europe\" in a 1930 article. He supported the creations of the Council of Europe in 1949 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951, but his support was always with the firm proviso that Britain must not actually join any federal grouping. Having lived in Ireland as a child, Churchill always opposed its partition. As a minister in 1913 and again in 1921, he suggested that Ulster should be part of a united Ireland, but with a degree of autonomy from an independent Irish government. He was always opposed on this by Ulster Unionists. While he was Leader of the Opposition, he told John W. Dulanty and Frederick Boland, successive Irish ambassadors to London, that he still hoped for reunification. Labour won the 1950 general election, but with a much-reduced majority. Churchill continued to serve as Leader"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " of the Opposition.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1951\u20131955.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1951\u20131955.:Election result and cabinet appointments. Despite losing the popular vote to Labour, the Conservatives won an overall majority of 17 seats in the October 1951 general election and Churchill again became Prime Minister, remaining in office until his resignation on 5 April 1955. Eden, his eventual successor, was restored to Foreign Affairs, the portfolio with which Churchill was preoccupied throughout his tenure. Future Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was appointed Minister of Housing and Local Government with a manifesto commitment to build 300,000 new houses per annum, Churchill's only real domestic concern. He achieved the target and, in October 1954, was promoted to Minister of Defence.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1951\u20131955.:Health issues to eventual resignation. Churchill was nearly 77 when he took office and was not in good health following several minor strokes. By December, George\u00a0VI had become concerned about Churchill's decline and intended asking him to stand down in favour of Eden, but the King had his own serious health issues and died on 6 February without making the request. Churchill developed a close friendship with Elizabeth\u00a0II and, in the spring of 1953, he accepted the Order of the Garter at her"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " request. He was knighted as Sir Winston on 24 April 1953. It was widely expected that he would retire after the Queen's Coronation in June 1953 but, after Eden became seriously ill, Churchill increased his own responsibilities by taking over at the Foreign Office. Eden was incapacitated until the end of the year and was never completely well again. On the evening of 23 June 1953, Churchill suffered a serious stroke and became partially paralysed down one side. Had Eden been well, Churchill's premiership would most likely have been over. The matter was kept secret and Churchill went home to Chartwell to recuperate. He had fully recovered by November. He retired as Prime Minister in April 1955 and was succeeded by Eden.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1951\u20131955.:Foreign affairs. Churchill feared a global conflagration and firmly believed that the only way to preserve peace and freedom was to build on a solid foundation of friendship and co-operation between Britain and America. He made four official transatlantic visits from January 1952 to July 1954. He enjoyed a good relationship with Truman but difficulties arose over the planned European Defence Community (EDC), by which Truman hoped to reduce America's military presence in West Germany; Churchill was sceptical about the EDC. Churchill wanted US"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " military support of British interests in Egypt and the Middle East, but that was refused. While Truman expected British military involvement in Korea, he viewed any US commitment to the Middle East as maintaining British imperialism. The Americans recognised that the British Empire was in terminal decline and had welcomed the Attlee government's policy of decolonisation. Churchill believed that Britain's position as a world power depended on the empire's continued existence. Churchill had been obliged to recognise Colonel Nasser's revolutionary government of Egypt, which took power in 1952. Much to Churchill's private dismay, agreement was reached in October 1954 on the phased evacuation of British troops from their Suez base. In addition, Britain agreed to terminate its rule in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan by 1956, though this was in return for Nasser's abandonment of Egyptian claims over the region. Elsewhere, the Malayan Emergency, a guerrilla war fought by Communist fighters against Commonwealth forces, had begun in 1948 and continued past Malayan independence (1957) until 1960. Churchill's government maintained the military response to the crisis and adopted a similar strategy for the Mau Mau Uprising in British Kenya (1952\u20131960). Churchill was uneasy about the election of Eisenhower as Truman's successor. After Stalin died on 5 March 1953, Churchill sought a summit"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " meeting with the Soviets but Eisenhower refused out of fear that the Soviets would use it for propaganda. By July of that year, Churchill was deeply regretting that the Democrats had not been returned. He told Colville that Eisenhower as president was \"both weak and stupid\". Churchill believed that Eisenhower did not fully comprehend the danger posed by the H-bomb and he greatly distrusted Eisenhower's Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles. Churchill hosted Eisenhower to no avail at the Three-Powers Bermuda Conference (with French Prime Minister Joseph Laniel being the third participant) in December 1953; they met again in June/July 1954 at the White House. In the end, it was the Soviets who proposed a four-power summit, but it did not meet until 18 July 1955, three months after Churchill had retired.</s><s>Later life: 1955\u20131965.</s><s>Later life: 1955\u20131965.:Retirement: 1955\u20131964. Elizabeth\u00a0II offered to create Churchill Duke of London, but he declined because of the objections of his son Randolph, who would have inherited the title on his father's death. Although publicly supportive, Churchill was privately scathing about Eden's handling of the Suez Crisis and Clementine believed that many of his visits to the United States in the following"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " years were attempts to help repair Anglo-American relations. After leaving the premiership, Churchill remained an MP until he stood down at the 1964 general election. Apart from 1922 to 1924, he had been an MP since October 1900 and had represented five constituencies. By the time of the 1959 general election, he seldom attended the House of Commons. Despite the Conservative landslide in 1959, his own majority in Woodford fell by more than 1000. He spent most of his retirement at Chartwell or at his London home in Hyde Park Gate, and became a habitu\u00e9 of high society at La Pausa on the French Riviera. In June 1962, when he was 87, Churchill had a fall in Monte Carlo and broke his hip. He was flown home to a London hospital where he remained for three weeks. Jenkins says that Churchill was never the same after this accident and his last two years were something of a twilight period. In 1963, US President John F. Kennedy, acting under authorisation granted by an Act of Congress, proclaimed him an honorary citizen of the United States, but he was unable to attend the White House ceremony. There has been speculation that he became very depressed in his final years but this has been emphatically denied by his personal secretary Anthony Montague Browne, who"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " was with him for his last 10 years. Montague Browne wrote that he never heard Churchill refer to depression and certainly he did not suffer from it.</s><s>Later life: 1955\u20131965.:Death, funeral and memorials. Churchill suffered his final stroke on 12 January 1965 and died twelve days later on the 24th, the seventieth anniversary of his father's death. Like the Duke of Wellington in 1852 and William Gladstone in 1898, Churchill was given a state funeral. Planning for this had begun in 1953 under the code-name of \"Operation Hope Not\" and a detailed plan had been produced by 1958. His coffin lay in state at Westminster Hall for three days and the funeral ceremony was at St Paul's Cathedral on 30 January. Afterwards, the coffin was taken by boat along the River Thames to Waterloo Station and from there by a special train to the family plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near his birthplace at Blenheim Palace. Worldwide, numerous memorials have been dedicated to Churchill. His statue in Parliament Square was unveiled by his widow Clementine in 1973 and is one of only twelve in the square, all of prominent political figures, including Churchill's friend Lloyd George and his India policy nemesis Gandhi. Elsewhere in London, the"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " wartime Cabinet War Rooms have been renamed the Churchill Museum and Cabinet War Rooms. Churchill College, Cambridge, was established as a national memorial to Churchill. An indication of Churchill's high esteem in the UK is the result of the 2002 BBC poll, attracting 447,423 votes, in which he was voted the greatest Briton of all time, his nearest rival being Isambard Kingdom Brunel some 56,000 votes behind. He is one of only eight people to be granted honorary citizenship of the United States; others include Lafayette, Raoul Wallenberg and Mother Teresa. The United States Navy honoured him in 1999 by naming a new as the. Other memorials in North America include the National Churchill Museum in Fulton, Missouri, where he made the 1946 \"Iron Curtain\" speech; Churchill Square in central Edmonton, Alberta; and the Winston Churchill Range, a mountain range northwest of Lake Louise, also in Alberta, which was renamed after Churchill in 1956. Churchill Archives Centre on the campus of Churchill College at the University of Cambridge houses Churchill's personal papers and is open to the public.</s><s>Artist, historian, and writer. Churchill was a prolific writer. His output included a novel (\"Savrola\"), two biographies, three volumes of memoirs, several histories, and"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " numerous press articles. Two of his most famous works, published after his first premiership brought his international fame to new heights, were his six-volume memoir, \"The Second World War\", and the four-volume \"A History of the English-Speaking Peoples\". In recognition of his \"mastery of historical and biographical description\" and oratorial output, Churchill received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953. He used either \"Winston S. Churchill\" or \"Winston Spencer Churchill\" as his pen name to avoid confusion with the American novelist of the same name, with whom he struck up a friendly correspondence. For many years, he relied heavily upon his press articles to assuage his financial worries: in 1937, for example, he wrote 64 published articles and some of his contracts were quite lucrative. As well as writing, Churchill became an accomplished amateur artist after his resignation from the Admiralty in 1915. Using the pseudonym \"Charles Morin\", he continued this hobby throughout his life and completed hundreds of paintings, many of which are on show in the studio at Chartwell as well as in private collections. Churchill was an amateur bricklayer, constructing buildings and garden walls at Chartwell. To further this hobby, he joined the Amalgamated Union of Building Trade"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " Workers but was expelled after he revived his membership of the Conservative Party. He also bred butterflies at Chartwell, keeping them in a converted summerhouse each year until the weather was right for their release. He was well known for his love of animals and always had several pets, mainly cats but also dogs, pigs, lambs, bantams, goats and fox cubs among others. Churchill has often been quoted as saying that \"cats look down on us and dogs look up to us, but pigs treat us as equals\", or words to that effect, but the International Churchill Society believe he has mostly been misquoted.</s><s>Legacy and assessments.</s><s>Legacy and assessments.:\"A man of destiny\". Roy Jenkins concludes his biography of Churchill by comparing him favourably with W. E. Gladstone and summarising: Churchill always self-confidently believed himself to be \"a man of destiny\". Because of this he lacked restraint and could be reckless. His self-belief manifested itself in terms of his \"affinity with war\" of which, according to Sebastian Haffner, he exhibited \"a profound and innate understanding\". Churchill considered himself a military genius but that made him vulnerable to failure and Paul Addison says Gallipoli was \"the"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " greatest blow his self-image was ever to sustain\". Jenkins points out, however, that although Churchill was excited and exhilarated by war, he was never indifferent to the suffering it causes.</s><s>Legacy and assessments.:Political ideology. As a politician, Churchill was perceived by some observers to have been largely motivated by personal ambition rather than political principle. During his early parliamentary career, he was often deliberately provocative and argumentative to an unusual degree; and his barbed rhetorical style earned him many enemies in parliament. On the other hand, he was deemed to be an honest politician who displayed particular loyalty to his family and close friends. He was, according to Jenkins, \"singularly lacking in inhibition or concealment\". Robert Rhodes James said he \"lacked any capacity for intrigue and was refreshingly innocent and straightforward\". Until the outbreak of the Second World War, Churchill's approach to politics generated widespread \"mistrust and dislike\", largely on account of his two party defections. His biographers have variously categorised him, in terms of political ideology, as \"fundamentally conservative\", \"(always) liberal in outlook\", and \"never circumscribed by party affiliation\". Jenkins says that Churchill's self-belief was \"far stronger than any class or tribal loyalty\"."}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " Whether Churchill was a conservative or a liberal, he was nearly always opposed to socialism because of its propensity for state planning and his belief in free markets. The exception was during his wartime coalition when he was completely reliant upon the support of his Labour colleagues. Although the Labour leaders were willing to join his coalition, Churchill had long been regarded as an enemy of the working class. His response to the Rhondda Valley unrest and his anti-socialist rhetoric brought condemnation from socialists. They saw him as a reactionary who represented imperialism, militarism, and the interests of the upper classes in the class war. His role in opposing the General Strike earned the enmity of many strikers and most members of the Labour movement. Paradoxically, Churchill was supportive of trade unionism, which he saw as the \"antithesis of socialism\". On the other hand, his detractors did not take Churchill's domestic reforms into account, for he was in many respects a radical and a reformer, but always with the intention of preserving the existing social structure, never of challenging it. He could not empathise with the poor, so he sympathised with them instead, displaying what Addison calls the attitude of a \"benevolent paternalist\". Jenkins, himself a senior Labour minister, remarked that"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " Churchill had \"a substantial record as a social reformer\" for his work in the early years of his ministerial career. Similarly, Rhodes James thought that, as a social reformer, Churchill's achievements were \"considerable\". This, said Rhodes James, had been achieved because Churchill as a minister had \"three outstanding qualities. He worked hard; he put his proposals efficiently through the Cabinet and Parliament; he carried his Department with him. These ministerial merits are not as common as might be thought\".</s><s>Legacy and assessments.:Imperialism and racial views. Assessments of Churchill's legacy are largely based on his leadership of the British people in the Second World War. Even so, his personal views on empire and race continue to stir debate. Churchill was a staunch imperialist and monarchist, and he consistently exhibited a \"romanticised view\" of both the British Empire and the reigning monarch, especially of Elizabeth\u00a0II during his last term as premier. Churchill has been described as a \"liberal imperialist\" who saw British imperialism as a form of altruism that benefited its subject peoples because \"by conquering and dominating other peoples, the British were also elevating and protecting them\". Martin Gilbert asserted that Churchill held a hierarchical perspective of race, seeing racial characteristics as signs of the"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " maturity of a society. Churchill's views on race were driven by his imperialist mindset and outlook. He advocated against black or indigenous self-rule in Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, the Americas and India, believing that the British Empire promoted and maintained the welfare of those who lived in the colonies; he insisted that \"our responsibility to the native races remains a real one\". In 1906, Churchill stated that \"We will endeavour... to advance the principle of equal rights of civilized men irrespective of colour\". According to Addison, Churchill was opposed to immigration from the Commonwealth. Addison makes the point that Churchill opposed anti-Semitism (as in 1904, when he was fiercely critical of the proposed Aliens Bill) and argues that he would never have tried \"to stoke up racial animosity against immigrants, or to persecute minorities\". In the 1920s, Churchill supported Zionism but believed that communism was the product of an international Jewish conspiracy; in an article in the \"Illustrated Sunday Herald\", Churchill wrote that a group of \"international\" Jews supported a Bolshevist \"world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality\". Although this belief was not unique among"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " British politicians of the time, few had the stature of Churchill, and the article was criticised by the \"Jewish Chronicle\" at the time. Churchill made a number of disparaging remarks about non-white ethnicities throughout his life, including a series of racist comments and jokes about Indian nationalists made to colleagues during the inter-war period and his wartime premiership. Historian Philip Murphy partly attributes the strength of this vitriol to an \"almost childish desire to shock\" his inner circle. Churchill's response to the Bengal famine was criticised by some contemporaries as slow (see ), a controversy later increased by the publication of private remarks made to Secretary for India Leo Amery, in which Churchill allegedly said that aid would be inadequate because \"Indians [were] breeding like rabbits\". Philip Murphy says that, following the independence of India in 1947, Churchill adopted a more pragmatic stance towards empire, although he continued to use imperial rhetoric. During his second term as prime minister, he was seen as a moderating influence on Britain's suppression of armed insurgencies against colonial rule in Malaya and Kenya; he argued that ruthless policies contradicted British values and international opinion.</s><s>Cultural depictions. While the biographies by Addison, Gilbert, Jenkins and Rhodes James are among the most acclaimed works about"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " Churchill, he has been the subject of numerous others. Writing in 2012\u201313 for the International Churchill Society, Professor David Freeman counted 62 in total, excluding non-English books, to the end of the 20th century. At a public ceremony in Westminster Hall on 30 November 1954, Churchill's 80th birthday, the joint Houses of Parliament presented him with a full-length portrait of himself, which had been painted by Graham Sutherland. Churchill and Clementine reportedly hated it and, later, she had it destroyed. Churchill has been widely depicted on stage and screen. Notable screen biographical films include \"Young Winston\" (1972), directed by Richard Attenborough and featuring Simon Ward in the title role with Anne Bancroft and Robert Shaw as his parents; \"\" (1981; co-written by Martin Gilbert), starring Robert Hardy as Churchill and Si\u00e2n Phillips as Clementine; \"The Gathering Storm\" (2002), starring Albert Finney as Churchill and Vanessa Redgrave as Clementine; \"Into the Storm\" (2009), starring Brendan Gleeson as Churchill and Janet McTeer as Clementine; \"Darkest Hour\" (2017), starring Gary Oldman as Churchill. John Lithgow played Churchill in \"The Crown\" (2016\u20132019). Fin"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": "ney, Gleeson, Oldman and Lithgow all won major awards for their performances as Churchill.</s><s>Family and ancestry.</s><s>Family and ancestry.:Marriage and children. Churchill married Clementine Hozier in September 1908. They remained married for 57 years. Churchill was aware of the strain that his political career placed on his marriage, and, according to Colville, he had a brief affair in the 1930s with Doris Castlerosse, although this is discounted by Andrew Roberts. The Churchills' first child, Diana, was born in July 1909; the second, Randolph, in May 1911. Their third, Sarah, was born in October 1914, and their fourth, Marigold, in November 1918. Marigold died in August 1921, from sepsis of the throat, and she was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. Although her remains were re-located to Bladon churchyard in 2019 to join the rest of her family, her cenotaph still stands at Kensal Green. On 15 September 1922, the Churchills' last child, Mary, was born. Later that month, the Churchills bought Chartwell, which would be their home until Winston's death in 1965. According to Jenkins, Churchill"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " was an \"enthusiastic and loving father\" but one who expected too much of his children.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" - - - -  \"Link\" - -  \"Link\" -  \"Library Link\" -  \"Library Link\" -  \"Link\" -  \"Link\" (published in England as \"Arms and the Covenant\": \"Link\") -  \"Link\" - - - - - - - - - - - -  \"Link\" - - -  The book includes illustrations of more than 500 paintings by Churchill. - - - - - - - - - -"}, {"title": "Winston Churchill", "text": " - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Winston Churchill", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000436", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107.", "docs": [{"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": "<s>Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107 Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107 (; born 2 February 1989) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the Croatia national team. Usually deployed as a winger, he has also featured as an attacking midfielder, second striker, or wing-back known for his ambidexterity and versatility. A product of the Hajduk Split and Sochaux youth academies, Peri\u0161i\u0107 made a name for himself while playing for Club Brugge, where he was the Belgian Pro League top goalscorer and was named Belgian Footballer of the Year for 2011. This earned him a transfer to Borussia Dortmund, with whom he won the 2011\u201312 Bundesliga, before signing with VfL Wolfsburg for \u20ac8\u00a0million in January 2013. He remained there for two and a half seasons, winning the 2015 DFB-Pokal Final, before moving to Inter Milan for \u20ac16\u00a0million. In 2019, he joined Bayern Munich on loan, winning the treble. After returning to Inter Milan, he won the 2020\u201321 Serie A and the 2021 Supercoppa Italiana. Peri\u0161i\u0107 made his debut for the Croatia national team in 2011, and represented"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " his nation at Euro 2012, 2016 and 2020, as well as the 2014, 2018 and 2022 World Cup, reaching the final of the 2018 tournament. Instrumental to Croatia's second \"golden generation\", Peri\u0161i\u0107 is the nation's player with most goal contributions at the major tournaments (18).</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Peri\u0161i\u0107 played in the youth ranks of the club he grew up supporting, Hajduk Split. He received interest from a number of clubs, including Anderlecht, PSV, Ajax, Hertha BSC and Hamburger SV. The only match he played for Hajduk was a friendly 3\u20131 win over Smederevo in Murska Sobota on 16 July 2006. Returning from Murska Sobota to Split, Peri\u0161i\u0107 received offers from Anderlecht and Sochaux. Hajduk offered Peri\u0161i\u0107 a \u20ac100,000 contract, which was only \u20ac20,000 less than Hajduk's best player Niko Kranj\u010dar's contract. However, the Peri\u0161i\u0107 family opted for French club Sochaux, which paid \u20ac360,000 to sign him in the summer"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " of 2006. Sochaux's coach Alain Perrin personally arrived to Split with a private jet to convince Peri\u0161i\u0107 to sign, waiting two days for his signature. His physical and technical attributes led to comparisons to former Croatia international Aljo\u0161a Asanovi\u0107 by some journalists. He was a member of the Sochaux youth team, which won the Coupe Gambardella in 2007. During his time at Sochaux, he failed to make a first-team appearance, but did play for the B team. In January 2009, Peri\u0161i\u0107 was sent on loan to Belgian top flight club Roeselare for six months. At the end of the 2008\u201309 season, there were reports Peri\u0161i\u0107 sought to join Belgian side Anderlecht.</s><s>Club career.:Club Brugge. On 26 August 2009, Belgian club Club Brugge acquired Peri\u0161i\u0107 from Sochaux for a \u20ac250,000 transfer fee and signed him to a three-year contract. Prior his move, Peri\u0161i\u0107 was linked with a move to German side Hertha BSC, having gone on trial. In the opening match of the season, Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored his first"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " goal in a 1\u20131 draw against Genk, then scored his second in two consecutive games and provided assists in a 4\u20131 win over Westerlo. Overall, Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored 9 goals in 33 league appearances, also making eight appearances in Brugge's Europa League campaign, scoring four goals. At the end of the season, Peri\u0161i\u0107 signed a new three-year contract at Brugge, keeping him until 2015. Belgian football critics predicted a bright future for Peri\u0161i\u0107. In the 2010\u201311 season, he was the top scorer of the Belgian Jupiler Pro League after scoring 22 goals for Club Brugge, also being named Player of the Year in Belgium. During the season, Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored four goals and provided an assist in a 5\u20130 win against Charleroi on 29 December 2010.</s><s>Club career.:Borussia Dortmund. On 23 May 2011, Peri\u0161i\u0107 signed a five-year contract to play for German side Borussia Dortmund after Dortmund paid an estimated \u20ac5\u00a0million transfer fee to Brugge.{{cite web |title=BVB verpflichtet kroatischen Nationalspieler Ivan Perisic Per"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": "i\u0161i\u0107 began the 2012\u201313 Bundesliga season scoring a brace in a 3\u20132 loss against Hamburger SV on 22 September 2012. However, Peri\u0161i\u0107 soon found his first team opportunities limited, having played less in the first team and soon told Croatian channel Nova TV he had received no support from Dortmund manager J\u00fcrgen Klopp and accused him of favouring other players.{{cite news |title=Borussia Dortmund hold contract extension talks with Marcel Schmelzer |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11095/8253377/ |publisher=Sky Sports |date=16 November 2012</s><s>Club career.:VfL Wolfsburg. On 6 January 2013, it was reported Peri\u0161i\u0107 transferred for \u20ac8\u00a0million to VfL Wolfsburg.{{cite news On 3 August 2013, Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored his first cup goal for Wolfsburg in their 3\u20131 win against Karlsruher SC. On 26 October 2013, Peri\u0161i\u0107 opened his goal scoring form in the 2013\u201314 season in their 3\u20130 win against Werder Bremen, also creating an assist on a goal. On matchday 30, he"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " scored a brace in Wolfsburg's 4\u20131 home win against 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg. Peri\u0161i\u0107 finished the season with ten league goals, second-best on the team behind fellow countryman Ivica Oli\u0107.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan. On 30 August 2015, Peri\u0161i\u0107 signed with Italian club Inter Milan on a five-year contract for a transfer fee of \u20ac16\u00a0million. He was presented on 10 September alongside Adem Ljaji\u0107, where he was assigned squad number 44, stating, \"Inter were too big an opportunity to turn down.\"</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2015\u201316 season. Peri\u0161i\u0107 made his competitive debut for the club three days after signing, starting and playing 85 minutes in a 1\u20130 win against cross-city rivals Milan in the \"Derby della Madonnina\". He opened his scoring account on 4 October in his fifth league appearance in the 1\u20131 away draw against Sampdoria, profiting from Mauro Icardi's assist, which was followed by another goal against Palermo two weeks later. On 15 December, Peri\u0161i\u0107 made his Coppa Italia debut in the round of 16 match"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " against Cagliari at home, appearing as a second-half substitute and scoring the team's third goal of the match in an eventual 3\u20130 win. He began 2016 on 6 January in the match away against Empoli; his cross from close range was finished home by Icardi for the only goal of the match, which kept Inter top to the table. On 7 February, during the match against Hellas Verona, Peri\u0161i\u0107 came on as a 46th-minute substitute to change the fate of the match, providing an assist for Icardi and also scoring for himself to level the result 3\u20133, rescuing a point for his side. March was Peri\u0161i\u0107's best month in personal terms, scoring four goals and providing three assists. On 2 March, in the returning leg of Coppa Italia's semi-final against Juventus at San Siro, Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored the team's second goal of the match to help Inter overturn the 3\u20130 defeat and equal the aggregate 3\u20133, which led the match into the penalty shoot-outs. However, Inter lost 5\u20133 and were eliminated from the competition. Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored Inter's last goal of 2015\u201316 season in"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " a 2\u20131 home win against Empoli on the final matchday. Peri\u0161i\u0107 finished his first season with Inter Milan by playing 37 matches, including 34 in league, scoring nine goals, seven of them in league, and Inter Milan finished fourth in Serie A, returning in European competitions after a one-year absence and was eliminated in the semi-final in the Coppa Italia. He was also Inter Milan's top assist provider with six assists.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2016\u201317 season. Peri\u0161i\u0107 opened his second Inter season by playing in the last 30 minutes of the first matchday as fell away at Chievo. He then scored his first goal of the new season in the \"Derby d'Italia\" against Juventus at home, entering in the 69th minute and heading home an Mauro Icardi cross nine minutes later to give Inter second win of the season, also the first in league against Juventus since November 2012. Peri\u0161i\u0107 played his first European match for Inter Milan on 29 September in team's second 2016\u201317 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Sparta Prague, appearing in the last 27 minutes of a 3\u20131 away defeat. On 20 November, in the"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " \"Derby\" against rivals Milan, he first provided the Antonio Candreva's long-range strike before scoring himself a last minute equaliser, as Inter took one point in the last moments. On 8 January 2017, Inter Milan's first match of the calendar year, Peri\u0161i\u0107 provided a Man of the Match performance by scoring both goals in a 2\u20131 away win at Udinese; it was his first Inter brace which took his tally up to six goals. This was followed by another splendid individual performance against Chievo six days later as he scored his team's second goal after an individual effort in an eventual 3\u20131 win. On 5 February, in the matchday 23 against Juventus at Juventus Stadium, Peri\u0161i\u0107 received his first-ever career red card as Inter Milan were defeated 1\u20130. He was subsequently banned for two matches by Italian Football Federation (FIGC) for aggressive confrontation of the referee. After Inter Milan appealed the suspension, it was reduced to one match. He returned from suspension on 19 February in the 1\u20130 win at Bologna, and scored his second brace on 5 March in a 5\u20131 thrashing of Cagliari at Stadio Sant'Elia. On 22 April,"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " Peri\u0161i\u0107 reached double-figures for the first time with Inter Milan after scoring in a 5\u20134 away defeat against Fiorentina. On the final matchday, he provided a stunning individual performance by providing two assists after individual efforts, also scoring his 11th goal of the season as Inter thrashed Udinese 5\u20132 at home end the season on a high. Peri\u0161i\u0107 finished his second Inter season by making 42 appearances in all competitions, including 36 in league, which 31 were as starter, as Inter finished the Serie A in seventh position, once again failing to qualify for the UEFA Champions League. He scored 11 goals, his highest tally since 2010\u201311 season with Club Brugge; and also provided ten assists, including eight in Serie A, breaking his last season's record.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2017\u201318 season. Peri\u0161i\u0107 started his third Inter season on a high, first scoring and assisting in the opening day of 2017\u201318 Serie A against Fiorentina, then providing two assists in the away match at Roma as Inter won 3\u20131, Inter Milan's first league win at the Stadio Olimpico in nine years. On 8 September, Peri"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": "\u0161i\u0107 signed a new contract extension with Inter Milan, keeping him at the San Siro until June 2022. Upon signing, Peri\u0161i\u0107 said, \"It's a special day, it's certainly emotional and I'm happy after the stress of this summer. Now, we can look forward and I'm only thinking about Inter. After signing, the pitch is the only thing left for me to think about.\" His second goal of the season, a late screamer outside the zone against newly promoted SPAL two days later, was his 20th career Serie A goal. Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored his first Serie A hat-trick on 3 December in the 5\u20130 home win over Chievo. His 100th appearance in all competitions for Inter occurred later on 30 December in the goalless draw versus Lazio on matchday 19.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2018\u201319 season. Peri\u0161i\u0107 played his first Champions League game for Inter on 18 September 2018, in a 2\u20131 victory over Tottenham Hotspur. In January 2019, English club Arsenal attempted to sign Peri\u0161i\u0107. He agreed to a deal with the club; however, Inter Milan blocked the deal. Teammate Mauro Icardi"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": "'s agent Wanda Nara spoke out about Peri\u0161i\u0107's reasons for the departure, speculating that they might be of personal nature. Nara's comments resulted in a fallout between the players, resulting in Icardi being stripped of captaincy and dropped from the team ahead of a Europa League away fixture against Rapid Wien. Peri\u0161i\u0107 featured in 34 matches in Serie A, only behind Samir Handanovi\u0107 and Matteo Politano, scoring 8 goals; hence being the second top scorer for Inter after Icardi. Following the appointment of Antonio Conte, Peri\u0161i\u0107 struggled to fit into the new manager's system during pre-season.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2019\u201320 season: Loan to Bayern Munich. On 13 August 2019, Peri\u0161i\u0107 joined German club Bayern Munich on a season-long loan. Bayern had the option of signing Peri\u0161i\u0107 on a permanent deal in the summer of 2020. On 31 August he scored his first goal for Bayern and provided an assist in a 6\u20131 victory over Mainz. On 4 February 2020, during training ahead of a DFB-Pokal match against 1899 Hoffenheim, Peri\u0161i\u0107 suffered a right"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " ankle fracture following a tackle from teammate \u00c1lvaro Odriozola. He underwent a surgery the same day. He came back to the team on 17 May, coming on for Serge Gnabry in 85th minute of the game against Union Berlin, the club's first game after the league suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 10 June, he scored the opening goal in a 2\u20131 victory over Eintracht Frankfurt in the DFB-Pokal semi-final. On 4 July, he provided Robert Lewandowski with an assist in the DFB-Pokal Final as Bayern defeated Bayer Leverkusen 4\u20132 and secured the domestic double. On 8 August, he scored in a Champions League round of 16 second leg, as Bayern defeated Chelsea 4\u20131 (7\u20131 on aggregate). Six days later, he scored in a quarter-final 8\u20132 win over Barcelona at Est\u00e1dio da Luz. On 23 August, he became the eleventh Croatian to win the Champions League in history, as Bayern defeated Paris Saint-Germain 1\u20130 in the final. On 9 September, Bayern announced they had opted not to sign Peri\u0161i\u0107 on permanent deal, after failing to negotiate"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " a deal with Inter and he returned to his parent club.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2020\u201321 season. On 31 October 2020, Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored his first goal of the season for Inter Milan in a 2\u20132 home draw against Parma. On 3 November, he scored his first Champions League goal for Inter Milan in a 2\u20133 defeat against Real Madrid. During the spring part of the season, Peri\u0161i\u0107 was praised by Conte for successfully adapting to his system, moving from the position of a winger to that of a wing-back. On 2 May 2021, four matchdays before the end of the season, Sassuolo drew 1\u20131 with Atalanta at home, meaning that Inter mathematically secured the Serie A title. It was Inter's first league title since 2009\u201310 season, ending Juventus' nine-season-long league-winning streak. The title was also Peri\u0161i\u0107's first trophy with the \"Nerrazzuri\".</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2021\u201322 season. On 24 November 2021, Peri\u0161i\u0107 was praised for his performance in the 2\u20130 victory over Shakhtar Donetsk in the Champions League, as he assisted Edin"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " D\u017eeko's second goal, although his goal and Lautaro Mart\u00ednez's goal that he also assisted were ruled out. The victory qualified Inter Milan for the Round of 16 for the first time since the 2011\u201312 season. On 11 May 2022, in the Coppa Italia Final against Juventus, Peri\u0161i\u0107 broke the deadlock in the first half of extra time by scoring a brace and bringing the score from 2\u20132 to the eventual 4\u20132.</s><s>Club career.:Tottenham Hotspur. On 31 May 2022, Tottenham Hotspur signed Peri\u0161i\u0107 on a free transfer, reuniting him with former manager Conte. He became the fifth Croatian in history to sign with the club. He played his first minutes for the club in a 2\u20131 friendly victory over Rangers on 23 July. Peri\u0161i\u0107 made his Premier League debut on 6 August 2022, coming on as a second-half substitute for Ryan Sessegnon in a 4\u20131 home victory over Southampton.</s><s>International career. Peri\u0161i\u0107 has appeared internationally for the Croatia national under-17, under-19 and under-21 teams. He participated in the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification for Croatia"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": ", where he scored two goals. On 26 March 2011, at age 22, Peri\u0161i\u0107 made his debut for the senior national team against Georgia. He was a member of Croatia's squad for UEFA Euro 2012, starting in the team's opening two matches against the Republic of Ireland and Italy, and appearing as a substitute in the team's final match, a 1\u20130 loss to Spain. During the 2014 World Cup qualification, Peri\u0161i\u0107 appeared in 12 matches for Croatia and scored his first international goal in a 1\u20131 draw with Belgium. On 14 May, Peri\u0161i\u0107 was named in Croatia's 30-man preliminary squad for the 2014 World Cup. On 31 May, he scored a brace in a 2\u20131 win against Mali in a World Cup warm-up match in Osijek. Peri\u0161i\u0107 was confirmed as a member of Croatia's final 23-man World Cup squad on 2 June. Peri\u0161i\u0107 was in Croatia's starting team for the opening match of the 2014 World Cup, a controversial 3\u20131 defeat to tournament hosts Brazil at the Arena Corinthians, S\u00e3o Paulo. In the following match, he scored Croatia's second goal as they defeated Cameroon 4\u20130. On 23 June, he"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " scored a consolation goal in the team's final group match, 3\u20131 defeat to Mexico which eliminated them from the tournament. Despite Croatia's early elimination, Peri\u0161i\u0107 was ranked as the second-best performing player of the group stage by FIFA. Peri\u0161i\u0107 was Croatia's top goalscorer in Euro 2016 qualifying, scoring six goals in nine matches as Croatia qualified in second place in Group H. In Croatia's second Euro 2016 group match, Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored the opening goal of a 2\u20132 draw with the Czech Republic. Five days later, he scored the winning goal against Spain, which secured qualification to the knockout stage as group winners for Croatia. Peri\u0161i\u0107 appeared regularly in Croatia's successful 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, as they finished runner-up in Group I which sent them to second round. The team played Greece, winning the first leg 4\u20131, with Peri\u0161i\u0107 scoring the third goal in 33rd minute. Croatia booked their spot to the World Cup final stages in Russia on 12 November by playing a goalless draw in the returning leg. In May 2018, Peri\u0161i\u0107 was named in Croatia's final squad for the 2018 World Cup. In the third group stage match"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": ", Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored in the last minute of the regular time in the 2\u20131 win over Iceland as Croatia topped Group D on full points. During Croatia's semi-final match against England on 11 July, Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored Croatia's equaliser in the second half of regulation time, and later also set-up Mario Mand\u017euki\u0107's match-winning goal in the second half of extra-time to give Croatia a 2\u20131 victory, sending the team to the World Cup final for the first time in their history. He was named Man of the Match. In the final against France on 15 July, he scored Croatia's temporary equaliser in the first half, although the match eventually ended in a 4\u20132 defeat to France. Peri\u0161i\u0107 covered the most ground of any player in the tournament, running a total of 72.5 kilometres. During Euro 2020 qualifying, Peri\u0161i\u0107 scored three times\u2014against Wales at home and Slovakia home and away\u2014as Croatia topped Group E. On 19 November 2019, he captained the national team for the first time ever in a friendly 2\u20131 victory over Georgia, scoring the winning goal. On 8 September 2020, he captained Croatia once again in a 4"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": "\u20132 Nations League defeat to France at Stade de France. On 1 June 2021, Peri\u0161i\u0107 made this 100th appearance for the national team in a friendly 1\u20131 draw with Armenia in which he scored Croatia's goal. He was selected in Croatia's final squad for UEFA Euro 2020, where he was the team's most efficient performer, scoring twice (in the 1\u20131 draw with the Czech Republic and the 3\u20131 victory over Scotland) and assisting once (in the latter match). However, on 27 June, he tested positive for COVID-19 which ruled him out of the squad for the knockout phase. On 9 November 2022, Peri\u0161i\u0107 was selected in Croatia's final squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. At the tournament, he assisted three times\u2014twice in the 4\u20131 group stage victory over Canada and once in the 2\u20131 third place play-off victory over Morocco\u2014and scored once, the equalizer in the 1\u20131 round of 16 draw with Japan. That way, he extended his record of the Croatia player with the most goal contributions at major tournaments (18), as well as surpassed Davor \u0160uker as the Croatia player with the most goals scored at major tournaments (10)."}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": "</s><s>Beach volleyball. Peri\u0161i\u0107 took part at the 2017 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour for the Pore\u010d Major tournament, a professional competition, partnering Nik\u0161a Dellorco. The pair lost their first match against \u00c1lvaro Morais Filho and Saymon Barbosa.</s><s>Personal life. Despite being born in Split, Peri\u0161i\u0107 grew up in the town of Omi\u0161. As a child, he worked on his father's poultry farm. Peri\u0161i\u0107 married Josipa in 2012, having first met her while they were in high school. The pair have two children: a son, Leonardo, born on 9 October 2012; and a daughter, Manuela, born on 28 July 2014.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Borussia Dortmund - Bundesliga: 2011\u201312 - DFB-Pokal: 2011\u201312 VfL Wolfsburg - DFB-Pokal: 2014\u201315 - DFL-Supercup: 2015 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga: 2019\u201320 - DFB-Pokal: 2019\u201320 - UEFA Champions League: 2019\u201320"}, {"title": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "text": " Inter Milan - Serie A: 2020\u201321 - Coppa Italia: 2021\u201322 - Supercoppa Italiana: 2021 Croatia - FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2018; third place: 2022 Individual - Belgian Pro League top goalscorer: 2010\u201311 - Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year: 2010\u201311 - Vatrena krila: 2014 - Serie A Goal of the Month: April 2022 Orders - Order of Duke Branimir: 2018</s><s>See also. - List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ivan Peri\u0161i\u0107", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000437", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kevin De Bruyne.", "docs": [{"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": "<s>Kevin De Bruyne Kevin De Bruyne (born 28 June 1991) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Manchester City and captains the Belgium national team. He is widely regarded as one of the best players in the world. Pundits have often described him as a \"complete footballer\". De Bruyne began his career at Genk, where he was a regular player when they won the 2010\u201311 Belgian Pro League. In 2012 he joined English club Chelsea, where he was used sparingly and then loaned to Werder Bremen. He signed with Wolfsburg for \u00a318\u00a0million in 2014, where he established himself as one of the best players in the Bundesliga and was integral in the club's 2014\u201315 DFB-Pokal win. In the summer of 2015 De Bruyne joined Manchester City for a club record \u00a354\u00a0million. He has since won four Premier League titles, five League Cups and an FA Cup with the club. In 2017\u201318 he had a significant role in Manchester City's record in becoming the only Premier League team to attain 100 points in a single season. In 2019\u201320, De Bruyne equalled the record for most assists in a Premier League season and was awarded Player of the Season"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " (which he won again in 2021\u201322). De Bruyne made his full international debut in 2010, and he has since earned over 90 caps and scored 26 goals for Belgium. He was a member of the Belgian squads that reached the quarter-finals both at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and at UEFA Euro 2016. He was named in the FIFA World Cup Dream Team of the 2018 FIFA World Cup as Belgium finished in third place, as well as appearing in UEFA Euro 2020 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. De Bruyne has been named in the UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season and IFFHS Men's World Team five times each, the ESM Team of the Year four times, the FIFA FIFPRO World 11 and UEFA Team of the Year three times each, the \"France Football\" World XI, and the Bundesliga Team of the Year. He has also won the Premier League Playmaker of the Season twice, the PFA Players' Player of the Year twice, Manchester City's Player of the Year four times, the UEFA Champions League Midfielder of the Season, the Bundesliga Player of the Year, the Footballer of the Year (Germany), the Belgian Sportsman of the Year and the IFFHS World's Best Playmaker twice.</s><s>Club career"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": ".</s><s>Club career.:Genk. De Bruyne began his career with hometown club KVV Drongen in 1997. Two years later, he joined Gent and moved to Genk in 2005. De Bruyne continued his development in their youth set-up and was rewarded for his progress by being promoted to the first team squad in 2008. From an Interview with his youth club, it was revealed that De Bruyne was a Liverpool fan and admirer of Michael Owen. De Bruyne made his first team debut for Genk in a 3\u20130 defeat at Charleroi on 9 May 2009. Having established himself in the team the following season, on 7 February 2010, De Bruyne scored his first goal for the club, which secured all three points for Genk in a 1\u20130 win against Standard Li\u00e8ge. He scored five goals and made 16 assists in 32 league matches during the 2010\u201311 season as Genk were crowned Belgian champions for the third time. On 29 October 2011, De Bruyne scored his first hat-trick for Genk against Club Brugge, which ended in a 5\u20134 win for Genk. On 28 January 2012, De Bruyne scored a brace against OH Leuven in a 5\u20130"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " win. On 18 February 2012, De Bruyne scored his first goal back at Genk following his agreed transfer to Chelsea and also assisted the other goal in a 1\u20132 away win against Mons. De Bruyne ended the season by wrapping up the scoring in a 3\u20131 victory over Gent. He finished the league campaign with eight goals from 28 appearances.</s><s>Club career.:Chelsea. On 31 January 2012, on the winter transfer deadline day, Premier League club Chelsea and Genk announced the permanent signing of De Bruyne, with the fee rumoured to be in the region of \u00a37\u00a0million. He signed a five-and-a-half-year contract at Stamford Bridge, but would stay at Genk for the remainder of the 2011\u201312 season. De Bruyne told the club website, \"To come to a team like Chelsea is a dream but now I have to work hard to achieve the level that's necessary.\" On 18 July 2012, De Bruyne made his debut for Chelsea in a friendly match against Major League Soccer (MLS) side Seattle Sounders FC in a 4\u20132 win. De Bruyne also played the first half against Ligue 1 giants Paris Saint-Germain at Yankee Stadium, New York City.</s><s>Club"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " career.:Chelsea.:Werder Bremen (loan). On 31 July 2012, Chelsea announced that De Bruyne was to join Werder Bremen in the Bundesliga on a season-long loan deal. He scored his first goal for Bremen in a 3\u20132 defeat to Hannover 96 on 15 September, netting from 11 yards out after being played in by Eljero Elia. He continued his good form, scoring in Bremen's next game, a 2\u20132 draw with VfB Stuttgart, on 23 September. De Bruyne got back on the score sheet on 18 November, scoring the winning goal \u2014 despite his team being down to 10 men \u2014 as Bremen came from a goal down to defeat Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf 2\u20131. De Bruyne scored his first goal in over two months on 4 May 2013, since netting a consolation goal in Bayern Munich's 6\u20131 hammering of Bremen, putting his side up 2\u20130 at home to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim before a late brace from Sven Schipplock meant that the game finished 2\u20132. He followed this up with a goal in Bremen's next match, securing a place in"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " the Bundesliga for the next season with a 1\u20131 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 11 May.</s><s>Club career.:Chelsea.:Return to Chelsea. After a successful loan spell in the Bundesliga with Werder Bremen, De Bruyne was linked with a move to stay in Germany with either Borussia Dortmund or Bayer Leverkusen. Incoming manager Jos\u00e9 Mourinho, however, assured De Bruyne he was a part of Chelsea's plan for the future, and the player officially returned to Chelsea on 1 July 2013. De Bruyne injured a knee while scoring his first goal for Chelsea, in a pre-season friendly game against a Malaysia XI, but was fit to make his competitive debut on the opening day of the 2013\u201314 Premier League season against Hull City, and made an assist for the first goal in a 2\u20130 win.</s><s>Club career.:Wolfsburg.</s><s>Club career.:Wolfsburg.:2013\u201314 season. On 18 January 2014, Wolfsburg signed De Bruyne for a fee of \u00a318\u00a0million (\u20ac22\u00a0million). On 25 January 2014, he made his debut for Wolfsburg in a 3\u20131 home loss against Hannover 96. On 12 April 2014, De Bruyne assisted 2 goals in their 4"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": "\u20131 home win against 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg. After a week he scored his first goal for Wolfsburg in 3\u20131 away win against Hamburger SV. He also scored in the last two matches of the Bundesliga helping his team to win against VfB Stuttgart and Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach.</s><s>Club career.:Wolfsburg.:2014\u201315 season. De Bruyne scored his first goal of the 2014\u201315 season on 2 October 2014, volleying in a clearance from outside the box to salvage a 1\u20131 draw against Lille in the Europa League. In the third group match away to Krasnodar on 23 October, De Bruyne scored twice as Wolfsburg secured their first win in the competition with a 4\u20132 victory. On 30 January 2015, he scored another brace in a 4\u20131 home win against Bayern Munich, their first Bundesliga defeat since April 2014. On 1 March 2015, De Bruyne assisted three goals in a 5\u20133 win over his former club Werder Bremen. On 12 March 2015, De Bruyne scored two goals in a 3\u20131 first leg Europa League round of 16 victory over Internazionale. On 15 March 2015, he scored one goal"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " and assisted another two in 3\u20130 victory over SC Freiburg. De Bruyne ended the league season with 10 goals and 21 assists, the latter a new Bundesliga record, as Wolfsburg finished second in the Bundesliga and qualified for the 2015\u201316 UEFA Champions League. On 30 May 2015, he started and scored in the 2015 DFB-Pokal Final as \"Die W\u00f6lfe\" defeated Borussia Dortmund 3\u20131 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. De Bruyne ended his breakout season with 16 goals and 27 assists in all competitions, and was named the 2015 Germany Footballer of the Year.</s><s>Club career.:Wolfsburg.:2015\u201316 season. De Bruyne began the season by winning the 2015 DFL-Supercup against Bayern Munich, providing the cross for Nicklas Bendtner's 89th-minute equaliser for a 1\u20131 draw and then scoring in the subsequent penalty shootout. On 8 August 2015, he continued his good form by scoring his first goal of the season, and providing two assists in a 4\u20131 win at Stuttgarter Kickers in the first round of the DFB-Pokal. In August, in the midst of transfer speculation, De Bruyne said that he"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " would not force Wolfsburg to sell him, but also said that he could not ignore interest from Manchester City, saying: \"If an offer does come, I will hear about it and how much it is, but I have not yet heard anything... I would not go to England just to prove that I can play there. I do not have to go to England... If I go there it's because for me and for my family it is a good choice. That's the key for me.\" On 10 August, it was reported that Manchester City had made a second bid for De Bruyne worth \u00a347\u00a0million. Wolfsburg sporting director, Klaus Allofs, said the club would fight to keep him, saying \"I think some other clubs have definitely turned Kevin\u2019s head... Some huge figures are doing the rounds and I can understand why Kevin is leaving everything open.\" On 27 August, it was reported that City had made a further bid for De Bruyne worth \u00a358\u00a0million. Klaus Allofs said that City had made an \"astonishing\" wage offer to De Bruyne.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2015\u201316 season. On 30 August 2015, Manchester City announced the arrival of De"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " Bruyne on a six-year contract, for a reported club-record fee of \u00a355\u00a0million (\u20ac75\u00a0million), making him the second most expensive transfer in British football history after \u00c1ngel Di Mar\u00eda's move to Manchester United in 2014. He made his debut for the team in the Premier League on 12 September against Crystal Palace, replacing the injured Sergio Ag\u00fcero in the 25th minute. On 19 September, he scored his first goal for the club against West Ham United in first half stoppage time in an eventual 2\u20131 loss. He went on to score in a 4\u20131 League Cup win against Sunderland, on 22 September and a 4\u20131 loss to Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League on 26 September. On 3 October, he scored in the team's 6\u20131 win against Newcastle United. On 2 October, De Bruyne was announced as one of the players on the longlist for the prestigious FIFA Ballon d'Or award, alongside teammates Ag\u00fcero and Yaya Tour\u00e9. Just 18 days later, on 20 October he was revealed by FIFA as one of the players on the 23-man shortlist for the Ballon d'Or. On 21 October, De Bruyne scored an injury-time winner"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " against Sevilla in the UEFA Champions League, to take City within one point of group leaders Juventus, with three games remaining. On 1 December, he scored a brace in a 4\u20131 win over Hull City to send Manchester City through to the semi-finals of the Football League Cup. On 27 January 2016, De Bruyne scored a goal in a League Cup semi-final 3\u20131 victory over Everton, but sustained an injury to his right knee that would keep him out of the team for two months. On 2 April, De Bruyne made his return from injury in a 4\u20130 win against Bournemouth at Dean Court, scoring the team's second goal in the twelfth minute. Four days later, he scored the opening goal in a 2\u20132 draw with Paris Saint-Germain in the UEFA Champions League quarter-final first-leg at the Parc des Princes. On 12 April, De Bruyne scored the winning goal against Paris Saint-Germain, advancing Manchester City to the Champions League semi-finals, for the first time in the club's history, on an aggregate score of 3\u20132. Writing in \"The Independent\", Mark Ogden said, \"It was a stunning goal from the Belgian, who took a touch"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " to control the ball before curling it beyond Kevin Trapp from the edge of the penalty area.\" De Bruyne's next goal came on 8 May 2016 in a 2\u20132 draw with Arsenal, although the result left City's Champions League qualification hopes out of their own hands.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2016\u201317 season. On 10 September 2016, De Bruyne scored and assisted in the first Manchester derby of the season which City won 2\u20131 and was awarded the \"Man of the Match\". On 17 September 2016, De Bruyne was awarded the \"Man of the Match\", in a 4\u20130 win over Bournemouth. De Bruyne scored the first, assisted the fourth, and provided key passes on both the second and third goals. After the international break, Manchester City drew their next game, against Everton, played on 15 October 2016 with the scoreline finishing at 1\u20131. Ag\u00fcero and De Bruyne both missed their penalties while Nolito came off the bench to equalise for City. On 1 November, De Bruyne scored from a free kick in the team's 3\u20131 win over FC Barcelona. On 21 January 2017, De Bruyne was involved in both of City's goals, as he netted once himself"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " and also assisted Leroy San\u00e9's, in a 2\u20132 home draw with Tottenham Hotspur; he was subsequently named man of the match. On 19 March 2017, De Bruyne displayed an excellent performance in a 1\u20131 draw against Liverpool at the Etihad Stadium, where he set up a goal for Ag\u00fcero.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2017\u201318 season. De Bruyne set up both Ag\u00fcero's and Gabriel Jesus' goals, on 9 September 2017, in a 5\u20130 home victory over Liverpool. On 16 September, De Bruyne assisted Ag\u00fcero for his first goal in an eventual 6\u20130 win over Watford. On 26 September, De Bruyne scored his first goal of the 2017\u201318 season in a 2\u20130 win over Shakhtar Donetsk. On 30 September 2017, he scored his first goal of the 2017\u201318 Premier League season, as City beat his former club Chelsea with a 1\u20130 scoreline at Stamford Bridge. On 14 October, De Bruyne provided two assists in a 7\u20132 win over Stoke City. On 5 November, De Bruyne scored in a 3\u20131 win over Arsenal. On 18 November, he scored in a 2\u20130 away win over Leicester City."}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " On 29 November, he scored City's opener and assisted Raheem Sterling's last-minute winner in a 2\u20131 win over Southampton. On 13 December, De Bruyne scored in a 4\u20130 away win over Swansea City, which extended their record run of consecutive top-flight wins to 15 games. On 16 December, he scored in a 4\u20131 win over Tottenham Hotspur, with Pep Guardiola saying that De Bruyne is \"helping the club become a better institution\". On 27 December, De Bruyne provided an assist for Sterling's goal in a 1\u20130 win over Newcastle United. On 9 January, De Bruyne scored in a 2\u20131 win over Bristol City in the first leg of the semi-finals of the EFL Cup. On 20 January, he provided an assist for Ag\u00fcero's first goal of the game (who scored a hat-trick in the game), in a 3\u20131 win over Newcastle United. On 22 January 2018, De Bruyne signed a new long-term contract with the club, keeping him at the club until 2023. On 23 January, he scored the winning goal in a 3\u20132 win over Bristol City in the EFL Cup semi-final second leg, which helped City advance"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " to the final, having won the tie by an aggregate scoreline of 5\u20133. On 31 January, he scored and assisted in a 3\u20130 win over West Bromwich Albion, and was voted BBC \"Man of the Match\". On 10 February, he provided three assists, two for Ag\u00fcero and one for Raheem Sterling, in a 5\u20131 win over Leicester City, taking his assists tally to 14. On 25 February, he started in the 2018 EFL Cup Final against Arsenal, and played the whole 90 minutes, with Manchester City winning 3\u20130 to obtain their first piece of silverware of the 2017\u201318 season, and their first trophy overall under Pep Guardiola. On 31 March 2018, he provided an assist for Gabriel Jesus in a 3\u20131 win over Everton, ensuring that City would require only one more win to secure the Premier League title. On 22 April, he scored in a 5\u20130 win over Swansea City. On 13 May, on the final day of the season, De Bruyne assisted Gabriel Jesus' winning goal in a 1\u20130 win over Southampton, which took champions City's total points tally to 100. De Bruyne was also voted as BBC \"Man of the Match\". For his 16 assists registered across the"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " league season, De Bruyne won the inaugural Premier League Playmaker of the Season award. He was also selected in the PFA Team of the Year, and was also voted as Manchester City Player of the Season.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2018\u201319 season. On 15 August 2018, De Bruyne suffered a knee injury during a training session, with several news websites reporting that he could potentially not play for up to three months. Two days later, Manchester City confirmed that he had suffered a lesion of the lateral collateral ligament in his right knee, with no surgery required, and that he was expected to not play for three months. Soon after De Bruyne returned to action in October 2018, he once again suffered a knee ligament injury in the fourth round of the EFL Cup against Fulham. The injury was expected to keep him out for 5\u20136 weeks but he resumed full training much earlier than expected after only 3 weeks out. He came on as substitute in the FA Cup final against Watford, scoring the third goal and assisting two more, as City won the first-ever domestic treble in English men's football. His performances meant he was named \"Man of the Match\".</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2019\u201320"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " season. On 30 November 2019, De Bruyne scored a half-volley in a 2\u20132 draw against Newcastle in the league, that strike was later voted as Premier League Goal of the Month for November. On 15 December 2019, he scored a brace in a 3\u20130 Premier League win over Arsenal at the Emirates. De Bruyne scored his 50th City goal in all competitions on 26 February 2020 in their 2\u20131 victory, coming from behind, over Real Madrid in their Champions League Round of 16 clash. In the final Premier League match of the season, City beat Norwich City 5\u20130 at home. De Bruyne scored two goals and registered his 20th league assist, which equalled Thierry Henry's record for the most assists in a season, and also won his second Playmaker of the Season award. In addition he became the first player in history to reach 20 assists in a single season in two of Europe's top five leagues. His long range curler in that game also won him Premier League Goal of the Month for the second time in the season. At the end of the season he was awarded the Premier League Player of the Season after scoring 13 goals, providing 20 assists and creating 104 chances from open play, the most for a player"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " in any of Europe's top five leagues since 2006. He was also named in the PFA Team of the Year and won the PFA Player of the Year award, becoming the first ever Manchester City player to win it.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2020\u201321 season. On 21 September 2020, De Bruyne scored and assisted in a 3\u20131 away win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in City's first game of the season. With the crucial visit of the Premier League champions, Liverpool, De Bruyne assisted Gabriel Jesus' equalizer before winning a penalty, which he subsequently fired wide. The game ended in a 1\u20131 draw. On 7 April, De Bruyne signed a four-year contract after negotiating it with help of statistical data to make case for a 30% pay increase. On 25 April 2021, De Bruyne's free-kick was headed into the goal by Aymeric Laporte, allowing City to win 1\u20130 against Tottenham Hotspur in the EFL Cup Final at Wembley Stadium. On 28 April, he scored a goal in a 2\u20131 away win over Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League semi-finals. On 29 May, De Bruyne had a head injury after colliding with Antonio R"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": "\u00fcdiger in the second half of the Champions League Final, to be substituted by Gabriel Jesus; however, his team lost 1\u20130 against his former club Chelsea. Medical scans after the game revealed De Bruyne to have suffered acute nose bone and left orbital fractures, placing doubt on his participation in the rescheduled UEFA Euro 2020 tournament. At the end of the season, Kevin was awarded with the PFA Player's Player Of The Year award.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2021\u201322 season. On 11 May 2022, De Bruyne scored four goals inside 24 minutes in City's 5\u20131 win at Wolverhampton Wanderers, his first hat-trick with the club and the third-quickest in Premier League history. Sky Sports commentator Andy Hinchcliffe described the feat as \"Twenty-three minutes of footballing genius\" and Jeremy Wilson, writing in \"The Daily Telegraph\", said \"De Bruyne's 'wrong-footed' hat-trick was one of the best displays in Premier League history\". De Bruyne was again bestowed with the Premier League Player of the Season award, becoming the fourth player to win the award more than once. He also went on to win Manchester City's Player of the Year award for the fourth"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " time. As a result, he tied Richard Dunne for the most player of the year awards at the club.</s><s>International career. De Bruyne was capped by Belgium at under-18, under-19, and under-21 level. He made his debut for the Belgian senior team on 11 August 2010 in an international friendly against Finland in Turku; the game ended in a 1\u20130 loss for Belgium. Before making his full debut for Belgium's senior side, De Bruyne was eligible to play for Burundi, his mother's birthplace. De Bruyne became a regular member of Belgium's team during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign, where he scored four goals as the Red Devils qualified for their first major tournament in 12 years.</s><s>International career.:2014\u20132016: First World Cup and Euro appearances. On 13 May 2014, he was named in Belgium's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In their first game of the tournament, against Algeria in Belo Horizonte, De Bruyne assisted Marouane Fellaini's equaliser and was named man of the match by FIFA. In the round of 16, De Bruyne scored Belgium's opening goal in the third minute of extra time as they defeated the United States 2\u20131"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": ". On 10 October 2014, De Bruyne scored twice in a 6\u20130 rout of Andorra in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying, equaling the team's record victory in a European qualifier set in 1986. On 3 September 2015, De Bruyne scored in a 3\u20131 win over Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 10 October 2015, De Bruyne scored in a 4\u20131 win over Andorra, which secured Belgium's place at the UEFA Euro 2016 finals. Three days later, he scored in a 3\u20131 win over Israel, securing Belgium top-spot in the group. On 31 May 2016, De Bruyne was selected for Belgium's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. On 18 June 2016, De Bruyne was praised for his performance in Belgium's 3\u20130 win over the Republic of Ireland. On 26 June 2016, De Bruyne was voted BBC \"Man of the Match\" for his performance in a 4\u20130 win over Hungary in the round of 16, where he provided two assists.</s><s>International career.:2016\u20132018: 2018 World Cup. De Bruyne was selected for Belgium's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 18 June, in the opening game against debutants Panama,"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " De Bruyne provided an assist for Romelu Lukaku in an eventual 3\u20130 win. On 6 July, he scored the second goal of the match in a 2\u20131 quarter-final victory over Brazil and was named the man of the match. In the semi-finals, Belgium were defeated 1\u20130 by eventual champions France. On 14 July, Belgium defeated England 2\u20130 in the third-place play-off.</s><s>International career.:2018\u20132022: Euro 2020 and 2022 World Cup. On 17 June 2021, De Bruyne scored his first and the winning goal in Belgium's second match of UEFA Euro 2020, a 2\u20131 win over Denmark, having earlier in the game assisted the team's first goal. During the round of 16 clash with Portugal, De Bruyne suffered an ankle injury from a tackle from behind, by Portugal's Joao Palhinha. On 2 July Belgium manager Roberto Martinez said that De Bruyne could recover in time for the quarter-final match, later that day, despite not training all week and he was later confirmed in the starting line-up. De Bruyne started all three games in the 2022 FIFA World Cup as Belgium were eliminated in the group stage.</s><s>International career.:2022\u2013present"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": ": Assuming the captaincy. On 21 March 2023, De Bruyne was announced as Belgium's new captain, following the international retirement of Eden Hazard.</s><s>Style of play. De Bruyne is widely regarded as one of the best players in the world and he has often been described as a \"complete\" footballer. Considered to be a versatile and highly talented player in the media, he plays mainly as a central or an attacking midfielder but can also operate in several other positions and has been used as a winger or second striker. He has even been deployed in a deeper creative midfield position and on occasion, a box-to-box role or as a false 9. He is often described by pundits as one of the best and most complete modern day advanced playmakers due to his technique, skill, athleticism, work-rate off the ball, vision, crossing accuracy, wide range of passing, and powerful long-range shooting ability with either foot. Although he is not blessed with significant physical strength, pace, or ability in the air, he is a quick and elegant player on the ball with good dribbling skills, while his positional sense, tactical intelligence, movement, direct style of play and ability to run at defences when in possession also enable him to take advantage of"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " spaces in the opposition's defence and subsequently create chances and goalscoring opportunities for himself or his teammates, making him a dangerous offensive threat on counter-attacks. In addition to his creative abilities, he is also capable of scoring goals by making late runs off the ball from behind into the penalty area and is an accurate set-piece taker. De Bruyne was ranked the fourth-best footballer in the world by \"The Guardian\" in 2017 and the twelfth-best in 2019. In 2020, his Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola described him as the best midfielder in the world.</s><s>Personal life. De Bruyne's mother is Belgian, born in Burundi and has also lived in the Ivory Coast. Drongen, his hometown, is a sub municipality of the city of Ghent, in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. Aside from his mother tongue Dutch, De Bruyne also speaks French, English, and German. Since 2014, De Bruyne has been in a relationship with Mich\u00e8le Lacroix. The couple married in June 2017, and have three children together. His autobiography, titled \"Keep It Simple\", was published by Borgerhoff & Lamberigts in October 2014, following an incident between De Bruyne"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": " and his compatriot Thibaut Courtois, in which De Bruyne's then-girlfriend left him for Courtois. De Bruyne wrote in his autobiography, \"Although I still can not believe what Courtois has done, we continue to work together professionally.\" De Bruyne was an ambassador for the 2014 Special Olympics, which took place in Antwerp, and was involved in a controversial advertisement campaign, via his personal Instagram account. Employing the slogan (in Dutch): \"Would you still be my fan if I looked like this?\", De Bruyne was depicted resembling a person with Down syndrome.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Genk - Belgian Pro League: 2010\u201311 - Belgian Cup: 2008\u201309 - Belgian Super Cup: 2011 VfL Wolfsburg - DFB-Pokal: 2014\u201315 - DFL-Supercup: 2015 Manchester City - Premier League: 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319, 2020\u201321, 2021\u201322 - FA Cup: 2018\u201319 - Football League Cup/EFL Cup: 2015\u201316, 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319, 2019\u201320, 2020\u201321 - FA Community Shield: 2019 - UEFA Champions League runner"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": "-up: 2020\u201321 Belgium - FIFA World Cup third place: 2018 Individual - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year: 2012\u201313 - Bundesliga Player of the Year: 2014\u201315 - Bundesliga Team of the Year: 2014\u201315 - Bundesliga top assist provider: 2014\u201315 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2014\u201315 - Goal of the Month (Germany): October 2014 - Footballer of the Year (Germany): 2015 - \"France Football\" World XI: 2015 - Belgian Sportsman of the Year: 2015 - Best Belgian Player Abroad: 2015, 2016 - Manchester City Player of the Season: 2015\u201316, 2017\u201318, 2019\u201320, 2021\u201322 - Manchester City Goal of the Season: 2019\u201320 - FIFA FIFPRO World 11: 2020, 2021, 2022 - IFFHS Men's World Team: 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2017, 2019, 2020 - ESM Team of the Year: 2017\u201318, 2019\u201320, 2020\u201321, 2021\u201322 - PFA Premier League Team of the Year: 2017\u201318, 2019\u201320, 2020\u201321, 2021\u201322 - Premier League Playmaker of the Season: 2017\u201318, 2019\u2013"}, {"title": "Kevin De Bruyne", "text": "20 - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319, 2019\u201320, 2020\u201321 - UEFA Champions League Team of the Season: 2021\u201322 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2018 - Premier League Goal of the Month: November 2019, July 2020 - Premier League Player of the Season: 2019\u201320, 2021\u201322 - PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2019\u201320, 2020\u201321 - UEFA Champions League Midfielder of the Season: 2019\u201320 - IFFHS World's Best Playmaker: 2020, 2021 - IFFHS UEFA Team of the Decade: 2011\u20132020 - IFFHS All Time Belgium XI - Ballon d'Or 3rd place: 2022</s><s>Bibliography. - \"Keep It Simple\" (2014) (autobiography, co-authored with Raoul de Groote), Amsterdam: Borgerhoff & Lamberigts,</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kevin De Bruyne", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000438", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Gemma Arterton.", "docs": [{"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": "<s>Gemma Arterton Gemma Christina Arterton (born 2 February 1986) is an English actress and producer. After her stage debut in Shakespeare's \"Love's Labour's Lost\" at the Globe Theatre (2007), Arterton made her feature film debut in the comedy \"St Trinian's\" (2007). She portrayed Bond Girl Strawberry Fields in the James Bond film \"Quantum of Solace\" (2008), a performance which won her an Empire Award for Best Newcomer. Arterton has since appeared in a number of films, including \"The Disappearance of Alice Creed\" (2009), \"Tamara Drewe\" (2010), \"Clash of the Titans\" (2010), \"\" (2010), \"\" (2013), \"Their Finest\" (2016), \"The Escape\" (2017), and \"Vita and Virginia\" (2018). She received the Harper's Bazaar Woman of the Year Award for acting in and producing \"The Escape\". Her theatrical highlights have included starring in \"The Duchess of Malfi\" (2014), \"Made in Dagenham\" (2014), \"Nell Gwynn\" (2016) and \"Saint Joan\" (2017). Arterton was nominated for Olivier Awards for her work on"}, {"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": " both \"Nell Gwynn\" and \"Made in Dagenham\", and she won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for the latter. Since 2016, Arterton has run her own production company, Rebel Park Productions, which focuses on creating female-led content in front of and behind the camera. She has executive-produced four feature films and two short films. She is also on record as being a supporter of the Time's Up, ERA 50:50 and MeToo movements. Arterton played an integral role in persuading actresses to wear black at the 2018 BAFTAs in support of Time'sUp, and has been involved with ERA 50:50, an equal pay campaign in the UK, since its inception.</s><s>Early life and education. Arterton was born at North Kent Hospital in Gravesend with polydactyly, a condition resulting in extra fingers which a doctor removed shortly after her birth. Her mother, Sally-Anne Heap, runs a cleaning business, and her father, Barry J. Arterton, is a welder. They divorced during Arterton's early childhood, and she grew up on a council estate with her mother and younger sister, Hannah Arterton, who is also an actress. Her"}, {"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": " matrilineal great-grandmother was a German-Jewish concert violinist. Arterton attended Gravesend Grammar School for Girls, a state grammar school in Kent (now Mayfield Grammar School) and made her amateur stage debut in a production of Alan Ayckbourn's \"The Boy Who Fell into a Book\". Her performance won her the best actress prize in a competition at a local festival. At age 16, Arterton left Gravesend Grammar School to attend acting college at the Miskin Theatre at North Kent College in Dartford. She later studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), graduating in 2008.</s><s>Career. Arterton had her first professional role in Stephen Poliakoff's \"Capturing Mary\" while she was still at drama school. She made her stage debut as Rosaline in Shakespeare's \"Love's Labour's Lost\" at the Globe Theatre in London in July 2007 before graduating later that year. She made her film debut in \"St Trinian's\" (2007) as Head Girl Kelly. In 2008, she appeared in the James Bond film \"Quantum of Solace\". Chosen from around fifteen hundred candidates, Arterton plays Bond Girl Strawberry Fields, in what is described"}, {"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": " as a \"nice-sized role\". Arterton describes her character as \"the thinking man's crumpet\". In the same year, she played the eponymous protagonist in the BBC adaptation of Thomas Hardy's \"Tess of the d'Urbervilles\". Also in 2008, she played Elizabeth Bennet in the ITV serial, \"Lost in Austen\". Her most controversial role to date was in the 2009 film \"The Disappearance of Alice Creed\", in which her character is kidnapped and abused in several graphic nude scenes. The role required her to be handcuffed to a bed and wear a ball gag in her mouth throughout. She requested that she be left tied to the bed even when the camera was not on her to help her performance. She joked that the crew would put the ball gag back in if she was chatting too much. The film was well received, with Frank Scheck for \"The Hollywood Reporter\" noting, \"Arterton\u2026 handles the rigorous physical and emotional demands of her role with great skill\". Arterton was the face of Avon's Bond Girl 007 fragrance, when it was launched in October 2008. In 2010, Arterton made her West End debut in the UK premiere of \"The Little Dog Laughed\". She was"}, {"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": " originally attached to star in a new adaptation of \"Wuthering Heights\" as Catherine Earnshaw; however, she later left the project. Arterton appeared in pivotal roles in the 2010 films \"Clash of the Titans\" and \"\", and played the lead in \"Tamara Drewe\". In 2010 Arterton also starred in the Almeida Theatre's production of \"The Master Builder\" directed by Travis Preston, where she was widely praised for her performance as Hilde Wangel. In 2011, Arterton was nominated for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Rising Star Award and was under consideration for Leading Actress for her performances in \"Tamara Drewe\" and \"The Disappearance of Alice Creed\". In November 2012, she was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2012 International Film Festival of Marrakech. Arterton starred in the action horror film \"\" as Gretel, opposite Jeremy Renner who played Hansel. The 3-D film was set 15 years after Hansel and Gretel killed the witch who kidnapped them. It was released on 25 January 2013. In January 2014, she took the title role in John Webster's \"The Duchess of Malfi\", the inaugural production at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse"}, {"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": ", the new indoor theatre at Shakespeare's Globe. Both the play and Arterton herself received positive reviews, with Paul Taylor for \"The Independent\" reporting. \"The luminous Gemma Arterton beautifully captures the multi-faceted quality of the Duchess\". In the same year, she starred with Ryan Reynolds, Anna Kendrick and Jacki Weaver in the psychological thriller film, \"The Voices\". In 2015, Arterton starred as the titular lead in \"Gemma Bovery\"\".\" The film is a re-imagining of Gustave Flaubert's 19th century classic \"Madame Bovary\" directed by Anne Fontaine. Arterton learnt to speak French for the role, never having spoken the language previously. In 2014\u20132015, Arterton starred in \"Made in Dagenham\", a stage musical about the Ford sewing machinists strike of 1968 concerning equal pay for women. Since its premiere on 5 November 2014 at the Adelphi Theatre in London, she has publicly expressed her support for their cause. She played a fictional character named Rita O'Grady and her performance received mixed reviews from critics. Simon Edge, for the \"Daily Express\", complained of an \"underpowered central performance from Gemma Arter"}, {"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": "ton as Rita\". However, Matt Trueman for \"Variety\" praised Arterton for her \"all-out star turn\" and Paul Taylor, for \"The Independent\", praised how \"Arterton holds the show together beautifully\". Despite the show closing after only five months, Arterton was nevertheless nominated for an Olivier Award for best actress in a musical, and went on to win the Evening Standard award for Newcomer in a Musical. In a 2015 interview with the \"Independent\" newspaper, Arterton stated that she was the director Jonathan Glazer's choice for the lead role in his movie \"Under the Skin\". Glazer, however, was forced to recast because Arterton was not famous enough for the film to secure financing. In February 2016, Arterton started a run playing the title role in the Shakespeare's Globe transfer of \"Nell Gwynn\", at the West End's Apollo Theatre. Arterton was praised by critics, with Michael Billington for \"The Guardian\" citing her \"natural sparkle\". For her performance she was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play. In July 2016, she was named as a member of the main competition jury for the 73rd Venice International Film Festival. Also in"}, {"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": " this year, Arterton was nominated for a BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as the teacher Helen Justineau in \"The Girl with All the Gifts\". Her performance, a story set in a dystopian future world ravaged by a zombie pathogen, was generally well reviewed. In 2016, Arterton set up Rebel Park Productions to create female-lead and female-centric film and TV projects. She produced the well-received short film \"Leading Lady Parts\" in support of Time's Up. The film starred Emilia Clarke, Tom Hiddleston and Gemma Chan and helped to raise awareness for the UK Justice and Equality Fund. In the same year, she played one of four lead roles in Arnaud des Palli\u00e8res' French language film \"Orpheline\" (\"Orphan\"), a role in which she exercised the French language skills she had acquired for her role in \"Gemma Bovery\". In 2017, Arterton took on the role of Joan in Josie Rourke's interpretation of George Bernard Shaw's classic story \"Saint Joan\". While the play itself received mixed reviews, Arterton's performance was widely praised as the highlight of the show. In the same year, she appeared as the fictional young"}, {"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": " screenwriter Catrin Cole in \"Their Finest\", a wartime romcom about a propaganda film crew working during the Second World War. Arterton's performance amongst the impressive ensemble of supporting actors (Bill Nighy, Sam Claflin and Eddie Marsan) was generally well received. In 2018, Arterton produced and co-created \"The Escape\", a largely improvised film about a mother struggling with the breakdown of her marriage. The film received excellent reviews and Arterton was nominated for a BIFA award for Best Actress in a British Independent Film. She was awarded Woman of the Year by \"Harper's Bazaar\" magazine for her work on the film. Also in 2018, Arterton was one of 928 new members invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 49% of whom were female as part of the Academy's ongoing attempt to increase representation. In 2018, it was announced that Arterton would play late singer Dusty Springfield in a film about her life. However, no further news about the project has been released since. In 2019, Arterton appeared in the Netflix comedy \"Murder Mystery\" (which stars Adam Sandler, Jennifer Aniston and Luke Evans). Despite the film's largely negative reviews,"}, {"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": " it was watched by 30.9 million Netflix account-holders in its first three days of release, then a record for the streaming service. In the same year, Arterton played the socialite and author Vita Sackville-West in \"Vita and Virginia\", a film about the romantic relationship between Arterton's character and Virginia Woolf which was the inspiration for Woolf's novel \"\". Arterton is credited as executive producer of the film. She also produced and starred in the short film \"Hayley Alien\", which was written and directed by her sister and co-star, Hannah Arterton. Arterton was an executive producer and starred in the Second World War film, \"Summerland\", directed by Jessica Swale. Arterton had previously worked with Swale on the stage show \"Nell Gwynn\".</s><s>Personal life. Arterton met production assistant John Nolan on the set of \"Quantum of Solace\" and they lived together in London. In 2008, she had a relationship with the Spanish stuntman Eduardo Mu\u00f1oz, whom she met on the set of \"\". They lived together in a London flat, but they split up after six months. Arterton married Stefano Catelli in 2010"}, {"title": "Gemma Arterton", "text": "; however, they separated in 2013, and, in August 2015, their divorce was finalised \"by consent\" at the Central Family Court in High Holborn. Arterton said she \"never really believed in exchanging vows\" and that she was not sure she would \"want to walk down the aisle again\". In 2013, Arterton stated that she wanted to wait until she has accomplished something in the acting world before having children. In 2019, she married actor Rory Keenan. On 4 November 2022, she confirmed that she was expecting her first child with Keenan. Their son was born in December.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Music videos. - \"Kerala\" (2016) by Bonobo - \"Remember Where You Are\" (2021) by Jessie Ware</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Gemma Arterton", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000439", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Irina Shayk.", "docs": [{"title": "Irina Shayk", "text": "<s>Irina Shayk Irina Valeryevna Shaykhlislamova (; born 6 January 1986), known professionally as Irina Shayk (; ), is a Russian model and television personality who received international recognition when she appeared as the first Russian model on the cover of the 2011 \"Sports Illustrated\" Swimsuit Issue. Models.com ranks her as one of the New Supers.</s><s>Early life. Shayk was born in Yemanzhelinsk (Chelyabinsk Oblast region), Soviet Union, to a Volga Tatar father, Valery Shaykhlislamov, a coal miner, and ethnic Russian mother, Olga, a kindergarten music teacher. She has stated that she inherited her looks from her father and that people often mistake her for being South American, saying, \"My father was dark skinned, because he was Tatar, sometimes Tatars can look Brazilian. I get my light eyes from my mother.\" She has one sibling, a sister named Tatiana Petenkova. She is also an aunt to Tatiana's three children including a niece named \"Irina\" after her. Shayk started playing piano at age six. At age nine, she enrolled in a music school and studied there for seven years,"}, {"title": "Irina Shayk", "text": " both playing the piano and singing in the choir, since her mother wanted her to study music. Her father died of complications of pneumonia when she was 14, leaving her family with little money and forcing her mother to work two jobs to provide for the family. After high school, Shayk studied marketing but later instead chose to enter a beauty school with her older sister. While there, she was noticed by a person from a local modeling agency who was struck by her beauty. She was urged to participate in the \"Miss Chelyabinsk 2004\" beauty contest, which she won; she described this contest as far below the standard of beauty contests one would expect in metropolitan European cities or in the United States.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Modeling.</s><s>Career.:Modeling.:2007\u20132010: Early years. In 2007, Shayk replaced Ana Beatriz Barros as the face of Intimissimi, and in the same year debuted in the annual \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\". After being the face of Intimissimi for three years, Shayk was made the official ambassador for the brand in 2010. Her other modeling campaigns included Beach Bunny Swimwear, and Guess for the spring/summer 2009 season. Other work includes the"}, {"title": "Irina Shayk", "text": " Victoria's Secret catalog, Lacoste, Cesare Paciotti and Morellato. She signed with IMG Models in May 2009.</s><s>Career.:Modeling.:2011\u20132015: Mainstream success. Shayk modeled the Armani Exchange spring/summer 2010 campaign. She also starred in Kanye West's \"Power\", directed by artist Marco Brambilla. She was on the cover of \"Ocean Drive\" and \"GQ\" South Africa for the August issue. She ranked first in the \"50 Hottest Russian Women\" list by \"Complex\" magazine. She made a change from swimwear to high fashion with a spread in Spain's \"Harper's Bazaar\" and landed the cover of \"Elle\" Spain for their November 2010 issue. \"Glamour\" Spain awarded her \"Best International Model of 2010\". At the end of the year, she was pictured nude in the \"GQ Spain\" December issue; however, she claimed that she had not stripped for the photoshoot, and that the magazine had digitally altered the images to remove her lingerie. GQ responded that there are 15 witnesses of her posing nude. On Valentine's Day, in an episode of the \"Late Show with David Letterman\","}, {"title": "Irina Shayk", "text": " it was revealed via \"Billboard\" that Shayk was the covermodel for the 2011 \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\". This was the fifth time she has been featured in the magazine, but the first time she has been on the cover. She is the first Russian to appear on the cover. Shayk became the face of swim label Luli Fama's 2011 advertising campaign and look book. In 2011, she covered magazines such as \"Tatler Russia\", \"Twelv\", \"Cosmopolitan Spain\", \"GQ Mexico\", \"Glamour Spain\", \"Amica Italy\" and appeared on the covered of \"Elle Spain\", the special edition for Christmas. She also worked for many brands like Rampage, replacing Bar Refaeli, Replay and XTI. The same year, she was voted \"Sexiest Woman In The World\" in the Hungarian magazine Periodika. In 2012, she covered \"Esquire UK\", \"Harper's Bazaar Arabia\" and \"Ukraine\", \"Marie Claire Ukraine\", \"Spain\" and \"Russia\", \"GQ Germany\", \"Glamour Russia\" and appeared on 14 \"Cosmopolitan\" spring covers worldwide. She also covered \"S Moda Spain\" and \"The Sunday Times Style\". She also did"}, {"title": "Irina Shayk", "text": " an editorial for \"Vanity Fair Italy\". The same year, she has appeared in campaigns for Morellato, Agua Bendita and Blanco. In November, Shayk covered \"Twelv\" Magazine, Second Issue with fellow Russian model Anne V. In the same month, she appeared in an editorial for Vogue Spain December issue working with Mario Testino. In February 2013, she covered \"Vs.\" magazine with Anne V and the same month she did an editorial for CR Fashion book issue 2 photographed by Bruce Weber and styled by Carine Roitfeld. The same month, she did the runway of Jeremy Scott during the New York fashion week. In March 2013, she did the runway of Givenchy during the Paris fashion week. Also in 2013, Shayk featured several times in \"Harper's Bazaar US\". She featured for the second time in CR fashion book issue 3. In September, she covered \"Allure\" Russia. She was also the cover model of \"Vogue\" Spain, landing her first \"Vogue\" cover photographed by Giampaolo Sgura. In 2014, she was the placard bearer for the Russian team during the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics.</s><s>Career.:Modeling.:2016\u2013present"}, {"title": "Irina Shayk", "text": ": Transition to high fashion work. Shayk has walked the runways for Miu Miu, Bottega Veneta, Marc Jacobs, Chanel, Ralph Lauren, Schiaparelli, Mugler, Moschino, Burberry, Versace, Givenchy, Diane Von Furstenberg, Giles Deacon, Desigual, Jeremy Scott, Hugo Boss, Philipp Plein, Salvatore Ferragamo, Tory Burch, Victoria Beckham, Valentino, Max Mara, Brandon Maxwell, Isabel Marant, Etro, Vivienne Westwood, Richard Quinn, Oscar de la Renta, Vivienne Westwood, Missoni, Michael Kors, and Mango. She even walked for the last Jean Paul Gaultier fashion show in 2020. In 2016, she walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show while 6 months pregnant with baby girl Lea de Seine Shayk Cooper. She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Burberry, Jean Paul Gaultier, Marc Jacobs, Versace, Alberta Ferretti, Givenchy, Missoni, La Perla, Roberto Cavalli, Giorgio Armani, Dsquared2, La Senza, Morellato, Bebe, Lord & Taylor, Lacoste"}, {"title": "Irina Shayk", "text": ", Armani Exchange, Guess?, Blumarine, Saks Fifth Avenue, Victoria's Secret, and Avon. In October 2015, she became the new L'Or\u00e9al Paris International Spokesperson.</s><s>Career.:Acting. Shayk made her acting debut as Megara alongside Dwayne Johnson in the 2014 film \"Hercules\".</s><s>Personal life. Shayk dated Linkin Park drummer Rob Bourdon from 2007 to 2009. She met Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo in 2009 and they started dating soon after. She ended the relationship with Ronaldo in January 2015. In spring 2015, she started dating American actor Bradley Cooper. Their daughter Lea De Seine was born in Los Angeles on March 21, 2017. The couple split up in June 2019.</s><s>Philanthropy. Shayk is helping a maternity hospital in her hometown of Yemanzhelinsk. She and her sister helped rebuild the children's ward of the local hospital, and now Shayk raises money on behalf of a Russian charity, Pomogi - \"Help\" (), which provides care to sick children. Shayk is the official ambassador for Pomogi in Russia. She is an ambassador for the Food Bank for New York City as well as the ASPCA. She is"}, {"title": "Irina Shayk", "text": " against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, has stated an intention of donating to UNICEF and Red Cross to support their humanitarian efforts in Ukraine, and has asked her followers to donate too.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Irina Shayk", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000440", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rafael Nadal.", "docs": [{"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "<s>Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal Parera (, ; born 3 June 1986) is a Spanish professional tennis player. He is currently ranked world No. 13 in singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). He has been ranked world No. 1 for 209 weeks, and has finished as the year-end No. 1 five times. He also holds the record for most consecutive weeks in the Top 10 of the ATP Rankings, having never left the Top 10 from April 2005 to March 2023, a total of 912 weeks. Nadal has won a joint-record 22 Grand Slam men's singles titles, including a record 14 French Open titles. He has won 92 ATP singles titles, including 36 Masters titles, with 63 of these on clay courts. Nadal is one of only two men to complete the Career Golden Slam in singles. His 81 consecutive wins on clay is the longest single-surface win streak in the Open Era. For over a decade, Nadal has dominated men's tennis along with Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic as the Big Three, collectively considered by many to be the three greatest male tennis players of all time. At the start of his professional career, Nadal became one of the most successful teenagers in"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " ATP Tour history, reaching the world No. 2 ranking and winning 16 titles before turning 20, including his first French Open and six Masters events. Nadal became the world No. 1 for the first time in 2008 after defeating Federer in a historic Wimbledon final, his first major victory off clay. He followed up his win with an Olympic singles gold at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. After defeating Djokovic in the 2010 US Open final, then-24-year-old Nadal became the youngest man in the Open Era to achieve the Career Grand Slam, and the first man to win majors on three different surfaces (hard, grass, and clay) in the same year (Surface Slam). After two injury-plagued seasons, Nadal made a stellar return in one of the greatest comeback seasons of all time in 2013; reaching 14 finals, winning two majors and five Masters events including the US Open Series sweep (Summer Slam). He continued his dominance at the French Open, securing six titles, two US Open titles, an Australian Open title, and an Olympic doubles gold at the 2016 Rio Olympics with Marc L\u00f3pez. Nadal surpassed his joint-record with Djokovic and Federer for the most major men's singles titles at the 2022 Australian Open"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ", and became one of four men in history to complete the double Career Grand Slam in singles. He appeared in the Top 10 of the ATP rankings continuously from April 2005 to March 2023 \u2013 a record spanning 18 years. As a vigorous left-handed player, one of Nadal's main strengths is his forehand, which he hits with extremely heavy topspin at difficult angles. He is one of the best at breaking serve, regularly appearing among the tour leaders in percentage of return games, return points, and break points won. Nadal has won the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award five times, and was the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year in 2011 and 2021. He is also a recipient of the Grand Cross of the Order of Dos De Mayo, the Grand Cross of Naval Merit, and the Medal of the City of Paris. Representing Spain, he has won two Olympic gold medals, and led the nation to four Davis Cup titles. Nadal has also opened a tennis academy in Mallorca, and is an active philanthropist.</s><s>Early life. Rafael Nadal Parera was born on 3 June 1986 in Manacor, a town on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands, Spain, to parents Ana Mar"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "\u00eda Parera Femen\u00edas and Sebasti\u00e1n Nadal Homar. His father is a businessman, owner of an insurance company, glass and window company Vidres Mallorca, and the restaurant, Sa Punta. Rafael has a younger sister, Mar\u00eda Isabel. His uncle, Miguel \u00c1ngel Nadal, is a retired professional footballer, who played for RCD Mallorca, FC Barcelona and the Spanish national team. He idolized Barcelona striker Ronaldo as a child, and via his uncle got access to the Barcelona dressing room to have a photo with the Brazilian. Recognizing a natural talent in Nadal, another uncle and tennis coach, Toni Nadal, introduced him to the game when he was three years old and coached him from 2005 to 2017. At age 8, Nadal won an under-12 regional tennis championship at a time when he was also a promising football player. This made Toni Nadal intensify training, and it was at that time that his uncle encouraged Nadal to play left-handed for a natural advantage on the tennis court, after studying Nadal's then two-handed forehand stroke. At age 12, Nadal won the Spanish and European tennis titles in his age group, while he was also playing"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " football. Nadal's father made him choose between football and tennis so that his schoolwork would not deteriorate entirely. Nadal said: \"I chose tennis. Football had to stop straight away.\" When he was 14, the Spanish tennis federation requested that Nadal leave Mallorca and move to Barcelona to continue his tennis training. His family turned down this request, partly because they feared his education would suffer, but also because Toni said that \"I don't want to believe that you have to go to America, or other places to be a good athlete. You can do it from your home.\" The decision to stay home meant less financial support from the federation; instead, Nadal's father covered the costs. In May 2001, he defeated former Grand Slam tournament champion Pat Cash in a clay-court exhibition match.</s><s>Professional tennis career.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2001\u20132004: Early career and Davis Cup title. Nadal turned professional at age 15, and participated in two events on the ITF junior circuit. He finished 2001 with a Challenger series record of 1\u20131 in singles with no titles or finals appearances. He did not participate in any doubles Challengers events. At ITF Futures, Nadal's record was 7\u20135 in"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " singles and 1\u20132 in doubles, with no titles or finals appearances. In 2002, Nadal reached the semifinals of the junior singles event at Wimbledon, in his first ITF junior event. In the same year, he helped Spain defeat the US in the final of the Junior Davis Cup in his second and final appearance on the ITF junior circuit. Nadal's Challenger level record in 2002 was 4\u20132 in singles with no titles. He did not participate in any doubles Challengers events. Nadal finished the year with a Futures record of 40\u20139 in singles and 10\u20139 in doubles. He won 6 singles tournaments at this level, including 5 on clay and 1 on hard courts. He did not reach any doubles finals. On 29 April 2002, in his hometown of Mallorca and at 15 years and 10 months of age, Nadal won his first ATP match by defeating Ram\u00f3n Delgado, and became the ninth player in the Open Era to do so before the age of 16. In doubles, Nadal and his partner, Bartolom\u00e9 Salv\u00e1 Vidal, were defeated in the first round by David Adams and Simon Aspelin. In 2003, Nadal won two Challenger titles and finished the year ranked as the world No"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ". 49. He won the ATP Newcomer of the Year Award. In his Wimbledon debut in 2003, he became the youngest man to reach the third round since Boris Becker in 1984, thus having never contested in a major qualifying event before. Nadal then participated at B\u00e5stad, where he lost to Nicolas Lapentti in the quarterfinals, and at Stuttgart, where he lost to Fernando Gonz\u00e1lez in the round of 32. At Umag, he lost to Carlos Moy\u00e1 in the semifinals. After playing two more Challenger level events, the last of his career, Nadal finished his 2003 campaign with three first round losses in ATP events. Nadal also competed in seven doubles tournaments in 2003, and won his first ATP title (doubles or singles) at Umag, partnering \u00c1lex L\u00f3pez Mor\u00f3n to defeat Todd Perry and Thomas Shimada in the final. 2004 started with a doubles title alongside Tommy Robredo at the Chennai Open. In singles, Nadal reached the third round of the Australian Open, where he lost in straight-sets to former world No. 1 and Australian native Lleyton Hewitt. Later that year, Nadal played the first of his many matches against Roger Federer, then ranked No"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ". 1, in the third round of the Miami Open, winning in straight sets before a loss to Fernando Gonz\u00e1lez in the fourth round. He missed most of the clay court season, including the French Open, because of a stress fracture in his left ankle. In August, Nadal won his first ATP singles title at the Prokom Open by defeating Jos\u00e9 Acasuso in the final. Nadal, at 18 years and six months of age, became the youngest player to register a singles victory in a Davis Cup final for a winning nation. By beating world No. 2 Andy Roddick on clay in Spain, he helped Spain clinch the 2004 title over the United States. He finished the year ranked as the world No. 51.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2005: First major title. At the 2005 Australian Open, Nadal lost in the fourth round to eventual runner-up Lleyton Hewitt. Two months later, he reached the final of the 2005 Miami Masters, and despite being two points from a straight-sets victory, he was defeated in five sets by No. 1 Roger Federer. Both performances were considered breakthroughs for Nadal. He then dominated the spring clay-court season. He won 24 consecutive singles matches, breaking Andre Ag"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "assi's Open Era record of consecutive match wins for a male teenager. Nadal won the Torneo Conde de God\u00f3 in Barcelona and beat 2004 French Open runner-up Guillermo Coria in the finals of the 2005 Monte Carlo Masters and the 2005 Italian Open. These victories raised his ranking to world No. 5 and made him one of the favorites at his career-first French Open. On his 19th birthday, Nadal defeated Federer in the French Open semifinals, being one of only four players to defeat him that year (along with Marat Safin, Richard Gasquet, and David Nalbandian). Two days later he defeated Mariano Puerta in the final, becoming the second man, after Mats Wilander in 1982, to win the French Open on his first attempt. He was the first male teenager to win a major singles title since Pete Sampras won the 1990 US Open at age 19. Winning improved his ranking to No. 3. Three days after his victory in Paris, Nadal's 24-match winning streak was snapped in the first round of the grass court Gerry Weber Open in Halle, Germany, where he lost to Alexander Waske. He then lost in the second round of 2005 Wimbledon to Gilles M\u00fc"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "ller of Luxembourg. Immediately after Wimbledon, Nadal won 16 consecutive matches and three consecutive tournaments, bringing his ranking to No. 2 on 25 July 2005. Nadal started his North American summer hard-court season by defeating Agassi in the final of the 2005 Canada Masters, but lost in the first round of the 2005 Cincinnati Masters. Nadal was seeded second at the 2005 US Open, but was upset in the third round by No. 49 James Blake in four sets. In September, he defeated Coria in the final of the China Open in Beijing and won both of his Davis Cup matches against Italy. In October, he won his fourth Masters title of the year, defeating Ivan Ljubi\u010di\u0107 in the final of the 2005 Madrid Masters. He then suffered a foot injury that prevented him from competing in the year-ending Tennis Masters Cup. Both Nadal and Federer won eleven singles titles and four Masters titles in 2005. Nadal broke Mats Wilander's previous teenage record of nine in 1983. Eight of Nadal's titles were on clay, and the remainder were on hard courts. Nadal won 79 matches, second only to Federer's 81. Also, he earned the highest year-end ranking ever by a Spaniard and the ATP Most"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Improved Player of the Year award.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2006: Second French Open title. Nadal missed the Australian Open because of a foot injury. In February, he lost in the semifinals of the first tournament he played, the Open 13 tournament in Marseille, France. Two weeks later, he handed Roger Federer his first loss of the year in the final of the Dubai Duty Free Men's Open (in 2006, Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray were the only two men who defeated Federer). To complete the spring hard-court season, Nadal was upset in the semifinals of the Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, California, by James Blake, and was upset in the second round of the 2006 Miami Masters. On European clay, Nadal won all four tournaments he entered and 24 consecutive matches. He defeated Federer in the final of the Masters Series Monte Carlo in four sets. The following week, he defeated Tommy Robredo in the final of the Open Sabadell Atl\u00e1ntico tournament in Barcelona. After a one-week break, Nadal won Italian Open title defeating Federer in a fifth-set tiebreaker in the final, after saving two match points and equaling Bj\u00f6rn Borg's tally of 16 ATP titles won as a teenager"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ". Nadal broke Argentinian Guillermo Vilas's 29-year male record of 53 consecutive clay-court match victories by winning his first round match at the French Open. Vilas presented Nadal with a trophy, but commented later that Nadal's feat was less impressive than his own because Nadal's winning streak covered two years and was accomplished by adding easy tournaments to his schedule. Nadal went on to play Federer in the final of the French Open. The first two sets of the match were hardly competitive, as the rivals traded 6\u20131 sets. Nadal won the third set easily and served for the match in the fourth set before Federer broke him and forced a tiebreaker. Nadal won the tiebreaker and became the first to defeat Federer in a Grand Slam tournament final. Nadal injured his shoulder during a quarterfinal match against Lleyton Hewitt at the Artois Championships, played on grass at the Queen's Club in London. Nadal was unable to complete the match, which ended his 26-match winning streak. Nadal was seeded second at Wimbledon, and was two points from defeat against American qualifier Robert Kendrick in the second round before coming back to win in five sets. In the third round, Nadal defeated"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " No. 20 Andre Agassi in straight sets in Agassi's last career match at Wimbledon. Nadal also won his next three matches in straight sets, which set up his first Wimbledon final, which was against Federer, who had won this tournament the three previous years. Nadal was the first Spanish man since Manuel Santana in 1966, to reach the Wimbledon final, but Federer won the match in four sets to win his fourth consecutive Wimbledon title. During the lead up to the US Open, Nadal played the two Masters tournaments in North America. He was upset in the third round of the Rogers Cup in Toronto and the quarterfinals of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati. Nadal was seeded second at the US Open, but lost in the quarterfinals to No. 54 Mikhail Youzhny of Russia in four sets. Nadal played only three tournaments the remainder of the year. Joachim Johansson, ranked No. 690, upset Nadal in the second round of the Stockholm Open. The following week, Nadal lost to Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych in the quarterfinals of the year's last Masters tournament, the Mutua Madrile\u00f1a Masters in Madrid. During the round-robin stage of the year"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "-ending Tennis Masters Cup, Nadal lost to James Blake but defeated Nikolay Davydenko and Robredo. Because of those two victories, Nadal qualified for the semifinals, where he lost to Federer. This was Nadal's third loss in nine career matches with Federer. Nadal went on to become the first player since Andre Agassi in 1994\u201395 to finish the year ranked No. 2 in consecutive years.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2007: Third French Open title. Nadal started the year by playing in six hard-court tournaments. He lost in the semifinals and first round of his first two tournaments and then lost in the quarterfinals of the Australian Open to eventual runner-up Fernando Gonz\u00e1lez. After another quarterfinal loss at the Dubai Tennis Championships, he won the 2007 Indian Wells Masters, before Novak Djokovic defeated him in the quarterfinals of the 2007 Miami Masters. He had comparatively more success after returning to Europe to play five clay-court tournaments. He won the titles at the Monte-Carlo Masters, the Open Sabadell Atl\u00e1ntico in Barcelona, and the Italian, before losing to Roger Federer in Hamburg Masters final. This defeat ended his 81-match winning streak on clay, which is the"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " male Open Era record for consecutive wins on a single surface. He then rebounded to win the French Open for the third straight year, defeating Federer once again in the final. Between the tournaments in Barcelona and Rome, Nadal defeated Federer in the \"Battle of Surfaces\" exhibition match in Mallorca, Spain, with the tennis court being half grass and half clay. Nadal played the Artois Championships at the Queen's Club in London for the second consecutive year. As in 2006, Nadal was upset in the quarterfinals. Nadal then won consecutive five-set matches during the third and fourth rounds of Wimbledon before being beaten by Federer in the five-set final. This was Federer's first five-set match at Wimbledon since 2001. In July, Nadal won the clay-court Mercedes Cup in Stuttgart, which proved to be his last title of the year. He played three important tournaments during the North American summer hard court season. He was a semifinalist at the Canadian Masters in Montreal before losing his first match at the Cincinnati Masters. He was the second-seeded player at the US Open, but was defeated in the fourth round by David Ferrer. After a month-long break from tournament tennis"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ", Nadal played Madrid Masters and Paris Masters. David Nalbandian upset him in the quarterfinals and final of those tournaments. To end the year, Nadal won two of his three-round robin matches to advance to the semifinals of the Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, where Federer defeated him in straight sets. During the second half of the year, Nadal battled a knee injury suffered during the Wimbledon final. In addition, there were rumors at the end of the year that the foot injury he suffered during 2005, caused long-term damage, which were given credence by coach Toni Nadal's claim that the problem was \"serious\". Nadal and his spokesman strongly denied this, however, with Nadal himself calling the story \"totally false\".</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2008: Two majors, Olympic singles gold, Davis Cup, and world No. 1. Nadal began the year in India, where he was comprehensively beaten by Mikhail Youzhny in the final of the Chennai Open. Nadal then reached the semifinals of the Australian Open for the first time; Jo-Wilfried Tsonga defeated him in the semifinals in straight sets. Nadal also reached the final of the Miami Masters for the second time. During the spring"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " clay-court season, Nadal won four singles titles and defeated Roger Federer in three finals. He beat Federer at the Monte Carlo Masters for the third straight year, capturing his Open Era record fourth consecutive title there. Nadal then won his fourth consecutive title at the Open Sabadell Atl\u00e1ntico tournament in Barcelona. A few weeks later, Nadal won his first Masters Hamburg title defeating Federer in a three-set final. He then won the French Open, becoming the fifth man in the Open Era to win a Grand Slam singles title without losing a set. He defeated Federer in the final for the third straight year, but this was the most lopsided of all their matches, as Nadal only lost four games and gave Federer his first bagel since 1999. This was Nadal's fourth consecutive French title, tying Bj\u00f6rn Borg's all-time record. Nadal became the fourth male player during Open era to win the same Grand Slam singles tournament four consecutive years (the others being Borg, Pete Sampras, and Federer). Nadal then played Federer in the final of Wimbledon for the third consecutive year, in the most anticipated match of their rivalry. Nadal entered the final on a 23-match winning streak"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ", including his first career grass-court title at the Stella Artois Championships staged at the Queen's Club in London prior to Wimbledon. Federer had won his record fifth grass-court title at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle, and then reached the Wimbledon final without losing a set. Unlike their previous two Wimbledon finals, though, Federer was not the prohibitive favorite, and many analysts picked Nadal to win. They played the longest (in terms of time on court, not in terms of numbers of games) final in Wimbledon history, and because of rain delays, Nadal won the fifth set 9\u20137 in near-darkness. (The 2019 final later broke the record of longest Wimbledon final.) The match was widely lauded as the greatest Wimbledon final ever, with some tennis critics even calling it the greatest match in tennis history. By winning his first Wimbledon title, Nadal became the third man in the open era to win both the French Open and Wimbledon in the same year, after Rod Laver in 1969, and Borg in 1978\u20131980, (Federer later accomplished this the following year) as well as the second Spaniard to win Wimbledon. He also ended Federer's record streak of five consecutive"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Wimbledon titles and 65 straight wins on grass courts. This was also the first time that Nadal won two Grand Slam tournaments back-to-back. After Wimbledon, Nadal extended his winning streak to a career-best 32 matches. He won his second Rogers Cup title in Toronto, and then made it into the semifinals of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati. As a result, Nadal clinched the US Open Series. Nadal then played at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, where he defeated Serbia's Novak Djokovic in the semifinals and Chile's Fernando Gonz\u00e1lez in the final to win the gold medal. With the win, Nadal finally clinched the world No. 1 ranking on 18 August, ending Federer's record four-and-a-half-year reign at the top. At the US Open, Nadal was the top-seeded player for the first time at a major. He did not lose a set during his first three matches, defeating qualifiers in the first and second rounds and Viktor Troicki in the third round. In the semifinals, he lost to Andy Murray. Later in the year in Madrid, Nadal helped Spain defeat the United States in the Davis Cup semifinals. At the Madrid Masters, Nad"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "al lost in the semifinals to Gilles Simon. However, his performance at the event guaranteed him the year-end No. 1 ranking, making him the first Spaniard to finish a season as such in the Open Era. Two weeks later at the Paris Masters, Nadal reached the quarterfinals, where he withdrew because of a knee injury. The following week, Nadal announced his withdrawal from the year-ending Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, citing tendinitis of the knee. On 10 November, Nadal withdrew from Spain's Davis Cup final against Argentina, as his knee injury had not healed completely.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2009: Australian Open and Davis Cup titles. Nadal's first ATP Tour event for the season was the Qatar Open, where he lost in the quarterfinals to Ga\u00ebl Monfils. Nadal also entered and won the tournament's doubles event partnering Marc L\u00f3pez, where they defeated the No. 1-ranked doubles team of Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonji\u0107 in the final. At the 2009 Australian Open \u2013 Men's singles, Nadal won his first five matches without dropping a set, before defeating Fernando Verdasco in the semifinals in the second longest match in Australian Open history at 5 hours and 14"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " minutes. This set up a championship match with Roger Federer, their first meeting in a hard-court major. Nadal defeated Federer in a five-set final to earn his first hard-court major singles title, and become the first Spaniard to win the Australian Open. At the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam, Nadal lost in the final to second-seeded Andy Murray in three sets. Although this knee problem was not associated with Nadal's right-knee tendonitis, it was serious enough to cause him to withdraw from the Dubai Championships a week later. In March, Nadal helped Spain defeat Serbia in a Davis Cup World Group first-round tie on clay in Benidorm, Spain. Nadal defeated Janko Tipsarevi\u0107 and Novak Djokovic. At the 2009 Indian Wells Masters, Nadal won his thirteenth Masters tournament, defeating Murray in the final. The next ATP tour event was the 2009 Miami Masters. Nadal advanced to the quarterfinals, where he again faced Argentinian del Potro, this time losing the match. Nadal began his European clay court season at the Monte Carlo Masters, where he defeated Novak Djokovic to win a record fifth consecutive singles title"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " there. He then won back to back titles in Barcelona and Italian Open, defeating Ferrer and Djokovic respectively. He then surprisingly lost the final of the Madrid Open to Roger Federer. This was the first time that Nadal had lost to Federer since the semifinals of the 2007 Tennis Masters Cup. By beating Lleyton Hewitt in the third round of the French Open, Nadal set a record of 31 consecutive wins at the French Open, beating the previous record of 28 by Bj\u00f6rn Borg. This run came to an end on 31 May 2009, when Nadal lost to eventual runner-up, Robin S\u00f6derling in the 4th round. This was Nadal's first and, until 2015, only loss at the French Open. After his surprise defeat in France, Nadal withdrew from the AEGON Championships. It was confirmed that he was suffering from tendinitis in both of his knees. On 19 June, Nadal withdrew from the 2009 Wimbledon Championships, citing his recurring knee injury. Roger Federer went on to win the title, and Nadal consequently dropped back to No. 2 on 6 July 2009. On 4 August, Toni Nadal confirmed that Nadal would return to play at the Rogers Cup in Montreal."}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " There, he lost in the quarterfinals to Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro. With this loss, he relinquished the No. 2 spot to Andy Murray on 17 August 2009, ranking outside the top two for the first time since 25 July 2005. At the US Open Nadal fell in the semifinals, losing to eventual champion Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro. At the ATP Finals, Nadal lost all three of his matches against Robin S\u00f6derling, Nikolay Davydenko, and Novak Djokovic respectively without winning a set. In December, Nadal participated in the second Davis Cup final of his career. He defeated Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych in his first singles rubber to give the Spanish Davis Cup Team their first point in the tie. After the Spanish Davis Cup team had secured its fourth Davis Cup victory, Nadal defeated Jan H\u00e1jek in the first Davis Cup dead rubber of his career. Nadal finished the year as No. 2 for the fourth time in five years.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2010: Majors on all three surfaces, year-end No. 1, and Career Golden Slam. Nadal has called 2010 his best year as a professional tennis player. The 2010 tennis season Nadal became the first male player in"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " tennis history to win Grand Slam tournaments on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard court) in the same calendar year. Nadal began the year by participating in the Capitala World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi. In the final, Nadal defeated Robin S\u00f6derling in straight sets. Nadal participated in the Qatar ExxonMobil Open ATP 250 event in Doha, where he lost in the finals to Nikolay Davydenko. In the Australian Open, Nadal reached the quarterfinals, where he had to pull out at 3\u20130 down in the third set against Andy Murray. After examining Nadal's knees, doctors told him that he should take two weeks of rest, and then two weeks of rehabilitation. Nadal reached the semifinals in singles at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, where he was defeated by Ivan Ljubi\u010di\u0107 in three sets. After Indian Wells, Nadal reached the semifinals of the Sony Ericsson Open, where he lost to eventual champion Andy Roddick in three sets. Nadal won the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, beating Fernando Verdasco in the final. With this win, Nadal became the first player in the open era to win a tournament title for six straight years."}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Nadal next chose to skip the Barcelona tournament, and his next tournament was the Italian Open. He defeated David Ferrer in the final for his fifth title at Rome. Nadal then won the 2010 Mutua Madrile\u00f1a Madrid Open, defeating Roger Federer in straight sets. The win gave him his 18th Masters title, breaking the all-time record. Nadal moved back to No. 2 the following day. Entering the French Open, many were expecting another Nadal-Federer final. However, Robin S\u00f6derling defeated Federer in the quarterfinals. Nadal advanced to the final and defeated S\u00f6derling in straight sets. The victory marked the second time that Nadal had won the French Open without dropping a set. In June, Nadal entered the AEGON Championships, which he had won in 2008. He was defeated by compatriot Feliciano L\u00f3pez in the quarterfinals. At the Wimbledon Championships, he won his first two matches in straight sets. In the third round he needed five sets to defeat Philipp Petzschner. During the match Nadal was warned twice for allegedly receiving coaching from his coach and uncle, Toni Nadal, resulting in a $2,000 fine by Wimbledon officials"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ". He then defeated Andy Murray in the semifinals and Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych in the final to win his second Wimbledon title and his eighth career major title just past the age of 24. In his first tournament since Wimbledon, Nadal advanced to the semifinals of the Rogers Cup, where he was defeated by Andy Murray. Nadal also competed in the doubles with Djokovic in a high-profile partnership between the world Nos. 1 and 2. The pair lost in the first round to Milos Raonic and Vasek Pospisil. The next week, Nadal was the top seed at the Cincinnati Masters, losing in the quarterfinals to Marcos Baghdatis. At the 2010 US Open, Nadal reached his first final without dropping a set. In the final, he defeated Novak Djokovic in four sets, completing the Career Grand Slam for Nadal; he also became the second male after Andre Agassi to complete a Career Golden Slam. Nadal's US Open victory meant that he also became the first man to win majors on clay, grass, and hard courts in the same year, and the first to win the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open in the same year since Rod Laver in 1969. Nadal's"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " victory also clinched the year-end No. 1 ranking for 2010. Nadal began his Asian tour at the 2010 PTT Thailand Open in Bangkok where he lost to compatriot Guillermo Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez in the semifinals. Nadal was able to regroup, winning the 2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships in Tokyo by defeating Ga\u00ebl Monfils for his seventh title of the season. Nadal next played in the Shanghai Rolex Masters, where he lost to No. 12 J\u00fcrgen Melzer in the third round. On 5 November, Nadal announced that he was pulling out of the Paris Masters owing to tendinitis in his left shoulder. On 21 November 2010, in London, Nadal won the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award for the first time. At the 2010 ATP Finals in London, Nadal won all of his round-robin matches. In the semifinal, he defeated Murray in three sets, before losing to Roger Federer in the final.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2011: Sixth French Open title and Davis Cup crown. Nadal started 2011 by participating in the Mubadala World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi. In the final, he won over Roger Federer. At the Qatar ExxonMobil Open,"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " he fell in straight sets Nikolay Davydenko in the semifinals. He and countryman L\u00f3pez won the doubles title by defeating Daniele Bracciali and Andreas Seppi. In the quarterfinals of the Australian Open, Nadal suffered a hamstring injury against David Ferrer early in the pair's quarterfinal match and ultimately lost in straight sets, thus ending his effort to win four major tournaments in a row. In March, Nadal helped Spain defeat Belgium in a 2011 Davis Cup World Group first-round tie in the Spiroudome in Charleroi, Belgium. Nadal defeated Ruben Bemelmans and Olivier Rochus. At both the 2011 BNP Paribas Open and the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open, Nadal reached the final and lost to Novak Djokovic in three sets. This was the first time Nadal reached the finals of Indian Wells and Miami in the same year. Nadal began his clay-court season by winning the 2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters with the loss of just one set. In the final, he avenged his defeat by David Ferrer in the quarterfinals of the Australian Open. Just a week later, Nadal won his sixth Barcelona Open crown, again defeating Ferrer"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " in straight sets. He then lost to Novak Djokovic in the Italian Open and Madrid Open finals. However, Nadal retained his No. 1 ranking during the clay-court season and won his sixth French Open title by defeating Roger Federer. At Wimbledon, Nadal reached the final after three four-set matches. This set up a final against No. 2 Novak Djokovic, who had beaten Nadal in all four of their matches in 2011. After dropping the third set, Djokovic defeated Nadal in the fourth. Djokovic's success at the tournament also meant that the Serb overtook Nadal as world No. 1. After resting for a month from a foot injury sustained during Wimbledon, he contested the 2011 Rogers Cup, where he was beaten by Croatian Ivan Dodig in the quarterfinals. He next played in the 2011 Cincinnati Masters, where he lost to Mardy Fish, again in the quarterfinals. At the 2011 US Open, Nadal made headlines when after defeating David Nalbandian in the fourth round, he collapsed in his post-match press conference because to severe cramps. He again lost in four sets to Novak Djokovic in the final. After the US Open, Nadal made"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " the final of the Japan Open Tennis Championships. Nadal, who was the 2010 champion, was defeated by Andy Murray. At the Shanghai Masters, he was upset in the third round by No. 23 ranked Florian Mayer. At the 2011 ATP Finals, Nadal was defeated by Roger Federer and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the round-robin stage, and was subsequently eliminated from the tournament. In the Davis Cup final in December, he helped Spain win the title with victories over Juan M\u00f3naco and Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2012: Seventh French Open title. Nadal began his ATP Tour season at the Qatar Open. In the semifinal, he lost to Ga\u00ebl Monfils in two sets. In the Australian Open Nadal won his first four matches without dropping a set. He then won in his quarterfinal and semifinal matches against Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych and Roger Federer respectively. In the final, on 29 January, he was beaten by Novak Djokovic in a five-set match that lasted 5 hours and 53 minutes, the longest Grand Slam final of all time. Nadal made it to the semifinals in Indian Wells, where he was beaten in straight sets by eventual champion Roger"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Federer. He also made the semifinals in Miami, but withdrew because of knee problems. As the clay court season started, Nadal was seeded 2nd at the 2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters. In the final he topped No. 1 Novak Djokovic to win his 8th consecutive Monte Carlo trophy. This ended a streak of seven straight final losses to Djokovic. A day after the Monte Carlo final, Nadal traveled to Barcelona where he received a bye in the first round. His tremendous record on clay continued as he beat compatriot David Ferrer in a three-set final to clinch his seventh title in eight years at the Barcelona Open. At the Mutua Madrile\u00f1a Madrid Open Nadal surprisingly lost to Fernando Verdasco, whom he held a 13\u20130 record against. He heavily criticized the new blue-colored clay and threatened not to attend in the future if the surface was not changed back to red clay. Several other players such as Novak Djokovic voiced similar criticism. In the last tournament before the French Open, Nadal defeated Djokovic in a tight straight-set final. This was his second victory over Novak Djokovic in 2012 and his third title of the season, as well as his 6"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "th Rome title overall. At the 2012 French Open, Nadal dropped only 30 games against his first five opponents. In the semifinals he dismantled Ferrer to set up another final against Novak Djokovic. This marked the first time two opposing players faced each other in four consecutive Grand Slam finals. Nadal won the first two sets before Djokovic claimed the third. Play was suspended in the fourth set due to rain. When the match resumed the following day, Nadal won when Djokovic double-faulted on match point, sealing a record 7th French Open title for Nadal. By winning his seventh title at the French Open, Nadal surpassed Borg's overall titles record to become the most successful male player in French Open history. Nadal lost a total of only three sets in the 2012 clay court season. As a warm-up ahead of Wimbledon Nadal played in Halle, losing to Philipp Kohlschreiber in the quarterfinals. At Wimbledon, Nadal was upset in the second round by Luk\u00e1\u0161 Rosol in a close five-set match. This was the first time since the Wimbledon 2005 championships that Nadal had failed to progress past the 2nd round of a Grand Slam tournament. In July 2012,"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Nadal withdrew from the 2012 Olympics owing to tendinitis in his knee, which subsequently led to him pulling out of both the Rogers Cup and the Cincinnati Masters. He later withdrew from the rest of the 2012 season, as he felt he still was not healthy enough to compete. Nadal ended 2012 ranked No. 4 in the world, the first time in eight years that he has not been ranked 1st or 2nd at the end of the year.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2013: Two majors and return to No. 1. Two weeks prior to the Australian Open, Nadal officially withdrew from the tournament citing a stomach virus. Nadal's withdrawal saw him drop out of the ATP's Top Four for the first time since 2005. Playing in his first tournaments in South America since 2005, Nadal made his comeback at the VTR Open in Chile, where he was upset by Argentine No. 73 Horacio Zeballos in the final. At the Brasil Open, Nadal reached the final, where he defeated David Nalbandian. In the title match of the Abierto Mexicano Telcel in Acapulco, Nadal defeated David Ferrer, losing just two games in the match. Nadal then returned to the American"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " hard courts, playing the Indian Wells Masters as the fifth seed. He lost only one set, and defeated No. 2 Roger Federer and No. 6 Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych before beating Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro in the final. After withdrawing from Miami, Nadal attempted to defend his title at the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, but was beaten by Djokovic in straight sets. He then won his eighth title at the Barcelona Open. Nadal went on to win the Mutua Madrid Open, beating Stanislas Wawrinka in the final. In May, he defeated Roger Federer for his 7th championship at the 2013 Italian Open. These victories raised his ranking to No. 4. Nadal won the 2013 French Open after beating Novak Djokovic in the semifinal and David Ferrer in the final, breaking the record for the most match wins in the tournament in the process with his 59th match victory. His match with Djokovic is widely considered one of the greatest clay court matches ever played, as Nadal came back from down a break in the fifth set to take out a hard-fought 4-hour, 37-minute victory. Nadal then lost his first-round match at the 2013 Wimbledon"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Championships in straight sets to unseeded Belgian Steve Darcis (ranked No. 135), the first time he had ever lost in the first round of a major. In August, Nadal won a close semifinal match in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fourth Rogers Cup title. Nadal proceeded to win the title after beating Milos Raonic in the final in straight sets. He won his 26th Masters title in Cincinnati on Sunday 18 August after beating John Isner in the final. Nadal concluded a brilliant North American hard court season with his 4th hard court title of the year, defeating Djokovic at the 2013 US Open final in four sets, bringing his Grand Slam count to 13 and giving him a male tennis record paycheck of $3.6\u00a0million. Later in September, Nadal helped Spain secure their Davis Cup World Group Playoff spot for 2014, with a victory against Sergiy Stakhovsky and a doubles win with Marc Lopez. In October, he reached the final of the China Open, helping him regain the No. 1 ranking. In the final, he was beaten by Djokovic in straight sets. At the 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters, he reached the semifinals but was defeated by Del Potro. In November, Nadal played"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " his final event of the season in London at the 2013 ATP Finals where he secured the year-end No. 1 spot. He beat David Ferrer, Stanislas Wawrinka and Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych in the round robin stage to set up a semifinal victory over Roger Federer. Nadal met Djokovic in the final, losing in straight sets.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2014: Ninth French Open title and sustained injuries. Rafael Nadal began his 2014 season at the Qatar Open in Doha, defeating Luk\u00e1\u0161 Rosol in the first round and he won the title after defeating Ga\u00ebl Monfils in the final. At the Australian Open, he defeated Roger Federer to reach his third Australian Open final. This marked Nadal's 11th consecutive victory in a major semifinal, second only to Borg's all-time record of 14. In the final, he faced Stanislas Wawrinka, against whom he entered the match with a 12\u20130 record. However, Nadal suffered a back injury during the warm-up, which progressively worsened as the match wore on. Nadal lost the first two sets, and although he won the third set, he ultimately lost the match in four sets."}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " The first tournament he played after that was the inaugural Rio Open which he won after defeating Alexandr Dolgopolov in the final. However, at the Indian Wells Masters, Dolgopolov would avenge his loss, defeating Nadal in three sets in the third round. He reached the final of the Miami Masters, falling to Novak Djokovic in straight sets. Nadal began his clay court season with a quarterfinal loss to David Ferrer in the Monte-Carlo Masters. He was stunned by Nicolas Almagro in the quarterfinals of the Barcelona Open. Nadal then won his 27th masters title at the Madrid Open after Kei Nishikori retired in the third set of the final. On 8 June 2014, Nadal defeated Novak Djokovic in the Men's Singles French Open final to win his 9th French Open title and a 5th straight win. Nadal equaled Pete Sampras' total of 14 Grand Slam wins. Nadal then lost in the second round of the Halle Open to Dustin Brown the following week. Nadal entered the Wimbledon Championships in a bid to win the tournament for the third time. In the fourth round he was upset by Australian teenager Nick Kyrgios in four sets. Nadal"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " withdrew from the American swing owing to a wrist injury. He made his return at the 2014 China Open but was defeated in the quarterfinals by Martin Klizan in three sets. At the 2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters, he was suffering from appendicitis. He lost his opening match to Feliciano Lopez in straight sets. Later, he was upset by Borna \u0106ori\u0107 at the quarterfinals of the 2014 Swiss Indoors. After the loss, he announced that he would skip the rest of the season to undergo surgery for his appendix.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2015: Continued struggles and rankings drop. Nadal began the year as the defending Champion at the Qatar Open, but suffered a shocking three set defeat to Michael Berrer in the first round. He won the doubles title with Juan M\u00f3naco. At the Australian Open, Nadal lost in straight sets to Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych in the quarterfinal, thus ending a 17-match winning streak against the seventh-seeded Czech. In February, Nadal lost in the semifinals to Fabio Fognini at the Rio Open, before going on to win his 46th career clay-court title against Juan M\u00f3naco at the Argentina Open. Nadal then participated at the Indian Wells"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " and Miami Open but suffered early defeats to Milos Raonic and Fernando Verdasco, in the quarterfinals and third round respectively. Nadal then began his spring clay season at the Monte Carlo Masters and reached the semifinals where he lost to Novak Djokovic in straight sets. After losing to Fognini again at the Barcelona Open quarterfinals, Nadal entered the Madrid Open as the two-time defending champion but lost in the final to Andy Murray in straight sets, resulting in his dropping out of the top five for the first time since 2005. He then lost in the quarterfinals of the Italian Open to Stan Wawrinka in straight sets. Nadal lost to eventual runner-up Djokovic in the quarterfinals of the French Open, ending his winning streak of 39 consecutive victories in Paris since his defeat by Robin S\u00f6derling in 2009. Nadal went on to win the 2015 Mercedes Cup against Serbian Viktor Troicki, his first grass court title since he won at Wimbledon in 2010. He was unable to continue his good form on grass as he lost in the first round of the Aegon Championships to Alexandr Dolgopolov in three sets. Nadal's struggles continued when he lost in the second round of Wimbledon to Dustin"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Brown. In the third round of the 2015 US Open, Nadal once again lost to Fognini, despite having won the first two sets. This early exit ended Nadal's record 10-year streak of winning at least one major.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2016: Olympic doubles gold medal. Nadal started the year winning the Mubadala Title defeating Milos Raonic in straight sets. After that, he entered the Doha, Qatar, where he reached the finals, losing to Djokovic in straight sets. This was their 47th match, after which Djokovic led their head-to-head rivalry with 24 matches won. At the Australian Open, Nadal was defeated in five sets by compatriot Fernando Verdasco in the first round. The defeat marked his first opening round exit at the Australian Open. In April he won his 28th Masters title in Monte Carlo. He went on to win his 17th ATP 500 in Barcelona, winning the trophy for the ninth time in his career. He continued the clay court season in Madrid, falling to Murray in the semifinal. The following week, Nadal played in Italian Open where he reached the quarterfinal. Nadal was again defeated by Djokovic in straight sets, although he"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " had a break advantage in both sets and served to win the second. Following Federer's withdrawal due to injury, Nadal was named the fourth seed at the French Open. On 26 May, he became the eighth male player in tennis history to record 200 Grand Slam match wins, as he defeated Facundo Bagnis in straight sets in the second round of the Slam. Following the victory, however, Nadal had to withdraw from competition owing to a left wrist injury initially suffered during the Madrid Open, handing Marcel Granollers a walkover into the fourth round. On 9 June, Nadal announced that the same wrist injury that forced him to withdraw from the French Open needed more time to heal, and that he would not play at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships. At the Rio 2016 Olympics, Nadal achieved 800 career wins with his quarterfinal victory over the Brazilian Thomaz Bellucci. Partnering Marc L\u00f3pez, he won the gold medal in men's doubles event for Spain by defeating Romania's Florin Mergea and Horia Tecau in the finals. This made Nadal the second man in the Open Era to have won gold medals in both singles and doubles. Nadal also advanced to the bronze medal match in the men's singles but was defeated by Ke"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "i Nishikori. At the US Open Nadal was seeded 4th and advanced to the fourth round but was defeated by 24th seed Lucas Pouille in 5 sets. The defeat meant that 2016 was the first year since 2004 in which Nadal had failed to reach a Grand Slam quarter-final. He played the Shanghai Masters and was upset in the second round by Viktor Troicki. He subsequently ended his 2016 season to let his wrist recover.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2017: \"La Decima\", US Open win, and year-end No. 1. Nadal opened his season by playing at the Brisbane International for the first time, where he reached the quarterfinals before losing to Milos Raonic in three sets. In the second round of the tournament, he defeated Mischa Zverev for the loss of just two games; Nadal began the Australian Open with straight-set wins over Florian Mayer and Marcos Baghdatis, before more difficult wins over Alexander Zverev and Gael Monfils, which set up his first quarterfinal berth at a Grand Slam since the 2015 French Open. Nadal defeated Raonic and Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinal and semifinal, respectively (the latter lasting for five sets over five hours"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "), to set up a final against Roger Federer, his first Grand Slam final since he won the 2014 French Open. Nadal went on to lose to Federer in five sets; this was the first time that Nadal had lost to Federer in a Grand Slam since the final of the 2007 Wimbledon Championships. Nadal made it to the final of Acapulco without dropping a set, but was defeated by big-serving Sam Querrey. In a rematch of the Australian Open final Nadal took on Roger Federer in the fourth round at Indian Wells but again lost to his old rival, this time in straight sets; it was their earliest meeting in a tournament in over a decade. In the Miami Masters, Nadal reached the final to again play Federer, and was once again defeated in straight sets. Nadal then won his 29th Masters title in Monte Carlo; it was his tenth victory in the principality, the most wins by any player at a single tournament in the Open era. Nadal won his 18th ATP 500 title in Barcelona without dropping a set, also marking his tenth victory in Barcelona. Nadal next played in the Madrid Open, where he defeated Dominic Thiem to tie Novak Djokovic's all-time Masters"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " record of 30 titles. Nadal went on to beat Stan Wawrinka in straight sets and win a record tenth French Open title. This marked his first Grand Slam title since 2014, ending his three-year drought in Grand Slams. Nadal won every set that he played in the tournament, dropping a total of only 35 games in seven matches, which is the second-fewest by any male player (second only to Bj\u00f6rn Borg's 32 dropped games at the 1978 French Open) en route to a major title in the Open Era. The title \"La D\u00e9cima\" (\"the tenth\" in Spanish) was used to proclaim Nadal's achievement in becoming the first player, male or female, to win 10 titles at a single major in the Open Era, following similar feats at Monte Carlo and Barcelona. Nadal also climbed to second on the all-time major singles titles list, with 15, placing him one ahead of Pete Sampras. Nadal lost in the round of 16 at Wimbledon, 13\u201315 in the fifth set, to Gilles M\u00fcller. He returned to competition in Montreal. He won his first match against Coric in straight sets but fell in the Round of 16 to Canadian teenager Denis Shapovalov. By"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " 21 August, he retook the ATP No. 1 ranking from Andy Murray. Nadal earned his third US Open title against first-time Grand Slam finalist Kevin Anderson, winning the final in straight sets. This marked the first time that Nadal had captured two Grand Slam tournaments in a year since 2013, and the second time since 2010. Nadal extended his winning streak by winning the China Open, winning the final against Nick Kyrgios in straight sets. On 11 September 2017, Nadal and Garbi\u00f1e Muguruza made Spain the first country since the United States 14 years ago to simultaneously top both the ATP and the WTA rankings, with Muguruza making her debut in the No. 1 spot. After defeating Hyeon Chung in the second round of the Paris Masters Nadal secured the year-end No. 1. He became year-end No. 1 for the fourth time in his career, tying him for fourth all-time with Novak Djokovic, Ivan Lendl and John McEnroe, behind Pete Sampras (6), and Roger Federer and Jimmy Connors (5). By securing the year-end no. 1 ranking, Nadal became the first player aged over 30 to finish as year-end No"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ". 1 and the first to finish in the top spot four years since he last achieved the feat; he also broke a number of other historical records, all of which he broke again in 2019.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2018: 11th French Open and Monte Carlo titles. Nadal began his 2018 season at the Kooyong Classic, where he lost to Richard Gasquet in the first round. He then played at the exhibition tournament in Melbourne, losing in the final to Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych. At the Australian Open, Nadal recorded straight-sets wins in the first three rounds, before notching a tougher four-set win against Diego Schwartzman in the fourth round. He faced Marin \u010cili\u0107 in the quarterfinal, but retired in the fifth set due to a hip injury. On 16 February, Nadal dropped to the No. 2 ranking after 26 weeks at the top when his rival Roger Federer overtook him in points. Nadal withdrew from the Mexican Open, Indian Wells Masters, and Miami Open due to an injury. Despite his absence in Miami, he regained the No. 1 ranking on 2 April due to Federer's second-round loss. After recovering from injury, Nadal helped secure the Spanish Davis Cup team a victory"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " over Germany in the quarterfinal of the World Group. He beat Philipp Kohlschreiber and Alexander Zverev in straight sets. At the Monte Carlo Masters, Nadal successfully defended his title and won a then-record-breaking 31st Masters title, thus becoming the player with the most Masters titles in tennis history. It also marked his 11th title in Monte Carlo, as well as the 76th title in his career. Because he defended the points won the previous year, he kept his No. 1 ranking and began his 171st week as the world No. 1. Nadal won in Monte Carlo without dropping a set, beating Kei Nishikori in the final. Nadal went on to win his 11th title in Barcelona, defeating Stefanos Tsitsipas in straight sets, becoming the first player in the open era to win 400 matches on both clay and hard. The win marked his 20th ATP 500 series title, which put him back atop the list of most ATP 500 titles, tied with Roger Federer. It also marked his 14th consecutive season with at least one ATP 500 title. Fresh after achieving the \"Undecima\" at Monte Carlo and Barcelona, Nadal had to defend yet another title at Madrid. He reached the"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " quarterfinals, defeating Gael Monfils and Diego Schwartzman in straight sets, to extend his record to 50 consecutive sets won on clay, starting from the 2017 French Open. His win over Schwartzman broke John McEnroe's record of 49 straight sets won on a single surface. McEnroe had previously achieved the record on carpet in 1984. In a surprise, Nadal lost in straight sets to Dominic Thiem in the quarterfinals, ending his 21-match and record 50-set winning streaks on clay. He also relinquished his world No. 1 ranking to Federer in the process. At the Italian Open, Nadal captured his 8th title in the Italian capital as well as his 78th career title, defeating Alexander Zverev in three sets, thus overtaking John McEnroe in the fourth place on the list of most titles won in the Open Era. It was Nadal's 32nd Masters title \u2013 most of any player in the Open Era. With his victory in Rome, Nadal also regained the No. 1 spot from Federer. Then at the French Open, Nadal won his 17th Grand Slam title. This tied Margaret Court's record for singles titles at a Grand Slam event (Court won 11 Australian Opens, but seven"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " came when it was the Australian Championships, an amateur event). En route to the title, Nadal dropped only one set, beating Dominic Thiem in the final in three sets. Nadal became just the fourth man in the Open Era to win three or more major titles after turning 30. Going into Wimbledon, Nadal was ranked world number one, but was seeded second due to Wimbledon's seeding algorithm. He made it to the quarterfinals without dropping set. He then faced #5 seed Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro, who he defeated in five sets. In the semifinals he faced long-time rival Novak Djokovic, who was aiming to reach his first major final since the 2016 US Open. This match lasted 5 hours and 17 minutes, spread over two days, becoming the second-longest Wimbledon semifinal in history, second only to the match between Kevin Anderson and John Isner held earlier on the same day. Djokovic defeated Nadal in five sets with the fifth set being 10\u20138. This was Nadal's first defeat in the semifinals of a major since the 2009 US Open, and his first-ever defeat in the semifinals of Wimbledon. Despite this, Nadal achieved his best results at Wimbledon since 2011."}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " This performance, combined with Roger Federer's unsuccessful title defence, ensured that Nadal retained the world number one ranking after the grass season. He then won the Rogers Cup, a record-extending 33rd Masters title. This was Nadal's first Masters title win on hard court since 2013. He then withdrew from the Cincinnati Masters to prepare for the US Open. Nadal was the top seed during his title defence at the US Open. He first faced David Ferrer in Ferrer's last Grand Slam match, who retired due to injury during the second set. In his semi-final matchup against Juan Martin del Potro, Nadal retired after losing the second set 6\u20132 due to knee pain. On 31 October, he announced his withdrawal from the Paris Masters due to an abdominal injury and as a result Novak Djokovic replaced him as world No. 1.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2019: Fourth French-US title double, Davis Cup, and year-end No. 1. Nadal was due to start his season at the Brisbane International, but withdrew shortly before due to an injury. He was seeded second at the 2019 Australian Open, where he progressed to his fifth Australian Open final, and did so without losing a set. Nadal then"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " lost in straight sets to Novak Djokovic, winning only eight games for the match and marking Nadal's first straight-sets defeat in a major final. Nadal next played at the Mexico Open, where he lost to Nick Kyrgios in the second round despite holding three match points. He withdrew from both Indian Wells and Miami due to a right hip injury. Nadal began the clay season at the Monte Carlo Masters, reaching the semifinals, where he was upset by Fabio Fognini in straight sets. He then competed in Barcelona, reaching the semifinals where he lost to Dominic Thiem in straight sets. In Madrid, he reached his third clay-court semifinal of the year, but lost to Stefanos Tsitsipas in three sets. He won his first tournament of the year in Rome, with a three-set win over Djokovic in the final. At the 2019 French Open, Nadal defeated Kei Nishikori and Roger Federer (their first meeting at the tournament since 2011) en route to the final, dropping only one set en route. In a rematch of the previous year's final, Nadal prevailed in four sets against Thiem to claim his record-extending twelfth French Open title. In doing so,"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " he broke Margaret Court's all-time record of singles titles won at the same major. Nadal next played at Wimbledon and, like the previous year, reached the semifinals, where he faced Federer for the first time at Wimbledon since the 2008 final. Nadal lost the match in four sets. At the Rogers Cup, Nadal was the defending champion and top seed. By defeating Fabio Fognini in the quarterfinals, he surpassed Roger Federer's record of 378 victories at Masters tournaments. In the final, Nadal yielded just three games to Daniil Medvedev, winning in straight sets. This victory marked the first time he defended a title on a surface other than clay. At the US Open, Nadal lost only one set (against Marin \u010cili\u0107) en route to the final, where he won against Medvedev in five sets. In doing so, Nadal claimed his fourth US Open title and 19th major title overall (placing him only one behind Roger Federer in overall standings), and completed his second-best season in terms of Grand Slam singles results. At the Paris Masters, Nadal reached the semifinals, but withdrew due to an abdominal injury. At the ATP Finals, Nadal defeated Tsitsipas"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " and Medvedev in the round-robin stage, but failed to progress to the semifinals. Despite his elimination, Nadal secured the year-end No. 1 ranking when Djokovic was also eliminated in the round-robin stage. This was Nadal's fifth time as the year-end No. 1 player, drawing level with Jimmy Connors, Federer and Djokovic behind Pete Sampras (six), and in doing so, he surpassed a number of the records he set in 2017, becoming (at the time) the oldest person to finish as the year-end No. 1 player, and creating a record eleven-year gap between his first and last year-end No. 1 seasons (2008 and 2019, respectively). At the 2019 Davis Cup Finals, Nadal helped Spain win its sixth Davis Cup title, defeating Canada in the final. Nadal won all eight of his matches in singles and doubles, extending his winning streak in Davis Cup singles matches to 29 (29\u20131 record overall), without dropping a set or having his serve broken; he also won the tournament's Most Valuable Player award.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2020: 13th French Open title. Nadal began his 2020 season by playing at the inaugural 2020 ATP"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Cup and helped Spain reach the final where they lost to Serbia, with Nadal losing to Djokovic in straight sets. Nadal then played at the 2020 Australian Open and won his first three matches in straight sets against Hugo Dellien, Federico Delbonis and Pablo Carre\u00f1o Busta. In the fourth round, he defeated Nick Kyrgios in four sets and reached the quarterfinals, where he lost to eventual runner-up Dominic Thiem in four sets. Afterwards, Nadal went on to win his third Mexican Open title, defeating Taylor Fritz in straights sets in the final. Nadal lost in the quarter-final of the Italian Open after Diego Schwartzman beat him in straight sets. Nadal won his 13th French Open title, beating Novak Djokovic in straight sets in the tournament's final, only losing seven games. In doing so, he won his 20th Grand Slam title, equalling Roger Federer's record as the man with the most Grand Slam titles. It also marked his 100th win at the tournament, losing only twice in 16 years. His straight-sets victory over Djokovic marked also the 4th time that he won a Grand Slam without losing a set, all at the French Open, doing it also"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " in 2008, 2010 and 2017. At the Paris Masters, Nadal defeated compatriot Feliciano L\u00f3pez in the second round to get his 1,000 victory in the ATP Tour, becoming the fourth man in the Open Era to achieve that milestone. He then reached the semifinals where he lost to Alexander Zverev in straight sets. On 9 November 2020, Nadal reached his 790th back to back week as one of the ten highest placed players on the ATP rankings and surpassed the record held by Jimmy Connors. At the 2020 ATP Finals, Nadal played in the London 2020 group. He defeated Rublev and defending champion Tsitsipas progressing to the semifinals and securing ending the year as no. 2. It was the first time since 2015 that Nadal reached the semifinals. Nadal then lost his semifinal match to eventual champion Daniil Medvedev in three sets. This was the seventh time that Nadal had finished Year-end No. 2 and now leads the \"Big Three\" with 12 Top 2 finishes.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2021: 12th Barcelona Open and 10th Italian Open titles, and injury-shortened season. At the 2021 Australian Open, Nadal lost in the quarterfinals to world No. 5"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Stefanos Tsitsipas, despite being two sets to love up. This marked only the second time Nadal had lost a Grand Slam match after being two sets up. Nadal next played at the Monte Carlo Masters and defeated Federico Delbonis and Grigor Dimitrov in straight sets to reach the quarterfinals, where he lost to Andrey Rublev in three sets. On 25 April, Nadal won a record-extending twelfth Barcelona Open trophy with a three-set victory over Stefanos Tsitsipas in the final, saving a championship point in the third set. At 3 hours and 38 minutes, this was the longest best-of-three-set ATP Tour final since statistics started being tracked in 1991. He followed up in May by making the quarterfinals at the Madrid Open and winning his record-extending tenth Italian Open title. In the latter, he saved two match points against Denis Shapovalov and defeated Novak Djokovic in the final. At the French Open, Nadal entered as the heavy favorite seeking to become the first man to win 21 majors. He reached the semifinals after wins over Jannik Sinner and Diego Schwartzman, where he encountered Novak Djokovic in a rematch of the previous year"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "'s final. There, Nadal was upset by eventual champion Djokovic in four sets, in only his third-ever loss at the French Open. Following his loss, Nadal withdrew from both Wimbledon and the Olympics, citing schedule reasons. Nadal returned to action at the 2021 Citi Open, revealing that his recent withdrawals were actually due to a recurring left foot injury that returned at the 2021 French Open. He defeated home favorite Jack Sock in a tight 3 set match before being upset by 50th ranked Lloyd Harris in the 3rd round. He was then set to defend his title at the National Bank Open, but withdrew from the tournament before his first match, citing the same foot injury. He also withdrew from the Cincinnati Masters. On 20 August 2021, just 10 days out from the US Open, Nadal announced that would be ending his 2021 season due to the left foot issue that had been troubling him for most of the year. Therefore, his ranking fell to No.6, due to his injury. Nadal returned to the court on 17 December 2021, in an exhibition match at the Mubadala World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi. Receiving a bye in the quarterfinals, Nadal lost to Andy Murray in the semifinals in straight sets. In"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " the third place play-off, he lost to Denis Shapovalov in three sets.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2022: Historic 21st and 22nd majors, and double Career Grand Slam. In January, Nadal won his 89th ATP singles title at Melbourne Summer Set 1, defeating first time finalist Maxime Cressy in the final. Following wins over Karen Khachanov, Denis Shapovalov, and Matteo Berrettini, Nadal won his second Australian Open title and a 21st major title overall by defeating Daniil Medvedev in a five-set final, coming back from two sets down. With the win, Nadal surpassed a tie held with Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer for the most men's singles major titles of all time. Nadal also became the second man in the Open Era, after Djokovic, to complete the double Career Grand Slam. At the Mexican Open, Nadal won the title without dropping a set, which included a win over Medvedev, who that week had clinched the world No. 1 ranking. He also extended his winning streak to 15 matches, his best start to a season in his career. Nadal next entered the 2022 Indian Wells Masters as the fourth"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " seed. After seeing off a final set tie-break from Sebastian Korda in the second round, Nadal beat Dan Evans, Reilly Opelka, Nick Kyrgios, and Carlos Alcaraz to reach his fourth final of the season and extend his winning streak to 20 matches. Nadal was beaten by Taylor Fritz in straight sets in the final, ending his winning streak. On 22 March, it was reported that Nadal will be unable to play for between four and six weeks, due to a rib stress fracture that occurred during Indian Wells. Nadal returned at the Madrid Open, where he defeated Miomir Kecmanovic, David Goffin in the second and third rounds respectively. He then lost to Carlos Alcaraz in a rematch of their Indian Wells semifinal. Nadal then entered Rome, where he was the defending champion. He defeated John Isner in straight sets, but then lost to Denis Shapovalov in three sets despite leading by a set and a break. At the French Open, Nadal recorded his 106th win defeating Jordan Thompson in the first round. With a 106\u20133 record at the French Open, he became the player with the most wins at a single major. He recorded his 300th career major win by defeating"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Corentin Moutet in the second round. He defeated Botic van de Zandschulp in the third round and faced Felix Auger Aliassime (coached by Nadal's uncle Toni) in the fourth round, winning the encounter after being taken to five sets for only the third time in his career at the French Open. Nadal met Djokovic for a record-extending 59th time in the quarterfinals \u2013 the first singles match in tennis history to feature two players each holding at least 20 Grand Slam titles and 1000 career match wins. Nadal emerged victorious in four sets to advance to his 15th French Open semifinal. He faced Alexander Zverev in a grueling battle lasting over three hours with only two sets played, and ended with Zverev's retirement due to an ankle injury. As a result, Nadal advanced to his record-extending 14th French Open final. There, he defeated Casper Ruud in three dominant sets to win his 14th French Open title and 22nd major title overall. In doing so, he became the oldest French Open champion ever, and the third man to earn four Top-10 wins en route to a major title since the ATP rankings started in 1973, after Mats Wil"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "ander (1982 French Open) and Roger Federer (2017 Australian Open). He ascended to world No. 4 on 6 June 2022. After treating his foot injury, Nadal returned to Wimbledon for the first time in three years, however he tore an abdominal muscle during the tournament. Following wins over Francisco Cer\u00fandolo, Ri\u010dardas Berankis, Lorenzo Sonego, and Botic van de Zandschulp, he faced Taylor Fritz in the quarterfinal, which aggravated his abdominal injury. Despite winning the encounter, Nadal withdrew from the tournament the following day. After a six-week layoff following Wimbledon, Nadal lost in the opening round at the Cincinnati Masters to eventual champion Borna \u0106ori\u0107. Despite this setback, Nadal was the first to qualify for the 2022 Nitto ATP Finals. Nadal returned to the US Open after three years, where he won the tournament the last time he competed. He defeated Rinky Hijikata, Fabio Fognini and Richard Gasquet, before losing to American Frances Tiafoe. His fourth round loss to Tiafoe became his first and only loss at a major in 2022, and also resulted in his earliest major defeat since the 2017 Wimbledon Championships"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ". At the Laver Cup, Nadal competed for Team Europe alongside his fellow Big Four members Roger Federer, Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray. He played one match on Day 1, where he partnered in doubles with long-time rival Federer, for Federer's final professional match. They lost to Jack Sock and Frances Tiafoe. Nadal withdrew from the tournament the following day, citing \"personal reasons\". At the 2022 ATP Finals, Nadal won his last match of the year against Casper Ruud after losing his first two matches against Taylor Fritz and Felix Auger Aliassime. Nadal finished the 2022 season with a year-end ranking of world No. 2, becoming the oldest year-end top-2 player in the history of the ATP rankings.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2023: Struggles with injury and exit from top 10 after 18 consecutive years. Nadal was the defending champion at the 2023 Australian Open, but lost in straight sets to Mackenzie McDonald in the second round. During the match, Nadal was severely hampered by a hip injury for which he received treatment throughout the game. In late February, Nadal officially announced his withdrawal from the Indian Wells and Miami Masters to recuperate from"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " the injury he sustained at the Australian Open. As a result, he exited the Top 10 for the first time since 25 April 2005 (after 18 years, 912 consecutive weeks) on 20 March 2023, ending the longest Top-10 streak in ATP rankings history. According to tournament organizers, Nadal is still aiming to make a comeback despite the injury at the 2023 Monte-Carlo Masters.</s><s>Rivalries.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Federer. Roger Federer and Nadal have been playing each other since 2004, and their rivalry is a significant part of both men's careers. They held the top two rankings on the ATP Tour from July 2005 to 14 August 2009, and again from 11 September 2017 to 15 October 2018. They are the only pair of men to be consistently ranked in the Top 2 for four years continuously (from July 2005 to August 2009). Nadal ascended to No. 2 in July 2005 and held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks before surpassing Federer in August 2008. They have played 40 times. Nadal leads 24\u201316 overall and 10\u20134 in Grand Slam tournaments. Nadal has a winning record on clay (14\u20132) and outdoor hard courts (8\u20136),"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " while Federer leads the indoor hard courts 5\u20131 and grass 3\u20131. As tournament seedings are based on rankings, 24 of their matches have been in tournament finals, including a joint-record nine Grand Slam tournament finals (tied with Djokovic\u2013Nadal). From 2006 to 2008, they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final, and also met in the title match of the 2009 Australian Open, the 2011 French Open and the 2017 Australian Open. Nadal won six of the nine, losing the first two Wimbledon finals. Four of these matches were five-set matches (2007 and 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 and 2017 Australian Open), and the 2008 Wimbledon final has been lauded as the greatest match ever by many long-time tennis analysts. Nadal is the only player who has competed and won against Federer in the final of a Grand Slam on all three surfaces (grass, hard, and clay).</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Djokovic. Novak Djokovic and Nadal have met 59 times (more than any other pair in the Open Era). Nadal leads 11\u20137 at Grand Slam events but trails 29\u201330 overall. They have played a joint-record 18 Grand Slam matches and a"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " joint-record nine Grand Slam tournament finals (tied with Nadal\u2013Federer). Nadal leads on clay 20\u20138, while Djokovic leads on hard courts 20\u20137, and they are tied on grass 2\u20132. In 2009, this rivalry was listed as the third greatest of the previous 10 years by ATPworldtour.com. Djokovic is one of only two players to have at least ten match wins against Nadal (the other being Federer) and the only person to defeat Nadal seven consecutive times, doing so twice, and two times consecutively on clay. The two earlier shared the record for the longest match played in a best of three sets (4 hours and 3 minutes) at the 2009 Mutua Madrid Open semifinals until the match between Roger Federer and Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro in the London 2012 Olympics Semifinal, which lasted 4 hours and 26 minutes. They have also played in a record 14 ATP Masters finals. In their first ever meeting in a Grand Slam final at the 2010 US Open Nadal prevailed over Djokovic in four sets. Nadal achieved a Career Grand Slam with this victory. In the 2011 Wimbledon final, Djokovic won in four sets for his first Grand Slam final victory"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " over Nadal. Djokovic also defeated Nadal in the 2011 US Open Final. In 2012, Djokovic defeated Nadal in the Australian Open final for a third consecutive Grand Slam final win over Nadal. This is the longest Grand Slam tournament final in Open era history at 5 hours, 53 minutes. Nadal won their last three 2012 meetings in the final of the Monte Carlo Masters, Italian Open and French Open in April, May, and June 2012, respectively. In 2013, Djokovic defeated Nadal in straight sets in the final at Monte Carlo, ending Nadal's record eight consecutive titles there, but Nadal got revenge at the French Open in an epic five-setter 9\u20137 in the fifth. In August 2013, Nadal won in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fourth Rogers Cup title. Nadal also defeated Djokovic in the 2013 US Open Final. Nadal defeated Djokovic in the 2014 French Open final. Djokovic then won seven consecutive meetings including a win in straight sets in the quarterfinals of the 2015 French Open which ended Nadal's 39-match win streak at the French Open and an opportunity for a sixth consecutive title, with Djokovic becoming only the second player after Robin S\u00f6derling"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " to defeat Nadal at the event. Nadal easily defeated Djokovic in the 2017 Madrid Open semifinals (6\u20132, 6\u20134), his first victory against the Serb since the 2014 French Open. When they next met Nadal beat Djokovic again, this time on clay in the 2018 Rome semifinals. They then met in the 2018 Wimbledon semifinals, where Djokovic finally emerged victorious after a battle lasting over five hours that was spread over two days and went to 10\u20138 in the fifth set. Then in the 2019 Australian Open final, Djokovic easily won in straight sets, marking Nadal's first straight-sets loss in a Grand Slam final. But in the 2019 Italian Open final, it was Nadal who defeated the Serbian in three sets, and also featured the first time either of them (Nadal) got a 6\u20130 win in a set. In the final of the postponed 2020 French Open, Nadal easily defeated Djokovic in straight sets (including a second 6\u20130) for his record-tying 20th Grand Slam Championship. At the following year's French Open semifinals, however, Djokovic defeated Nadal in four bruising sets en route to his title win and double Career Grand Slam. Nadal"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " avenged his loss after defeating Djokovic in four sets in the quarterfinals of the 2022 French Open. It marked the first tennis match in history to feature two players holding at least 20 major titles and 1000 career match-wins.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Murray. Nadal and Andy Murray have met on 24 occasions since 2007, with Nadal leading 17\u20137. Nadal leads 7\u20132 on clay, 3\u20130 on grass, and 7\u20135 on hard courts (including 4\u20134 on outdoor courts, but Nadal leads 3\u20131 on indoor hard courts), but trails 1\u20133 in finals. The pair once met regularly at Grand Slam level, with nine out of their 23 meetings coming in Grand Slams, with Nadal leading 7\u20132 (3\u20130 at Wimbledon, 2\u20130 at the French Open, 1\u20131 at the Australian Open, and 1\u20131 at the US Open). Seven of these nine appearances have been in quarterfinals and semifinals, making the rivalry an important part of both men's careers. Nadal defeated Murray in three consecutive Grand Slam semifinals in 2011 from the French Open to the US Open. They have never met in a Grand Slam final, but Murray leads 3\u2013"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "1 in ATP finals, with Nadal winning at Indian Wells in 2009 and Murray winning in Rotterdam the same year, Tokyo in 2011, and Madrid in 2015.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Wawrinka. Nadal and Stan Wawrinka have met 20 times, with Nadal leading. Although this rivalry has less significance than rivalries with the other members of the Big Four, the pair have met in several prestigious tournaments. The rivalry saw Nadal winning the first 12 encounters, all in straight sets, including 2 finals, one of which is a Masters final at Madrid in 2013. However, since Wawrinka's breakthrough season in 2013 the pair has won an almost equal number of matches against each other (3\u20134) from 2014 onward. Wawrinka scored his first win against Nadal in their most important encounter, the 2014 Australian Open final in 4 sets, denying Nadal's double career slam. It was also the only match between the pair not resulting in a straight set win for either player. Nadal won their second Grand Slam final, at the 2017 French Open.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Ferrer. Nadal and compatriot David Ferrer met a total of 32 times"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ", with the total record ending in favor of Nadal with Ferrer's retirement. Nadal and Ferrer had met in several prestigious tournaments and important matches. Ferrer won their first meeting in 2004 in Stuttgart in 3 sets, but Nadal went on to win the next four until Ferrer defeated him in the 4th round of the 2007 US Open. The pair met in their first tournament final in 2008, in Barcelona, where Nadal won in three sets. They met a year later again in the Barcelona final, with Nadal taking the title in straight sets. In 2010, the pair met in their first Masters final in Rome, where Nadal won in straight sets. Ferrer, however, would get his revenge in the 2011 Australian Open quarterfinal, defeating Nadal in straight sets for the first time at a Grand Slam tournament. Their biggest meeting, came in the 2013 French Open final. Ferrer was in his first major final, whereas Nadal was aiming for his 8th title at the French Open, and 13th overall. It was a straightforward victory for Nadal, 6\u20133, 6\u20132, 6\u20133. Between that meeting and 2015, Ferrer and Nadal would go on to play 6 more matches, with Nad"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "al winning 4 of the 6. In 2018, Ferrer announced that the US Open would be his last Grand Slam tournament, and he would retire the next year in the clay court season in Spain. Nadal and Ferrer had their first meeting since 2015 in the first round in the US Open. Ferrer's final match at a Grand Slam tournament, however, ended in injury as he was forced to retire in the 2nd set against Nadal. Yet, in his second to last tournament in Barcelona, he would have one more meeting with Nadal. Although it was a straight sets victory it was a close match until the end, with the resilient Ferrer fighting until the last point. The overall score was 6\u20133, 6\u20133 in the final match between the two before Ferrer's retirement at the 2019 Madrid Open.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. del Potro. Nadal and Juan Martin del Potro met 17 times, with Nadal leading. Outside the Big Four, no active player has more wins against Nadal than del Potro. The two met in many prestigious tournaments, including at three of the four majors and the Olympics. Nadal won their first four meetings between 2007 and 2009, before del Potro went on to"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " win the next three, including a straight-sets victory at the 2009 US Open semifinals (he later went on to defeat Roger Federer in the final). Their next significant meeting came during the 2011 Davis Cup final. Nadal beat del Potro in four sets to claim the Davis Cup for Spain. In 2013, Nadal denied del Potro his first Masters title, with a victory in the final of the Indian Wells Masters. However, del Potro sought revenge in the semifinals of the 2016 Rio Olympics, narrowly beating Nadal via a third-set tie break. After a long span of injuries for both players, the pair met at a major for the first time since 2011 at the 2017 US Open. Del Potro, coming off of a four-set victory over Federer, had reached the semifinals of a major for the first time since 2013. However, Nadal defeated del Potro in four sets. The pair then met in three of the four majors in 2018, including a memorable match in the Wimbledon quarterfinals. The match went on for nearly five hours, with Nadal coming out on top, 7\u20135, 6\u20137, 4\u20136, 6\u20134, 6\u20134. The pair met again at the 2018 US Open, where"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Nadal retired against del Potro in the semifinals. Del Potro then reached his first major final since his victory at the 2009 US Open, but lost in straight sets to Novak Djokovic.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Berdych. Nadal and Tomas Berdych met a total of 24 times, with Nadal leading. Although this rivalry is lopsided in favor of Nadal, the two had several close matches in prestigious tournaments. The pair met at 2 of the 4 Grand Slam tournaments, with 3 meetings at the Australian Open and 2 at Wimbledon, including the 2010 final. Nadal and Berdych first met in an ATP tournament in B\u00e5stad, where both men reached the final. Nadal won the match in 3 sets, in what was only his 8th title on the tour. Nadal and Berdych met a few more times in 2005\u201306, all in Masters tournaments. Out of their 4 matches, Berdych was able to win in 3, in Canada, Madrid, and Cincinnati. Their first meeting in a Grand Slam came at Wimbledon in 2007. They met in the quarterfinal round, where Nadal defeated Berdych in straight sets. Their next significant meeting was in"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " the opening round of the 2009 Davis Cup Final, where Nadal again defeated Berdych in straight sets. Spain went on to win the Davis Cup that year. Their next meeting in a final came at a Grand Slam, in Wimbledon. Nadal had reached his 4th Wimbledon final, in an attempt to win his second title. Berdych had reached his first Grand Slam final, defeating Roger Federer in 4 sets in the quarterfinal and Novak Djokovic in straight sets in the semifinal. However, the Spaniard was too good for the Czech in the final, and Nadal won in straight sets to take his 8th Grand Slam title. Their next meeting in a Grand Slam came only two years later in the 2012 Australian Open quarterfinal, where Nadal won in 4 tight sets. Nadal would later go on to lose the final to Djokovic in 5 sets. After multiple meetings from 2012 to 2014, all won by Nadal, the pair met again at the 2015 Australian Open quarterfinal. Here, after 18 straight losses over 9 years, Berdych was able to claim a win over Nadal, his only one in a Grand Slam against the Spaniard. Berdych won in straight sets, including a \"bag"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "el\" (6\u20130) in the second. The two met later in 2015 in Madrid, where Nadal won in straight sets. After a gap of 4 years, Nadal and Berdych's last encounter was in the round of 16 at the 2019 Australian Open. After both players had prematurely ended their 2018 seasons with injuries, both had been playing very well in the 2019 season up to that point, with Berdych reaching the final in Doha. However, like many of their meetings, Nadal dominated the Czech and beat him in straight sets. Berdych retired at the end of the 2019 season.</s><s>Legacy. Nadal holds the joint-record for the most major men's singles titles in tennis history with Novak Djokovic, winning 22 titles. He stands alone in the Open Era as the player with the most clay court titles (63), consisting of an all-time record 14 French Open titles, 12 Barcelona Open titles, 11 Monte-Carlo Masters titles, and 10 Italian Open titles. His 14 French Open titles are a record at any single tournament, and he is the sole title leader in three key tiers of the ATP Tour; Grand Slam, ATP Masters 1000, and ATP 500. Nadal holds the record for"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " the longest single-surface win streak in matches (81 on clay) and in sets (50 on clay) in the history of the Open Era. Nadal's dominance on clay is reflected by his honorific title as the \"King of Clay\", and he is widely regarded as the greatest clay-court player in history. Nadal's records and evolution into an all-court champion have established him as one of the greatest players in tennis history, with some former tennis players and analysts considering him to be the greatest tennis player of all time. Former tennis player and eight-time Grand Slam champion Andre Agassi picked Nadal as the greatest of all time because of the way the Spaniard \"had to deal with Federer, Djokovic, and Murray in the golden age of tennis\". Nadal leads the head-to-head record at majors against the other members of the Big Three and holds the record for the most majors won beating a Big Three member en-route (13). Nadal is one of two men, along with Agassi, to win the Olympic gold medal as well as the four majors in singles in his career, a feat known as a Career Golden Slam. He is the only male player in history to complete the Career Grand Slam and win an"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " Olympic gold medal in both singles and doubles. He is one of four men in history, along with Roy Emerson, Rod Laver and Djokovic, to complete the double Career Grand Slam in singles. In 2010, Nadal became the first man to achieve the Surface Slam by winning majors on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard courts) in the same calendar year. At the age of 24, he became the youngest player in the Open Era to complete the Career Grand Slam, and one of three men, along with Mats Wilander and Djokovic, to win at least two majors on each surface (Double Career Surface Slam). The same year, he became the only player in history to win all three Masters clay court tournaments (Monte-Carlo, Madrid, Rome) and the French Open in a calendar year, a feat known as a Clay Slam. In 2017, Nadal achieved \"La D\u00e9cima\" (Spanish: the tenth) by becoming the first man with 10 titles at a single major, following similar feats at the Monte-Carlo Masters and Barcelona Open. In 2020, Nadal became the first player to win the French Open in three different decades. In 2022, he went on to become the first man to win multiple"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " majors in three separate decades. Nadal holds the all-time records for the most years (15) winning at least one major (2005\u20132014, 2017\u20132020, 2022), the most consecutive years (10) winning a major (2005\u20132014), the most majors won without losing a set (4), the most match wins at a single major (112 at the French Open), and the highest match-winning percentage at clay court majors (97.4%), among many others. He holds the Open Era records for the highest clay court match-winning percentage (91.3%), the highest outdoor match-winning percentage (84.8%), and the most consecutive seasons winning at least one tournament (19 years) and two tournaments (18 years), respectively. He has won the most outdoor Masters titles (35), Big Titles (58), and ATP Tour titles (90) in the Open Era. Nadal is the only man to have been ranked world No. 1 in three different decades (2000s, 2010s, and 2020s). He also holds the record for the most wins against world No. 1 ranked players (23). He appeared in the Top 10 of the ATP rankings consecutively from April 2005 to March 2023 \u2013 a record spanning 912 weeks"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ". He played an instrumental role in taking Spain to four Davis Cup crowns, and is the winner of two Olympic gold medals. Among his numerous career accolades, Nadal was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year in 2011 and 2021. He is an honorary recipient of the Grand Cross of the Order of Dos De Mayo, the Grand Cross of Naval Merit, the Princess of Asturias Award, and the Medal of the City of Paris. He was also included in \"Time\" magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People in 2022.</s><s>Playing style and coaching. Nadal's playing style and personality has been described by Jimmy Connors: \"He's built out of a mold that I think I came from also, that you walk out there, you give everything you have from the first point to the end no matter what the score. And you're willing to lay it all out on the line and you're not afraid to let the people see that.\" Nadal generally plays an aggressive, behind-the-baseline game founded on heavy topspin groundstrokes, consistency, speedy footwork and tenacious court coverage, thus making him an aggressive counterpuncher. Known for his athleticism and speed around the court, Nadal is"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " an excellent defender who hits well on the run, constructing winning plays from seemingly defensive positions. He also plays very fine dropshots, which work especially well because his heavy topspin often forces opponents to the back of the court. Nadal employs a semi-western grip forehand, often with a \"lasso-whip\" follow-through, where his left arm hits through the ball and finishes above his left shoulder \u2013 as opposed to a more traditional finish across the body or around his opposite shoulder. Nadal's forehand groundstroke form allows him to hit shots with heavy topspin \u2013 more so than many of his contemporaries. San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell used a high-speed video camera and special software to count the average number of revolutions of a tennis ball hit full force by Nadal. Yandell concluded: While Nadal's shots tend to land short of the baseline, the characteristically high bounces his forehands achieve tend to mitigate the advantage an opponent would normally gain from capitalizing on a short ball. Although his forehand is based on heavy topspin, he can hit the ball deep and flat with a more orthodox follow through for clean winners. Nadal's serve was initially considered a weak point in his game, although his improvements in both"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " first-serve points won and break points saved since 2005 have allowed him to consistently compete for and win major titles on faster surfaces. Nadal relies on the consistency of his serve to gain a strategic advantage in points, rather than going for service winners. However, before the 2010 US Open, he altered his service motion, arriving in the trophy pose earlier and pulling the racket lower during the trophy pose. Before the 2010 US Open, Nadal modified his service grip to a more continental one. These two changes in his serve increased his average speed by around 10\u00a0mph during the 2010 US Open, maxing out at 135\u00a0mph (217\u00a0km/h), allowing him to win more free points on his serve. Since the 2010 US Open, Nadal's serve speed dropped to previous levels and was again cited as in need of improvement.{{cite web|author=Thomas Skuzinski After signing his new coach Carlos Moy\u00e1 in December 2016, Nadal's game style acquired a more offensive approach. Under Moy\u00e1's direction, Nadal improved his serve, and incorporated serve-and-volley as a surprise tactic in some of his matches. Nadal is a clay court specialist, in the sense that he has been extremely successful on that surface. He"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " has won 14 times at the French Open, 12 at Barcelona, 11 at Monte Carlo, and 10 at Rome. However, Nadal has shed that label owing to his success on other surfaces, including holding simultaneous Grand Slam tournament titles on grass, hard courts, and clay on two separate occasions, winning ten Masters titles on hard court, and winning an Olympic gold medal on hard court. Despite praise for Nadal's talent and skill, in the past, some had questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his build and playing style as conducive to injury. Nadal himself has admitted to the physical toll hard courts place on ATP Tour players, calling for a reevaluated tour schedule featuring fewer hard court tournaments. This \"longevity\" narrative has proven inaccurate, and pundits today admire his resilience. Nadal has had three coaches during his career. Toni Nadal, his uncle, coached him from 1990 to 2017. He is currently coached by Francisco Roig (2005\u2013) and Carlos Moy\u00e1 (2016\u2013). In an interview in CBS's \"60 Minutes\" in May 2021, Nadal said he has never broken a racket with anger in a match. He added that his family does not approve of it and breaking a racket means he is not in control of his emotions"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ". Nadal is known for a host of on court rituals including specific bodily movements and the positioning of items courtside. Nadal himself has rejected that such rituals stem from an obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder complex or are based on superstition. Nadal's extensive time taken between points has received criticism from other players including Roger Federer and Denis Shapovalov.</s><s>Public image.</s><s>Public image.:Equipment and endorsements. Nadal has been sponsored by Kia Motors since 2006. He has appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia as a global ambassador for the company. In May 2008, Kia released a claymation viral ad featuring Nadal in a tennis match with an alien. In May 2015, Nadal extended his partnership with Kia for another five years. Nike serves as Nadal's clothing and shoe sponsor. Nadal's signature on-court attire entailed a variety of sleeveless shirts paired with 3/4 length capri pants. For the 2009 season, Nadal adopted more-traditional on-court apparel. Nike encouraged Nadal to update his look in order to reflect his new status as the sport's top player at that time and associate Nadal with a style that, while less distinctive than his \"pirate\" look, would"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " be more widely emulated by consumers. At warmup tournaments in Abu Dhabi and Doha, Nadal played matches in a polo shirt specifically designed for him by Nike, paired with shorts cut above the knee. Nadal's new, more conventional style carried over to the 2009 Australian Open, where he was outfitted with Nike's Bold Crew Men's Tee and Nadal Long Check Shorts. Nadal wears Nike's Air CourtBallistec 2.3 tennis shoes, bearing various customizations throughout the season, including his nickname \"Rafa\" on the right shoe and a stylized bull logo on the left. He became the face of Lanvin's \"L'Homme Sport\" cologne in April 2009. Nadal uses an AeroPro Drive racquet with a -inch L2 grip., Nadal's racquets are painted to resemble the new Babolat AeroPro Drive with Cortex GT racquet in order to market a current model which Babolat sells. Nadal uses no replacement grip, and instead wraps two overgrips around the handle. He used Duralast 15L strings until the 2010 season, when he switched to Babolat's new, black-colored, RPM Blast string. Nadal's rackets are"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " always strung at, regardless of which surface or conditions he is playing on., Nadal is the international ambassador for Quely, a company from his native Mallorca that manufactures biscuits, bakery and chocolate-coated products; he has consumed their products ever since he was a young child. In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille announced that he had developed an ultra-light wristwatch in collaboration with Nadal called the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch. The watch is made of titanium and lithium and is valued at US$525,000; Nadal was involved in the design and testing of the watch on the tennis court. During the 2010 French Open, Men's Fitness reported that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as part of a sponsorship deal with the Swiss watchmaker. Nadal replaced Cristiano Ronaldo as the new face of Emporio Armani Underwear and Armani Jeans for the spring/summer 2011 collection. This was the first time that the label has chosen a tennis player for the job; association football has ruled lately prior to Ronaldo, David Beckham graced the ads since 2008. Armani said that he selected Nadal as his latest male underwear model because \"...he is ideal as"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters\". In June 2012, Nadal joined the group of sports endorsers of the PokerStars online poker cardroom. Nadal won a charity poker tournament against retired Brazilian football player Ronaldo in 2014.</s><s>Public image.:Court name and tributes. In April 2017, the centre court of the Barcelona Open was named Pista Rafa Nadal. In 2021, prior to the start of tournament, the French Open paid tribute to Nadal with the installation of a 3-meters tall steel statue at Stade Roland Garros. It was created by Jordi D\u00edez Fern\u00e1ndez, one of Spain's most renowned sculptors.</s><s>Public image.:In popular culture. Nadal's autobiography, \"Rafa\" (Hyperion, 2012, ), written with assistance from John Carlin, was published in August 2011. In February 2010, Rafael Nadal was featured in the music video of Shakira's \"Gypsy\". and part of her album release \"She Wolf\". In explaining why she chose Nadal for the video, Shakira was quoted as saying in an interview with the \"Latin American Herald Tribune\": \"I thought that maybe I needed someone I could in some way identify with. And Rafael Nad"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "al is a person who has been totally committed to his career since he was very young. Since he was 17, I believe.\"</s><s>Public image.:Asteroid. 128036 Rafaelnadal is a main belt asteroid discovered in 2003 at the Observatorio Astron\u00f3mico de Mallorca and named after Nadal. The decision to name the asteroid after Nadal was made by the International Astronomical Union in response to a request by the observatory. The asteroid is four kilometers in diameter and travels through space at a speed of 20\u00a0km per second.</s><s>Off the court.</s><s>Off the court.:Rafa Nadal Sports Centre. Nadal owns and trains at the Rafa Nadal Sports Centre () in his hometown of Manacor, Mallorca. The centre houses the Rafa Nadal Tennis Academy, where the American International School of Mallorca is located. Also located in the centre is a sports residence, a Rafael Nadal museum, a health clinic, a fitness centre with spa and a caf\u00e9. The facility has 26 tennis courts among its sporting areas.</s><s>Off the court.:Rafa Nadal Sports Centre.:Greece, Kuwait, and Mexico branches. Nadal also owns and operates three other similar Raf"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "a Nadal Academy/Centre facilities in Al Zahra, Kuwait (called the Rafa Nadal Academy Kuwait), Canc\u00fan, Mexico (called the Rafa Nadal Tennis Centre Mexico), and Chalkidiki, Greece (called the Rafa Nadal Tennis Centre Greece). The Mexico and Greece Centres started operations in 2019 while the Kuwait Academy opened in 2020.</s><s>Off the court.:Philanthropy. Nadal took part in Thailand's \"A Million Trees for the King\" project, planting a tree in honour of King Bhumibol Adulyadej on a visit to Hua Hin during his Thailand Open 2010. \"For me it's an honour to be part of this project\", said Nadal. \"It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice.\"</s><s>Off the court.:Philanthropy.:Fundaci\u00f3n Rafa Nadal. The creation of the Fundaci\u00f3n Rafa Nadal took place in November 2007, and its official presentation was in February 2008, at the Manacor Tennis Club in Mallorca, Spain. The foundation will focus on social work and"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " development aid particularly on childhood and youth. On deciding why to start a foundation, Nadal said \"This can be the beginning of my future, when I retire and have more time, [...] I am doing very well and I owe society, [...] A month-and-a-half ago I was in Chennai, in India. The truth is we live great here...I can contribute something with my image...\" Nadal was inspired by the Red Cross benefit match against malaria with Real Madrid goalkeeper Iker Casillas, recalling, \"We raised an amount of money that we would never have imagined. I have to thank Iker, my project partner, who went all out for it, [...] That is why the time has come to set up my own foundation and determine the destination of the money.\" Nadal's mother, Ana Mar\u00eda Parera, chairs the charitable organization and father Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach and uncle Toni Nadal and his agent, former tennis player Carlos Costa, are also involved. Roger Federer has given Nadal advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in India struck him particularly hard, Nadal wants to start by helping \"people close by, in the Balearic Islands, in Spain, and then"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ", if possible, abroad\". On 16 October 2010, Nadal traveled to India for the first time to visit his tennis academy for underprivileged children at Anantapur Sports Village, in the Anantapur City, Andhra Pradesh. His foundation has also worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project, in collaboration with the Vicente Ferrer Foundation.</s><s>Off the court.:Philanthropy.:Floods in Majorca. Rafael Nadal opened his tennis academy centre to Majorca flood victims in October 2018. By that time he was recovering at home in Majorca, shortly after having to leave the US Open due to injury and one day after the flood he worked personally with some friends to help the victims. Later, Nadal donated \u20ac1\u00a0million for rebuilding Sant Lloren\u00e7 des Cardassar, the most affected town by the floods in the island. Nadal also organized other charitable activities to help repair the damage of the disaster, such as the Olaz\u00e1bal & Nadal charity golf tournament and a charity tennis match in which he was going to participate and that had to be suspended because he had to have an operation on an ankle injury, later identified as Mueller-Weiss Syndrome.</s><s>Off the court.:Philanthropy"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ".:Other charities. Nadal supports or has supported other charities, such as City Harvest, Elton John AIDS Foundation, Laureus Sport for Good Foundation and Small Steps Project.</s><s>Off the court.:Involvement in football. Nadal is an avid fan of association football club Real Madrid. On 8 July 2010, it was reported that he had become a shareholder of RCD Mallorca, his local club by birth, in an attempt to assist the club from debt. Nadal reportedly owns 10 percent and was offered the role of vice president, which he rejected. His uncle Miguel \u00c1ngel Nadal became assistant coach under Michael Laudrup. Nadal remains a passionate Real Madrid supporter; \"ESPN.com\" writer Graham Hunter wrote, \"He's as \"Merengue\" as [Real Madrid icons] Ra\u00fal, Iker Casillas and Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano.\" Shortly after acquiring his interest in Mallorca, Nadal called out UEFA for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club from the 2010\u201311 UEFA Europa League for excessive debts, saying through a club spokesperson, \"Well, if those are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " in debt, too.\" He is a fervent supporter of the Spanish national team, and he was one of six people not affiliated with the team or the national federation allowed to enter the team's locker room following Spain's victory in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final.</s><s>Personal life. Nadal lived with his parents and younger sister Mar\u00eda Isabel in a five-storey apartment building in their hometown of Manacor, Mallorca. In June 2009, Spanish newspaper \"La Vanguardia\", and then \"The New York Times\", reported that his parents, Ana Mar\u00eda and Sebasti\u00e1n, had separated. This news came after weeks of speculation in Internet posts and message boards over Nadal's personal issues as the cause of his setback. Nadal has been in a relationship with Mar\u00eda Francisca (Mery) Perell\u00f3 Pascual (often mistakenly referred to as Xisca in the press) since 2005, and their engagement was reported in January 2019. The couple married in October 2019. On 8 October 2022, they welcomed their first child, a son named Rafael. Nadal is an agnostic atheist. Nadal speaks Spanish, Balearic Catalan and English. In addition to tennis and football, Nadal enjoys playing golf and poker"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": ". In April 2014, he played the world's No. 1 female poker player, Vanessa Selbst, in a poker game in Monaco. In October 2020, Nadal competed in the professional-level Balearic Golf Championship, obtaining a World Amateur Golf Ranking in the process. As a young boy, he would run home from school to watch Goku in his favorite Japanese anime, \"Dragon Ball\". CNN released an article about Nadal's childhood inspiration, and called him \"the Dragon Ball of tennis\" owing to his unorthodox style \"from another planet\". Despite playing tennis left-handed, Nadal is known for being right-handed while doing things in everyday life such as writing and playing golf.</s><s>Personal life.:Health. In 2021, Nadal announced that he had a rare chronic disorder of his left ankle, Mueller-Weiss syndrome. He was diagnosed at the age of 19 and held off surgery as long as he could. After surgery in 2021, he returned to tennis in early 2022, winning the Australian Open. He later received two numbing injections and anti-inflammatories before each of his seven matches en route to winning the 2022 French Open. Nadal stated that he is not willing to do this again. In an open statement regarding his injury, he"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " said, \"I am not injured, I am a player living with an injury.\"</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Grand Slam tournament performance timeline. \"Current through the 2023 Australian Open.\"</s><s>Records.</s><s>Records.:Open Era records. - These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis. - Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements. - Records in \"italics\" are currently active streaks. - ^ Denotes consecutive streak.</s><s>Professional awards. - ITF World Champion (5): 2008, 2010, 2017, 2019, 2022 - ATP Player of the Year (5): 2008, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2019 - Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year: 2006 - Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year (2): 2011, 2021 - Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year: 2014 - BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year: 2010 - ATP Newcomer of the Year: 2003 - ATP Most Improved Player of the Year: 2005 - Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award (5): 2010, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 - ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year: 2011 - ATP Comeback Player of the Year:"}, {"title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": " 2013 - ATP Fan's Favourite Award: 2022</s><s>See also. - List of career achievements by Rafael Nadal - All-time tennis records \u2013 Men's singles (since 1877) - Open Era tennis records \u2013 Men's singles (since 1968) - List of Grand Slam\u2013related tennis records (since 1877) - List of Grand Slam men's singles champions (since 1877) - List of Olympic medalists in tennis (since 1896) - List of ATP Tour top-level tournament singles champions (since 1990) - Tennis Masters Series singles records and statistics (since 1990) - ATP Tour records (since 1990) - List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players (since 1973) - World number 1 ranked male tennis players (all-time) - Sport in Spain - Tennis in Spain</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rafael Nadal", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000441", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Heinrich Himmler.", "docs": [{"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "<s>Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900\u00a0\u2013 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of the Holocaust. As a member of a reserve battalion during World War I, Himmler did not see active service, and did not fight. He studied agriculture at university, and joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and the SS in 1925. In 1929, he was appointed by Adolf Hitler. Over the next 16 years, he developed the SS from a 290-man battalion into a million-strong paramilitary group, and set up and controlled the Nazi concentration camps. He was known for good organisational skills and for selecting highly competent subordinates, such as Reinhard Heydrich in 1931. From 1943 onwards, he was both Chief of German Police and Minister of the Interior, overseeing all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo (Secret State Police). He controlled the Waffen-SS, the military branch of the SS. Himmler held an interest in varieties of occultism and \"V\u00f6lkisch\" topics,"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " and he employed elements of these beliefs to develop the racial policy of Nazi Germany and incorporated esoteric symbolism and rituals into the SS. Himmler formed the \"Einsatzgruppen\" and built extermination camps. As overseer of the Nazi genocidal programs, Himmler directed the killing of some six million Jews, between 200,000 and 500,000 Romanis, and other victims. The total number of civilians killed by the regime is estimated at 11 to 14 million people. Most of them were Polish and Soviet citizens. Late in World War II, Hitler briefly appointed him a military commander and later Commander of the Replacement (Home) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the administration of the entire Third Reich (\"Generalbevollm\u00e4chtigter f\u00fcr die Verwaltung\"). Specifically, he was given command of the Army Group Upper Rhine and the Army Group Vistula. After Himmler failed to achieve his assigned objectives, Hitler replaced him in these posts. Realising the war was lost, Himmler attempted to open peace talks with the western Allies without Hitler's knowledge, shortly before the end of the war. Hearing of this, Hitler dismissed him from all his posts in April 1945 and ordered his arrest. Himm"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "ler attempted to go into hiding, but was detained and then arrested by British forces once his identity became known. While in British custody, he committed suicide on 23 May 1945.</s><s>Early life. Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865\u20131936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (n\u00e9e Heyder; 1866\u20131941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898\u20131982) and Ernst Hermann (1905\u20131945). Himmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " awkward in social situations. Himmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agriculture at the Munich (now Technical University Munich)  following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness. Although many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians\u2014including Jews and other minority groups\u2014had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst R\u00f6hm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired R\u00f6hm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the (Imperial War Flag Society). In 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923.</s><s>Early life.:Nazi activist. Himmler joined the Nazi Party in August 1923, receiving party number 14303. As a member of R\u00f6hm's paramilitary unit, Himmler was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch\u2014an unsuccessful attempt by Hitler and the Nazi Party to seize power in Munich. This event would set Himmler on a life of politics. He was questioned by the police about his role in the putsch, but was not charged because of insufficient evidence. However, he lost his job, was unable to find employment as a farm manager, and had to move in with his parents in Munich"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": ". Frustrated by these failures, he became ever more irritable, aggressive, and opinionated, alienating both friends and family members. In 1923\u201324, Himmler, while searching for a world view, came to abandon Catholicism and focused on the occult and in antisemitism. Germanic mythology, reinforced by occult ideas, became a religion for him. Himmler found the Nazi Party appealing because its political positions agreed with his own views. Initially, he was not swept up by Hitler's charisma or the cult of F\u00fchrer worship. However, as he learned more about Hitler through his reading, he began to regard him as a useful face of the party, and he later admired and even worshipped him. To consolidate and advance his own position in the Nazi Party, Himmler took advantage of the disarray in the party following Hitler's arrest in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch. From mid-1924 he worked under Gregor Strasser as a party secretary and propaganda assistant. Travelling all over Bavaria agitating for the party, he gave speeches and distributed literature. Placed in charge of the party office in Lower Bavaria by Strasser from late 1924, he was responsible for integrating the area's membership with the Nazi"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " Party under Hitler when the party was re-founded in February 1925. That same year, he joined the (SS) as an (SS-Leader); his SS number was 168. The SS, initially part of the much larger SA, was formed in 1923 for Hitler's personal protection and was re-formed in 1925 as an elite unit of the SA. Himmler's first leadership position in the SS was that of (district leader) in Lower Bavaria from 1926. Strasser appointed Himmler deputy propaganda chief in January 1927. As was typical in the Nazi Party, he had considerable freedom of action in his post, which increased over time. He began to collect statistics on the number of Jews, Freemasons, and enemies of the party, and following his strong need for control, he developed an elaborate bureaucracy. In September 1927, Himmler told Hitler of his vision to transform the SS into a loyal, powerful, racially pure elite unit. Convinced that Himmler was the man for the job, Hitler appointed him Deputy, with the rank of. Around this time, Himmler joined the Artaman League, a youth group. There he met Rudolf H\u00f6ss, who was later commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, and Wal"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "ther Darr\u00e9, whose book \"The Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race\" caught Hitler's attention, leading to his later appointment as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. Darr\u00e9 was a firm believer in the superiority of the Nordic race, and his philosophy was a major influence on Himmler.</s><s>Rise in the SS. Upon the resignation of SS commander Erhard Heiden in January 1929, Himmler assumed the position of \"Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS\" with Hitler's approval; he still carried out his duties at propaganda headquarters. One of his first responsibilities was to organise SS participants at the Nuremberg Rally that September. Over the next year, Himmler grew the SS from a force of about 290 men to about 3,000. By 1930 Himmler had persuaded Hitler to run the SS as a separate organisation, although it was officially still subordinate to the SA. To gain political power, the Nazi Party took advantage of the economic downturn during the Great Depression. The coalition government of the Weimar Republic was unable to improve the economy, so many voters turned to the political extreme, which included the Nazi Party. Hitler used populist rhetoric, including blaming scapegoats\u2014particularly the Jews\u2014for the economic"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " hardships. In September 1930, Himmler was first elected as a deputy to the \"Reichstag\". In the 1932 election, the Nazis won 37.3 percent of the vote and 230 seats in the Reichstag. Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933, heading a short-lived coalition of his Nazis and the German National People's Party. The new cabinet initially included only three members of the Nazi Party: Hitler, Hermann G\u00f6ring as minister without portfolio and Minister of the Interior for Prussia, and Wilhelm Frick as Reich Interior Minister. Less than a month later, the Reichstag building was set on fire. Hitler took advantage of this event, forcing Hindenburg to sign the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. The Enabling Act, passed by the Reichstag on 23 March 1933, gave the Cabinet\u2014in practice, Hitler\u2014full legislative powers, and the country became a de facto dictatorship. On 1 August 1934, Hitler's cabinet passed a law which stipulated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hindenburg died the next morning, and Hitler became both head"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " of state and head of government under the title \"F\u00fchrer und Reichskanzler\" (leader and chancellor). The Nazi Party's rise to power provided Himmler and the SS an unfettered opportunity to thrive. By 1933, the SS numbered 52,000 members. Strict membership requirements ensured that all members were of Hitler's Aryan \"Herrenvolk\" (\"Aryan master race\"). Applicants were vetted for Nordic qualities\u2014in Himmler's words, \"like a nursery gardener trying to reproduce a good old strain which has been adulterated and debased; we started from the principles of plant selection and then proceeded quite unashamedly to weed out the men whom we did not think we could use for the build-up of the SS.\" Few dared mention that by his own standards, Himmler did not meet his own ideals. Himmler's organised, bookish intellect served him well as he began setting up different SS departments. In 1931 he appointed Reinhard Heydrich chief of the new Ic Service (intelligence service), which was renamed the \"Sicherheitsdienst\" (SD: Security Service) in 1932. He later officially appointed Heydrich his deputy. The two men had"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " a good working relationship and a mutual respect. In 1933, they began to remove the SS from SA control. Along with Interior Minister Frick, they hoped to create a unified German police force. In March 1933, Reich Governor of Bavaria Franz Ritter von Epp appointed Himmler chief of the Munich Police. Himmler appointed Heydrich commander of Department IV, the political police. Thereafter, Himmler and Heydrich took over the political police of state after state; soon only Prussia was controlled by G\u00f6ring. Effective 1 January 1933, Hitler promoted Himmler to the rank of SS-\"Obergruppenf\u00fchrer\", equal in rank to the senior SA commanders. On 2 June Himmler, along with the heads of the other two Nazi paramilitary organizations, the SA and the Hitler Youth, was named a \"Reichsleiter\", the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. On 10 July, he was named to the Prussian State Council. On 2 October 1933, he became a founding member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law at its inaugural meeting. Himmler further established the SS Race and Settlement Main Office (\"Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt\" or RuSHA"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "). He appointed Darr\u00e9 as its first chief, with the rank of SS-\"Gruppenf\u00fchrer\". The department implemented racial policies and monitored the \"racial integrity\" of the SS membership. SS men were carefully vetted for their racial background. On 31 December 1931, Himmler introduced the \"marriage order\", which required SS men wishing to marry to produce family trees proving that both families were of Aryan descent to 1800. If any non-Aryan forebears were found in either family tree during the racial investigation, the person concerned was excluded from the SS. Each man was issued a \"Sippenbuch\", a genealogical record detailing his genetic history. Himmler expected that each SS marriage should produce at least four children, thus creating a pool of genetically superior prospective SS members. The programme had disappointing results; less than 40 per cent of SS men married and each produced only about one child. In March 1933, less than three months after the Nazis came to power, Himmler set up the first official concentration camp at Dachau. Hitler had stated that he did not want it to be just another prison or detention camp. Himmler appointed Theodor Eicke, a convicted felon and ardent Nazi, to run"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " the camp in June 1933. Eicke devised a system that was used as a model for future camps throughout Germany. Its features included isolation of victims from the outside world, elaborate roll calls and work details, the use of force and executions to exact obedience, and a strict disciplinary code for the guards. Uniforms were issued for prisoners and guards alike; the guards' uniforms had a special \"Totenkopf\" insignia on their collars. By the end of 1934, Himmler took control of the camps under the aegis of the SS, creating a separate division, the \"SS-Totenkopfverb\u00e4nde\". Initially the camps housed political opponents; over time, undesirable members of German society\u2014criminals, vagrants, deviants\u2014were placed in the camps as well. In 1936 Himmler wrote in the pamphlet \"The SS as an Anti-Bolshevist Fighting Organization\" that the SS were to fight against the \"Jewish-Bolshevik revolution of subhumans\". A Hitler decree issued in December 1937 allowed for the incarceration of anyone deemed by the regime to be an undesirable member of society. This included Jews, Gypsies, communists, and those persons of any other cultural,"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " racial, political, or religious affiliation deemed by the Nazis to be \"Untermensch\" (sub-human). Thus, the camps became a mechanism for social and racial engineering. By the outbreak of World War II in autumn 1939, there were six camps housing some 27,000 inmates. Death tolls were high.</s><s>Rise in the SS.:Consolidation of power. In early 1934, Hitler and other Nazi leaders became concerned that R\u00f6hm was planning a coup d'\u00e9tat. R\u00f6hm had socialist and populist views, and believed that the real revolution had not yet begun. He felt that the SA\u2014now numbering some three million men, far dwarfing the army\u2014should become the sole arms-bearing corps of the state, and that the army should be absorbed into the SA under his leadership. R\u00f6hm lobbied Hitler to appoint him Minister of Defence, a position held by conservative General Werner von Blomberg. G\u00f6ring had created a Prussian secret police force, the \"Geheime Staatspolizei\" or Gestapo in 1933, and appointed Rudolf Diels as its head. G\u00f6ring, concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to use the Gestapo effectively to counteract the power of the SA, handed"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " over its control to Himmler on 20 April 1934. Also on that date, Hitler appointed Himmler chief of all German police outside Prussia. This was a radical departure from long-standing German practice that law enforcement was a state and local matter. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SD. Hitler decided on 21 June that R\u00f6hm and the SA leadership had to be eliminated. He sent G\u00f6ring to Berlin on 29 June, to meet with Himmler and Heydrich to plan the action. Hitler took charge in Munich, where R\u00f6hm was arrested; he gave R\u00f6hm the choice to commit suicide or be shot. When R\u00f6hm refused to kill himself, he was shot dead by two SS officers. Between 85 and 200 members of the SA leadership and other political adversaries, including Gregor Strasser, were killed between 30 June and 2 July 1934 in these actions, known as the Night of the Long Knives. With the SA thus neutralised, the SS became an independent organisation answerable only to Hitler on 20 July 1934. Himmler's title of \"Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS\" became the highest formal SS rank,"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " equivalent to a field marshal in the army. The SA was converted into a sports and training organisation. On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws\u2014known as the Nuremberg Laws\u2014to the Reichstag. The laws banned marriage between non-Jewish and Jewish Germans and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. The laws also deprived so-called \"non-Aryans\" of the benefits of German citizenship. These laws were among the first race-based measures instituted by the Third Reich. Himmler and Heydrich wanted to extend the power of the SS; thus, they urged Hitler to form a national police force overseen by the SS, to guard Nazi Germany against its many enemies at the time\u2014real and imagined. Interior Minister Frick also wanted a national police force, but one controlled by him, with Kurt Daluege as his police chief. Hitler left it to Himmler and Heydrich to work out the arrangements with Frick. Himmler and Heydrich had greater bargaining power, as they were allied with Frick's old enemy, G\u00f6ring. Heydrich drew up a set of proposals and Himmler sent him to meet with Frick. An angry"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " Frick then consulted with Hitler, who told him to agree to the proposals. Frick acquiesced, and on 17 June 1936 Hitler decreed the unification of all police forces in the Reich, and named Himmler Chief of German Police and a State Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior. In this role, Himmler was still nominally subordinate to Frick. In practice, however, the police was now effectively a division of the SS, and hence independent of Frick's control. This move gave Himmler operational control over Germany's entire detective force. He also gained authority over all of Germany's uniformed law enforcement agencies, which were amalgamated into the new \"Ordnungspolizei\" (Orpo: \"order police\"), which became a branch of the SS under Daluege. Shortly thereafter, Himmler created the \"Kriminalpolizei\" (Kripo: criminal police) as the umbrella organisation for all criminal investigation agencies in Germany. The Kripo was merged with the Gestapo into the \"Sicherheitspolizei\" (SiPo: security police), under Heydrich's command. In September 1939, following the outbreak of World War II, Himmler formed the \""}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt\" (RSHA: Reich Security Main Office) to bring the SiPo (which included the Gestapo and Kripo) and the SD together under one umbrella. He again placed Heydrich in command. Under Himmler's leadership, the SS developed its own military branch, the \"SS-Verf\u00fcgungstruppe\" (SS-VT), which later evolved into the Waffen-SS. Nominally under the authority of Himmler, the Waffen-SS developed a fully militarised structure of command and operations. It grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions during World War II, serving alongside the \"Heer\" (army), but never being formally part of it. In addition to his military ambitions, Himmler established the beginnings of a parallel economy under the umbrella of the SS. To this end, administrator Oswald Pohl set up the \"Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe\" (German Economic Enterprise) in 1940. Under the auspices of the SS Economy and Administration Head Office, this holding company owned housing corporations, factories, and publishing houses. Pohl was unscrupulous and quickly exploited the companies for personal gain. In"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " contrast, Himmler was honest in matters of money and business. In 1938, as part of his preparations for war, Hitler ended the German alliance with China, and entered into an agreement with the more modern Japan. That same year, Austria was unified with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss, and the Munich Agreement gave Nazi Germany control over the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia. Hitler's primary motivations for war included obtaining additional \"Lebensraum\" (\"living space\") for the Germanic peoples, who were considered racially superior according to Nazi ideology. A second goal was the elimination of those considered racially inferior, particularly the Jews and Slavs, from territories controlled by the Reich. From 1933 to 1938, hundreds of thousands of Jews emigrated to the United States, Palestine, Great Britain, and other countries. Some converted to Christianity.</s><s>Rise in the SS.:Anti-church struggle. According to Himmler biographer Peter Longerich, Himmler believed that a major task of the SS should be \"acting as the vanguard in overcoming Christianity and restoring a 'Germanic' way of living\" as part of preparations for the coming conflict between \"humans and subhumans\". Longerich wrote that, while the"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " Nazi movement as a whole launched itself against Jews and Communists, \"by linking de-Christianisation with re-Germanization, Himmler had provided the SS with a goal and purpose all of its own\". Himmler was vehemently opposed to Christian sexual morality and the \"principle of Christian mercy\", both of which he saw as dangerous obstacles to his planned battle with \"subhumans\". In 1937, Himmler declared: In early 1937, Himmler had his personal staff work with academics to create a framework to replace Christianity within the Germanic cultural heritage. The project gave rise to the Deutschrechtlichte Institute, headed by Professor Karl Eckhardt, at the University of Bonn.</s><s>World War II. When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Heinrich M\u00fcller masterminded and carried out a false flag project code-named Operation Himmler. German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms undertook border skirmishes which deceptively suggested Polish aggression against Germany. The incidents were then used in Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of World War II. At the beginning of the war against Poland, Hitler authorised the killing of Polish civilians"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": ", including Jews and ethnic Poles. The \"Einsatzgruppen\" (SS task forces) had originally been formed by Heydrich to secure government papers and offices in areas taken over by Germany before World War II. Authorised by Hitler and under the direction of Himmler and Heydrich, the \"Einsatzgruppen\" units\u2014now repurposed as death squads\u2014followed the \"Heer\" (army) into Poland, and by the end of 1939 they had murdered some 65,000 intellectuals and other civilians. Militias and \"Heer\" units also took part in these killings. Under Himmler's orders via the RSHA, these squads were also tasked with rounding up Jews and others for placement in ghettos and concentration camps. Germany subsequently invaded Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, and France, and began bombing Great Britain in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. On 21 June 1941, the day before invasion of the Soviet Union, Himmler commissioned the preparation of the \"Generalplan Ost\" (General Plan for the East); the plan was finalised in July 1942. It called for the Baltic States, Poland, Western Ukraine, and Byelorussia to"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " be conquered and resettled by ten million German citizens. The current residents\u2014some 31\u00a0million people\u2014would be expelled further east, starved, or used for forced labour. The plan would have extended the borders of Germany to the east by. Himmler expected that it would take twenty to thirty years to complete the plan, at a cost of. Himmler stated openly: \"It is a question of existence, thus it will be a racial struggle of pitiless severity, in the course of which 20 to 30 million Slavs and Jews will perish through military actions and crises of food supply.\" Himmler declared that the war in the east was a pan-European crusade to defend the traditional values of old Europe from the \"Godless Bolshevik hordes\". Constantly struggling with the Wehrmacht for recruits, Himmler solved this problem through the creation of Waffen-SS units composed of Germanic folk groups taken from the Balkans and eastern Europe. Equally vital were recruits from among the Germanic considered peoples of northern and western Europe, in the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Denmark and Finland. Spain and Italy also provided men for Waffen-SS units. Among western countries, the number of volunteers varied from a high of 25,000"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " from the Netherlands to 300 each from Sweden and Switzerland. From the east, the highest number of men came from Lithuania (50,000) and the lowest from Bulgaria (600). After 1943 most men from the east were conscripts. The performance of the eastern Waffen-SS units was, as a whole, sub-standard. In late 1941, Hitler named Heydrich as Deputy Reich Protector of the newly established Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Heydrich began to racially classify the Czechs, deporting many to concentration camps. Members of a swelling resistance were shot, earning Heydrich the nickname \"the Butcher of Prague\". This appointment strengthened the collaboration between Himmler and Heydrich, and Himmler was proud to have SS control over a state. Despite having direct access to Hitler, Heydrich's loyalty to Himmler remained firm. With Hitler's approval, Himmler re-established the \"Einsatzgruppen\" in the lead-up to the planned invasion of the Soviet Union. In March 1941, Hitler addressed his army leaders, detailing his intention to smash the Soviet Empire and destroy the Bolshevik intelligentsia and leadership. His special directive, the \"Guidelines in Special Spheres re Directive"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)\", read: \"In the operations area of the army, the \"Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS\" has been given special tasks on the orders of the \"F\u00fchrer\", in order to prepare the political administration. These tasks arise from the forthcoming final struggle of two opposing political systems. Within the framework of these tasks, the \"Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS\" acts independently and on his own responsibility.\" Hitler thus intended to prevent internal friction like that occurring earlier in Poland in 1939, when several German Army generals had attempted to bring \"Einsatzgruppen\" leaders to trial for the murders they had committed. Following the army into the Soviet Union, the \"Einsatzgruppen\" rounded up and killed Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi state. Hitler was sent frequent reports. In addition, 2.8\u00a0million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation, mistreatment or executions in just eight months of 1941\u201342. As many as 500,000 Soviet prisoners of war died or were executed in Nazi concentration camps over the course of the war; most of them were shot or gassed. By early 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " which inmates were subjected to forced labour. Jews from all over Germany and the occupied territories were deported to the camps or confined to ghettos. As the Germans were pushed back from Moscow in December 1941, signalling that the expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union had failed to materialize, Hitler and other Nazi officials realised that mass deportations to the east would no longer be possible. As a result, instead of deportation, many Jews in Europe were destined for death.</s><s>Final Solution, the Holocaust, racial policy, and eugenics. Nazi racial policies, including the notion that people who were racially inferior had no right to live, date back to the earliest days of the party; Hitler discusses this in. Around the time of the German declaration of war on the United States in December 1941, Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be \"exterminated\". Heydrich arranged a meeting, held on 20 January 1942 at Wannsee, a suburb of Berlin. Attended by top Nazi officials, it was used to outline the plans for the \"final solution to the Jewish question\". Heydrich detailed how those Jews able to work would be worked to death; those unable to work would be killed outright. Heydrich calculated the number of Jews to be"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " killed at 11\u00a0million and told the attendees that Hitler had placed Himmler in charge of the plan. In June 1942, Heydrich was assassinated in Prague in Operation Anthropoid, led by Jozef Gab\u010d\u00edk and Jan Kubi\u0161, members of Czechoslovakia's army-in-exile. Both men had been trained by the British Special Operations Executive for the mission to kill Heydrich. During the two funeral services, Himmler\u2014the chief mourner\u2014took charge of Heydrich's two young sons, and he gave the eulogy in Berlin. On 9 June, after discussions with Himmler and Karl Hermann Frank, Hitler ordered brutal reprisals for Heydrich's death. Over 13,000 people were arrested, and the village of Lidice was razed to the ground; its male inhabitants and all adults in the village of Le\u017e\u00e1ky were murdered. At least 1,300 people were executed by firing squads. Himmler took over leadership of the RSHA and stepped up the pace of the killing of Jews in (Operation Reinhard), named in Heydrich's honour. He ordered the camps\u2014three extermination camps\u2014to be constructed at Be\u0142\u017c"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "ec, Sobib\u00f3r, and Treblinka. Initially the victims were killed with gas vans or by firing squad, but these methods proved impracticable for an operation of this scale. In August 1941, Himmler attended the shooting of 100 Jews at Minsk. Nauseated and shaken by the experience, he was concerned about the impact such actions would have on the mental health of his SS men. He decided that alternate methods of killing should be found. On his orders, by early 1942 the camp at Auschwitz had been greatly expanded, including the addition of gas chambers, where victims were killed using the pesticide Zyklon B. Himmler visited the camp in person on 17 and 18 July 1942. He was given a demonstration of a mass killing using the gas chamber in Bunker\u00a02 and toured the building site of the new IG Farben plant being constructed at the nearby town of Monowitz. By the end of the war, at least 5.5\u00a0million Jews had been killed by the Nazi regime; most estimates range closer to 6\u00a0million. Himmler visited the camp at Sobib\u00f3r in early 1943, by which time 250,000 people had been killed at that location alone. After witnessing a gassing, he gave 28 people"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " promotions and ordered the operation of the camp to be wound down. In a prisoner revolt that October, the remaining prisoners killed most of the guards and SS personnel. Several hundred prisoners escaped; about a hundred were immediately re-captured and killed. Some of the escapees joined partisan units operating in the area. The camp was dismantled by December 1943. The Nazis also targeted Romani (Gypsies) as \"asocial\" and \"criminals\". By 1935, they were confined into special camps away from ethnic Germans. In 1938, Himmler issued an order in which he said that the \"Gypsy question\" would be determined by \"race\". Himmler believed that the Romani were originally Aryan but had become a mixed race; only the \"racially pure\" were to be allowed to live. In 1939, Himmler ordered thousands of Gypsies to be sent to the Dachau concentration camp and by 1942, ordered all Romani sent to Auschwitz concentration camp. Himmler was one of the main architects of the Holocaust, using his deep belief in the racist Nazi ideology to justify the murder of millions of victims. Longerich surmises that Hitler, Himmler, and Heydrich designed the Holocaust during a period of"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " intensive meetings and exchanges in April\u2013May 1942. The Nazis planned to kill Polish intellectuals and restrict non-Germans in the General Government and conquered territories to a fourth-grade education. They further wanted to breed a master race of racially pure Nordic Aryans in Germany. As a student of agriculture and a farmer, Himmler was acquainted with the principles of selective breeding, which he proposed to apply to humans. He believed that he could engineer the German populace, for example, through eugenics, to be Nordic in appearance within several decades of the end of the war.</s><s>Final Solution, the Holocaust, racial policy, and eugenics.:Posen speeches. On 4 October 1943, during a secret meeting with top SS officials in the city of Pozna\u0144 (Posen), and on 6 October 1943, in a speech to the party elite\u2014the \"Gauleiters\" and \"Reichsleiters\"\u2014Himmler referred explicitly to the \"extermination\" () of the Jewish people. A translated excerpt from the speech of 4 October reads: Because the Allies had indicated that they were going to pursue criminal charges for German war crimes, Hitler tried to gain the loyalty and silence of his subordinates by making them all parties to"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " the ongoing genocide. Hitler therefore authorised Himmler's speeches to ensure that all party leaders were complicit in the crimes and could not later deny knowledge of the killings.</s><s>Final Solution, the Holocaust, racial policy, and eugenics.:Germanization. As Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood (RKFDV) with the incorporated VoMi, Himmler was deeply involved in the Germanization program for the East, particularly Poland. As laid out in the General Plan for the East, the aim was to enslave, expel or exterminate the native population and to make (\"living space\") for (ethnic Germans). He continued his plans to colonise the east, even when many Germans were reluctant to relocate there, and despite negative effects on the war effort. Himmler's racial groupings began with the, the classification of people deemed of German blood. These included Germans who had collaborated with Germany before the war, but also those who considered themselves German but had been neutral; those who were partially \"Polonized\" but \"Germanizable\"; and Germans who were of Polish nationality. Himmler ordered that those who refused to be classified as ethnic Germans should be deported to concentration camps, have their children taken away, or be assigned to"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " forced labour. Himmler's belief that \"it is in the nature of German blood to resist\" led to his conclusion that Balts or Slavs who resisted Germanization were racially superior to more compliant ones. He declared that no drop of German blood would be lost or left behind to mingle with an \"alien race\". The plan also included the kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany. Himmler urged: The \"racially valuable\" children were to be removed from all contact with Poles and raised as Germans, with German names. Himmler declared: \"We have faith above all in this our own blood, which has flowed into a foreign nationality through the vicissitudes of German history. We are convinced that our own philosophy and ideals will reverberate in the spirit of these children who racially belong to us.\" The children were to be adopted by German families. Children who passed muster at first but were later rejected were taken to in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Ghetto, where most of them eventually died. By January 1943, Himmler reported that 629,000 ethnic Germans had been resettled; however, most resettled Germans did not live in the envisioned small farms, but in temporary camps or quarters in towns. Half a million"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " residents of the annexed Polish territories, as well as from Slovenia, Alsace, Lorraine, and Luxembourg were deported to the General Government or sent to Germany as slave labour. Himmler instructed that the German nation should view all foreign workers brought to Germany as a danger to their German blood. In accordance with German racial laws, sexual relations between Germans and foreigners were forbidden as (race defilement).</s><s>20 July plot. On 20 July 1944, a group of German army officers led by Claus von Stauffenberg and including some of the highest-ranked members of the German armed forces attempted to assassinate Hitler, but failed to do so. The next day, Himmler formed a special commission that arrested over 5,000 suspected and known opponents of the regime. Hitler ordered brutal reprisals that resulted in the execution of more than 4,900 people. Though Himmler was embarrassed by his failure to uncover the plot, it led to an increase in his powers and authority. General Friedrich Fromm, commander-in-chief of the Replacement Army (\"Ersatzheer\") and Stauffenberg's immediate superior, was one of those implicated in the conspiracy. Hitler removed Fromm from his post and named Himmler as his successor."}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " Since the Replacement Army consisted of two million men, Himmler hoped to draw on these reserves to fill posts within the Waffen-SS. He appointed Hans J\u00fcttner, director of the SS Leadership Main Office, as his deputy, and began to fill top Replacement Army posts with SS men. By November 1944 Himmler had merged the army officer recruitment department with that of the Waffen-SS and had successfully lobbied for an increase in the quotas for recruits to the SS. By this time, Hitler had appointed Himmler as \"Reichsminister\" of the Interior, succeeding Frick, and General Plenipotentiary for Administration (\"Generalbevollm\u00e4chtigter f\u00fcr die Verwaltung\"). At the same time (24 August 1943) he also joined the six-member Council of Ministers for the Defense of the Reich, which operated as the war cabinet. In August 1944 Hitler authorised him to restructure the organisation and administration of the Waffen-SS, the army, and the police services. As head of the Replacement Army, Himmler was now responsible for prisoners of war. He was also in charge of the Wehrmacht penal system, and controlled the development of Wehrmacht"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " armaments until January 1945.</s><s>Command of army group. On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France during Operation Overlord. In response, Army Group Upper Rhine (\"Heeresgruppe Oberrhein\") group was formed to engage the advancing US 7th Army (under command of General Alexander Patch) and French 1st Army (led by General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny) in the Alsace region along the west bank of the Rhine. In late 1944, Hitler appointed Himmler commander-in-chief of Army Group Upper Rhine. On 26 September 1944 Hitler ordered Himmler to create special army units, the \"Volkssturm\" (\"People's Storm\" or \"People's Army\"). All males aged sixteen to sixty were eligible for conscription into this militia, over the protests of Armaments Minister Albert Speer, who noted that irreplaceable skilled workers were being removed from armaments production. Hitler confidently believed six million men could be raised, and the new units would \"initiate a people's war against the invader\". These hopes were wildly optimistic. In October 1944, children as young as fourteen were being enlisted. Because of severe shortages in weapons and equipment"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " and lack of training, members of the \"Volkssturm\" were poorly prepared for combat, and about 175,000 of them lost their lives in the final months of the war. On 1 January 1945, Hitler and his generals launched Operation North Wind. The goal was to break through the lines of the US 7th Army and French 1st Army to support the southern thrust in the Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes offensive), the final major German offensive of the war. After limited initial gains by the Germans, the Americans halted the offensive. By 25 January, Operation North Wind had officially ended. On 25 January 1945, despite Himmler's lack of military experience, Hitler appointed him as commander of the hastily formed Army Group Vistula (\"Heeresgruppe Weichsel\") to halt the Soviet Red Army's Vistula\u2013Oder offensive into Pomerania \u2013 a decision that appalled the German General Staff. Himmler established his command centre at Schneidem\u00fchl, using his special train, \"Sonderzug Steiermark\", as his headquarters. The train had only one telephone line, inadequate maps, and no signal detachment or radios with which to establish communication and relay military orders. Himmler seldom left the train"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": ", only worked about four hours per day, and insisted on a daily massage before commencing work and a lengthy nap after lunch. General Heinz Guderian talked to Himmler on 9 February and demanded, that Operation Solstice, an attack from Pomerania against the northern flank of Marshal Georgy Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front, should be in progress by the 16th. Himmler argued that he was not ready to commit himself to a specific date. Given Himmler's lack of qualifications as an army group commander, Guderian convinced himself that Himmler tried to conceal his incompetence. On 13 February Guderian met Hitler and demanded that General Walther Wenck be given a special mandate to command the offensive by Army Group Vistula. Hitler sent Wenck with a \"special mandate\", but without specifying Wenck's authority. The offensive was launched on 16 February 1945, but soon stuck in rain and mud, facing mine fields and strong antitank defenses. That night Wenck was severely injured in a car accident, but it is doubtful that he could have salvaged the operation, as Guderian later claimed. Himmler ordered the offensive to stop on the 18th by a \"directive for reg"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "rouping\". Hitler officially ended Operation Solstice on 21 February and ordered Himmler to transfer a corps headquarter and three divisions to Army Group Center. Himmler was unable to devise any viable plans for completion of his military objectives. Under pressure from Hitler over the worsening military situation, Himmler became anxious and unable to give him coherent reports. When the counter-attack failed to stop the Soviet advance, Hitler held Himmler personally liable and accused him of not following orders. Himmler's military command ended on 20 March, when Hitler replaced him with General Gotthard Heinrici as Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Vistula. By this time Himmler, who had been under the care of his doctor since 18 February, had fled to the Hohenlychen Sanatorium. Hitler sent Guderian on a forced medical leave of absence, and he reassigned his post as chief of staff to Hans Krebs on 29 March. Himmler's failure and Hitler's response marked a serious deterioration in the relationship between the two men. By that time, the inner circle of people whom Hitler trusted was rapidly shrinking.</s><s>Command of army group.:Peace negotiations. In early 1945, the German war effort was on the verge of"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " collapse and Himmler's relationship with Hitler had deteriorated. Himmler considered independently negotiating a peace settlement. His masseur, Felix Kersten, who had moved to Sweden, acted as an intermediary in negotiations with Count Folke Bernadotte, head of the Swedish Red Cross. Letters were exchanged between the two men, and direct meetings were arranged by Walter Schellenberg of the RSHA. Himmler and Hitler met for the last time on 20 April 1945\u2014Hitler's birthday\u2014in Berlin, and Himmler swore unswerving loyalty to Hitler. At a military briefing on that day, Hitler stated that he would not leave Berlin, in spite of Soviet advances. Along with G\u00f6ring, Himmler quickly left the city after the briefing. On 21 April, Himmler met with Norbert Masur, a Swedish representative of the World Jewish Congress, to discuss the release of Jewish concentration camp inmates. As a result of these negotiations, about 20,000 people were released in the White Buses operation. Himmler falsely claimed in the meeting that the crematoria at camps had been built to deal with the bodies of prisoners who had died in a typhus epidemic. He also claimed very high survival rates for the camps at Auschwitz and Ber"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "gen-Belsen, even as these sites were liberated and it became obvious that his figures were false. On 23 April, Himmler met directly with Bernadotte at the Swedish consulate in L\u00fcbeck. Representing himself as the provisional leader of Germany, he claimed that Hitler would be dead within the next few days. Hoping that the British and Americans would fight the Soviets alongside what remained of the Wehrmacht, Himmler asked Bernadotte to inform General Dwight Eisenhower that Germany wished to surrender to the Western Allies, and not to the Soviet Union. Bernadotte asked Himmler to put his proposal in writing, and Himmler obliged. Meanwhile, G\u00f6ring had sent a telegram, a few hours earlier, asking Hitler for permission to assume leadership of the \"Reich\" in his capacity as Hitler's designated deputy\u2014an act that Hitler, under the prodding of Martin Bormann, interpreted as a demand to step down or face a coup. On 27 April, Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's HQ in Berlin, Hermann Fegelein, was caught in civilian clothes preparing to desert; he was arrested and brought back to the \"F\u00fchrerbunker\". On the evening of 28 April, the"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " BBC broadcast a Reuters news report about Himmler's attempted negotiations with the western Allies. Hitler had long considered Himmler to be second only to Joseph Goebbels in loyalty; he called Himmler \"the loyal Heinrich\" (). Hitler flew into a rage at this betrayal, and told those still with him in the bunker complex that Himmler's secret negotiations were the worst treachery he had ever known. Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest, and Fegelein was court-martialed and shot. By this time, the Soviets had advanced to the Potsdamer Platz, only from the Reich Chancellery, and were preparing to storm the Chancellery. This report, combined with Himmler's treachery, prompted Hitler to write his last will and testament. In the testament, completed on 29 April\u2014one day prior to his suicide\u2014Hitler declared both Himmler and G\u00f6ring to be traitors. He stripped Himmler of all of his party and state offices and expelled him from the Nazi Party. Hitler named Grand Admiral Karl D\u00f6nitz as his successor. Himmler met D\u00f6nitz in Flensburg and offered himself as second-in-command. He maintained that he was entitled to"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " a position in D\u00f6nitz's interim government as \"Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS\", believing the SS would be in a good position to restore and maintain order after the war. D\u00f6nitz repeatedly rejected Himmler's overtures and initiated peace negotiations with the Allies. He wrote a letter on 6 May\u2014two days before the German Instrument of Surrender\u2014formally dismissing Himmler from all his posts.</s><s>Capture and death. Rejected by his former comrades and hunted by the Allies, Himmler attempted to go into hiding. He had not made extensive preparations for this, but he carried a forged paybook under the name of Sergeant Heinrich Hizinger. With a small band of companions, he headed south on 11 May to Friedrichskoog, without a final destination in mind. They continued on to Neuhaus, where the group split up. On 21 May, Himmler and two aides were stopped and detained at a checkpoint in Bremerv\u00f6rde set up by former Soviet POWs. Over the following two days, he was moved around to several camps and was brought to the British 31st Civilian Interrogation Camp near L\u00fcneburg, on 23 May. The officials noticed that Himmler's"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " identity papers bore a stamp which British military intelligence had seen being used by fleeing members of the SS. The duty officer, Captain Thomas Selvester, began a routine interrogation. Himmler admitted who he was, and Selvester had the prisoner searched. Himmler was taken to the headquarters of the Second British Army in L\u00fcneburg, where a doctor conducted a medical exam on him. The doctor attempted to examine the inside of Himmler's mouth, but the prisoner was reluctant to open it and jerked his head away. Himmler then bit into a hidden potassium cyanide pill and collapsed onto the floor. He was dead within 15 minutes, despite efforts to expel the poison from his system. Shortly afterward, Himmler's body was buried in an unmarked grave near L\u00fcneburg. The grave's location remains unknown.</s><s>Mysticism and symbolism. Himmler was interested in mysticism and the occult from an early age. He tied this interest into his racist philosophy, looking for proof of Aryan and Nordic racial superiority from ancient times. He promoted a cult of ancestor worship, particularly among members of the SS, as a way to keep the race pure and provide immortality to the nation. Viewing the SS as an \""}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "order\" along the lines of the Teutonic Knights, he had them take over the Church of the Teutonic Order in Vienna in 1939. He began the process of replacing Christianity with a new moral code that rejected humanitarianism and challenged the Christian concept of marriage. The Ahnenerbe, a research society founded by Himmler in 1935, searched the globe for proof of the superiority and ancient origins of the Germanic race. All regalia and uniforms of Nazi Germany, particularly those of the SS, used symbolism in their designs. The stylised lightning bolt logo of the SS was chosen in 1932. The logo is a pair of runes from a set of 18 Armanen runes created by Guido von List in 1906. The ancient Sowil\u014d rune originally symbolised the sun, but was renamed \"Sieg\" (victory) in List's iconography. Himmler modified a variety of existing customs to emphasise the elitism and central role of the SS; an SS naming ceremony was to replace baptism, marriage ceremonies were to be altered, a separate SS funeral ceremony was to be held in addition to Christian ceremonies, and SS-centric celebrations of the summer and winter solstices were instituted. The \"Totenkopf\""}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " (death's head) symbol, used by German military units for hundreds of years, had been chosen for the SS by Julius Schreck. Himmler placed particular importance on the death's-head rings; they were never to be sold, and were to be returned to him upon the death of the owner. He interpreted the death's-head symbol to mean solidarity to the cause and a commitment unto death.</s><s>Relationship with Hitler. As second in command of the SS and then Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS, Himmler was in regular contact with Hitler to arrange for SS men as bodyguards; Himmler was not involved with Nazi Party policy-making decisions in the years leading up to the seizure of power. From the late 1930s, the SS was independent of the control of other state agencies or government departments, and he reported only to Hitler. Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others. In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. Hitler typically did not issue written orders,"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " but gave them orally at meetings or in phone conversations; he also had Bormann convey orders. Bormann used his position as Hitler's secretary to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. Hitler promoted and practised the \"F\u00fchrerprinzip\". The principle required absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus Hitler viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself\u2014the infallible leader\u2014at the apex. Accordingly, Himmler placed himself in a position of subservience to Hitler, and was unconditionally obedient to him. However, he\u2014like other top Nazi officials\u2014had aspirations to one day succeed Hitler as leader of the Reich. Himmler considered Speer to be an especially dangerous rival, both in the Reich administration and as a potential successor to Hitler. Speer refused to accept Himmler's offer of the high rank of, as he felt to do so would put him in Himmler's debt and obligate him to allow Himmler a say in armaments production. Hitler called Himmler's mystical and pseudoreligious interests \"nonsense\". Himmler was not a member of Hitler's inner circle; the two men were not very close, and rarely saw each other socially."}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " Himmler socialised almost exclusively with other members of the SS. His unconditional loyalty and efforts to please Hitler earned him the nickname of \"der treue Heinrich\" (\"the faithful Heinrich\"). In the last days of the war, when it became clear that Hitler planned to die in Berlin, Himmler left his long-time superior to try to save himself.</s><s>Marriage and family. Himmler met his future wife, Margarete Boden, in 1927. Seven years his senior, she was a nurse who shared his interest in herbal medicine and homoeopathy, and was part owner of a small private clinic. They were married in July 1928, and their only child, Gudrun, was born on 8 August 1929. The couple were also foster parents to a boy named Gerhard von Ahe, son of an SS officer who had died before the war. Margarete sold her share of the clinic and used the proceeds to buy a plot of land in Waldtrudering, near Munich, where they erected a prefabricated house. Himmler was constantly away on party business, so his wife took charge of their efforts\u2014mostly unsuccessful\u2014to raise livestock for sale. They had a dog, T\u00f6hle"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": ". After the Nazis came to power the family moved first to M\u00f6hlstrasse in Munich, and in 1934 to Lake Tegern, where they bought a house. Himmler also later obtained a large house in the Berlin suburb of Dahlem, free of charge, as an official residence. The couple saw little of each other as Himmler became totally absorbed by work. The relationship was strained. The couple did unite for social functions; they were frequent guests at the Heydrich home. Margarete saw it as her duty to invite the wives of the senior SS leaders over for afternoon coffee and tea on Wednesday afternoons. Hedwig Potthast, Himmler's young secretary starting in 1936, became his mistress by 1939. She left her job in 1941. He arranged accommodation for her, first in Mecklenburg and later at Berchtesgaden. He fathered two children with her: a son, Helge (born 15 February 1942) and a daughter, Nanette Dorothea (born 20 July 1944, Berchtesgaden). Margarete, by then living in Gmund with her daughter, learned of the relationship sometime in 1941; she and Himmler were already separated, and she decided to tolerate"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " the relationship for the sake of her daughter. Working as a nurse for the German Red Cross during the war, Margarete was appointed supervisor in one of Germany's military districts, Wehrkreis III (Berlin-Brandenburg). Himmler was close to his first daughter, Gudrun, whom he nicknamed \"P\u00fcppi\" (\"dolly\"); he phoned her every few days and visited as often as he could. Margarete's diaries reveal that Gerhard had to leave the National Political Educational Institute in Berlin because of poor results. At the age of 16 he joined the SS in Brno and shortly afterwards went \"into battle\". He was captured by the Russians but later returned to Germany. Hedwig and Margarete both remained loyal to Himmler. Writing to Gebhard in February 1945, Margarete said, \"How wonderful that he has been called to great tasks and is equal to them. The whole of Germany is looking to him.\" Hedwig expressed similar sentiments in a letter to Himmler in January. Margarete and Gudrun left Gmund as Allied troops advanced into the area. They were arrested by American troops in Bolzano, Italy, and held in various internment camps in"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " Italy, France, and Germany. They were brought to Nuremberg to testify at the trials and were released in November 1946. Gudrun emerged from the experience embittered by her alleged mistreatment and remained devoted to her father's memory. She later worked for the West German spy agency \"Bundesnachrichtendienst\" (BND) from 1961 to 1963.</s><s>Historical assessment. Peter Longerich observes that Himmler's ability to consolidate his ever-increasing powers and responsibilities into a coherent system under the auspices of the SS led him to become one of the most powerful men in the Third Reich. Historian Wolfgang Sauer says that \"although he was pedantic, dogmatic, and dull, Himmler emerged under Hitler as second in actual power. His strength lay in a combination of unusual shrewdness, burning ambition, and servile loyalty to Hitler.\" In 2008, the German news magazine described Himmler as one of the most brutal mass murderers in history and the architect of the Holocaust. Historian John Toland relates a story by G\u00fcnter Syrup, a subordinate of Heydrich. Heydrich showed him a picture of Himmler and said: \"The top half is"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " the teacher, but the lower half is the sadist.\" Historian Adrian Weale comments that Himmler and the SS followed Hitler's policies without question or ethical considerations. Himmler accepted Hitler and Nazi ideology and saw the SS as a chivalric Teutonic order of new Germans. Himmler adopted the doctrine of (\"mission command\"), whereby orders were given as broad directives, with authority delegated downward to the appropriate level to carry them out in a timely and efficient manner. Weale states that the SS ideology gave the men a doctrinal framework, and the mission command tactics allowed the junior officers leeway to act on their own initiative to obtain the desired results.</s><s>See also. - Glossary of Nazi Germany - Heinrich Himmler papers - \"Lebensborn\" - List of Nazi Party leaders and officials - List of SS personnel</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. Printed - {{cite book | editor1-last = Biondi - {{cite book | last = Breitman - {{cite book | last = Bullock - {{cite book | last = Cecil - {{cite book | last = Cesarani - {{cite book | last = Duffy - {{cite book |"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " last = Evans - {{cite book | last = Evans - {{cite book | last = Evans - {{cite book | last = Flaherty - {{cite book | editor1-last = Frank - {{cite book | last = Gerwarth - {{cite book | last = Gilbert - {{cite book | last = Goldhagen - {{cite AV media | people = Grazhdan, Anna (director); Artem Drabkin & Aleksey Isaev (writers); Valeriy Babich, Vlad Ryashin, et al. (producers) - {{cite book | last = Hillgruber - {{cite book | last = Himmler - {{Cite book | author = Internationaler Milit\u00e4rgerichtshof N\u00fcrnberg (IMT) - {{cite book | last = Kershaw - - {{cite book | last = Kohn-Bramstedt - {{cite book | last = Kolb - {{cite book | last = Lewy - {{cite book | last = Longerich - {{cite book | last = Lukas - {{cite book | last = Majer - {{cite book | last"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "1 = Manvell - {{cite book | last1 = Manvell - {{cite book | last = McNab - {{cite book | last = Nicholas - {{cite book | last = Overy - {{cite book | last = Padfield - {{cite book | last = Penkower - {{cite book | last = Pringle - {{cite book | last = Rupp - {{cite book | last = Sereny - {{cite book | last = Shirer - {{cite book | last = Speer - {{cite book | last = Steinbacher - {{cite book | last = Toland - {{cite book | last = Trevor-Roper - {{cite book | last = Weale - {{cite book | last = Williams - {{cite book | last = Williams - {{cite book | last = Yenne - {{cite book | editor1-last = Zentner - {{cite book |last=Ziemke Online - {{cite web | title = How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names? - {{cite web | title = Introduction to the Holocaust - {{c"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": "ite web | title = The Treatment of Soviet POWs: Starvation, Disease, and Shootings, June 1941\u2013 January 1942 - {{cite news | last = Corera - {{cite book | last = Himmler - {{cite web |last = Himmler - {{cite web |last = Himmler - {{cite web | last = Lisciotto - {{cite book | last = Longerich - {{cite book | last = Longerich - {{cite journal | last = van Roekel - {{cite web | last = Sauer - {{cite journal | last = Sereny - {{Cite web | author = Staff - {{cite news | author = Staff - {{cite web | author = Staff - {{cite web | author = US War Department, Office of Strategic Services - {{cite magazine | last = Von Wiegrefe Further reading - {{cite book | last = Frischauer - {{cite journal | last = Haiger - {{cite book | last = Hale - {{cite book | last = Himmler - {{cite book | last = Himmler - {{cite book | last = H\u00f6hne -"}, {"title": "Heinrich Himmler", "text": " {{cite book | last = H\u00f6ss - {{cite book | last = Morgan - {{cite book | last = Reitlinger - {{cite book | last = Russell</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Heinrich Himmler", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000442", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of PewDiePie.", "docs": [{"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "<s>PewDiePie Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg (, ; born 24 October 1989), better known as PewDiePie ( ), is a Swedish YouTuber known for his Let's Play videos and comedic formatted videos and shows. Kjellberg's popularity on YouTube and extensive media coverage have made him one of the most noted online personalities and content creators. He has been portrayed in the media as a figurehead for YouTube, especially in the genre of gaming. Born and raised in Gothenburg, Kjellberg registered his YouTube channel \"PewDiePie\" in 2010, primarily posting Let's Play videos of horror and action video games. His channel gained a substantial following and was one of the fastest growing channels in 2012 and 2013, before becoming the most-subscribed on YouTube on 15 August 2013. From 29 December 2014 to 14 February 2017, Kjellberg's channel was also the most-viewed on the platform. During this period, his content shifted focus from Let's Plays and diversified to include vlogs, comedy shorts, formatted shows, and music videos. Kjellberg's content was already noted for its polarizing reception among general audiences online, but in the late 2010s, it became more controversial and"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " attracted increased media scrutiny. In 2019, following a public competition with Indian record label T-Series, Kjellberg was overtaken as the most-subscribed YouTube channel. Subsequently, Kjellberg became more reserved online, uploading less consistently and taking frequent breaks from Internet use. He eventually semi-retired from YouTube, choosing to upload for fun, rather than as a career. Meanwhile, in his personal life, he moved to Japan with his wife, Italian Internet personality Marzia. With over 111 million subscribers and 28.8 billion views, his channel still ranks as one of the most-subscribed and viewed on YouTube. His popularity online has been noted to boost sales for the video games he plays, and has allowed him to stir support for charity fundraising drives. In 2016, \"Time\" magazine named him as one of the world's 100 most influential people.</s><s>Early life and education. Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg was born on 24 October 1989 in Gothenburg, where he was also raised. -  He was born to Lotta Kristine Johanna (n\u00e9e Hellstrand, born 1958) and Ulf Christian Kjellberg (born 1957), and grew up with his older sister, Fanny"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": ". His mother, a former chief information officer (CIO), was named the 2010 CIO of the Year in Sweden. His father is a corporate executive. During his childhood, Kjellberg was interested in art and has detailed that he would draw popular video game characters such as Mario and Sonic the Hedgehog, as well as play video games on his Super Nintendo Entertainment System, such as \"Star Fox\" and \"\". During high school, he frequently played video games in his bedroom and would skip classes to join at an Internet caf\u00e9 with friends. During his last year of high school, he bought a computer with the money he made selling artwork through his grandmother's gallery. Kjellberg then went on to pursue a degree in industrial economics and technology management at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, but left the university in 2011. While it has been reported that he left Chalmers to focus on his YouTube career, Kjellberg clarified in 2017 that he had left due to a lack of interest in his course of study. He further expressed that, in general, leaving university to pursue a YouTube career would be \"fucking stupid\". Kjellberg has also discussed an enjoyment of Adobe Photoshop, wanting to work on photo manipulation art using the program"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " rather than be in school. Following this passion after he departed from Chalmers, he entered Photoshop contests and almost earned an apprenticeship at a prominent Scandinavian advertising agency. He was also interested in creating content on YouTube; after not earning the apprenticeship, he sold limited edition prints of his photoshopped images to purchase a computer to work on YouTube videos.</s><s>Internet career.</s><s>Internet career.:2010\u20132012: Early years. Kjellberg originally registered a YouTube account under the name \"Pewdie\" in December 2006; he explained that \"pew\" represents the sound of lasers and \"die\" refers to dying. After initially forgetting the password to this account, he registered the \"PewDiePie\" YouTube channel on 29 April 2010. Following his exit from Chalmers, his parents refused to financially support him, so he funded his early videos by working as a harbor captain, selling prints of his Photoshop art, and working at a hot dog stand. Kjellberg stated that the ability to make videos was more important to him than a prestigious career. Five years later, Kjellberg recalled, \"I knew people were big at other types of videos, but there was no one big in gaming, and I didn't know you could"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " make money out of it. It was never like a career that I could just quit college to pursue. It was just something I loved to do.\" In his early years as a YouTube creator, Kjellberg focused on video game commentaries, most notably of horror and action video games. Some of his earliest videos featured commentaries of mainstream video games including \"Minecraft\" and \"Call of Duty\", although he was particularly noted for his Let's Plays of \"\" and its related mods. On these videos, Kjellberg has stated \"I was so shy back then,\" and added, \"It was so weird to me, sitting alone in a room talking into a microphone. That was unheard of back at the time. No one really did it.\" Kjellberg's oldest video available for viewing is titled \"Minecraft Multiplayer Fun\". Uploaded on 2 October 2010, the video is noted for containing mainly Swedish commentary from Kjellberg, rather than the English language he would later employ in his videos. The video has amassed over 21 million video views as of August 2022. Starting on 2 September 2011, he also began posting weekly vlogs under the title of \"Fridays with PewDiePie\". The series was a weekly deviation from the Let's Play"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " videos that formed most of his content output at the time, and often featured vlogs, and Kjellberg completing viewer requests. By December 2011, Kjellberg's channel had around 60,000 subscribers, before rapidly increasing in 2012. Around the time his channel earned 700,000 subscribers, Kjellberg spoke at Nonick Conference 2012. July 2012 saw his channel reaching 1 million subscribers, and it reached 2 million subscribers in September. In October, OpenSlate ranked Kjellberg's channel as the No. 1 YouTube channel. Kjellberg signed with Maker Studios in December, a multi-channel network (MCN) that drives the growth of the channels under it. Prior to his partnership with Maker, he was signed to Machinima, which operates as a rival to Maker. Kjellberg expressed feeling neglected by Machinima, and frustrated with their treatment; he hired a lawyer to free him from his contract with the network. Early in his YouTube career, Kjellberg used jokes about rape in his videos. A satirical video mocking Kjellberg's content highlighted his usage of such jokes. Shortly after, Kjellberg attracted criticism and controversy for the jokes, and in October 2012, he addressed the"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " issue through a Tumblr post, writing, \"I just wanted to make clear that I'm no longer making rape jokes, as I mentioned before I'm not looking to hurt anyone and I apologise if it ever did.\" \"The Globe and Mail\" stated \"\"unlike\" many young gamers, he listened when fans and critics alike pointed out their harmful nature, and resolved to stop making rape jokes.\"</s><s>Internet career.:2013\u20132014: Becoming the most-subscribed user and continued growth. On 18 February 2013, Kjellberg's channel reached 5 million subscribers. In April, he was covered in \"The New York Times\" after surpassing 6 million subscribers. In May 2013, at the inaugural Starcount Social Stars Awards in Singapore, Kjellberg won the award for \"Swedish Social Star\". Competing against Jenna Marbles, Smosh, and Toby Turner, he also won the award for \"Most Popular Social Show\". In July 2013, he overtook Jenna Marbles to become the second most-subscribed YouTube user, and reached 10 million subscribers on 9 July 2013. In August, Kjellberg signed with Maker's gaming sub-network, Polaris. Polaris functioned as a relaunching of The Game Station, Maker's"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " gaming network. Kjellberg's subscriber count surpassed that of the leading channel, Smosh, on 15 August. Kjellberg received a certificate from Guinness World Records for becoming the most subscribed YouTuber. In November, YouTube's Spotlight channel overtook Kjellberg's as the most-subscribed. Later in the month, Kjellberg proclaimed his dislike of YouTube's new comment system, and disabled the comment section on all of his videos. On 23 December 2013, his channel overtook the YouTube Spotlight channel, to once again become the most-subscribed on YouTube. Throughout 2012 and 2013, Kjellberg's channel was one of the fastest-growing on YouTube, in terms of subscribers gained. \"Billboard\" reported that the channel gained more subscribers than any other channel in 2013. In 2014, Kjellberg's commentaries, originally best known for featuring horror video games, began to feature games that interested him regardless of genre. \"Kotaku\" wrote: \"Instead of limiting himself to horror games, Pewdiepie is now actively playing more things that interest him.\" In March 2014, he updated his video production output, announcing he would be scaling down the frequency of uploads. In August 2014, Maker Studios released"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " an official PewDiePie app for the iPhone, allowing audiences to view his videos, create custom favourite video feeds, and share videos with others. Later in the month, Kjellberg uploaded a video, announcing he would permanently disable comments on his YouTube videos. He cited most comments being spam and self-advertising and was not what he wanted to see. After disabling comments, Kjellberg continued interacting with his audience through Twitter and Reddit. On 13 October, he decided to allow comments on his videos once more, albeit only after approval. However, he expressed that he toggled his comment settings this way so that he could redirect viewers to instead comment on the forums of his Broarmy.net website. He stated in a later video that disabling comments made him happier. In the same year, Kjellberg began streaming videos of his co-hosted series, \"BroKen\", onto MLG.tv. He co-hosted the series with Kenneth Morrison, better known as CinnamonToastKen, who is also a video game commentator. In October 2014, Kjellberg hinted at the possibility that he would not renew his contract with Maker Studios upon its expiration in December 2014. He had expressed his frustrations with the studio's parent company, Disney"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": ". Kjellberg mulled the option of launching his own network. However, in light of news outlets reporting his disinterest with Maker, he tweeted, \"I feel like I was misquoted in The \"WSJ\", and I'm really happy with the work that Maker has been doing for me.\" Kjellberg would ultimately continue creating videos under Maker. His relationship with Maker saw the network launch an official PewDiePie website, app, and online store to sell merchandise, while Kjellberg promoted Maker's media interests, and gave the network a share of his YouTube ad revenue. In 2014 alone, Kjellberg's account amassed nearly 14 million new subscribers, and over 4.1 billion total views; both figures were higher than any other user. According to Social Blade, on 29 December 2014, Kjellberg's channel amassed over 7 billion views, to become the most-viewed channel on the website.</s><s>Internet career.:2015\u20132017: YouTube Red, Revelmode, and style change. \"The New York Times\" retrospectively noted that around 2015, Kjellberg's video content experienced a change in style: \"He began to take more risks. He continued playing video games, but he started experimenting. He"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " did viral challenges, made fun of other YouTubers, and reviewed meme submissions from his fans.\" Kjellberg has attributed his content around this time as a result of immaturity, boredom with playing video games, YouTube's platform incentives, and the belief that his channel's growth had plateaued. One video cited as being representative of this change featured Kjellberg reading erotic fan fiction about characters from the Disney film \"Frozen\". Then-CEO of The Walt Disney Company Bob Iger was reportedly angered by the video, putting Kjellberg's deal with Maker Studios, a Disney subsidiary, in jeopardy. On 6 September 2015, his YouTube account became the first to surpass 10 billion video views. Later in the month, Kjellberg teased about having a role in a web television series, stating that he was in Los Angeles for the show's shooting. Although not many details were revealed at the time, it was later announced that the series would be an original YouTube Red series, titled \"Scare PewDiePie\". The series premiered the following February. In January 2016, Kjellberg announced a partnership with Maker Studios to produce Revelmode, a sub-network of Maker, that would showcase Kjellberg and his friends on YouTube"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " in original series. After the deal, the head of Maker Studios, Courtney Holt, stated, \"we're thrilled to be doubling down with Felix.\" Along with Kjellberg, eight other YouTubers signed to the network upon its creation: CinnamonToastKen, Marzia, Dodger, Emma Blackery, Jacksepticeye, Jelly, Kwebbelkop, and Markiplier. Three YouTubers \u2013 Cryaotic, KickThePJ, and Slogoman \u2013 would later join the sub-network after its launch. Throughout 2016, Kjellberg's video style change became more apparent. While producing fewer Let's Play videos about horror games, his style of humour changed; he commented that he had shifted to drier humour, which was often not understood by younger viewers. He examined his older videos, and while noting the stylistic changes he had undergone, he expressed specific regret for his casual use of words like \"gay\" or \"retarded\" in a derogatory sense. In December 2016, \"Kotaku\"s Patricia Hernandez wrote about his stylistic changes, explaining that \"over the last year, the PewDiePie channel has also had an underlying friction, as Kjellberg slowly distances"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " himself from many of the things that made him famous. He's doing fewer Let's Plays of horror games like \"Amnesia\", and adding, \"the PewDiePie of 2016 can still be immature, sure, but [...] a defining aspect of recent PewDiePie videos is existential angst, as he describes the bleak reality of making content for a machine he cannot fully control or understand.\" On 2 December 2016, he uploaded a video discussing his frustration with the issue of YouTube accounts experiencing an unexplained loss of subscribers and views. Kjellberg stated that many people working with YouTube \"have no idea of the struggles that came with being a content creator.\" A Google representative issued a statement to \"Ars Technica\", stating that no decreases in subscriber numbers were out of the ordinary. Kjellberg's video was uploaded as his channel approached 50 million subscribers, and he stated he would delete his channel once it reached the milestone. On 8 December, his channel reached 50 million subscribers, becoming the first YouTube channel to do so. He shortly thereafter received a custom Play Button from YouTube as a reward for reaching this milestone. Ultimately, Kjellberg did not delete his PewDiePie channel, and instead deleted a smaller second channel he had then-recently created. His threat"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " to quit was also reported to be \"in fact, a promotional stunt\" for \"Scare PewDiePie\". Kjellberg nevertheless continued to express discontent with the platform, aiming further criticism at YouTube's changing algorithm negatively affecting viewership for content creators. The site's algorithm began to focus on watch time statistics and \"favor videos that drew daily viewers, higher engagement (more likes and comments) and cleaner 'ad-friendly' fare.\" Kjellberg later recounted to \"The New York Times\" that the platform's boundaries were widely unknown to creators. He responded to the algorithm changes by uploading vlogs that \"mixed earnest schmaltz [...] with inanity.\" Additionally, he \"enjoyed wading into the meme culture and edgelord humor that accompanied Donald Trump's ascent\". During this late 2016 and early 2017 period Kjellberg uploaded a string of videos addressing what Kjellberg saw as negative effects to content creator viewership caused by the new algorithm. As a satirical knock on the changing algorithms, Kjellberg made several videos asking viewers to help the video reach specific engagement milestones such as one million likes, dislikes, and comments. The videos were successful, promptly achieving the goal Kjellberg requested from viewers; the"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " dislike video accumulated over 5 million dislikes before YouTube made such figures private in November 2021, becoming one of the most-disliked on the entire platform. -</s><s>Internet career.:2017\u20132018: Media controversies, streaming, and formatted shows. In a video posted in January 2017, Kjellberg featured two paid individuals on Fiverr, asked to hold a sign that read \"Death to all Jews\". He alleged his intent was not against Jews, but to showcase how \"crazy\" the modern world and website were. The video received negative attention and caused a media backlash, with various publications writing critically of Kjellberg's defense of his controversial content as jokes taken out of context, and opining that his content helps normalise ideologies such as fascism, neo-Nazism, and white supremacy. \"The Wall Street Journal\" alleged that this was not the first time Kjellberg had used antisemitic language and imagery in his videos. Kjellberg and the two individuals later apologised, but the event led Maker Studios to cut their ties with Kjellberg and Google to drop him from the Google Preferred advertising program and cancel the upcoming second season of the \"Scare PewDiePie\" YouTube Red series. Ultimately, he apologised for"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " his jokes, but strongly rebuked media coverage of the event, with particular criticism aimed at \"The Wall Street Journal\". According to Social Blade his channel's total view count was surpassed by the Indian record label T-Series at the top of YouTube's view rankings on 14 February. In April, while still continuing to upload new content onto YouTube, Kjellberg created Netglow, a crowdsourced channel on the livestreaming service Twitch. On Netglow, he started streaming \"Best Club\", a weekly live stream show. \"Best Club\" premiered on 9 April, with its first episode featuring Brad Smith alongside Kjellberg. Kjellberg commented that his decision to create Netglow was in the works prior to the aforementioned allegations of antisemitic themes in his videos. \"Business Insider\" detailed that Kjellberg's first stream amassed around 60,000 viewers, and that Netglow had accumulated 93,000 subscribers to that point. In September, while Kjellberg was live-streaming gameplay of \"\" to his YouTube channel, he used the ethnic slur \"nigger\" towards another player in the game. The video clip of the incident quickly went viral despite Kjellberg deleting it, and garnered widespread criticism across the internet"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": ". Kjellberg later apologised for the incident in a short video uploaded to his YouTube channel. As a response to the incident, Campo Santo co-founder Sean Vanaman referred to Kjellberg as \"worse than a closeted racist\", announced that Campo Santo would file copyright strikes against Kjellberg's videos featuring the studio's game \"Firewatch\", and encouraged other game developers to do the same. Amidst the controversy stirred up by the incident, it was brought to light that Kjellberg was following several prominent far-right and white supremacist figures on Twitter, such as Stefan Molyneux, Carl Benjamin and Lauren Southern. He would later deactivate his Twitter account and unfollow everyone he was previously following, stating \"What I don\u2019t like is the constant posturing that goes on there. People just can\u2019t seem to help themselves from pointing out what is good and what is bad, or how others are bad and you are good.\" In 2018, Paul MacInnes of \"The Guardian\" wrote about Kjellberg's YouTube content; he noted that each week Kjellberg posted videos featuring one of three series formats, comparing this uploading pattern to television programming. The three series listed"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " were \"You Laugh You Lose\", which features Kjellberg watching humorous video clips while trying to not laugh; \"Last Week I Asked You\" (\"LWIAY\"), having begun as a parody and homage to Jack Douglass' \"Yesterday I Asked You (YIAY)\", where he challenges his audience to create content and reviews the output; and \"Meme Review\", in which he reviews popular Internet memes. Furthermore, Kjellberg began a book club-styled series, with his own enjoyment with the series also being noted. Kjellberg also began \"Pew News\", a satirical series where he presents and discusses recent news stories while in-character, often as fictional characters named after CNN hosts, such as Gloria Borger, Poppy Harlow, or Mary Katharine Ham and sometimes, an amalgamation of these names. \"Pew News\" parodies both mainstream news channels, such as CNN, and YouTube news channels, such as DramaAlert. Topics covered by Kjellberg on \"Pew News\" included culture war topics he previously avoided. In May 2018, Kjellberg attracted controversy for using the term \"Twitch thots\" in a video that featured him watching a compilation of female Twitch streamers. Al"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "inity, a streamer featured in the video, responded by making a copyright claim against his video, which she stated was later removed by CollabDRM, a company that strikes videos on behalf of creators. Alinity stated that her reaction was caused by \"the rampant sexism in online communities\", arguing that Kjellberg's comments degraded women; she refused to accept Kjellberg's apology. In July, Kjellberg posted a meme with singer Demi Lovato's face; the meme jokingly referenced Lovato's struggles with addiction. The meme was posted around the same time Lovato was hospitalized after suffering an opioid overdose. As a result, he received criticism from online users. Kjellberg later deleted the meme, and apologized for the incident. In a video uploaded in early December, Kjellberg promoted several small content creators on YouTube, recommending his viewers to subscribe to them. Among those creators was \"E;R\", whom Kjellberg highlighted for a video essay on Netflix's \"Death Note\". Shortly thereafter, \"The Verge\"s Julia Alexander said that the video in question used imagery of the Charlottesville car attack, and that the channel made frequent use of racial and homophobic slurs. In December 2018, \"Vox\" reported"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " that \"E;R\" also contained white supremacist messaging. After online criticism, he described his posting as an \"oopsie\" and asserted that he had posted it \"recommending someone for their anime review\", rather than any intention to promote antisemitism. Kjellberg said he was largely unaware of E;R's content apart from the \"Death Note\" video essay, revoked his recommendation of the channel, and edited his video to remove the reference. On 27 December 2018, Kjellberg uploaded \"YouTube Rewind 2018 but it's actually good\", in response to the generally negatively-received \"\", which was originally uploaded by YouTube's Spotlight channel.</s><s>Internet career.:2018\u20132019: Subscriber competition with T-Series. On 5 October 2018, Kjellberg uploaded a diss track against Indian record label T-Series titled \"Tseries Diss Track\" (stylized in all caps and later renamed \"Bitch Lasagna\") in response to their YouTube channel being projected to surpass his in subscribers. The video went on to replace \"A Funny Montage\" as Kjellberg's most-viewed video. It included some lines mocking the Indian background of T-Series, which were described as racist in media publications. K"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "jellberg also made allegations against T-Series using subscribing bots but failed to prove so, as YouTube claims to have a strong policy against fake-engagement. On the prospect of being surpassed by T-Series in terms of subscriber count, he stated he was not concerned about T-Series, but feared the consequences a corporate channel surpassing him would have for YouTube as a video-sharing platform. Online campaigns to \"subscribe to PewDiePie\" greatly assisted Kjellberg's subscriber growth; his channel gained 6.62 million subscribers in December 2018 alone, compared to the 7 million subscribers gained in all of 2017. On 12 March, Kjellberg uploaded an episode of his show \"Pew News\" in which he mentioned the 2019 Pulwama terrorist attack, where 40 Indian paramilitary troops were killed by a member of a Pakistan-based jihadist group. Following the attack, T-Series removed several songs by Pakistani artists on its YouTube channel after being pressurised by political party MNS to isolate Pakistani artists, a course of action that Kjellberg disagreed with. The outlet Zee News reported that Kjellberg \"faced strong criticism for his comments on the heightened tension between Pakistan and India in [the] March 12 issue of \"P"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "ew News\"\". Kjellberg also issued a clarification on Twitter, expressing that he was not attempting to speak on the broader India\u2013Pakistan relations, but rather on the more specific context of T-Series removing artists' songs from its YouTube channel. On 15 March, the perpetrator of the live-streamed Christchurch mosque shootings said \"remember lads, subscribe to PewDiePie\" before carrying out the attacks. In response, Kjellberg tweeted his disgust after having his name associated with the attack, and offered condolences to those affected by the tragedy. Various journalists covering the shooting reported that Kjellberg was not complicit with the shootings. \"The New York Times\" suggested that Kjellberg's mention in the shootings was a ploy for the news media to attribute blame to Kjellberg, and to otherwise inflame political tensions. After briefly gaining the title several times in early 2019, on 27 March, T-Series surpassed Kjellberg in subscribers to become the most-subscribed channel on YouTube. On 31 March, Kjellberg posted another diss track music video, titled \"Congratulations\", ironically congratulating T-Series for obtaining the title. Many of the song's lyrics were performed in a sarcastic tone, at the expense of"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " T-Series. In the music video, Kjellberg mocked T-Series and its actions, alleging T-Series was founded to sell pirated songs and mocking them for sending him a cease and desist letter after \"Bitch Lasagna\". Following the video's release, Kjellberg temporarily regained the most-subscribed position over T-Series. On 9 April, Kjellberg announced that he would live-stream exclusively on streaming service DLive, as part of a deal with the company. On 11 April, T-Series started to seek court orders to remove Kjellberg's \"diss tracks\" from YouTube. The alleged court order was ruled in favor of T-Series. It was allegedly stated that the complaint against Kjellberg claimed that his songs were \"defamatory, disparaging, insulting, and offensive\", and noted that comments on the videos were \"abusive, vulgar, and also racist in nature.\" Access to the music videos on YouTube was later blocked in India. The two parties were reported to have come to a settlement later that July, although Kjellberg's videos remained blocked in India. Finally, on 28 April, Kjellberg uploaded a video entitled \"Ending the Subscribe to Pew"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "diepie Meme\" in which he asked his followers to refrain from using the phrase \"Subscribe to PewDiePie\", due to incidents such as the phrase being graffitied on a war memorial, and its mention by the Christchurch mosque shooter. The following day, during a live stream, Kjellberg showed a plane flying over New York City with a banner attached saying \"Subscribe to PewDiePie\". Kjellberg stated that the event was \"a nice little wrap up\" to the Subscribe to PewDiePie meme.</s><s>Internet career.:2019: Nimses, \"Minecraft\" series, and milestones. The remainder of 2019 saw further controversies for PewDiePie; in early June, Kjellberg uploaded a video on YouTube sponsored by social media application Nimses. The app spiked in popularity after he promoted it on his YouTube channel. Controversy ensued, however, when Nimses' location features and privacy settings led fans of Kjellberg and fellow YouTubers to believe that he was promoting a privacy-invasive app, with some fans suspecting the app of being a pyramid scheme due to a referral program in the app that offered more in-application currency. The Pirate Party Germany also criticized his promotion of Nimses,"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " warning that Kjellberg was promoting a potentially harmful app to a large audience. Andrey Boborykin, the head of marketing and communications at Nimses, published a blog post denying the allegations that the app is privacy-invasive. Kjellberg himself also responded to the allegations in a video, dismissing them as \"rumors\", and claimed that Nimses was no more invasive than other social media apps. Despite being surpassed by T-Series and the aforementioned controversy, Kjellberg continued to achieve high viewership on the site, mainly propelled by a return to consistent gaming uploads. On 21 June, Kjellberg launched \"Gaming Week\", during which he would focus on uploading Let's Play videos every day, for the first time in several years. Among the games played were \"Minecraft\", which he was openly surprised by how much he enjoyed playing it. Kjellberg largely centered his videos around \"Minecraft\" in the following months, with the content featured in his series \"Meme Review\" and \"LWIAY\" also becoming focused on the game. Although he had played \"Minecraft\" earlier in his YouTube career, he had very rarely played it in the following years due to his reluctance to join the trend of \"Minecraft\" You"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "Tubers, who he felt only played the game because of its popularity rather than for their enjoyment. This transition was largely successful for Kjellberg, who received a large increase in views, achieving over 570 million views during the month of July (the most views received by the channel in a month since at least October 2016), and his daily number of new subscribers growing from 25,000 to 45,000 during that month. Despite this success, Kjellberg insisted that he played the game for his enjoyment, and did not want to become solely a \"\"Minecraft\" YouTuber\", stating, \"If \"Minecraft\" gets boring, I can just move on to other things.\" On 25 August, Kjellberg became the first individual YouTuber to surpass 100 million subscribers; his channel was the second overall to reach the milestone (after T-Series, who passed the mark earlier in the year). YouTube tweeted a congratulatory post to note the occurrence, and awarded him a Red Diamond Play Button. In December, Kjellberg was acknowledged as the most-viewed creator of the year, with more than 4 billion views in 2019.</s><s>Internet career.:2019\u20132020: China ban, brief breaks, and content deals. In October 2019"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": ", Kjellberg stated in a video that his YouTube content, as well as content related to him on other websites such as Reddit, had been blocked in China. He explained that this was due to his comments about the 2019\u20132020 Hong Kong protests, and an image of Chinese president Xi Jinping being compared to Winnie the Pooh shown in a previous video. In November, \"Business Insider\" reported Kjellberg as a client of Re6l, a Toronto-based influencer media and ecommerce company. In December, Kjellberg announced that he would take a break from YouTube the following year, and deleted his Twitter account because of his dissatisfaction with the site. Kjellberg's hiatus ultimately proved to be brief, lasting a little over a month during early 2020. Taking short breaks from creating online content proved to become a behavior he would repeat throughout the following years. In his first video uploaded following his 2020 hiatus, Kjellberg made jokes about the COVID-19 pandemic, and spoke in mock-Chinese phrases. After receiving criticism for these jokes, Kjellberg uploaded another video in which he made more jokes about COVID-19, and defended the jokes he made in his previous video. Kjellberg signed"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " an exclusive deal to stream on YouTube in May, as the platform was enrolling high-profile streamers to rival competitors like Twitch and Mixer. At the time of signing with YouTube, Kjellberg had amassed over 800,000 followers on DLive, but due to his deal with the former, and not having streamed on the latter in four months, \"Tubefilter\" noted that it was unclear if Kjellberg was still affiliated with DLive. Kjellberg's DLive channel was eventually deactivated. In October, Kjellberg's fans began to suspect his channel was shadowbanned, after noticing it and his recent uploads failed to appear in YouTube's search results. YouTube responded to the shadowban allegations on Twitter, claiming that the reason for the problems was due to search results being influenced by YouTube's system somehow flagging his recent uploads, and that due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, YouTube was taking longer to review videos, including Kjellberg's. YouTube apologized for the situation and stated they were \"working on fixing the issue.\"</s><s>Internet career.:2020\u2013present: Soft retirement and move to Japan. In November, Kjellberg uploaded a Q&A"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " video, reflecting on his YouTube career. During the video, he expressed that he views himself as \"retired\" from YouTube, having felt so internally since earlier in the year. He continued to upload videos fairly frequently on the platform afterwards, albeit, inconsistently. He also \"committed to posting more unstructured content, like vlogs.\" In January 2021, Kjellberg signed a distribution deal with Jellysmack, a content creation company. The deal entails Jellysmack optimizing and then distributing Kjellberg's content for a Facebook Watch audience. Although now having his content released onto the Facebook platform, Kjellberg continued to debut his content on YouTube. On 14 February, Kjellberg uploaded a diss track titled \"Coco\" about Cocomelon, a kids-oriented channel which had been rising in subscribers for several years, and was growing by nearly two million subscribers per month. Kjellberg clarified that the children appearing in the music video were provided with a clean version of the lyrics to mime to while they were being filmed, and that their parents allowed them to participate in the video. The video was later taken down by YouTube who claimed that it violated their policies on harassment and child safety."}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " Kjellberg stated he \"[didn't] actually care about Cocomelon\" and did not want the pretend-rivalry with the channel to \"get out of control\", as his rivalry with T-Series had previously. In May 2022, Kjellberg and his wife Marzia moved from England to Japan. Much of his content following the move centered around \"vlogs about daily life around Tokyo.\" In September, Kjellberg explained the shift his upload philosophy underwent when he announced his \"retirement\" from the platform: he opted to share videos for fun, as he did when he first began uploading videos. On 14 November, MrBeast surpassed PewDiePie as the most-subscribed individual creator on YouTube (and fourth place overall). The two have been noted as contemporaries and friends, with MrBeast having previously supported the 'Subscribe to PewDiePie' campaign during Kjellberg's competition with T-Series. Previously, Kjellberg answered a viewer question relating to whether MrBeast would surpass his subscriber count, replying \"He definitely will... He definitely deserves it, I hope he does it.\"</s><s>YouTube content.</s><s>YouTube content.:Style. Early in his career, Kjellberg's content mainly"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " consisted of Let's Play videos. His commentaries of horror games made up his best-known content during this early stage, although he eventually expanded into other genres. Unlike conventional walkthroughs, Kjellberg devoted his Let's Play videos to communicating more personally with his audience. \"Variety\" detailed that Kjellberg \"acts like he's spending time with a friend. He begins each video introducing himself in a high-pitched, goofy voice, drawing out the vowels of his YouTube moniker, then delves into the videos.\" Known for his idiosyncratic sense of humor, the nature of his video content has been described by various outlets as goofy, energetic, and obnoxious, yet genuine and unfiltered. Lev Grossman of \"Time\" noted that \"he's totally unpolished, but at the same time his timing is consistently spot-on,\" adding that \"most of the critical literature about PewDiePie focuses on the bad language and crude physical humor\u2013and admittedly there are a lot of both\u2013and the fact that he is, at the end of the day, just a guy playing video games and yelling.\" Rob Walker of Yahoo! wrote Kjellberg's \"chosen mode of sharing his critique happens to be ribald entertainment"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": ", an unmediated stream of blurted jokes, startled yelps, goofy voices, politically incorrect comments, and pretty much nonstop profanity.\" Occasionally, Kjellberg resorts to just gameplay, resulting in silent or emotional commentary; his playthrough of \"The Last of Us\", was detailed to leave the usually vocal gamer speechless at its ending. With his channel's growth, Kjellberg's content has become more diverse; in addition to traditional Let's Play videos, he has uploaded content including vlogs, comedy shorts, and formatted shows. Toward the end of the 2010s, he began uploading much reaction-style content, such as his late 2018 and early 2019 videos reacting to various compilations of TikTok videos. Kjellberg has also uploaded music onto his channel, often accompanied by animation, fan art, or live footage. Oftentimes, music videos uploaded onto his channel are collaborative in nature, as has worked with artists such as The Gregory Brothers (also known as Schmoyoho), Boyinaband, Roomie, and Party In Backyard.</s><s>YouTube content.:Production and output. During the early portion of his YouTube career, Kjellberg did not hire any editor or outside assistance to help with his"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " video output, stating he wanted \"YouTube to be YouTube.\" While his early videos would simply feature raw footage, he later began to dedicate time to edit his videos. Swedish magazine \"Icon\" noted his use of the Adobe Premiere Pro editing software. On separate occasions, he later sought an editor and a production assistant to help with his content creation. Although now having an editor for his videos, in a 2017 video, he maintained that \"I'm just a guy. It's literally just me. There's not a producer out there [...] there's no writer, there's no camera guy.\" In July of that same year, Kjellberg commented that a couple of months prior, he had an office and a limited number of employees assisting him with his content creation. Kjellberg has been noted by both himself and media outlets as prolific on the platform, having uploaded videos with a high frequency. By early 2017, he had uploaded almost 3,500 videos to his channel, around 400 of which have been made private. As a result, Kjellberg has made videos and statements expressing his feelings of burnout from frequently creating content for the platform and its effect on his mental health. In March 2017, Kjellberg commented that his channel was running on a"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " daily output, stating, \"[there's] a lot of challenges in doing daily content, [...] but I still really, really love the daily challenge\u2014the daily grind\u2014of just being like, 'hey, I'm gonna make a video today, no matter what.' And sometimes it really works, and sometimes it doesn't.\"</s><s>YouTube content.:Subscribers and viewership. Media writers have noted that Kjellberg's content has been largely built up \"methodically,\" as opposed to him having risen to fame through a viral video. At the same time, the growth of Kjellberg's channel has been described as rapid by various sources; Douglas Holt of the \"Harvard Business Review\" commented that \"the power of crowdculture propelled [Kjellberg] to global fame and influence in record time.\" Many close to Kjellberg have described him as \"steadfastly loyal to his YouTube audi\u00adence,\" with one calling him \"a little spectrumy\" in this regard. By December 2011, Kjellberg's channel had around 60,000 subscribers, and on 9 May 2012, it reached 500,000 subscribers. In March 2012, Swedish newspaper \"Expressen\" reported that Kjellberg had uploaded at least one video"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " per day for the seven months preceding their report. Additionally, the publication noted that Kjellberg's channel accumulated 71 million total video views to that point and 25 million video views in February 2012 alone. The channel reached 1 million subscribers in July 2012, and 2\u00a0million subscribers in September. Throughout 2012 and 2013, Kjellberg's channel was one of the fastest-growing on YouTube, in terms of subscribers gained. In 2013, the channel grew from 3.5\u00a0million to just under 19 million subscribers, and by the end of 2013, it was gaining a new subscriber every 1.037 seconds. \"Billboard\" reported that the channel gained more subscribers than any other channel in 2013. In June 2013, \"Tubefilter\" began a monthly listing of the most viewed YouTube channels. In 2013, Kjellberg was consistently toward the top of this listing, ranking #1 in June, July, August, October, and December of that year. - - - -  Analyzing \"Tubefilter\"s data, \"The Guardian\" reported that Kjellberg's channel earned 1.3 billion video views in the second half of 2013. The channel had two of the ten most-viewed gaming videos in"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " 2013: the sixth-part of his \"Mad Father\" Let's Play was the third-most viewed of the year, earning 27 million views, and an entry in his \"Funny Gaming Montage\" series ranked as the eight-most viewed gaming video of 2013. On 18 February 2013, Kjellberg's channel reached 5 million subscribers, and in April, he was covered in \"The New York Times\" after surpassing 6\u00a0million subscribers. Many of Kjellberg's most-viewed videos are highlight compilations of his Let's Play videos. One of these compilations, \"A Funny Montage\", was uploaded in June 2013, and spent a considerable amount of time as Kjellberg's most-viewed, with publications citing it as such through 2018. In July 2013, he overtook Jenna Marbles to become the second-most-subscribed YouTube user, and reached 10 million subscribers on 9 July. Kjellberg's subscriber count surpassed that of the leading channel, Smosh, on 15 August 2013. On 31 October 2013, his channel became the first to reach 15 million subscribers. Shortly after, PewDiePie was surpassed by YouTube's Spotlight channel in subscribers. After jostling for the top position"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " during the next month, PewDiePie's channel took firm hold of the most-subscribed title on 23 December. - - - -  On 9 January 2014, the channel reached the 20 million subscriber milestone. In 2014, Kjellberg's channel was the most-viewed in January, and then for seven consecutive months from March to September.* -  In August 2014, \"Tubefilter\" reported that the channel surpassed the Rihanna VEVO channel on 19 July as the most-viewed on YouTube at around 5.2 billion video views. Data from Social Blade, however, shows that the channel still had less video views than the emimusic channel. According to their data, the channel surpassed emimusic on 29 December 2014, at over 7.2\u00a0billion views, to become the most-viewed channel on the website. According to \"Tubefilter\" and \"The Guardian\", the channel amassed nearly 14 million new subscribers and around 4.1\u00a0billion video views in 2014; both figures were higher than any other user. The latter figure was a reported 81% increase from the channel's video views in 2013; the channel was the most viewed in that year, as well. During July 2015, his"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " videos were documented to receive over 300 million views per month. It eclipsed the 10 billion video view milestone on 6 September 2015, becoming the first channel to do so. At that time, \"A Funny Montage\" (then-titled \"Funny Montage #1\") was Kjellberg's most-viewed video, with approximately 68.8 million views; a partial reason it accumulated many views was due to its status as the PewDiePie channel trailer. In 2016, the channel experienced decreased viewership, which was similarly experienced by other content creators across the platform, due to changes in YouTube's algorithm. On 8 December, it reached 50 million subscribers, becoming the first YouTube channel to do so. Online campaigns to \"subscribe to PewDiePie\" greatly assisted Kjellberg's subscriber growth; his channel gained 6.62 million subscribers in December 2018 alone, compared to the 7 million subscribers gained in all of 2017. Renewed interest in Kjellberg's videos due to his subscriber competition with T-Series resulted in his channel earning over 500 million video views in December 2018, which was then the channel's single-highest monthly view count. After briefly gaining the title several times in early 2019, on 27 March, T-Series surpassed"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " Kjellberg in subscribers to become the most-subscribed channel on YouTube. The day after \"Congratulations\" was uploaded, Kjellberg temporarily regained his lead over T-Series as the most subscribed channel. In July 2019, in large part due to Kjellberg's \"Minecraft\" gameplay videos, his channel surged in video views. \"The Verge\" noted that it was Kjellberg's most successful month in years, in terms of viewership. Data from Social Blade shows the channel received 573 million video views, a then-single-month record amount of views for Kjellberg's channel. -  Kjellberg was the most-viewed creator of 2019, with his channel receiving over 4 billion views during the year. Along with T-Series, the PewDiePie channel is one of only two on YouTube to receive all five tiers of YouTube Creator Awards: Silver, Gold, Diamond, Custom, and Red Diamond Creator. These awards are earned upon surpassing the 100,000; 1 million; 10 million; 50 million; and 100 million subscriber milestones, respectively. Kjellberg nicknamed his Custom Creator Award the Ruby Play Button, which he received in 2016. In 2019, Kjellberg's channel became the"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " second overall, and the first run by an individual creator, to receive the Red Diamond Creator Award.</s><s>YouTube content.:Critical reception. Kjellberg's YouTube content has been met with mixed critical reception. Media outlets write that he is one of the most popular creators online, despite being involved in multiple media controversies. His content has been described by various outlets as goofy, energetic, and filled with profanity, and his on-camera personality has been generally received as genuine, unfiltered, and self-aware by various outlets. Kjellberg's content has also been received negatively by the media, with detractors describing it as \"obnoxious\" and often reporting his popularity as an \"inexplicable phenomenon\". Rob Walker of \"Yahoo!\" has commented positively on Kjellberg's intelligence, stating Kjellberg is \"clearly\" smart based on when he speaks directly to his audience. Other outlets, such as \"Time\" and \"The Verge\", have written similar sentiments, describing Kjellberg as \"articulate\" and \"self conscious\", respectively. In contrast, Andrew Wallenstein of \"Variety\" heavily criticised Kjellberg, following his channel becoming the most-subscribed on YouTube, describing his videos as"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " \"aggressive stupidity\" and \"psychobabble.\" Lev Grossman of \"Time\" noted that \"he's totally unpolished, but at the same time his timing is consistently spot-on,\" adding that \"most of the critical literature about PewDiePie focuses on the bad language and crude physical humor\u2013and admittedly there are a lot of both\u2013and the fact that he is, at the end of the day, just a guy playing video games and yelling.\" Walker wrote Kjellberg's \"chosen mode of sharing his critique happens to be ribald entertainment, an unmediated stream of blurted jokes, startled yelps, goofy voices, politically incorrect comments, and pretty much nonstop profanity.\" Justin Charity of \"The Ringer\" stated, \"PewDiePie isn't a comedian in any conventional sense,\" but described his \"hosting style [as] loopy and irreverent in the extreme: He's a little bit stand-up, a little bit shock jock, a little bit 4chan bottom-feeder.\" In regards to his early Let's Play content, Swedish columnist Lars Lindstrom commented positively, stating that \"Felix Kjellberg [having] a comic talent is indisputable. It is both"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " amazingly awful and amazingly funny when a father bikes around with his son in the game \"Happy Wheels\" and both get crushed and bloody again and again and PewDiePie improvises absurd comments as the game continues. The secret is that he loves to play these games and that he has fun doing it.\" As his content went through changes in style in 2016, Patricia Hernandez of \"Kotaku\" wrote, \"the PewDiePie of 2016 can still be immature, sure, but [...] a defining aspect of recent PewDiePie videos is existential angst, as he describes the bleak reality of making content for a machine he cannot fully control or understand.\" Following the controversy regarding alleged antisemitic content in his videos, many media publications both in and outside of the gaming and tech industries severely criticised Kjellberg's content. These outlets suggested that Kjellberg's content contained and promoted fascist, white supremacist, and alt-right ideologies. A \"Wired\" article covering the controversy referred to him as a \"poster boy for white supremacists\". Charity opined that Kjellberg's \"occasional, reactionary irreverence has become a core component of his appeal. Likewise, for critics and fans who value inclusivity\u200a\u2014\u200aand among outside"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " observers who view [Kjellberg]'s conduct as inexplicably frequent in the news\u200a\u2014\u200a[Kjellberg] represents all that is wrong and alienating about games culture.\"</s><s>YouTube content.:Censorship. In April 2019, \"Congratulations\" and \"Bitch Lasagna\" were banned in India when the Delhi High Court granted an injunction in favor of T-Series. The complaint against Kjellberg allegedly stated that his songs were \"defamatory, disparaging, insulting, and offensive,\" and noted that comments on the videos were \"abusive, vulgar, and also racist in nature.\" Although both parties came to a settlement later in the year, Kjellberg's videos remain blocked in India. On 16 October 2019, Kjellberg uploaded an episode of his \"Meme Review\" series, in which he reacted to memes about the 2019\u201320 Hong Kong protests. The video also featured his commentary on the China\u2013NBA issue and the Blitzchung controversy, as well as memes comparing Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping to Winnie-the-Pooh. As a result, Kjellberg's channel and content were reportedly censored in China. The BBC wrote that instead of a complete ban,"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " only \"some content related to the YouTuber has indeed been made inaccessible online,\" and that \"there is no evidence to suggest this was done on the orders of the government.\" The BBC suggested that Baidu seemingly removed PewDiePie-related messages on a forum out of caution, but that \"a [Baidu] search for his name still returns more than eight million results.\" \"Vox\" wrote that \"access to reposted PewDiePie videos and music\" appeared to be available to some regional users. According to \"Business Insider\", \"For years, critics of Pewds have been campaigning for YouTube to bar him from the platform to no avail.\"</s><s>Public image and influence. Since breaking through on YouTube with his Let's Play-styled videos, Kjellberg has emerged as one of the most noted, influential, and controversial online personalities. He has also been cited by various publications as largely influential for digital content creation and Internet culture, particularly relating to video gaming subcultures. \"Eurogamer\" noted that Kjellberg was cast by media reports as a \"figurehead\" of YouTubers, and for being nearly synonymous with gaming YouTubers in general. In 2016, Douglas Holt of \"Harvard"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " Business Review\" wrote of Kjellberg as \"YouTube's greatest success\", and regarded him, about gaming subcultures, \"the star of this digital art world\u2014just as Jean-Michel Basquiat and Patti Smith had done in urban art worlds back in the analog days\". Lev Grossman of \"Time\" wrote that Kjellberg dominated \"an entire medium single-handed,\" and pioneered \"a new form of fame not controlled or manufactured by a studio or a network.\" Kjellberg has stated that he dislikes being called \"famous\". In a 2014 interview with \"The Wall Street Journal\", he called the influence he has \"kind of scary\". In a \"Rolling Stone\" article, Kjellberg admitted to being shocked by his fame; he recalled a gaming event near his hometown, stating \"I remember there were five security guards yelling at a crowd to back up\u00a0\u2013 it was out of control. It was shocking to find myself in that situation, where I was that celebrity person.\" In a 2019 interview with the \"New York Times\", Kjellberg commented on his influence stating, \"it's weird for me to be in this position because I don't really want to be in this position.\" He went on"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " to express feelings of nostalgia for his early YouTube career, when he had fewer subscribers, and admitted to periodically thinking about giving up the platform altogether. Colleagues and media have referred to Kjellberg as \"normally press shy\", \"quiet\", and \"much more reserved in real life.\"</s><s>Public image and influence.:As a YouTube personality.</s><s>Public image and influence.:As a YouTube personality.:After becoming the most-subscribed. In September 2014, Rob Walker of \"Yahoo!\" called Kjellberg's popularity \"insane\", writing that it \"strikes me as considerably more curious\u00a0\u2013 I mean, you know who Rihanna is, but would you recognize this kid if he was standing in line behind you at the bank?\" Walker, among other reporters, has questioned and analysed reasons for his popularity. Walker commented on Kjellberg's interaction with his audience, writing, \"While he can be raucous and crude, it always comes across as genuine. He constantly addresses his audience as a bunch of peer-like friends, as opposed to distant, genuflecting fans. He's certainly more than willing to make fun of himself in the process.\" In 2015, Ross Miller of \"The Verge\" wrote, \""}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "Love it or hate it, his success\u00a0\u2013 like so many other YouTube personalities\u00a0\u2013 isn't just in playing games but actually connecting and talking directly to an audience. No agent, press release, or any other intermediary. He just hit record.\" Writing about and analyzing Kjellberg's career, Kevin Roose of \"The New York Times\" wrote that during the period in which Kjellberg had the most-subscribed channel but prior to his alleged antisemitism controversy, \"[Kjellberg] was not just the YouTuber with the biggest channel. To many Inner YouTubers, he represented the values of the platform \u2014 lo-fi, authentic, defiantly weird.\"</s><s>Public image and influence.:As a YouTube personality.:Following media controversies. In the wake of the \"Wall Street Journal\" controversy, John Herman of \"The New York Times\" commented that \"[Kjellberg] bemoaned [YouTube's] structure and the way it had changed; he balked at its limits and took joy in causing offense and flouting rules. Over time, he grew into an unlikely, disorienting, and insistently unserious political identity: He became YouTube's very own populist reactionary.\" YouTube's chief business officer Robert K"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "yncl stated Kjellberg \"underestimated the responsibility he had as the platform's most popular ambassador, even if he himself is not a hateful person.\" In 2018, Paul MacInnes of \"The Guardian\" wrote, \"Given the scale of his audience and his influence, not much is written about PewDiePie. Tech sites like \"The Verge\" and \"Polygon\" report on him and often critique him severely. But in the mainstream media, his name has broken through only either as a result of novelty or scandal,\" and noted that his content was rarely written about. Touching on Kjellberg's alleged antisemitic controversy, MacInnes also added that he \"is funny, intelligent, innovative and highly charismatic [...] to call him an alt-right agitator would perhaps be unfair as he has never publicly identified with the proto-fascist movement. But he shares much of their culture and amplifies it across the world. People should pay PewDiePie more attention.\" Max Read of \"Intelligencer\" retrospectively opined on Kjellberg's alleged antisemitic controversy, commenting that \"Kjellberg, for his part, is seen as a standard-bearer for the oppressed YouTuber subject to the whims"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " of YouTube's corporate masters \u2014 a symbol of the ongoing tension between YouTube and the culture that it spawned,\" and added that \"he, through fights over his behavior and his position within the YouTube space, is something like a gateway drug to bigger political battles over free speech, the role of media, and diversity.\" Shortly prior to his 2020 hiatus, Erin Nyren of \"Variety\" commented that Kjellberg's \"popularity continues unabated in spite of\u2014or perhaps because of\u2014the fact that he has been the subject of ongoing controversies.\"</s><s>Public image and influence.:Media lists and rankings. Kjellberg's influence has ranked highly on various lists. Subtitled as the \"King of YouTube\" on \"The Verge\"s 2014 \"Verge 50\" list\u2014the outlet's \"definitive list of the most interesting people building the future.\" On his listing's blurb, \"The Verge\" wrote that \"Kjellberg's real talent is finding the human within games. He's just a normal person, finding the authentic in games for an audience that are desperate for a little more humanity.\" In 2015, Kjellberg was included on \"Time\"'s list of the 30 most influential people on the Internet, with the"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " publication writing that his channel \"broadcasts some of the most-watched programs in pop culture.\" Later in 2015, Kjellberg was featured on the cover of \"Variety\"s \"Famechangers\" issue, with the magazine ranking him as the \"#1 Famechanger\", or \"those whose influence stands head and shoulders above the rest\". The following year, \"Time\" included him on their \"Time 100\" list, with \"South Park\" co-creator Trey Parker writing in his entry, \"I know it might seem weird, especially to those of us from an older generation, that people would spend so much time watching someone else play video games [...] But I choose to see it as the birth of a new art form. And I don't think anyone should underestimate its most powerful artist.\" \"Forbes\" wrote that \"[Kjellberg's] overall brand suffered earlier this year [2017] when he included antisemitic content in nine of his videos,\" when citing their reason for not ranking him as the top gaming influence. \"Forbes\" still included Kjellberg in the gaming category of their June 2017 \"Top Influencers\" list. In September 2019, \"The Sunday Times\" ranked him first on their list of the"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " UK's 100 most influential people online.</s><s>Public image and influence.:Channel demographics. Kjellberg's channel appeals strongly to younger viewers, a group Google refers to as \"Generation C\" for their habits of \"creation, curation, connection and community\". This demographic has been more commonly referred to as Generation Z by researchers and popular media. In a 2017 video, Kjellberg shared a screenshot of data provided by YouTube regarding his channel statistics, which suggested his largest demographic was among the 18\u201324 age group, followed by the 25\u201334 age group. Surveys conducted throughout the 2010s highlighted that favorable opinions of Kjellberg, as well as his name recognition and online influence within these age ranges, was comparable to that of mainstream figures such as Jennifer Lawrence, Justin Bieber, and LeBron James. \"The New York Times\" published results of an online reader poll the publication held, showing that only 17% of their digital readers correctly identified Kjellberg after seeing an image of him; the outlet wrote that the poll's results \"probably reflect the fact that \"Times\" readers are older than a representative sample of Americans, citing that \"in 2015, the median digital \"Times\" subscriber was 54 years old.\" In 2016, Maker Studios"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "' international chief content officer was cited in \"The Guardian\" as comparing \"the average parent's bafflement at their teenage children's passion for stars like PewDiePie, KSI, and Zoella to past generations' inability to comprehend punk rock or gangsta rap.\" Studies of the gaming community on YouTube have shown that 95% of video game players engage in watching online videos related to gaming, which has been linked to being an important reason for Kjellberg's popularity.</s><s>Public image and influence.:Fan base. \"ESPN\" noted in 2015 that Kjellberg typically performed a \"Brofist\" gesture at the end of his videos, and often referred to his fan base as the \"Bro Army\", addressing his audience as \"bros\". Likewise, media outlets also adopted the name when referring to Kjellberg's fan base. Later in his YouTube career, Kjellberg stopped using the term \"Bro Army\", and began to refer to his audience as \"Squad Fam\", \"9 year olds\", and later \"19 year olds\", in his videos. The fan base has been subject to criticism; in July 2018, \"Wired\" published an article, referring to Kjellberg's fan base as \"toxic\", stating"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " that \"it's not just that they've stuck with the Swedish gamer/alleged comedian as he peppered his videos with racial slurs, rape jokes, antisemitism, and homophobia for nearly a decade (though that's bad enough). It's also that they insist that PewDiePie somehow isn't being hateful at all.\" At the 2013 Social Star Awards in Singapore, Kjellberg greeted his fans personally despite security warning him against doing so. Kjellberg also mentioned this event to \"Rolling Stone\", stating, \"I didn't even understand they were screaming for me at first.\" Kjellberg has commented on fans from Malaysia and Singapore; during a trip to Kuala Lumpur in 2016, fans entered his hotel to search for him, which he expressed annoyance with. In a 2019 vlog, Kjellberg expressed that fans in Malaysia and Singapore can be \"very hectic and scream-ish and crazy, and they lose their minds when they see you.\" He later apologized to fans from the two countries, stating that seeing the effect he had \"on fans back then [during his 2013 trip to Singapore] was cool\" and that he would \"be lying\" if he claimed to hate this initial experience with fans, although added that he has"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " grown to not enjoy being treated as more than a person. \"Business Insider Singapore\" reported that some fans took offense to Kjellberg's comments, but that \"most netizens accepted the YouTuber's apology and admitted that fans had gone overboard in invading his privacy.\" Relating to his responsibility to his audience, Kjellberg has stated, \"many people see me as a friend they can chill with for 15 minutes a day,\" adding, \"The loneliness in front of the computer screens brings us together. But I never set out to be a role model; I just want to invite them to come over to my place.\" Correlating with this note, his audience has been reported to provide positive remarks about him; some of his viewers created and contributed to a thread expressing that he has made them happier and feel better about themselves. Conversely, during an informal Twitter poll conducted by one \"Kotaku\" reporter, respondents described him as \"annoying\" and an \"obnoxious waste of time.\" Additionally, \"Rolling Stone\" has documented the existence of several Reddit threads dedicated to sharing disparaging views of Kjellberg.</s><s>Public image and influence.:Influence on video games. Kjellberg has been noted to support video"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " games from indie developers, often having played through such titles in his videos. His commentaries have had a positive effect on sales of indie games, with \"The Washington Post\" writing that \"gamemakers have observed a kind of Oprah effect.\" The developers of the indie game \"McPixel\" stated, \"The largest force driving attention to \"McPixel\" at that time were 'Let's Play' videos. Mostly by Jesse Cox and PewDiePie.\" Kjellberg has also been confirmed to have driven the popularity of \"Yandere Simulator\" during that game's development, and positively influenced the sales of \"\" and \"Goat Simulator\". Although games being featured on Kjellberg's channel have reportedly contributed to their commercial success, he has stated, \"I just want to play the games, not influence sales.\" In 2019, Kjellberg's \"Minecraft\" videos led a surge of interest towards the game, which saw an increase in players. It also registered the largest-trending score on YouTube since January 2017 and surpassed \"Fortnite\" as the most-searched game on YouTube, with the searches for \"Minecraft\" on Google almost doubling since previous months. Video game media outlets, such as \"Polygon\" and \""}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "The Verge\", largely credited this newfound success to Kjellberg, with \"The Verge\" suggesting that the surge \"proves that the 'PewDiePie Effect' is still real\" (about the Oprah effect-like success enjoyed by games Kjellberg has played). Several other popular YouTubers followed suit by focusing on \"Minecraft\" content. \"Polygon\" also noted that in the wake of Kjellberg's focus on \"Minecraft\", YouTubers focused on \"Fortnite\" began to shift towards making \"Minecraft\" videos instead. Kjellberg, along with characters from \"\", were referred to by a \"McPixel\" level designed in his honour. Additionally, in the video game \"Surgeon Simulator 2013\", the Alien Surgery stage features an organ called \"Pewdsball\" in honour of Kjellberg. Kjellberg agreed to allow the developers of \"Surgeon Simulator 2013\" to use his likeness in \"GOTY IDST\", a showering simulation video game. Kjellberg was also included as an NPC in the indie game \"Party Hard\", and had a voice acting role in \"Pinstripe\", a puzzle adventure game.</s><s>Public image and influence.:In"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "come. In March 2014, Kjellberg made an estimated $140,000\u2013$1.4\u00a0million from YouTube revenue, according to Social Blade. In June 2014, \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that Kjellberg earned $4\u00a0million in 2013; Kjellberg confirmed on Reddit that the figures were somewhat close to what he actually earned. In July 2015, the Swedish newspaper \"Expressen\" reported that Kjellberg's production company, PewDie Productions AB, reported earnings of 63.7\u00a0million SEK ($7.5\u00a0million) in 2014. In 2015, outlets described Kjellberg's income as sizeable, and even \"remarkable\"; Kjellberg appeared at the top of \"Forbes\" October 2015 list of the richest YouTube stars with a reported $12\u00a0million earned in 2015. In December 2016, \"Forbes\" named Kjellberg as the highest-earning YouTuber with his annual income reaching $15\u00a0million. This was up 20% from 2015, largely due to his YouTube Red series \"Scare PewDiePie\" and his book \"This Book Loves You\", which sold over 112,000 copies according to Nielsen Bookscan. Kjellberg relies"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " on external revenue sources rather than YouTube's ad model, which he has stated is common for most YouTube content creators; Kjellberg commented that YouTube's ad revenue model is inefficient, unstable, and insecure. According to \"Forbes\", Kjellberg's income dropped to $12\u00a0million in 2017, which made him the sixth highest-paid YouTuber during that year. \"Forbes\" commented that Kjellberg's income would have been higher had he avoided the pushback from advertisers resulting from the controversies surrounding his videos in 2017. Extensive media coverage on his earnings has been met with frustration by Kjellberg, who has stated that he is \"tired of talking about how much [he makes]\", and suggested that media outlets should rather report on the money he raised for charity. \"The Guardian\" commented that the reason the media was so captivated by Kjellberg's earnings is that the topic \"offers a rare insight into the money being made at the top end of YouTube stardom,\" adding \"it's very rare for any YouTube creator to talk about their earnings publicly, not least because YouTube itself does not encourage it.\"</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Video games, authorship and fashion design"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": ". On 24 September 2015, Kjellberg released his own video game, \"\", on iOS and Android. The game was developed by Canadian game developer Outerminds in collaboration with Kjellberg. On 29 September 2016, he released another game developed by Outerminds, \"PewDiePie's Tuber Simulator\". It was released as a free app on iOS and Android devices and reached the number one spot on the App Store within a few days of its release. On 31 October 2017, former \"Goat Simulator\" developer and lead designer Armin Ibrisagic announced his partnership with Kjellberg for his video game \"Animal Super Squad\". Kjellberg helped Ibrisagic with the core concept of the game and provided him with feedback and creative direction. In 2019, Kjellberg released two more video games: \"PewDiePie's Pixelings\" on 15 November and \"Poopdie\" on 12 December. The latter game was rejected from the App Store due to its \"crude imagery and sound effects which may disgust users\", but is available on Android. Penguin Group's Razorbill imprint released Kjellberg's \"This Book Loves You\", a parody of self-help books, on 20 October 2015"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": ". The book is a collection of anti-proverbs paired with visuals. It was number-one on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list for two weeks in the Young Adult Paperback category. Kjellberg and his wife Marzia launched Tsuki, a unisex clothing brand which they announced in a YouTube video.</s><s>Other ventures.:Sponsorships. Beginning in April 2014 and spanning into August, Kjellberg, along with his then-girlfriend Marzia, began a marketing campaign for the Legendary Pictures film \"As Above, So Below\". Kjellberg's videos for the marketing campaign included a miniseries featuring him participating in the \"Catacombs Challenge\". The challenge involved Kjellberg searching for three keys in the catacombs to open a container holding \"the Philosopher's stone\". The couple's videos were able to earn nearly 20\u00a0million views. Maker Studios, which both Kjellberg and Marzia were represented by, brokered the ad deal between the two and Legendary Pictures. In January 2015, Mountain Dew partnered with Kjellberg to launch a fan fiction contest, in which winning fan fiction will be animated into video formats and then uploaded onto his channel. While he entered partnerships"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " early in his YouTube career, Kjellberg maintained that he worked with few brands and conducted few promotions. He stated he felt he made enough money from YouTube and found endorsing too many brands to be disrespectful to his fans. On this topic, Kjellberg has expressed disappointment when a sizable portion of people misinterpret his intentions; he stated, \"if I mention on Twitter that I find this or that Kickstarter project cool, people immediately start to ask what economical interests I might have in it.\" Eventually, Kjellberg began to work with more brands, stating that he wanted to have a genuine relationship with brands and added he was lucky to not be dependent on working with them to support his career. In January 2019, Kjellberg announced a partnership with energy drink company G Fuel.</s><s>Other ventures.:Appearances in other media. Aside from his own YouTube channel, Kjellberg has made appearances in the videos of other YouTube creators. In April 2013, he made a cameo in an episode of \"Epic Rap Battles of History\", portraying Mikhail Baryshnikov. In July 2013, he starred alongside Anthony Padilla and Ian Hecox of Smosh, as well as Jenna Marbles, as guest judges on the second season of \"Internet Icon\". K"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "jellberg also appeared in YouTube's annual year-end \"Rewind\" series each year from 2013 to 2016; he once again appeared in. On 3 June 2014, Sveriges Radio announced that Kjellberg was chosen to host his own episode of the Swedish radio show \"Sommar i P1\". Due to his international popularity, the episode was recorded in both Swedish and English. The Swedish version was broadcast on 9 August 2014 on Sveriges Radio P1, and when the broadcast started the English version was published online. The link to the Swedish version of the broadcast was shared over 3,500 times, and the link to the English version was shared about 49,000 times. In December 2014, Kjellberg guest-starred in two episodes of the 18th season of \"South Park.\" The two episodes served as a two-part season finale. The first part, titled \"#REHASH\" aired on 3 December, while the second part, titled \"#HappyHolograms\", aired on 10 December. In the episodes, he parodied himself and other Let's Play commentators, providing commentary over \"Call of Duty\" gameplay in an overly expressive way. In July 2015, Kjellberg was announced as a voice"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " actor in the Vimeo fantasy series, \"Oscar's Hotel for Fantastical Creatures\". In October of the same year, he appeared as a guest on \"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert,\" where Colbert referred to him as \"Emperor of the Internet\". In February 2016, he appeared on \"Conan\", playing \"Far Cry Primal\" as part of the show's Clueless Gamer segment. In 2019, he was a guest on the \"Cold Ones\" YouTube podcast.</s><s>Philanthropy. Kjellberg's popularity has allowed him to stir support for fundraising drives. In February 2012, Kjellberg ran for King of the Web, an online contest. He lost the overall title, but still became the \"Gaming King of the Web\" for the 1\u201315 February 2012 voting period. During the following voting period, Kjellberg won and donated his cash winnings to the World Wildlife Fund. He has raised money for the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and began a \"Water Campaign\" charity, where his fans could donate money to, in celebration of reaching ten million subscribers. Kjellberg contributed one dollar to the charity for every 500 views the video announcing the campaign accumulated, up to a maximum of $10,000"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": ". Kjellberg had the stated goal of raising US$, but at the end of the drive, the amount raised was $. Kjellberg organized another charity drive for Charity: Water in February 2016. The drive raised $, surpassing a $100,000 goal. In celebration of reaching 25\u00a0million subscribers in June 2014, Kjellberg announced another charity drive for Save the Children. It raised over $630,000, surpassing a $250,000 goal. In an interview with the Swedish magazine \"Icon\", he has expressed a desire to continue these drives as time goes on, and also credited John and Hank Green as two individuals who gave him the idea of making unique videos for charity. These videos are purchased by game manufacturers and advertisers, for prices ranging up to $50,000. In December 2016, he hosted \"Cringemas\", a livestream held across two days (9 and 10 December, both at around 6\u00a0pm\u201310 pm GMT), with other Revelmode creators. During the livestream, they helped raise money for RED, a charity committed to helping eliminate HIV/AIDS in Africa. After the first day, the fundraiser raised over $200,000, after YouTube doubled their goal of $100,000, and at"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " the end of the livestream, they had raised a total of over $1.3\u00a0million with help from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. On 3 December 2018, Kjellberg announced that he had started a fundraiser on GoFundMe for Child Rights and You (CRY) to help Indian children, partially in response to racist comments left on his videos directed toward Indians. Kjellberg also hosted a livestream on 4 December, donating all of its proceeds to CRY. He raised over $200,000. On 21 July 2019, Kjellberg started a fundraiser on GoFundMe with American actor Jack Black for National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), in the wake of the suicide of the internet personality Etika in June 2019. Kjellberg and Jack Black streamed themselves playing \"Minecraft\" together to raise money for their fundraiser. Kjellberg donated $10,000 to his fundraiser and managed to raise over $30,000 for NAMI. Kjellberg has previously spoken on the topic of mental health, including his struggles with his own, and as part of the UK's Mental Health Awareness Week in 2017, he highlighted various resources to help one's mental health in a video. In celebration of receiving his 100"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "\u00a0million subscribers Play Button in September 2019, Kjellberg announced in a video that he was donating $50,000 to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), an international Jewish non-governmental organisation. Part of Kjellberg's fanbase criticized his decision, citing controversial actions and stances of the ADL. \"Kotaku\" and \"Vice\" praised Kjellberg's donation and were critical of the portion of Kjellberg's fanbase who opposed the donation. Two days after his initial announcement, Kjellberg announced in another video that he had decided to withdraw his donation. He expressed that he was advised to donate to the ADL, and did not hand-pick an organization that he was passionate about, as he had done with previous donations. Additionally, he confirmed that he would still make a $50,000 donation to an organization at some point in the future, but after undergoing his usual process to select a suitable one. On 31 October 2019, Kjellberg donated $69,420 to Team Trees, a fundraising drive taking action against deforestation by pledging to plant one tree for every dollar donated. The donation number is a comedic in-joke combining numbers from internet culture: 69 and 420. In early June 2020"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": ", Kjellberg raised more than $116,000 for the Sentencing Project, victims of police brutality, and for small businesses affected by Black Lives Matter demonstrators looting and rioting after the murder of George Floyd. In January 2021, Kjellberg raised nearly $1 million for Red Nose Day, Movember, Papyrus, Blue Ocean Foundation, Save the Children Lebanon, and Winston's Wish.</s><s>Personal life. Kjellberg married his long-time Italian girlfriend Marzia Bisognin on 19 August 2019. The two were introduced to each other through a friend of Bisognin's in 2011, and after establishing an online relationship, Kjellberg flew to Italy to meet her. The pair shuffled between Sweden and Italy, before settling in Brighton, England. Kjellberg explained that they moved to the UK in July 2013 for preference to live close to the sea and for better Internet connectivity. He said he enjoyed the general anonymity that living in Brighton granted him. On 5 February 2023, Kjellberg and his wife announced that they were expecting a child. A 2018 trip to Japan inspired Kjellberg to move to the country. Announcing their intention to permanently move there, Kjellberg and his wife"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": " subsequently bought a home in Japan the following year. The home was robbed in late 2019, and the couple's move was delayed due to Japan restricting relocation regulations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2022, Kjellberg and his wife moved to their home in Japan with a 5-year business visa. After moving to Japan, Kjellberg expressed enjoying a lack of recognition while in public. Regarding his political beliefs, Kjellberg stated in October 2019 that he is \"more apolitical than anything\", and that he was \"somewhere in between\" left-wing and right-wing. In June 2014, Kjellberg stated that he is an agnostic atheist. Kjellberg has frequently mentioned in videos that he adheres to a pescetarian diet for various reasons. To deal with stress stemming from his content creation workload, Kjellberg developed a daily whiskey-drinking habit. During a \"Cold Ones\" podcast interview in July 2019, Kjellberg shared that a book on Buddhism inspired him to drop the habit.</s><s>Bibliography. - \"This Book Loves You\" (15 October 2015)</s><s>See also. - List of YouTubers - Internet in Sweden"}, {"title": "PewDiePie", "text": "</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Primary video, playlist, and post sources. In the text these references are preceded by a double dagger (\u2021):</s><s>Further reading and viewing. - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "PewDiePie", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000443", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jacques Cousteau.", "docs": [{"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": "<s>Jacques Cousteau Jacques-Yves Cousteau, (,, ; 11 June 191025 June 1997) was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful Aqua-Lung, open-circuit SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). The apparatus assisted him in producing some of the first underwater documentaries. Cousteau wrote many books describing his undersea explorations. In his first book, \"\", Cousteau surmised the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. The book was adapted into an underwater documentary called \"The Silent World\". Co-directed by Cousteau and Louis Malle, it was one of the first films to use underwater cinematography to document the ocean depths in color. The film won the 1956 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and remained the only documentary to do so until 2004, when \"Fahrenheit 9/11\" received the award. It was also awarded the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957. From 1966 to 1976, he hosted \"The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau\", a documentary television series, presented on American commercial television stations. A second documentary series, \"The"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " Cousteau Odyssey\", ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life. Cousteau was born on 11 June 1910, in Saint-Andr\u00e9-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France, to Daniel and \u00c9lisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed his preparatory studies at the Coll\u00e8ge Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the \u00c9cole navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. However, an automobile accident, which broke both his arms, cut short his career in naval aviation. The accident forced Cousteau to change his plans to become a naval pilot, so he then indulged his passion for the ocean. In Toulon, where he was serving on the \"Condorcet\", Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors of modern swimming goggles. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935\u20131938) and in the USSR (1939). On 12 July 1937, he"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " married Simone Melchior, his business partner, with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940\u20131979). His sons took part in the adventures of the \"Calypso\". In 1991, six months after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son, Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982, during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife).</s><s>Biography.:Early 1940s: innovation of modern underwater diving. The years of World War II were decisive for the history of diving. After the armistice of 1940, the family of Simone and Jacques-Yves Cousteau took refuge in Meg\u00e8ve, where he became a friend of the Ichac family who also lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Marcel Ichac shared the same desire to reveal to the general public unknown and inaccessible places\u00a0\u2014 for Cousteau the underwater world and for Ichac the high mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize of the Congress of Documentary Film in 1943, for the first French underwater film: \"Par dix-h"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": "uit m\u00e8tres de fond\" (\"18 meters deep\"), made without breathing apparatus the previous year in the Embiez islands in Var, with Philippe Tailliez and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dumas, using a depth-pressure-proof camera case developed by mechanical engineer L\u00e9on V\u00e8che, an engineer of Arts and Measures at the Naval College. In 1943, they made the film \"\u00c9paves\" (\"Shipwrecks\"), in which they used two of the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. These prototypes were made in Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company, following instructions from Cousteau and \u00c9mile Gagnan. When making \"\u00c9paves\", Cousteau could not find the necessary blank reels of movie film, but had to buy hundreds of small still camera film reels the same width, intended for a make of child's camera, and cemented them together to make long reels. Having kept bonds with the English speakers (he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English) and with French soldiers in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose villa \"Baobab\" at Sanary ("}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": "Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa \"Reine\"), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds. At that time, he kept his distance from his brother Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a \"pen anti-semite\" who wrote the collaborationist newspaper \"Je suis partout\" (\"I am everywhere\") and who received the death sentence in 1946. However, this was later commuted to a life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in 1954. During the 1940s, Cousteau is credited with improving the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit scuba technology used today. According to his first book, \"\" (1953), Cousteau started diving with Fernez goggles in 1936, and in 1939 used the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus invented in 1926 by Commander Yves le Prieur. Cousteau was not satisfied with the length of time he could spend underwater with the Le Prieur apparatus so he improved it to extend underwater duration by adding a demand regulator, invented in 1942 by \u00c9mile Gagnan. In 1943 Cousteau tried out"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " the first prototype Aqua-Lung which finally made extended underwater exploration possible.</s><s>Biography.:Late 1940s: GERS and \"\u00c9lie Monnier\". In 1946, Cousteau and Tailliez showed the film \"\u00c9paves\" (\"Shipwrecks\") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them the responsibility of setting up the Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines (GRS) (Underwater Research Group) of the French Navy in Toulon. A little later it became the GERS (Groupe d'\u00c9tudes et de Recherches Sous-Marines, = Underwater Studies and Research Group), then the COMISMER (\"COMmandement des Interventions Sous la MER\", = \"Undersea Interventions Command\"), and finally more recently the CEPHISMER. In 1947, Chief Petty Officer Maurice Fargues became the first diver to die using an aqualung, while attempting a new depth record with the GERS near Toulon. In 1948, between missions of mine clearance, underwater exploration and technological and physiological tests, Cousteau undertook a first campaign in the Mediterranean on board the sloop \"\u00c9lie Monnier\", with Philippe Taill"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": "iez, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dumas, Jean Alinat and the scenario writer Marcel Ichac. The small team also undertook the exploration of the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the first underwater archaeology operation using autonomous diving, opening the way for scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau and Marcel Ichac brought back from there the Carnets diving film (presented and preceded with the Cannes Film Festival 1951). Cousteau and the \"\u00c9lie Monnier\" then took part in the rescue of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscaphe, the FNRS-2, during the 1949 expedition to Dakar. Thanks to this rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the sphere of the bathyscaphe to construct the FNRS-3. The adventures of this period are told in the two books \"\" (1953, by Cousteau and Dumas) and \"Plong\u00e9es sans c\u00e2ble\" (1954, by Philippe Tailliez).</s><s>Biography.:1950\u20131970s. In 1949, Cousteau left the French Navy. In 1950, he founded the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship called \"Calypso"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": "\" from Thomas Loel Guinness for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted the \"Calypso\" as a mobile laboratory for field research and as his principal vessel for diving and filming. He also carried out underwater archaeological excavations in the Mediterranean, in particular at Grand-Conglou\u00e9 (1952). With the publication of his first book in 1953, \"\", Cousteau correctly predicted the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his research vessel, the \"\u00c9lie Monier\", was heading to the Straits of Gibraltar and noticed a group of porpoises following them. Cousteau changed course a few degrees off the optimal course to the center of the strait, and the porpoises followed for a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew where the optimal course lay, even if the humans did not. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new feature on submarines. In 1954, Cousteau conducted a survey of Abu Dhabi waters on behalf of British Petroleum. Among those accompanying him was Louis Malle who made a black-and-white film of the expedition for"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " the company. Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1956 for \"The Silent World\" co-produced with Malle. In 1957, Cousteau took over as leader of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco. Afterward, with the assistance of Jean Mollard, he made a \"diving saucer\" SP-350, an experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of 350 meters. The successful experiment was quickly repeated in 1965 with two vehicles which reached 500 meters. In 1957, he was elected as director of the Oceanographical Museum of Monaco. He directed Pr\u00e9continent, about the experiments of diving in saturation (long-duration immersion, houses under the sea), and was admitted to the United States National Academy of Sciences. He was involved in the creation of Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques and served as its inaugural president from 1959 to 1973. Cousteau also took part in inventing the \"SP-350 Denise Diving Saucer\" in 1959 which was an invention best for exploring the ocean floor, as it allowed one to explore on solid ground. In October 1960, a large amount of radioactive waste was going to be discarded in the Mediterranean Sea by the"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " Commissariat \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and that French oceanographers such as Vsevelod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, including Louis Fage and Jacques Cousteau, repudiated the claim, saying that Romanovsky had in mind a much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was little circulation (and hence little need for concern) at the dump site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion sided with the oceanographers rather than with the CEA atomic energy scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone the dump. Cousteau organized a publicity campaign which in less than two weeks gained wide popular support. The train carrying the waste was stopped by women and children sitting on the railway tracks, and it was sent back to its origin. In the 1960s, Cousteau was involved with a set of three projects to build underwater \"villages\"; the projects were named Precontinent I, Precontinent II and Precontinent III. Each ensuing project was aimed at increasing the depth at which people continuously lived under water, and were an attempt at creating an environment in which men could live and"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " work on the sea floor. The projects are best known as Conshelf I (1962), Conshelf II (1963), and Conshelf III (1965). The names \"Precontinent\", and \"Continental Shelf Station\" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably by Cousteau. A meeting with American television companies (ABC, M\u00e9trom\u00e9dia, NBC) created the series \"The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau\", with the character of the commander in the red bonnet inherited from standard diving dress intended to give the films a \"personalized adventure\" style. This documentary television series ran for ten years from 1966 to 1976. A second documentary series, \"The Cousteau Odyssey\", ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations. In 1970, he wrote the book \"The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea\" with his son Philippe. In this book, Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip shark as \"the most dangerous of all sharks\". In December 1972, two years after the volcano's last eruption, The Cousteau Society was filming \"Voyage au bout du monde\" on Deception Island, Antarctica, when Michel Laval, \"Calypso\""}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": "s second in command, was struck and killed by a rotor of the helicopter that was ferrying between \"Calypso\" and the island. In 1973, along with his two sons and Frederick Hyman, he created the Cousteau Society for the Protection of Ocean Life, Frederick Hyman being its first President. In 1975, John Denver released the tribute song \"Calypso\" on his album \"Windsong\", and on the B-side of his hit song \"I'm Sorry\". \"Calypso\" became a hit on its own and was later considered the new A-side, reaching No. 2 on the charts. In 1976, Cousteau located the wreck of HMHS \"Britannic\". He also found the wreck of the French 17th-century ship-of-the-line \"La Therese\" in coastal waters of Crete. In 1977, together with Peter Scott, he received the UN International Environment prize. On 28 June 1979, while the \"Calypso\" was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son Philippe, his preferred and designated successor and with whom he had co-produced all his films since 1969, died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in the Tagus river near"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " Lisbon. Cousteau was deeply affected. He called his eldest son, the architect Jean-Michel, to his side. This collaboration lasted 14 years.</s><s>Biography.:1980\u20131990s. From 1980 to 1981, he was a regular on the animal reality show \"Those Amazing Animals\", along with Burgess Meredith, Priscilla Presley, and Jim Stafford. In 1980, Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, \"Cries from the Deep\" and \"St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea\". In 1985, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Ronald Reagan. From 1986 to 1992, Cousteau released \"Rediscovery of the World\". On 24 November 1988, he was elected to the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise, chair 17, succeeding Jean Delay. His official reception under the cupola took place on 22 June 1989, the response to his speech of reception being given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. After his death, he was replaced by \u00c9rik Orsenna on 28 May 1998. In June 1990, the composer Jean Michel Jarre paid homage to the commander by entitling his new album \"Waiting for"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " Cousteau\". He also composed the music for Cousteau's documentary \"Palawan, the last refuge\". On 2 December 1990, his wife, Simone Cousteau died of cancer. In June 1991, in Paris, Jacques-Yves Cousteau remarried, to Francine Triplet, with whom he had (before this marriage) two children, Diane and Pierre-Yves. Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as the head of the Cousteau Foundation and Cousteau Society. From that point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son, who is 8 years older than Francine, worsened. In November 1991, Cousteau gave an interview to the \"UNESCO Courier\", in which he stated that he was in favour of human population control and population decrease. Widely quoted on the Internet are these two paragraphs from the interview: \"What should we do to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea but perhaps not altogether a beneficial one in the long run. If we try to implement it we may jeopardize the future of our species...It's terrible to have to say this. World population must be stabilized and to do that we must eliminate 350,000 people per day. This"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " is so horrible to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But the general situation in which we are involved is lamentable\". In 1992, he was invited to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the United Nations' International Conference on Environment and Development, and then he became a regular consultant for the UN and the World Bank. In 1995, Cousteau became involved in a legal battle with his son Jean-Michel, who was advertising the \"Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort\" in the South Pacific, to prevent him from using the Cousteau name for business purposes in the United States. This resulted in Jean-Michel Cousteau being ordered by the court to not encourage confusion between his for-profit business and his father's non-profit endeavours. On 11 January 1996, \"Calypso\" was accidentally rammed and sunk in the port of Singapore by a barge. The \"Calypso\" was refloated and towed home to France.</s><s>Biography.:Religious views. Though he was not particularly a religious man, Cousteau believed that the teachings of the different major religions provide valuable ideals and thoughts to protect the environment. In a Chapter entitled \"The Holy Scriptures and The Environment\" in the post"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": "humous work \"The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus\", he is quoted as stating that \"The glory of nature provides evidence that God exists\".</s><s>Biography.:Opinion on recreational fishing. Cousteau said that just because fish are cold-blooded does not mean they do not feel pain, and that recreational fishermen only say so to reassure their conscience.</s><s>Death and legacy. Jacques-Yves Cousteau died of a heart attack on 25 June 1997 in Paris, two weeks after his 87th birthday. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-Andr\u00e9-de-Cubzac, his birthplace. An homage was paid to him by the town by naming the street which runs out to the house of his birth \"rue du Commandant Cousteau\", where a commemorative plaque was placed. Cousteau's legacy includes more than 120 television documentaries, more than 50 books, and an environmental protection foundation with 300,000 members. Cousteau liked to call himself an \"oceanographic technician\". He was, in reality, a sophisticated showman, teacher, and lover of nature. His work permitted many people to explore the resources of the oceans. His work also created a new kind of scientific communication, criticized"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " at the time by some academics. The so-called \"divulgationism\", a simple way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in other disciplines and became one of the most important characteristics of modern television broadcasting. His Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, and perhaps even he himself, has been identified as introducing the Caulerpa \"Killer Algae,\" which is destroying much of the Mediterranean's ecosystem. The Cousteau Society and its French counterpart, l'\u00c9quipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau founded, are still active today. The Society is currently attempting to turn the original \"Calypso\" into a museum and it is raising funds to build a successor vessel, the \"Calypso II\". In 2007, the International Watch Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph \"Cousteau Divers\" Special Edition. The timepiece incorporated a sliver of wood from the interior of Cousteau's Calypso research vessel. Having developed the diver's watch, IWC offered support to The Cousteau Society. The proceeds from the timepieces' sales were partially donated to the non-profit organization involved in conservation of marine life and preservation of tropical coral reefs. Fab"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": "ien Cousteau, the grandson of Jacques Cousteau, is in the process of constructing a community of ocean flooring analysis stations, called Proteus, off Cura\u00e7ao at a depth of about 20 m in a marine-protected area. Aquanauts could reside and work in these underwater habitats. Front-end engineering has started in 2022 with the habitat put on the sea bottom in 2025.</s><s>Awards and honors. During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions: - Cross of War 1939\u20131945 (1945) - National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961 - Commander of the Legion of Honour (1972) - Officer of the Order of Maritime Merit (1980) - Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (1985) - U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom (1985) - Induction into the Television Hall of Fame (1987) - Elected to the Acad\u00e9mie Fran\u00e7aise (1988) - Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters - Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (26 January 1990) - Omicron Delta Kappa (1996)</s><s>Bibliography. - \"\" (1953, with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dumas) - \"Captain Cousteaus"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " Underwater Treasury\" (1959, with James Dugan) - \"The Living Sea\" (1963, with James Dugan) - \"World Without Sun\" (1965) - \"The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau\" (1970\u20131975, 8-volumes, with Philippe Diol\u00e9) - \"The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea\" (1970) - \"Diving for Sunken Treasure\" (1971) - \"Life and Death in a Coral Sea\" (1971) - \"The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea\" (1972) - \"Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence\" (1973) - \"Three Adventures: Gal\u00e1pagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes\" (1973) - \"Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus\" (1974) - \"Dolphins\" (1975) - \"The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau\" (1973\u201378, 21 volumes) - \"Oasis in Space\" (vol 1) - \"The Act of Life\" (vol 2) - \"Quest for Food\" (vol 3) - \"Window in the Sea\" (vol 4) - \"The Art of Motion\" ("}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": "vol 5) - \"Attack and Defense\" (vol 6) - \"Invisible Messages\" (vol 7) - \"Instinct and Intelligence\" (vol 8) - \"Pharaohs of the Sea\" (vol 9) - \"Mammals in the Sea\" (vol 10) - \"Provinces of the Sea\" (vol 11) - \"Man Re-Enters Sea\" (vol 12) - \"A Sea of Legends\" (vol 13) - \"Adventure of Life\" (vol 14) - \"Outer and Inner Space\" (vol 15) - \"The Whitecaps\" (vol 16) - \"Riches of the Sea\" (vol 17) - \"Challenges of the Sea\" (vol 18) - \"The Sea in Danger\" (vol 19) - \"Guide to the Sea and Index\" (vol 20) - \"Calypso\" (1978, vol 21) - \"A Bill of Rights for Future Generations\" (1979) - \"Life at the Bottom of the World\" (1980) - \"The Cousteau United States Almanac of the Environment\" (1981, a.k.a. \" The Cousteau Almanac of the Environment: An Inventory of Life on"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": " a Water Planet\") - \"Jacques Cousteau's Calypso\" (1983, with Alexis Sivirine) - \"Marine Life of the Caribbean\" (1984, with James Cribb and Thomas H. Suchanek) - \"Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey\" (1984, with Mose Richards) - \"Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World\" (1985) - \"The Whale\" (1987, with Philippe Diol\u00e9) - \"Jacques Cousteau: Whales\" (1988, with Yves Paccalet) - \"The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus\" (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury 2007)</s><s>Media portrayals. Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films: - The American comedy film \"The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou\", directed by Wes Anderson and first released in December 2004, portrays Steve Zissou, a fictional oceanographer strongly inspired by Jacques Cousteau. - The French film \"The Odyssey\", directed by J\u00e9r\u00f4me Salle and first released in October 2016, focuses on Cousteau's life, especially regarding his relation with his first wife, Simone Melch"}, {"title": "Jacques Cousteau", "text": "ior, and his second son, Philippe Cousteau. - Jacques Cousteau was featured in Epic Rap Battle of History's sixth season, and was portrayed by Peter Shukoff. He faced off against Steve Irwin, portrayed by Lloyd Ahlquist.</s><s>See also. - \"Becoming Cousteau\", a 2021 full-length film biography - List of Legion of Honour recipients by name (C)</s><s>Further reading. - \"Undersea Explorer: The Story of Captain Cousteau\" (1957) by James Dugan - \"Jacques Cousteau and the Undersea World\" (2000) by Roger King - \"Jacques-Yves Cousteau: His Story Under the Sea\" (2002) by John Bankston - \"Jacques Cousteau: A Life Under the Sea\" (2008) by Kathleen Olmstead</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jacques Cousteau", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000444", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Marcus Aurelius.", "docs": [{"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "<s>Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (; English: ; 26 April 121 \u2013 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors (a term coined some 13 centuries later by Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli), and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace, calmness and stability for the Roman Empire lasting from 27 BC to 180 AD. He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161. Marcus Aurelius was born during the reign of Hadrian to the emperor's nephew, the praetor Marcus Annius Verus, and the heiress Domitia Calvilla. His father died when he was three, and his mother and grandfather raised him. After Hadrian's adoptive son, Aelius Caesar, died in 138, the emperor adopted Marcus's uncle Antoninus Pius as his new heir. In turn, Antoninus adopted Marcus and Lucius, the son of Aelius. Hadrian died that year, and Antoninus became emperor. Now heir to the throne, Marcus studied Greek and Latin under tutors such as Herodes Atticus and Marcus Cornelius Fr"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "onto. He married Antoninus' daughter Faustina in 145. After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus Aurelius acceded to the throne alongside his adoptive brother, who reigned under the name Lucius Verus. Under his rule the Roman Empire witnessed heavy military conflict. In the East, the Romans fought successfully with a revitalized Parthian Empire and the rebel Kingdom of Armenia. Marcus defeated the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian Iazyges in the Marcomannic Wars; however, these and other Germanic peoples began to represent a troubling reality for the Empire. He modified the silver purity of the Roman currency, the denarius. The persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire appears to have increased during his reign, but his involvement in this is unlikely, as early Christians living in the 2nd century never claimed him as a persecutor and Tertullian even called Marcus a \"protector of Christians\". The Antonine Plague broke out in 165 or 166 and devastated the population of the Roman Empire, causing the deaths of five to ten million people. Lucius Verus may have died from the plague in 169. Unlike some of his predecessors, Marcus chose not to adopt an heir. His children included Lucilla, who married Lucius,"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " and Commodus, whose succession after Marcus has been a subject of debate among both contemporary and modern historians. The Column and Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius still stand in Rome, where they were erected in celebration of his military victories. \"Meditations\", the writings of \"the philosopher\" \u2013 as contemporary biographers called Marcus \u2013 are a significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. These writings have been praised by fellow writers, philosophers, monarchs, and politicians centuries after his death.</s><s>Sources. The major sources depicting the life and rule of Marcus Aurelius are patchy and frequently unreliable. The most important group of sources, the biographies contained in the \"Historia Augusta\", claimed to be written by a group of authors at the turn of the 4th century AD, but it is believed they were in fact written by a single author (referred to here as 'the biographer') from about AD 395. The later biographies and the biographies of subordinate emperors and usurpers are unreliable, but the earlier biographies, derived primarily from now-lost earlier sources (Marius Maximus or Ignotus), are much more accurate. For Marcus's life and rule, the biographies of Hadrian, Antoninus"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": ", Marcus, and Lucius are largely reliable, but those of Aelius Verus and Avidius Cassius are not. A body of correspondence between Marcus's tutor Fronto and various Antonine officials survives in a series of patchy manuscripts, covering the period from c. 138 to 166. Marcus's own \"Meditations\" offer a window on his inner life, but are largely undateable and make few specific references to worldly affairs. The main narrative source for the period is Cassius Dio, a Greek senator from Bithynian Nicaea who wrote a history of Rome from its founding to 229 in eighty books. Dio is vital for the military history of the period, but his senatorial prejudices and strong opposition to imperial expansion obscure his perspective. Some other literary sources provide specific details: the writings of the physician Galen on the habits of the Antonine elite, the orations of Aelius Aristides on the temper of the times, and the constitutions preserved in the \"Digest\" and \"Codex Justinianeus\" on Marcus' legal work. Inscriptions and coin finds supplement the literary sources.</s><s>Early life.</s><s>Early life.:Name. Marcus was born in Rome on 26 April 121. His birth name"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " is sometimes given as Marcus Annius Verus, but sources assign this name to him upon his father's death and unofficial adoption by his grandfather, upon his coming of age. He may have been known as Marcus Annius Catilius Severus, at birth or some point in his youth, or Marcus Catilius Severus Annius Verus. Upon his adoption by Antoninus as heir to the throne, he was known as Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar and, upon his ascension, he was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus until his death; Epiphanius of Salamis, in his chronology of the Roman emperors included in his \"On Weights and Measures\", calls him \"Marcus Aurelius Verus\".</s><s>Early life.:Family origins. Marcus' paternal family was of Roman Italo-Hispanic origins. His father was Marcus Annius Verus (III). The gens Annia was of Italic origins (with legendary claims of descendance from Numa Pompilius) and a branch of it, the \"Annii Veri\", moved to Ucubi, a small town south east of C\u00f3rdoba in Iberian Baetica. This branch rose to prominence in Rome in the late"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " 1st century AD. Marcus's great-grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (I) was a senator and (according to the \"Historia Augusta\") ex-praetor; his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II) was made patrician in 73\u201374. Through his grandmother Rupilia Faustina, Marcus was a member of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty; the emperor Trajan's sororal niece Salonia Matidia was the step-mother of Rupilia and her step-sister, Hadrian's wife Sabina. Marcus's mother, Domitia Lucilla Minor (also known as Domitia Calvilla), was the daughter of the Roman patrician P. Calvisius Tullus and inherited a great fortune (described at length in one of Pliny's letters) from her parents and grandparents. Her inheritance included large brickworks on the outskirts of Rome \u2013 a profitable enterprise in an era when the city was experiencing a construction boom \u2013 and the \"Horti Domitia Calvillae\" (or \"Lucillae\"), a villa on the Caelian hill of Rome. Marcus himself was born and raised in the \"Horti\" and referred to the Caelian hill as"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " 'My Caelian'. The adoptive family of Marcus was of Roman Italo-Gallic origins: the gens Aurelia, into which Marcus was adopted at the age of 17, was a Sabine gens; Antoninus Pius, his adoptive father, came from the Aurelii Fulvi, a branch of the Aurelii based in Roman Gaul.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood. Marcus's sister, Annia Cornificia Faustina, was probably born in 122 or 123. His father probably died in 124, when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship. Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his \"Meditations\" that he had learned'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his father and the man's posthumous reputation. His mother Lucilla did not remarry and, following prevailing aristocratic customs, probably did not spend much time with her son. Instead, Marcus was in the care of 'nurses', and was raised after his father's death by his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II), who had always retained the legal authority of \"patria potestas\" over his son and grandson. Technically this was not an adoption, the creation of a new"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " and different \"patria potestas\". Lucius Catilius Severus, described as Marcus's maternal great-grandfather, also participated in his upbringing; he was probably the elder Domitia Lucilla's stepfather. Marcus was raised in his parents' home on the Caelian Hill, an upscale area with few public buildings but many aristocratic villas. Marcus's grandfather owned a palace beside the Lateran, where he would spend much of his childhood. Marcus thanks his grandfather for teaching him 'good character and avoidance of bad temper'. He was less fond of the mistress his grandfather took and lived with after the death of his wife Rupilia. Marcus was grateful that he did not have to live with her longer than he did. From a young age, Marcus displayed enthusiasm for wrestling and boxing. He trained in wrestling as a youth and into his teenage years, learned to fight in armour and joined the Salii, an order of priests dedicated to the god Mars that were responsible for the sacred shields, called Ancilia, and possibly for heralding war season's beginning and end. Marcus was educated at home, in line with contemporary aristocratic trends; he thanks Catilius Severus for encouraging him to avoid public schools. One of his teachers, Diognetus"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": ", a painting master, proved particularly influential; he seems to have introduced Marcus Aurelius to the philosophic way of life. In April 132, at the behest of Diognetus, Marcus took up the dress and habits of the philosopher: he studied while wearing a rough Greek cloak, and would sleep on the ground until his mother convinced him to sleep on a bed. A new set of tutors \u2013 the Homeric scholar Alexander of Cotiaeum along with Trosius Aper and Tuticius Proculus, teachers of Latin \u2013 took over Marcus's education in about 132 or 133. Marcus thanks Alexander for his training in literary styling. Alexander's influence \u2013 an emphasis on matter over style and careful wording, with the occasional Homeric quotation \u2013 has been detected in Marcus' \"Meditations\".</s><s>Early life.:Succession to Hadrian. In late 136, Hadrian almost died from a hemorrhage. Convalescent in his villa at Tivoli, he selected Lucius Ceionius Commodus, Marcus's intended father-in-law, as his successor and adopted son, according to the biographer 'against the wishes of everyone'. While his motives are not certain, it would appear that his goal was to eventually place the then-too-"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "young Marcus on the throne. As part of his adoption, Commodus took the name, Lucius Aelius Caesar. His health was so poor that, during a ceremony to mark his becoming heir to the throne, he was too weak to lift a large shield on his own. After a brief stationing on the Danube frontier, Aelius returned to Rome to make an address to the Senate on the first day of 138. However, the night before the scheduled speech, he grew ill and died of a hemorrhage later in the day. On 24 January 138, Hadrian selected Aurelius Antoninus, the husband of Marcus's aunt Faustina the Elder, as his new successor. As part of Hadrian's terms, Antoninus, in turn, adopted Marcus and Lucius Commodus, the son of Lucius Aelius. Marcus became M. Aelius Aurelius Verus, and Lucius became L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus. At Hadrian's request, Antoninus' daughter Faustina was betrothed to Lucius. Marcus reportedly greeted the news that Hadrian had become his adoptive grandfather with sadness, instead of joy. Only with reluctance did he move from his mother's house on the Caelian to Hadrian's private"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " home. At some time in 138, Hadrian requested in the Senate that Marcus be exempt from the law barring him from becoming \"quaestor\" before his twenty-fourth birthday. The Senate complied, and Marcus served under Antoninus, the consul for 139. Marcus's adoption diverted him from the typical career path of his class. If not for his adoption, he probably would have become \"triumvir monetalis\", a highly regarded post involving token administration of the state mint; after that, he could have served as tribune with a legion, becoming the legion's nominal second-in-command. Marcus probably would have opted for travel and further education instead. As it was, Marcus was set apart from his fellow citizens. Nonetheless, his biographer attests that his character remained unaffected: 'He still showed the same respect to his relations as he had when he was an ordinary citizen, and he was as thrifty and careful of his possessions as he had been when he lived in a private household'. After a series of suicide attempts, all thwarted by Antoninus, Hadrian left for Baiae, a seaside resort on the Campanian coast. His condition did not improve, and he abandoned the diet prescribed by his doctors, indulging himself in food and"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " drink. He sent for Antoninus, who was at his side when he died on 10 July 138. His remains were buried quietly at Puteoli. The succession to Antoninus was peaceful and stable: Antoninus kept Hadrian's nominees in office and appeased the senate, respecting its privileges and commuting the death sentences of men charged in Hadrian's last days. For his dutiful behaviour, Antoninus was asked to accept the name 'Pius'.</s><s>Early life.:Heir to Antoninus Pius (138\u2013145). Immediately after Hadrian's death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus's betrothal to Ceionia Fabia would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to Faustina, Antoninus' daughter, instead. Faustina's betrothal to Ceionia's brother Lucius Commodus would also have to be annulled. Marcus consented to Antoninus's proposal. He was made consul for 140 with Antoninus as his colleague, and was appointed as a \"seviri\", one of the knights' six commanders, at the order's annual parade on 15 July 139. As the heir apparent, Marcus became \"princeps iuventut"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "is\", head of the equestrian order. He now took the name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar. Marcus would later caution himself against taking the name too seriously: 'See that you do not turn into a Caesar; do not be dipped into the purple dye \u2013 for that can happen'. At the senate's request, Marcus joined all the priestly colleges (\"pontifices\", \"augures\", \"quindecimviri sacris faciundis\", \"septemviri epulonum\", etc.); direct evidence for membership, however, is available only for the Arval Brethren. Antoninus demanded that Marcus reside in the House of Tiberius, the imperial palace on the Palatine, and take up the habits of his new station, the \"aulicum fastigium\" or 'pomp of the court', against Marcus' objections. Marcus would struggle to reconcile the life of the court with his philosophic yearnings. He told himself it was an attainable goal \u2013 'Where life is possible, then it is possible to live the right life; life is possible in a palace, so it is possible to live the right life in a palace' \u2013 but he found it difficult nonetheless."}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " He would criticize himself in the \"Meditations\" for 'abusing court life' in front of company. As quaestor, Marcus would have had little real administrative work to do. He would read imperial letters to the senate when Antoninus was absent and would do secretarial work for the senators. But he felt drowned in paperwork and complained to his tutor, Marcus Cornelius Fronto: 'I am so out of breath from dictating nearly thirty letters'. He was being 'fitted for ruling the state', in the words of his biographer. He was required to make a speech to the assembled senators as well, making oratorical training essential for the job. On 1 January 145, Marcus was made consul a second time. Fronto urged him in a letter to have plenty of sleep'so that you may come into the Senate with a good colour and read your speech with a strong voice'. Marcus had complained of an illness in an earlier letter: 'As far as my strength is concerned, I am beginning to get it back; and there is no trace of the pain in my chest. But that ulcer [...] I am having treatment and taking care not to do anything that interferes with it'. Never particularly healthy or strong, Marcus was praised"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " by Cassius Dio, writing of his later years, for behaving dutifully in spite of his various illnesses. In April 145, Marcus married Faustina, legally his sister, as had been planned since 138. Little is specifically known of the ceremony, but the biographer calls it 'noteworthy'. Coins were issued with the heads of the couple, and Antoninus, as \"Pontifex Maximus\", would have officiated. Marcus makes no apparent reference to the marriage in his surviving letters, and only sparing references to Faustina.</s><s>Early life.:Fronto and further education. After taking the \"toga virilis\" in 136, Marcus probably began his training in oratory. He had three tutors in Greek (Aninus Macer, Caninius Celer, and Herodes Atticus) and one in Latin (Marcus Cornelius Fronto). The latter two were the most esteemed orators of their time, but probably did not become his tutors until his adoption by Antoninus in 138. The preponderance of Greek tutors indicates the importance of the Greek language to the aristocracy of Rome. This was the age of the Second Sophistic, a renaissance in Greek letters. Although educated in Rome, in his \"Meditations"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "\" Marcus would write his inmost thoughts in Greek. Atticus was controversial: an enormously rich Athenian (probably the richest man in the eastern half of the empire), he was quick to anger and resented by his fellow Athenians for his patronizing manner. Atticus was an inveterate opponent of Stoicism and philosophic pretensions. He thought the Stoics' desire for apatheia was foolish: they would live a'sluggish, enervated life', he said. In spite of the influence of Atticus, Marcus would later become a Stoic. He would not mention Herodes at all in his \"Meditations\", in spite of the fact that they would come into contact many times over the following decades. Fronto was highly esteemed: in the self-consciously antiquarian world of Latin letters, he was thought of as second only to Cicero, perhaps even an alternative to him. He did not care much for Atticus, though Marcus was eventually to put the pair on speaking terms. Fronto exercised a complete mastery of Latin, capable of tracing expressions through the literature, producing obscure synonyms, and challenging minor improprieties in word choice. A significant amount of the correspondence between Fronto and Marcus has survived. The pair"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " were very close, using intimate language such as 'Farewell my Fronto, wherever you are, my most sweet love and delight. How is it between you and me? I love you and you are not here' in their correspondence. Marcus spent time with Fronto's wife and daughter, both named Cratia, and they enjoyed light conversation. He wrote Fronto a letter on his birthday, claiming to love him as he loved himself, and calling on the gods to ensure that every word he learnt of literature, he would learn 'from the lips of Fronto'. His prayers for Fronto's health were more than conventional, because Fronto was frequently ill; at times, he seems to be an almost constant invalid, always suffering \u2013 about one-quarter of the surviving letters deal with the man's sicknesses. Marcus asks that Fronto's pain be inflicted on himself, 'of my own accord with every kind of discomfort'. Fronto never became Marcus's full-time teacher and continued his career as an advocate. One notorious case brought him into conflict with Atticus. Marcus pleaded with Fronto, first with 'advice', then as a 'favour', not to attack Atticus; he had already asked Atticus to refrain from making the first"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " blows. Fronto replied that he was surprised to discover Marcus counted Atticus as a friend (perhaps Atticus was not yet Marcus' tutor), and allowed that Marcus might be correct, but nonetheless affirmed his intent to win the case by any means necessary: '[T]he charges are frightful and must be spoken of as frightful. Those in particular that refer to the beating and robbing I will describe so that they savour of gall and bile. If I happen to call him an uneducated little Greek it will not mean war to the death'. The outcome of the trial is unknown. By the age of twenty-five (between April 146 and April 147), Marcus had grown disaffected with his studies in jurisprudence, and showed some signs of general malaise. His master, he writes to Fronto, was an unpleasant blowhard, and had made 'a hit at' him: 'It is easy to sit yawning next to a judge, he says, but to \"be\" a judge is noble work'. Marcus had grown tired of his exercises, of taking positions in imaginary debates. When he criticized the insincerity of conventional language, Fronto took to defend it. In any case, Marcus' formal education was now over. He"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " had kept his teachers on good terms, following them devotedly. It 'affected his health adversely', his biographer writes, to have devoted so much effort to his studies. It was the only thing the biographer could find fault with in Marcus's entire boyhood. Fronto had warned Marcus against the study of philosophy early on: \"It is better never to have touched the teaching of philosophy [...] than to have tasted it superficially, with the edge of the lips, as the saying is\". He disdained philosophy and philosophers and looked down on Marcus's sessions with Apollonius of Chalcedon and others in this circle. Fronto put an uncharitable interpretation of Marcus's 'conversion to philosophy': 'In the fashion of the young, tired of boring work', Marcus had turned to philosophy to escape the constant exercises of oratorical training. Marcus kept in close touch with Fronto, but would ignore Fronto's scruples. Apollonius may have introduced Marcus to Stoic philosophy, but Quintus Junius Rusticus would have the strongest influence on the boy. He was the man Fronto recognized as having 'wooed Marcus away' from oratory. He was older than Fronto and twenty years older than Marcus"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": ". As the grandson of Arulenus Rusticus, one of the martyrs to the tyranny of Domitian (\"r\". 81\u201396), he was heir to the tradition of 'Stoic Opposition' to the 'bad emperors' of the 1st century; the true successor of Seneca (as opposed to Fronto, the false one). Marcus thanks Rusticus for teaching him 'not to be led astray into enthusiasm for rhetoric, for writing on speculative themes, for discoursing on moralizing texts... To avoid oratory, poetry, and 'fine writing''. Philostratus describes how even when Marcus was an old man, in the latter part of his reign, he studied under Sextus of Chaeronea: The Emperor Marcus was an eager disciple of Sextus the Boeotian philosopher, being often in his company and frequenting his house. Lucius, who had just come to Rome, asked the Emperor, whom he met on his way, where he was going to and on what errand, and Marcus answered,'it is good even for an old man to learn; I am now on my way to Sextus the philosopher to learn what I do not yet know.' And Lucius, raising his hand"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " to heaven, said,'O Zeus, the king of the Romans in his old age takes up his tablets and goes to school.'</s><s>Early life.:Births and deaths. On 30 November 147, Faustina gave birth to a girl named Domitia Faustina. She was the first of at least thirteen children (including two sets of twins) that Faustina would bear over the next twenty-three years. The next day, 1 December, Antoninus gave Marcus the tribunician power and the \"imperium\" \u2013 authority over the armies and provinces of the emperor. As tribune, he had the right to bring one measure before the senate after the four Antoninus could introduce. His tribunician powers would be renewed with Antoninus's on 10 December 147. The first mention of Domitia in Marcus's letters reveals her as a sickly infant. 'Caesar to Fronto. If the gods are willing we seem to have a hope of recovery. The diarrhea has stopped, the little attacks of fever have been driven away. But the emaciation is still extreme and there is still quite a bit of coughing'. He and Faustina, Marcus wrote, had been 'pretty occupied' with the girl's care. Domitia would die in 151"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": ". In 149, Faustina gave birth again, to twin sons. Contemporary coinage commemorates the event, with crossed cornucopiae beneath portrait busts of the two small boys, and the legend \"temporum felicitas\", 'the happiness of the times'. They did not survive long. Before the end of the year, another family coin was issued: it shows only a tiny girl, Domitia Faustina, and one boy baby. Then another: the girl alone. The infants were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian, where their epitaphs survive. They were called Titus Aurelius Antoninus and Tiberius Aelius Aurelius. Marcus steadied himself: 'One man prays: 'How I may not lose my little child', but you must pray: 'How I may not be afraid to lose him'. He quoted from the \"Iliad\" what he called the \"briefest and most familiar saying [...] enough to dispel sorrow and fear\": poem leaves, the wind scatters some on the face of the ground; like unto them are the children of men./poem \u2013\u00a0\"Iliad\" vi.146 Another daughter was born on 7 March 150, Annia Aurelia Gal"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "eria Lucilla. At some time between 155 and 161, probably soon after 155, Marcus's mother Domitia Lucilla died. Faustina probably had another daughter in 151, but the child, Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, might not have been born until 153. Another son, Tiberius Aelius Antoninus, was born in 152. A coin issue celebrates \"fecunditati Augustae\", 'to Augusta's fertility', depicting two girls and an infant. The boy did not survive long, as evidenced by coins from 156, only depicting the two girls. He might have died in 152, the same year as Marcus's sister Cornificia. By 28 March 158, when Marcus replied, another of his children was dead. Marcus thanked the temple synod, 'even though this turned out otherwise'. The child's name is unknown. In 159 and 160, Faustina gave birth to daughters: Fadilla and Cornificia, named respectively after Faustina's and Marcus's dead sisters.</s><s>Early life.:Antoninus Pius's last years. Lucius started his political career as a quaestor in 153. He was consul in 154, and was consul again with Marcus in 161. Lucius had no other"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " titles, except that of'son of Augustus'. Lucius had a markedly different personality from Marcus: he enjoyed sports of all kinds, but especially hunting and wrestling; he took obvious pleasure in the circus games and gladiatorial fights. He did not marry until 164. In 156, Antoninus turned 70. He found it difficult to keep himself upright without stays. He started nibbling on dry bread to give him the strength to stay awake through his morning receptions. As Antoninus aged, Marcus would take on more administrative duties, more still when he became the praetorian prefect (an office that was as much secretarial as military) when Marcus Gavius Maximus died in 156 or 157. In 160, Marcus and Lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year. Antoninus may have already been ill. Two days before his death, the biographer reports, Antoninus was at his ancestral estate at Lorium, in Etruria, about 19 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) from Rome. He ate Alpine cheese at dinner quite greedily. In the night he vomited; he had a fever the next day. The day after that, 7 March 161, he summoned the imperial council, and passed the state and his daughter to Marcus. The emperor gave"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered when the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password \u2013 'aequanimitas' (equanimity). He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. His death closed out the longest reign since Augustus, surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months.</s><s>Emperor.</s><s>Emperor.:Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161). After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus was effectively sole ruler of the Empire. The formalities of the position would follow. The Senate would soon grant him the name Augustus and the title \"imperator\", and he would soon be formally elected as \"pontifex maximus\", chief priest of the official cults. Marcus made some show of resistance: the biographer writes that he was 'compelled' to take imperial power. This may have been a genuine \"horror imperii\", 'fear of imperial power'. Marcus, with his preference for the philosophic life, found the imperial office unappealing. His training as a Stoic however, had made the choice clear to him that it was his duty. Although Marcus showed no personal affection for Hadrian (sign"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "ificantly, he does not thank him in the first book of his \"Meditations\"), he presumably believed it his duty to enact the man's succession plans. Thus, although the Senate planned to confirm Marcus alone, he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers. The Senate accepted, granting Lucius the \"imperium\", the tribunician power, and the title Augustus. Marcus became, in official titulature, Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; Lucius, forgoing his name Commodus and taking Marcus's family name Verus, became Imperator Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus. It was the first time that Rome was ruled by two emperors. In spite of their nominal equality, Marcus held more \"auctoritas\", or 'authority', than Lucius. He had been consul once more than Lucius, he had shared in Antoninus's rule, and he alone was \"pontifex maximus\". It would have been clear to the public which emperor was the more senior. As the biographer wrote: \"Verus obeyed Marcus [...] as a lieutenant obeys a proconsul or a governor obeys the emperor\". Immediately after their Senate confirmation, the emperors proceeded to the Castra Praetoria,"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " the camp of the Praetorian Guard. Lucius addressed the assembled troops, which then acclaimed the pair as \"imperatores\". Then, like every new emperor since Claudius, Lucius promised the troops a special \"donativum\". This donative, however, was twice the size of those past: 20,000 sesterces (5,000 denarii) per capita, with more to officers. In return for this bounty, equivalent to several years' pay, the troops swore an oath to protect the emperors. The ceremony was perhaps not entirely necessary, given that Marcus's accession had been peaceful and unopposed, but it was good insurance against later military troubles. Upon his accession he also devalued the Roman currency. He decreased the silver purity of the denarius from 83.5% to 79% \u2013 the silver weight dropping from to. Antoninus's funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, 'elaborate'. If his funeral followed those of his predecessors, his body would have been cremated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, and his spirit would have been seen as ascending to the gods' home in the heavens. Marcus and Lucius nominated their father for deification. In contrast to their"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " behaviour during Antoninus's campaign to deify Hadrian, the Senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. A \"flamen\", or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified Divus Antoninus. Antoninus's remains were laid to rest in Hadrian's mausoleum, beside the remains of Marcus's children and of Hadrian himself. The temple he had dedicated to his wife, Diva Faustina, became the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda. In accordance with his will, Antoninus's fortune passed on to Faustina. (Marcus had little need of his wife's fortune. Indeed, at his accession, Marcus transferred part of his mother's estate to his nephew, Ummius Quadratus.) Faustina was three months pregnant at her husband's accession. During the pregnancy she dreamed of giving birth to two serpents, one fiercer than the other. On 31 August, she gave birth at Lanuvium to twins: T. Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus. Aside from the fact that the twins shared Caligula's birthday, the omens were favorable, and the"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " astrologers drew positive horoscopes for the children. The births were celebrated on the imperial coinage.</s><s>Emperor.:Early rule. Soon after the emperor's accession, Marcus's eleven-year-old daughter, Annia Lucilla, was betrothed to Lucius (in spite of the fact that he was, formally, her uncle). At the ceremonies commemorating the event, new provisions were made for the support of poor children, along the lines of earlier imperial foundations. Marcus and Lucius proved popular with the people of Rome, who strongly approved of their \"civiliter\" (\"lacking pomp\") behaviour. The emperors permitted free speech, evidenced by the fact that the comedy writer Marullus was able to criticize them without suffering retribution. As the biographer wrote, \"No one missed the lenient ways of Pius\". Marcus replaced a number of the empire's major officials. The \"ab epistulis\" Sextus Caecilius Crescens Volusianus, in charge of the imperial correspondence, was replaced with Titus Varius Clemens. Clemens was from the frontier province of Pannonia and had served in the war in Mauretania. Recently, he had served as procurator of five provinces"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": ". He was a man suited for a time of military crisis. Lucius Volusius Maecianus, Marcus's former tutor, had been prefectural governor of Egypt at Marcus's accession. Maecianus was recalled, made senator, and appointed prefect of the treasury (\"aerarium Saturni\"). He was made consul soon after. Fronto's son-in-law, Gaius Aufidius Victorinus, was appointed governor of Germania Superior. Fronto returned to his Roman townhouse at dawn on 28 March, having left his home in Cirta as soon as news of his pupils' accession reached him. He sent a note to the imperial freedman Charilas, asking if he could call on the emperors. Fronto would later explain that he had not dared to write the emperors directly. The tutor was immensely proud of his students. Reflecting on the speech he had written on taking his consulship in 143, when he had praised the young Marcus, Fronto was ebullient: \"There was then an outstanding natural ability in you; there is now perfected excellence. There was then a crop of growing corn; there is now a ripe, gathered harvest. What I was hoping for then"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": ", I have now. The hope has become a reality\". Fronto called on Marcus alone; neither thought to invite Lucius. Lucius was less esteemed by Fronto than his brother, as his interests were on a lower level. Lucius asked Fronto to adjudicate in a dispute he and his friend Calpurnius were having on the relative merits of two actors. Marcus told Fronto of his reading \u2013 Coelius and a little Cicero \u2013 and his family. His daughters were in Rome with their great-great-aunt Matidia; Marcus thought the evening air of the country was too cold for them. He asked Fronto for'some particularly eloquent reading matter, something of your own, or Cato, or Cicero, or Sallust or Gracchus \u2013 or some poet, for I need distraction, especially in this kind of way, by reading something that will uplift and diffuse my pressing anxieties.' Marcus's early reign proceeded smoothly; he was able to give himself wholly to philosophy and the pursuit of popular affection. Soon, however, he would find he had many anxieties. It would mean the end of the \"felicitas temporum\" ('happy times') that the coinage of 161 had proclaimed. In either autumn 161 or"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " spring 162, the Tiber overflowed its banks, flooding much of Rome. It drowned many animals, leaving the city in famine. Marcus and Lucius gave the crisis their personal attention. In other times of famine, the emperors are said to have provided for the Italian communities out of the Roman granaries. Fronto's letters continued through Marcus's early reign. Fronto felt that, because of Marcus's prominence and public duties, lessons were more important now than they had ever been before. He believed Marcus was 'beginning to feel the wish to be eloquent once more, in spite of having for a time lost interest in eloquence'. Fronto would again remind his pupil of the tension between his role and his philosophic pretensions: 'Suppose, Caesar, that you can attain to the wisdom of Cleanthes and Zeno, yet, against your will, not the philosopher's woolen cape'. The early days of Marcus's reign were the happiest of Fronto's life: Marcus was beloved by the people of Rome, an excellent emperor, a fond pupil, and perhaps most importantly, as eloquent as could be wished. Marcus had displayed rhetorical skill in his speech to the senate after an earthquake at Cyzicus. It had conveyed the drama of"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " the disaster, and the Senate had been awed: \"Not more suddenly or violently was the city stirred by the earthquake than the minds of your hearers by your speech\". Fronto was hugely pleased.</s><s>Emperor.:War with Parthia (161\u2013166). On his deathbed, Antoninus spoke of nothing but the state and the foreign kings who had wronged him. One of those kings, Vologases IV of Parthia, made his move in late summer or early autumn 161. Vologases entered the Kingdom of Armenia (then a Roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own \u2013 Pacorus, an Arsacid like himself. The governor of Cappadocia, the frontline in all Armenian conflicts, was Marcus Sedatius Severianus, a Gaul with much experience in military matters. Convinced by the prophet Alexander of Abonoteichus that he could defeat the Parthians easily and win glory for himself, Severianus led a legion (perhaps the IX Hispana) into Armenia, but was trapped by the great Parthian general Chosrhoes at Elegeia, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, high up past the headwaters of the Euphrates."}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " After Severianus made some unsuccessful efforts to engage Chosrhoes, he committed suicide, and his legion was massacred. The campaign had lasted only three days. There was threat of war on other frontiers as well \u2013 in Britain, and in Raetia and Upper Germany, where the Chatti of the Taunus mountains had recently crossed over the \"limes\". Marcus was unprepared. Antoninus seems to have given him no military experience; the biographer writes that Marcus spent the whole of Antoninus's twenty-three-year reign at his emperor's side and not in the provinces, where most previous emperors had spent their early careers. More bad news arrived: the Syrian governor's army had been defeated by the Parthians, and retreated in disarray. Reinforcements were dispatched for the Parthian frontier. P. Julius Geminius Marcianus, an African senator commanding X Gemina at Vindobona (Vienna), left for Cappadocia with detachments from the Danubian legions. Three full legions were also sent east: I Minervia from Bonn in Upper Germany, II Adiutrix from Aquincum, and V Macedonica from Troesmis. The northern frontiers were"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " strategically weakened; frontier governors were told to avoid conflict wherever possible. M. Annius Libo, Marcus's first cousin, was sent to replace the Syrian governor. His first consulship was in 161, so he was probably in his early thirties, and as a patrician, he lacked military experience. Marcus had chosen a reliable man rather than a talented one. Marcus took a four-day public holiday at Alsium, a resort town on the coast of Etruria. He was too anxious to relax. Writing to Fronto, he declared that he would not speak about his holiday. Fronto replied: 'What? Do I not know that you went to Alsium with the intention of devoting yourself to games, joking, and complete leisure for four whole days?' He encouraged Marcus to rest, calling on the example of his predecessors (Antoninus had enjoyed exercise in the \"palaestra\", fishing, and comedy), going so far as to write up a fable about the gods' division of the day between morning and evening \u2013 Marcus had apparently been spending most of his evenings on judicial matters instead of at leisure. Marcus could not take Fronto's advice. 'I have duties hanging over me that can hardly be begged"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " off', he wrote back. Marcus Aurelius put on Fronto's voice to chastise himself: ''Much good has my advice done you', you will say!' He had rested, and would rest often, but 'this devotion to duty! Who knows better than you how demanding it is!' Fronto sent Marcus a selection of reading material, and, to settle his unease over the course of the Parthian war, a long and considered letter, full of historical references. In modern editions of Fronto's works, it is labeled \"De bello Parthico\" (\"On the Parthian War\"). There had been reverses in Rome's past, Fronto writes, but in the end, Romans had always prevailed over their enemies: 'Always and everywhere [Mars] has changed our troubles into successes and our terrors into triumphs'. Over the winter of 161\u2013162, news that a rebellion was brewing in Syria arrived and it was decided that Lucius should direct the Parthian war in person. He was stronger and healthier than Marcus, the argument went, and thus more suited to military activity. Lucius's biographer suggests ulterior motives: to restrain Lucius's debaucheries, to make him thrifty, to reform his morals by"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " the terror of war, and to realize that he was an emperor. Whatever the case, the senate gave its assent, and, in the summer of 162, Lucius left. Marcus would remain in Rome, as the city 'demanded the presence of an emperor'. Lucius spent most of the campaign in Antioch, though he wintered at Laodicea and summered at Daphne, a resort just outside Antioch. Critics declaimed Lucius's luxurious lifestyle, saying that he had taken to gambling, would 'dice the whole night through', and enjoyed the company of actors. Libo died early in the war; perhaps Lucius had murdered him. In the middle of the war, perhaps in autumn 163 or early 164, Lucius made a trip to Ephesus to be married to Marcus's daughter Lucilla. Marcus moved up the date; perhaps he had already heard of Lucius's mistress Panthea. Lucilla's thirteenth birthday was in March 163; whatever the date of her marriage, she was not yet fifteen. Lucilla was accompanied by her mother Faustina and Lucius's uncle (his father's half-brother) M. Vettulenus Civica Barbarus, who was made \"comes Augusti\", 'companion of the"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " emperors'. Marcus may have wanted Civica to watch over Lucius, the job Libo had failed at. Marcus may have planned to accompany them all the way to Smyrna (the biographer says he told the senate he would), but this did not happen. He only accompanied the group as far as Brundisium, where they boarded a ship for the east. He returned to Rome immediately thereafter, and sent out special instructions to his proconsuls not to give the group any official reception. The Armenian capital Artaxata was captured in 163. At the end of the year, Lucius took the title \"Armeniacus\", despite having never seen combat; Marcus declined to accept the title until the following year. When Lucius was hailed as \"imperator\" again, however, Marcus did not hesitate to take the \"Imperator II\" with him. Occupied Armenia was reconstructed on Roman terms. In 164, a new capital, Kaine Polis ('New City'), replaced Artaxata. A new king was installed: a Roman senator of consular rank and Arsacid descent, Gaius Julius Sohaemus. He may not even have been crowned in Armenia; the ceremony may have taken place in Antioch, or even Ephesus"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": ". Sohaemus was hailed on the imperial coinage of 164 under the legend : Lucius sat on a throne with his staff while Sohaemus stood before him, saluting the emperor. In 163, the Parthians intervened in Osroene, a Roman client in upper Mesopotamia centred on Edessa, and installed their own king on its throne. In response, Roman forces were moved downstream, to cross the Euphrates at a more southerly point. Before the end of 163, however, Roman forces had moved north to occupy Dausara and Nicephorium on the northern, Parthian bank. Soon after the conquest of the north bank of the Euphrates, other Roman forces moved on Osroene from Armenia, taking Anthemusia, a town southwest of Edessa. In 165, Roman forces moved on Mesopotamia. Edessa was re-occupied, and Mannus, the king deposed by the Parthians, was re-installed. The Parthians retreated to Nisibis, but this too was besieged and captured. The Parthian army dispersed in the Tigris. A second force, under Avidius Cassius and the III Gallica, moved down the Euphrates, and"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " fought a major battle at Dura. By the end of the year, Cassius's army had reached the twin metropolises of Mesopotamia: Seleucia on the right bank of the Tigris and Ctesiphon on the left. Ctesiphon was taken and its royal palace set to flame. The citizens of Seleucia, still largely Greek (the city had been commissioned and settled as a capital of the Seleucid Empire, one of Alexander the Great's successor kingdoms), opened its gates to the invaders. The city was sacked nonetheless, leaving a black mark on Lucius's reputation. Excuses were sought, or invented: the official version had it that the Seleucids broke faith first. Cassius's army, although suffering from a shortage of supplies and the effects of a plague contracted in Seleucia, made it back to Roman territory safely. Lucius took the title Parthicus Maximus, and he and Marcus were hailed as \"imperatores\" again, earning the title 'imp. III'. Cassius's army returned to the field in 166, crossing over the Tigris into Media. Lucius took the title 'Medicus', and the emperors were again hailed as \"imperat"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "ores\", becoming 'imp. IV' in imperial titulature. Marcus took the Parthicus Maximus now, after another tactful delay. On 12 October of that year, Marcus proclaimed two of his sons, Annius and Commodus, as his heirs.</s><s>Emperor.:War with Germanic tribes (166\u2013180). During the early 160s, Fronto's son-in-law Victorinus was stationed as a legate in Germany. He was there with his wife and children (another child had stayed with Fronto and his wife in Rome). The condition on the northern frontier looked grave. A frontier post had been destroyed, and it looked like all the peoples of central and northern Europe were in turmoil. There was corruption among the officers: Victorinus had to ask for the resignation of a legionary legate who was taking bribes. Experienced governors had been replaced by friends and relatives of the imperial family. Lucius Dasumius Tullius Tuscus, a distant relative of Hadrian, was in Upper Pannonia, succeeding the experienced Marcus Nonius Macrinus. Lower Pannonia was under the obscure Tiberius Haterius Saturnius. Marcus Servilius Fabianus Maximus was shuffled from Lower Moes"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "ia to Upper Moesia when Marcus Iallius Bassus had joined Lucius in Antioch. Lower Moesia was filled by Pontius Laelianus's son. The Dacias were still divided in three, governed by a praetorian senator and two procurators. The peace could not hold long; Lower Pannonia did not even have a legion. Starting in the 160s, Germanic tribes, and other nomadic people launched raids along the northern border, particularly into Gaul and across the Danube. This new impetus westwards was probably due to attacks from tribes further east. A first invasion by the Chatti in the province of Germania Superior was repulsed in 162. Far more dangerous was the invasion of 166, when the Marcomanni of Bohemia, clients of the Roman Empire since AD 19, crossed the Danube together with the Lombards and other Germanic tribes. Soon thereafter, the Iranian Sarmatian Iazyges attacked between the Danube and the Theiss rivers. The Costoboci, coming from the Carpathian area, invaded Moesia, Macedonia, and Greece. After a long struggle, Marcus managed to push back the invaders. Numerous members of Germanic tribes settled in frontier regions like D"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "acia, Pannonia, Germany, and Italy itself. This was not a new thing, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and Marcomannia, including today's Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. Some Germanic tribes who settled in Ravenna revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. For this reason, Marcus decided not only against bringing more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there.</s><s>Emperor.:Legal and administrative work. Like many emperors, Marcus spent most of his time addressing matters of law such as petitions and hearing disputes, but unlike many of his predecessors, he was already proficient in imperial administration when he assumed power. He took great care in the theory and practice of legislation. Professional jurists called him \"an emperor most skilled in the law\" and \"a most prudent and conscientiously just emperor\". He showed marked interest in three areas of the law: the manumission of slaves, the guardianship of orphans and minors, and the choice of city councillors (\"decuriones\"). Marcus showed a great deal of respect to the Roman Senate and routinely asked them for permission to spend"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " money even though he did not need to do so as the absolute ruler of the Empire. In one speech, Marcus himself reminded the Senate that the imperial palace where he lived was not truly his possession but theirs. In 168, he revalued the denarius, increasing the silver purity from 79% to 82% \u2013 the actual silver weight increasing from. However, two years later he reverted to the previous values because of the military crises facing the empire.</s><s>Emperor.:Legal and administrative work.:Trade with Han China and outbreak of plague. A possible contact with Han China occurred in 166 when a Roman traveller visited the Han court, claiming to be an ambassador representing a certain Andun (Chinese: \u5b89 \u6566), ruler of Daqin, who can be identified either with Marcus or his predecessor Antoninus. In addition to Republican-era Roman glasswares found at Guangzhou along the South China Sea, Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus and perhaps even Marcus have been found at \u00d3c Eo, Vietnam, then part of the Kingdom of Funan near the Chinese province of Jiaozhi (in northern Vietnam). This may have been the port city of Kattigara, described by Ptolemy ("}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "c. 150) as being visited by a Greek sailor named Alexander and lying beyond the Golden Chersonese (i.e. Malay Peninsula). Roman coins from the reigns of Tiberius to Aurelian have been found in Xi'an, China (site of the Han capital Chang'an), although the far greater amount of Roman coins in India suggests the Roman maritime trade for purchasing Chinese silk was centred there, not in China or even the overland Silk Road running through Persia. The Antonine Plague started in Mesopotamia in 165 or 166 at the end of Lucius's campaign against the Parthians. It may have continued into the reign of Commodus. Galen, who was in Rome when the plague spread to the city in 166, mentioned that \"fever, diarrhoea, and inflammation of the pharynx, along with dry or pustular eruptions of the skin after nine days\" were among the symptoms. It is believed that the plague was smallpox. In the view of historian Rafe de Crespigny, the plagues afflicting the Eastern Han empire of China during the reigns of Emperor Huan of Han (r. 146\u2013168) and Emperor Ling of Han (r. 168\u2013"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "189), which struck in 151, 161, 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185, were perhaps connected to the plague in Rome. Raoul McLaughlin writes that the travel of Roman subjects to the Han Chinese court in 166 may have started a new era of Roman\u2013Far East trade. However, it was also a \"harbinger of something much more ominous\". According to McLaughlin, the disease caused \"irreparable\" damage to the Roman maritime trade in the Indian Ocean as proven by the archaeological record spanning from Egypt to India, as well as significantly decreased Roman commercial activity in Southeast Asia.</s><s>Emperor.:Death and succession (180). Marcus Aurelius died at the age of 58 on 17 March 180 of unknown causes in his military quarters either in the city of Vindobona (province of Pannonia Superior, today Vienna) or near of Sirmium (province of Pannonia Inferior, modern Sremska Mitrovica). He was immediately deified and his ashes were returned to Rome, where they rested in Hadrian's mausoleum (modern Castel Sant'Angelo) until the Visigoth sack of the city in 410. His campaigns against Germans and Sarmatians were"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " also commemorated by a column and a temple built in Rome. Some scholars consider his death to be the end of the \"Pax Romana\". Marcus was succeeded by his son Commodus, whom he had named Caesar in 166 and with whom he had jointly ruled since 177. Biological sons of the emperor, if there were any, were considered heirs; however, it was only the second time that a \"non-adoptive\" son had succeeded his father, the only other having been a century earlier when Vespasian was succeeded by his son Titus. Historians have criticized the succession to Commodus, citing Commodus's erratic behaviour and lack of political and military acumen. At the end of his history of Marcus's reign, Cassius Dio wrote an encomium to the emperor, and described the transition to Commodus in his own lifetime with sorrow: [Marcus] did not meet with the good fortune that he deserved, for he was not strong in body and was involved in a multitude of troubles throughout practically his entire reign. But for my part, I admire him all the more for this very reason, that amid unusual and extraordinary difficulties he both survived himself and preserved the empire. Just one thing prevented him from being completely happy, namely, that"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " after rearing and educating his son in the best possible way he was vastly disappointed in him. This matter must be our next topic; for our history now descends from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust, as affairs did for the Romans of that day. Dio adds that from Marcus's first days as counsellor to Antoninus to his final days as emperor of Rome, \"he remained the same [person] and did not change in the least.\" Michael Grant, in \"The Climax of Rome\", writes of Commodus: The youth turned out to be very erratic, or at least so anti-traditional that disaster was inevitable. But whether or not Marcus ought to have known this to be so, the rejections of his son's claims in favour of someone else would almost certainly have involved one of the civil wars which were to proliferate so disastrously around future successions.</s><s>Attitude towards Christians. In the first two centuries of the Christian era, it was local Roman officials who were largely responsible for the persecution of Christians. In the second century, the emperors treated Christianity as a local problem to be dealt with by their subordinates. The number and severity of persecutions of Christians in various locations of the empire seemingly increased during"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The extent to which the emperor himself directed, encouraged, or was aware of these persecutions is unclear and much debated by historians. The early Christian apologist Justin Martyr, includes within his First Apology (written between AD 140 and 150) a letter from Marcus Aurelius to the Roman Senate (prior to his reign) describing a battlefield incident in which Marcus believed Christian prayer had saved his army from thirst when \"water poured from heaven\" after which, \"immediately we recognized the presence of God.\" Marcus goes on to request the Senate desist from earlier courses of Christian persecution by Rome. However, this letter was one of three from Roman emperors included by Martyr, two of which (including the Aurelius letter) are regarded as spurious.</s><s>Marriage and children. Marcus and his cousin-wife Faustina had at least 14 children during their 30-year marriage, including two sets of twins. One son and four daughters outlived their father. Their children included: - Domitia Faustina (147\u2013151) - Titus Aelius Antoninus (149) - Titus Aelius Aurelius (149) - Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150\u2013182), married"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus, then Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, had issue from both marriages - Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born 151), married Gnaeus Claudius Severus, had a son - Tiberius Aelius Antoninus (born 152, died before 156) - Unknown child (died before 158) - Annia Aurelia Fadilla (born 159), married Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus, had issue - Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (born 160), married Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus, had a son - Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161\u2013165), elder twin brother of Commodus - Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (Commodus) (161\u2013192), twin brother of Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later emperor, married Bruttia Crispina, no issue - Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (162\u2013169) - Hadrianus - Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170\u2013 died before 217), married Lucius Antistius Burrus, no issue</s><s>Writings. While on campaign between 170 and 180, Marcus wrote his \"Meditations\" in Greek as"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " a source for his own guidance and self-improvement. The original title of this work, if it had one, is unknown. 'Meditations' \u2013 as well as other titles including 'To Himself' \u2013 were adopted later. He had a logical mind, and his notes were representative of Stoic philosophy and spirituality. \"Meditations\" is still revered as a literary monument to a government of service and duty. George Long's English translation of \"Meditations\" was included in Volume 2 of the \"Harvard Classics\". According to Hays, the book was a favourite of Christina of Sweden, Frederick the Great, John Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, and Goethe, and is admired by modern figures such as Wen Jiabao and Bill Clinton. It has been considered by many commentators to be one of the greatest works of philosophy. It is not known how widely Marcus's writings were circulated after his death. There are stray references in the ancient literature to the popularity of his precepts, and Julian the Apostate was well aware of his reputation as a philosopher, though he does not specifically mention \"Meditations\". It survived in the scholarly traditions of the Eastern Church, and the first surviving quotes of the book, as well as the first known reference of it by name"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " ('Marcus's writings to himself') are from Arethas of Caesarea in the 10th century and in the Byzantine Suda (perhaps inserted by Arethas himself). It was first published in 1558 in Zurich by Wilhelm Xylander (n\u00e9 Holzmann), from a manuscript reportedly lost shortly afterwards. The oldest surviving complete manuscript copy is in the Vatican library and dates to the 14th century.</s><s>Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome is the only Roman equestrian statue which has survived into the modern period. This may be due to it being wrongly identified during the Middle Ages as a depiction of the Christian emperor Constantine the Great, and spared the destruction which statues of pagan figures suffered. Crafted of bronze in circa 175, it stands and is now located in the Capitoline Museums of Rome. The emperor's hand is outstretched in an act of clemency offered to a bested enemy, while his weary facial expression due to the stress of leading Rome into nearly constant battles perhaps represents a break with the classical tradition of sculpture.</s><s>Column of Marcus Aurelius. Marcus's victory column, established in Rome either in his last few years of life or"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " after his reign and completed in 193, was built to commemorate his victory over the Sarmatians and Germanic tribes in 176. A spiral of carved reliefs wraps around the column, showing scenes from his military campaigns. A statue of Marcus had stood atop the column but disappeared during the Middle Ages. It was replaced with a statue of Saint Paul in 1589 by Pope Sixtus V. The column of Marcus and the column of Trajan are often compared by scholars given how they are both Doric in style, had a pedestal at the base, had sculpted friezes depicting their respective military victories, and a statue on top.</s><s>Legacy and reputation. Marcus acquired the reputation of a philosopher king within his lifetime, and the title would remain after his death; both Dio and the biographer call him \"the philosopher\". Christians such as Justin Martyr, Athenagoras, and Eusebius also gave him the title. The latter went so far as to call him \"more philanthropic and philosophic\" than Antoninus and Hadrian, and set him against the persecuting emperors Domitian and Nero to make the contrast bolder. The historian Herodian wrote:Alone of the emperors, he gave proof of"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " his learning not by mere words or knowledge of philosophical doctrines but by his blameless character and temperate way of life. Iain King explains that Marcus's legacy was tragic: [The emperor's] Stoic philosophy \u2013 which is about self-restraint, duty, and respect for others \u2013 was so abjectly abandoned by the imperial line he anointed on his death.</s><s>In popular culture. - Dilip Kumar played a fictionalized version of Marcus Aurelius in the 1958 Hindi movie \"Yahudi\". - In the 1964 epic drama \"The Fall of The Roman Empire\", Alec Guinness portrays Marcus Aurelius. The film is noteworthy for using quotes from \"Meditations\". - In \"Twin Peaks\", the final episode of season 2 (1991), \"Beyond Life and Death\", in the bank vault Marcus Aurelius is quoted (praising Audrey's civil disobedience): \"Waste no time arguing what a good man should be. Be one.\" - In the 2000 film \"Gladiator\", Richard Harris portrays Marcus Aurelius as a mentor to the main character. - In the 2017 docu-drama miniseries \"Roman Empire\", John Bach portrays Marcus Aurelius.</s><s>See also. - List of Roman emperors</s>"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "<s>Citations. All citations to the \"Historia Augusta\" are to individual biographies, and are marked with a \"HA\". Citations to the works of Fronto are cross-referenced to C.R. Haines's Loeb edition.</s><s>Bibliography.</s><s>Bibliography.:Ancient. - Aristides, Aelius. \"Orationes\" (in Latin). - Victor, Aurelius. \"De Caesaribus\" (in Latin). - Dio, Cassius. \"Roman History\" (in Greek). - \"Digest\" (in Latin). - Epiphanius of Salamis. \"On Weights and Measures\" (in Latin). - Fronto, Marcus Cornelius. \"The Correspondence of Marcus Cornelius Fronto: With Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Lucius Verus, Antoninus Pius, and Various Friends\" (in Latin). - Gellius, Aulus. \"Noctes Atticae\" (\"Attic Nights\"). - Herodian. \"Ab Excessu Divi Marci\" (\"History of the Roman Empire from the Death of Marcus Aurelius\", in Latin). - Lucian. - Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. \"Meditations\"."}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " - \"Scriptores Historiae Augustae\" (Authors of the Historia Augusta). \"Historia Augusta\" (\"Augustan History\"). - Themistius. \"Orationes\" (in Latin).</s><s>Bibliography.:Modern. - Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Jancie J.; Lo Upshur, Jiu-Hwa; Whitters, Mark F. \"Encyclopedia of World History, Ackerman-Schroeder-Terry-Hwa Lo, 2008: Encyclopedia of World History\". New York: Facts on File, 2008.. - Adams, Geoff W. \"Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and Beyond\". Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013.. - An, Jiayao. 'When Glass Was Treasured in China'. Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds), \"Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road\", 79\u201394. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2002.. - Astarita, Maria L. \"Avidio Cassio\" (in Italian). Rome: Edizione di Storia e Letteratura, 1983.. - Ball"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": ", Warwick. \"Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire\", 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2016.. - Barnes, Timothy D. 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus'. \"Journal of Roman Studies\" 57:1\u20132 (1967): 65\u201379... - Barnes, Timothy D. 'Legislation against the Christians'. Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 58 (1968): 32\u201350... - Barnes, Timothy D. 'Some Persons in the Historia Augusta', \"Phoenix\" 26:2 (1972): 140\u2013182... - Birley, Anthony R. \"Marcus Aurelius: a biography\". London: Routledge, 1966, rev. 1987.. - Birley, Anthony R. 'Hadrian to the Antonines'. In \"The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 11, The High Empire, AD 70\u2013192\", edited by Alan Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, 132\u2013194. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.. - Bowman, John L. \"A Reference Guide to Stoicism\". Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2014.. - Bury, John Bagnell. \"The Student's Roman Empire: A History of the"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " Roman Empire from Its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C.\u2013180 A.D.)\". New York: Harper, 1893.. - Champlin, Edward. 'The Chronology of Fronto'. \"Journal of Roman Studies\" 64 (1974): 136\u2013159... - Champlin, Edward. \"Fronto and Antonine Rome\". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.. - Collins, Desmond. \"Background to Archaeology: Britain in its European Setting\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive, 1973.. - De Crespigny, Rafe. \"A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23\u2013220 AD)\". Boston: Brill, 2007.. - Duncan-Jones, Richard. \"Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.. - 'Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius'. Musei Capitolini. - Gagarin, Michael. \"The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. Volume 7, Temples \u2013 Zoology\". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.. - Giacosa, Giorgio. \"Women of the Caesars: their lives and portraits on coins\". Translated from"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " Italian by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta, 1977.. - Gilliam, J. F. 'The Plague under Marcus Aurelius'. \"American Journal of Philology\" 82.3 (1961): 225\u2013251... - Gnecchi, Francesco. \"I medaglioni Romani\", 3 Vols, Milan, 1912.. - Grant, Michael. \"The Antonines: the Roman Empire in transition\". London: Routledge, 2016.. - Grant, Michael. \"The Climax Of Rome\". London: Orion, 2011.. - Haas, Charles. The Antonine plague (in French). \"Bulletin de l'Acad\u00e9mie Nationale de M\u00e9decine\". Acad\u00e9mie nationale de m\u00e9decine. 190 (2006): 1093\u20131098.. - Hadot, Pierre. \"The inner citadel: the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius\". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.. - Hays, Gregory. \"Meditations\". London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003.. - - Irvine, William B. \"A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " Stoic Joy\". Oxford University Press, 2009.. - Kemezis, Adam M. \"Greek Narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans: Cassius Dio, Philostratus and Herodian\". Cambridge University Press, 2014.. - Kleiner, Fred S. \"Gardner's art through the ages. Volume II: the western perspective\". Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2008.. - Le Bohec, Yann. \"The Imperial Roman Army\". Routledge, 2013.. - Levick, Barbara M. \"Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age\". New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.. - Magill, Frank N. \"Dictionary of World Biography\". London: Routledge, 2003.. - Mattingly, Harold; Sydenham, Edward A. \"The Roman imperial coinage. Vol. III, Antoninus Pius to Commodus\". London: Spink & Son, 1930.. - Mellor, Ronald, review of Edward Champlin's \"Fronto and Antonine Rome\", \"American Journal of Philology\" 103:4 (1982). - Merrony, Mark. \"The Plight of Rome in the Fifth"}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " Century AD\". London: Routledge, 2017.. - McLaughlin, Raoul. \"Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India, and China\". London & New York: Continuum, 2010.. - McLynn, Frank. \"Marcus Aurelius: A Life\". New York: Da Capo Press, 2009.. - McLynn, Frank. \"Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor\". London: Bodley Head, 2009.. - Millar, Fergus. \"The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.\u2013A.D. 337\". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.. - Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. 'The Roman Empire as Known to Han China'. \"Journal of the American Oriental Society\", 1999. 119 (1)... - Reed, J. Eugene. \"The Lives of the Roman Emperors and Their Associates from Julius C\u00e6sar (B.C. 100) to Agustulus (A.D. 476)\". Philadelphia, PA: Gebbie & Company, 1883. - Robertson, D. \""}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": "How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius\". New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019. - Rohrbacher, David. \"The Play of Allusion in the Historia Augusta\". Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016.. - S\u00e1nchez, Jorge Pisa. \"Breve historia de Hispania: La fascinante historia de Hispania, desde Viriato hasta el esplendor con los emperadores Trajano y Adriano. Los protagonistas, la cultura, la religi\u00f3n y el desarrollo econ\u00f3mico y social de una de las provincias m\u00e1s ricas del Imperio romano\" [\"Brief history of Hispania: the fascinating history of Hispania, from Viriato to the splendor with the Emperors Trajan and Hadrian. The protagonists, culture, religion, and the economic and social development of one of the richest provinces of the Roman Empire\"]. (in Spanish) Ediciones Nowtilus S.L., 2010.. - Stephens, William O. \"Marcus Aurelius: A Guide for the Perplexed\"."}, {"title": "Marcus Aurelius", "text": " London: Continuum, 2012.. - Stertz, Stephen A. 'Marcus Aurelius as Ideal Emperor in Late-Antique Greek Thought'. \"The Classical World\" 70:7 (1977): 433\u2013439... - Syme, Ronald. 'The Ummidii'. \"Historia\" 17:1 (1968): 72\u2013105.. - Van Ackeren, Marcel. \"A Companion to Marcus Aurelius\". New York: Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2012... - Young, Gary K. \"Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC \u2013 AD 305\". London: Routledge, 2003.. - Y\u00fc, Ying-shih. 'Han Foreign Relations', in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds), \"The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC\u2013AD 220\", 377\u2013462. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986..</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Marcus Aurelius", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000445", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of George VI.", "docs": [{"title": "George VI", "text": "<s>George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 \u2013 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of India from 1936 until the British Raj was dissolved in August 1947, and the first Head of the Commonwealth following the London Declaration of 1949. The future George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria; he was named Albert at birth after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort, and was known as \"Bertie\" to his family and close friends. His father ascended the throne as George V in 1910. As the second son of the king, Albert was not expected to inherit the throne. He spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Prince Edward, the heir apparent. Albert attended naval college as a teenager and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War. In 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. In the mid-1920s, he engaged speech therapist Lionel Logue to treat his stammer, which he learned"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " to manage to some degree. His elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII after their father died in 1936, but Edward abdicated later that year to marry the twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. As heir presumptive to Edward VIII, Albert thereby became the third monarch of the House of Windsor, taking the regnal name George VI. In September 1939, the British Empire and most Commonwealth countries\u2014but not Ireland\u2014declared war on Nazi Germany. War with the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. George VI was seen as sharing the hardships of the common people and his popularity soared. Buckingham Palace was bombed during the Blitz while the King and Queen were there, and his younger brother the Duke of Kent was killed on active service. George became known as a symbol of British determination to win the war. Britain and its allies were victorious in 1945, but the British Empire declined. Ireland had largely broken away, followed by the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 and instead adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by smoking-related health problems in the later years of his reign and died of a coronary thromb"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": "osis in 1952. He was succeeded by his elder daughter, Elizabeth II.</s><s>Early life. Albert was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was Prince George, Duke of York (later King George V), the second and only surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother, the Duchess of York (later Queen Mary), was the eldest child and only daughter of Francis, Duke of Teck, and Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck. His birthday, 14 December 1895, was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been \"rather distressed\". Two days later, he wrote again: \"I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name \"Albert\" to her.\" The Queen was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: \"I am all impatience to see the \"new\""}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good.\" Consequently, he was baptised \"Albert Frederick Arthur George\" at St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham on 17 February 1896. Formally he was His Highness Prince Albert of York; within the royal family he was known informally as \"Bertie\". The Duchess of Teck did not like the first name her grandson had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name \"may supplant the less favoured one\". Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth, after his grandfather, father and elder brother, Edward. Albert was ill often and was described as \"easily frightened and somewhat prone to tears\". His parents were generally removed from their children's day-to-day upbringing, as was the norm in aristocratic families of that era. He had a stammer that lasted for many years. Although naturally left-handed, he was forced to write with his right hand, as was common practice at the time. He had chronic stomach problems as well as knock knees, for which he was forced to wear painful corrective splints"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": ". Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII. Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother.</s><s>Military career and education. Beginning in 1909, Albert attended the Royal Naval College, Osborne, as a naval cadet. In 1911 he came bottom of the class in the final examination, but despite this he progressed to the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. When his grandfather Edward VII died in 1910, his father became King George V. Prince Edward became Prince of Wales, with Albert second in line to the throne. Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard on 15 September 1913. He spent three months in the Mediterranean, but never overcame his seasickness. Three weeks after the outbreak of World War I he was medically evacuated from the ship to Aberdeen, where his appendix was removed by Sir John Marnoch. He was mentioned in dispatches for his actions as a turret officer aboard \"Collingwood\" in the Battle of Jutland (31 May \u2013 1 June 1916), the great naval battle of the war. He did not see further"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917. In February 1918 Albert was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He served as Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting for duty on the staff of the RAF's Cadet Brigade at St Leonards-on-Sea and then at Shorncliffe. He completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the British royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. Albert wanted to serve on the Continent while the war was still in progress and welcomed a posting to General Trenchard's staff in France. On 23 October, he flew across the Channel to Autigny. For the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as an RAF staff officer until posted"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " back to Britain. He accompanied King Albert I of Belgium on his triumphal re-entry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and was promoted to squadron leader the following day. In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year, with the historian R. V. Laurence as his \"official mentor\". On 4 June 1920 his father created him Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney. He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the \"Industrial Prince\". His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with a tendency to shyness, caused him to appear less confident in public than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. He developed an interest in working conditions, and was president of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.</s><s>"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": "Marriage. In a time when royalty were expected to marry fellow royalty, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Lady Loughborough came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore. He became determined to marry her. Elizabeth rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Strathmore, Albert would be \"made or marred\" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him. Albert and Elizabeth were married on 26 April 1923 in Westminster Abbey. Albert's marriage to someone not of royal birth was considered a modernising gesture. The newly formed British Broadcasting Company wished to record and broadcast the event on radio, but the Abbey Chapter vetoed the idea (although the Dean, Herbert Edward Ryle, was in favour). From December 1924 to April 1925,"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " the Duke and Duchess toured Kenya, Uganda, and the Sudan, travelling via the Suez Canal and Aden. During the trip, they both went big-game hunting. Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, Albert opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire with the Duchess in 1927. Their journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took them via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, Bertrand Clark, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races. The Duke and Duchess had two children: Elizabeth (called \"Lilibet\" by the family, and the future Elizabeth II) who was born in 1926, and Margaret who was born in 1930. The close family lived at White Lodge, Richmond Park, and then at 145 Piccadilly,"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " rather than one of the royal palaces. In 1931, the Canadian prime minister, R. B. Bennett, considered Albert for Governor General of Canada\u2014a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.</s><s>Reluctant king. King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward, saying \"After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months\" and \"I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne.\" On 20 January 1936, George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII. In the Vigil of the Princes, Prince Albert and his three brothers (the new king, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Prince George, Duke of Kent) took a shift standing guard over their father's body as it lay in state, in a closed casket, in Westminster Hall. As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward abdicated in order to marry Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " prime minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. He abdicated and Albert, though he had been reluctant to accept the throne, became king. The day before the abdication, Albert went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, \"When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child.\" On the day of Edward's abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth. Across Britain, gossip spread that Albert was physically and psychologically incapable of being king. No evidence has been found to support the contemporaneous rumour that the government considered bypassing him, his children and his brother Prince Henry, in favour of their younger brother Prince George, Duke of Kent. This seems to have been suggested on the grounds that"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " Prince George was at that time the only brother with a son.</s><s>Early reign. Albert assumed the regnal name \"George VI\" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as \"His Royal Highness Prince Edward\" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession, Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including \"Royal Highness\". In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title \"Duke of Windsor\" with the style \"Royal Highness\", but the letters patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to him automatically. Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter. George VI's coronation at Westminster Abbey took place on 12 May 1937, the date"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, his mother Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the Government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal party would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war. The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support British prime minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. When the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe George's behaviour in associ"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": "ating himself so prominently with a politician as \"the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century\". In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States; it was the first visit of a reigning British monarch to North America, although George had been to Canada prior to his accession. From Ottawa, George and Elizabeth were accompanied by Canadian prime minister Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. Both Mackenzie King and the Canadian governor general, Lord Tweedsmuir, hoped that George's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave royal assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote \"the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality\" and George gave a speech emphasising \"the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth\". The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public. The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor was dispelled. They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. A strong bond of friendship was forged between Roosevelt and the royal couple during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.</s><s>Second World War. Following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the United Kingdom and the self-governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany. The King and Queen resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the couple narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, Elizabeth declared: \""}, {"title": "George VI", "text": "I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face.\" The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to British rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, the Duke of Kent, was killed on active service. In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as prime minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed \"the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister\". Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness. George related much of what the two discussed in his diary, which is the only extant first-hand account of these conversations. Throughout the war, George and Elizabeth provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. George"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, he thought Montgomery was after his job. George replied: \"You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!\" In 1945, crowds shouted \"We want the King!\" in front of Buckingham Palace during the Victory in Europe Day celebrations. In an echo of Chamberlain's appearance, the King invited Churchill to appear with the royal family on the balcony to public acclaim. In January 1946, George addressed the United Nations at its first assembly, which was held in London, and reaffirmed \"our faith in the equal rights of men and women and of nations great and small\".</s><s>Empire to Commonwealth. George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent Dominions of India and Pakistan in August 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In late April 1949, the Commonwealth leaders issued the London Declaration, which laid the foundation of the modern Commonwealth and recognised George as Head of the Commonwealth. In January 1950, he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic. He remained King of Pakistan until his death. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949. In 1947, George and his family toured southern Africa. The prime minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as \"the Gestapo\". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation."}, {"title": "George VI", "text": "</s><s>Illness and death. The stress of the war had taken its toll on George's health, made worse by his heavy smoking, and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and Buerger's disease. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after George suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949. His elder daughter and heir presumptive, Elizabeth, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Princess Elizabeth and her husband, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. George was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 4 June it was announced that he would need immediate and complete rest for the next four weeks, despite the arrival of Haakon VII of Norway the following afternoon for an official visit. On 23 September 1951, he underwent a surgical operation where his entire left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Elizabeth and Philip went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " due to George's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds, read the King's speech from the throne. The King's Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together. On 31 January 1952, despite advice from those close to him, George went to London Airport to see Elizabeth and Philip off on their tour to Australia via Kenya. It was his last public appearance. Six days later, at 07:30 GMT on the morning of 6 February, he was found dead in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk. He had died in the night from a coronary thrombosis at the age of 56. His daughter flew back to Britain from Kenya as Queen Elizabeth II. From 9 February George's coffin rested in St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St George's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter,"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him. In 2022, the remains of Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Prince Philip, were also interred in the chapel.</s><s>Legacy. In the words of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did \"more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda\". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed \"a rocking throne\" and tried \"to make it steady again\". He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign, his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy. The George Cross and the George Medal were founded at the King's suggestion during the Second World War to recognise acts of exceptional civilian bravery. He bestowed the George Cross on the entire \"island fortress of Malta\" in 1943. He was posthumously awarded the Order of Liberation by the French government in 1960, one of only two people (the other being Churchill in 1958) to be awarded the"}, {"title": "George VI", "text": " medal after 1946. Colin Firth won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as George VI in the 2010 film \"The King's Speech\".</s><s>Honours and arms.</s><s>Honours and arms.:Arms. As Duke of York, Albert bore the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure\u2014a difference earlier awarded to his father, George V, when he was Duke of York, and then later awarded to his grandson Prince Andrew, Duke of York. As king, he bore the royal arms undifferenced.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:General and cited sources. - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "George VI", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000446", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Richard Burton.", "docs": [{"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "<s>Richard Burton Richard Burton (; born Richard Walter Jenkins Jr.; 10 November 1925 \u2013 5 August 1984) was a Welsh actor. Noted for his mellifluous baritone voice, Burton established himself as a formidable Shakespearean actor in the 1950s, and gave a memorable performance as Hamlet in 1964. He was called \"the natural successor to Olivier\" by critic Kenneth Tynan. Burton's perceived failure to live up to those expectations disappointed some critics and colleagues; his heavy drinking added to his image as a great performer who had wasted his talent. Nevertheless, he is widely regarded as one of the finest actors of his generation. Burton was nominated for an Academy Award seven times, but never won. He was nominated for his performances in \"My Cousin Rachel\" (1952), \"The Robe\" (1953), \"Becket\" (1964), \"The Spy Who Came In from the Cold\" (1965), \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" (1966), \"Anne of the Thousand Days\" (1969), and \"Equus\" (1977). He received numerous accolades including a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Grammy Award. He received the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " King Arthur in the Lerner and Loewe musical \"Camelot\" (1960). In the mid-1960s, Burton became a top box office star. By the late 1960s, he was one of the highest-paid actors in the world, receiving fees of $1 million or more plus a share of the gross receipts. Burton remained closely associated in the public mind with his second wife, Elizabeth Taylor. The couple's turbulent relationship, married twice and divorced twice, was rarely out of the news.</s><s>Early life.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood. Burton was born Richard Walter Jenkins Jr. on 10 November 1925 in a house at 2 Dan-y-bont in Pontrhydyfen, Glamorgan, Wales. He was the twelfth of thirteen children born into the Welsh-speaking family of Richard Walter Jenkins Sr. (1876\u20131957), and Edith Maude Jenkins (n\u00e9e Thomas; 1883\u20131927). Jenkins Sr., called Daddy Ni by the family, was a coal miner, while his mother worked as a barmaid at a pub called the Miner's Arms in the village of Pontrhydyfen, where she met and married her husband. According to biographer Melvyn Bragg"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": ", Richard is quoted saying that Daddy Ni was a \"twelve-pints-a-day man\" who sometimes went off on drinking and gambling sprees for weeks, and that \"he looked very much like me\". He remembered his mother to be \"a very strong woman\" and \"a religious soul with fair hair and a beautiful face\". Richard was barely two years old when his mother died on 31 October, six days after the birth of Graham, the family's thirteenth child. Edith's death was a result of postpartum infections; Richard believed it occurred because of \"hygiene neglect\". According to biographer Michael Munn, Edith \"was fastidiously clean\", but her exposure to the dust from the coal mines resulted in her death. Following Edith's death, Richard's elder sister Cecilia, whom he affectionately addressed as \"Cis\", and her husband Elfed James, also a miner, took him under their care. Richard lived with Cis, Elfed and their two daughters, Marian and Rhianon, in their three bedroom terraced cottage on 73 Caradoc Street, Taibach, a suburban district in Port Talbot, which Bragg describes as \"a tough steel town, English-speaking,"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " grind and grime\". Richard remained forever grateful and loving to Cis throughout his life, later going on to say: \"When my mother died she, my sister, had become my mother, and more mother to me than any mother could ever have been\u00a0... I was immensely proud of her\u00a0... she felt all tragedies except her own\". Daddy Ni would occasionally visit the homes of his grown daughters but was otherwise absent. Another important figure in Richard's early life was Ifor, his brother, 19 years his senior. A miner and rugby union player, Ifor \"ruled the household with the proverbial firm hand\". He was also responsible for nurturing a passion for rugby in young Richard. Although Richard also played cricket, tennis, and table tennis, biographer Bragg notes rugby union football to be his greatest interest. On rugby, Richard said he \"would rather have played for Wales at Cardiff Arms Park than Hamlet at The Old Vic\". The Welsh rugby union centre, Bleddyn Williams believed Richard \"had distinct possibilities as a player\". From the age of five to eight, Richard was educated at the Eastern Primary School while he attended the Boys' segment of the same school from eight to twelve years old. He took a scholarship exam for admission into Port Talbot"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " Secondary School in March 1937 and passed it. Biographer Hollis Alpert notes that both Daddy Ni and Ifor considered Richard's education to be \"of paramount importance\" and planned to send him to the University of Oxford. Richard became the first member of his family to go to secondary school. He displayed an excellent speaking and singing voice since childhood, even winning an eisteddfod prize as a boy soprano. During his tenure at Port Talbot Secondary School, Richard also showed immense interest in reading poetry as well as English and Welsh literature. He earned pocket money by running messages, hauling horse manure, and delivering newspapers.</s><s>Early life.:Philip Burton years. Richard was bolstered by winning the Eisteddfod Prize and wanted to repeat his success. He chose to sing Sir Arthur Sullivan's \"Orpheus with his Lute\" (1866), which biographer Alpert thought \"a difficult composition\". He requested the help of his schoolmaster, Philip Burton, but his voice cracked during their practice sessions. This incident marked the beginning of his association with Philip. Philip later recalled, \"His voice was tough to begin with but with constant practice it became memorably beautiful.\" Richard made his first foray into theatre with a minor role in his"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " school's production of the Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw's \"The Apple Cart\". He decided to leave school by the end of 1941 and work as a miner as Elfed was not fit, owing to illness. He worked for the local wartime Co-operative committee, handing out supplies in exchange for war-time ration-coupons. He also simultaneously considered other professions for his future, including boxing, religion and singing. It was also during this period that Richard took up smoking and drinking despite being underage. When he joined the Port Talbot Squadron 499 of the Air Training Corps section of the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a cadet, he re-encountered Philip, who was the squadron commander. He also joined the Taibach Youth Centre, a youth drama group founded by Meredith Jones and led by Leo Lloyd, a steel worker and avid amateur thespian, who taught him the fundamentals of acting. Richard played the role of an escaped convict in Lloyd's play, \"The Bishop's Candlesticks\", an adaptation of a section of Victor Hugo's \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\". The play did not have any dialogue, but Alpert noted that Richard \"mimed his role\". Philip gave him a part in a radio documentary/adapt"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "ation of his play for BBC Radio, \"Youth at the Helm\" (1942). Seeing the talent Richard possessed, both Jones and Philip re-admitted him to school on 5 October 1942. Philip tutored his charge intensely in school subjects, and also worked at developing the youth's acting voice, including outdoor voice drills which improved his projection. Richard called the experience \"the most hardworking and painful period\" in his life. Philip called Richard \"my son to all intents and purposes. I was committed to him\", while Burton later wrote of Philip, \"I owe him everything\". In autumn of 1943, Philip planned to adopt Richard, but was not able to do so as he was 20 days too young to be 21 years older than his ward, a legal requirement. As a result, Richard became Philip's legal ward and changed his surname to \"Richard Burton\", after Philip's own surname, by means of deed poll, which Richard's father accepted. It was also in 1943 that Richard qualified for admission into a university after excelling in the School Certificate Examination. Philip requested Richard to study at Exeter College, Oxford, as a part of a six-month scholarship programme offered by the RAF for qualified cadets prior to active service.</s><s>Career"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": ".</s><s>Career.:Early career and service in the RAF (1943\u20131947). In 1943, Burton played Professor Henry Higgins in a school production of another Shaw play directed by Philip, \"Pygmalion\". The role won him favourable reviews and caught the attention of the dramatist, Emlyn Williams, who offered Burton a small role of the lead character's elder brother, Glan, in his play \"The Druid's Rest\". The play debuted at the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool on 22 November 1943, and later premiered in St Martin's Theatre, London in January 1944. Burton thought the role was \"a nothing part\" and that he \"hardly spoke at all\". He was paid ten pounds a week for playing the role (), which was \"three times what the miners got\". Alpert states that the play garnered mixed critical reviews, but James Redfern of the \"New Statesman\" took notice of Burton's performance and wrote: \"In a wretched part, Richard Burton showed exceptional ability.\" Burton noted that single sentence from Redfern changed his life. During his tenure at Exeter College, part of Oxford University, Burton featured as \"the complicated sex-driven puritan\" Angelo in the Oxford University Dramatic Society's 1944 production"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " of William Shakespeare's \"Measure for Measure\". The play was directed by Burton's English literature professor, Nevill Coghill, and was performed at the college in the presence of additional contributors to West End theatre including John Gielgud, Terence Rattigan and Binkie Beaumont. On Burton's performance, fellow actor and friend, Robert Hardy recalled, \"There were moments when he totally commanded the audience by this stillness. And the voice which would sing like a violin and with a bass that could shake the floor.\" Gielgud appreciated Burton's performance and Beaumont, who knew about Burton's work in \"The Druid's Rest\", suggested that he \"look him up\" after completing his service in the RAF if he still wanted to pursue acting as a profession. In late 1944, Burton successfully completed his six-month scholarship at Exeter College, Oxford, and went to the RAF classification examinations held in Torquay to train as a pilot. He was disqualified for pilot training because his eyesight was below par, and was classified as a navigator trainee. He served the RAF as navigator for three years, during which he performed an assignment as Aircraftman 1st Class in a Wiltshire-based RAF Hospital and was"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " posted to the RAF base in Carberry, Manitoba, Canada, to work as an instructor. Burton's habits of drinking and smoking increased during this period; he was involved in a brief casual affair with actress Eleanor Summerfield. Burton was cast in an uncredited and unnamed role of a bombing officer by BBC Third Programme in a 1946 radio adaptation of \"In Parenthesis\", an epic poem of the First World War by David Jones. Burton was discharged from the RAF on 16 December 1947.</s><s>Career.:Rise through the ranks and film debut (1948\u20131951). In 1948, Burton moved to London to make contact with H. M. Tennent Ltd., where he again met Beaumont, who put him under a contract of \u00a3500 per year (\u00a310 a week). Daphne Rye, the casting director for H. M. Tennent Ltd., offered Burton rooms on the top floor of her house in Pelham Crescent, London as a place for him to stay. Rye cast Burton in a minor role as a young officer, Mr. Hicks, in \"Castle Anna\" (1948), a drama set in Ireland. While touring with the cast and crew members of Wynyard Browne's \"Dark Summer\", Burton was called by Emlyn"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " Williams for a screen test for his film, \"The Last Days of Dolwyn\" (1949). Burton performed the screen test for the role of Gareth, which Williams wrote especially for him, and was subsequently selected when Williams sent him a telegram that quoted a line from \"The Corn Is Green\" \u2014 \"You have won the scholarship.\" This led to Burton making his mainstream film debut. Filming took place during the summer and early autumn months of 1948. It was on the sets of this film that Burton was introduced by Williams to Sybil Williams, whom he married on 5 February 1949 at a register office in Kensington. \"The Last Days of Dolwyn\" opened to generally positive critical reviews. Burton was praised for his \"acting fire, manly bearing and good looks\" and film critic Philip French of \"The Guardian\" called it an \"impressive movie debut\". After marrying Sybil, Burton moved into a flat at 6 Lyndhurst Road, Hampstead NW3, where he lived from 1949 to 1956. Pleased with the feedback Burton received for his performance in \"The Last Days of Dolwyn\", the film's co-producer Alexander Korda offered him a contract at a stipend of \u00a3100 a week (), which he signed. The contract"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " enabled Korda to lend Burton to films produced by other companies. Throughout the late 1940s and early 50s, Burton acted in small parts in various British films such as \"Now Barabbas\" (1949) with Richard Greene and Kathleen Harrison, \"The Woman with No Name\" (1950) opposite Phyllis Calvert, and \"Waterfront\" (1950) with Harrison. Burton had a bigger part as Robert Hammond, a spy for a newspaper editor in \"Green Grow the Rushes\" (1951) alongside Honor Blackman. His performance in \"Now Barabbas\" received positive feedback from critics. C. A. Lejeune of \"The Observer\" believed Burton had \"all the qualities of a leading man that the British film industry badly needs at this juncture: youth, good looks, a photogenic face, obviously alert intelligence and a trick of getting the maximum effort with the minimum of fuss.\" For \"The Woman With No Name\", a critic from \"The New York Times\" thought Burton \"merely adequate\" in his role of the Norwegian aviator, Nick Chamerd. Biographer Bragg states the reviews for Burton's performance in \"Waterfront\" were \"not bad\", and that \"Green Grow the Rushes"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "\" was a box office bomb. Rye recommended Richard to director Peter Glenville for the part of Hephaestion in Rattigan's play about Alexander the Great, \"Adventure Story\", in 1949. The play was directed by Glenville and starred the then up-and-coming actor Paul Scofield as the titular character. Glenville, however, rejected him as he felt that Burton was too short compared to Scofield. Rye came to the rescue again by sending Burton to audition for a role in \"The Lady's Not for Burning\", a play by Christopher Fry and directed by Gielgud. The lead roles were played by Gielgud himself, and Pamela Brown, while Burton played a supporting role as Richard alongside the then-relatively unknown actress Claire Bloom. Gielgud was initially uncertain about selecting Burton and asked him to come back the following day to repeat his audition. Burton got the part the second time he auditioned for the role. He was paid \u00a315 a week for the part, which was five more than what Beaumont was paying him. After getting the part, he pushed for a raise in his salary from \u00a310 to \u00a330 a week with Williams' assistance, in addition to the \u00a3100 Korda paid him"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "; Beaumont accepted it after much persuasion. Bloom was impressed with Burton's natural way of acting, noting that \"he just was\" and went further by saying \"He was recognisably a star, a fact he didn't question.\" The play opened at the Globe Theatre in May 1949 and had a successful run in London for a year. Writer and journalist Samantha Ellis of \"The Guardian\", in her overview of the play, thought critics found Burton to be \"most authentic\" for his role. Gielgud took the play to Broadway in the United States, where it opened at the Royale Theatre on 8 November 1950. Theatre critic Brooks Atkinson appreciated the performances and praised the play's \"hard glitter of wit and skepticism\", while describing Fry as precocious with \"a touch of genius\". The play ran on Broadway until 17 March 1951, and received the New York Drama Critics' Circle award for the Best Foreign Play of 1951. Burton received the Theatre World Award for his performance, his first major award. Burton went on to feature in two more plays by Fry \u2013 \"The Boy With A Cart\" and \"A Phoenix Too Frequent\". The former opened at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith in February 1950, while the latter premiered at the Dolphin Theatre, Brighton"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " the following month. Gielgud, who also directed \"The Boy With A Cart\", said that Burton's role in the play \"was one of the most beautiful performances\" he had ever seen. During its month-long run, Anthony Quayle, who was on the lookout for a young actor to star as Prince Hal in his adaptations of \"Henry IV, Part I\" and \"Henry IV, Part 2\" as a part of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre season for the Festival of Britain, came to see the play and as soon as he beheld Burton, he found his man and got his agreement to play the parts. Both plays opened in 1951 at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon to mixed reviews, but Burton received acclaim for his role as Prince Hal, with many critics dubbing him \"the next Laurence Olivier\". Theatre critic Kenneth Tynan said of his performance, \"His playing of Prince Hal turned interested speculation to awe almost as soon as he started to speak; in the first intermission local critics stood agape in the lobbies.\" He was also praised by Humphrey Bogart and his wife Lauren Bacall after both saw the play. Bacall later said of him: \"He was just marvellous [...]"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " Bogie loved him. We all did.\" Burton celebrated his success by buying his first car, a Standard Flying Fourteen, and enjoyed a drink with Bogart at a pub called The Dirty Duck. Philip too was happy with the progress his ward made, and felt \"proud, humble, and awed by god's mysterious ways\". Burton went on to perform in \"Henry V\" as the titular character, and played Ferdinand in \"The Tempest\" as a part of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre season as well. Neither role was overwhelmingly received by the critics, with a reviewer saying \"he lacked inches\" as Henry V. Olivier defended Burton by retaliating that he too received the same kind of review by the same critic for the same role. His last play in 1951 was as a musician named Orph\u00e9e in Jean Anouilh's \"Eurydice\" opposite Dorothy McGuire and fellow Welsh actor Hugh Griffith. The play, retitled as \"Legend of Lovers\", opened in the Plymouth Theatre, New York City and ran for only a week, but critics were kind to Burton, with Bob Francis of \"Billboard\" magazine finding him \"excellent as the self-tortured young accordionist\".</s><s>Career.:Hollywood and"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " The Old Vic (1952\u20131954). Burton began 1952 by starring alongside Noel Willman in the title role of Emmanuel Robl\u00e8s adventure \"Montserrat\", which opened on 8 April at the Lyric Hammersmith. The play only ran for six weeks but Burton once again won praises from critics. According to Bragg, some of the critics who watched the performance considered it to be Burton's \"most convincing role\" till then. Tynan lauded Burton's role of Captain Montserrat, noting that he played it \"with a variousness which is amazing when you consider that it is really little more than a protracted exposition of smouldering dismay\". Burton successfully made the transition to Hollywood on the recommendation of film director George Cukor when he was given the lead role in the Gothic romance film, \"My Cousin Rachel\" (1952) opposite Olivia de Havilland. Darryl F. Zanuck, co-founder of 20th Century Fox, negotiated a deal with Korda to loan Burton to the company for three films as well as pay Burton a total of $150,000 ($50,000 per film). De Havilland did not get along well with Burton during filming, calling him \"a coarse-gr"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "ained man with a coarse-grained charm and a talent not completely developed, and a coarse-grained which makes him not like anyone else\". One of Burton's friends opined it may have been because of Burton's making remarks to her that she did not find in good taste. While shooting \"\"My Cousin Rachel,\"\" Burton was offered the role of Mark Antony in \"Julius Caesar\" (1953) by the production company, Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM), but Burton refused it to avoid schedule conflicts. The role subsequently went to Marlon Brando for which he earned a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor and an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Based on the 1951 novel of the same name by Daphne du Maurier, \"My Cousin Rachel\" is about a man who suspects his rich cousin was murdered by his wife in order to inherit his wealth, but ends up falling in love with her, despite his suspicions. Upon release, the film was a decent grosser at the box office, and Burton's performance received mostly excellent reviews. Bosley Crowther, writing for \"The New York Times\", appreciated Burton's emotional performance, describing it as \"most fetching\"; he called him \"the perfect hero of Miss du"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " Maurier's tale\". The \"Los Angeles Daily News\" reviewer stated \"young Burton registers with an intense performance that stamps him as an actor of great potential\". Conversely, a critic from the \"Los Angeles Examiner\" labelled Burton as \"terribly, terribly tweedy\". The film earned Burton the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year\u00a0\u2013 Actor and his first Academy Award nomination in the Best Supporting Actor category. The year 1953 marked an important turning point in Burton's career. He arrived in Hollywood at a time when the studio system was struggling. The rise of television was drawing viewers away and the studios looked to new stars and film technologies to tempt viewers back to cinemas. He first appeared in the war film \"The Desert Rats\" with James Mason, playing an English captain in the North African campaign during World War II who takes charge of a hopelessly out-numbered Australian unit against the indomitable German field marshal, Erwin Rommel, who was portrayed by Mason. The film received generally good reviews from critics in London, although they complained the British contribution to the campaign had been minimised. The critic from \"Variety\" magazine thought Burton was \"excellent\" while \"The New York Times\" reviewer noted his \"electric portrayal of the hero"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "\" made the film look \"more than a plain, cavalier apology\". Burton and Sybil became good friends with Mason and his wife Pamela Mason, and stayed at their residence until Burton returned home to the UK in June 1953 in order to play Prince Hamlet as a part of The Old Vic 1953\u201354 season. This was to be the first time in his career he took up the role. Burton's second and final film of the year was in the Biblical epic historical drama, \"The Robe\", notable for being the first ever motion picture to be made in CinemaScope. He replaced Tyrone Power, who was originally cast in the role of Marcellus Gallio, a noble but decadent Roman military tribune in command of the detachment of Roman soldiers that were involved in crucifying Jesus Christ. Haunted by nightmares of the crucifixion, he is eventually led to his own conversion. Marcellus' Greek slave Demetrius (played by Victor Mature) guides him as a spiritual teacher, and his wife Diana (played by Jean Simmons) follows his lead. The film set a trend for Biblical epics such as \"Ben-Hur\" (1959). Based on Lloyd C. Douglas' 1942 historical novel of the same name, \"The Robe\""}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " was well received at the time of its release, but contemporary reviews have been less favourable. \"Variety\" magazine termed the performances of the lead cast \"effective\" and complemented the fight sequences between Burton and Jeff Morrow. Crowther believed that Burton was \"stalwart, spirited and stern\" as Marcellus. Jonathan Rosenbaum of the \"Chicago Reader\" called \"The Robe\" \"pious claptrap\". The film was a commercial success, grossing $17\u00a0million against a $5\u00a0million budget, and Burton received his second Best Actor nomination at the 26th Academy Awards. Bolstered by \"The Robe\"s box office collections, Zanuck offered Burton a seven-year, seven-picture $1\u00a0million contract (), but he politely turned it down as he was planning to head home to portray \"Hamlet\" at The Old Vic. Zanuck threatened to force Burton into cutting the deal, but the duo managed to come to a compromise when Burton agreed to a less binding contract, also for seven years and seven films at $1\u00a0million, that would begin only after he returned from his stint at The Old Vic's 1953\u201354 season. The incident spread like wildfire and his decision to walk out on a million dollar contract"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " for a stipend of \u00a3150 a week at The Old Vic was met with both appreciation and surprise. Bragg believed Burton defied the studio system with this act when it would have been tantamount to unemployment for him. Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper considered Burton's success in his first three films in Hollywood to be \"the most exciting success story since Gregory Peck's contracts of ten years back\". At a party held at Simmons' residence in Bel Air, Los Angeles to celebrate the success of \"The Robe\", Burton met Elizabeth Taylor for the first time. Taylor, who at the time was married to actor Michael Wilding and was pregnant with their first child, recalled her first impression of Burton being \"rather full of himself. I seem to remember that he never stopped talking, and I had given him the cold fish eye.\" Hamlet was a challenge that both terrified and attracted him, as it was a role many of his peers in the British theatre had undertaken, including Gielgud and Olivier. He shared his anxiety with de Havilland whilst coming to terms with her. Bogart too, didn't make it easy for him when he retorted: \"I never knew a man who played \"Hamlet\" who didn't die broke.\" Notwithstanding,"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " Burton began his thirty-nine-week tenure at The Old Vic by rehearsing for \"Hamlet\" in July 1953, with Philip providing expert coaching on how to make Hamlet's character match Burton's dynamic acting style. Burton reunited with Bloom, who played Ophelia. \"Hamlet\" opened at the Assembly Hall in Edinburgh, Scotland in September 1953 as part of The Old Vic season during the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The play and Burton's Hamlet were, on the whole, well received, with critics describing his interpretation of the character as \"moody, virile and baleful\" and that he had \"dash, attack and verve\". Burton's Hamlet was quite popular with the young audience, who came to watch the play in numbers as they were quite taken with the aggressiveness with which he portrayed the role. Burton also received appreciation from Winston Churchill. Gielgud was not too happy with Burton's Hamlet and asked him while both were backstage: \"Shall I go ahead and wait until you're better?... ah, I mean ready?\" Burton picked up the hint and infused some of Gielgud's traits to his own in later performances as Hamlet. A greater success followed in the form of the Roman General G"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "aius Marcius Coriolanus in \"Coriolanus\". At first, Burton refused to play Coriolanus as he didn't like the character's initial disdain for the poor and the downtrodden. Michael Benthall, who was renowned for his association with Tyrone Guthrie in a 1944 production of \"Hamlet\", sought Philip's help to entice Burton into accepting it. Philip convinced Burton by making him realise that it was Coriolanus' \"lack of ambivalence\" which made him an admirable character. Burton received even better reviews for Coriolanus than Hamlet. Hardy thought Burton's Hamlet was \"too strong\" but that \"His Coriolanus is quite easily the best I've ever seen.\" Olivier too agreed it was the greatest Coriolanus he had ever seen till then. Burton's other roles for the season were Sir Toby Belch in \"Twelfth Night\", Caliban in \"The Tempest\" and Philip of Cognac in \"King John\". All five of Burton's plays were directed by Benthall; three of those plays featured Bloom. While Belch was considered \"disappointing\", owing to Burton's not putting on the proper make-up for the part, his reviews for Caliban and Philip of"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " Cognac were positive. Alpert believed Burton's presence made the 1953\u201354 season of The Old Vic a commercial success. Burton was an ardent admirer of poet Dylan Thomas since his boyhood days. On the poet's death on 9 November 1953, he wrote an essay about him and took the time to do a 1954 BBC Radio play on one of his final works, \"Under Milk Wood\", where he voiced the First Voice in an all-Welsh cast. The entire cast of the radio play, including Burton, did their roles free of charge. Burton reprised his role in the play's 1972 film adaptation with Taylor. Burton was also involved in narrating Lindsay Anderson's short documentary film about The Royal School for the Deaf in Margate, \"Thursday's Children\" (1954).</s><s>Career.:Setback in films and on-stage fame (1955\u20131959). After The Old Vic season ended, Burton's contract with Fox required him to do three more films. The first was \"Prince of Players\" (1955), where he was cast as the 19th-century Shakespearean actor Edwin Booth, who was John Wilkes Booth's brother. Maggie McNamara played Edwin's wife, Mary Devlin Booth. Philip thought the script was"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " \"a disgrace\" to Burton's name. The film's director Philip Dunne observed, \"He hadn't mastered yet the tricks of the great movie stars, such as Gary Cooper, who knew them all. The personal magnetism Richard had on the sound stage didn't come through the camera.\" This was one aspect that troubled Richard throughout his career on celluloid. The film flopped at the box office and has since been described as \"the first flop in CinemaScope\". Crowther, however, lauded Burton's scenes where he performed Shakespeare plays such as Richard III. Shortly after the release of \"Prince of Players\", Burton met director Robert Rossen, who was well known at the time for his Academy Award-winning film, \"All the King's Men\" (1949). Rossen planned to cast Burton in \"Alexander the Great\" (1956) as the eponymous character. Burton accepted Rossen's offer after the director reassured him he had been studying the Macedonian king for two years to make sure the film was historically accurate. Burton was loaned by Fox to the film's production company United Artists, which paid him a fee of $100,000 (). \"Alexander the Great\" was made mostly in Spain during February 1955 and July 1955 on a budget"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " of $6\u00a0million. The film reunited Burton with Bloom and it was also the first film he made with her. Bloom played the role of Barsine, the daughter of Artabazos II of Phrygia, and one of Alexander's three wives. Fredric March, Danielle Darrieux, Stanley Baker, Michael Hordern and William Squire were respectively cast as Philip II of Macedon, Olympias, Attalus, Demosthenes and Aeschines. After the completion of \"Alexander the Great\", Burton had high hopes for a favourable reception of the \"intelligent epic\", and went back to complete his next assignment for Fox, Jean Negulesco's \"The Rains of Ranchipur\" (1955). In this remake of Fox's own 1939 film \"The Rains Came\", Burton played a Hindu doctor, Rama Safti, who falls in love with Lady Edwina Esketh (Lana Turner), an invitee of the Maharani of the fictional town of Ranchipur. Burton faced the same troubles with playing character roles as before with Belch. \"The Rains of Ranchipur\" released on 16 December 1955, three months before \"Alexander the Great\" rolled out on 28 March 1956"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": ". Contrary to Burton's expectations, both the films were critical and commercial failures, and he rued his decision to act in them. \"Time\" magazine critic derided \"The Rains of Ranchipur\" and even went as far as to say Richard was hardly noticeable in the film. A. H. Weiler of \"The New York Times\", however, called Burton's rendering of Alexander \"serious and impassioned\". Burton returned to The Old Vic to perform \"Henry V\" for a second time. The Benthall-directed production opened in December 1955 to glowing reviews and was a much-needed triumph for Burton. Tynan made it official by famously saying Burton was now \"the next successor to Olivier\". The reviewer from \"The Times\" began by pointing out the deficiencies in Burton's previous rendition of the character in 1951 before stating: Mr. Burton's progress as an actor is such that already he is able to make good all the lacks of a few short years ago... what was greatly metallic has been transformed into a steely strength which becomes the martial ring and hard brilliance of the patriotic verse. There now appears a romantic sense of a high kingly mission and the clear cognisance of the capacity to fulfil it... the whole performance\u00a0\u2014 a"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " mostly satisfying one\u00a0\u2014 is firmly under the control of the imagination. In January 1956, the \"London Evening Standard\" honoured Burton by presenting to him its Theatre Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Henry V. His success in and as Henry V led him to be called the \"Welsh Wizard\". \"Henry V\" was followed by Benthall's adaptation of \"Othello\" in February 1956, where he alternated on successive openings between the roles of Othello and Iago with John Neville. As Othello, Burton received both praise for his dynamism and criticism with being less poetical with his dialogues, while he was acclaimed as Iago. Burton's stay at The Old Vic was cut short when he was approached by the Italian neorealist director Roberto Rossellini for Fox's \"Sea Wife\" (1957), a drama set in World War II about a nun and three men marooned on an island after the ship they travel on is torpedoed by a U-boat. Joan Collins, who played the nun, was his co-star. Burton's role was that of an RAF officer who develops romantic feelings for the nun. Rossellini was informed by Zanuck not to have any kissing scenes between Burton and Collins"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": ", which Rossellini found unnatural; this led to him walking out of the film and being replaced by Bob McNaught, one of the executive producers. According to Collins, Burton had a \"take-the-money-and-run attitude\" toward the film. \"Sea Wife\" was not a successful venture, with biographer Munn observing that his salary was the only positive feature that came from the film. Philip saw it and said he was \"ashamed\" that it added another insult to injury in Burton's career. After \"Sea Wife\", Burton next appeared as the British Army Captain Jim Leith in Nicholas Ray's \"Bitter Victory\" (1957). Burton admired Ray's \"Rebel Without A Cause\" (1955) and was excited about working with him, but unfortunately despite positive feedback, \"Bitter Victory\" tanked as well. By mid-1957, Burton had no further offers in his kitty. He could not return to the UK because of his self-imposed exile from taxation, and his fortunes in film were dwindling. It was then that film producer and screenwriter Milton Sperling offered Burton to star alongside Helen Hayes and Susan Strasberg in Patricia Moyes' adaptation of Jean Anouilh's play, \""}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "Time Remembered\" (\"L\u00e9ocadia\" in the original French version). Sensing an opportunity for a career resurgence, Burton readily agreed to do the role of Prince Albert, who falls in love with a milliner named Amanda (Strasberg). It was on 10 September 1957, a day before he left for New York, that Sybil gave birth to their first child, Kate Burton. \"Time Remembered\" was well received on its opening nights at Broadway's Morosco Theatre and also at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C. The play went on to have a good run of 248 performances for six months. Burton received his first Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nomination while Hayes won her second Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her role as Burton's mother, The Duchess of Pont-Au-Bronc. In 1958, Burton appeared with Yvonne Furneaux in DuPont Show of the Month's 90-minute television adaptation of Emily Bront\u00eb's classic novel \"Wuthering Heights\" as Heathcliff. The film, directed by Daniel Petrie, aired on 9 May 1958 on CBS with Burton garnering plaudits from both the critics and Philip, who thought he was \"magnificent\""}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " in it. Burton next featured as Jimmy Porter, \"an angry young man\" role, in the film version of John Osborne's play \"Look Back in Anger\" (1959), a gritty drama about middle-class life in the British Midlands, directed by Tony Richardson, again with Claire Bloom as co-star. Biographer Bragg observed that \"Look Back in Anger\" \"had defined a generation, provided a watershed in Britain's view of itself and brought [Osborne] into the public prints as a controversial, dangerous figure\". Burton was able to identify himself with Porter, finding it \"fascinating to find a man who came presumably from my sort of class, who actually could talk the way I would like to talk\". The film, and Burton's performance, received mixed reviews upon release. Biographer Alpert noted that though reviews in the UK were favourable, those in the United States were more negative. Crowther wrote of Burton: \"His tirades are eloquent but tiring, his breast beatings are dramatic but dull and his occasional lapses into sadness are pathetic but endurable.\" Geoff Andrew of \"Time Out\" magazine felt Burton was too old for the part, and the \"Variety\" reviewer thought \"the role gives him little opportunity for variety"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "\". Contemporary reviews of the film have been better and it has a rating of 89% on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. \"Look Back in Anger\" is now considered one of the defining films of the British New Wave cinema, a movement from the late 1950s to the late 1960s in which working-class characters became the focus of the film and conflict of social classes a central theme. Jimmy Porter is also considered one of Burton's best on-screen roles; he was nominated in the Best Actor categories at the BAFTA and Golden Globe Awards but lost to Peter Sellers for \"I'm All Right Jack\" (1959) and Anthony Franciosa for \"Career\" (1959) respectively. Though it didn't do well commercially, Burton was proud of the effort and wrote to Philip, \"I promise you that there isn't a shred of self-pity in my performance. I am for the first time ever looking forward to seeing a film in which I play.\" While filming \"Look Back in Anger\", Burton did another play for BBC Radio, participating in two versions, one in Welsh and another in English, of Welsh poet Saunders Lewis' \"Brad\", which was about the 20 July plot. Burton voiced one of the conspirators, Caesar"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " von Hofacker.</s><s>Career.:Broadway, \"Hamlet\" and films with Elizabeth Taylor (1960\u20131969). In 1960, Burton appeared in two films for Warner Bros., neither of which were successful: \"The Bramble Bush\" which reunited him with his \"Wuthering Heights\" director Petrie, and Vincent Sherman's adaptation of Edna Ferber's \"Ice Palace\". Burton called the latter a \"piece of shit\". He received a fee of $125,000 for both films. Burton's next appearance was as the stammering secularist, George Holyoake in BBC's documentary-style television adaptation of John Osborne's \"A Subject of Scandal and Concern\". According to Osborne's biographer Luc Gilleman, the film garnered little attention. Burton returned to the United States for the filming of John Frankenheimer's television adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's \"The Fifth Column\". He also provided narration for 26 episodes of \"The Valiant Years\", an American Broadcasting Company (ABC) series based on Winston Churchill's memoirs. Burton made a triumphant return to the stage with Moss Hart's 1960 Broadway production of \"Camelot\" as King Arthur. The play, written by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe, had Julie"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " Andrews fresh from her triumph in \"My Fair Lady\" playing Guinevere, and Robert Goulet as Lancelot completing the love triangle. Roddy McDowall played the villainous Mordred. Hart first came up with the proposal to Burton after learning from Lerner about his ability to sing. Burton consulted Olivier on whether he should take the role, which came with a stipend of $4,000 a week. Olivier pointed out this salary was good and that he should accept the offer. The production was troubled, with both Loewe and Hart falling ill and the pressure was building, owing to great expectations and huge advance sales. The show's running time was nearly five hours. Burton's intense preparation and competitive desire to succeed served him well. He immediately drafted Philip, who revised the musical's script and cut its running time to three hours while also incorporating three new songs. Burton was generous and supportive to everyone throughout the production and coached the understudies himself. According to Lerner, \"he kept the boat from rocking, and \"Camelot\" might never have reached New York if it hadn't been for him\". Burton's reviews were excellent, with the critic from \"Time\" magazine observing that Richard \"gives Arthur the skillful and vastly appealing performance that"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " might be expected from one of England's finest young actors\". Broadway theatre reviewer Walter Kerr noted Richard's syllables, \"sing, the account of his wrestling the stone from the sword becomes a bravura passage of house-hushing brilliance\" and complemented his duets with Andrews, finding Burton's rendition to possess \"a sly and fretful and mocking accent to take care of the without destroying the man\". However, on the whole the play initially received mixed reviews on its opening at the Majestic Theatre on Broadway and was slow to earn money. Advance sales managed to keep \"Camelot\" running for three months until a twenty-minute extract was broadcast on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" which helped \"Camelot\" achieve great success, and an unprecedented three-year run overall from 1960 to 1963. Its success led to Burton being called \"The King of Broadway\", and he went on to receive the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. The original soundtrack of the musical topped the \"Billboard\" charts throughout 1961 after its release at the end of 1960. John F. Kennedy, who was then the President of the United States, reportedly enjoyed the play and invited Burton to the White House for a visit. In 1962, Burton appeared as Officer David Campbell,"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " an RAF fighter pilot in \"The Longest Day\", which included a large ensemble cast featuring: McDowall, George Segal, Henry Fonda, John Wayne, Mel Ferrer, Robert Mitchum, Rod Steiger and Sean Connery. The same year he provided narration for the Jack Howells documentary \"Dylan Thomas\". The short won the Best Documentary Short Subject at the 35th Academy Awards ceremony. After performing \"Camelot\" for six months, in July 1961, Burton met producer Walter Wanger who asked him to replace Stephen Boyd as Mark Antony in director Joseph L. Mankiewicz's magnum opus \"Cleopatra\". Burton was paid $250,000 for four months work in the film (). The gigantic scale of the film's troubled production, Taylor's bouts of illness and fluctuating weight, Burton's off-screen relationship with the actress, (which he gave the sardonic nickname \"Le Scandale\") all generated enormous publicity; \"Life\" magazine proclaimed it the \"Most Talked About Movie Ever Made\". Fox's future appeared to hinge on what became the most expensive movie ever made until then, with costs reaching almost $40\u00a0million. During filming, Burton met and fell in love with Elizabeth Taylor, who was"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " then married to Eddie Fisher. According to Alpert, at their first meeting on the set while posing for their publicity photographs, Burton said, \"Has anyone ever told you that you're a very pretty girl?\" Taylor later recalled, \"I said to myself, \"Oy gevalt\", here's the great lover, the great wit, the great intellectual of Wales, and he comes out with a line like that.\" Bragg contradicts Alpert by pointing out that Burton could not stand Taylor at first, calling her \"Miss Tits\" and opined to Mankiewicz, \"I expect she shaves\"; he saw her simply as another celebrity with no acting talent. All that changed when, in their first scene together, Burton was shaky and forgot his lines, and she soothed and helped him; it was at this instance, according to Taylor, that she fell for him. Soon the affair began in earnest; both Fisher and Sybil were unable to bear it. While Fisher fled the sets for Gstaad, Sybil went first to C\u00e9ligny and then headed off to London. Olivier, shocked by Burton's affair with Taylor, cabled him: \"Make up your mind, dear heart. Do you want to be a great actor"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " or a household word?\". Burton replied \"Both\". \"Cleopatra\" was finally released on 11 June 1963 with a run time of 243 minutes, to polarising reviews. The \"Time\" magazine critic found the film \"riddled with flaws, [lacking] style both in image and in action\", and wrote Burton \"staggers around looking ghastly and spouting irrelevance\". In a contradictory review, Crowther termed the film \"generally brilliant, moving, and satisfying\" and thought Burton was \"exciting as the arrogant Antony\". Richard Brody of \"The New Yorker\" commented positively on the chemistry between Burton and Taylor, describing it as \"entrancing in the movie\u2019s drama as it was in life\". \"Cleopatra\" grossed over $26 million (), becoming one of the highest-grossing films of 1963. It was not enough to prevent Fox from entering bankruptcy. The studio sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the film's prospects at the box office with their behaviour, but it proved unsuccessful. \"Cleopatra\" was nominated for nine Academy Awards, winning for Best Production Design, Best Costume Design and Best Visual Effects. The film marked the beginning of a series of collaborations with Taylor, in addition to"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " making Burton one of the Top 10 box office draws until 1967. Burton played her tycoon husband Paul Andros in Anthony Asquith's \"The V.I.P.s\" (1963), an ensemble cast film described by Alpert as a \"kind of \"Grand Hotel\" story\" that was set in the VIP lounge of London Heathrow Airport; it proved to be a box-office hit despite mixed reviews. It was after \"The V.I.P.s\" that Burton became considerably more selective about his roles; he credited Taylor for this as he simply acted in films \"to get rich\" and she \"made me see what kind of rubbish I was doing\". Burton divorced Sybil in April 1963 after completing \"The V.I.P.s\" while Taylor was granted divorce from Fisher on 6 March 1964. Taylor then took a two-year hiatus from films until her next venture with Burton, \"The Sandpiper\" (1965). The supercouple, dubbed \"Liz and Dick\" by the press, continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s, earning a combined $88\u00a0million over the next decade and spending $65\u00a0million. Regarding their earnings, in a 1976 interview with Lester David and Jhan"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " Robbins of \"The Ledger\", Burton stated that \"they say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations\" and that the couple \"often outspent\" the Greek business tycoon Aristotle Onassis. In 1964, Burton portrayed Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who was martyred by Henry II of England, in the film adaptation of Jean Anouilh's historical play \"Becket\". Both Alpert and historian Alex von Tunzelmann noted Burton gave an effective, restrained performance, contrasting with co-actor and friend Peter O'Toole's manic portrayal of Henry. Burton asked the film's director, Peter Glenville, not to oust him from the project like he had done for \"Adventure Story\" before accepting the role of Becket. Writing for \"The Christian Science Monitor\", Peter Rainer labelled Burton as \"extraordinary\". Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\" appreciated Burton's on-screen chemistry with O'Toole and thought his portrayal of Becket served as \"a reminder of how fine an actor Burton was\". The film received twelve Oscar nominations, including Best Actor for both Burton and O'Toole; they lost to Harrison for \"My Fair Lady\" (1964). Burton and O'Toole"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " also received nominations for Best Actor\u00a0\u2013 Motion Picture Drama at the 22nd Golden Globe Awards, with O'Toole emerging victorious. Burton's triumph at the box office continued with his next appearance as the defrocked clergyman Dr. T. Lawrence Shannon in Tennessee Williams' \"The Night of the Iguana\" (1964) directed by John Huston; the film was also critically well received. Alpert believed Burton's success was due to how well he varied his acting with the three female characters, each of whom he tries to seduce differently: Ava Gardner (the randy hotel owner), Sue Lyon (the nubile American tourist), and Deborah Kerr (the poor, repressed artist). The success of \"Becket\" and \"The Night of the Iguana\" led \"Time\" magazine to term him \"the new Mr. Box Office\". During the production of \"Becket\", Burton went to watch Gielgud perform in the 1963 stage adaptation of Thornton Wilder's 1948 novel, \"The Ides of March\". There he was confronted by Gielgud who asked what Burton planned to do as a part of the celebration of Shakespeare's quatercentenary. Burton told him he was approached by theatrical producer Alexander H. Cohen to"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " do \"Hamlet\" in New York City. Burton had accepted Cohen's offer under the condition that Gielgud would direct it, which he conveyed to Gielgud. Gielgud agreed and soon production began in January 1964 after Burton had completed his work in \"Becket\" and \"The Night of the Iguana\". Taking into account Burton's dislike for wearing period clothing, as well as fellow actor Harley Granville-Barker\u2019s notion that the play was best approached as a \"permanent rehearsal\", Gielgud decided for \"Hamlet\" to be performed in a'rehearsal' version with an incomplete set with the actors performing wearing their own clothes. Unaccustomed to this freedom, the cast found it hard to select the appropriate clothes and wore different attire day by day. After the first performance in Toronto, Gielgud decreed that the actors must wear capes as he felt it \"lacked colour\". In addition to being the play's director, Gielgud appeared as the Ghost of Hamlet's father. According to Gielgud's biographer Jonathan Croall, Burton's basic reading of Hamlet was \"a much more vigorous, extrovert\" version of Giel"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "gud's own performance in 1936. Burton varied his interpretations of the character in later performances; he even tried a homosexual Hamlet. When the play debuted at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in New York City, Burton garnered good reviews for his portrayal of a \"bold and virile\" Hamlet. Howard Taubman of \"The New York Times\" called it \"a performance of electrical power and sweeping virility\", noting that he had never known or seen \"a Hamlet of such tempestuous manliness\". A critic from \"Time\" magazine said that Burton \"put his passion into Hamlet's language rather than the character. His acting is a technician's marvel. His voice has gem-cutting precision.\" Walter Kerr felt that though Burton carried \"a certain lack of feeling\" in his performance, he appreciated Burton's \"reverberating\" vocal projections. The opening night party was a lavish affair, attended by six hundred celebrities. The play ran for 137 performances, beating the previous record set by Gielgud himself in 1936. The most successful aspect of the production, apart from Burton's performance, was generally considered to be Hume Cronyn's performance as Polonius, winning him the only Tony Award he would ever receive in a competitive category"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": ". Burton himself was nominated for his second Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play but lost to Alec Guinness for his portrayal of the poet Dylan Thomas. The performance was immortalised in a film that was created by recording three live performances on camera from 30 June 1964 to 1 July 1964 using a process called Electronovision; it played in US theatres for a week in 1964. The play was also the subject of books written by cast members William Redfield and Richard L. Sterne. Burton helped Taylor make her stage debut in \"A Poetry Reading\", a recitation of poems by the couple as well as anecdotes and quotes from the plays Burton had participated in thus far. The idea was conceived by Burton as a benefit performance for his mentor Philip, whose conservatory, the American Musical and Dramatic Academy, had fallen short of funds. \"A Poetry Reading\" opened at the Lunt-Fontanne on 21 June 1964 to a packed house; the couple received a standing ovation at the end of their performance. Burton remarked on Taylor's performance, \"I didn't know she was going to be this good.\" After \"Hamlet\" came to a close in August 1964, Burton and Taylor continued making films together. The first film after their marriage, \""}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "The Sandpiper\", was poorly received but still became a commercially successful venture. According to Bragg, the films they made during the mid-1960s contained a lot of innuendos that referred directly to their private lives. Burton went on to star opposite Claire Bloom and Oskar Werner in \"The Spy Who Came In from the Cold\" (1965), a Cold War espionage story about a British Intelligence agent, Alec Leamas (Burton), who is sent to East Germany on a mission to find and expose a mole working within his organisation for an East German Intelligence officer, Hans-Dieter Mundt (Peter van Eyck). Martin Ritt, the film's director and producer, wanted Burton's character to exhibit more anonymity, which meant no display of eloquent speeches or intense emotional moments. Bragg believed this decision worried Burton, as he had generated his reputation as an actor with those exact traits, and wondered how the film's would turn out. Ritt, a non-drinker, was displeased with Burton's drinking habits as he felt it \"lacked a certain discipline\" and expected the same level of commitment from him as everyone else during filming. In spite of their differences, Alpert notes that the film transpired well. Based on"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " the 1963 novel of the same name by John le Carr\u00e9, \"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold\" garnered positive reviews, with Fernando F. Croce of \"Slant Magazine\" describing Burton's performance as more of \"tragic patsy than swashbuckler\" and believed his scenes with Werner \"have sharp doses of suspicion, cynicism and sadness\". Dave Kehr of the \"Chicago Reader\" called the film \"Grim, monotonous, and rather facile\", he found Burton's role had \"some honest poignancy\". \"Variety\" thought Burton fitted \"neatly into the role of the apparently burned out British agent\". Burton also made a brief appearance the same year in Clive Donner's comedy \"What's New Pussycat?\" as a man who meets the womaniser Michael James (O'Toole) in a bar. In 1966, Burton and Taylor enjoyed their greatest on-screen success in Mike Nichols's film version of Edward Albee's black comedy play \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\", in which a bitter erudite couple trade vicious barbs in front of their guests, Nick (George Segal) and Honey (Sandy Dennis). Burton wanted Taylor for the character of Martha \"to"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " stop everyone else from playing it\". He didn't want anyone else to do it as he thought it could be for Elizabeth what \"Hamlet\" was for him. Burton was not the first choice for the role of George. Jack Lemmon was offered the role initially, but when he turned it down, Warner Bros. president Jack L. Warner agreed on Burton and paid him $750,000. Nichols was hired to helm the project at Taylor's request, despite having never directed a film. Albee preferred Bette Davis and James Mason for Martha and George respectively, fearing that the Burtons' strong screen presence would dominate the film. Instead, it proved to be what Alpert described as \"the summit of both Richard's and Elizabeth's careers\". The film's script, adapted from Albee's play by Ernest Lehman, broke new ground for its raw language and harsh depiction of marriage. So immersed had the Burtons become in the roles of George and Martha over the months of shooting that, after it was wrapped up, he and Taylor found it difficult not to be George and Martha, \"I feel rather lost.\" Later the couple would state that the film took its toll on their relationship, and that Taylor was \"tired of playing Martha\" in real"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " life. \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" garnered critical acclaim, with film critic Stanley Kauffmann of \"The New York Times\" calling it \"one of the most scathingly honest American films ever made\". Kaufman observed Burton to be \"utterly convincing as a man with a great lake of nausea in him, on which he sails with regret and compulsive amusement\", and Taylor \"does the best work of her career, sustained and urgent\". In her review for \"The New York Daily News\", Kate Cameron thought Taylor \"nothing less than brilliant as the shrewish, slovenly. blasphemous, frustrated, slightly wacky, alcoholic wife\" while noting that the film gave Burton \"a chance to display his disciplined art in the role of the victim of a wife's vituperative tongue\". However, Andrew Sarris of \"The Village Voice\" criticised Taylor, believing her performance \"lack[ed] genuine warmth\" but his review of Burton was more favourable, noting that he gave \"a performance of electrifying charm\". Although all four actors received Academy Award nominations for their roles in the film, which received a total of thirteen nominations, only Taylor and Dennis went on to win. Both Burton and Taylor won their first BAFTA Awards for Best British"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " Actor and Best British Actress respectively; the former also for his role in \"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold\". Burton and Taylor next performed a 1966 Oxford Playhouse adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's \"Doctor Faustus\"; the couple did the play to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society and as a token of Burton's gratitude to Nevill Coghill. Burton starred as the titular character, Doctor Faustus while Taylor played her first stage role as Helen of Troy, a non-speaking part. The play received negative reviews but Burton's and Taylor's performances were reviewed constructively. Irving Wardle of \"The Times\" called it \"University drama at its worst\" while the American newspaper columnist John Crosby, in his review for \"The Observer\", lauded Burton's speech where he asks God to be merciful, stating that: \"It takes a great actor to deliver that speech without wringing a strangled sob of laughter out of one. But Burton did it.\" The play nevertheless made $22,000 dollars, which Coghill was happy with. \"Doctor Faustus\" was adapted for the screen the following year by both Burton and Coghill, with Burton making his directorial debut. He also co-produced the film with Taylor and Cogh"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "ill; it was critically panned and was a box office failure. The couple's next collaboration was Franco Zeffirelli's lively version of Shakespeare's \"The Taming of the Shrew\" (1967). The film was a challenge for Burton, who had to chase Taylor on rooftops, noting that he was \"permitted to do extreme physical things that wouldn't have been allowed with any other actress\". Zeffirelli recalled that Taylor, who had no prior experience performing in a Shakespeare play, \"gave the more interesting performance because she invented the part from scratch\". Of Burton, the director felt he was, to an extent, \"affected by his knowledge of the classics\". \"The Taming of the Shrew\" also became a notable critical and commercial success. He had another quick collaboration with Zeffirelli narrating the documentary, \"\", which was about the 1966 flood of the Arno that devastated the city of Florence, Italy; the film raised $20\u00a0million for the flood relief efforts. By the end of 1967, the combined box office gross of films Burton and Taylor had acted in had reached $200\u00a0million. According to biographers John Cottrell and Fergus Cashin, when Burton and Taylor contemplated taking a three-month"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " break from acting, Hollywood \"almost had a nervous breakdown\" as nearly half the U.S. cinema industry's income for films in theatrical distribution came from pictures starring one or both of them. Later collaborations from the Burtons like \"The Comedians\" (1967), which was based on Graham Greene's 1966 novel of the same name, and the Tennessee Williams adaptation \"Boom!\" (1968) were critical and commercial failures. In 1968, Burton enjoyed a commercial blockbuster with Clint Eastwood in the World War II action film \"Where Eagles Dare\"; he received a $1\u00a0million fee plus a share of the film's box office gross. According to his daughter Kate Burton, \u201cHe did that one for us kids, because we kept asking him, 'Can you do a fun movie that we can go see?\" Eastwood thought the script \"terrible\" and was \"all exposition and complications\". He asked the film's producer Elliott Kastner and its screenwriter Alistair MacLean to be given less dialogue, later remarking \"I just stood around firing my machine gun while Burton handled the dialogue.\" Burton enjoyed working with Eastwood and said of the picture that he \"did all the talking and [Eastwood] did all the killing\". Burton's"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " last film of the decade, \"Anne of the Thousand Days\" (1969) for which he was paid $1.25\u00a0million, () was commercially successful but garnered mixed opinions from reviewers. Noted British film critic Tom Milne of \"Time Out\" magazine believed that Burton \"plays throughout on a monotonous note of bluff ferocity\". Conversely, Vincent Canby of \"The New York Times\" appreciated Burton's portrayal of the English monarch, noting that he \"is in excellent form and voice\u2014funny, loutish and sometimes wise\". \"Anne of the Thousand Days\" received ten nominations at the 42nd Academy Awards, including one for Burton's performance as Henry VIII of England, which many thought to be largely the result of an expensive advertising campaign by Universal Studios. The same year, \"Staircase\" in which he and his \"Cleopatra\" co-star Rex Harrison appeared as a bickering homosexual couple, received negative reviews and was unsuccessful.</s><s>Career.:Later career and final years (1970\u20131984). In 1970, on his 45th birthday, Burton was ceremonially honoured with a CBE at Buckingham Palace; Taylor and Cis were present during the ceremony. He attributed not having a knighthood to changing his"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " residence from London to C\u00e9ligny to escape taxes. From the 1970s, after his completion of \"Anne of the Thousand Days\", Burton began to work in mediocre films, which hurt his career. This was partly due to the Burtons' extravagant spending, his increasing addiction to alcohol, and his claim that he could not \"find any worthy material that is pertinent to our times\". He recognised his financial need to work, and understood in the New Hollywood era of cinema, neither he nor Taylor would be paid as well as at the height of their stardom. Some of the films he made during this period include: \"Bluebeard\" (1972), \"Hammersmith Is Out\" (1972), \"Battle of Sutjeska\" (1973), \"The Klansman\" (1974), and \"\" (1977). His last film with Taylor was the two-part melodrama \"Divorce His, Divorce Hers\" (1973). He did enjoy one major critical success in the 1970s with the film version of his stage hit \"Equus\", winning the Golden Globe Award as well as garnering an Academy Award nomination. Public sentiment towards his perennial frustration at not winning an Oscar made many pundits consider him the favourite to finally win the award"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": ", but he lost to Richard Dreyfuss in \"The Goodbye Girl\". In 1976, Burton received a Grammy Award in the category of Best Recording for Children for his narration of \"The Little Prince\" by Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry. His narration of \"Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds\" became such a necessary part of the concept album that a hologram of Burton was used to narrate the live stage show (touring in 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010) of the musical. In 2011, however, Liam Neeson was cast in the part for a \"New Generation\" re-recording, and replaced Burton as the hologram character in the stage show. Burton had an international box-office hit with \"The Wild Geese\" (1978), an adventure tale about mercenaries in Africa. The film was a success in Europe but had only limited distribution in the United States owing to the collapse of the studio that distributed it. He returned to films with \"The Medusa Touch\" (1978), \"Circle of Two\" (1980), and the title role in \"Wagner\" (1983). His last film performance as O'Brien in \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" (1984) was"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " critically acclaimed though he was not the first choice for the role. According to the film's director, Michael Radford, Paul Scofield was originally contracted to play the part, but had to withdraw due to a broken leg; Sean Connery, Marlon Brando and Rod Steiger were all approached before Burton was cast. He had \"heard stories\" about Burton's heavy drinking, which had concerned the producers. At the time of his death, Burton was preparing to film \"Wild Geese II\", the sequel to \"The Wild Geese\", which was eventually released in 1985. Burton was to reprise the role of Colonel Faulkner, while Laurence Olivier was cast as Rudolf Hess. After his death, Burton was replaced by Edward Fox, and the character changed to Faulkner's younger brother.</s><s>Personal life. Burton was married five times, twice consecutively to Taylor. From 1949 until 1963, he was married to Sybil Williams, with whom he had two daughters, Kate (born 1957) and Jessica Burton (born 1959). Burton's marriages to Taylor lasted from 15 March 1964 to 26 June 1974 and from 10 October 1975 to 29 July 1976. Their first wedding was at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Montreal. Of their marriage,"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " Taylor proclaimed, \"I'm so happy you can't believe it. This marriage will last forever.\" Their second wedding took place 16 months after their divorce, in Chobe National Park in Botswana. Taylor and Eddie Fisher adopted a daughter from Germany, Maria Burton (born 1 August 1961), who was re-adopted by Burton after he and Taylor married. Burton also re-adopted Taylor and producer Mike Todd's daughter, Elizabeth Frances \"Liza\" Todd (born 6 August 1957), who had been first adopted by Fisher. The relationship Burton and Taylor portrayed in the film \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" was popularly likened to their real-life marriage. Burton disagreed with others about Taylor's famed beauty, saying that calling her \"the most beautiful woman in the world is absolute nonsense. She has wonderful eyes, but she has a double chin and an overdeveloped chest, and she's rather short in the leg.\" In August 1976, a month after his second divorce from Taylor, Burton married model Suzy Miller, the former wife of Formula 1 Champion James Hunt; the marriage ended in divorce in 1982. From 1983 until his death in 1984, Burton was married to freelance production assistant Sally Hay. In 1974, between his divorce from and remarriage"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " to Taylor, he was briefly engaged to Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia. In 1957, Burton had earned a total of \u00a382,000 from \"Prince of Players\", \"The Rains of Ranchipur\" and \"Alexander the Great\", but only managed to keep \u00a36,000 for personal expenses due to taxation imposed by the then-ruling Conservative government. As a result, he consulted his lawyer, Aaron Frosch, who suggested he move to Switzerland where the tax payment was comparatively less. Burton acceded to Frosch's suggestion and moved with Sybil in January 1957 to C\u00e9ligny, Switzerland, where he purchased a villa. In response to criticism from the British government, Burton remarked: \"I believe that everyone should pay them \u2014 except actors.\" Burton lived there until his death. In 1968, Burton's elder brother, Ifor, slipped and fell, breaking his neck, after a lengthy drinking session with Burton in C\u00e9ligny. The injury left him paralysed from the neck down. His younger brother Graham Jenkins speculated that guilt over this may have caused Burton to start drinking very heavily, particularly after Ifor died in 1972. In a February 1975 interview with his friend David Lewin he said he \"tried\" homosexuality."}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " He also suggested that perhaps all actors were latent homosexuals, and \"we cover it up with drink\". In 2000, Ellis Amburn's biography of Elizabeth Taylor suggested that Burton had an affair with Olivier and tried to seduce Eddie Fisher, although this was strongly denied by Burton's younger brother Graham Jenkins. Burton was a heavy smoker. In a December 1977 interview with Sir Ludovic Kennedy, Burton said he was smoking 60\u2013100 cigarettes per day. According to his younger brother, as stated in Graham Jenkins's 1988 book \"Richard Burton: My Brother\", he smoked at least 100 cigarettes a day. After his father died from a cerebral haemorrhage in January 1957 at age 81, Burton declined to attend his funeral.</s><s>Personal views. In November 1974, Burton was banned permanently from BBC productions for writing two newspaper articles questioning the sanity of Winston Churchill and others in power during World War II \u2013 Burton reported hating them \"virulently\" for the alleged promise to wipe out all Japanese people on the planet. The publication of these articles coincided with what would have been Churchill's centenary, and came after Burton had played him in a favourable light in \"A Walk with Destiny\", with considerable help from the Churchill family. Politically Burton was a lifelong socialist, although he"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " was never as heavily involved in politics as his close friend Stanley Baker. He admired Democratic Senator Robert F. Kennedy and once got into a sonnet-quoting contest with him. In 1972, Burton played Leon Trotsky in \"The Assassination of Trotsky\". The next year, he agreed to play Josip Broz Tito in a film biography, since he admired the Yugoslav leader. While filming in Yugoslavia he publicly proclaimed that he was a communist, saying he felt no contradiction between earning vast sums of money for films and holding left-wing views since \"unlike capitalists, I don't exploit other people\". Burton courted further controversy in 1976 when he wrote an unsolicited article for \"The Observer\" about his friend and fellow Welsh thespian Stanley Baker, who had recently died from pneumonia at the age of 48; the article upset Baker's widow with its depiction of her late husband as an uncultured womaniser. Melvyn Bragg, in the notes of his \"Richard Burton: A Life\", says that Burton told Laurence Olivier around 1970 of his (unfulfilled) plans to make his own film of \"Macbeth\" with Elizabeth Taylor, knowing that this would hurt Olivier because he had failed to gain funding for his own cherished film version more"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " than a decade earlier. On his religious views, Burton was an atheist, stating: \"I wish I could believe in a God of some kind but I simply cannot.\" Burton admired and was inspired by the actor and dramatist Emlyn Williams. He employed his son, Brook Williams, as his personal assistant and adviser, and he was given small roles in some of the films in which Burton starred.</s><s>Health problems. Burton was an alcoholic most of his adult life. According to biographer Robert Sellers, \"At the height of his boozing in the mid-70s he was knocking back three to four bottles of hard liquor a day.\" After nearly drinking himself to death during the shooting of \"The Klansman\" (1974), Burton dried out at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. Burton was allegedly inebriated while making the movie, and many of his scenes had to be filmed with him sitting or lying down due to his inability to stand upright. In some scenes, he appears to slur his words or speak incoherently. Burton later said that he could not remember making the film. Co-star O. J. Simpson said \"There would be times when he couldn\u2019t move\". According to his di"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": "aries, Burton used Antabuse to try to stop his excessive consumption of alcohol, which he blamed for wrecking his marriage to Taylor. Burton himself said of the time leading up to his near loss of life, \"I was fairly sloshed for five years. I was up there with John Barrymore and Robert Newton. The ghosts of them were looking over my shoulder.\" He said that he turned to the bottle for solace \"to burn up the flatness, the stale, empty, dull deadness that one feels when one goes offstage\". The 1988 biography by Melvyn Bragg provides a detailed description of the many health issues that plagued Burton throughout his life. In his youth, Burton was known for being exceptionally strong and athletic. By the age of 41, he had declined so far in health that by his own admission his arms were thin and weak. He suffered from bursitis, possibly aggravated by faulty treatment, arthritis, dermatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, and kidney disease, as well as developing, by his mid-forties, a pronounced limp. How much of this was due to his intake of alcohol is impossible to ascertain, according to Bragg, because of Burton's reluctance to be treated for alcoholism. In 1974, Burton"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " spent six weeks in a clinic to recuperate from a period during which he had drunk three bottles of vodka a day. He was also a chain smoker, with an intake of between three and five packs a day for most of his adult life. Health issues continued to plague him until his death.</s><s>Death. Burton died from intracerebral haemorrhage on 5 August 1984 at his home in C\u00e9ligny, Switzerland, at the age of 58. Although his death was sudden, his health had been declining for several years, and he suffered from constant and severe neck pain. As early as March 1970, he had been warned that his liver was enlarged, and he was diagnosed with cirrhosis and kidney disease in April 1981. Burton was buried at the Old Cemetery (\"Vieux Cimeti\u00e8re\") of C\u00e9ligny with a copy of Dylan Thomas's poems. }} He and Taylor had discussed being buried together; his widow Sally purchased the plot next to Burton's and erected a large headstone across both, presumably to prevent Taylor from being buried there. Burton left an estate worth US$4.58 million (). The bulk of his estate consisted of real estate, investments in three countries and works of art. Most of"}, {"title": "Richard Burton", "text": " his estate was bequeathed to his widow.</s><s>Honours. For his contributions to cinema, Burton was inducted posthumously into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2013 with a motion pictures star located at 6336 Hollywood Boulevard. For his contributions to theatre, Burton was inducted into the Theatre Hall of Fame.</s><s>Filmography, other works and awards. Selected works, based on award nominations</s><s>Bibliography. - Works by Burton - - - Primary works - - - - - - Rubython, Tom (2011): 'And God Created Burton'. London: Myrtle Press - - Secondary works - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - Shipman, D. \"The Great Movie Stars: The International Years\", Angus & Robertson 1982.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Richard Burton", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000447", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Salt Bae.", "docs": [{"title": "Salt Bae", "text": "<s>Salt Bae Nusret G\u00f6k\u00e7e (; born 1983), nicknamed Salt Bae, is a Turkish butcher, chef, food entertainer and restaurateur whose technique for preparing and seasoning meat became an Internet meme in January 2017. He owns Nusr-Et, a chain of luxury steak houses., he has Nusr-Et branches in Turkey, Greece, the United States, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. The name of his restaurant chain comes from his own name and \"Et\", which means \"meat\" in Turkish.</s><s>Early life. Nusret G\u00f6k\u00e7e was born in, a village in \u015eenkaya district of Erzurum Province, to a Kurdish family. His father, Faik, was a mineworker. The family's finances forced him to leave school in the sixth grade (aged 11\u201312) to work as a butcher's apprentice in the Kad\u0131k\u00f6y district of Istanbul.</s><s>Career. G\u00f6k\u00e7e visited several countries including Argentina and the United States between 2007 and 2010, where he worked in local restaurants for free, in order to gain experience as a cook and a restaurateur. After his return to Turkey"}, {"title": "Salt Bae", "text": ", G\u00f6k\u00e7e opened his first restaurant in Istanbul in 2010, and later opened a Dubai restaurant in 2014. In January 2017 he became more widely known as Salt Bae through a series of viral Internet videos and memes that show him \"suavely\" cutting meat and sprinkling salt, such as \"Ottoman Steak\", posted on his restaurant's Twitter account. The post was viewed 10 million times on Instagram, after which he was dubbed \"Salt Bae\" due to his peculiar way of sprinkling salt: dropping it from his fingertips to his forearm, and then onto the dish. Due to the viral exposure gained from this post, G\u00f6k\u00e7e's profile has expanded enormously and he has served a wide range of celebrities and politicians from around the world.</s><s>Critical reception. Despite the international fame, early professional reviews in 2018 of his New York City steakhouse were generally negative. The \"New York Post\"s Steve Cuozzo called the restaurant \"Public Rip-off No. 1\" and Joshua David Stein writing in \"GQ\" called the steak mundane and the hamburgers overcooked. Other critics described the dishes as \"over-salted as they are overpriced\", the \"meat was tough with globs of fat and gristle"}, {"title": "Salt Bae", "text": ", and severely lacking in flavor\", and that \"finishing a meal there constitutes some kind of personal victory over your own body and instincts and mouth\". Reviewers described the dining experience as \"overpriced\". However, for entertainment, reviewers were more positive. \"Eater\"s Robert Sietsema states, \"If you are intent on judging New York's new branch of Nusr-Et only as a steakhouse, you'll probably be disappointed... If, on the other hand, you appraise the place as dinner theater, you will find it satisfying\u2014but only if Salt Bae is in the house\".</s><s>Controversies. In December 2017, G\u00f6k\u00e7e was criticized for a photo taken in 2016 \u2013 in which he posed in front of, and mimicked, a photo of former President Fidel Castro of Cuba. In September 2018, Czech internet personality T\u00fdnu\u0161 T\u0159e\u0161ni\u010dkov\u00e1 became a victim of a failed fire show in the Nusr-Et steakhouse in Istanbul, resulting in 35% total body surface area burns. Several other guests also faced less serious body burns.{{cite web|url=https://ahvalnews.com/nusr-et/five-injured"}, {"title": "Salt Bae", "text": "-during-fire-show-restaurant-salt-bae-istanbul|title= Five injured during a fire show in restaurant of \u2018Salt Bae\u2019 in Istanbul|newspaper=Ahval|location=Istanbul|date=28 September 2018|access-date=25 October 2021}} That same month, G\u00f6k\u00e7e was criticized by U.S. Senator Marco Rubio and the Miami city council after President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro of Venezuela had a meal at his restaurant in Istanbul. In November 2019, four of G\u00f6k\u00e7e's former employees accused him of getting a share of their tips. They alleged that they were fired from his New York restaurant when they tried to ask questions about the tips. A trial was set to take place to investigate the issue, until G\u00f6k\u00e7e reached a settlement with his former employees and paid them $230,000. Explaining why he had fired them, he said: \"I was not satisfied with the performance of the four employees... Since they were fired, they acted with the feeling of 'look what we are going to do to you' and put forward these tip allegations.\" In late September 2020, his restaurant in Boston was ordered to close by public health officials several days after it"}, {"title": "Salt Bae", "text": " opened due to violations of COVID-19 safety standards. It reopened in early October 2020. In October 2021, G\u00f6k\u00e7e came under scrutiny from the British media over a \u00a337,000 bill for a meal at one of his UK restaurants. In December 2022, after the 2022 FIFA World Cup Final between Argentina and France, G\u00f6k\u00e7e was again the focus of online criticism after joining the Argentine players on the field post-match, disturbing the players, biting their medals, and even handling the trophy, a gesture reserved for winners and heads of state. As a result, FIFA launched an investigation into G\u00f6k\u00e7e's actions during the final.</s><s>Personal life. G\u00f6k\u00e7e has been involved with charitable work, such as building a school in his hometown of Erzurum. According to a social media post shared on Instagram by G\u00f6k\u00e7e he had built a library, a guest house, a mosque, an English education center and a computer laboratory in his hometown.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Salt Bae", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000448", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Thierry Henry.", "docs": [{"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": "<s>Thierry Henry Thierry Daniel Henry (; born 17 August 1977) is a French professional football coach, pundit, and former player. Considered one of the best strikers of all time, one of the best players to play in the Premier League and Arsenal F.C's greatest player of all time. Henry was runner-up for both the Ballon d'Or in 2003 and the FIFA World Player of the Year in 2003 and 2004. He was named the FWA Footballer of the Year a record three times, the PFA Players' Player of the Year a joint-record two times, and was named in the PFA Team of the Year six consecutive times. He was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI once and the UEFA Team of the Year five times. Henry made his professional debut with Monaco in 1994 before signing for defending Serie A champions Juventus. However, limited playing time, coupled with disagreements with the club's hierarchy, led to him signing for Premier League club Arsenal for \u00a311\u00a0million in 1999. Under long-time mentor and coach Ars\u00e8ne Wenger, Henry became a prolific striker and Arsenal's all-time leading scorer with 228 goals in all competitions. He won the Premier League Golden Boot a record four times"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": ", won two FA Cups and two Premier League titles with the club, including one during an unbeaten \"Invincible\" season. Henry spent his final two seasons with Arsenal as club captain, leading them to the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final. Henry transferred to Barcelona in 2007 and in the 2008\u201309 season, he was a key part of the club's historic treble when they won La Liga, the Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League. In 2010, he joined Major League Soccer (MLS) club New York Red Bulls and returned to Arsenal on loan for two months in 2012, before retiring in 2014. Henry had success with France, winning the 1998 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2000, and 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup. He was named French Player of the Year a record five times, named to the UEFA Euro 2000 Team of the Tournament, awarded both the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball and Golden Shoe, and named to the 2006 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team. In October 2007, he became his country's record goalscorer, a record he held until December 2022. After amassing 123 appearances and 51 goals, Henry retired from international football after the 2010 FIFA World Cup. After retiring, Henry transitioned into coaching. He began coaching Arsenal"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": "'s youth teams in February 2015, in tandem with his work as a pundit for Sky Sports. In 2016, he was appointed as an assistant coach at Belgium, before assuming the role as the head coach at Monaco in 2018. He was relieved of his duties at Monaco in January 2019 and returned to MLS less than a year later to manage Montr\u00e9al Impact. He led Montr\u00e9al to the playoffs in the 2020 season before departing in 2021, returning to his role as an assistant coach for Belgium for a year and a half.</s><s>Early years. Henry is of Antillean heritage: his father, Antoine, is from Guadeloupe (La D\u00e9sirade island), and his mother, Maryse, is from Martinique. He was born and raised in Les Ulis suburb of Paris which, despite sometimes being seen as a tough neighbourhood, provided good footballing facilities. As a seven-year-old, Henry showed great potential, prompting Claude Chezelle to recruit him to the local club CO Les Ulis. His father pressured him to attend training, although the youngster was not particularly drawn to football. He joined US Palaiseau in 1989, but after a year his father fell out with the club, so Henry moved to ES"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " Viry-Ch\u00e2tillon and played there for two years. US Palaiseau coach Jean-Marie Panza, Henry's future mentor, followed him there.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:1992\u20131999: Beginnings at Monaco and transfer to Juventus. In 1990, Monaco sent scout Arnold Catalano to watch Henry, then at the age of 13 in a match. Henry scored all six goals as his side won 6\u20130. Catalano asked him to join Monaco without even attending a trial first. Catalano requested that Henry complete a course at the elite INF Clairefontaine academy, and despite the director's reluctance to admit Henry due to his poor school results, he was allowed to complete the course and joined Ars\u00e8ne Wenger's Monaco as a youth player. Subsequently, Henry signed professional forms with Monaco, and made his professional debut on 31 August 1994, in a 2\u20130 loss against Nice. Although Wenger suspected that Henry should be deployed as a striker, he put Henry on the left wing because he believed that his pace, natural ball control and skill would be more effective against full backs than centre-backs. After a tentative start to his Monaco career, Henry was named the French Young Footballer of the Year in 1996,"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " and in the 1996\u201397 season, his solid performances helped the club win the Ligue 1 title. During the 1997\u201398 season, he was instrumental in leading his club to the UEFA Champions League semi-final, setting a French record by scoring seven goals in the competition. By his third season, he had received his first cap for the national team, and was part of the winning team in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He continued to impress at his tenure with Monaco, and in his five seasons with the club, the young winger scored 20 league goals in 105 appearances. Henry left Monaco in January 1999, one year before his intimate and closest teammate David Trezeguet, and moved to Italian club Juventus for \u00a310.5\u00a0million. He played on the wing, as well as at wing back and wide midfield, but he was ineffective as a goal scorer, struggling against the defensive discipline exhibited by teams in Serie A, registering just three goals in 16 appearances. In 2019, on Jamie Carragher\u2019s podcast \"The Greatest Game\", Henry attributed disagreements with Juve director Luciano Moggi as his rationale behind departing the club.</s><s>Club career.:1999\u20132007: Move to Arsenal, breakthrough, and success. Unsettled in Italy,"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " Henry transferred from Juventus on 3 August 1999 to Arsenal for an estimated fee of \u00a311\u00a0million, reuniting with his former manager Ars\u00e8ne Wenger. It was at Arsenal that Henry made his name as a world-class footballer, and although his transfer was not without controversy, Wenger was convinced he was worth the transfer fee. Brought in as a replacement for fellow French forward Nicolas Anelka, Henry was immediately moulded into a striker by Wenger, a move that would pay rich dividends in years to come. However, doubts were raised about his ability to adapt to the quick and physical English game when he failed to score in his first eight games. After several difficult months in England, Henry even conceded that he had to \"be re-taught everything about the art of striking.\" These doubts were dispelled when he ended his first season at Arsenal with an impressive goal tally of 26. Arsenal finished second in the Premier League behind Manchester United, and lost in the UEFA Cup Final against Galatasaray. Coming off the back of a victorious UEFA Euro 2000 campaign with the national team, Henry was ready to make an impact in the 2000\u201301 season. Despite recording fewer goals and assists than his first season, Henry's second season with Arsenal proved to be a breakthrough"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": ", as he became the club's top goalscorer. His goal tally included a spectacular strike against Manchester United where he flicked the ball up (with his back turned to goal), before he swivelled and volleyed in from 20 yards out. The strike also featured a memorable goal celebration where he recreated the Budweiser \"Whassup?\" advertisement. Armed with one of the league's best attacks, Arsenal finished runner-up to perennial rivals Manchester United in the Premier League. The team also reached the final of the FA Cup, losing 2\u20131 to Liverpool. Henry remained frustrated, however, by the fact that he had yet to help the club win honours, and frequently expressed his desire to establish Arsenal as a powerhouse. Success finally arrived during the 2001\u201302 season. Arsenal finished seven points above Liverpool to win the Premier League title, and defeated Chelsea 2\u20130 in the FA Cup Final. Henry became the league's top goalscorer and netted 32 goals in all competitions as he led Arsenal to a double and his first silverware with the club. There was much expectation that Henry would replicate his club form for France during the 2002 FIFA World Cup, but the defending champions suffered a shock exit at the group stage. 2002\u201303 proved to be"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " another productive season for Henry, as he scored 32 goals in all competitions while contributing 23 assists\u2014remarkable returns for a striker. In doing so, he led Arsenal to another FA Cup triumph (where he was man-of-the-match in the Final), although Arsenal failed to retain their Premier League title. Throughout the season, he competed with Manchester United's Ruud van Nistelrooy for the league scoring title, but the Dutchman edged Henry to the Golden Boot by a single goal. Nonetheless, Henry was named both the PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year. His rising status as one of the world's best footballers was affirmed when he emerged runner-up for the 2003 FIFA World Player of the Year award. With 24 goals and 20 assists in the league, Henry set a new record for most assists in a single Premier League season, and also became the first player in history to record at least 20 goals and 20 assists in a single season in one of Europe's top\u2013five leagues\u2014this feat has since been matched by Lionel Messi in 2020. Entering the 2003\u201304 season, Arsenal were determined to reclaim the Premier League crown. Henry was again instrumental in Arsenal's exceptionally successful campaign; together with"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " the likes of Dennis Bergkamp, Patrick Vieira, Freddie Ljungberg and Robert Pires, Henry ensured that the Gunners became the first team in more than a century to go through the entire domestic league season unbeaten, claiming the league title in the process. Apart from being named for the second year running as the PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year, Henry emerged once again as the runner-up for 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year award. With 39 goals scored in all competitions, the Frenchman led the league in goals scored and won the European Golden Boot. However, as was the case in 2002, Henry was unable to lead the national side to honours during UEFA Euro 2004. This dip in success was compounded when Arsenal failed again to secure back-to-back league titles when they lost out to Chelsea in the 2004\u201305 season, although Arsenal did win the FA Cup (the Final of which Henry missed through injury). Henry maintained his reputation as one of Europe's most feared strikers as he led the league in scoring, and with 31 goals in all competitions, he was the co-recipient (with Diego Forl\u00e1n) of the European Golden Boot, becoming the first player to officially win the award twice"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " in a row (Ally McCoist had won two Golden Boots in a row, but both were deemed unofficial). The unexpected departure of Arsenal's captain Patrick Vieira in the 2005 close season led to Henry being awarded club captaincy, a role which many felt was not naturally suited for him; the captaincy is more commonly given to defenders or midfielders, who are better-placed on the pitch to read the game. Along with being chief goalscorer, he was responsible for leading a very young team which had yet to gel fully. The 2005\u201306 season proved to be one of remarkable personal achievements for Henry. On 17 October 2005, Henry became the club's top goalscorer of all time; two goals against Sparta Prague in the Champions League meant he broke Ian Wright's record of 185 goals. On 1 February 2006, he scored a goal against West Ham United, bringing his league goal tally up to 151, breaking Arsenal legend Cliff Bastin's league goals record. Henry scored his 100th league goal at Highbury, a feat unparalleled in the history of the club, and a unique achievement in the Premier League. On the final day of the Premier League season, Henry scored a hat-trick against Wigan Athletic in the last match played at"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " Highbury. He completed the season as the league's top goalscorer, was voted the FWA Footballer of the Year for the third time in his career, and was selected in the FIFA World XI. Nevertheless, Arsenal failed to win the Premier League title again, but hopes of a trophy were revived when Arsenal reached the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final. The Gunners eventually lost 2\u20131 to Barcelona, with Henry assisting the team's only goal from a free kick, and Arsenal's inability to win the league title for two consecutive seasons combined with the relative inexperience of the Arsenal squad caused much speculation that Henry would leave for another club. However, he declared his love for the club and accepted a four-year contract, and said he would stay at Arsenal for life. Arsenal vice-chairman David Dein later claimed the club had turned down two bids of \u00a350\u00a0million from Spanish clubs for Henry before the signing of the new contract. Had the transfer materialised, it would have surpassed the then-world record \u00a347\u00a0million paid for Zinedine Zidane. Henry's 2006\u201307 season was marred by injuries. Although he scored 10 goals in 17 domestic appearances for Arsenal, Henry's season was cut short in February. Having missed games"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " due to hamstring, foot, and back problems, he was deemed fit enough to come on as a late substitute against PSV in a Champions League match, Clarke, Richard (7 March 2007) \"Wenger\u00a0\u2013 The hidden benefits of having Henry\". Arsenal F.C. 7 March 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2014. but began limping shortly after coming on. Scans the next day revealed that he would need at least three months to heal from new groin and stomach injuries, missing the rest of the 2006\u201307 season. Clarke, Richard (8 March 2007) \"Henry ruled out for the remainder of season\". Arsenal F.C. 8 March 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2011. Wenger attributed Henry's injuries to a protracted 2005\u201306 campaign, and reiterated that Henry was keen on staying with the Gunners to rebuild for the 2007\u201308 season.</s><s>Club career.:2007\u20132010: Barcelona and a historic treble. On 25 June 2007, in an unexpected turn of events, Henry was transferred to Barcelona for \u20ac24\u00a0million. He signed a four-year deal for a reported \u20ac6.8 (\u00a34.6) million per season. \"Thierry Henry signs for Barcelona\". \"The Nation\". 23 June 2007. Retrieved"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " 22 July 2007. It was revealed that the contract included a release clause of \u20ac125 (\u00a384.9) million. Henry cited the departure of Dein and continued uncertainty over Wenger's future as reasons for leaving, and maintained that \"I always said that if I ever left Arsenal it would be to play for Barcelona.\" Despite their captain's departure, Arsenal got off to an impressive start for the 2007\u201308 campaign, and Henry said that his presence in the team might have been more of a hindrance than a help. He stated, \"Because of my seniority, the fact that I was captain and my habit of screaming for the ball, they would sometimes give it to me even when I was not in the best position. So in that sense it was good for the team that I moved on.\" Henry left Arsenal as the club's leading all-time league goalscorer with 174 goals and leading all-time goalscorer in European competitions with 42 goals; in July 2008, Arsenal fans voted him as Arsenal's greatest player ever in Arsenal.com's Gunners' Greatest 50 Players poll. \"Gunners' Greatest Players\u00a0\u2013 1. Thierry Henry\". Arsenal F.C. Retrieved 2 March 2011. At Barcelona, Henry was given the number"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " 14 jersey, the same as he had worn at Arsenal. He scored his first goal for his new club on 19 September 2007 in a 3\u20130 Champions League group stage win over Lyon, and he recorded his first hat-trick for Bar\u00e7a in a Primera Divisi\u00f3n match against Levante ten days later. \"Levante 1\u20134 Barcelona\". ESPN Soccernet. 29 September 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2014 But with Henry mostly deployed on the wing throughout the season, he was unable to reproduce the goal-scoring form he achieved with Arsenal. He expressed dissatisfaction with the move to Barcelona in the initial year, amidst widespread speculation of a return to the Premier League. In an interview with Garth Crooks on BBC\u2019s \"Football Focus\", Henry described missing life \"back home\" and even \"the English press.\" However, Henry concluded his debut season as the club's top scorer with 19 goals in addition to nine league assists, second behind Lionel Messi's ten. Henry went on to surpass this tally in a more integrated 2008\u201309 campaign, with 26 goals and 10 assists from the left wing. He won the first trophy of his Barcelona career on 13 May 2009 when Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final. Barcelona"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " won the Primera Divisi\u00f3n and UEFA Champions League soon after, completing a treble for the Frenchman, who had combined with Messi and Samuel Eto'o to score 100 goals between them that season. \"Lionel Messi Excelled In The Least Successful Barcelona Under Guardiola\". ESPN. Retrieved 24 August 2014 The trio was also the most prolific trio in Spanish league history, scoring 72 goals and surpassing the 66 goals of Real Madrid's Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s, Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano and Luis del Sol of the 1960\u201361 season (this was later surpassed by Real Madrid trio Cristiano Ronaldo, Karim Benzema and Gonzalo Higua\u00edn who scored 89 goals in 2011\u201312). Later in 2009, Henry helped Barcelona win an unprecedented sextuple, consisting of the aforementioned treble, the Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, the UEFA Super Cup, and the FIFA Club World Cup. The following season, the emergence of Pedro meant that Henry only started 15 league games. Before the La Liga season ended, and with a year still left on his contract, club president Joan Laporta stated on 5 May 2010 that Henry \"may go away in the summer transfer window if that's what he wants.\" After Henry"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " returned from the 2010 World Cup, Barcelona confirmed that they had agreed to the sale of Henry to an unnamed club, with the player still to agree terms with the new club.</s><s>Club career.:2010\u20132014: New York Red Bulls and retirement. In July 2010, Henry signed a multi-year contract with Major League Soccer (MLS) club New York Red Bulls for the 2010 season as its second designated player. He made his full MLS debut on 31 July in a 2\u20132 draw against Houston Dynamo, assisting both goals to Juan Pablo \u00c1ngel. His first MLS goal came on 28 August in a 2\u20130 victory against San Jose Earthquakes. The Red Bulls eventually topped the MLS Eastern Conference by one point over Columbus Crew before losing 3\u20132 on aggregate against San Jose Earthquakes in the quarter-finals of the 2010 MLS Cup Playoffs. \"Earthquakes advance\". ESPN Soccernet. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2014. The next season, the Red Bulls were 10th overall in the league, and bowed out in the Conference semi-finals of the 2011 MLS Cup Playoffs.</s><s>Club career.:2010\u20132014: New York Red Bulls and retirement.:Return to Arsenal (loan). After training with Arsenal during the MLS"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " off-season, Henry re-signed for the club on a two-month loan deal on 6 January 2012. This was to provide cover for Gervinho and Marouane Chamakh, who were unavailable due to their participation in the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations. Henry was given the number 12 jersey \u2013 his old Arsenal number 14 jersey, the same number he wore at Barcelona and New York, was unavailable, with Theo Walcott inheriting it following Henry's departure from the club in 2007. Henry made his second Arsenal debut as a substitute against Leeds United in the FA Cup third round and scored the only goal. In his last league game on loan, he scored the winning goal in stoppage time in a 2\u20131 win against Sunderland. His final goals for the club meant he finished his Arsenal career with a record 228 goals; 175 of them came in the Premier League.</s><s>Club career.:2010\u20132014: New York Red Bulls and retirement.:Return to New York Red Bulls. On 17 February 2012, Henry returned to Red Bulls to prepare for the 2012 season. His base salary of $5\u00a0million ($5.6\u00a0million guaranteed) made him the highest-paid player in MLS\u2014surpassing David Beckham, who had taken a salary cut for"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " his last year with the Los Angeles Galaxy. In 2013, Henry's base salary dropped to $3.75\u00a0million setting him behind Robbie Keane's $4\u00a0million base salary. With bonuses, however, Henry remained the highest-paid player with $4.35\u00a0million compared to Keane's $4.33\u00a0million. On 31 March 2012, Henry scored his first MLS hat-trick in a 5\u20132 Red Bulls win over the Montreal Impact. He was named MLS Player of the Month that same month. On 27 October 2013, Henry scored once and provided two assists in the last game of the season against the Chicago Fire at Red Bull Arena to help his team win 5\u20132 and become champions of the regular season. It was the club's first major trophy in their 17-year history. On 12 July 2014, Henry provided a goal and three assists in a 4\u20131 Red Bulls win over the Columbus Crew. With that effort he became the all-time assist leader for the New York Red Bulls with 37, surpassing Amado Guevara and Tab Ramos. On 1 December 2014, it was announced that Henry had left the Red Bulls after four-and-a-half years at the club. On 16 December, he announced his"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " retirement as a player and stated that he would begin working for Sky Sports as a pundit. After working at Sky for over three years, Henry quit his position in July 2018 to focus on his career as a coach.</s><s>International career. Henry enjoyed a successful career with the France national team, winning the first of his 123 caps in June 1997, when his good form for Monaco was rewarded with a call-up to the Under-20 French national team, where he played in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship alongside future teammates William Gallas and David Trezeguet. Within four months, France head coach Aim\u00e9 Jacquet called Henry up to the senior team. The 20-year-old made his senior international debut on 11 October 1997 in a 2\u20131 win against South Africa. Jacquet was so impressed with Henry that he took him to the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Although Henry was a largely unknown quantity at international level, he ended the tournament as France's top scorer with three goals. He was scheduled to appear as a substitute in the final, where France beat Brazil 3\u20130, but Marcel Desailly's sending off forced a defensive change instead. In 1998, he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour, France's highest decoration. Henry"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " was a member of France's UEFA Euro 2000 squad, again scoring three goals in the tournament, including the equaliser against Portugal in the semi-final, and finishing as the country's top scorer. France later won the game in extra time following a converted penalty kick by Zinedine Zidane. France went on to defeat Italy in extra-time in the final, earning Henry his second major international medal. During the tournament, Henry was voted man of the match in three games, including the final against Italy. The 2002 FIFA World Cup featured a stunning early exit for both Henry and France as the defending champions were eliminated in the group stage after failing to score a goal in all three games. France lost against Senegal in their first group match and Henry was red carded for a dangerous sliding challenge in their next match against Uruguay. In that game, France played to a 0\u20130 draw, but Henry was forced to miss the final group match due to suspension; France lost 2\u20130 to Denmark. Henry returned to form for his country at the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup. Despite playing without team stalwarts Zidane and Patrick Vieira, France won, in large part owing to Henry's outstanding play, for which he was named Man of the Match by FIFA's"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " Technical Study Group in three of France's five matches. In the final, he scored the golden goal in extra time to lift the title for the host country after a 1\u20130 victory over Cameroon. Henry was awarded both the Adidas Golden Ball as the outstanding player of the competition and the Adidas Golden Shoe as the tournament's top goalscorer with four goals. In UEFA Euro 2004, Henry played in all of France's matches and scored two goals. France beat England in the group stage but lost to the eventual winners Greece 1\u20130 in the quarter-finals. During the 2006 FIFA World Cup Henry remained as one of the automatic starters in the squad. He played as a lone striker, but despite an indifferent start to the tournament, became one of the top players of the World Cup. He scored three goals, including the winning goal from Zidane's free kick against defending champions Brazil in the quarter-final. However, France subsequently lost to Italy on penalties (5\u20133) in the final. Henry did not take part in the penalty shoot-out, having been substituted in extra time after his legs had cramped. Henry was one of ten nominees for the Golden Ball award for Player of the Tournament, an award which was ultimately presented to his teammate, Zid"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": "ane and was named a starting striker on the 2006 FIFPro World XI team. On 13 October 2007, Henry scored his 41st goal against the Faroe Islands, joining Michel Platini as the country's top goalscorer of all time. Four days later at the Stade de la Beaujoire, he scored a late double against Lithuania, thereby setting a new record as France's top goalscorer. \"France 2\u20130 Lithuania: Henry smashes Platini record\". ESPN Soccernet. 17 October 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2014. On 3 June 2008, Henry made his 100th appearance for the national team in a match against Colombia, becoming the sixth French player ever to reach that milestone. Henry missed the opening game of France's short-lived UEFA Euro 2008 campaign, where they were eliminated in the group stages after being drawn in the same group as Italy, the Netherlands and Romania. \"France 0\u20132 Italy: World champs dispose of French\". ESPN Soccernet. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2014. He scored France's only goal in the competition in a 4\u20131 loss to the Netherlands. The French team struggled during the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and finished second in their group behind Serbia. During the play-offs against"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " the Republic of Ireland, Henry was involved in a controversy in the second leg of the game at the Stade de France on 18 November 2009. With the aggregate score tied at 1\u20131 and the game in extra time, he used his hand twice to control the ball before delivering a cross to William Gallas who scored the winner. This sparked a barrage of criticism against the Frenchman, while national team coach Raymond Domenech and Arsenal manager Ars\u00e8ne Wenger defended him. The Football Association of Ireland lodged a formal complaint with FIFA, seeking a replay of the game, which FIFA declined. Henry said that he contemplated retiring from international football after the reactions to the incident, but maintained that he was not a \"cheat\"; hours after FIFA had ruled out a replay, he stated that \"the fairest solution would be to replay the game\". FIFA President Sepp Blatter described the incident as \"blatant unfair play\" and announced an inquiry into how such incidents could be avoided in future, and added that the incident would be investigated by the Disciplinary Committee. Blatter also said Henry told him that his family had been threatened in the aftermath of the incident. In January 2010, FIFA announced that there was no legal basis to sanction Henry. Henry did not feature in the starting"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " line-up for France at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. France drew in their first game against Uruguay, and lost 2\u20130 in their second against Mexico. The team was thrown into disarray when Nicolas Anelka was expelled from the team, and captain Patrice Evra led a team protest by refusing to train. In the final group game against host-nation South Africa in which Henry came on as a second-half substitute, France lost 2\u20131 and were eliminated from the tournament. He then announced his retirement from international football, having won 123 caps and scored 51 goals for \"Les Bleus\", thus finishing his international career as France's all-time top scorer, and second most capped player after Lilian Thuram.</s><s>Style of play. Although Henry played up front as a striker during his youth, he spent his time at Monaco and Juventus playing on the wing. When Henry joined Arsenal in 1999, Wenger immediately changed this, switching Henry to his childhood position, often pairing him with Dutch veteran Dennis Bergkamp. During the 2004\u201305 season, Wenger switched Arsenal's formation to 4\u20135\u20131. This change forced Henry to adapt again to fit into the Arsenal team, and he played many games as a lone striker. Still, Henry remained Arsenal"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": "'s main offensive threat, on many occasions conjuring spectacular goals. Wenger said of his fellow Frenchman: \"Thierry Henry could take the ball in the middle of the park and score a goal that no one else in the world could score\". One of the reasons cited for Henry's impressive play up front is his ability to calmly score from one-on-ones. According to his father Antoine, Henry learned precision shooting from watching his idol Marco van Basten. He was also influenced by Rom\u00e1rio, Ronaldo and Liberian star George Weah, a new breed of strikers in the 1990s who would also operate outside the penalty area before running with the ball towards goal. \"Ronaldo, Romario Reinvented Striker's Role, Says Thierry Henry\". In Sports. Retrieved 16 January 2015 At his physical peak from the late 1990s to the mid 2000s, Henry's ability to dribble past opponents with exceptional pace, skill and composure, meant that he could get in behind defenders regularly enough to score. In 2004, former Arsenal striker Alan Smith commented on Henry: \"I have to say I haven't seen a player like him. He's an athlete with great technical ability and a tremendous desire to be the best.\" When up front,"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " Henry is occasionally known to move out wide to the left wing position, something which enables him to contribute heavily in assists: between 2002\u201303 and 2004\u201305, the striker managed almost 50 assists in total and this was attributed to his unselfish play and creativity. Ranking Henry the greatest player in Premier League history, in February 2020 \"FourFourTwo\" magazine stated, \"No one assisted more in a season. No one has terrorised defenders with such a combination of bewitching grace and phenomenal power.\" Coming in from the left, Henry's trademark finish saw him place the ball inside the far right corner of the goal. Henry would also drift offside to fool the defence then run back onside before the ball is played and beat the offside trap, although he never provided Arsenal a distinct aerial threat. Given his versatility in being able to operate as both a winger and a striker, the Frenchman is not a prototypical \"out-and-out striker\", but he has emerged consistently as one of Europe's most prolific strikers. In set pieces, Henry was the first-choice penalty and free kick taker for Arsenal, scoring regularly from those positions. Henry was also a notable exponent of a no-look pass where he would feint to pass the ball with"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " his right foot, but would make contact with the ball using his standing foot (his left).</s><s>Managerial career.</s><s>Managerial career.:Arsenal youth. Henry began coaching Arsenal's youth teams in February 2015, in tandem with his work for Sky Sports. His influence on the team was praised by players such as Alex Iwobi, who dedicated a goal against Bayern Munich in the 2015\u201316 UEFA Youth League to his advice. Having earned a UEFA A Licence, he was offered the job of under-18 coach by Academy head Andries Jonker, but the decision was overruled by Wenger, who wanted a full-time coach for the team.</s><s>Managerial career.:Belgium (assistant). In August 2016, Henry became second assistant coach of the Belgium national team, working alongside head coach Roberto Mart\u00ednez and fellow assistant Graeme Jones. In an interview with NBC Sports, Belgium striker Romelu Lukaku praised Henry for his work with him, stating, \"Henry is the best thing that has happened to me because since I came to England aged 18 I have had the best mentors. Thierry for me is the best. Every day whether it is positive and negative I take it in my stride because I know what is"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " expected from the top level.\u201d At the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Belgium reached the semi-final, but lost to Henry's home nation France 1\u20130. Henry picked up a Bronze medal after Belgium defeated England 2\u20130 in the third-place play-off to secure their best ever World Cup finish. Henry was reportedly offered the position of head coach by Bordeaux in August 2018. However, the offer was not accepted by Henry after disagreements with the club's owners. Days after turning down the Bordeaux job, and following Jones's departure from the Belgium national team, Henry, who had been the forwards coach, was promoted to Belgium assistant coach. However, his tenure in the role was short-lived, after he accepted the role as head coach at former club Monaco in October.</s><s>Managerial career.:Monaco. On 11 October 2018, Monaco dismissed Leonardo Jardim as club manager. Jardim's position had become untenable after struggling heavily in domestic competition, with the club 18th at the time of his departure, and disputes over the club's transfer policy. Monaco's search for a new coach coincided with the regulatory mid-season international break, allowing the club sufficient time to search for a replacement, however, they quickly decided"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " on Henry, and he was appointed a mere two days later. He signed a three-year deal, and was unveiled as Monaco manager on 18 October. At his first press conference, he told reporters: \"This club will always have a big place in my heart, so to be able to come here and start again, it is a dream come true. There is a lot of work to do, as you can imagine \u2013 but I am more than happy to be here\". Henry's arrival at Monaco was greeted with mixed reactions by some media outlets, due to his relative inexperience as a top-level coach and the task of overturning Monaco's misfortunes. Despite inheriting a squad of sub-standard quality, Henry expressed a desire of replicating the football he played under Pep Guardiola at Barcelona, as well as instilling the \"professionalism\" taught to him by Ars\u00e8ne Wenger. Henry also adopted a hands-on approach to training sessions, being regularly involved in devising schemes and instructing drills. His first match was a 2\u20131 away defeat against Strasbourg on 20 October. He was unable to secure a win for over a month, enduring a period which included two high-profile defeats against Club Brugge and Paris Saint-G"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": "ermain, prior to defeating Caen on 1\u20130 on 25 November. He secured two wins in December, defeating Amiens in the league and Lorient in the Coupe de la Ligue, however, this was on the backdrop of three additional Ligue 1 defeats to close 2018 in the relegation zone. In January 2019, Henry entered the winter transfer window, where he signed left-back Fod\u00e9 Ballo-Tour\u00e9, and former Arsenal teammate Cesc F\u00e0bregas from Chelsea. He also sanctioned the loan signing of French defensive midfielder William Vainqueur on 12 January, and experienced defender Naldo. However, these signings would not turn around the club's fate, and on 24 January, Henry was dismissed at Monaco. The club were 19th at the time of his departure, and Henry left with a record of 4 wins, 5 draws, and 11 defeats, from 20 games in charge.</s><s>Managerial career.:Montreal Impact. On 14 November 2019, Henry signed with Major League Soccer side Montreal Impact, signing a two-year deal until the end of the 2021 season, with an option to extend it by a year until the 2022 season. In his first press conference, Henry stated he had to \"confront\" the"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " relative disappointment of his short stint as manager of Monaco, before undertaking a new job. After leading Montreal to their first playoff berth in four seasons, on 25 February 2021, prior to the 2021 season, Henry stepped down as head coach of the renamed CF Montreal to be closer to his children in London. He had not been able to see them in the 2020 season due to travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, and with restrictions continuing into the 2021 season, he decided to end the separation.</s><s>Managerial career.:Return to Belgium (assistant). In May 2021, Henry rejoined the coaching staff of Belgium prior to the UEFA Euro 2020. He was also in the team's coaching staff for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In February 2023, upon the appointment of Domenico Tedesco as Belgium's new head coach, Royal Belgian Football Association CEO Peter Bossaert announced that Henry would not be returning to the national team's coaching staff. Henry was considered as being one of potential replacements for Corinne Diacre who got fired as France women's national football team head coach, but he turned down the possibility of managing them in favor of waiting for United States men's national soccer team permanent head coach position offer.</s><s>Media career. After"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " leaving CF Montreal, Henry resumed his punditry career. He joined CBS Sports in their UEFA Champions League coverage as studio analyst on 27 September 2021, as well as being hired by Amazon Prime Video for their Premier League and Ligue 1 programs as consultant.</s><s>Reception. Henry has received many plaudits and awards in his football career. He was runner-up for the 2003 and 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year awards; in those two seasons, he also won back-to-back PFA Players' Player of the Year titles. Henry is the only player ever to have won the FWA Footballer of the Year three times (2003, 2004, 2006), and the French Player of the Year on a record four occasions. Henry was voted into the Premier League Overseas Team of the Decade in the 10 Seasons Awards poll in 2003, and in 2004 he was named by football legend Pel\u00e9 on the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. In terms of goal-scoring awards, Henry was the European Golden Boot winner in 2004 and 2005 (sharing it with Villarreal's Diego Forl\u00e1n in 2005). Henry was also the top goalscorer in the Premier League for a record four seasons (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": "). In 2006, he became the first player to score more than 20 goals in the league for five consecutive seasons (2002 to 2006). With 175, Henry is currently seventh in the list of all-time Premier League goalscorers, behind Alan Shearer, Wayne Rooney, Harry Kane, Andy Cole, Sergio Ag\u00fcero, and Frank Lampard. He held the record for most goals in the competition for one club, until it was broken by Rooney in 2016, and held the record for most goals by a foreign player in the competition until surpassed by Ag\u00fcero in 2020. France's all-time record goalscorer was, in his prime in the mid 2000s, regarded by many coaches, footballers and journalists as one of the best players in the world. In November 2007, he was ranked 33rd on the Association of Football Statisticians' compendium for \"Greatest Ever Footballers.\" Arsenal fans honoured their former player in 2008, declaring Henry the greatest Arsenal player. In two other 2008 surveys, Henry emerged as the favourite Premier League player of all time among 32,000 people surveyed in the Barclays 2008 Global Fan Report. Arsenal fan and The Who lead singer Roger Daltrey mentions Henry in the tribute song \"Highbury Highs\", which he"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " performed at Arsenal's last game at Highbury on 7 May 2006. \"Rock legend to pay tribute to Highbury\". Arsenal.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014 On 10 December 2011, Arsenal unveiled a bronze statue of Henry at the Emirates Stadium as part of its 125th anniversary celebrations. \"Arsenal Unveil Statues of Three Legends\". Arsenal F.C. Retrieved 12 December 2011. In 2017, \"FourFourTwo\" magazine ranked him first in their list of the 30 best strikers in Premier League history. Daniel Girard of \"The Toronto Star\" described Henry as \"one of the best players of his generation\" in 2010. Henry's former Arsenal manager, Wenger, described him as \"one of the greatest players [he had] ever seen\" in 2014. In 2019, \"The Independent\" ranked Henry in first place in their list of the \"100 greatest Premier League players.\"</s><s>Personal life. Henry married English model Nicole Merry, real name Claire, on 5 July 2003. The ceremony was held at Highclere Castle, and on 27 May 2005 the couple celebrated the birth of their first child, T\u00e9a. Henry dedicated his first goal following T\u00e9a's birth to her by holding his fingers in a \"T\" shape and kissing"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " them after scoring in a match against Newcastle United. When Henry was still at Arsenal, he also purchased a home in Hampstead, North London. However, shortly after his transfer to Barcelona, it was announced that Henry and his wife would divorce; the decree nisi was granted in September 2007, \"on the basis of his behavior.\" Their separation concluded in December 2008 when Henry paid Merry a divorce settlement close to her requested sum of \u00a310\u00a0million.</s><s>Personal life.:Interest in basketball. As a fan of the National Basketball Association (NBA), Henry is often seen with his friend Tony Parker at games when not playing football. Henry stated in an interview that he admires basketball, as it is similar to football in pace and excitement. Having made regular trips to the NBA Finals in the past, he went to watch Parker and the San Antonio Spurs in the 2007 NBA Finals; and in the 2001 NBA Finals, he went to Philadelphia to help with French television coverage of the Finals as well as to watch Allen Iverson, whom he named as one of his favourite players.</s><s>Personal life.:Appearance on screen. Henry makes a short cameo appearance in the 2015 film \"Entourage\". Henry's part sees him walking a dog and having exchange with Ari Gold (character played"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " by Jeremy Piven), who is an over-the-top Hollywood agent. He makes a number of cameo appearances playing himself in the Apple TV+ football comedy series \"Ted Lasso\". Henry makes a number of appearances in the Amazon Original sports docuseries \"\", which documented the club by spending time with the coaching staff and players behind the scenes both on and off the field throughout their 2021\u201322 season.</s><s>Personal life.:Social causes. Henry is a member of the UNICEF-FIFA squad, where together with other professional footballers he appeared in a series of TV spots seen by hundreds of millions of fans around the world during the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. In these spots, the players promote football as a game that must be played on behalf of children. Having been subjected to racism in the past, Henry is an active spokesperson against racism in football. The most prominent incident of racism against Henry was during a training session with the Spanish national team in 2004, when a Spanish TV crew caught coach Luis Aragon\u00e9s referring to Henry as \"black shit\" to Jos\u00e9 Antonio Reyes, Henry's teammate at Arsenal. The incident caused an uproar in the British media, and there were calls for Aragon\u00e9s to be sacked. Henry and Nike started the"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " Stand Up Speak Up campaign against racism in football as a result of the incident. Subsequently, in 2007, \"Time\" featured him as one of the \"Heroes & Pioneers\" on the \"Time\" 100 list of the most influential people in the world. Along with 45 other football players, Henry took part in FIFA's \"Live for Love United\" in 2002. The single was released in tandem with the 2002 FIFA World Cup and its proceeds went towards AIDS research. Henry also supports the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and Cystic Fibrosis Trust. Henry has also played in charity football games for various causes. In June 2018, he reunited with his France 1998 World Cup winning teammates to play a charity game against an All-Star team which included Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt, with proceeds going to the Mecenet Cardiac Charity and the Children of the World fund. In a 3\u20132 win for France, Henry played a trademark no-look one-two pass with Zinedine Zidane before scoring with a 20-yard curling strike.</s><s>Personal life.:Commercial endorsements. In 2006, Henry was valued as the ninth-most commercially marketable footballer in the world, and throughout his career he has signed many endorsements and appeared in"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " commercials.</s><s>Personal life.:Commercial endorsements.:Sportswear. At the beginning of his career, Henry signed with sportswear giant Nike. In the buildup to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, Henry featured in Nike's \"Secret Tournament\" advertisement, directed by Terry Gilliam, along with 24 superstar football players. In a 2004 advertisement, Henry pits his wits against others footballers in locations such as his bedroom and living room, which was partly inspired by Henry himself, who revealed that he always has a football nearby, even at home. In tandem with the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Henry also featured in Nike's \"Joga Bonito\" campaign, Portuguese for \"beautiful game.\" Henry's deal with Nike ended after the 2006 FIFA World Cup, when he signed a deal with Reebok to appear in their \"I Am What I Am\" campaign. As part of Reebok Entertainment's \"Framed\" series, Henry was the star of a half-hour episode that detailed the making of a commercial about himself directed by Spanish actress Paz Vega. In 2011, Henry switched to Puma boots.</s><s>Personal life.:Commercial endorsements.:Others. Henry featured in the Renault Clio advertisements in which he popularised the term \"va"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": "-va-voom\", meaning \"life\" or \"passion.\" His romantic interest in the commercial was his then-girlfriend, later his wife (now divorced), Claire Merry. \"\"Va-va-voom\"\" was subsequently added to the \"Concise Oxford English Dictionary\". In February 2007, Henry was named as one of the three global ambassadors of Gillette's \"Champions Program,\" which purported to feature three of the \"best-known, most widely respected and successful athletes competing today\" and also showcased Roger Federer and Tiger Woods in a series of television commercials. In reaction to the handball controversy following the France vs Ireland 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier, Gillette faced a boycott and accusations of doctoring French versions of their Champions poster, but subsequently released a statement backing Henry. Henry was part of Pepsi's \"Dare For More\" campaign in 2005, alongside the likes of David Beckham and Ronaldinho. He starred in a 2014 advert for Beats headphones with other global football stars including Neymar and Luis Su\u00e1rez, with the theme of \"The Game Before the Game\" and the players pre-game ritual of listening to music. Henry featured on the front cover of the editions of EA Sports' \"FIFA\" video game series from \"FIFA"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " 2001\" to \"FIFA 2005\". He was included as an icon to the Ultimate Team in \"FIFA 18\". He was also a cover star for the Konami \"Pro Evolution Soccer\" video game series, and was featured on the covers of \"Pro Evolution Soccer 4\" to \"Pro Evolution Soccer 6\".</s><s>Personal life.:Other interests. In August 2022, Serie B club Como announced Henry was joining them as an investor and minority stakeholder.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:International. Note</s><s>Honours. Monaco - Division 1: 1996\u201397 Arsenal - Premier League: 2001\u201302, 2003\u201304 - FA Cup: 2001\u201302, 2002\u201303 - FA Community Shield: 2002, 2004 - UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2005\u201306 - UEFA Cup runner-up: 1999\u20132000 Barcelona - La Liga: 2008\u201309, 2009\u201310 - Copa del Rey: 2008\u201309 - Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a: 2009 - UEFA Champions League: 2008\u201309 - UEFA Super Cup: 2009 - FIFA Club World Cup: 2009 New York Red Bulls - Supporters' Shield: 2013 France - FIFA World Cup: 1998; runner-up: 2006 - UEFA European Championship: 2000 - FIFA Confeder"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": "ations Cup: 2003 Individual - Ballon d'Or runner-up: 2003; third-place: 2006 - FIFA World Player of the Year \u2013 Silver Award: 2003, 2004 - European Golden Shoe: 2003\u201304, 2004\u201305 - Onze d'Or: 2003, 2006 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: Germany 2006 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: France 2003 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Shoe: France 2003 - UNFP Division 1 Young Player of the Year: 1996\u201397 - PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2002\u201303, 2003\u201304 - PFA Team of the Year: 2000\u201301 Premier League, 2001\u201302 Premier League, 2002\u201303 Premier League, 2003\u201304 Premier League, 2004\u201305 Premier League, 2005\u201306 Premier League - PFA Team of the Century (1907\u20132007): - Team of the Century 1997\u20132007 - Overall Team of the Century - FWA Footballer of the Year: 2002\u201303, 2003\u201304, 2005\u201306 - Premier League Player of the Season: 2003\u201304, 2005\u201306 - Premier League Golden Boot: 2001\u201302, 2003\u201304, 2004\u201305, 2005\u201306 - Most assists in the Premier League:"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " 2002\u201303 - Golden Boot Landmark Award 10: 2004\u201305 - Golden Boot Landmark Award 20: 2004\u201305 - Premier League Player of the Month: April 2000, September 2002, January 2004, April 2004 - Arsenal Player of the Season: 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005 - BBC Goal of the Season: 2002\u201303 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 - MLS Best XI: 2011, 2012, 2014 - MLS Player of the Month: March 2012 - Best MLS Player ESPY Award: 2013 - MLS All-Star: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 - French Player of the Year: 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 - IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year: 2003 - FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2006 - UEFA European Football Championship Team of the Tournament: 2000 - FIFA 100: 2004 - Time 100 Heroes & Pioneers no.16: 2007 - English Football Hall of Fame: 2008 - Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992\u201393 \u2013 2001\u201302) - Overseas Team of the Decade - Premier League 20 Seasons Awards - Fantasy Team (Panel choice) - Fantasy Team (Public choice) - UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year (published 2015) -"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " UEFA Euro All-time XI (published 2016) - Ballon d'Or Dream Team (Bronze): 2020 - Premier League Hall of Fame: 2021 Orders - Knight of the Legion of Honour: 1998</s><s>Records.</s><s>Records.:Arsenal. - All-time top scorer: 228 goals - Most league goals: 175 goals - Most European goals: 42 - Most Champions League goals: 35 - Most Premier League goals in a season: 30 (2003\u201304) (shared with Robin van Persie) - Most Premier League hat-tricks: 8 - Most European appearances: 86 - Most Champions League appearances: 78 - Most Arsenal Player of the Season Awards: 4</s><s>Records.:Continental. - Most European Golden Shoe wins while playing in England: 2 (2003\u201304 & 2004\u201305) - One of four players to win back-to-back European Golden Shoes (shared with Ally McCoist, Lionel Messi & Cristiano Ronaldo)</s><s>Records.:England. - Most FWA Footballer of the Year wins: 3 (2002\u201303, 2003\u201304 & 2005\u201306) - Most consecutive FWA Footballer of the Year wins: 2 (2002\u201303 & 2003\u201304) (shared with Crist"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": "iano Ronaldo) - Most consecutive PFA Players' Player of the Year wins: 2 (2002\u201303 & 2003\u201304) (shared with Cristiano Ronaldo) - Most PFA Players' Player of the Year wins: 2 (2002\u201303 & 2003\u201304) (shared with Gareth Bale, Alan Shearer, Mark Hughes & Cristiano Ronaldo)</s><s>Records.:France. - Only French player to win the European Golden Shoe - Most French Player of the Year wins: 5 (2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) - Most consecutive French Player of the Year wins: 4 (2003\u20132006) - Most goals by a Frenchman playing at a foreign club: 228 goals for Arsenal - Most world cup matches for France: 17 (shared with Fabien Barthez) - Most appearances at World Cup final tournaments for France: 4 (1998, 2002, 2006 & 2010)</s><s>Records.:Premier League. - Most assists in a season: 20 (2002\u201303) (shared with Kevin De Bruyne) - Most goals with right foot in a 38-game season: 24 (2005\u201306) (shared with Alan Shearer) - Most Player of the Season awards: 2 (2003\u201304 & 2005\u201306)"}, {"title": "Thierry Henry", "text": " (shared with Cristiano Ronaldo, Nemanja Vidi\u0107 & Kevin De Bruyne) - Most goals in London derbies: 43 - Most Golden Boot wins: 4 - Most goals on a Friday: 10 - Most consecutive 20+ goal seasons: 5 (2001\u201302 to 2004\u201305) (shared with Sergio Ag\u00fcero) - Most goals scored under one manager: 175 goals under Ars\u00e8ne Wenger - Most goals at a single ground: 114 goals at Highbury - Most direct free-kicks goals by a foreign player: 12 (shared with Gianfranco Zola) - Most Golden Boot's won in consecutive years: 3 (shared with Alan Sherear) - The only player to both score and assist 20+ goals in a season (2002\u201303)</s><s>See also. - List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances - List of top international men's football goalscorers by country - List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps - List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Thierry Henry", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000449", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vladimir Lenin.", "docs": [{"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": "<s>Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 1870 \u2013 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party socialist state governed by the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his development of the ideology is known as Leninism. Born to an upper-middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye in Siberia for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in the RSDLP ideological split,"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Following Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which, as a Marxist, he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime. Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty conceding territory to the Central Powers, and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish\u2013Soviet War of 1919\u20131921"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": ". Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations had secured independence from the Russian Republic after 1917, but five were forcibly re-united into the new Soviet Union in 1922, while others repelled Soviet invasions. His health failing, Lenin died in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government. Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism\u2013Leninism and a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive historical figure, Lenin is viewed by his supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class. Meanwhile, Lenin's critics accuse him of establishing a totalitarian dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and political repression.</s><s>Early life.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood: 1870\u20131887. Going back to his great-grandparents, Russian, German, Swedish, Jewish and reportedly some distant Kalmyk ancestry has been discovered. His father Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov was from"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " a family of former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, while Ilya's mother, Anna Alexeyevna Smirnova, was half-Kalmyk and half-Russian. Despite a lower-class background, Ilya had risen to middle-class status, studying physics and mathematics at Kazan University before teaching at the Penza Institute for the Nobility. Ilya married Maria Alexandrovna Blank in mid-1863. Well educated, she was the daughter of a wealthy German\u2013Swedish Lutheran mother, and a Russian Jewish father who had converted to Christianity and worked as a physician. According to historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is likely that Lenin was unaware of his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by his sister Anna after his death. According to another version, Maria's father came from a family of German colonists invited to Russia by Catherine the Great. Soon after their wedding, Ilya obtained a job in Nizhny Novgorod, rising to become Director of Primary Schools in the Simbirsk district six years later. Five years after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing the foundation of over 450 schools as a part of the government's"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " plans for modernisation. In January 1882, his dedication to education earned him the Order of Saint Vladimir, which bestowed on him the status of hereditary nobleman. Lenin was born in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 April 1870, and baptised six days later; as a child, he was known as \"Volodya\", a diminutive of Vladimir. He was the third of eight children, having two older siblings, Anna (born 1864) and Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more children, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died in infancy. Ilya was a devout member of the Russian Orthodox Church and baptised his children into it, although Maria, a Lutheran by upbringing, was largely indifferent to Christianity, a view that influenced her children. Both of his parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, being committed to the emancipation reform of 1861 introduced by the reformist Tsar Alexander II; they avoided political radicals and there is no evidence that the police ever put them under surveillance for subversive thought. Every summer they holidayed at a rural manor in Kokushkino. Among his"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an extremely competitive nature and could be destructive, but usually admitted his misbehaviour. A keen sportsman, he spent much of his free time outdoors or playing chess, and excelled at school, the disciplinarian and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium. In January 1886, when Lenin was 15, his father died of a brain haemorrhage. Subsequently, his behaviour became erratic and confrontational and he renounced his belief in God. At the time, Lenin's elder brother Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying at Saint Petersburg University. Involved in political agitation against the absolute monarchy of the reactionary Tsar Alexander III, Alexander studied the writings of banned leftists and organised anti-government protests. He joined a revolutionary cell bent on assassinating the Tsar and was selected to construct a bomb. Before the attack could take place, the conspirators were arrested and tried, and Alexander was executed by hanging in May. Despite the emotional trauma of his father's and brother's deaths, Lenin continued studying, graduated from school at the top of his class with a gold medal for exceptional performance, and decided to study law at Kaz"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": "an University.</s><s>Early life.:University and political radicalisation: 1887\u20131893. Upon entering Kazan University in August 1887, Lenin moved into a nearby flat. There, he joined a \"zemlyachestvo\", a form of university society that represented the men of a particular region. This group elected him as its representative to the university's \"zemlyachestvo\" council, and he took part in a December demonstration against government restrictions that banned student societies. The police arrested Lenin and accused him of being a ringleader in the demonstration; he was expelled from the university, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino estate. There, he read voraciously, becoming enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel \"What Is to Be Done?\" Lenin's mother was concerned by her son's radicalisation, and was instrumental in convincing the Interior Ministry to allow him to return to the city of Kazan, but not the university. On his return, he joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary circle, through which he discovered Karl Marx's 1867 book \"\". This sparked his interest in Marxism, a socio-political theory that argued that society"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " developed in stages, that this development resulted from class struggle, and that capitalist society would ultimately give way to socialist society and then communist society. Wary of his political views, Lenin's mother bought a country estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in the hope that her son would turn his attention to agriculture. He had little interest in farm management, and his mother soon sold the land, keeping the house as a summer home. In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the city of Samara, where Lenin joined Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion circle. There, Lenin fully embraced Marxism and produced a Russian language translation of Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, \"The Communist Manifesto\". He began to read the works of the Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, agreeing with Plekhanov's argument that Russia was moving from feudalism to capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the proletariat, or urban working class, rather than the peasantry. This Marxist perspective contrasted with the view of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which held that the peasantry could establish socialism in Russia by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. This Narodnik view developed in"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " the 1860s with the People's Freedom Party and was then dominant within the Russian revolutionary movement. Lenin rejected the premise of the agrarian-socialist argument, but was influenced by agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev and Sergei Nechaev, and befriended several Narodniks. In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal influence as the widow of a nobleman, persuaded the authorities to allow Lenin to take his exams externally at the University of St Petersburg, where he obtained the equivalent of a first-class degree with honours. The graduation celebrations were marred when his sister Olga died of typhoid. Lenin remained in Samara for several years, working first as a legal assistant for a regional court and then for a local lawyer. He devoted much time to radical politics, remaining active in Sklyarenko's group and formulating ideas about how Marxism applied to Russia. Inspired by Plekhanov's work, Lenin collected data on Russian society, using it to support a Marxist interpretation of societal development and counter the claims of the Narodniks. He wrote a paper on peasant economics; it was rejected by the liberal journal \"Russian Thought\".</s><s>Revolutionary activity.</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:Early"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " activism and imprisonment: 1893\u20131900. In late 1893, Lenin moved to Saint Petersburg. There, he worked as a barrister's assistant and rose to a senior position in a Marxist revolutionary cell that called itself the Social-Democrats after the Marxist Social Democratic Party of Germany. Publicly championing Marxism within the socialist movement, he encouraged the founding of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres. By late 1894, he was leading a Marxist workers' circle, and meticulously covered his tracks, knowing that police spies tried to infiltrate the movement. He began a romantic relationship with Nadezhda \"Nadya\" Krupskaya, a Marxist schoolteacher. He also authored the political tract \"What the \"Friends of the People\" Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats\" criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, based largely on his experiences in Samara; around 200 copies were illegally printed in 1894. Lenin hoped to cement connections between his Social-Democrats and Emancipation of Labour, a group of Russian Marxist \u00e9migr\u00e9s based in Switzerland; he visited the country to meet group members Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod. He proceeded to Paris to meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue and"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " to research the Paris Commune of 1871, which he considered an early prototype for a proletarian government. Financed by his mother, he stayed in a Swiss health spa before travelling to Berlin, where he studied for six weeks at the Staatsbibliothek and met the Marxist activist Wilhelm Liebknecht. Returning to Russia with a stash of illegal revolutionary publications, he travelled to various cities distributing literature to striking workers. While involved in producing a news sheet, \"Rabochee delo\" (\"Workers' Cause\"), he was among 40 activists arrested in St. Petersburg and charged with sedition. Refused legal representation or bail, Lenin denied all charges against him but remained imprisoned for a year before sentencing. He spent this time theorising and writing. In this work he noted that the rise of industrial capitalism in Russia had caused large numbers of peasants to move to the cities, where they formed a proletariat. From his Marxist perspective, Lenin argued that this Russian proletariat would develop class consciousness, which would in turn lead them to violently overthrow tsarism, the aristocracy, and the bourgeoisie and to establish a proletariat state that would move toward socialism. In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without trial to three years' exile in eastern Siberia. He was granted a"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " few days in Saint Petersburg to put his affairs in order and used this time to meet with the Social-Democrats, who had renamed themselves the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. His journey to eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much of which he was accompanied by his mother and sisters. Deemed only a minor threat to the government, he was exiled to a peasant's hut in Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where he was kept under police surveillance; he was nevertheless able to correspond with other revolutionaries, many of whom visited him, and permitted to go on trips to swim in the Yenisei River and to hunt duck and snipe. In May 1898, Nadya joined him in exile, having been arrested in August 1896 for organising a strike. She was initially posted to Ufa, but persuaded the authorities to move her to Shushenskoye, claiming that she and Lenin were engaged; they married in a church on 10 July 1898. Settling into a family life with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the couple translated English socialist literature into Russian. Keen to keep up with developments in German Marxism, where there had been an ideological"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " split, with revisionists like Eduard Bernstein advocating a peaceful, electoral path to socialism, Lenin remained devoted to violent revolution, attacking revisionist arguments in \"A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats\". He also finished \"The Development of Capitalism in Russia\" (1899), his longest book to date, which criticised the agrarian-socialists and promoted a Marxist analysis of Russian economic development. Published under the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication it received predominantly poor reviews.</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:Munich, London, and Geneva: 1900\u20131905. After his exile, Lenin settled in Pskov in early 1900. There, he began raising funds for a newspaper, \"Iskra\" (\"Spark\"), a new organ of the Russian Marxist party, now calling itself the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In July 1900, Lenin left Russia for Western Europe; in Switzerland he met other Russian Marxists, and at a Corsier conference they agreed to launch the paper from Munich, where Lenin relocated in September. Containing contributions from prominent European Marxists, \"Iskra\" was smuggled into Russia, becoming the country's most successful underground publication for 50 years. He first adopted the pseudonym Lenin in December 1901, possibly based"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " on the Siberian River Lena; he often used the fuller pseudonym of N. Lenin, and while the \"N\" did not stand for anything, a popular misconception later arose that it represented \"Nikolai\". Under this pseudonym, he published the political pamphlet \"What Is to Be Done?\" in 1902; his most influential publication to date, it dealt with Lenin's thoughts on the need for a vanguard party to lead the proletariat to revolution. His wife Nadya joined Lenin in Munich and became his personal secretary. They continued their political agitation, as Lenin wrote for \"Iskra\" and drafted the RSDLP programme, attacking ideological dissenters and external critics, particularly the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded in 1901. Despite remaining a Marxist, he accepted the Narodnik view on the revolutionary power of the Russian peasantry, accordingly penning the 1903 pamphlet \"To the Village Poor\". To evade Bavarian police, Lenin moved to London with \"Iskra\" in April 1902. He became friends with fellow Russian-Ukrainian Marxist Leon Trotsky. Lenin fell ill with erysipelas and was unable to take such a leading role on the \"Iskra\" editorial board; in his absence,"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " the board moved its base of operations to Geneva. The second RSDLP Congress was held in London in July 1903. At the conference, a schism emerged between Lenin's supporters and those of Julius Martov. Martov argued that party members should be able to express themselves independently of the party leadership; Lenin disagreed, emphasising the need for a strong leadership with complete control over the party. Lenin's supporters were in the majority, and he termed them the \"majoritarians\" (\"bol'sheviki\" in Russian; Bolsheviks); in response, Martov termed his followers the \"minoritarians\" (\"men'sheviki\" in Russian; Mensheviks). Arguments between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks continued after the conference; the Bolsheviks accused their rivals of being opportunists and reformists who lacked discipline, while the Mensheviks accused Lenin of being a despot and autocrat. Enraged at the Mensheviks, Lenin resigned from the \"Iskra\" editorial board and in May 1904 published the anti-Menshevik tract \"One Step Forward, Two Steps Back\". The stress made Lenin ill, and to recuperate he went on a hiking holiday in rural Switzerland. The Bolshevik faction grew in strength; by"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " spring 1905, the whole RSDLP Central Committee was Bolshevik, and in December they founded the newspaper \"Vpered\" (\"Forward\").</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath: 1905\u20131914. In January 1905, the Bloody Sunday massacre of protesters in St. Petersburg sparked a spate of civil unrest in the Russian Empire known as the Revolution of 1905. Lenin urged Bolsheviks to take a greater role in the events, encouraging violent insurrection. In doing so, he adopted SR slogans regarding \"armed insurrection\", \"mass terror\", and \"the expropriation of gentry land\", resulting in Menshevik accusations that he had deviated from orthodox Marxism. In turn, he insisted that the Bolsheviks split completely with the Mensheviks; many Bolsheviks refused, and both groups attended the Third RSDLP Congress, held in London in April 1905 at the Brotherhood Church. Lenin presented many of his ideas in the pamphlet \"Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution\", published in August 1905. Here, he predicted that Russia's liberal bourgeoisie would be sated by a transition to constitutional monarchy and thus betray the revolution; instead he argued that the proletariat would have to build an alliance with the peasantry to overthrow the Tsarist regime and establish the \""}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": "provisional revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry.\" In response to the revolution of 1905, which had failed to overthrow the government, Tsar Nicholas II accepted a series of liberal reforms in his October Manifesto. In this climate, Lenin felt it safe to return to St. Petersburg. Joining the editorial board of \"Novaya Zhizn\" (\"New Life\"), a radical legal newspaper run by Maria Andreyeva, he used it to discuss issues facing the RSDLP. He encouraged the party to seek out a much wider membership, and advocated the continual escalation of violent confrontation, believing both to be necessary for a successful revolution. Recognising that membership fees and donations from a few wealthy sympathisers were insufficient to finance the Bolsheviks' activities, Lenin endorsed the idea of robbing post offices, railway stations, trains, and banks. Under the lead of Leonid Krasin, a group of Bolsheviks began carrying out such criminal actions, the best known taking place in June 1907, when a group of Bolsheviks acting under the leadership of Joseph Stalin committed an armed robbery of the State Bank in Tiflis, Georgia. Although he briefly supported the idea of reconciliation between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Lenin's advocacy of violence and robbery was condemned"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " by the Mensheviks at the Fourth RSDLP Congress, held in Stockholm in April 1906. Lenin was involved in setting up a Bolshevik Centre in Kuokkala, Grand Duchy of Finland, which was at the time a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Empire, before the Bolsheviks regained dominance of the RSDLP at its Fifth Congress, held in London in May 1907. As the Tsarist government cracked down on opposition, both by disbanding Russia's legislative assembly, the Second Duma, and by ordering its secret police, the Okhrana, to arrest revolutionaries, Lenin fled Finland for Switzerland. There, he tried to exchange those banknotes stolen in Tiflis that had identifiable serial numbers on them. Alexander Bogdanov and other prominent Bolsheviks decided to relocate the Bolshevik Centre to Paris; although Lenin disagreed, he moved to the city in December 1908. Lenin disliked Paris, lambasting it as \"a foul hole\", and while there he sued a motorist who knocked him off his bike. Lenin became very critical of Bogdanov's view that Russia's proletariat had to develop a socialist culture in order to become a successful revolutionary vehicle. Instead, Lenin favoured a vanguard of socialist intelligentsia who would lead the working-classes"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " in revolution. Furthermore, Bogdanov, influenced by Ernest Mach, believed that all concepts of the world were relative, whereas Lenin stuck to the orthodox Marxist view that there was an objective reality independent of human observation. Bogdanov and Lenin holidayed together at Maxim Gorky's villa in Capri in April 1908; on returning to Paris, Lenin encouraged a split within the Bolshevik faction between his and Bogdanov's followers, accusing the latter of deviating from Marxism. In May 1908, Lenin lived briefly in London, where he used the British Museum Reading Room to write \"Materialism and Empirio-criticism\", an attack on what he described as the \"bourgeois-reactionary falsehood\" of Bogdanov's relativism. Lenin's factionalism began to alienate increasing numbers of Bolsheviks, including his former close supporters Alexei Rykov and Lev Kamenev. The Okhrana exploited his factionalist attitude by sending a spy, Roman Malinovsky, to act as a vocal Lenin supporter within the party. Various Bolsheviks expressed their suspicions about Malinovsky to Lenin, although it is unclear if the latter was aware of the spy's duplicity; it is possible that he used Malinovsky to feed false information"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " to the Okhrana. In August 1910, Lenin attended the Eighth Congress of the Second International, an international meeting of socialists, in Copenhagen as the RSDLP's representative, following this with a holiday in Stockholm with his mother. With his wife and sisters he then moved to France, settling first in Bombon and then Paris. Here, he became a close friend to the French Bolshevik Inessa Armand; some biographers suggest that they had an extra-marital affair from 1910 to 1912. Meanwhile, at a Paris meeting in June 1911, the RSDLP Central Committee decided to move their focus of operations back to Russia, ordering the closure of the Bolshevik Centre and its newspaper, \"Proletari\". Seeking to rebuild his influence in the party, Lenin arranged for a party conference to be held in Prague in January 1912, and although 16 of the 18 attendants were Bolsheviks, he was heavily criticised for his factionalist tendencies and failed to boost his status within the party. Moving to Krak\u00f3w in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a culturally Polish part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he used Jagiellonian University's library to conduct research. He stayed in close contact with the RSDLP, which was operating"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " in the Russian Empire, convincing the Duma's Bolshevik members to split from their parliamentary alliance with the Mensheviks. In January 1913, Stalin, whom Lenin referred to as the \"wonderful Georgian\", visited him, and they discussed the future of non-Russian ethnic groups in the Empire. Due to the ailing health of both Lenin and his wife, they moved to the rural town of Bia\u0142y Dunajec, before heading to Bern for Nadya to have surgery on her goitre.</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:First World War: 1914\u20131917. Lenin was in Galicia when the First World War broke out. The war pitted the Russian Empire against the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and due to his Russian citizenship, Lenin was arrested and briefly imprisoned until his anti-Tsarist credentials were explained. Lenin and his wife returned to Bern, before relocating to Z\u00fcrich in February 1916. Lenin was angry that the German Social-Democratic Party was supporting the German war effort, which was a direct contravention of the Second International's Stuttgart resolution that socialist parties would oppose the conflict, and saw the Second International as defunct. He attended the Zimmerwald Conference in September 1915 and the Kienthal Conference in April 1916,"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " urging socialists across the continent to convert the \"imperialist war\" into a continent-wide \"civil war\" with the proletariat pitted against the bourgeoisie and aristocracy. In July 1916, Lenin's mother died, but he was unable to attend her funeral. Her death deeply affected him, and he became depressed, fearing that he too would die before seeing the proletarian revolution. In September 1917, Lenin published \"Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism\", which argued that imperialism was a product of monopoly capitalism, as capitalists sought to increase their profits by extending into new territories where wages were lower and raw materials cheaper. He believed that competition and conflict would increase and that war between the imperialist powers would continue until they were overthrown by proletariat revolution and socialism established. He spent much of this time reading the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Ludwig Feuerbach, and Aristotle, all of whom had been key influences on Marx. This changed Lenin's interpretation of Marxism; whereas he once believed that policies could be developed based on predetermined scientific principles, he concluded that the only test of whether a policy was correct was its practice. He still perceived himself as an orthodox Marxist, but he began to diverge from some of Marx's predictions about societal development; whereas Marx had believed that a \""}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": "bourgeoisie-democratic revolution\" of the middle-classes had to take place before a \"socialist revolution\" of the proletariat, Lenin believed that in Russia the proletariat could overthrow the Tsarist regime without an intermediate revolution.</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:February Revolution and the July Days: 1917. In February 1917, the February Revolution broke out in St. Petersburg, renamed Petrograd at the beginning of the First World War, as industrial workers went on strike over food shortages and deteriorating factory conditions. The unrest spread to other parts of Russia, and fearing that he would be violently overthrown, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated. The State Duma took over control of the country, establishing the Russian Provisional Government and converting the Empire into a new Russian Republic. When Lenin learned of this from his base in Switzerland, he celebrated with other dissidents. He decided to return to Russia to take charge of the Bolsheviks but found that most passages into the country were blocked due to the ongoing conflict. He organised a plan with other dissidents to negotiate a passage for them through Germany, with which Russia was then at war. Recognising that these dissidents could cause problems for their Russian enemies, the German government agreed to permit 32 Russian citizens to travel by train through their territory, among"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " them Lenin and his wife. For political reasons, Lenin and the Germans agreed to a cover story that Lenin had travelled by sealed train carriage through German territory, but in fact the train was not truly sealed, and the passengers were allowed to disembark to, for example, spend the night in Frankfurt. The group travelled by train from Z\u00fcrich to Sassnitz, proceeding by ferry to Trelleborg, Sweden, and from there to the Haparanda\u2013Tornio border crossing and then to Helsinki before taking the final train to Petrograd in disguise. Arriving at Petrograd's Finland Station in April, Lenin gave a speech to Bolshevik supporters condemning the Provisional Government and again calling for a continent-wide European proletarian revolution. Over the following days, he spoke at Bolshevik meetings, lambasting those who wanted reconciliation with the Mensheviks and revealing his \"April Theses\", an outline of his plans for the Bolsheviks, which he had written on the journey from Switzerland. He publicly condemned both the Mensheviks and the Social Revolutionaries, who dominated the influential Petrograd Soviet, for supporting the Provisional Government, denouncing them as traitors to socialism. Considering the government to be just as imperialist as the Tsarist regime, he advocated immediate peace with Germany"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " and Austria-Hungary, rule by soviets, the nationalisation of industry and banks, and the state expropriation of land, all with the intention of establishing a proletariat government and pushing toward a socialist society. By contrast, the Mensheviks believed that Russia was insufficiently developed to transition to socialism, and accused Lenin of trying to plunge the new Republic into civil war. Over the coming months Lenin campaigned for his policies, attending the meetings of the Bolshevik Central Committee, prolifically writing for the Bolshevik newspaper \"Pravda\", and giving public speeches in Petrograd aimed at converting workers, soldiers, sailors, and peasants to his cause. Sensing growing frustration among Bolshevik supporters, Lenin suggested an armed political demonstration in Petrograd to test the government's response. Amid deteriorating health, he left the city to recuperate in the Finnish village of Neivola. The Bolsheviks' armed demonstration, the July Days, took place while Lenin was away, but upon learning that demonstrators had violently clashed with government forces, he returned to Petrograd and called for calm. Responding to the violence, the government ordered the arrest of Lenin and other prominent Bolsheviks, raiding their offices, and publicly alleging that he was a German \"agent provocateur\". Evading arrest"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": ", Lenin hid in a series of Petrograd safe houses. Fearing that he would be killed, Lenin and fellow senior Bolshevik Grigory Zinoviev escaped Petrograd in disguise, relocating to Razliv. There, Lenin began work on the book that became \"The State and Revolution\", an exposition on how he believed the socialist state would develop after the proletariat revolution, and how from then on the state would gradually wither away, leaving a pure communist society. He began arguing for a Bolshevik-led armed insurrection to topple the government, but at a clandestine meeting of the party's central committee this idea was rejected. Lenin then headed by train and by foot to Finland, arriving at Helsinki on 10 August, where he hid away in safe houses belonging to Bolshevik sympathisers.</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:October Revolution: 1917. In August 1917, while Lenin was in Finland, General Lavr Kornilov, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, sent troops to Petrograd in what appeared to be a military coup attempt against the Provisional Government. Premier Alexander Kerensky turned to the Petrograd Soviet, including its Bolshevik members, for help, allowing the revolutionaries to organise workers as Red Guards to defend the city. The coup petered out"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " before it reached Petrograd, but the events had allowed the Bolsheviks to return to the open political arena. Fearing a counter-revolution from right-wing forces hostile to socialism, the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries who dominated the Petrograd Soviet had been instrumental in pressuring the government to normalise relations with the Bolsheviks. Both the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries had lost much popular support because of their affiliation with the Provisional Government and its unpopular continuation of the war. The Bolsheviks capitalised on this, and soon the pro-Bolshevik Marxist Trotsky was elected leader of the Petrograd Soviet. In September, the Bolsheviks gained a majority in the workers' sections of both the Moscow and Petrograd Soviets. Recognising that the situation was safer for him, Lenin returned to Petrograd. There he attended a meeting of the Bolshevik Central Committee on 10 October, where he again argued that the party should lead an armed insurrection to topple the Provisional Government. This time the argument won with ten votes against two. Critics of the plan, Zinoviev and Kamenev, argued that Russian workers would not support a violent coup against the regime and that there was no clear evidence for Lenin's assertion that all of Europe was on the verge"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " of proletarian revolution. The party began plans to organise the offensive, holding a final meeting at the Smolny Institute on 24 October. This was the base of the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), an armed militia largely loyal to the Bolsheviks that had been established by the Petrograd Soviet during Kornilov's alleged coup. In October, the MRC was ordered to take control of Petrograd's key transport, communication, printing and utilities hubs, and did so without bloodshed. Bolsheviks besieged the government in the Winter Palace, and overcame it and arrested its ministers after the cruiser \"Aurora\", controlled by Bolshevik seamen, fired a blank shot to signal the start of the revolution. During the insurrection, Lenin gave a speech to the Petrograd Soviet announcing that the Provisional Government had been overthrown. The Bolsheviks declared the formation of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars, or Sovnarkom. Lenin initially turned down the leading position of Chairman, suggesting Trotsky for the job, but other Bolsheviks insisted and ultimately Lenin relented. Lenin and other Bolsheviks then attended the Second Congress of Soviets on 26 and 27 October, and announced the creation of the new government. Menshevik attendees condemned the illegitimate seizure of power and"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " the risk of civil war. In these early days of the new regime, Lenin avoided talking in Marxist and socialist terms so as not to alienate Russia's population, and instead spoke about having a country controlled by the workers. Lenin and many other Bolsheviks expected proletariat revolution to sweep across Europe in days or months.</s><s>Lenin's government.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Organising the Soviet government: 1917\u20131918. The Provisional Government had planned for a Constituent Assembly to be elected in November 1917; against Lenin's objections, Sovnarkom agreed for the vote to take place as scheduled. In the constitutional election, the Bolsheviks gained approximately a quarter of the vote, being defeated by the agrarian-focused Socialist-Revolutionaries. Lenin argued that the election was not a fair reflection of the people's will, that the electorate had not had time to learn the Bolsheviks' political programme, and that the candidacy lists had been drawn up before the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries split from the Socialist-Revolutionaries. Nevertheless, the newly elected Russian Constituent Assembly convened in Petrograd in January 1918. Sovnarkom argued that it was counter-revolutionary because it sought to remove power from the soviets, but the Socialist-"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": "Revolutionaries and Mensheviks denied this. The Bolsheviks presented the Assembly with a motion that would strip it of most of its legal powers; when the Assembly rejected the motion, Sovnarkom declared this as evidence of its counter-revolutionary nature and forcibly disbanded it. Lenin rejected repeated calls, including from some Bolsheviks, to establish a coalition government with other socialist parties. Although refusing a coalition with the Mensheviks or Socialist-Revolutionaries, Sovnarkom partially relented; they allowed the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries five posts in the cabinet in December 1917. This coalition only lasted four months until March 1918, when the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries pulled out of the government over a disagreement about the Bolsheviks' approach to ending the First World War. At their 7th Congress in March 1918, the Bolsheviks changed their official name from the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party to the Russian Communist Party, as Lenin wanted to both distance his group from the increasingly reformist German Social Democratic Party and to emphasise its ultimate goal, that of a communist society. Although ultimate power officially rested with the country's government in the form of Sovnarkom and the Executive Committee (VTSIK) elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (ARCS), the"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " Communist Party was \"de facto\" in control in Russia, as acknowledged by its members at the time. By 1918, Sovnarkom began acting unilaterally, claiming a need for expediency, with the ARCS and VTSIK becoming increasingly marginalised, so the soviets no longer had a role in governing Russia. During 1918 and 1919, the government expelled Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries from the soviets. Russia had become a one-party state. Within the party was established a Political Bureau (Politburo) and Organisation Bureau (Orgburo) to accompany the existing Central Committee; the decisions of these party bodies had to be adopted by Sovnarkom and the Council of Labour and Defence. Lenin was the most significant figure in this governance structure as well as being the Chairman of Sovnarkom and sitting on the Council of Labour and Defence, and on the Central Committee and Politburo of the Communist Party. The only individual to have anywhere near this influence was Lenin's right-hand man, Yakov Sverdlov, who died in March 1919 during a flu pandemic. In November 1917, Lenin and his wife took a two-room flat within the Smolny Institute; the following month they left for a"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " brief holiday in Halila, Finland. In January 1918, he survived an assassination attempt in Petrograd; Fritz Platten, who was with Lenin at the time, shielded him and was injured by a bullet. Concerned that the German Army posed a threat to Petrograd, in March 1918 Sovnarkom relocated to Moscow, initially as a temporary measure. There, Lenin, Trotsky, and other Bolshevik leaders moved into the Kremlin, where Lenin lived with his wife and sister Maria in a first floor apartment adjacent to the room in which the Sovnarkom meetings were held. Lenin disliked Moscow, but rarely left the city centre during the rest of his life. He survived a second assassination attempt, in Moscow in August 1918; he was shot following a public speech and injured badly. A Socialist-Revolutionary, Fanny Kaplan, was arrested and executed. The attack was widely covered in the Russian press, generating much sympathy for Lenin and boosting his popularity. As a respite, he was driven in September 1918 to the luxurious Gorki estate, just outside Moscow, recently nationalized for him by the government.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Social, legal, and economic reform: 1917\u20131918. Upon taking power, Lenin's regime issued a series of decrees."}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " The first was a Decree on Land, which declared that the landed estates of the aristocracy and the Orthodox Church should be nationalised and redistributed to peasants by local governments. This contrasted with Lenin's desire for agricultural collectivisation but provided governmental recognition of the widespread peasant land seizures that had already occurred. In November 1917, the government issued the Decree on the Press that closed many opposition media outlets deemed counter-revolutionary. They claimed the measure would be temporary; the decree was widely criticised, including by many Bolsheviks, for compromising freedom of the press. In November 1917, Lenin issued the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, which stated that non-Russian ethnic groups living inside the Republic had the right to secede from Russian authority and establish their own independent nation-states. Many nations declared independence (Finland and Lithuania in December 1917, Latvia and Ukraine in January 1918, Estonia in February 1918, Transcaucasia in April 1918, and Poland in November 1918). Soon, the Bolsheviks actively promoted communist parties in these independent nation-states, while at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of the Soviets in July 1918 a constitution was approved that reformed the Russian Republic into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Seeking to modernise the country, the government"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " officially converted Russia from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar used in Europe. In November 1917, Sovnarkom issued a decree abolishing Russia's legal system, calling on the use of \"revolutionary conscience\" to replace the abolished laws. The courts were replaced by a two-tier system, namely the Revolutionary Tribunals to deal with counter-revolutionary crimes, and the People's Courts to deal with civil and other criminal offences. They were instructed to ignore pre-existing laws, and base their rulings on the Sovnarkom decrees and a \"socialist sense of justice.\" November also saw an overhaul of the armed forces; Sovnarkom implemented egalitarian measures, abolished previous ranks, titles, and medals, and called on soldiers to establish committees to elect their commanders. In October 1917, Lenin issued a decree limiting work for everyone in Russia to eight hours per day. He also issued the Decree on Popular Education that stipulated that the government would guarantee free, secular education for all children in Russia, and a decree establishing a system of state orphanages. To combat mass illiteracy, a literacy campaign was initiated; an estimated 5\u00a0million people enrolled in crash courses of basic literacy from 1920 to 1926. Embracing the equality of the sexes"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": ", laws were introduced that helped to emancipate women, by giving them economic autonomy from their husbands and removing restrictions on divorce. Zhenotdel, a Bolshevik women's organisation, was established to further these aims.  Under Lenin, Russia became the first country to legalize abortion on demand in the first trimester. Militantly atheist, Lenin and the Communist Party wanted to demolish organised religion. In January 1918, the government decreed the separation of church and state, and prohibited religious instruction in schools. In November 1917, Lenin issued the Decree on Workers' Control, which called on the workers of each enterprise to establish an elected committee to monitor their enterprise's management. That month they also issued an order requisitioning the country's gold, and nationalised the banks, which Lenin saw as a major step toward socialism. In December, Sovnarkom established a Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), which had authority over industry, banking, agriculture, and trade. The factory committees were subordinate to the trade unions, which were subordinate to VSNKh; the state's centralised economic plan was prioritised over the workers' local economic interests. In early 1918, Sovnarkom cancelled all foreign debts and refused to pay interest owed on"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " them. In April 1918, it nationalised foreign trade, establishing a state monopoly on imports and exports. In June 1918, it decreed nationalisation of public utilities, railways, engineering, textiles, metallurgy, and mining, although often these were state-owned in name only. Full-scale nationalisation did not take place until November 1920, when small-scale industrial enterprises were brought under state control. A faction of the Bolsheviks known as the \"Left Communists\" criticised Sovnarkom's economic policy as too moderate; they wanted nationalisation of all industry, agriculture, trade, finance, transport, and communication. Lenin believed that this was impractical at that stage and that the government should only nationalise Russia's large-scale capitalist enterprises, such as the banks, railways, larger landed estates, and larger factories and mines, allowing smaller businesses to operate privately until they grew large enough to be successfully nationalised. Lenin also disagreed with the Left Communists about the economic organisation; in June 1918, he argued that centralised economic control of industry was needed, whereas Left Communists wanted each factory to be controlled by its workers, a syndicalist approach that Lenin considered detrimental to the cause of socialism. Adopting a left-libertarian perspective, both the Left"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " Communists and other factions in the Communist Party critiqued the decline of democratic institutions in Russia. Internationally, many socialists decried Lenin's regime and denied that he was establishing socialism; in particular, they highlighted the lack of widespread political participation, popular consultation, and industrial democracy. In late 1918, the Czech-Austrian Marxist Karl Kautsky authored an anti-Leninist pamphlet condemning the anti-democratic nature of Soviet Russia, to which Lenin published a vociferous reply. German Marxist Rosa Luxemburg echoed Kautsky's views, while Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin described the Bolshevik seizure of power as \"the burial of the Russian Revolution.\"</s><s>Lenin's government.:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: 1917\u20131918. Upon taking power, Lenin believed that a key policy of his government must be to withdraw from the First World War by establishing an armistice with the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. He believed that ongoing war would create resentment among war-weary Russian troops, to whom he had promised peace, and that these troops and the advancing German Army threatened both his own government and the cause of international socialism. By contrast, other Bolsheviks, in particular Nikolai Bukharin and the Left"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " Communists, believed that peace with the Central Powers would be a betrayal of international socialism and that Russia should instead wage \"a war of revolutionary defence\" that would provoke an uprising of the German proletariat against their own government. Lenin proposed a three-month armistice in his Decree on Peace of November 1917, which was approved by the Second Congress of Soviets and presented to the German and Austro-Hungarian governments. The Germans responded positively, viewing this as an opportunity to focus on the Western Front and stave off looming defeat. In November, armistice talks began at Brest-Litovsk, the headquarters of the German high command on the Eastern Front, with the Russian delegation being led by Trotsky and Adolph Joffe. Meanwhile, a ceasefire until January was agreed. During negotiations, the Germans insisted on keeping their wartime conquests, which included Poland, Lithuania, and Courland, whereas the Russians countered that this was a violation of these nations' rights to self-determination. Some Bolsheviks had expressed hopes of dragging out negotiations until proletarian revolution broke out throughout Europe. On 7 January 1918, Trotsky returned from Brest-Litovsk to St. Petersburg with an ultimatum from the Central Powers: either Russia accept Germany's territorial demands"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " or the war would resume. In January and again in February, Lenin urged the Bolsheviks to accept Germany's proposals. He argued that the territorial losses were acceptable if it ensured the survival of the Bolshevik-led government. The majority of Bolsheviks rejected his position, hoping to prolong the armistice and call Germany's bluff. On 18 February, the German Army launched Operation Faustschlag, advancing further into Russian-controlled territory and conquering Dvinsk within a day. At this point, Lenin finally convinced a small majority of the Bolshevik Central Committee to accept the Central Powers' demands. On 23 February, the Central Powers issued a new ultimatum: Russia had to recognise German control not only of Poland and the Baltic states but also of Ukraine, or face a full-scale invasion. On 3 March, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. It resulted in massive territorial losses for Russia, with 26% of the former Empire's population, 37% of its agricultural harvest area, 28% of its industry, 26% of its railway tracks, and three-quarters of its coal and iron deposits being transferred to German control. Accordingly, the Treaty was deeply unpopular across Russia's political spectrum, and several Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries resigned"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " from Sovnarkom in protest. After the Treaty, Sovnarkom focused on trying to foment proletarian revolution in Germany, issuing an array of anti-war and anti-government publications in the country; the German government retaliated by expelling Russia's diplomats. The Treaty nevertheless failed to stop the Central Powers' defeat; in November 1918, the German Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated and the country's new administration signed the Armistice with the Allies. As a result, Sovnarkom proclaimed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk void.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Anti-Kulak campaigns, Cheka, and Red Terror: 1918\u20131922. By early 1918, many cities in western Russia faced famine as a result of chronic food shortages. Lenin blamed this on the kulaks, or wealthier peasants, who allegedly hoarded the grain that they had produced to increase its financial value. In May 1918, he issued a requisitioning order that established armed detachments to confiscate grain from kulaks for distribution in the cities, and in June called for the formation of Committees of Poor Peasants to aid in requisitioning. This policy resulted in vast social disorder and violence, as armed detachments often clashed"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " with peasant groups, helping to set the stage for the civil war. A prominent example of Lenin's views was his August 1918 telegram to the Bolsheviks of Penza, which called upon them to suppress a peasant insurrection by publicly hanging at least 100 \"known kulaks, rich men, [and] bloodsuckers.\" The requisitions disincentivised peasants from producing more grain than they could personally consume, and thus production slumped. A booming black market supplemented the official state-sanctioned economy, and Lenin called on speculators, black marketeers and looters to be shot. Both the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries condemned the armed appropriations of grain at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets in July 1918. Realising that the Committees of the Poor Peasants were also persecuting peasants who were not kulaks and thus contributing to anti-government feeling among the peasantry, in December 1918 Lenin abolished them. Lenin repeatedly emphasised the need for terror and violence in overthrowing the old order and ensuring the success of the revolution. Speaking to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets in November 1917, he declared that \"the state is an institution built up for the sake of exercising violence. Previously, this violence"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " was exercised by a handful of moneybags over the entire people; now we want\u00a0[...] to organise violence in the interests of the people.\" He strongly opposed suggestions to abolish capital punishment. Fearing anti-Bolshevik forces would overthrow his administration, in December 1917 Lenin ordered the establishment of the Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, or Cheka, a political police force led by Felix Dzerzhinsky. In September 1918, Sovnarkom passed a decree that inaugurated the Red Terror, a system of repression orchestrated by the Cheka. Although sometimes described as an attempt to eliminate the entire bourgeoisie, Lenin did not want to exterminate all members of this class, merely those who sought to reinstate their rule. The majority of the Terror's victims were well-to-do citizens or former members of the Tsarist administration; others were non-bourgeois anti-Bolsheviks and perceived social undesirables such as prostitutes. The Cheka claimed the right to both sentence and execute anyone whom it deemed to be an enemy of the government, without recourse to the Revolutionary Tribunals. Accordingly, throughout Soviet Russia the Cheka carried out killings, often in large numbers. For example, the Petrograd Cheka"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " executed 512 people in a few days. There are no surviving records to provide an accurate figure of how many perished in the Red Terror; later estimates of historians have ranged between 10,000 and 15,000, and 50,000 to 140,000. Lenin never witnessed this violence or participated in it first-hand, and publicly distanced himself from it. His published articles and speeches rarely called for executions, but he regularly did so in his coded telegrams and confidential notes. Many Bolsheviks expressed disapproval of the Cheka's mass executions and feared the organisation's apparent unaccountability. The Communist Party tried to restrain its activities in February 1919, stripping it of its powers of tribunal and execution in those areas not under official martial law, but the Cheka continued as before in swathes of the country. By 1920, the Cheka had become the most powerful institution in Soviet Russia, exerting influence over all other state apparatus. A decree in April 1919 resulted in the establishment of concentration camps, which were entrusted to the Cheka, later administered by a new government agency, Gulag. By the end of 1920, 84 camps had been established across Soviet Russia, holding about 50,000 prisoners; by October 1923, this had grown to 315 camps and about 70,000"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " inmates. Those interned in the camps were used as slave labour. From July 1922, intellectuals deemed to be opposing the Bolshevik government were exiled to inhospitable regions or deported from Russia altogether; Lenin personally scrutinised the lists of those to be dealt with in this manner. In May 1922, Lenin issued a decree calling for the execution of anti-Bolshevik priests, causing between 14,000 and 20,000 deaths. The Russian Orthodox Church was worst affected; the government's anti-religious policies also impacted on Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, Jewish synagogues, and Islamic mosques.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Civil War and the Polish\u2013Soviet War: 1918\u20131920. Lenin expected Russia's aristocracy and bourgeoisie to oppose his government, but he believed that the numerical superiority of the lower classes, coupled with the Bolsheviks' ability to effectively organise them, guaranteed a swift victory in any conflict. In this, he failed to anticipate the intensity of the violent opposition to Bolshevik rule in Russia. The ensuing Russian Civil War pitted the pro-Bolshevik Reds against the anti-Bolshevik Whites but also encompassed ethnic conflicts on Russia's borders and conflict between both Red and White armies and local peasant groups, the Green armies, throughout the former Empire"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": ". Accordingly, various historians have seen the civil war as representing two distinct conflicts: one between the revolutionaries and the counter-revolutionaries, and the other between different revolutionary factions. The White armies were established by former Tsarist military officers, and included Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army in South Russia, Alexander Kolchak's forces in Siberia, and Nikolai Yudenich's troops in the newly independent Baltic states. The Whites were bolstered when 35,000 members of the Czech Legion, who were prisoners of war from the conflict with the Central Powers, turned against Sovnarkom and allied with the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), an anti-Bolshevik government established in Samara. The Whites were also backed by Western governments who perceived the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a betrayal of the Allied war effort and feared the Bolsheviks' calls for world revolution. In 1918, Great Britain, France, United States, Canada, Italy, and Serbia landed 10,000 troops in Murmansk, seizing Kandalaksha, while later that year British, American, and Japanese forces landed in Vladivostok. Western troops soon pulled out of the civil war, instead only supporting the Whites with officers,"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " technicians and armaments, but Japan remained because they saw the conflict as an opportunity for territorial expansion. Lenin tasked Trotsky with establishing a Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and with his support, Trotsky organised a Revolutionary Military Council in September 1918, remaining its chairman until 1925. Recognising their valuable military experience, Lenin agreed that officers from the old Tsarist army could serve in the Red Army, although Trotsky established military councils to monitor their activities. The Reds held control of Russia's two largest cities, Moscow and Petrograd, as well as most of Great Russia, while the Whites were located largely on the former Empire's peripheries. The latter were therefore hindered by being both fragmented and geographically scattered, and because their ethnic Russian supremacism alienated the region's national minorities. Anti-Bolshevik armies carried out the White Terror, a campaign of violence against perceived Bolshevik supporters which was typically more spontaneous than the state-sanctioned Red Terror. Both White and Red Armies were responsible for attacks against Jewish communities, prompting Lenin to issue a condemnation of anti-Semitism, blaming prejudice against Jews on capitalist propaganda. In July 1918, Sverdlov informed Sovnarkom that the Ural Regional Soviet had overseen the execution of the former Tsar and his"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " immediate family in Yekaterinburg to prevent them from being rescued by advancing White troops. Although lacking proof, biographers and historians like Richard Pipes and Dmitri Volkogonov have expressed the view that the killing was probably sanctioned by Lenin; conversely, historian James Ryan cautioned that there was \"no reason\" to believe this. Whether Lenin sanctioned it or not, he still regarded it as necessary, highlighting the precedent set by the execution of Louis XVI in the French Revolution. After the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries had abandoned the coalition and increasingly viewed the Bolsheviks as traitors to the revolution. In July 1918, the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Yakov Blumkin assassinated the German ambassador to Russia, Wilhelm von Mirbach, hoping that the ensuing diplomatic incident would lead to a relaunched revolutionary war against Germany. The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries then launched a coup in Moscow, shelling the Kremlin and seizing the city's central post office before being stopped by Trotsky's forces. The party's leaders and many members were arrested and imprisoned, but were treated more leniently than other opponents of the Bolsheviks. By 1919, the White armies were in retreat and by the start of 1920 were defeated on all"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " three fronts. Although Sovnarkom were victorious, the territorial extent of the Russian state had been reduced, for many non-Russian ethnic groups had used the disarray to push for national independence. In some cases, such as the north-eastern European nations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland, the Soviets recognised their independence and concluded peace treaties. In other cases, the Red Army suppressed secessionist movements; by 1921 they had defeated the Ukrainian national movements and occupied the Caucasus, although fighting in Central Asia lasted until the late 1920s. After the German Ober Ost garrisons were withdrawn from the Eastern Front following the Armistice, both Soviet Russian armies and Polish ones moved in to fill the vacuum. The newly independent Polish state and the Soviet government each sought territorial expansion in the region. Polish and Russian troops first clashed in February 1919, with the conflict developing into the Polish\u2013Soviet War. Unlike the Soviets' previous conflicts, this had greater implications for the export of revolution and the future of Europe. Polish forces pushed into Ukraine and by May 1920 had taken Kiev from the Soviets. After forcing the Polish Army back, Lenin urged the Red Army to invade Poland itself, believing that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russian troops and thus spark European revolution"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": ". Trotsky and other Bolsheviks were sceptical, but agreed to the invasion. The Polish proletariat did not rise, and the Red Army was defeated at the Battle of Warsaw. The Polish armies pushed the Red Army back into Russia, forcing Sovnarkom to sue for peace; the war culminated in the Peace of Riga, in which Russia ceded territory to Poland.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Comintern and world revolution: 1919\u20131920. After the Armistice on the Western Front, Lenin believed that the breakout of the European revolution was imminent. Seeking to promote this, Sovnarkom supported the establishment of B\u00e9la Kun's soviet government in Hungary in March 1919, followed by the soviet government in Bavaria and various revolutionary socialist uprisings in other parts of Germany, including that of the Spartacus League. During Russia's Civil War, the Red Army was sent into the newly independent national republics on Russia's borders to aid Marxists there in establishing soviet systems of government. In Europe, this resulted in the creation of new communist-led states in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine, all of which were officially independent of Russia, while further east it led to the creation of communist governments in Outer"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " Mongolia. Various senior Bolsheviks wanted these absorbed into the Russian state; Lenin insisted that national sensibilities should be respected, but reassured his comrades that these nations' new Communist Party administrations were under the \"de facto\" authority of Sovnarkom. In late 1918, the British Labour Party called for the establishment of an international conference of socialist parties, the Labour and Socialist International. Lenin saw this as a revival of the Second International, which he had despised, and formulated his own rival international socialist conference to offset its impact. Organised with the aid of Zinoviev, Nikolai Bukharin, Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky, and Angelica Balabanoff, the First Congress of this Communist International (Comintern) opened in Moscow in March 1919. It lacked global coverage; of the 34 assembled delegates, 30 resided within the countries of the former Russian Empire, and most of the international delegates were not recognised by any socialist parties in their own nations. Accordingly, the Bolsheviks dominated proceedings, with Lenin subsequently authoring a series of regulations that meant that only socialist parties endorsing the Bolsheviks' views were permitted to join Comintern. During the first conference, Lenin spoke to the delegates, lambasting the parliamentary path to socialism espoused by revisionist Marxists like Kautsky"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " and repeating his calls for a violent overthrow of Europe's bourgeoisie governments. While Zinoviev became Comintern's president, Lenin retained significant influence over it. The Second Congress of the Communist International opened in Petrograd's Smolny Institute in July 1920, representing the last time that Lenin visited a city other than Moscow. There, he encouraged foreign delegates to emulate the Bolsheviks' seizure of power and abandoned his longstanding viewpoint that capitalism was a necessary stage in societal development, instead, encouraging those nations under colonial occupation to transform their pre-capitalist societies directly into socialist ones. For this conference, he authored \"\", a short book articulating his criticism of elements within the British and German communist parties who refused to enter their nations' parliamentary systems and trade unions; instead he urged them to do so to advance the revolutionary cause. The conference had to be suspended for several days due to the ongoing war with Poland, and was relocated to Moscow, where it continued to hold sessions until August. Lenin's predicted world revolution did not materialise, as the Hungarian communist government was overthrown and the German Marxist uprisings suppressed.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Famine and the New Economic Policy: 1920\u20131922. Within the Communist Party, there was dissent from two factions, the Group"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " of Democratic Centralism and the Workers' Opposition, both of which accused the Russian state of being too centralised and bureaucratic. The Workers' Opposition, which had connections to the official state trade unions, also expressed the concern that the government had lost the trust of the Russian working class. They were angered by Trotsky's suggestion that the trade unions be eliminated. He deemed the unions to be superfluous in a \"workers' state\", but Lenin disagreed, believing it best to retain them; most Bolsheviks embraced Lenin's view in the 'trade union discussion'. To deal with the dissent, at the Tenth Party Congress in February 1921, Lenin introduced a ban on factional activity within the party, under pain of expulsion. Caused in part by a drought, the Russian famine of 1921\u201322 was the most severe that the country had experienced since the year 1603, resulting in around five million deaths, the most of any famine in Russian history. The famine was exacerbated by government requisitioning, as well as the export of large quantities of Russian grain. To aid the famine victims, the US government established an American Relief Administration to distribute food; Lenin was suspicious of this aid and had it closely monitored. During the famine, Patriarch Tikhon called on Orthodox churches to sell unnecessary"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " items to help feed the starving, an action endorsed by the government. In February 1922 Sovnarkom went further by calling on all valuables belonging to religious institutions to be forcibly appropriated and sold. Tikhon opposed the sale of items used within the Eucharist and many clergy resisted the appropriations, resulting in violence. In 1920 and 1921, local opposition to requisitioning resulted in anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings breaking out across Russia, which were suppressed. Among the most significant was the Tambov Rebellion, which was put down by the Red Army. In February 1921, workers went on strike in Petrograd, resulting in the government proclaiming martial law in the city and sending in the Red Army to quell demonstrations. In March, the Kronstadt rebellion began when sailors in Kronstadt revolted against the Bolshevik government, demanding that all socialists be allowed to publish freely, that independent trade unions be given freedom of assembly and that peasants be allowed free markets and not be subject to requisitioning. Lenin declared that the mutineers had been misled by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and foreign imperialists, calling for violent reprisals. Under Trotsky's leadership, the Red Army put down the rebellion on 17 March, resulting in thousands of deaths and"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " the internment of survivors in labour camps. In February 1921, Lenin introduced a New Economic Policy (NEP) to the Politburo; he convinced most senior Bolsheviks of its necessity and it passed into law in April. Lenin explained the policy in a booklet, \"On the Food Tax\", in which he stated that the NEP represented a return to the original Bolshevik economic plans; he claimed that these had been derailed by the civil war, in which Sovnarkom had been forced to resort to the economic policies of war communism. The NEP allowed some private enterprise within Russia, permitting the reintroduction of the wage system and allowing peasants to sell produce on the open market while being taxed on their earnings. The policy also allowed for a return to privately owned small industry; basic industry, transport and foreign trade remained under state control. Lenin termed this \"state capitalism\", and many Bolsheviks thought it to be a betrayal of socialist principles. Lenin biographers have often characterised the introduction of the NEP as one of his most significant achievements and some believe that had it not been implemented then Sovnarkom would have been quickly overthrown by popular uprisings. In January 1920, the government brought in universal labour conscription, ensuring that all citizens aged between 16"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " and 50 had to work. Lenin also called for a mass electrification project, the GOELRO plan, which began in February 1920; Lenin's declaration that \"communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country\" was widely cited in later years. Seeking to advance the Russian economy through foreign trade, Sovnarkom sent delegates to the Genoa Conference; Lenin had hoped to attend but was prevented by ill health. The conference resulted in a Russian agreement with Germany, which followed on from an earlier trade agreement with the United Kingdom. Lenin hoped that by allowing foreign corporations to invest in Russia, Sovnarkom would exacerbate rivalries between the capitalist nations and hasten their downfall; he tried to rent the oil fields of Kamchatka to an American corporation to heighten tensions between the US and Japan, who desired Kamchatka for their empire.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Declining health and conflict with Stalin: 1920\u20131923. To Lenin's embarrassment and horror, in April 1920 the Bolsheviks held a party to celebrate his fiftieth birthday, which was also marked by widespread celebrations across Russia and the publication of poems and biographies dedicated to him. Between 1920 and 1926, twenty volumes of Lenin's \"Collected Works\" were published"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": "; some material was omitted. During 1920, several prominent Western figures visited Lenin in Russia; these included the author H. G. Wells and the philosopher Bertrand Russell, as well as the anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. Lenin was also visited at the Kremlin by Armand, who was in increasingly poor health. He sent her to a sanatorium in Kislovodsk in the Northern Caucasus to recover, but she died there in September 1920 during a cholera epidemic. Her body was transported to Moscow, where a visibly grief-stricken Lenin oversaw her burial beneath the Kremlin Wall. Lenin was seriously ill by the latter half of 1921, experiencing hyperacusis, insomnia, and regular headaches. At the Politburo's insistence, in July he left Moscow for a month's leave at his Gorki mansion, where he was cared for by his wife and sister. Lenin began to contemplate the possibility of suicide, asking both Krupskaya and Stalin to acquire potassium cyanide for him. Twenty-six physicians were hired to help Lenin during his final years; many of them were foreign and had been hired at great expense. Some suggested that his sickness could have been caused by metal oxidation from the bullets that were lodged in his body from the 1918 assassination attempt;"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " in April 1922 he underwent a surgical operation to remove them. The symptoms continued after this, with Lenin's doctors unsure of the cause; some suggested that he had neurasthenia or cerebral arteriosclerosis. In May 1922, he had his first stroke, temporarily losing his ability to speak and being paralysed on his right side. He convalesced at Gorki, and had largely recovered by July. In October, he returned to Moscow; in December, he had a second stroke and returned to Gorki. Despite his illness, Lenin remained keenly interested in political developments. When the Socialist Revolutionary Party's leadership was found guilty of conspiring against the government in a trial held between June and August 1922, Lenin called for their execution; they were instead imprisoned indefinitely, only being executed during the Great Purge of Stalin's leadership. With Lenin's support, the government also succeeded in virtually eradicating Menshevism in Russia by expelling all Mensheviks from state institutions and enterprises in March 1923 and then imprisoning the party's membership in concentration camps. Lenin was concerned by the survival of the Tsarist bureaucratic system in Soviet Russia, particularly during his final years. Condemning bureaucratic attitudes, he suggested a total overhaul to deal with such problems, in one letter complaining"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " that \"we are being sucked into a foul bureaucratic swamp\". In October 1922, Lenin proposed that Trotsky should become first deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars at a meeting of the Central Committee, but Trotsky declined the position. This has been interpreted as evidence that Lenin designated Trotsky as a successor as head of government.  During December 1922 and January 1923, Lenin dictated \"Lenin's Testament\", in which he discussed the personal qualities of his comrades, particularly Trotsky and Stalin. He recommended that Stalin be removed from the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party, deeming him ill-suited for the position. Instead he recommended Trotsky for the job, describing him as \"the most capable man in the present Central Committee\"; he highlighted Trotsky's superior intellect but at the same time criticised his self-assurance and inclination toward excess administration. During this period he dictated a criticism of the bureaucratic nature of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, calling for the recruitment of new, working-class staff as an antidote to this problem, while in another article he called for the state to combat illiteracy, promote punctuality and conscientiousness within the populace, and encourage peasants to join co\u2011operatives. In Lenin's absence, Stalin had begun consolidating his"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " power both by appointing his supporters to prominent positions, and by cultivating an image of himself as Lenin's closest intimate and deserving successor. In December 1922, Stalin took responsibility for Lenin's regimen, being tasked by the Politburo with controlling who had access to him. Lenin was increasingly critical of Stalin; while Lenin was insisting that the state should retain its monopoly on international trade during mid-1922, Stalin was leading other Bolsheviks in unsuccessfully opposing this. There were personal arguments between the two as well; Stalin had upset Krupskaya by shouting at her during a phone conversation, which in turn greatly angered Lenin, who sent Stalin a letter expressing his annoyance. The most significant political division between the two emerged during the Georgian Affair. Stalin had suggested that both the forcibly Sovietized Georgia and neighbouring countries like Azerbaijan and Armenia, which were all invaded and occupied by the Red Army, should be merged into the Russian state, despite the protestations of their local Soviet-installed governments. Lenin saw this as an expression of Great Russian ethnic chauvinism by Stalin and his supporters, instead calling for these nation-states to join Russia as semi-independent parts of a greater union, which he suggested be called the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. After some resistance to the"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " proposal, Stalin eventually accepted it but, with Lenin's agreement, he changed the name of the newly proposed state to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Lenin sent Trotsky to speak on his behalf at a Central Committee plenum in December, where the plans for the USSR were sanctioned; these plans were then ratified on 30 December by the Congress of Soviets, resulting in the formation of the Soviet Union. Despite his poor health, Lenin was elected chairman of the new government of the Soviet Union.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Death and funeral: 1923\u20131924. In March 1923, Lenin had a third stroke and lost his ability to speak; that month, he experienced partial paralysis on his right side and began exhibiting sensory aphasia. By May, he appeared to be making a slow recovery, regaining some of his mobility, speech, and writing skills. In October, he made a final visit to the Kremlin. In his final weeks, Lenin was visited by Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin; the latter visited him at his Gorki mansion on the day of his death. On 21 January 1924, Lenin fell into a coma and died later that day. His official cause of death was recorded as an incurable disease of the"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " blood vessels. The Soviet government publicly announced Lenin's death the following day. On 23 January, mourners from the Communist Party, trade unions, and Soviets visited his Gorki home to inspect the body, which was carried aloft in a red coffin by leading Bolsheviks. Transported by train to Moscow, the coffin was taken to the House of Trade Unions, where the body lay in state. Over the next three days, around a million mourners came to see the body, many queuing for hours in the freezing conditions. On 26 January, the eleventh All-Union Congress of Soviets met to pay respects, with speeches by Kalinin, Zinoviev, and Stalin. Notably, Trotsky was absent; he had been convalescing in the Caucasus, and he later claimed that Stalin sent him a telegram with the incorrect date of the planned funeral, making it impossible for him to arrive in time. Lenin's funeral took place the following day, when his body was carried to Red Square, accompanied by martial music, where assembled crowds listened to a series of speeches before the corpse was placed into the vault of a specially erected mausoleum. Despite the freezing temperatures, tens of thousands attended. Against Krupskaya's protestations, Lenin's body"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " was embalmed to preserve it for long-term public display in the Red Square mausoleum. During this process, Lenin's brain was removed; in 1925 an institute was established to dissect it, revealing that Lenin had had severe sclerosis. In July 1929, the Politburo agreed to replace the temporary mausoleum with a permanent one in granite, which was finished in 1933. His sarcophagus was replaced in 1940 and again in 1970. For safety amid the Second World War, from 1941 to 1945 the body was temporarily moved to Tyumen. As of 2022, his body remains on public display in Lenin's Mausoleum on Red Square.</s><s>Political ideology.</s><s>Political ideology.:Marxism and Leninism. Lenin was a devout Marxist, and believed that his interpretation of Marxism, first termed \"Leninism\" by Martov in 1904, was the sole authentic and orthodox one. According to his Marxist perspective, humanity would eventually reach pure communism, becoming a stateless, classless, egalitarian society of workers who were free from exploitation and alienation, controlled their own destiny, and abided by the rule \"from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.\" According to Volkogonov, Lenin \"deeply"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " and sincerely\" believed that the path he was setting Russia on would ultimately lead to the establishment of this communist society. Lenin's Marxist beliefs led him to the view that society could not transform directly from its present state to communism, but must first enter a period of socialism, and so his main concern was how to convert Russia into a socialist society. To do so, he believed that a \"dictatorship of the proletariat\" was necessary to suppress the bourgeoisie and develop a socialist economy. He defined socialism as \"an order of civilized co-operators in which the means of production are socially owned\", and believed that this economic system had to be expanded until it could create a society of abundance. To achieve this, he saw bringing the Russian economy under state control to be his central concern, with \"all citizens\" becoming \"hired employees of the state\" in his words. Lenin's interpretation of socialism was centralised, planned, and statist, with both production and distribution strictly controlled. He believed that all workers throughout the country would voluntarily join to enable the state's economic and political centralisation. In this way, his calls for \"workers' control\" of the means of production referred not to the direct control of enterprises by their workers, but the operation of all enterprises under"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " the control of a \"workers' state.\" This resulted in what some perceive as two conflicting themes within Lenin's thought: popular workers' control, and a centralised, hierarchical, coercive state apparatus. Before 1914, Lenin's views were largely in accordance with mainstream European Marxist orthodoxy. Although he derided Marxists who adopted ideas from contemporary non-Marxist philosophers and sociologists, his own ideas were influenced not only by Russian Marxist theory but also by wider ideas from the Russian revolutionary movement, including those of the Narodnik agrarian-socialists. He adapted his ideas according to changing circumstances, including the pragmatic realities of governing Russia amid war, famine, and economic collapse. As Leninism developed, Lenin revised the established Marxist orthodoxy and introduced innovations in Marxist thought. In his theoretical writings, particularly \"Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism,\" Lenin discussed what he regarded as developments in capitalism since Marx's death; in his view, it had reached the new stage of state monopoly capitalism. He believed that although Russia's economy was dominated by the peasantry, the presence of monopoly capitalism in Russia meant that the country was sufficiently materially developed to move to socialism. Leninism adopted a more absolutist and doctrinaire perspective than other variants of Marxism,"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " and distinguished itself by the emotional intensity of its liberationist vision. It also stood out by emphasising the role of a vanguard who could lead the proletariat to revolution, and elevated the role of violence as a revolutionary instrument. Bertrand Russell, on his meeting with Lenin in 1920, said: \"[He (Lenin) was possessed with] absolute orthodoxy. He thought a proposition could be proved by quoting a text in Marx. And he was quite incapable of supposing that there could be anything in Marx that wasn't right.\"</s><s>Political ideology.:Democracy and the national question. Lenin believed that the representative democracy of capitalist countries gave the illusion of democracy while maintaining the \"dictatorship of the bourgeoisie\"; describing the representative democratic system of the United States, he referred to the \"spectacular and meaningless duels between two bourgeois parties\", both of whom were led by \"astute multimillionaires\" that exploited the American proletariat. He opposed liberalism, exhibiting a general antipathy toward liberty as a value, and believing that liberalism's freedoms were fraudulent because it did not free labourers from capitalist exploitation. Lenin declared that \"Soviet government is many millions of times more democratic than the most democratic-bourgeois republic\", the latter of which was simply \"a democracy for the rich"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": ".\" He regarded his \"dictatorship of the proletariat\" as democratic because, he claimed, it involved the election of representatives to the soviets, workers electing their own officials, and the regular rotation and involvement of all workers in the administration of the state. Lenin's belief as to what a proletariat state should look like nevertheless deviated from that adopted by the Marxist mainstream; European Marxists like Kautsky envisioned a democratically elected parliamentary government in which the proletariat had a majority, whereas Lenin called for a strong, centralised state apparatus that excluded any input from the bourgeois. Lenin was an internationalist and a keen supporter of world revolution, deeming national borders to be an outdated concept and nationalism a distraction from class struggle. He believed that in a socialist society, the world's nations would inevitably merge and result in a single world government. He believed that this socialist state would need to be a centralised, unitary one, and regarded federalism as a bourgeois concept. In his writings, Lenin espoused anti-imperialist ideas and stated that all nations deserved \"the right of self-determination.\" He supported wars of national liberation, accepting that such conflicts might be necessary for a minority group to break away from a socialist state, because socialist states are not \"holy"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " or insured against mistakes or weaknesses.\" Prior to taking power in 1917, he was concerned that ethnic and national minorities would make the Soviet state ungovernable with their calls for independence; according to the historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, Lenin thus encouraged Stalin to develop \"a theory that offered the ideal of autonomy and the right of secession without necessarily having to grant either.\" On taking power, Lenin called for the dismantling of the bonds that had forced minority ethnic groups to remain in the Russian Empire and espoused their right to secede but also expected them to reunite immediately in the spirit of proletariat internationalism. He was willing to use military force to ensure this unity, resulting in armed incursions into the independent states that formed in Ukraine, Georgia, Poland, Finland, and the Baltic states. Only when its conflicts with Finland, the Baltic states, and Poland proved unsuccessful did Lenin's government officially recognise their independence.</s><s>Personal life and characteristics. Lenin saw himself as a man of destiny and firmly believed in the righteousness of his cause and his own ability as a revolutionary leader. Biographer Louis Fischer described him as \"a lover of radical change and maximum upheaval\", a man for whom \"there was never a middle-ground. He was an either-or, black-"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": "or-red exaggerator\". Highlighting Lenin's \"extraordinary capacity for disciplined work\" and \"devotion to the revolutionary cause\", Pipes noted that he exhibited much charisma. Similarly, Volkogonov believed that \"by the very force of his personality, [Lenin] had an influence over people\". Conversely, Lenin's friend Gorky commented that in his physical appearance as a \"baldheaded, stocky, sturdy person\", the communist revolutionary was \"too ordinary\" and did not give \"the impression of being a leader\". Historian and biographer Robert Service asserted that Lenin had been an intensely emotional young man, who exhibited strong hatred for the Tsarist authorities. According to Service, Lenin developed an \"emotional attachment\" to his ideological heroes, such as Marx, Engels, and Chernyshevsky; he owned portraits of them, and privately described himself as being \"in love\" with Marx and Engels. According to Lenin biographer James D. White, Lenin treated their writings as \"holy writ\", a \"religious dogma\", which should \"not be questioned but believed in\". In Volkogonov's view, Lenin accepted Marxism as \"absolute truth\", and accordingly acted like \"a religious fanatic\". Similarly, Bertrand Russell felt that Lenin"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " exhibited \"unwavering faith\u2014religious faith in the Marxian gospel\". Biographer Christopher Read suggested that Lenin was \"a secular equivalent of theocratic leaders who derive their legitimacy from the [perceived] truth of their doctrines, not popular mandates\". Lenin was nevertheless an atheist and a critic of religion, believing that socialism was inherently atheistic; he thus considered Christian socialism a contradiction in terms. Service stated that Lenin could be \"moody and volatile\", and Pipes deemed him to be \"a thoroughgoing misanthrope\", a view rejected by Read, who highlighted many instances in which Lenin displayed kindness, particularly toward children. According to several biographers, Lenin was intolerant of opposition and often dismissed outright opinions that differed from his own. He could be \"venomous in his critique of others\", exhibiting a propensity for mockery, ridicule, and \"ad hominem\" attacks on those who disagreed with him. He ignored facts that did not suit his argument, abhorred compromise, and very rarely admitted his own errors. He refused to change his opinions, until he rejected them completely, after which he would treat the new view as if it was just as unchangeable. Lenin showed no sign of sadism or of personally desiring to commit violent acts,"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " but he endorsed the violent actions of others and exhibited no remorse for those killed for the revolutionary cause. Adopting a utilitarian stance, in Lenin's view the end always justified the means; according to Service, Lenin's \"criterion of morality was simple: does a certain action advance or hinder the cause of the Revolution?\" Ethnically, Lenin identified as Russian. Service described Lenin as \"a bit of a snob in national, social and cultural terms\". The Bolshevik leader believed that other European countries, especially Germany, were culturally superior to Russia, describing the latter as \"one of the most benighted, medieval and shamefully backward of Asian countries\". He was annoyed at what he perceived as a lack of conscientiousness and discipline among the Russian people, and from his youth had wanted Russia to become more culturally European and Western. Despite his revolutionary politics, Lenin disliked revolutionary experimentation in literature and the arts, expressing his dislike of expressionism, futurism, and cubism, and conversely favouring realism and Russian classic literature. Lenin also had a conservative attitude towards sex and marriage. Throughout his adult life, he was in a relationship with Krupskaya, a fellow Marxist whom he married. Lenin and Krupskaya both regretted that they never had children, and"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " they enjoyed entertaining their friends' offspring. Read noted that Lenin had \"very close, warm, lifelong relationships\" with his close family members; he had no lifelong friends, and Armand has been cited as being his only close, intimate confidante. Aside from Russian, Lenin spoke and read French, German, and English. Concerned with physical fitness, he exercised regularly, enjoyed cycling, swimming, and hunting, and also developed a passion for mountain walking in the Swiss peaks. He was also fond of pets, in particular cats. Tending to eschew luxury, he lived a spartan lifestyle, and Pipes noted that Lenin was \"exceedingly modest in his personal wants\", leading \"an austere, almost ascetic, style of life.\" Lenin despised untidiness, always keeping his work desk tidy and his pencils sharpened, and insisted on total silence while he was working. According to Fischer, Lenin's \"vanity was minimal\", and for this reason he disliked the cult of personality that the Soviet administration began to build around him; he nevertheless accepted that it might have some benefits in unifying the communist movement.</s><s>Legacy. Volkogonov said, while renouncing Leninist ideology, that \"there can scarcely have been"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " another man in history who managed so profoundly to change so large a society on such a scale.\" Lenin's administration laid the framework for the system of government that ruled Russia for seven decades and provided the model for later Communist-led states that came to cover a third of the inhabited world in the mid-20th century. As a result, Lenin's influence was global. A controversial figure, Lenin remains both reviled and revered, a figure who has been both idolised and demonised. Even during his lifetime, Lenin \"was loved and hated, admired and scorned\" by the Russian people. This has extended into academic studies of Lenin and Leninism, which have often been polarised along political lines. The historian Albert Resis suggested that if the October Revolution is considered the most significant event of the 20th century, then Lenin \"must for good or ill be considered the century's most significant political leader.\" White described Lenin as \"one of the undeniably outstanding figures of modern history\", while Service noted that the Russian leader was widely understood to be one of the 20th century's \"principal actors.\" Read considered him \"one of the most widespread, universally recognizable icons of the twentieth century\", while Ryan called him \"one of the most significant and influential figures of modern"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " history.\" \"Time\" magazine named Lenin one of the, and one of their top 25 political icons of all time. In the Western world, biographers began writing about Lenin soon after his death; some such as Christopher Hill were sympathetic to him, and others such as Richard Pipes and Robert Gellately expressly hostile. Some later biographers such as Read and Lars Lih sought to avoid making either hostile or positive comments about him, thereby evading politicised stereotypes. Among sympathisers, he was portrayed as having made a genuine adjustment of Marxist theory that enabled it to suit Russia's particular socio-economic conditions. The Soviet view characterised him as a man who recognised the historically inevitable and accordingly helped to make the inevitable happen. Conversely, the majority of Western historians have perceived him as a person who manipulated events in order to attain and then retain political power, moreover considering his ideas as attempts to ideologically justify his pragmatic policies. Later, revisionists in both Russia and the West highlighted the impact that pre-existing ideas and popular pressures exerted on Lenin and his policies. Various historians and biographers have characterised Lenin's administration as totalitarian, and as a police state, and many have described it as a one-party dictatorship. Several such scholars have described Lenin as a dictator;"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " Ryan stated that he was \"not a dictator in the sense that all his recommendations were accepted and implemented\", for many of his colleagues disagreed with him on various issues. Fischer noted that while \"Lenin was a dictator, [he was] not the kind of dictator Stalin later became.\" Volkogonov believed that whereas Lenin established a \"dictatorship of the Party\", it would only be under Stalin that the Soviet Union became the \"dictatorship of one man.\" Conversely, various Marxist observers, including Western historians Hill and John Rees, argued against the view that Lenin's government was a dictatorship, viewing it instead as an imperfect way of preserving elements of democracy without some of the processes found in liberal democratic states. Ryan contends that the leftist historian Paul Le Blanc \"makes a quite valid point that the personal qualities that led Lenin to brutal policies were not necessarily any stronger than in some of the major Western leaders of the twentieth century.\" Ryan also posits that for Lenin revolutionary violence was merely a means to an end, namely the establishment of a socialist, ultimately communist world\u2014a world without violence. Historian J. Arch Getty remarked, \"Lenin deserves a lot of credit for the notion that the meek can inherit the earth, that there can be a political movement based"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " on social justice and equality.\" Some left-wing intellectuals, among them Slavoj \u017di\u017eek, Alain Badiou, Lars T. Lih, and Fredric Jameson, advocate reviving Lenin's uncompromising revolutionary spirit to address contemporary global problems.</s><s>Legacy.:Within the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union, a cult of personality devoted to Lenin began to develop during his lifetime, but was only fully established after his death. According to historian Nina Tumarkin, it represented the world's \"most elaborate cult of a revolutionary leader\" since that of George Washington in the United States, and has been repeatedly described as \"quasi-religious\" in nature. Busts or statues of Lenin were erected in almost every village, and his face adorned postage stamps, crockery, posters, and the front pages of Soviet newspapers \"Pravda\" and \"Izvestia\". The places where he had lived or stayed were converted into museums devoted to him. Libraries, streets, farms, museums, towns, and whole regions were named after him, with the city of Petrograd being renamed \"Leningrad\" in 1924, and his birthplace of Simbirsk becoming Ulyanovsk. The Order of Lenin was"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " established as one of the country's highest decorations. All of this was contrary to Lenin's own desires, and was publicly criticised by his widow. Various biographers have stated that Lenin's writings were treated in a manner akin to holy scripture within the Soviet Union, while Pipes added that \"his every opinion was cited to justify one policy or another and treated as gospel.\" Stalin systematised Leninism through a series of lectures at the Sverdlov University, which were then published as \"Questions of Leninism\". Stalin also had much of the deceased leader's writings collated and stored in a secret archive in the Marx\u2013Engels\u2013Lenin Institute. Material such as Lenin's collection of books in Krak\u00f3w was also collected from abroad for storage in the institute, often at great expense. During the Soviet era, these writings were strictly controlled and very few had access. All of Lenin's writings that proved useful to Stalin were published, but the others remained hidden, and knowledge of both Lenin's non-Russian ancestry and his noble status was suppressed. In particular, knowledge of his Jewish ancestry was suppressed until the 1980s, perhaps out of Soviet antisemitism, and so as not to undermine Stalin's Russification efforts, and perhaps so as not to provide fuel"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " for anti-Soviet sentiment among international antisemites. After the discovery of Lenin's Jewish ancestry, this aspect was repeatedly emphasised by the Russian far-right, who claimed that his inherited Jewish genetics explained his desire to uproot traditional Russian society. Under Stalin's regime, Lenin was actively portrayed as a close friend of Stalin's who had supported Stalin's bid to be the next Soviet leader. During the Soviet era, five separate editions of Lenin's published works were published in Russian, the first beginning in 1920 and the last from 1958 to 1965; the fifth edition was described as \"complete\", but in reality had much omitted for political expediency. After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union and began a process of de-Stalinisation, citing Lenin's writings, including those on Stalin, to legitimise this process. When Mikhail Gorbachev took power in 1985 and introduced the policies of \"glasnost\" and \"perestroika\", he too cited these actions as a return to Lenin's principles. In late 1991, amid the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russian President Boris Yeltsin ordered the Lenin archive be removed from Communist Party control and placed under the control of a state organ, the Russian Centre for the Preservation"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " and Study of Documents of Recent History, at which it was revealed that over 6,000 of Lenin's writings had gone unpublished. These were declassified and made available for scholarly study. Since 1991, there has been some discussion about moving Lenin's body from the mausoleum to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis and burying it there. President Boris Yeltsin, with the support of the Russian Orthodox Church, intended to close the mausoleum and bury Lenin next to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, at the Volkov Cemetery in St. Petersburg. His successor, Vladimir Putin, opposed this, stating that a reburial of Lenin would imply that generations of citizens had observed false values during seventy years of Soviet rule.{{cite web }} In Russia in 2012, a proposal from a deputy belonging to the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, with the support of some members of the governing United Russia party, proposed the removal of Lenin monuments in Russia. The proposal was strongly opposed by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and was never considered. Russia retained the vast majority of the 7,000 Lenin statues extant in 1991; as of 2022, there were approximately 6,000 monuments to Lenin in Russia. In Ukraine, during the 2013\u201314 Eurom"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": "aidan protests, Lenin statues were damaged or destroyed by protesters in various cities across the country, and in April 2015 the Ukrainian government ordered that all others be dismantled to comply with decommunisation laws. During the Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, many Lenin statues which had been taken down by Ukrainian activists in the preceding years, were re-erected by Russian occupiers in Russian-controlled areas. These actions have less to do with communist propaganda and more with Lenin symbolizing Russia's domination over Ukraine.</s><s>Legacy.:In the international communist movement. According to Lenin biographer David Shub, writing in 1965, it was Lenin's ideas and example that \"constitutes the basis of the Communist movement today.\" Socialist states following Lenin's ideas appeared in various parts of the world during the 20th century. Writing in 1972, the historian Marcel Liebman stated that \"there is hardly any insurrectionary movement today, from Latin America to Angola, that does not lay claim to the heritage of Leninism.\" After Lenin's death, Stalin's administration established an ideology known as Marxism\u2013Leninism, a movement that came to be interpreted differently by various contending factions in the communist movement. After being forced into exile by Stalin's administration, Trotsky argued"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " that Stalinism was a debasement of Leninism, which was dominated by bureaucratism and Stalin's own personal dictatorship. Marxism\u2013Leninism was adapted to many of the 20th century's most prominent revolutionary movements, forming into variants such as Stalinism, Maoism, Juche, Ho Chi Minh Thought, and Castroism. Conversely, many later Western communists, such as Manuel Azc\u00e1rate and Jean Ellenstein, who were involved in the Eurocommunist movement, expressed the view that Lenin and his ideas were irrelevant to their own objectives, thereby embracing a Marxist but not Marxist\u2013Leninist perspective.</s><s>See also. - Foreign relations of the Soviet Union - Lenin Peace Prize - Lenin Prize - Lenin's Testament - Marxist\u2013Leninist atheism - National delimitation in the Soviet Union - Old Bolsheviks - Soviet Decree - The Study of Vladimir Lenin's brain - Tampere Lenin Museum - Vladimir Lenin bibliography - Ten Days That Shook the World</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -"}, {"title": "Vladimir Lenin", "text": " - -</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wade, Rex A. \"The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917.\" \"Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography\" 9.1 (2016): 9\u201338.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vladimir Lenin", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Europe/Middle East"}}
{"id": "factscore-000450", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Nelson Mandela.", "docs": [{"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "<s>Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; ; 18 July 1918\u00a0\u2013 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa, Mandela was born into the Thembu royal family in Mvezo, Union of South Africa. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheid, a system of racial segregation that privileged whites, Mandela and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. He was appointed president of the ANC's Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People. He was"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant uMkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and, following the Rivonia Trial, was sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state. Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " expand healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation. Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the far left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Globally regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu clan name, Madiba, and described as the \"Father of the Nation\".</s><s>Life.</s><s>Life.:Early life.</s><s>Life.:Early life.:Childhood: 1918\u20131934. Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then part of South Africa's Cape Province. Given the forename Rolihlahla, a X"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "hosa term colloquially meaning \"troublemaker\", in later years he became known by his clan name, Madiba. His patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was ruler of the Thembu Kingdom in the Transkeian Territories of South Africa's modern Eastern Cape province. One of Ngubengcuka's sons, named Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. Because Mandela was the king's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan, a so-called \"Left-Hand House\", the descendants of his cadet branch of the royal family were morganatic, ineligible to inherit the throne but recognised as hereditary royal councillors. Nelson Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela (1880\u20131928), was a local chief and councillor to the monarch; he was appointed to the position in 1915, after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a governing white magistrate. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Nelson was told that his father had lost his job for standing up to the magistrate's unreasonable demands. A devotee of the god Qamata, Gadla was a polygamist with four wives, four sons and nine"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " daughters, who lived in different villages. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the Right Hand House and a member of the amaMpemvu clan of the Xhosa. Mandela later stated that his early life was dominated by traditional Xhosa custom and taboo. He grew up with two sisters in his mother's \"kraal\" in the village of Qunu, where he tended herds as a cattle-boy and spent much time outside with other boys. Both his parents were illiterate, but his mother, being a devout Christian, sent him to a local Methodist school when he was about seven. Baptised a Methodist, Mandela was given the English forename of \"Nelson\" by his teacher. When Mandela was about nine, his father came to stay at Qunu, where he died of an undiagnosed ailment that Mandela believed to be lung disease. Feeling \"cut adrift\", he later said that he inherited his father's \"proud rebelliousness\" and \"stubborn sense of fairness\". Mandela's mother took him to the \"Great Place\" palace at Mqhekezweni, where he was entrusted to the guardianship of the"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " Thembu regent, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Although he did not see his mother again for many years, Mandela felt that Jongintaba and his wife Noengland treated him as their own child, raising him alongside their son, Justice, and daughter, Nomafu. As Mandela attended church services every Sunday with his guardians, Christianity became a significant part of his life. He attended a Methodist mission school located next to the palace, where he studied English, Xhosa, history and geography. He developed a love of African history, listening to the tales told by elderly visitors to the palace, and was influenced by the anti-imperialist rhetoric of a visiting chief, Joyi. Nevertheless, at the time he considered the European colonizers not as oppressors but as benefactors who had brought education and other benefits to southern Africa. Aged 16, he, Justice and several other boys travelled to Tyhalarha to undergo the ulwaluko circumcision ritual that symbolically marked their transition from boys to men; afterwards he was given the name \"Dalibunga\".</s><s>Life.:Early life.:Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934\u20131940. Intending to gain skills needed"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " to become a privy councillor for the Thembu royal house, Mandela began his secondary education in 1933 at Clarkebury Methodist High School in Engcobo, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Africans in Thembuland. Made to socialise with other students on an equal basis, he claimed that he lost his \"stuck up\" attitude, becoming best friends with a girl for the first time; he began playing sports and developed his lifelong love of gardening. He completed his Junior Certificate in two years, and in 1937 he moved to Healdtown, the Methodist college in Fort Beaufort attended by most Thembu royalty, including Justice. The headmaster emphasised the superiority of European culture and government, but Mandela became increasingly interested in native African culture, making his first non-Xhosa friend, a speaker of Sotho, and coming under the influence of one of his favourite teachers, a Xhosa who broke taboo by marrying a Sotho. Mandela spent much of his spare time at Healdtown as a long-distance runner and boxer, and in his second year he became a prefect. In 1939, with Jongintaba's backing, Mandela began work on a BA degree at the University of Fort Hare"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": ", an elite black institution of approximately 150 students in Alice, Eastern Cape. He studied English, anthropology, politics, \"native administration\", and Roman Dutch law in his first year, desiring to become an interpreter or clerk in the Native Affairs Department. Mandela stayed in the Wesley House dormitory, befriending his own kinsman, K. D. Matanzima, as well as Oliver Tambo, who became a close friend and comrade for decades to come. He took up ballroom dancing, performed in a drama society play about Abraham Lincoln, and gave Bible classes in the local community as part of the Student Christian Association. Although he had friends who held connections to the African National Congress (ANC) who wanted South Africa to be independent of the British Empire, Mandela avoided any involvement with the nascent movement, and became a vocal supporter of the British war effort when the Second World War broke out. He helped establish a first-year students' house committee which challenged the dominance of the second-years, and at the end of his first year became involved in a students' representative council (SRC) boycott against the quality of food, for which he was suspended from the university; he never returned to complete his degree.</s><s>Life.:Early life.:Arriving in"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " Johannesburg: 1941\u20131943. Returning to Mqhekezweni in December 1940, Mandela found that Jongintaba had arranged marriages for him and Justice; dismayed, they fled to Johannesburg via Queenstown, arriving in April 1941. Mandela found work as a night watchman at Crown Mines, his \"first sight of South African capitalism in action\", but was fired when the \"induna\" (headman) discovered that he was a runaway. He stayed with a cousin in George Goch Township, who introduced Mandela to realtor and ANC activist Walter Sisulu. The latter secured Mandela a job as an articled clerk at the law firm of Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, a company run by Lazar Sidelsky, a liberal Jew sympathetic to the ANC's cause. At the firm, Mandela befriended Gaur Radebe\u2014a Hlubi member of the ANC and Communist Party\u2014and Nat Bregman, a Jewish communist who became his first white friend. Mandela attended Communist Party gatherings, where he was impressed that Europeans, Africans, Indians, and Coloureds mixed as equals. He later stated that he did not join the party because its atheism conflicted with his Christian faith, and because he saw"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " the South African struggle as being racially based rather than as class warfare. To continue his higher education, Mandela signed up to a University of South Africa correspondence course, working on his bachelor's degree at night. Earning a small wage, Mandela rented a room in the house of the Xhoma family in the Alexandra township; despite being rife with poverty, crime and pollution, Alexandra always remained a special place for him. Although embarrassed by his poverty, he briefly dated a Swazi woman before unsuccessfully courting his landlord's daughter. To save money and be closer to downtown Johannesburg, Mandela moved into the compound of the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association, living among miners of various tribes; as the compound was visited by various chiefs, he once met the Queen Regent of Basutoland. In late 1941, Jongintaba visited Johannesburg\u2014there forgiving Mandela for running away\u2014before returning to Thembuland, where he died in the winter of 1942. Mandela and Justice arrived a day late for the funeral. After he passed his BA exams in early 1943, Mandela returned to Johannesburg to follow a political path as a lawyer rather than become a privy councillor in Thembuland. He later stated that he experienced no epiphany, but that he \"sim"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "ply found [himself] doing so, and could not do otherwise.\"</s><s>Life.:Revolutionary activity.</s><s>Life.:Revolutionary activity.:Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943\u20131949. Mandela began studying law at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he was the only black African student and faced racism. There, he befriended liberal and communist European, Jewish and Indian students, among them Joe Slovo and Ruth First. Becoming increasingly politicised, Mandela marched in August 1943 in support of a successful bus boycott to reverse fare rises. Joining the ANC, he was increasingly influenced by Sisulu, spending time with other activists at Sisulu's Orlando house, including his old friend Oliver Tambo. In 1943, Mandela met Anton Lembede, an ANC member affiliated with the \"Africanist\" branch of African nationalism, which was virulently opposed to a racially united front against colonialism and imperialism or to an alliance with the communists. Despite his friendships with non-blacks and communists, Mandela embraced Lembede's views, believing that black Africans should be entirely independent in their struggle for political self-determination. Deciding on the need for a youth wing to mass-mobilise Africans in opposition to their subjug"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "ation, Mandela was among a delegation that approached ANC president Alfred Bitini Xuma on the subject at his home in Sophiatown; the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) was founded on Easter Sunday 1944 in the Bantu Men's Social Centre, with Lembede as president and Mandela as a member of its executive committee. At Sisulu's house, Mandela met Evelyn Mase, a trainee nurse and ANC activist from Engcobo, Transkei. Entering a relationship and marrying in October 1944, they initially lived with her relatives until moving into a rented house in the township of Orlando in early 1946. Their first child, Madiba \"Thembi\" Thembekile, was born in February 1945; a daughter, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 but died of meningitis nine months later. Mandela enjoyed home life, welcoming his mother and his sister, Leabie, to stay with him. In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust. In July 1947, Mandela rushed Lembede, who was ill, to hospital,"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " where he died; he was succeeded as ANCYL president by the more moderate Peter Mda, who agreed to co-operate with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary. Mandela disagreed with Mda's approach, and in December 1947 supported an unsuccessful measure to expel communists from the ANCYL, considering their ideology un-African. In 1947, Mandela was elected to the executive committee of the ANC's Transvaal Province branch, serving under regional president C. S. Ramohanoe. When Ramohanoe acted against the wishes of the committee by co-operating with Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who forced his resignation. In the South African general election in 1948, in which only whites were permitted to vote, the Afrikaner-dominated Herenigde Nasionale Party under Daniel Fran\u00e7ois Malan took power, soon uniting with the Afrikaner Party to form the National Party. Openly racialist, the party codified and expanded racial segregation with new apartheid legislation. Gaining increasing influence in the ANC, Mandela and his party cadre allies began advocating direct action against apartheid, such as boycotts and strikes, influenced by the tactics already employed by South Africa's Indian community. Xuma did not support"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " these measures and was removed from the presidency in a vote of no confidence, replaced by James Moroka and a more militant executive committee containing Sisulu, Mda, Tambo and Godfrey Pitje. Mandela later related that he and his colleagues had \"guided the ANC to a more radical and revolutionary path.\" Having devoted his time to politics, Mandela failed his final year at Witwatersrand three times; he was ultimately denied his degree in December 1949.</s><s>Life.:Revolutionary activity.:Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950\u20131954. Mandela took Xuma's place on the ANC national executive in March 1950, and that same year was elected national president of the ANCYL. In March, the Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg, bringing together African, Indian and communist activists to call a May Day general strike in protest against apartheid and white minority rule. Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction of the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, affecting the actions of all protest groups. At the ANC national conference of December 1951, he continued arguing against a racially united front, but was outvoted"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": ". Thereafter, Mandela rejected Lembede's Africanism and embraced the idea of a multi-racial front against apartheid. Influenced by friends like Moses Kotane and by the Soviet Union's support for wars of national liberation, his mistrust of communism broke down and he began reading literature by Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Mao Zedong, eventually embracing the Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism. Commenting on communism, he later stated that he \"found [himself] strongly drawn to the idea of a classless society which, to [his] mind, was similar to traditional African culture where life was shared and communal.\" In April 1952, Mandela began work at the H.M. Basner law firm, which was owned by a communist, although his increasing commitment to work and activism meant he spent less time with his family. In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint Defiance Campaign against apartheid with Indian and communist groups, founding a National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers. The campaign was designed to follow the path of nonviolent resistance influenced by Mahatma Gandhi; some supported this for ethical reasons, but Mandela instead considered it pragmatic. At a Durban rally on 22 June, Mandela addressed an assembled crowd of 10,000 people, initiating the campaign protests"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " for which he was arrested and briefly interned in Marshall Square prison. These events established Mandela as one of the best-known black political figures in South Africa. With further protests, the ANC's membership grew from 20,000 to 100,000 members; the government responded with mass arrests and introduced the Public Safety Act, 1953 to permit martial law. In May, authorities banned Transvaal ANC president J. B. Marks from making public appearances; unable to maintain his position, he recommended Mandela as his successor. Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected to be regional president in October. In July 1952, Mandela was arrested under the Suppression of Communism Act and stood trial as one of the 21 accused\u2014among them Moroka, Sisulu and Yusuf Dadoo\u2014in Johannesburg. Found guilty of \"statutory communism\", a term that the government used to describe most opposition to apartheid, their sentence of nine months' hard labour was suspended for two years. In December, Mandela was given a six-month ban from attending meetings or talking to more than one individual at a time, making his Transvaal ANC presidency impractical, and during this period the Defiance Campaign petered out. In September 1953, Andrew Kunene read out Mandela's \"No"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " Easy Walk to Freedom\" speech at a Transvaal ANC meeting; the title was taken from a quote by Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru, a seminal influence on Mandela's thought. The speech laid out a contingency plan for a scenario in which the ANC was banned. This Mandela Plan, or M-Plan, involved dividing the organisation into a cell structure with a more centralised leadership. Mandela obtained work as an attorney for the firm Terblanche and Briggish, before moving to the liberal-run Helman and Michel, passing qualification exams to become a full-fledged attorney. In August 1953, Mandela and Tambo opened their own law firm, Mandela and Tambo, operating in downtown Johannesburg. The only African-run law firm in the country, it was popular with aggrieved black people, often dealing with cases of police brutality. Disliked by the authorities, the firm was forced to relocate to a remote location after their office permit was removed under the Group Areas Act; as a result, their clientele dwindled. As a lawyer of aristocratic heritage, Mandela was part of Johannesburg's elite black middle-class, and accorded much respect from the black community. Although a second daughter, Makaziwe Phumia,"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " was born in May 1954, Mandela's relationship with Evelyn became strained, and she accused him of adultery. He may have had affairs with ANC member Lillian Ngoyi and secretary Ruth Mompati; various individuals close to Mandela in this period have stated that the latter bore him a child. Disgusted by her son's behaviour, Nosekeni returned to Transkei, while Evelyn embraced the Jehovah's Witnesses and rejected Mandela's preoccupation with politics.</s><s>Life.:Revolutionary activity.:Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955\u20131961. After taking part in the unsuccessful protest to prevent the forced relocation of all black people from the Sophiatown suburb of Johannesburg in February 1955, Mandela concluded that violent action would prove necessary to end apartheid and white minority rule. On his advice, Sisulu requested weaponry from the People's Republic of China, which was denied. Although the Chinese government supported the anti-apartheid struggle, they believed the movement insufficiently prepared for guerrilla warfare. With the involvement of the South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Trade Unions and the Congress of Democrats, the ANC planned a Congress of the People, calling on all South Africans to send"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " in proposals for a post-apartheid era. Based on the responses, a Freedom Charter was drafted by Rusty Bernstein, calling for the creation of a democratic, non-racialist state with the nationalisation of major industry. The charter was adopted at a June 1955 conference in Kliptown; 3,000 delegates attended the event, which was forcibly closed down by police. The tenets of the Freedom Charter remained important for Mandela, and in 1956 he described it as \"an inspiration to the people of South Africa\". Following the end of a second ban in September 1955, Mandela went on a working holiday to Transkei to discuss the implications of the Bantu Authorities Act, 1951 with local Xhosa chiefs, also visiting his mother and Noengland before proceeding to Cape Town. In March 1956, he received his third ban on public appearances, restricting him to Johannesburg for five years, but he often defied it. Mandela's marriage broke down and Evelyn left him, taking their children to live with her brother. Initiating divorce proceedings in May 1956, she claimed that Mandela had physically abused her; he denied the allegations, and fought for custody of their children. She withdrew her petition of separation in November, but Mandela filed for divorce in January 1958;"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " the divorce was finalised in March, with the children placed in Evelyn's care. During the divorce proceedings, he began courting a social worker, Winnie Madikizela, whom he married in Bizana in June 1958. She later became involved in ANC activities, spending several weeks in prison. Together they had two children: Zenani, born in February 1959, and Zindziswa (1960\u20132020). In December 1956, Mandela was arrested alongside most of the ANC national executive, and accused of \"high treason\" against the state. Held in Johannesburg Prison amid mass protests, they underwent a preparatory examination before being granted bail. The defence's refutation began in January 1957, overseen by defence lawyer Vernon Berrang\u00e9, and continued until the case was adjourned in September. In January 1958, Oswald Pirow was appointed to prosecute the case, and in February the judge ruled that there was \"sufficient reason\" for the defendants to go on trial in the Transvaal Supreme Court. The formal Treason Trial began in Pretoria in August 1958, with the defendants successfully applying to have the three judges\u2014all linked to the governing National Party\u2014replaced. In August, one charge was dropped, and in October the prosecution withdrew its"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " indictment, submitting a reformulated version in November which argued that the ANC leadership committed high treason by advocating violent revolution, a charge the defendants denied. In April 1959, Africanists dissatisfied with the ANC's united front approach founded the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC); Mandela disagreed with the PAC's racially exclusionary views, describing them as \"immature\" and \"na\u00efve\". Both parties took part in an anti-pass campaign in early 1960, in which Africans burned the passes that they were legally obliged to carry. One of the PAC-organised demonstrations was fired upon by police, resulting in the deaths of 69 protesters in the Sharpeville massacre. The incident brought international condemnation of the government and resulted in rioting throughout South Africa, with Mandela publicly burning his pass in solidarity. Responding to the unrest, the government implemented state of emergency measures, declaring martial law and banning the ANC and PAC; in March, they arrested Mandela and other activists, imprisoning them for five months without charge in the unsanitary conditions of the Pretoria Local prison. Imprisonment caused problems for Mandela and his co-defendants in the Treason Trial; their lawyers could not reach them, and so it was decided that the lawyers would withdraw in protest until the accused were freed"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " from prison when the state of emergency was lifted in late August 1960. Over the following months, Mandela used his free time to organise an All-In African Conference near Pietermaritzburg, Natal, in March 1961, at which 1,400 anti-apartheid delegates met, agreeing on a stay-at-home strike to mark 31 May, the day South Africa became a republic. On 29 March 1961, six years after the Treason Trial began, the judges produced a verdict of not guilty, ruling that there was insufficient evidence to convict the accused of \"high treason\", since they had advocated neither communism nor violent revolution; the outcome embarrassed the government.</s><s>Life.:Revolutionary activity.:MK, the SACP, and African tour: 1961\u201362. Disguised as a chauffeur, Mandela travelled around the country incognito, organising the ANC's new cell structure and the planned mass stay-at-home strike. Referred to as the \"Black Pimpernel\" in the press\u2014a reference to Emma Orczy's 1905 novel \"The Scarlet Pimpernel\"\u2014a warrant for his arrest was put out by the police. Mandela held secret meetings with reporters, and after the government failed to prevent the strike, he warned"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " them that many anti-apartheid activists would soon resort to violence through groups like the PAC's Poqo. He believed that the ANC should form an armed group to channel some of this violence in a controlled direction, convincing both ANC leader Albert Luthuli\u2014who was morally opposed to violence\u2014and allied activist groups of its necessity. Inspired by the actions of Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement in the Cuban Revolution, in 1961 Mandela, Sisulu and Slovo co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe (\"Spear of the Nation\", abbreviated MK). Becoming chairman of the militant group, Mandela gained ideas from literature on guerrilla warfare by Marxist militants Mao and Che Guevara as well as from the military theorist Carl von Clausewitz. Although initially declared officially separate from the ANC so as not to taint the latter's reputation, MK was later widely recognised as the party's armed wing. Most early MK members were white communists who were able to conceal Mandela in their homes; after hiding in communist Wolfie Kodesh's flat in Berea, Mandela moved to the communist-owned Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, there joined by Raymond Mhlaba, Slovo and Bernstein, who put together the MK constitution. Although in"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " later life Mandela denied, for political reasons, ever being a member of the Communist Party, historical research published in 2011 strongly suggested that he had joined in the late 1950s or early 1960s. This was confirmed by both the SACP and the ANC after Mandela's death. According to the SACP, he was not only a member of the party, but also served on its Central Committee. Operating through a cell structure, MK planned to carry out acts of sabotage that would exert maximum pressure on the government with minimum casualties; they sought to bomb military installations, power plants, telephone lines, and transport links at night, when civilians were not present. Mandela stated that they chose sabotage because it was the least harmful action, did not involve killing, and offered the best hope for racial reconciliation afterwards; he nevertheless acknowledged that should this have failed then guerrilla warfare might have been necessary. Soon after ANC leader Luthuli was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, MK publicly announced its existence with 57 bombings on Dingane's Day (16 December) 1961, followed by further attacks on New Year's Eve. The ANC decided to send Mandela as a delegate to the February 1962 meeting of the Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) in Addis Ab"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "aba, Ethiopia. Leaving South Africa in secret via Bechuanaland, on his way Mandela visited Tanganyika and met with its president, Julius Nyerere. Arriving in Ethiopia, Mandela met with Emperor Haile Selassie I, and gave his speech after Selassie's at the conference. After the symposium, he travelled to Cairo, Egypt, admiring the political reforms of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and on April 1962 he went to Morocco where asked El Khatib to meet the king to ask him to give him \u00a35,000. The next day he got the \u00a35,000 along with some weapons and training to Mandels's soldier, and then went to Tunis, Tunisia, where President Habib Bourguiba gave him \u00a35,000 for weaponry. He proceeded to Morocco, Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Senegal, receiving funds from Liberian president William Tubman and Guinean president Ahmed S\u00e9kou Tour\u00e9. He left Africa for London, England, where he met anti-apartheid activists, reporters and prominent politicians. Upon returning to Ethiopia, he began a six-month course in guerrilla warfare, but completed only two months before being recalled to South Africa by the ANC's"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " leadership.</s><s>Life.:Imprisonment.</s><s>Life.:Imprisonment.:Arrest and Rivonia trial: 1962\u20131964. On 5 August 1962, police captured Mandela along with fellow activist Cecil Williams near Howick. Many MK members suspected that the authorities had been tipped off with regard to Mandela's whereabouts, although Mandela himself gave these ideas little credence. In later years, Donald Rickard, a former American diplomat, revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency, which feared Mandela's associations with communists, had informed the South African police of his location. Jailed in Johannesburg's Marshall Square prison, Mandela was charged with inciting workers' strikes and leaving the country without permission. Representing himself with Slovo as legal advisor, Mandela intended to use the trial to showcase \"the ANC's moral opposition to racism\" while supporters demonstrated outside the court. Moved to Pretoria, where Winnie could visit him, he began correspondence studies for a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from the University of London International Programmes. His hearing began in October, but he disrupted proceedings by wearing a traditional \"kaross\", refusing to call any witnesses, and turning his plea of mitigation into a political speech. Found guilty, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment; as"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " he left the courtroom, supporters sang \"Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika\". On 11 July 1963, police raided Liliesleaf Farm, arresting those that they found there and uncovering paperwork documenting MK's activities, some of which mentioned Mandela. The Rivonia Trial began at Pretoria Supreme Court in October, with Mandela and his comrades charged with four counts of sabotage and conspiracy to violently overthrow the government; their chief prosecutor was Percy Yutar. Judge Quartus de Wet soon threw out the prosecution's case for insufficient evidence, but Yutar reformulated the charges, presenting his new case from December 1963 until February 1964, calling 173 witnesses and bringing thousands of documents and photographs to the trial. Although four of the accused denied involvement with MK, Mandela and the other five accused admitted sabotage but denied that they had ever agreed to initiate guerrilla war against the government. They used the trial to highlight their political cause; at the opening of the defence's proceedings, Mandela gave his three-hour \"I Am Prepared to Die\" speech. That speech\u2014which was inspired by Castro's \"History Will Absolve Me\"\u2014was widely reported in the press despite official censorship. The trial gained international attention; there were global calls for the release of the accused from the United"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " Nations and World Peace Council, while the University of London Union voted Mandela to its presidency. On 12 June 1964, justice De Wet found Mandela and two of his co-accused guilty on all four charges; although the prosecution had called for the death sentence to be applied, the judge instead condemned them to life imprisonment.</s><s>Life.:Imprisonment.:Robben Island: 1964\u20131982. In 1964, Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on Robben Island, remaining there for the next 18 years. Isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, Mandela was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring by, with a straw mat on which to sleep. Verbally and physically harassed by several white prison wardens, the Rivonia Trial prisoners spent their days breaking rocks into gravel, until being reassigned in January 1965 to work in a lime quarry. Mandela was initially forbidden to wear sunglasses, and the glare from the lime permanently damaged his eyesight. At night, he worked on his LLB degree, which he was obtaining from the University of London through a correspondence course with Wolsey Hall, Oxford, but newspapers were forbidden, and he was locked in solitary confinement on several occasions for the possession of smuggled news clippings"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": ". He was initially classified as the lowest grade of prisoner, Class D, meaning that he was permitted one visit and one letter every six months, although all mail was heavily censored. The political prisoners took part in work and hunger strikes\u2014the latter considered largely ineffective by Mandela\u2014to improve prison conditions, viewing this as a microcosm of the anti-apartheid struggle. ANC prisoners elected him to their four-man \"High Organ\" along with Sisulu, Govan Mbeki and Raymond Mhlaba, and he involved himself in a group, named Ulundi, that represented all political prisoners (including Eddie Daniels) on the island, through which he forged links with PAC and Yu Chi Chan Club members. Initiating the \"University of Robben Island\", whereby prisoners lectured on their own areas of expertise, he debated socio-political topics with his comrades. Though attending Christian Sunday services, Mandela studied Islam. He also studied Afrikaans, hoping to build a mutual respect with the warders and convert them to his cause. Various official visitors met with Mandela, most significantly the liberal parliamentary representative Helen Suzman of the Progressive Party, who championed Mandela's cause outside of prison. In September 1970, he met British Labour Party politician Denis Healey. South"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " African Minister of Justice Jimmy Kruger visited in December 1974, but he and Mandela did not get along with each other. His mother visited in 1968, dying shortly after, and his firstborn son Thembi died in a car accident the following year; Mandela was forbidden from attending either funeral. His wife was rarely able to see him, being regularly imprisoned for political activity, and his daughters first visited in December 1975. Winnie was released from prison in 1977 but was forcibly settled in Brandfort and remained unable to see him. From 1967 onwards, prison conditions improved. Black prisoners were given trousers rather than shorts, games were permitted, and the standard of their food was raised. In 1969, an escape plan for Mandela was developed by Gordon Bruce, but it was abandoned after the conspiracy was infiltrated by an agent of the South African Bureau of State Security (BOSS), who hoped to see Mandela shot during the escape. In 1970, Commander Piet Badenhorst became commanding officer. Mandela, seeing an increase in the physical and mental abuse of prisoners, complained to visiting judges, who had Badenhorst reassigned. He was replaced by Commander Willie Willemse, who developed a co-operative relationship with Mandela and was keen to improve prison standards. By 1975, Mandela had become"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " a Class A prisoner, which allowed him greater numbers of visits and letters. He corresponded with anti-apartheid activists like Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Desmond Tutu. That year, he began his autobiography, which was smuggled to London, but remained unpublished at the time; prison authorities discovered several pages, and his LLB study privileges were revoked for four years. Instead, he devoted his spare time to gardening and reading until the authorities permitted him to resume his LLB degree studies in 1980. By the late 1960s, Mandela's fame had been eclipsed by Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM). Seeing the ANC as ineffectual, the BCM called for militant action, but, following the Soweto uprising of 1976, many BCM activists were imprisoned on Robben Island. Mandela tried to build a relationship with these young radicals, although he was critical of their racialism and contempt for white anti-apartheid activists. Renewed international interest in his plight came in July 1978, when he celebrated his 60th birthday. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in Lesotho, the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in India in 1979, and the Freedom of the City of Glasgow,"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " Scotland in 1981. In March 1980, the slogan \"Free Mandela!\" was developed by journalist Percy Qoboza, sparking an international campaign that led the UN Security Council to call for his release. Despite increasing foreign pressure, the government refused, relying on its Cold War allies US president Ronald Reagan and British prime minister Margaret Thatcher; both considered Mandela's ANC a terrorist organisation sympathetic to communism and supported its suppression.</s><s>Life.:Imprisonment.:Pollsmoor Prison: 1982\u20131988. In April 1982, Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Tokai, Cape Town, along with senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada and Raymond Mhlaba; they believed that they were being isolated to remove their influence on younger activists at Robben Island. Conditions at Pollsmoor were better than at Robben Island, although Mandela missed the camaraderie and scenery of the island. Getting on well with Pollsmoor's commanding officer, Brigadier Munro, Mandela was permitted to create a roof garden; he also read voraciously and corresponded widely, now being permitted 52 letters a year. He was appointed patron of the multi-racial United Democratic Front (UDF), founded to combat reforms implemented by South African"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " president P. W. Botha. Botha's National Party government had permitted Coloured and Indian citizens to vote for their own parliaments, which had control over education, health and housing, but black Africans were excluded from the system. Like Mandela, the UDF saw this as an attempt to divide the anti-apartheid movement on racial lines. The early 1980s witnessed an escalation of violence across the country, and many predicted civil war. This was accompanied by economic stagnation as various multinational banks\u2014under pressure from an international lobby\u2014had stopped investing in South Africa. Numerous banks and Thatcher asked Botha to release Mandela\u2014then at the height of his international fame\u2014to defuse the volatile situation. Although considering Mandela a dangerous \"arch-Marxist\", Botha offered him, in February 1985, a release from prison if he \"unconditionally rejected violence as a political weapon\". Mandela spurned the offer, releasing a statement through his daughter Zindzi stating, \"What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people [ANC] remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts.\" In 1985, Mandela underwent surgery on an enlarged prostate gland before being given new solitary quarters on the ground floor. He was met by"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " \"seven eminent persons\", an international delegation sent to negotiate a settlement, but Botha's government refused to co-operate, calling a state of emergency in June and initiating a police crackdown on unrest. The anti-apartheid resistance fought back, with the ANC committing 231 attacks in 1986 and 235 in 1987. The violence escalated as the government used the army and police to combat the resistance and provided covert support for vigilante groups and the Zulu nationalist movement Inkatha, which was involved in an increasingly violent struggle with the ANC. Mandela requested talks with Botha but was denied, instead secretly meeting with Minister of Justice Kobie Coetsee in 1987, and having a further 11 meetings over the next three years. Coetsee organised negotiations between Mandela and a team of four government figures starting in May 1988; the team agreed to the release of political prisoners and the legalisation of the ANC on the condition that they permanently renounce violence, break links with the Communist Party, and not insist on majority rule. Mandela rejected these conditions, insisting that the ANC would end its armed activities only when the government renounced violence. Mandela's 70th birthday in July 1988 attracted international attention, including a tribute concert at London's Wembley Stadium that was televised and watched by an estimated 200 million"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " viewers. Although presented globally as a heroic figure, he faced personal problems when ANC leaders informed him that Winnie had set herself up as head of a gang, the \"Mandela United Football Club,\" which had been responsible for torturing and killing opponents\u2014including children\u2014in Soweto. Though some encouraged him to divorce her, he decided to remain loyal until she was found guilty by trial.</s><s>Life.:Imprisonment.:Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988\u20131990. Recovering from tuberculosis exacerbated by the damp conditions in his cell, Mandela was moved to Victor Verster Prison, near Paarl, in December 1988. He was housed in the relative comfort of a warder's house with a personal cook, and he used the time to complete his LLB degree. While there, he was permitted many visitors and organised secret communications with exiled ANC leader Oliver Tambo. In 1989, Botha suffered a stroke; although he would retain the state presidency, he stepped down as leader of the National Party, to be replaced by F. W. de Klerk. In a surprise move, Botha invited Mandela to a meeting over tea in July 1989, an invitation Mandela considered genial. Botha was replaced as state president by de Kler"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "k six weeks later; the new president believed that apartheid was unsustainable and released a number of ANC prisoners. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, de Klerk called his cabinet together to debate legalising the ANC and freeing Mandela. Although some were deeply opposed to his plans, de Klerk met with Mandela in December to discuss the situation, a meeting both men considered friendly, before legalising all formerly banned political parties in February 1990 and announcing Mandela's unconditional release. Shortly thereafter, for the first time in 20 years, photographs of Mandela were allowed to be published in South Africa. Leaving Victor Verster Prison on 11 February, Mandela held Winnie's hand in front of amassed crowds and the press; the event was broadcast live across the world. Driven to Cape Town's City Hall through crowds, he gave a speech declaring his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the white minority, but he made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not over and would continue as \"a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid\". He expressed hope that the government would agree to negotiations, so that \"there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle\", and insisted that his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " vote in national and local elections. Staying at Tutu's home, in the following days Mandela met with friends, activists, and press, giving a speech to an estimated 100,000 people at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium.</s><s>Life.:End of apartheid.</s><s>Life.:End of apartheid.:Early negotiations: 1990\u201391. Mandela proceeded on an African tour, meeting supporters and politicians in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Libya and Algeria, and continuing to Sweden, where he was reunited with Tambo, and London, where he appeared at the concert at Wembley Stadium. Encouraging foreign countries to support sanctions against the apartheid government, he met President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand in France, Pope John Paul II in the Vatican, and Thatcher in the United Kingdom. In the United States, he met President George H. W. Bush, addressed both Houses of Congress and visited eight cities, being particularly popular among the African-American community. In Cuba, he became friends with President Castro, whom he had long admired. He met President R. Venkataraman in India, President Suharto in Indonesia, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in Malaysia, and Prime Minister Bob Hawke in Australia. He visited Japan, but not the Soviet"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " Union, a longtime ANC supporter. In May 1990, Mandela led a multiracial ANC delegation into preliminary negotiations with a government delegation of 11 Afrikaner men. Mandela impressed them with his discussions of Afrikaner history, and the negotiations led to the Groot Schuur Minute, in which the government lifted the state of emergency. In August, Mandela\u2014recognising the ANC's severe military disadvantage\u2014offered a ceasefire, the Pretoria Minute, for which he was widely criticised by MK activists. He spent much time trying to unify and build the ANC, appearing at a Johannesburg conference in December attended by 1,600 delegates, many of whom found him more moderate than expected. At the ANC's July 1991 national conference in Durban, Mandela admitted that the party had faults and announced his aim to build a \"strong and well-oiled task force\" for securing majority rule. At the conference, he was elected ANC President, replacing the ailing Tambo, and a 50-strong multiracial, mixed gendered national executive was elected. Mandela was given an office in the newly purchased ANC headquarters at Shell House, Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but, in June 1991, she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC funds; Mandela moved into the mostly white Johannesburg suburb of Houghton. Mandela's prospects for a peaceful transition were further damaged by an increase in \"black-on-black\" violence, particularly between ANC and Inkatha supporters in KwaZulu-Natal, which resulted in thousands of deaths. Mandela met with Inkatha leader Buthelezi, but the ANC prevented further negotiations on the issue. Mandela argued that there was a \"third force\" within the state intelligence services fuelling the \"slaughter of the people\" and openly blamed de Klerk\u2014whom he increasingly distrusted\u2014for the Sebokeng massacre. In September 1991, a national peace conference was held in Johannesburg at which Mandela, Buthelezi and de K"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "lerk signed a peace accord, though the violence continued.</s><s>Life.:End of apartheid.:CODESA talks: 1991\u201392. The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) began in December 1991 at the Johannesburg World Trade Centre, attended by 228 delegates from 19 political parties. Although Cyril Ramaphosa led the ANC's delegation, Mandela remained a key figure. After de Klerk used the closing speech to condemn the ANC's violence, he took to the stage to denounce de Klerk as the \"head of an illegitimate, discredited minority regime\". Dominated by the National Party and ANC, little negotiation was achieved. CODESA 2 was held in May 1992, at which de Klerk insisted that post-apartheid South Africa must use a federal system with a rotating presidency to ensure the protection of ethnic minorities; Mandela opposed this, demanding a unitary system governed by majority rule. Following the Boipatong massacre of ANC activists by government-aided Inkatha militants, Mandela called off the negotiations, before attending a meeting of the Organisation of African Unity in Senegal, at which he called for a special session of the UN Security Council and proposed that a UN peacekeeping force be stationed in South Africa to prevent \""}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "state terrorism\". Calling for domestic mass action, in August the ANC organised the largest-ever strike in South African history, and supporters marched on Pretoria. Following the Bisho massacre, in which 28 ANC supporters and one soldier were shot dead by the Ciskei Defence Force during a protest march, Mandela realised that mass action was leading to further violence and resumed negotiations in September. He agreed to do so on the conditions that all political prisoners be released, that Zulu traditional weapons be banned, and that Zulu hostels would be fenced off, the latter two measures intended to prevent further Inkatha attacks; de Klerk reluctantly agreed. The negotiations agreed that a multiracial general election would be held, resulting in a five-year coalition government of national unity and a constitutional assembly that gave the National Party continuing influence. The ANC also conceded to safeguarding the jobs of white civil servants; such concessions brought fierce internal criticism. The duo agreed on an interim constitution based on a liberal democratic model, guaranteeing separation of powers, creating a constitutional court, and including a US-style bill of rights; it also divided the country into nine provinces, each with its own premier and civil service, a concession between de Klerk's desire for federalism and Mandela"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "'s for unitary government. The democratic process was threatened by the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), an alliance of black ethnic-secessionist groups like Inkatha and far-right Afrikaner parties; in June 1993, one of the latter\u2014the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB)\u2014attacked the Kempton Park World Trade Centre. Following the murder of ANC activist Chris Hani, Mandela made a publicised speech to calm rioting, soon after appearing at a mass funeral in Soweto for Tambo, who had died of a stroke. In July 1993, both Mandela and de Klerk visited the United States, independently meeting President Bill Clinton, and each receiving the Liberty Medal. Soon after, Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Norway. Influenced by Thabo Mbeki, Mandela began meeting with big business figures, and he played down his support for nationalisation, fearing that he would scare away much-needed foreign investment. Although criticised by socialist ANC members, he had been encouraged to embrace private enterprise by members of the Chinese and Vietnamese Communist parties at the January 1992 World Economic Forum in Switzerland.</s><s>Life.:End of apartheid.:General election:"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " 1994. With the election set for 27 April 1994, the ANC began campaigning, opening 100 election offices and orchestrating People's Forums across the country at which Mandela could appear, as a popular figure with great status among black South Africans. The ANC campaigned on a Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to build a million houses in five years, introduce universal free education and extend access to water and electricity. The party's slogan was \"a better life for all\", although it was not explained how this development would be funded. With the exception of the \"Weekly Mail\" and the \"New Nation\", South Africa's press opposed Mandela's election, fearing continued ethnic strife, instead supporting the National or Democratic Party. Mandela devoted much time to fundraising for the ANC, touring North America, Europe and Asia to meet wealthy donors, including former supporters of the apartheid regime. He also urged a reduction in the voting age from 18 to 14; rejected by the ANC, this policy became the subject of ridicule. Concerned that COSAG would undermine the election, particularly in the wake of the conflict in Bophuthatswana and the Shell House massacre\u2014incidents of violence involving the AWB and Inkatha, respectively\u2014Mandela met with Afrikaner politicians and generals,"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " including P. W. Botha, Pik Botha and Constand Viljoen, persuading many to work within the democratic system. With de Klerk, he also convinced Inkatha's Buthelezi to enter the elections rather than launch a war of secession. As leaders of the two major parties, de Klerk and Mandela appeared on a televised debate; although de Klerk was widely considered the better speaker at the event, Mandela's offer to shake his hand surprised him, leading some commentators to deem it a victory for Mandela. The election went ahead with little violence, although an AWB cell killed 20 with car bombs. As widely expected, the ANC won a sweeping victory, taking 63% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority needed to unilaterally change the constitution. The ANC was also victorious in seven provinces, with Inkatha and the National Party each taking one. Mandela voted at the Ohlange High School in Durban, and though the ANC's victory assured his election as president, he publicly accepted that the election had been marred by instances of fraud and sabotage.</s><s>Life.:Presidency of South Africa: 1994\u20131999. The newly elected National Assembly's first act was to formally elect Mandela as South Africa"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "'s first black chief executive. His inauguration took place in Pretoria on 10 May 1994, televised to a billion viewers globally. The event was attended by four thousand guests, including world leaders from a wide range of geographic and ideological backgrounds. Mandela headed a Government of National Unity dominated by the ANC\u2014which had no experience of governing by itself\u2014but containing representatives from the National Party and Inkatha. Under the Interim Constitution, Inkatha and the National Party were entitled to seats in the government by virtue of winning at least 20 seats. In keeping with earlier agreements, both de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki were given the position of Deputy President. Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for the job, Mandela grew to rely heavily on him throughout his presidency, allowing him to shape policy details. Moving into the presidential office at Tuynhuys in Cape Town, Mandela allowed de Klerk to retain the presidential residence in the Groote Schuur estate, instead settling into the nearby Westbrooke manor, which he renamed \"Genadendal\", meaning \"Valley of Mercy\" in Afrikaans. Retaining his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu, which he visited regularly,"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " walking around the area, meeting with locals, and judging tribal disputes. Aged 76, he faced various ailments, and although exhibiting continued energy, he felt isolated and lonely. He often entertained celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg and the Spice Girls, and befriended ultra-rich businessmen, like Harry Oppenheimer of Anglo American. He also met with Queen Elizabeth II on her March 1995 state visit to South Africa, which earned him strong criticism from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite his opulent surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his R 552,000 annual income to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had founded in 1995. Although dismantling press censorship, speaking out in favour of freedom of the press and befriending many journalists, Mandela was critical of much of the country's media, noting that it was overwhelmingly owned and run by middle-class whites and believing that it focused too heavily on scaremongering about crime. In December 1994, Mandela published \"Long Walk to Freedom\", an autobiography based around a manuscript he had written in prison, augmented by interviews conducted with American journalist Richard Stengel. In late 1994, he attended the 49th conference of the ANC in Bloemfontein, at which a more"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " militant national executive was elected, among them Winnie Mandela; although she expressed an interest in reconciling, Nelson initiated divorce proceedings in August 1995. By 1995, he had entered into a relationship with Gra\u00e7a Machel, a Mozambican political activist 27 years his junior who was the widow of former president Samora Machel. They had first met in July 1990 when she was still in mourning, but their friendship grew into a partnership, with Machel accompanying him on many of his foreign visits. She turned down Mandela's first marriage proposal, wanting to retain some independence and dividing her time between Mozambique and Johannesburg.</s><s>Life.:Presidency of South Africa: 1994\u20131999.:National reconciliation. Presiding over the transition from apartheid minority rule to a multicultural democracy, Mandela saw national reconciliation as the primary task of his presidency. Having seen other post-colonial African economies damaged by the departure of white elites, Mandela worked to reassure South Africa's white population that they were protected and represented in \"the Rainbow Nation\". Although his Government of National Unity would be dominated by the ANC, he attempted to create a broad coalition by appointing de Klerk as Deputy President and appointing other National Party officials as ministers for Agriculture, Environment, and Minerals and Energy, as well"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " as naming Buthelezi as Minister for Home Affairs. The other cabinet positions were taken by ANC members, many of whom\u2014like Joe Modise, Alfred Nzo, Joe Slovo, Mac Maharaj and Dullah Omar\u2014had long been comrades of Mandela, although others, such as Tito Mboweni and Jeff Radebe, were far younger. Mandela's relationship with de Klerk was strained; Mandela thought that de Klerk was intentionally provocative, and de Klerk felt that he was being intentionally humiliated by the president. In January 1995, Mandela heavily chastised de Klerk for awarding amnesty to 3,500 police officers just before the election, and later criticised him for defending former Minister of Defence Magnus Malan when the latter was charged with murder. Mandela personally met with senior figures of the apartheid regime, including lawyer Percy Yutar and Hendrik Verwoerd's widow, Betsie Schoombie, also laying a wreath by the statue of Afrikaner hero Daniel Theron. Emphasising personal forgiveness and reconciliation, he announced that \"courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace.\" He encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated national rugby team, the Springboks"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": ", as South Africa hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup. Mandela wore a Springbok shirt at the final against New Zealand, and after the Springboks won the match, Mandela presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, an Afrikaner. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans; as de Klerk later put it, \"Mandela won the hearts of millions of white rugby fans.\" Mandela's efforts at reconciliation assuaged the fears of white people, but also drew criticism from more militant black people. Among the latter was his estranged wife, Winnie, who accused the ANC of being more interested in appeasing the white community than in helping the black majority. Mandela oversaw the formation of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate crimes committed under apartheid by both the government and the ANC, appointing Tutu as its chair. To prevent the creation of martyrs, the commission granted individual amnesties in exchange for testimony of crimes committed during the apartheid era. Dedicated in February 1996, it held two years of hearings detailing rapes, torture, bombings and assassinations before issuing its final report in October 1998. Both de Klerk and Mbeki appealed to have parts of the report suppressed"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": ", though only de Klerk's appeal was successful. Mandela praised the commission's work, stating that it \"had helped us move away from the past to concentrate on the present and the future\".</s><s>Life.:Presidency of South Africa: 1994\u20131999.:Domestic programmes. Mandela's administration inherited a country with a huge disparity in wealth and services between white and black communities. Of a population of 40 million, around 23\u00a0million lacked electricity or adequate sanitation, and 12\u00a0million lacked clean water supplies, with 2\u00a0million children not in school and a third of the population illiterate. There was 33% unemployment, and just under half of the population lived below the poverty line. Government financial reserves were nearly depleted, with a fifth of the national budget being spent on debt repayment, meaning that the extent of the promised Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was scaled back, with none of the proposed nationalisation or job creation. In 1996, the RDP was replaced with a new policy, Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR), which maintained South Africa's mixed economy but placed an emphasis on economic growth through a framework of market economics and the encouragement of foreign investment; many in the ANC derided it as a neo-liberal policy that did"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " not address social inequality, no matter how Mandela defended it. In adopting this approach, Mandela's government adhered to the \"Washington consensus\" advocated by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Under Mandela's presidency, welfare spending increased by 13% in 1996/97, 13% in 1997/98, and 7% in 1998/99. The government introduced parity in grants for communities, including disability grants, child maintenance grants and old-age pensions, which had previously been set at different levels for South Africa's different racial groups. In 1994, free healthcare was introduced for children under six and pregnant women, a provision extended to all those using primary level public sector health care services in 1996. By the 1999 election, the ANC could boast that due to their policies, 3 million people were connected to telephone lines, 1.5\u00a0million children were brought into the education system, 500 clinics were upgraded or constructed, 2\u00a0million people were connected to the electricity grid, water access was extended to 3\u00a0million people, and 750,000 houses were constructed, housing nearly 3\u00a0million people. The Land Reform Act 3 of 1996 safeguarded the rights of labour tenants living on farms where they grew crops or grazed livestock. This legislation ensured that such tenants could not be evicted"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " without a court order or if they were over the age of 65. Recognising that arms manufacturing was a key industry for the South African economy, Mandela endorsed the trade in weapons but brought in tighter regulations surrounding Armscor to ensure that South African weaponry was not sold to authoritarian regimes. Under Mandela's administration, tourism was increasingly promoted, becoming a major sector of the South African economy. Critics like Edwin Cameron accused Mandela's government of doing little to stem the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the country; by 1999, 10% of South Africa's population were HIV positive. Mandela later admitted that he had personally neglected the issue, in part due to public reticence in discussing issues surrounding sex in South Africa, and that he had instead left the issue for Mbeki to deal with. Mandela also received criticism for failing to sufficiently combat crime; South Africa had one of the world's highest crime rates, and the activities of international crime syndicates in the country grew significantly throughout the decade. Mandela's administration was also perceived as having failed to deal with the problem of corruption. Further problems were caused by the exodus of thousands of skilled white South Africans from the country, who were escaping the increasing crime rates, higher taxes and the impact of positive discrimination toward black people in employment. This exodus resulted"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " in a brain drain, and Mandela criticised those who left. At the same time, South Africa experienced an influx of millions of illegal migrants from poorer parts of Africa; although public opinion toward these illegal immigrants was generally unfavourable, characterising them as disease-spreading criminals who were a drain on resources, Mandela called on South Africans to embrace them as \"brothers and sisters\".</s><s>Life.:Presidency of South Africa: 1994\u20131999.:Foreign affairs. Mandela expressed the view that \"South Africa's future foreign relations [should] be based on our belief that human rights should be the core of international relations\". Following the South African example, Mandela encouraged other nations to resolve conflicts through diplomacy and reconciliation. In September 1998, Mandela was appointed secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement, who held their annual conference in Durban. He used the event to criticise the \"narrow, chauvinistic interests\" of the Israeli government in stalling negotiations to end the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict and urged India and Pakistan to negotiate to end the Kashmir conflict, for which he was criticised by both Israel and India. Inspired by the region's economic boom, Mandela sought greater economic relations with East Asia, in particular with Malaysia, although this was prevented by the 1997 Asian"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " financial crisis. He extended diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China (PRC), who were growing as an economic force, and initially also to Taiwan, who were already longstanding investors in the South African economy. However, under pressure from the PRC, he cut recognition of Taiwan in November 1996, and he paid an official visit to Beijing in May 1999. Mandela attracted controversy for his close relationship with Indonesian president Suharto, whose regime was responsible for mass human rights abuses, although on a July 1997 visit to Indonesia he privately urged Suharto to withdraw from the occupation of East Timor. He also faced similar criticism from the West for his government's trade links to Syria, Cuba and Libya and for his personal friendships with Castro and Gaddafi. Castro visited South Africa in 1998 to widespread popular acclaim, and Mandela met Gaddafi in Libya to award him the Order of Good Hope. When Western governments and media criticised these visits, Mandela lambasted such criticism as having racist undertones, and stated that \"the enemies of countries in the West are not our enemies.\" Mandela hoped to resolve the long-running dispute between Libya and the United States and Britain over bringing to trial the two Libyans, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhim"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "ah, who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging Pan Am Flight 103. Mandela proposed that they be tried in a third country, which was agreed to by all parties; governed by Scots law, the trial was held at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands in April 1999, and found one of the two men guilty. Mandela echoed Mbeki's calls for an \"African Renaissance\", and he was greatly concerned with issues on the continent. He took a soft diplomatic approach to removing Sani Abacha's military junta in Nigeria but later became a leading figure in calling for sanctions when Abacha's regime increased human rights violations. In 1996, he was appointed chairman of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and initiated unsuccessful negotiations to end the First Congo War in Zaire. He also played a key role as a mediator in the ethnic conflict between Tutsi and Hutu political groups in the Burundian Civil War, helping to initiate a settlement which brought increased stability to the country but did not end the ethnic violence. In South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation, troops were ordered into Lesotho in September 1998 to protect the government of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili after a disputed election had prompted opposition upris"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "ings. The action was not authorised by Mandela himself, who was out of the country at the time, but by Buthelezi, who was serving as acting president during Mandela's absence, with the approval of Mandela and Mbeki.</s><s>Life.:Presidency of South Africa: 1994\u20131999.:Withdrawing from politics. The new Constitution of South Africa was agreed upon by parliament in May 1996, enshrining a series of institutions to place checks on political and administrative authority within a constitutional democracy. De Klerk opposed the implementation of this constitution, and that month he and the National Party withdrew from the coalition government in protest, claiming that the ANC were not treating them as equals. The ANC took over the cabinet positions formerly held by the Nationalists, with Mbeki becoming sole Deputy President. Inkatha remained part of the coalition, and when both Mandela and Mbeki were out of the country in September 1998, Buthelezi was appointed \"Acting President\", marking an improvement in his relationship with Mandela. Although Mandela had often governed decisively in his first two years as president, he had subsequently increasingly delegated duties to Mbeki, retaining only a close personal supervision of intelligence and security measures. During a 1997 visit to London, he said that \"the ruler of"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " South Africa, the \"de facto\" ruler, is Thabo Mbeki\" and that he was \"shifting everything to him\". Mandela stepped down as ANC President at the party's December 1997 conference. He hoped that Ramaphosa would succeed him, believing Mbeki to be too inflexible and intolerant of criticism, but the ANC elected Mbeki regardless. Mandela and the Executive supported Jacob Zuma, a Zulu who had been imprisoned on Robben Island, as Mbeki's replacement for Deputy President. Zuma's candidacy was challenged by Winnie, whose populist rhetoric had gained her a strong following within the party, although Zuma defeated her in a landslide victory vote at the election. Mandela's relationship with Machel had intensified; in February 1998, he publicly stated that he was \"in love with a remarkable lady\", and under pressure from Tutu, who urged him to set an example for young people, he organised a wedding for his 80th birthday, in July that year. The following day, he held a grand party with many foreign dignitaries. Although the 1996 constitution allowed the president to serve two consecutive five-year terms, Mandela had never planned to stand for a second term in office. He gave his farewell speech to Parliament on 29 March"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " 1999 when it adjourned prior to the 1999 general elections, after which he retired. Although opinion polls in South Africa showed wavering support for both the ANC and the government, Mandela himself remained highly popular, with 80% of South Africans polled in 1999 expressing satisfaction with his performance as president.</s><s>Life.:Retirement.</s><s>Life.:Retirement.:Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999\u20132004. Retiring in June 1999, Mandela aimed to lead a quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. Although he set about authoring a sequel to his first autobiography, to be titled \"\", it remained unfinished and was only published posthumously in 2017. Mandela found such seclusion difficult and reverted to a busy public life involving a daily programme of tasks, meetings with world leaders and celebrities, and\u2014when in Johannesburg\u2014working with the Nelson Mandela Foundation, founded in 1999 to focus on rural development, school construction, and combating HIV/AIDS. Although he had been heavily criticised for failing to do enough to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic during his presidency, he devoted much of his time to the issue following his retirement, describing it as \"a war\" that had killed more than \"all previous wars\"; affiliating himself with the"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " Treatment Action Campaign, he urged Mbeki's government to ensure that HIV-positive South Africans had access to anti-retrovirals. Meanwhile, Mandela was successfully treated for prostate cancer in July 2001. In 2002, Mandela inaugurated the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, and in 2003 the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was created at Rhodes House, University of Oxford, to provide postgraduate scholarships to African students. These projects were followed by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and the 46664 campaign against HIV/AIDS. He gave the closing address at the XIII International AIDS Conference in Durban in 2000, and in 2004, spoke at the XV International AIDS Conference in Bangkok, Thailand, calling for greater measures to tackle tuberculosis as well as HIV/AIDS. Mandela publicised AIDS as the cause of his son Makgatho's death in January 2005, to defy the stigma about discussing the disease. Publicly, Mandela became more vocal in criticising Western powers. He strongly opposed the 1999 NATO intervention in Kosovo and called it an attempt by the world's powerful nations to police the entire world. In 2003, he spoke out against the plans for the United States to launch a war in Iraq, describing it as \"a tragedy\" and lambasting US president George W. Bush and British prime"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " minister Tony Blair (whom he referred to as an \"American foreign minister\") for undermining the UN, saying, \"All that (Mr. Bush) wants is Iraqi oil\". He attacked the United States more generally, asserting that \"If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America\", citing the atomic bombing of Japan; this attracted international controversy, although he later improved his relationship with Bush. Retaining an interest in the Lockerbie suspect, he visited Megrahi in Barlinnie prison and spoke out against the conditions of his treatment, referring to them as \"psychological persecution\".</s><s>Life.:Retirement.:\"Retiring from retirement\": 2004\u20132013. In June 2004, aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was \"retiring from retirement\" and retreating from public life, remarking, \"Don't call me, I will call you.\" Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the foundation discouraged invitations for him to appear at public events and denied most interview requests. He retained some involvement in international affairs. In 2005, he founded the Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust, travelling to the United States to speak before the Brookings Institution and the NAACP on the need for economic"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " assistance to Africa. He spoke with US senator Hillary Clinton and President George W. Bush and first met the then-senator Barack Obama. Mandela also encouraged Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe to resign over growing human rights abuses in the country. When this proved ineffective, he spoke out publicly against Mugabe in 2007, asking him to step down \"with residual respect and a modicum of dignity.\" That year, Mandela, Machel and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and independent leadership to some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders, in a speech delivered on his 89th birthday. Mandela's 90th birthday was marked across the country on 18 July 2008, with the main celebrations held at Qunu, and a concert in his honour in Hyde Park, London. In a speech marking the event, Mandela called for the rich to help the poor across the world. Throughout Mbeki's presidency, Mandela continued to support the ANC, usually overshadowing Mbeki at any public events that the two attended. Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor, Zuma, although the Nelson Mandela Foundation was upset when his grandson, Mandla Mandela, flew him out to the"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in 2009. In 2004, Mandela successfully campaigned for South Africa to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup, declaring that there would be \"few better gifts for us\" in the year marking a decade since the fall of apartheid. Despite maintaining a low profile during the event due to ill health, Mandela made his final public appearance during the World Cup closing ceremony, where he received much applause. Between 2005 and 2013, Mandela, and later his family, were embroiled in a series of legal disputes regarding money held in family trusts for the benefit of his descendants. In mid-2013, as Mandela was hospitalised for a lung infection in Pretoria, his descendants were involved in an intra-family legal dispute relating to the burial place of Mandela's children, and ultimately Mandela himself.</s><s>Life.:Retirement.:Illness and death: 2011\u20132013. In February 2011, Mandela was briefly hospitalised with a respiratory infection, attracting international attention, before being re-admitted for a lung infection and gallstone removal in December 2012. After a successful medical procedure in early March 2013, his lung infection recurred and he was briefly hospitalised in Pretoria. In June 2013, his lung infection worsened and he"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " was readmitted to a Pretoria hospital in serious condition. The Archbishop of Cape Town Thabo Makgoba visited Mandela at the hospital and prayed with Machel, while Zuma cancelled a trip to Mozambique to visit him the following day. In September 2013, Mandela was discharged from hospital, although his condition remained unstable. After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at around 20:50 local time at his home in Houghton, surrounded by his family. Zuma publicly announced his death on television, proclaiming ten days of national mourning, a memorial service held at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium on 10 December 2013, and 8 December as a national day of prayer and reflection. Mandela's body lay in state from 11 to 13 December at the Union Buildings in Pretoria and a state funeral was held on 15 December in Qunu. Approximately 90 representatives of foreign states travelled to South Africa to attend memorial events. It was later revealed that 300 million rand (about 20\u00a0million dollars) originally earmarked for humanitarian development projects had been redirected to finance the funeral. The media was awash with tributes and reminiscences, while images of tributes to Mandela proliferated across social media. His US"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "$4.1\u00a0million estate was left to his widow, other family members, staff, and educational institutions.</s><s>Political ideology. Mandela identified as both an African nationalist, an ideological position he held since joining the ANC, and as a socialist. He was a practical politician, rather than an intellectual scholar or political theorist. According to biographer Tom Lodge, \"for Mandela, politics has always been primarily about enacting stories, about making narratives, primarily about morally exemplary conduct, and only secondarily about ideological vision, more about means rather than ends.\" The historian Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni described Mandela as a \"liberal African nationalist\u2013decolonial humanist\", while political analyst Raymond Suttner cautioned against labelling Mandela a liberal and stated that Mandela displayed a \"hybrid socio-political make-up\". Mandela adopted some of his political ideas from other thinkers\u2014among them Indian independence leaders like Gandhi and Nehru, African-American civil rights activists, and African nationalists like Nkrumah\u2014and applied them to the South African situation. At the same time he rejected other aspects of their thought, such as the anti-white sentiment of many African nationalists. In doing so he synthesised both counter-cultural and he"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "gemonic views, for instance by drawing upon ideas from the then-dominant Afrikaner nationalism in promoting his anti-apartheid vision. His political development was strongly influenced by his legal training and practice, in particular his hope to achieve change not through violence but through \"legal revolution\". Over the course of his life, he began by advocating a path of non-violence, later embracing violence, and then adopting a non-violent approach to negotiation and reconciliation. When endorsing violence, he did so because he saw no alternative, and was always pragmatic about it, perceiving it as a means to get his opponent to the negotiating table. He sought to target symbols of white supremacy and racist oppression rather than white people as individuals, and was anxious not to inaugurate a race war in South Africa. This willingness to use violence distinguishes Mandela from the ideology of Gandhism, with which some commentators have sought to associate him.</s><s>Political ideology.:Democracy. Although he presented himself in an autocratic manner in several speeches, Mandela was a devout believer in democracy and abided by majority decisions even when deeply disagreeing with them. He had exhibited a commitment to the values of democracy and human rights since at least the 1960s. He held a conviction that \"in"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "clusivity, accountability and freedom of speech\" were the fundamentals of democracy, and was driven by a belief in natural and human rights. Suttner argued that there were \"two modes of leadership\" that Mandela adopted. On one side he adhered to ideas about collective leadership, although on the other believed that there were scenarios in which a leader had to be decisive and act without consultation to achieve a particular objective. According to Lodge, Mandela's political thought reflected tensions between his support for liberal democracy and pre-colonial African forms of consensus decision making. He was an admirer of British-style parliamentary democracy, stating that \"I regard the British Parliament as the most democratic institution in the world, and the independence and impartiality of its judiciary never fail to arouse my admiration.\" In this he has been described as being committed to \"the Euro-North American modernist project of emancipation\", something which distinguishes him from other African nationalist and socialist leaders like Nyerere who were concerned about embracing styles of democratic governance that were Western, rather than African, in origin. Mandela nevertheless also expressed admiration for what he deemed to be indigenous forms of democracy, describing Xhosa traditional society's mode of governance as \"democracy in its purest form\". He also spoke of an influential African ethical"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " tenet, Ubuntu, which is a Ngnuni term meaning \"A person is a person through other persons\" or \"I am because we are.\"</s><s>Political ideology.:Socialism and Marxism. Mandela advocated the ultimate establishment of a classless society, with Sampson describing him as being \"openly opposed to capitalism, private land-ownership and the power of big money\". Mandela was influenced by Marxism, and during the revolution he advocated scientific socialism. He said that \"I should tie myself to no particular system of society other than of socialism\". He denied being a communist at the Treason Trial, and maintained this stance both when later talking to journalists, and in his autobiography, where he outlined that the cooperation with the SACP was pragmatic, asking rhetorically, \"who is to say that we were not using them?\" According to the sociologist Craig Soudien, \"sympathetic as Mandela was to socialism, a communist he was not.\" Conversely, the biographer David Jones Smith stated that Mandela \"embraced communism and communists\" in the late 1950s and early 1960s, while the historian Stephen Ellis commented that Mandela had assimilated much of the Marxist\u2013Leninist ideology by 1960. Ellis also found evidence that Mandela had been an active member"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " of the South African Communist Party during the late 1950s and early 1960s, something that was confirmed after his death by both the ANC and the SACP, the latter of which claimed that he was not only a member of the party, but also served on its Central Committee. His membership had been hidden by the ANC, aware that knowledge of Mandela's former SACP involvement might have been detrimental to his attempts to attract support from Western countries. Mandela's view of these Western governments differed from those of Marxist\u2013Leninists, for he did not believe that they were anti-democratic or reactionary and remained committed to democratic systems of governance. The 1955 Freedom Charter, which Mandela had helped create, called for the nationalisation of banks, gold mines and land, to ensure equal distribution of wealth. Despite these beliefs, Mandela initiated a programme of privatisation during his presidency in line with trends in other countries of the time. It has been repeatedly suggested that Mandela would have preferred to develop a social democratic economy in South Africa but that this was not feasible as a result of the international political and economic situation during the early 1990s. This decision was in part influenced by the fall of the socialist states in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc during the early 1990s.</s><s>Personality and"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " personal life. Mandela was widely considered a charismatic leader, described by biographer Mary Benson as \"a born mass leader who could not help magnetizing people\". He was highly image conscious and throughout his life always sought out fine quality clothes, with many commentators believing that he carried himself in a regal manner. His aristocratic heritage was repeatedly emphasised by supporters, thus contributing to his \"charismatic power\". While living in Johannesburg in the 1950s, he cultivated the image of the \"African gentleman\", having \"the pressed clothes, correct manners, and modulated public speech\" associated with such a position. In doing so, Lodge argued that Mandela became \"one of the first media politicians... embodying a glamour and a style that projected \"visually\" a brave new African world of modernity and freedom\". Mandela was known to change his clothes several times a day, and he became so associated with highly coloured Batik shirts after assuming the presidency that they came to be known as \"Madiba shirts\". For political scientists Betty Glad and Robert Blanton, Mandela was an \"exceptionally intelligent, shrewd, and loyal leader\". His official biographer, Anthony Sampson, commented that he was a \"master of imagery and performance\", excelling at presenting himself"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " well in press photographs and producing sound bites. His public speeches were presented in a formal, stiff manner, and often consisted of clich\u00e9d set phrases. He typically spoke slowly, and carefully chose his words. Although he was not considered a great orator, his speeches conveyed \"his personal commitment, charm and humour\". Mandela was a private person who often concealed his emotions and confided in very few people. Privately, he lived an austere life, refusing to drink alcohol or smoke, and even as president made his own bed. Renowned for his mischievous sense of humour, he was known for being both stubborn and loyal, and at times exhibited a quick temper. He was typically friendly and welcoming, and appeared relaxed in conversation with everyone, including his opponents. A self-described Anglophile, he claimed to have lived by the \"trappings of British style and manners\". Constantly polite and courteous, he was attentive to all, irrespective of their age or status, and often talked to children or servants. He was known for his ability to find common ground with very different communities. In later life, he always looked for the best in people, even defending political opponents to his allies, who sometimes thought him too trusting of others. He was fond"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " of Indian cuisine, and had a lifelong interest in archaeology and boxing. He was raised in the Methodist denomination of Christianity; the Methodist Church of Southern Africa claimed that he retained his allegiance to them throughout his life. On analysing Mandela's writings, the theologian Dion Forster described him as a Christian humanist, although added that his thought relied to a greater extent on the Southern African concept of Ubuntu than on Christian theology. According to Sampson, Mandela never had \"a strong religious faith\" however, while Elleke Boehmer stated that Mandela's religious belief was \"never robust\". Mandela was very self-conscious about being a man and regularly made references to manhood. He was heterosexual, and biographer Fatima Meer said that he was \"easily tempted\" by women. Another biographer, Martin Meredith, characterised him as being \"by nature a romantic\", highlighting that he had relationships with various women. Mandela was married three times, fathered six children, and had seventeen grandchildren and at least seventeen great-grandchildren. He could be stern and demanding of his children, although he was more affectionate with his grandchildren. His first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944; they divorced in March 1958 under the multiple"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " strains of his adultery and constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact that she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion requiring political neutrality. Mandela's second wife was the social worker Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, whom he married in June 1958. They divorced in March 1996. Mandela married his third wife, Gra\u00e7a Machel, on his 80th birthday in July 1998.</s><s>Reception and legacy. By the time of his death, within South Africa Mandela was widely considered both \"the father of the nation\" and \"the founding father of democracy\". Outside of South Africa, he was a \"global icon\", with the scholar of South African studies Rita Barnard describing him as \"one of the most revered figures of our time\". One biographer considered him \"a modern democratic hero\". Some have portrayed Mandela in messianic terms, in contrast to his own statement that \"I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances.\" He is often cited alongside Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. as one of the 20th century's exemplary anti-racist and anti-colonial leaders. Boehmer described him as \"a totem of the totemic values of our age:"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " toleration and liberal democracy\" and \"a universal symbol of social justice\". Mandela's international fame emerged during his incarceration in the 1980s, when he became the world's most famous political prisoner, a symbol of the anti-apartheid cause, and an icon for millions who embraced the ideal of human equality. In 1986, Mandela's biographer characterised him as \"the embodiment of the struggle for liberation\" in South Africa. Meredith stated that in becoming \"a potent symbol of resistance\" to apartheid during the 1980s, he had gained \"mythical status\" internationally. Sampson commented that even during his life, this myth had become \"so powerful that it blurs the realities\", converting Mandela into \"a secular saint\". Within a decade of the end of his presidency, Mandela's era was widely thought of as \"a golden age of hope and harmony\", with much nostalgia being expressed for it. His name was often invoked by those criticising his successors like Mbeki and Zuma. Across the world, Mandela earned international acclaim for his activism in overcoming apartheid and fostering racial reconciliation, coming to be viewed as \"a moral authority\" with a great \"concern for truth\". Mandela's iconic status has been blamed for concealing the complexities of his life. Mandela"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " generated controversy throughout his career as an activist and politician, having detractors on both the right and the radical left. During the 1980s, Mandela was widely labelled a terrorist by prominent political figures in the Western world for his embrace of political violence. According to Thatcher, for instance, the ANC was \"a typical terrorist organisation\". The US government's State and Defense departments officially designated the ANC as a terrorist organisation, resulting in Mandela remaining on their terrorism watch-list until 2008. On the left, some voices in the ANC\u2014among them Frank B. Wilderson III\u2014accused him of selling out for agreeing to enter negotiations with the apartheid government and for not implementing the reforms of the Freedom Charter during his presidency. According to Barnard, \"there is also a sense in which his chiefly bearing and mode of conduct, the very respect and authority he accrued in representing his nation in his own person, went against the spirit of democracy\", and concerns were similarly expressed that he placed his own status and celebrity above the transformation of his country. His government would be criticised for its failure to deal with both the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the high levels of poverty in South Africa. Mandela was also criticised for his friendship with political leaders such as Castro, Gaddafi, and Suharto\u2014de"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "emed dictators by critics\u2014as well as his refusal to condemn their governments' human rights violations.</s><s>Reception and legacy.:Orders, decorations, monuments, and honours. Over the course of his life, Mandela was given over 250 awards, accolades, prizes, honorary degrees and citizenships in recognition of his political achievements. Among his awards were the Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize, and the Libyan Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights. In 1990, India awarded him the Bharat Ratna, and in 1992 Pakistan gave him their Nishan-e-Pakistan. The same year, he was awarded the Atat\u00fcrk Peace Award by Turkey; he at first refused the award, citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999. He was given the Fulbright Prize for International Understanding by the Fulbright Association in 1993. He was appointed to the Order of Isabella the Catholic and the Order of Canada, and was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen. Queen Elizabeth II appointed him as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St. John and granted him membership in the Order of Merit. In 2004,"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " Johannesburg granted Mandela the Freedom of the City, and in 2008 a Mandela statue was unveiled at the spot where Mandela was released from prison. On the Day of Reconciliation 2013, a bronze statue of Mandela was unveiled at Pretoria's Union Buildings. In November 2009, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed Mandela's birthday, 18 July, as \"Mandela Day\", marking his contribution to the anti-apartheid struggle. It called on individuals to donate 67 minutes to doing something for others, commemorating the 67 years that Mandela had been a part of the movement.; {{cite news }} In 2015 the UN General Assembly named the amended Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners as \"the Mandela Rules\" to honour his legacy. 2019 to 2028: the United Nations Nelson Mandela Decade of Peace.</s><s>Reception and legacy.:Biographies and popular media. The first biography of Mandela was authored by Mary Benson, based on brief interviews with him that she had conducted in the 1960s. Two authorised biographies were later produced by friends of Mandela. The first was Fatima Meer's \"Higher Than Hope\", which was heavily influenced by Winnie and thus placed great emphasis on Mandela's family. The second was Anthony Sampson's \"Mandela\","}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": " published in 1999. Other biographies included Martin Meredith's \"Mandela\", first published in 1997, and Tom Lodge's \"Mandela\", brought out in 2006. Since the late 1980s, Mandela's image began to appear on a proliferation of items, among them \"photographs, paintings, drawings, statues, public murals, buttons, t-shirts, refrigerator magnets, and more\", items that have been characterised as \"Mandela kitsch\". In the 1980s he was the subject of several songs, such as The Specials' \"Free Nelson Mandela\", Hugh Masekela's \"Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)\", and Johnny Clegg's \"Asimbonanga (Mandela)\", which helped to bring awareness of his imprisonment to an international audience. Following his death, many internet memes appeared featuring images of Mandela with his inspirational quotes superimposed onto them. Mandela has also been depicted in films on multiple occasions. Some of these, such as the 2013 feature film \"\", the 2017 miniseries \"Madiba\" and the 1996 documentary \"Mandela\", have focused on covering his adult life in entirety or until his inaugural as president others, such as the 2009 feature film \"Invictus\" and the 2010 documentary \"The 16th Man"}, {"title": "Nelson Mandela", "text": "\", have focused on specific events in his life. It has been argued that in \"Invictus\" and other films, \"the America film industry\" has played a significant part in \"the crafting of Mandela's global image\".</s><s>See also. - List of peace activists</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Nelson Mandela", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000451", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ricky Martin.", "docs": [{"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "<s>Ricky Martin Enrique Ricky Mart\u00edn Morales (born December 24, 1971) is a Puerto Rican singer, songwriter, and actor. He is known for his musical versatility, with his discography spanning Latin pop, pop, dance, reggaeton, and salsa genres. Dubbed the \"King of Latin Pop\", the \"King of Latin Music\", and the \"Latin Pop God\", he is regarded as one of the most influential artists in the world. Born in San Juan, Martin began appearing in television commercials at age nine and began his musical career at twelve, as a member of Puerto Rican boy band Menudo. He began his solo career in 1991 while in Sony Music Mexico, gaining recognition in Latin America with the release of his first two studio albums, \"Ricky Martin\" (1991) and \"Me Amaras\" (1993), both of which were focused on ballads. Martin's third album, \"A Medio Vivir\" (1995), helped him rise to prominence in European countries. The chart-topping single \"Mar\u00eda\", incorporated a mixture of Latin music genres and became his first international hit. His international success was further solidified with his fourth album, \"Vuelve\" (1998). The album, which earned Martin his first"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " Grammy Award, spawned chart-topping songs \"Vuelve\" and \"La Copa de la Vida\". Martin performed the latter at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, which was greeted with a massive standing ovation and is known as a game-changer for Latin music worldwide. His first English album, \"Ricky Martin\" (1999) became his first US \"Billboard\" 200 number one. The lead single \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" topped both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. Martin's success in the late 1990s is generally seen as the beginning of the \"Latin explosion\". He has been credited for propelling the Latin pop music genre to mainstream recognition, paving the way for a large number of Latin artists to achieve global success. Martin has since established his status as a pop icon and a sex symbol, releasing several successful albums, including all-time Latin bestsellers \"Almas del Silencio\" (2003) and \"MTV Unplugged\" (2006), as well as Grammy Award winner \"A Quien Quiera Escuchar\" (2015). He has also amassed many successful singles and chart-toppers, including \"She Bangs\", \"Nobody W"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "ants to Be Lonely\", \"Tal Vez\", \"Tu Recuerdo\", \"La Mordidita\", \"Vente Pa' Ca\", and \"Canci\u00f3n Bonita\". As an actor, Martin gained popularity and stardom for his role in the hit soap opera \"General Hospital\" (1994\u20131996), while his portrayal of Antonio D'Amico in \"\" (2018) marked the acting opportunity of his career, garnering him an Emmy nomination. He also starred as Ch\u00e9 in the Broadway revival of the musical \"Evita\" in 2012, which broke the theater's box-office sales record seven times. Martin is one of the best-selling Latin music artists of all time, having sold over 70\u00a0million records worldwide. He has scored 11 \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs number-one songs, and won over 200 awards (most awarded male Latin artist), including two Grammy Awards, five Latin Grammy Awards, five MTV Video Music Awards (tied for most wins by a Latin artist), two American Music Awards, three Latin American Music Awards, three \"Billboard\" Music Awards, nine \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, eight World Music Awards, fourteen Lo Nuestro Awards, a \"Guinness World Record\", and a star on the"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " Hollywood Walk of Fame. He is ranked among the Greatest Latin Artists of All Time, the Greatest Music Video Artists of All Time, and the Most Influential Latin Artists of All Time by \"Billboard\". His philanthropy and activism focus on LGBT rights and fighting against human trafficking; in 2004, he founded The Ricky Martin Foundation, a non-profit, non-governmental organization that focuses on denouncing human trafficking and educating about the crime's existence.</s><s>Early life. Enrique Mart\u00edn Morales was born on December 24, 1971, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. His mother, Do\u00f1a Nereida Morales, is a former accountant; his father, Enrique Mart\u00edn Negroni, is a former psychologist who previously worked as a regional supervisor for a Puerto Rican mental-health agency. His parents divorced when he was two years old, and although his mother had custody of Martin, he could also move freely between his father's house in the middle-class suburb of University Gardens in San Juan, and his paternal grandmother's house nearby. In an interview with \"People\", he told the magazine that he \"never had to make decisions\" about who he loved more, and he was \"always happy\". Martin has two older maternal half-brothers, Fernando and \u00c1ng"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "el Fern\u00e1ndez, two younger paternal half-brothers, Eric and Daniel Mart\u00edn, and a younger paternal half-sister, Vanessa Mart\u00edn. Martin has Spanish heritage of Basque and Canarian descent. As he explained to \"ABC\", the Martins traveled from Spain to Puerto Rico in 1779. He also has some Corsican origin through his paternal grandmother. Martin grew up Catholic. The people closest to him called him \"Kiki\" (a nickname that comes from Enrique). He began singing at age six, using wooden kitchen spoons as make-believe microphones; he often sang songs by Puerto Rican boy band Menudo, as well as English-language rock groups such as Led Zeppelin, Journey, and REO Speedwagon. His mother's side of the family was musically inclined and his maternal grandfather was a poet. Martin later reflected on his time spent with his family as a child: \"Every time I find myself in front of an audience, be it twenty people or one hundred thousand, once again I feel the energy that consumed me back at the family gatherings of my youth.\" He attended Colegio Sagrado Coraz\u00f3n, a bilingual Catholic grade school in University Gardens since fourth grade and was an \"average\" student"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " there. When he was nine years old, he began appearing in television commercials for products such as soft drinks, toothpaste, and fast food restaurants, including Orange Crush and Burger King. In a year and a half, he starred in 11 commercials.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:1983\u20131989: Menudo. After achieving moderate fame in his country for his appearances in television commercials, Martin auditioned for membership in Menudo. Formed in Puerto Rico in 1977, Menudo members were usually replaced when they hit 16 in order to keep the band \"full of fresh-faced members\". Although the executives enjoyed his dancing and singing at his first two auditions, Martin was rejected because he was too short. By the third audition, his persistence impressed executives, and in 1984, 12-year-old Martin became a member. A month after joining Menudo, he made his debut performance with the group at the Luis A. Ferr\u00e9 Performing Arts Center in San Juan. During this performance, he inadvertently disobeyed the choreography by walking around the stage, when it was planned that he would stay still, and was chastised by the band manager after the show: \"The mistake was such a big deal that from that moment on, never again did"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " I move when I wasn't supposed to move. That was the discipline of Menudo: You either did things the way you were told or you were not part of the group.\" Although Martin enjoyed traveling and performing onstage with Menudo, he found the band's busy schedule and strict management exhausting, and later reflected that the experience \"cost\" him his childhood. Despite this, Martin acknowledged his \"opportunity to have so many amazing experiences with so many amazing people\" during his time with the group. During his time with Menudo, he became a \"key-member of the group\" and a \"fan-favorite\", while the band released 11 albums, including the Grammy-nominated \"Evoluci\u00f3n\" () (1984) and their highest-charting and longest-running album on the US \"Billboard\" 200, \"Menudo\" (1985). The former featured Martin's debut single, \"Rayo de Luna\" () and the latter included the hit single \"Hold Me\". \"Hold Me\" became the group's first and only entry on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 62. It was ranked among the \"100 Greatest Boy Band Songs of All Time\" by \"Billboard\", the \"75 Greatest Boy"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " Band Songs of All Time\" by \"Rolling Stone\", and the \"30 Best Boy Band Songs\" by \"Complex\". Besides the musical career, Martin appeared with other members of Menudo in the American romantic comedy/drama television series, \"The Love Boat\" (1985), and the Argentine soap opera, \"Por Siempre Amigos\" (1987). He also developed an interest in philanthropy when the group became UNICEF ambassadors, often working with impoverished children in third world countries. His experiences as an ambassador affected him greatly and inspired him to continue working with charities later in his life. Finally, Martin left the band in July 1989, at age 17, hoping to rest and evaluate his career path; he stayed a few extra months after his \"age-mandated retirement\" came around. He performed his final show with the group at the same venue where he had performed his first performance as a member. Referred to as the \"Most Iconic Latino Pop Music Band\", Menudo was ranked as one of the Biggest Boy Bands of All Time by \"Us Weekly\" in 2021. The group has sold around 20 million records worldwide, and has been acknowledged as the \"Most Successful Latin Boy Band of All Time\" by \"Billboard"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "\". Martin returned to Puerto Rico to \"get a break from the pressures of the group, the promotional tours, and the constant stress of work\", but although his parents' divorce had not affected him before, suddenly began to affect him; his parents \"began fighting more than ever\" and they were forcing him to \"choose between the two people in the world\" he loved most. As he understood they did this because they loved him and wanted the best for him, he \"forgave all of the pain and anger they caused\" him. He graduated from the high school, and 13 days after turning 18, he moved to New York City to celebrate his financial independence; since he was a minor during his time with Menudo, Martin was not allowed to access his own bank accounts.</s><s>Career.:1990\u20131994: Acting and first solo albums. Martin was accepted into New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 1990, but before classes began, his friend invited him to Mexico City. He attended the musical comedy play, \"Mama Ama el Rock\" () there, and was offered to stay and replace one of the actors. He accepted the offer, dropped out the university and moved from New York to Mexico City to perform in the"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " play. While he was performing onstage in \"Mama Ama el Rock\", a producer in the audience took notice of Martin's acting and offered him a role in the Mexican telenovela \"Alcanzar una estrella\" () (1990). Martin also joined the cast for the second season of the show, titled \"Alcanzar una estrella II\" (1991). A film based on the TV series, titled \"M\u00e1s que alcanzar una estrella\" () (1992), was also produced in which Martin starred, and earned him an El Heraldo Award for his role. A Sony Discos executive noticed Martin's acting in the soap operas and offered him his first solo music recording contract. Eager to record his first solo album and hustled by the executive, Martin signed the contract without reading its conditions and inadvertently signed a deal in which he would only be paid one cent for each album sold. Despite viewing the contract as unfair, Martin referred to the record as \"the start of something phenomenal\" for him. After working \"around the clock\" to finish filming \"Alcanzar una estrella II\" and recording music, he released his debut solo album, \"Ricky Martin\", on November 26, 1991."}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " The album peaked at number five on the US \"Billboard\" Latin Pop Albums chart and spent a total of 41 weeks on the list. It sold over 500,000 copies worldwide, was certified gold in several countries, and spawned his first solo hit singles, \"Fuego Contra Fuego\" (), \"El Amor de Mi Vida\" (), and \"Dime Que Me Quieres\" (). Both \"Fuego Contra Fuego\" and \"El Amor de Mi Vida\" reached the top 10 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Tracks. To promote the album, Martin embarked on a successful Latin American tour, breaking box office records, which the singer referred to as \"an indescribable feeling, almost like coming home\". After the success of \"Ricky Martin\" and its subsequent tour, Martin's record company met him with the Spanish musician Juan Carlos Calder\u00f3n to work on his second studio album, \"Me Amaras\" () (1993). Although Martin felt \"very grateful\" for the opportunity to work with Calder\u00f3n, he noted, \"I always felt that that record was more his than mine.\" The album sold over one million copies worldwide and was certified triple-platinum in Chile. In 1994, Martin"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "'s agent encouraged him to move to Los Angeles to act in an American sitcom called \"Getting By\". The show was canceled after two seasons, but soon afterward, Martin was given the role of Miguel Morez on the popular hit soap opera \"General Hospital\"; Morez, a bartender and singer, known for his long and flowing hair, was a Puerto Rican citizen hiding in the United States from his lover's criminal mastermind father and created a love triangle with his fianc\u00e9 Lily Rivera and Brenda. Martin portrayed the role for two years and gained huge popularity and stardom, becoming \"one of the most-talked about actors on the soap opera\". Despite this, Martin felt he lacked chemistry with the rest of the \"General Hospital\" cast and observed that people treated him differently because of his Puerto Rican accent. At the time, it was relatively uncommon for Latin actors to appear on American television, and people suggested that he take accent reduction classes, which he refused.</s><s>Career.:1995\u20131997: Breakthrough with \"A Medio Vivir\". In 1995, Martin refocused on his music career, and began working on his third studio album, \"A Medio Vivir\" (). The album was released in September 1995, and became a huge success; it sold"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " over three million copies worldwide. being certified gold in the United States, platinum in France, 4\u00d7 platinum in Spain, as well as many other certifications in Latin American countries. It spawned several successful hits, including \"Te Extra\u00f1o, Te Olvido, Te Amo\" (), \"Mar\u00eda\", and \"Volver\u00e1s\" (). On \"Mar\u00eda\", which was released as the second single from the album, Martin allowed himself \"to go into a very Latin, African sound\". He created a mix of different Latin music genres instead of singing a romantic ballad, the style that he focused on it in his first two albums, while Latin pop music in general was mainly made up of it at the time. Although Martin was satisfied with the track and he describes it as a song that he is \"extremely proud of\", the first time he played it for a record label executive, the man said: \"Are you crazy? You have ruined your career! I can't believe you are showing me this. You're finished \u2014 this is going to be your last album.\" Despite this, the track became Martin's breakthrough song and his first international hit. It topped the charts in 20 countries, and has sold over five million physical copies worldwide. As a result, the"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " song was featured in the 1999 edition of \"The Guinness Book of Records\" as the biggest Latin hit. In Australia, \"Mar\u00eda\" spent six weeks at number one, topped the country's year-end chart in 1998, and was certified platinum. The song also spent nine weeks at number one in France, and was certified diamond, selling over 1.4 million copies there. Additionally, the track reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom, and became Martin's first entry on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. To promote \"A Medio Vivir\", he embarked on the worldwide A Medio Vivir Tour, that lasted for more than two years, through which he performed 63 shows and visited Europe, Latin America and the United States. During an interview with \"The Miami Herald\" in 1996, Martin expressed an interest in performing on Broadway. In a few days, he received a phone call from producer Richard Jay-Alexander, and was offered the role of Marius Pontmercy in the play \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\". After the conclusion of the A Medio Vivir Tour in Latin America, Martin returned to New York to appear in the play in an eleven-week run. He greatly enjoyed the experience, calling his time in the play an"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " \"honor\" and \"the role of [his] life\". Martin continued to tour after the conclusion of the show's run, and noted that his audiences were growing in both size and enthusiasm.</s><s>Career.:1998\u20131999: \"Vuelve\". While the A Medio Vivir Tour had not been concluded yet, Martin returned to the studio to record his fourth album \"Vuelve\" (). He called the experience of touring and recording at the same time \"brutal and incredibly intense\". As he was finishing the record in 1997, \"Mar\u00eda\" caught the attention of FIFA. They contacted Martin and asked him to create a song as the 1998 FIFA World Cup anthem. He stated about the request: \"I have to admit that the challenge made me a bit nervous, but the massive growth potential for my career was such that I decided to accept.\" Following his acceptance, musicians K.C. Porter, Robi Rosa, and Desmond Child joined him and they started working on a song titled \"La Copa de la Vida\" (English: \"The Cup of Life\"). Martin wrote about the recording: \"La Copa de la Vida\" was included on \"Vuelve\", released February 12, 1998. The album became a"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " huge success; it sold over eight million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling Spanish-language album in history, according to his label. Also, some sources have reported the album's sales as six million copies worldwide. It spent 26 weeks atop the US \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In Canada, the album peaked at number three and was certified double platinum. \"Vuelve\" spawned big hits, including the title track, \"La Copa de la Vida\", \"Perdido Sin Ti\" (), and \"La Bomba\" (). \"La Copa de la Vida\" grew to be an international success, appearing on the charts in more than 60 countries, and reaching number one in 30 countries, Both \"Vuelve\" and \"Perdido Sin Ti\" peaked at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Tracks chart; the former also reached number one in eight countries. On July 12, 1998, Martin performed \"La Copa de la Vida\" as the official anthem at the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final in France, in front of more than a billion TV viewers around the world. To promote \"Vuelve\", Martin embarked"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " on the worldwide Vuelve Tour; he performed in Asia, Australia, Europe, Mexico, South America, and the United States. Although Latin music was not important to the Recording Academy or the mainstream music industry at the time, Tommy Mottola, then-chief of Columbia Records, was certain about Martin's stardom and pushed hard to have him on the Grammy Awards ceremony. During an interview with \"Billboard\", Mottola told the magazine about it: \"There was tremendous resistance from the Grammys. They did not want an 'unknown' to perform, yet we he had already sold 10 million copies of \"Vuelve\" worldwide. To me, that was absolutely UNACCEPTABLE.\" Finally, on February 24, 1999, cavorting with a 15-piece band alongside and a large number of dancers and percussionists, Martin performed a bilingual version of \"La Copa de La Vida\" at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, which was greeted with a massive standing ovation and met with acclaim from music critics. At the same night, \"Vuelve\" earned Martin his first Grammy award, for Best Latin Pop Performance.</s><s>Career.:1999\u20132000: Crossover to English. In October 1998, CNN confirmed that"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " Martin has been working on his first English language album, following the huge success of \"Vuelve\". The album was titled \"Ricky Martin\" and was released on May 11, 1999, two weeks ahead of schedule, because of the huge interest in the disc, following Martin's performance at the Grammy Awards. Tim Devin, the general manager of Tower Records stated about Martin: \"He's always been one of our strongest Latin artists, but interest in him has picked up considerably since that performance.\" \"Ricky Martin\" debuted atop the US \"Billboard\" 200 with first-week sales of 661,000 copies, becoming the largest sales week by any album in 1999. It also broke the record as the largest first-week sales for any pop or Latin artist in history, as well as any Columbia Records artist during the SoundScan era. With this album, Martin became the first male Latin act in history to debut at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart. It was certified 7\u00d7 platinum by RIAA, denoting shipments of over seven million copies in the US and breaking the record as the best-selling album by a Latin artist in the country. Only within three months, \"Ricky Martin\" became the best-selling album ever"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " by a Latin artist. According to different sources, the album has sold over 15 million copies or even 17 million copies worldwide. It was nominated for Best Pop Album at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. The album's lead single \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" () topped the charts in more than 20 countries and is considered to be Martin's biggest hit, and one of the best-selling singles of all time. In the United States, it topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for five consecutive weeks, becoming Martin's first number one single on the chart. Additionally, it broke several records on \"Billboard\" charts. It also spent eight consecutive weeks atop the Canada Top Singles chart and topped the country's year-end chart. In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number one and stayed there for three weeks, making Martin the first Puerto Rican artist in history to hit number one. The track was ranked as the best '90s pop song by \"Elle\", and was listed among the Best Latin Songs of All Time by \"Billboard\". It was nominated for four categories at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year. Its Spanish version reached the summit of the \"Billboard\" Hot"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " Latin Tracks chart, and was nominated for Record of the Year at the 1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards. \"She's All I Ever Had\" was released as the second single from the album in June 1999. It peaked at numbers two and three on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and Canada Top Singles charts, respectively. The Spanish version, \"Bella\" () topped the charts in five countries, as well as \"Billboard\"s Hot Latin Tracks chart. To further promote \"Ricky Martin\", he embarked on the worldwide Livin' la Vida Loca Tour, which was the highest-grossing tour of 2000 by a Latin artist in the US.</s><s>Career.:2000\u20132005: \"Sound Loaded\", \"Almas del Silencio\", and \"Life\". While the Livin' la Vida Loca Tour had not been concluded yet, Martin returned to the studio to record his sixth studio album, \"Sound Loaded\". The album was released on November 14, 2000. It debuted at number four on the \"Billboard\" 200 with first-week sales of 318,000 copies. The album has sold over seven million copies or even eight million copies worldwide, according to different sources, being certified double platinum in the US."}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " The album featured two hit singles, \"She Bangs\" and \"Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\". The former reached number one in seven countries, including Italy and Sweden, as well as the top five in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and several other countries. It was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. The Spanish-language version of \"She Bangs\" reached the summit of the Hot Latin Tracks chart and won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards. \"Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\" was re-recorded along with American singer Christina Aguilera, peaking at number one in five countries, as well as the top five in Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom, among others. It was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards. The solo Spanish version, entitled \"S\u00f3lo Quiero Amarte\" topped the Hot Latin Tracks chart. Both \"She Bangs\" and \"Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\" are certified silver in the UK. In February 2001, Martin released a Spanish compilation album entitled \"La Historia\" (), which spent five weeks at number one on the Top Latin Album"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "s chart, topped the charts in Argentina and Sweden, and was certified quadruple Latin platinum in the United States. Following the success of \"Ricky Martin\" and \"Sound Loaded\", he initially planned to release the third English-language album as his seventh studio album, which was supposed to be his first complete work in the field of songwriting. Despite Sony Music Entertainment's original plan, he decided to release a Spanish-language album: \"I woke up five months ago, and I said 'We're doing an album in Spanish.' Everyone went nuts. They said, 'You don't have time; you have to release an album in English because of timing issues with your career.' And that's fine. But I told them, 'In five months, you'll have a kick-ass album' [in Spanish]. Martin's seventh studio album, \"Almas del Silencio\" () was released in May 2003. It debuted atop the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart with first-week sales of 65,000 copies, according to data compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, breaking the record as the largest first-week sales for a Spanish-language album in the US. The album also debuted at number 12 on \"Billboard\" 200, tying the"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " 2002 album, \"Quiz\u00e1s\" () as the chart's highest Spanish-language debut. The album also debuted at number one in \"at least 13 Latin American markets\" and sold over two million copies worldwide. \"Almas del Silencio\" spawned three Hot Latin Tracks chart-topper hits: \"Tal Vez\" (), \"Jaleo\", and \"Y Todo Queda en Nada\" (). \"Tal Vez\" debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Tracks chart on the week of April 12, 2003, marking the first number one debut since February 1998, and becoming the sixth song overall in the chart's history to do so. It spent a total of 11 weeks at this position, surpassing \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" as Martin's longest number-one single on the chart, and was the longest-running number one of 2003. It also topped the charts in several Latin American markets. In October 2005, Martin released his third English album, \"Life\". He commented on the album: \"I was really in touch with my emotions. I think this album is very multi-layered, just like life is. It's about feeling anger. It's about feeling joy. It"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "'s about feeling uncertainty. It's about feeling. And all my emotions are part of this production\". To promote \"Life\", Martin embarked on the worldwide One Night Only with Ricky Martin tour.</s><s>Career.:2006\u20132012: \"MTV Unplugged\", \"M\u00fasica + Alma + Sexo\", and \"Evita\". Although Martin's team and MTV had discussed an \"MTV Unplugged\" for years, but it became more serious after Martin's the One Night Only tour, which featured an acoustic segment. Finally, Martin taped his \"MTV Unplugged\" set in Miami in August 2006, performing both romantic ballads and up-tempo tropical dance songs. During the performance, he debuted three new tracks, including \"Tu Recuerdo\" (), which was released to radio stations as the lead single from his debut live album \"MTV Unplugged\" (2006). The album debuted at number one on the Top Latin Albums chart and sold over two million copies worldwide, marking his highest-certified album in Mexico. It won two Latin Grammy awards and was nominated for Album of the Year. \"Tu Recuerdo\" reached number one in five countries, as well as the \"Billboard\"s Hot Latin Songs"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " and Latin Pop Airplay charts. The track was certified quadruple platinum in Mexico and was nominated for Record of the Year at the 8th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. The artist then embarked on the Black and White Tour in 2007, including four sold-out shows at the Jos\u00e9 Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in Puerto Rico. The concerts in Puerto Rico were compiled into his second live album \"Ricky Martin... Live Black & White Tour\" (2007). Later that year, he released his first Italian song, \"Non siamo soli\" () as a duet with Italian singer Eros Ramazzotti. The song debuted at number one in Italy and spent eleven consecutive weeks atop the chart. In January 2011, Martin launched his ninth studio album, \"M\u00fasica + Alma + Sexo\" (). The album debuted at number three on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart, becoming the highest-charting primarily-Spanish language set since \"Dreaming of You\" (1995) by American singer Selena. It holds the record as the highest-charting Latin album of the 2010s, and represents the highest-ever chart debut on the \"Billboard\" 200 for a Sony Music Latin release. \"M\u00fasica + Alma + Sexo\""}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " also peaked at number one in Argentina and Venezuela, as well as \"Billboard\"s Top Latin Albums. Its lead single, \"Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres T\u00fa\" (English: \"The Best Thing About Me Is You\") reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs chart and was nominated for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Short Form Music Video at the 12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. To promote the album, Martin embarked on the M\u00fasica + Alma + Sexo World Tour in 2011. In February 2012, he appeared as Spanish teacher David Martinez on the twelfth episode of the third season of the American musical television series \"Glee\", The Spanish Teacher. Martin starred as Ch\u00e9 in the Broadway revival of the musical \"Evita\" from March 2012 to January 2013. The show became a hit, breaking the theatre's box-office sales record after only six performances. Since then, it broke its own record six times and was nominated for Best Revival of a Musical at the 66th Tony Awards. The show's soundtrack album debuted at number one on \"Billboard\"s cast album chart.</s><s>Career.:2013\u20132018: \"The Voice\", \"A"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " Quien Quiera Escuchar\", and \"The Assassination of Gianni Versace\". Martin served as a coach on the second season of the Australian singing competition television series \"The Voice\" in 2013. In the same year, he released a compilation album, entitled \"\", which reached number two in Australia, as well as a new single, entitled \"Come with Me\", which debuted at number three in the country. The artist then embarked on the Ricky Martin Live tour in Australia in October 2013. He continued serving as a coach on both the third and fourth seasons of \"The Voice Australia\" in 2014 and 2015, respectively. In 2014, Lars Brandle from \"Billboard\" stated in an article: \"Through his high-profile slot on \"The Voice\", Ricky's profile in Australia has never been as big as it is right now.\" On February 25, 2014, Wisin released a song titled \"Adrenalina\" () from his album \"El Regreso del Sobreviviente\" (), which featured Jennifer Lopez and Martin, and became the Univision's 2014 World Cup song. It received commercial success, peaking in the top-five of Bulgaria, Mexico, Spain, and \"Billboard\"s Hot Latin Songs chart. Its accompanying"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " music video has accumulated over 850 million views on YouTube. Later that year, Martin released his single \"Vida\" () for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The song reached the top five in Spain and on the US Hot Latin Songs chart. Also in 2014, he served as a coach on the fourth season of \"The Voice Mexico\", and embarked on the Live in Mexico tour. In February 2015, Martin released his tenth studio album, \"A Quien Quiera Escuchar\" (). The album debuted at number one on \"Billboard\"s Top Latin Albums chart and peaked at number one in Argentina. It won the award for Best Latin Pop Album at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards and Album of the Year at the 1st Latin American Music Awards. The album spawned three Hot Latin Songs top-10 hits: \"Adi\u00f3s\" (), \"Disparo al Coraz\u00f3n\" (), and \"La Mordidita\" (). \"Disparo al Coraz\u00f3n\" was nominated for both Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the 16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. \"La Mordidita\" experienced huge commercial success, being certified 15\u00d7 Latin platinum in the United States. Its accompanying music video has received over 1.2 billion views on"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " YouTube. To promote the album, Martin embarked on the One World Tour from 2015 to 2017. He served as an executive producer and a judge on the American singing competition series \"La Banda\" (), which premiered in 2015 and 2016 on Univision. The first season was \"looking for the next Latin boy band\", while the second season was looking for a Latin girl band. The contestants would compete for a recording deal with Sony Music Latin and Syco Music. CNCO, known as the first boy band to make reggaeton, was the winner of the first season. Martin became their manager and produced the band's debut album, \"Primera Cita\" () (2016), along with Wisin; the album debuted at number one on Top Latin Albums and featured the hit single \"Reggaet\u00f3n Lento (Bailemos)\" (). CNCO opened many dates on One World Tour in 2016. In 2020, Leila Cobo from \"Billboard\" compared the group with Menudo, noting: \"Not since Menudo had a Latin boy band melted our hearts or made us dance quite like CNCO\".Citations regarding the information about CNCO: - - - - - On September 23, 2016, Martin released a song called"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " \"Vente Pa' Ca\" (), featuring Colombian singer Maluma. The song became one of the biggest Spanish-language songs of 2016, reaching number one in seven countries, as well as \"Billboard\"s Latin Airplay, Latin Pop Airplay, and Tropical Airplay charts. It also reached top five in Spain and on the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs, being certified quadruple platinum in Spain and diamond in Mexico. The track was nominated for both Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the 18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. The accompanying music video has received over 1.75 billion views on YouTube. Martin signed a concert residency, named All In, to perform at the Monte Carlo Resort and Casino in Las Vegas in 2017 and 2018. He portrayed fashion designer Gianni Versace's partner Antonio D'Amico in the FX true crime anthology television series \"\", marking \"the acting opportunity of his career\". The role garnered him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Limited Series Or Movie at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards. Running from January to March 2018, \"The Assassination of Gianni Versace\" received generally favorable reviews and numerous awards and nominations, including three Primetime Emmy Awards, four Creative Arts Emmy Awards, two Golden"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " Globe Awards, two Critics' Choice Television Awards, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. In February 2018, Martin released a song titled \"Fiebre\" (), featuring Wisin & Yandel. The song was commercially successful in Latin America, reaching number one in Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Uruguay. It also reached the summit of the \"Billboard\" Latin Airplay and Latin Rhythm Airplay charts.</s><s>Career.:2019\u2013present: \"Amici di Maria De Filippi\", \"PausaPlay\", and \"Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey\". At the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, Martin performed \"Havana\", \"P\u00e9gate\" (), and \"Mi Gente\" (), alongside Camila Cabello, J Balvin, Young Thug, and Arturo Sandoval, as the opening performance. Martin served as a coach on the eighteenth season of the Italian talent show \"Amici di Maria De Filippi\" () in 2019. In the same year, Maluma released a song called \"No Se Me Quita\" () from his album \"\", which featured Martin. The song reached number one in Mexico and was certified quadruple platinum in the country. Martin hosted the 20th Annual Latin Grammy Awards"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " in November 2019, along with Roselyn S\u00e1nchez and Paz Vega. The artist started recording his eleventh studio album, initially titled \"Movimiento\" (), in the second half of 2019, inspired by the 2019 political protests in Puerto Rico. He embarked on the Movimiento Tour in 2020. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent personal experiences, he decided to split the tour's associated album in two extended plays, \"Pausa\" () and \"Play\"; the former was released in May 2020, while the latter is set to release in May 2022. \"Pausa\" was nominated for Album of the Year and won the award for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 21st Annual Latin Grammy Awards. The second single from the EP, \"Tiburones\" () reached number one in Argentina and Puerto Rico, and was also nominated for Song of the Year at the 21st Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Martin starred as the voice of villainous miniature figure Don Juan Diego in the American Christmas musical fantasy film \"\". The film was released on Netflix on November 13, 2020, and received generally favorable reviews. In April 2021, Martin released his hit single \"Canci\u00f3n Bonita\" () with Colombian singer Carlos V"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "ives, which experienced huge commercial success in Latin America, reaching number one in 12 countries. It was also nominated for Song of the Year and Best Pop Song at the 22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Later that year, he embarked on his first co-headlining tour, the Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert alongside Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias. Martin released \"Play\" on July 13, 2022. The EP included singles \"Otra Noche en L.A.\" and \"A Veces Bien Y A Veces Mal\"; the former reached number one in four countries.</s><s>Artistry.</s><s>Artistry.:Influences. As a child, Martin used to sing songs by Menudo and rock bands such as Led Zeppelin, Journey, and REO Speedwagon, which were what his \"older siblings were listening to at the time\". While Martin and his brothers spent their time listening to classic rock, their mother would interrupt them to make them listen to Latin music. She brought him CDs of Fania All-Stars, Celia Cruz, El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico, and Gilberto Santa Rosa that slowly made him appreciate the richness of Puerto Rican culture. Also, she once took them to a Fania All-Stars"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " concert, which Martin is \"beyond grateful\" for it. He expresses that thanks to her mother, those influences had a \"profound effect\" on his musical career. Martin has also cited Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Michael Jackson, and Madonna for teaching him \"the beauty of pop\". He stated about Madonna: \"I was very influenced by her and her music. I know every choreography of Madonna.\" Additionally, he mentions Carlos Santana, Jos\u00e9 Feliciano, Celia Cruz, and Gloria Estefan as the artists who paved the way for him, naming Feliciano as one of the people who inspired him when he was a teenager: \"I was always fascinated with his music.\" In addition to the musical influences, Martin is inspired by David Bowie's \"ambiguous sexuality\". While growing up, he used to ask himself if he wanted to be like the openly gay singer Elton John or he just liked him, admiring his music, colors, and wigs. He has also cited Barbra Streisand as an entertainer he wants to be like: \"I want to be an entertainer, not just a singer.\"</s><s>Artistry.:Musical styles and themes. Considered to be a versatile artist, Martin describes his music"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " as Latin pop, saying: \"When you say 'Latin pop', the spectrum is so broad, It's inevitable to not be influenced by everything that\u2019s happening in the industry, but always keeping your identity firm by knowing who you are.\" He has also described his music as fusion, while noting that he does not \"ride the waves that are in fashion at the moment\". Music critics have described his songs to be influenced by Latin pop, pop, dance, adult contemporary, ballad, reggaeton, Latin, African, Caribbean, rock, salsa, flamenco, mariachi, urban, tropical, samba, cumbia, bachata, merengue, dembow, rumba, banda, descarga, funk, bomba, plena, batucada, ranchera, vallenato, reggae, dancehall, j\u00edbaro, bolero, mambo, Europop, house, disco, EDM, dance-pop, electro, house, techno, dubstep, world music, Middle Eastern, folk-pop, bossa nova, alternative rock, pop rock, soft pop, soft rock, hardcore punk, heavy metal, R&B, religious, jazz"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": ", soul, trap, hip-hop, acoustic, electronic, tropical, doo-wop, surf, tango, ska, and rock and roll.Citations regarding Martin songs' influences, genres and styles: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  Martin sings in Spanish, English, Portuguese, Italian, and French. About his lyrics, Martin has emphasized that although his music will always make the listener dance, it does not mean his lyrics \"have to be meaningless\" and he sings about love and heartbreak, as well as \"things that are good for a society\", such as \"freedom, freedom of expression, and social justice\". He has also declared that as a Latino, he is not afraid of sexuality and sings about sexuality and sensuality, bringing his culture with him onstage. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Artistry.:Voice. Martin possesses a dramatic tenor vocal range. Peter Gilstrap from \"Variety\" commented that his \"powerful voice\" is \"capable of belt or lilt\", while \"The Jerusalem Post\"s Noa Amouy"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "al described his voice as \"soulful\" and \"very powerful\". In 1995, Enrique Lopetegui of the \"Los Angeles Times\" noted Martin's \"improved vocal skills\" on \"A Medio Vivir\". Also from the \"Los Angeles Times\", Ernesto Lechner later praised his vocal for being \"charismatic enough to handle both ballads and up-tempo tunes\". Similarly, \"Billboard\"s Chuck Taylor expressed \"She's All I Ever Had\" boasts \"a versatility that contrasts nicely\" with Martin's previous single, \"Livin' la Vida Loca\", labeling his vocal on the former \"tender and heartfelt\". Steve Gerrard of the \"Montreal Rocks\" complimented \"his vocal maturity\" on \"A Quien Quiera Escuchar\".</s><s>Artistry.:Music videos and performances. \"Billboard\" labeled Martin \"a video icon\", and ranked him as the 79th Greatest Music Video Artist of All Time in 2020, stating: \"From the moment he sashayed up to the mic in 'Livin La Vida Loca' all dressed in black, and gave us that look, the Menudo alum became the most memorable and watchable drop-dead handsome guy"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " in pop music.\" He has collaborated with various directors to produce his music videos, including Carlos Perez, Wayne Isham, Jessy Terrero, Sim\u00f3n Brand, Gustavo Garz\u00f3n, Nigel Dick, Kacho Lopez, and Memo del Bosque. \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" was nominated for Video of the Year at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards, making Martin the first Latin artist in history to receive a nomination in this category. It won a total of five awards at the ceremony, making it rank among the videos with most wins in the history of the MTV Video Music Awards. The explicit sexual scenes of the music video for \"She Bangs\" were met with criticism from the audience; several American television stations cut the scenes when airing the video. According to the \"Daily Record\"'s John Dingwall, with the visual, Martin ditched his teen idol image by transforming to a more mature one. It was consequently banned in several Latin American countries, such as the Dominican Republic. Martin told MTV News that the video represented freedom rather than his sexuality. The video was awarded Best Music Video at the 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Best Clip of the Year \u2014 Latin at the 2001 \"Billboard\" Music Video Awards, and Video"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " of the Year at the 13th Lo Nuestro Awards. Martin has been noticed for \"dance moves of his own\" and his \"bon-bon shaking dance moves\". Carol Sandoval from VIX named him the \"best dancer on any stage worldwide\", highlighting his hips movement and \"successful turns\". He was ranked as the ninth best male dancer by the \"Evening Standard\" and the tenth Male Singer Who Can Dance by WatchMojo, being the only Latin entertainer on both lists. Writing for \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Scott Feinberg introduced Martin as \"an incredible dancer\". \"Billboard\"s Jessica Roiz labeled him \"a true showman\", noting his \"many outfit changes\", \"various dance performances\", and \"different stage set for each song\". Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" described him as \"an all-around showman\" and \"Variety\"s Peter Gilstrap called him \"every inch the showman\", both recognizing his vocal abilities, while the former also commented he is \"a dancer as muscular and hard-working as anyone in his troupe\", mentioning his \"likable, good-hearted character\" and \"steadfast Puerto Rican pride\". Music critics have mostly praised his concerts for the choreographies,"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " video screens, visual effects, stage, Latin influences, and Martin's vocals, costume changes, energy, sensuality, dance moves, and gestures, while the quality of sounds and sound mixes have received mixed reviews.Reviews on Martin's tours and concerts: - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  \"Billboard\"s Marjua Estevez described Martin's performance of \"La Copa de la Vida\" at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards as \"the most memorable Latin performance at a Grammy Awards show\", and the publication ranked it as the 54th Greatest Award Show Performance of All Time on their 2017 list. The performance was additionally placed on a 2017 unranked list of \"Top 20 Best Grammy Performances of All Time\" by Gold Derby, and on a 2019 list of \"The Most Unforgettable Grammys Performances of All Time\" by \"InStyle\".</s><s>Public image. Martin became a teen idol with his debut as a member of Menudo, and a pop icon following global fame as a solo artist. Journalists have written about his humble personality and \"beautiful soul\". Writing for \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Scott Feinberg introduced Martin as \"one of the most acclaimed and admired creative artists ever\". \""}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "La Rep\u00fablica\" staff described him as \"one of the most admired and desired singers\", while authors of \"\u00a1Hola!\" described him as \"one of the most respected Latin stars in the world\", \"one of the most prodigious voices in music in Spanish\", and \"one of the most beloved talents in the entertainment industry worldwide\". Also from \"\u00a1Hola!\", Cristina No\u00e9 named him \"one of the most loved artists in the world\", while a writer of \"Clar\u00edn\" named him \"one of the most applauded Latin singers on the planet\". \"Metro Puerto Rico\" stated that he \"raised the name of Puerto Rico internationally\". He was ranked as one of the top-10 \"emerging personalities\" of 2010 by Google Zeitgeist, and was the eighth most searched musician on Google in 2022. In 2014, \"Gay Star News\" referred to Martin as \"the most famous Latin pop star in the world\", while \"Variety\" described him as \"Puerto Rico's arguably most famous son\" in 2021. He is ranked as the most famous Latin music artist among millennials and the second-most famous Latin music artist overall in the United States, according to YouGov surveys in 2022. During the 2000s, Martin"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " was known for \"guarding his private life\" and being \"uncomfortable discussing intimate aspects of his personal life\"; he used to insist on asking public to focus on his music and \"steered interviewers away from his personal life\". However, he chose to live both his \"professional and personal life\", making his private life public since the early 2010s. In 2021, he went on the cover of \"People\" with the title \"No More Secrets\" and told the magazine that he is \"a man with no secrets\", stating that he is \"more comfortable in his own skin than ever before\". Martin is one of the most followed celebrities on social media, with accounts on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and TikTok. He stated about social media that he wishes he had \"something as powerful as\" them since his debut: \"Obviously I like to have direct contact with the public, with the media. It's extremely important, but today, from my home, I can talk to millions of people and see their immediate reaction.\" He is noticed for his friendly interactions with his fans, who are called \"Sexy Souls\". Wax statues of Martin are on display at the Madame Tussauds wax museums in San Francisco, Sydney, and Orlando. The"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " last one was moved from Las Vegas to Orlando for the opening of the museum in spring 2015.</s><s>Public image.:Fashion. Martin is considered to be a sex symbol, and journalists describe him as \"the Latin heartthrob\". His fashion and style evolution, from \"as '80s as you'd expect\" during his time with Menudo to \"a style groove, often opting for sharp, tailored suits with clean lines\" since 2009, has been noticed by the media. Natalia Trejo from \"\u00a1Hola!\" described him as \"one of the most stylish Latin men in the entertainment industry\", highlighting his \"baggy leather pants\", \"tailored suits\", and \"color-block blazers\" that have marked \"some of the noteworthy trends of each decade\". The reviewer also commented that Martin is \"an example of mixing business with casual\" and has \"always had a personal sense of style\". JD Institute of Fashion Technology views Martin as a fashion icon, praising him for \"pushing the fashion boundaries with every new look\". In 1997, he went on the cover of \"People en Espa\u00f1ol\"s first edition of 25 Most Beautiful; he has since \"been a constant presence\" on their 25 or 50 Most Beautiful lists."}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " Two years later, he was featured on the cover of both \"Rolling Stone\" and \"Time\" magazines. Martin is considered to be one of the sexiest men in the world, according to various publications. In 2012, he was voted the sexiest man alive on Broadway.com. The following year, VH1 ranked him as the 28th Sexiest Artist of All Time, stating: \"Ricky looks like the model in the magazine ads you stare at in awe thinking, 'There's no way he's that perfect in person'.\" In 2014, \"Entertainment Tonight\" listed him among the Sexiest Men Alive, while \"Revista Estilo\" placed him on the list of \"the 10 Sexiest Singers\" in 2016. He was ranked at number 16 on the list of \"the 50 Hottest Men of All Time\" by \"Harper's Bazaar\" in 2018, being the only Latin man on their list. In 2019, TN described Martin as \"the sexiest man in the world\". He has been noted for looking younger than his age, with \"Billboard\"s Chris Payne describing him as \"ageless\". The singer has attended several fashion shows, including the Giorgio Armani show at Milan Fashion Week in"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " 2011, the Marc Jacobs show in 2013, the Berluti menswear spring-summer 2020 show at Paris Fashion Week, the Dior men's pre-fall 2020 show, and the Virgil Abloh Spring-Summer 2022 show held by Louis Vuitton.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Sexual orientation and early relationships. According to an interview with \"Rolling Stone\" in 1999, Martin experienced his first kiss at age thirteen and lost his virginity at fourteen in Argentina. In 1990, shortly after he had arrived in Mexico to star in \"Mama Ama el Rock\", he met a woman, who was the host of a television show. They began dating quickly and broke up a few months later. In 1992, he fell in love with Mexican singer Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n, who was separated from her husband at the time. They began dating until Guzm\u00e1n returned to her husband and pretended Martin was her assistant on a phone call, while she was sleeping with her husband. In an interview with Univision, Martin admitted that she broke his heart. In the same year, Martin was rumored to be in a relationship with Argentine tennis player Gabriela Sabatini. Sabatini's sister-in-law"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": ", Catherine Fulop, confirmed the rumor in 2020. During the time he was playing in \"General Hospital\", he met a \"very handsome\" man at a radio station, \"stopped fearing [his] sexuality\", and began dating him. Martin's mother supported him when she discovered that he was in love with a man, saying: \"I love you, my son, I'm so happy for you. Bring it on. I'm right behind you.\" However, after the relationship ended, Martin \"locked [his] feelings even deeper inside\" and began dating women again. He recalls: \"I already felt it was hard to be a Latino in Hollywood; what could have been more difficult than being Latino and gay?\" Martin began dating Mexican television host Rebecca de Alba in 1994; they were in an on-and-off relationship until 2005. De\u00a0Alba later revealed that she became pregnant several times in her life, but lost all of the pregnancies, expressing that one of them was by Martin. Martin also had relationships with Lilly Melgar, Adriana Biega, Maital Saban, and In\u00e9s Misan during his breakup times with de\u00a0Alba in the late 1990s and early 2000s. He declared that \"there was chemistry with them"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "\" and he \"wasn't fooling anyone\". In August 2008, Martin became a father to twin boys named Matteo and Valentino, born via gestational surrogacy. He explained that he chose surrogacy to become a parent for being \"intriguing and faster\" than adoption, which was complicated and could take a long time. In March 2010, Martin publicly came out as gay via a message on his website, stating: \"I am proud to say that I am a fortunate homosexual man. I am very blessed to be who I am.\" Years later, he revealed that although his music was \"heard all over the world\" and he \"could high five God\" in 1999, he \"wasn't living to the fullest\" and was sad and depressed. He kept asking himself, \"Am I gay? Am I bisexual? Am I confused? What am I?\", explaining: \"Sexuality is one complicated thing. It's not black and white. It's filled with colors. When I was dating women, I was in love with women. It felt right, it felt beautiful.\" In an interview with \"Vanity Fair\", he declared: \"There was love, passion. I do not regret anything, any of the relationships I lived, they taught"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " me a lot, both men and women.\" Martin also told \"Fama!\": \"I know that I like both men and women, I'm against sexual labels, we are simply human beings with emotional and sexual needs. I like to enjoy sex in total freedom, so I'm open to having sex with a woman if I feel desire.\" Despite this, he expressed that he would not be interested in \"an ongoing relationship with a woman\", stating: \"Men are my thing\". In 2000, American broadcast journalist Barbara Walters asked Martin about his sexuality on national television: \"You could stop these rumors. You could say, 'Yes I am gay or no I'm not.'\" Martin, who answered with \"I just don't feel like it\" at the time, later revealed that Walters' question had made him feel \"violated\", since he \"was just not ready to come out\" and was \"very afraid\"; he said that it resulted in \"a little PTSD\" that \"still haunts him\". Martin dated Puerto Rican economist Carlos Gonz\u00e1lez Abella from 2010 to 2014, as his first relationship with a man after coming out as gay.</s><s>Personal life.:Marriage. Syrian-Swedish painter Jwan Yosef shared a photo of himself and"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " Martin on Instagram on March 30, 2016, with the caption: \"Obviously we're starting a band.\" Soon it was rumored that Yosef was Martin's new boyfriend. Martin confirmed their relationship on April 18, 2016, and they made their red carpet debut as a couple at the amfAR Inspiration Gala. Martin later revealed that he met Yosef on Instagram and they \"were talking for like six months without [him] hearing his voice\". Subsequently, Martin went to London, where Yosef was living, and they met each other. On November 16, 2016, during an interview on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", he announced that he has proposed to Yosef and they are engaged. In January 2018, Martin confirmed that he has secretly married Yosef: \"I'm a husband, but we're doing a heavy party in a couple of months, I'll let you know.\" On December 31, 2018, they announced that they have welcomed their first daughter together, named Lucia Martin-Yosef. Martin later explained that Lucia was born on December 24, coinciding with his 47th birthday. In September 2019, while accepting an award at the 23rd annual Human Rights Campaign (HRC) National Dinner, he announced that they are expecting their"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " fourth child. On October 29, 2019, he shared a photo of himself, Yosef, and their newborn son, named Renn Martin-Yosef, with the caption: \"Our son Renn Martin-Yosef has been born.\"</s><s>Personal life.:Beliefs and religion. During an interview with \"People\" in 2002, Martin expressed that he believes in \"love\", \"the power of healing\", and \"God\", thanks to his parents. The name he chose for his son Matteo means \"gift from God\". According to his statements in a 2021 interview, he still believes in God. He was raised Catholic but he said is not \"the person who would ever look down upon one religion\". He expressed that he also admires and likes Buddhist philosophy, but does not subscribe to the religion, since if he does, he cannot \"be of anything else\"; he does not want to be limited in certain aspects and follow a religion's specific rules. He tries to remain \"open to everything\" and makes \"a concerted effort to always find new teachings and new paths\" everywhere he goes and in every situation he finds himself in. Martin believes that everyone can \"decide what makes them happy\" and although \"everyone needs to accept the"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " life they were given\", it does not mean they \"should not live it as fully as possible\".</s><s>Personal life.:Health and sports. Martin began practicing yoga after a trip to Thailand in 1997. He also began practicing meditation following a trip to India. In 2021, he explained that he gets up every morning at 5:30, before his family and puts himself in a lotus position and oxygenates his body. He also expressed that has a gym in his house, saying: \"If I have space to see myself in the mirror and put on my products, then I also have to have space for my body.\" During an appearance on \"The Dr. Oz Show\" in 2017, Martin revealed that he \"was diagnosed with high cholesterol\" at age eighteen. Although he did not pay attention to the high cholesterol at the time, it made him decide to become a vegetarian since 2013 to reduce cholesterol, despite loving meat as \"a Latin man\". In 2020, he opened up that he suffered from anxiety for the first time in his life, following the COVID-19 lockdowns, stating that making music became his \"medicine\".</s><s>Personal life.:Real estate. In March 2001, Martin purchased a 7,082-square-foot house in"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " Miami Beach for $6.4 million; he sold the unit for $10.6 million in 2005. In September 2004, he paid $11.9 million for an 11,000-square-foot Mediterranean-style villa in Los Angeles, which he sold in 2006 for $15 million. In May 2005, he purchased a 9,491-square-foot house in Miami Beach for $10 million; he sold the villa for $10.6 million in 2012. In 2007, he paid $16.2 million for a mansion in Golden Beach. He sold the property in 2012 for $12.8 million, incurring a loss. In the same year, he bought a 3,147-square-foot condominium in New York City for $5.9 million; he sold the condo for $7.1 million in 2017. In 2014, he rented a 900-square-metre mansion in Sydney, which became famous as \"the Bronte Wave House\" and was sold for $16 million in May 2015, marking one of the most expensive properties sold in the city that year. In December 2016, he purchased an 11,300-square-foot mansion in Beverly Hills. The estate, which is Martin's current house, has"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " seven bedrooms and eight bathrooms with outdoor seating areas scattered throughout 33,000 square feet. It is a \"private getaway in the middle of the city\", located up the street from the Beverly Hills Hotel. Martin also owns a property in Puerto Rico and a private 19.7-acre island in Brazil. He purchased the latter for $8 million in 2008.</s><s>Legacy. Martin has been regarded as the \"King of Latin Pop\" by various publications, such as the Grammy Awards, \"Billboard\", \"Rolling Stone\", \"Time\", \"People\", \"Vogue\", \"The Independent\", \"Entertainment Weekly\", \"Entertainment Tonight Canada\", NBC News, and ABC News. Additionally, he has been referred to as the \"King of Latin Music\", the \"Latin Pop God\", the \"Latin King of Pop\", the \"Latin American King of Pop\", the \"Latin King\", the \"Crossover Latin King\", the \"Puerto Rican Pop King\", the \"Salsa-Pop King\", and the \"King of World Cup\". Martin is known as one of the most influential artists in the world. \"Billboard\" ranked him as one of the 30 Most Influential Latin Artists of All Time, while NBC News introduced him as an \"inf"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "luential Latin celebrity\". In 2014, he won the award for the most influential international artist at the 18th China Music Awards. He was ranked among \"25 musicians who broke barriers\" by Stacker in 2019, while in 2020, \"Spin\" ranked him at number 27 on the list of \"most influential artists of the past 35 years\", as the only Latin artist on their list. In 2022, Show News named him \"the most influential global artist in history\". Martin's song \"Mar\u00eda (Pablo Flores Remix)\", which was ranked among the \"Greatest Latin Pop Song of All Time\" by \"Rolling Stone\", and \"11 remixes of classic Latin hits\" by \"Billboard\", \"launched the Latin and dance music crossover of the '90s\", according to the latter. Olivier P\u00e9rou from \"Le Point\" commented that \"some have even learned, thanks to him, to count to three in Spanish\" following the popularity of the song. \"La Copa de la Vida\", which has been hailed as the Best World Cup Anthem of All-Time by multiple sources,Citations regarding \"La Copa de la Vida\" / \"The Cup of Life\" as the Best World Cup Anthem of All-Time: -"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " - - - - - - - - - - -  became a \"musical template\" for World Cup anthems, and Martin's Latin and dance crossover style has been much copied in the anthems, as well as soccer chant \"Ole! Ole! Ole!\" in the lyrics, according to \"The Hollywood Reporter\". As believed by \"Esquire\", the song \"inaugurated this musical subgenre\" of Latin. In his review for \"Pitchfork\", Corban Goble wrote that if World Cup anthems someday would be \"given their own textbook\", \"La Copa de la Vida\" would be \"the standard-bearer for the whole genre\". Martin is known as the pioneer in getting Latin pop music genre to mainstream recognition. Following his performance of \"The Cup of Life\" at the Grammys, and the success of \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" and \"Ricky Martin\" (1999), he opened the gates for many Latin artists such as Jennifer Lopez, Shakira, Christina Aguilera, Marc Anthony, Santana, and Enrique Iglesias who released their crossover albums and followed him onto the top of the charts. - -  His performance of \"The Cup of Life\" at"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " the Grammys not only changed the course of his career, but also altered how people regard Latin music in America. It has been known as a game-changer for Latin music worldwide, that effectively ushered in the \"Latin explosion\". Then-United Talent Agency head Rob Prinz described the rendition as \"the single biggest game changing moment for any artist in the history of the Grammys\". According to \"Billboard\", it has been cited as the beginning of the \"Latin Pop invasion\", which powerfully affected the US mainstream. According to \"Entertainment Tonight\", \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" paved the way for a large number of other Latin artists, and is \"credited as the song that helped other Latin artists break through to English-speaking markets\". According to \"The Independent\", the single is \"widely regarded as the song that began the first Latin pop explosion\", while \"People\"s Jason Sheeler credited it as the song that \"led the way for the late-'90s so-called 'Latin explosion' that dominated pop music into the new century: Shakira, Enrique Iglesias, Marc Anthony, and Jennifer Lopez\". Angie Romero from \"Billboard\" wrote: \"If you look up 'crossover' in"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " the dictionary, there should be a photo of Ricky shaking his bon bon and/or 'Livin' la Vida Loca'.\" Jim Farber from \"Daily News\" noted that \"Ricky Martin\" \"provides a textbook example of how to mix Latin beats with pop tunes and rock intonations\". \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch\" critic Kevin C. Johnson stated that Martin took \"the music to places Jon Secada, Selena and Santana never could\". He also mentioned that even \"Gloria Estefan at her peak, failed to muster up the kind of hype and hoopla surrounding Martin\". Celia San Miguel of \"Tidal Magazine\" stated that Martin \"highlighted the public's thirst for a different kind of pop\" in 1999, crediting \"Martin and the paths he created\" responsible for the Latin music and Spanish and Spanglish lyrics being \"a commonplace phenomenon on English-language radio\" in 2019. In her review for Grammy.com, Ana Monroy Yglesias said Martin led a \"major music moment in 1999\" with \"Ricky Martin\", and along with him, \"the first major boom of Spanish-language artists\", such as Shakira and Lopez, came into the \"U.S"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": ". pop landscape\". The late 1990s Latin explosion also resulted in the launch of the Latin Recording Academy. Gabriel Abaroa Jr., the president and chief executive officer of the Latin Recording Academy, expressed that the plan of its launch was \"immediately after the Ricky Martin success\". Cuban American musician and producer Emilio Estefan added: \"After the success with Ricky Martin, everybody opened their eyes and realized how important it was to bring diversity and multiethnic elements into [mainstream American] music.\" Many artists have cited Martin as an influence or declared themselves as his fan, including Abraham Mateo, Bad Bunny, Camila Cabello, Camilo, - -  Carla Morrison, Christian Ch\u00e1vez, - -  CNCO, Danna Paola, - -  Enrique Iglesias, J Balvin, J-Hope, Jimin, Karol G, India Mart\u00ednez, Luis Fonsi, Maite Perroni, Maluma,Citations regarding Maluma's statements about Martin: - - - -  Neha Mahajan, Pedro Cap\u00f3, Prince Royce, - -  Rauw Alejandro, - -  Reik, Rosal\u00eda, Sebasti\u00e1n Ligarde, Sebast"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "i\u00e1n Yatra, Shakira, Tini, Vadhir Derbez, William Hung, Wisin, and Ximena Sari\u00f1ana. Both Maluma and J Balvin have described Martin as a \"teacher\" and credited him as an artist who \"opened the doors\" for them, while Maluma has also expressed: \"Ricky Martin is one of the artists I wanted to be growing up. He's my idol in the industry.\"Citations regarding J Balvin's statements about Martin: - - -  Spanish singer Rosal\u00eda also cited Martin as a \"teacher\". Puerto Rican singer Bad Bunny talked about Martin's legacy during an episode of \"Behind the Music\": \"There's no doubt that he opened the door for an entire generation of Latin artists. I am doing great things today in the music industry thanks to those doors that he opened.\" He also mentioned that he is inspired by Martin's coming out as gay: \"You don't have to be gay to be inspired by that action of honesty and freedom, of being yourself against the world despite everything you deserve. I look at it like a very inspiring moment for anybody. At least for me, it's very inspirational.\" Brazilian singer-songwriter Anitta explained to \""}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "The Guardian\" that \"some Latin stars such as Maluma and Bad Bunny sing in their native language\" and do not need to sing in English to get noticed, because they already had representatives like Shakira, Martin, and Jennifer Lopez, but since her country \"hasn't had a major international pop star before\", she uses \"whatever language will get the market's attention\".</s><s>Legacy.:Portrayal in television. In July 2019, SOMOS Productions, Endemol Shine Boomdog, and Pi\u00f1olywood Studios announced the production of a biographical web television series about Menudo, titled \"Subete a Mi Moto\". Consisting of 15 episodes of 60 minutes each, the series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on October 9, 2020, in Mexico, Latin America, and Spain. It was filmed in Mexico and Puerto Rico, and Martin was portrayed by actors Felipe Albors and Ethan Schwartz. The series premiered in the United States on February 14, 2021, on Estrella TV. On the review aggregation website Tomatazos, the first season has a positive score of 75%. The website's critical consensus summary states, \"A good trip to the past that recalls a band that defined the youth of a certain public, but that doesn't ignore"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " the darkest moments in the lives of its members.\"</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Books. On August 19, 2010, Martin announced that he had been working on his memoir, mentioning its title as \"Me\" and publish date as November 2, 2010. He expressed that writing the book was \"one of the reasons\" he decided to come out earlier that year. The book also had a Spanish edition title \"Yo\" (), which was published simultaneously by Celebra. He stated that writing his memoir allowed him \"to explore the different paths and experiences\" that have led him to be who he is, noting that it \"was not easy but allowed for an incredible spiritual journey\". \"Me\" spent several weeks at number one on the New York Times Best Seller list. In 2019, \"\u00a1Hola!\" staff ranked the book among \"12 Books by Celebrities to Inspire and Motivate You\", while \"Book Riot\" placed it on an unranked list of the \"Best Celebrity Books You Should Read This Year\" in 2020. Martin's first children's book \"Santiago the Dreamer in Land Among the Stars\" was published by Celebra and illustrated by Patricia Castelao in November 2013 for ages between five and nine. Its Spanish"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "-language edition, \"Santiago El So\u00f1ador en Entre Las Estrellas\", was published simultaneously. Martin expressed that the book was inspired by his \"personal life, with fantasy added to it\", as well as \"a lot of cartoons\".</s><s>Other ventures.:Products and endorsements. Martin endorsed the 2012 Viva Glam campaign with rapper Nicki Minaj, which raised $270 million for the Mac AIDS Fund. In October 2020, Martin announced that he would launch his company, Martin Music Lab in partnership with music engineers Jaycen Joshua and Michael Seaberg. The company is centered around a new audio technique called \"Orbital Audio\", that \"creates a new type of immersive, headphone listening experience\". Martin used the technique on his EP \"Pausa\", while several artists including Bad Bunny, Residente, Myke Towers, and A$AP Rocky are going to work with the company. The latter plans to release his whole upcoming studio album, using \"Orbital Audio\". Martin is going to expand the technique \"beyond the music industry and tap into the movies, sports and, most notably, the wellness and meditation space\". In 2021, Martin partnered with skin care company Kumiko. The skincare line, created"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " by Chilean cosmetologist Catalina Aguirre, is the first to combine \"mesotherapy, matcha, and cutting-edge European technology into unique multi-action formulas that penetrate the dermis with powerful anti-aging properties and lifting benefits\".</s><s>Activism.</s><s>Activism.:Philanthropy. While on a trip to India in 2002, Martin witnessed three minor girls who were about to be sold into prostitution and rescued them. The following year, he became a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador and then met with activists and decided to fight against human trafficking, which is the second-most lucrative crime in the world. In 2004, Martin launched the Ricky Martin Foundation, a non-profit, non-governmental organization that focuses on denouncing human trafficking and educating about the crime's \"existence through research and community initiatives, anchored in the defense of children and youth rights\". In the same year, he appealed to the United Nations for international help to fight against sex tourism. In January 2005, following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Martin visited Thailand to assess the needs of the minor survivors who were \"extremely vulnerable to traffickers\". Later that year, the Ricky Martin Foundation signed an alliance in partnership with Habitat for Humanity to construct 224 homes for the tsunami-affected"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " families. The project was completed in December 2006. In March 2006, the foundation collaborated with the International Organization for Migration in the Llama y Vive () campaign, which focuses on facilitating \"the prevention of human trafficking and the protection of young people, victims of child trafficking and prosecution of traffickers\". In January 2010, along with many celebrities, Martin operated the charity telethon \"Hope for Haiti Now\" to raise donations for the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Later that year, the Ricky Martin Foundation created the first program of community social action against child trafficking in Martin's native Puerto Rico, titled \"Se Trata\" (). In 2012, the foundation participated in the making of the Child Protection Model Law on the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children. In 2016, Martin visited Syrian refugees in Lebanon and played with the children and talked to them in an informal refugee camp. Following the Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico in 2017, the Ricky Martin Foundation helped people and handed over homes that were rebuilt after the losses; Martin launched a viral campaign of selling a black T-shirt with the Puerto Rican flag stamped on it in order to raise the funds. The T-shirts were designed by Martin's twin boys Matteo and Valentino, while many celebrities including Will Smith, Bad Bunny, Marc Anthony"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": ", Luis Fonsi, and Maluma supported the campaign. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Martin created a campaign to help health care workers through the non-profit organization Project Hope. He expressed: \"As you know, health care professionals are extremely vulnerable and professionals around the world don\u2019t have personal protection equipment they need to prevent them getting infected.\" In February 2021, Martin collaborated with Antonia Novello to launch mass vaccination events in Puerto Rico. Following the murder of George Floyd and Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, Martin honored an effort called \"Black Out Tuesday\" and launched the hashtag #knowthestruggle, giving his social media to the voices of the community that are \"looking for justice\", to learn more about what is happening. For his humanitarian efforts and fighting against human trafficking, Martin has been honored with numerous accolades, including the Peace Summit Award by the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates, the TIP Report Hero Award by the United States Department of State, the Spirit of Hope Award by \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year Award, the Award of Inspiration by amfAR Gala, the Leader of Change Award by the Foundation for Social Change, the Humanitarian Award by"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " the Global Gift Foundation, the Humanitarian Award by the Hispanic Federation, the Coraz\u00f3n Latino Award by the iHeartRadio Fiesta Latina, the International Humanitarian Award by the International Center for Missing and Exploited Children, the Agent of Change Award by the International Peace Honors, the PODER Social Leadership Awards, and the Agent of Change Award by the Premios Juventud.</s><s>Activism.:Politics. On January 20, 2001, during the first inauguration of George W. Bush, Martin performed \"The Cup of Life\" and danced with him. Martin's view of Bush changed over the Iraq War, as expressed in his declaration to BBC News that he will \"always condemn war and those who promulgate it\". He also stuck up his middle finger while singing the president's name in his 2003 song \"Asignatura Pendiente\" at a concert. At the 2010 \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, Martin expressed his disagreement with the Arizona SB 1070 bill, a proposed law that would have required police officers to request documents from individuals whom they suspected to be illegal immigrants. Martin campaigned for the 44th president of the United States Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012, and thanked him for an \"outstanding presidency\" in 2016, while calling"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " him \"an amazing leader\". Also in 2016, he was an active ally to the Democratic Party presidential candidate Hillary Clinton campaign, while condemning Donald Trump's hateful comments about immigrants. He also performed his hits during the \"Hillary Clinton: She's With Us\" concert at the Greek Theatre on June 6, 2016. Telegramgate, also known as Chatgate, was a political scandal involving Ricardo Rossell\u00f3, then Governor of Puerto Rico, which began on July 8, 2019, with the leak of hundreds of pages of a group chat on the messaging application Telegram between Rossell\u00f3 and members of his cabinet. The messages were considered vulgar, misogynistic, and homophobic toward several individuals and groups, including Martin. Therefore, Martin, Bad Bunny, Residente and several other artists, and more than half a million Puerto Ricans led the call to take to the streets of Puerto Rico, demanding Rossell\u00f3's resignation. In September 2020, Martin, Luis Fonsi, and actress Eva Longoria attended a campaign event in Kissimmee, Florida to support the Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden for the 2020 United States presidential election. During an interview with \"Variety\", Martin stated: \"I've been supporting Biden forever, I think he is the only option we have and he"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " is great and he has been in politics all his life. This is the moment. We all need to get together and be loud about the course of this nation.\" Following the election of Biden as 46th president of the United States, Martin said \"Bye-bye\" to Trump on social media, and shared a photo of himself along with Biden on Instagram. In May 2021, Martin demonstrated his support for the Ni una menos movement, condemning femicides and violence against women in Puerto Rico, while calling authorities to protect women. He further expressed that no woman should fear for her safety and urged authorities to take steps in order to prevent these acts. In the same month, he supported the 2021 Colombian protests. Later that year, the singer raised his voice in support of the 2021 Cuban protests against the Castro regime for the restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic crisis, stating: \"This is very important. Our brothers and sisters in Cuba need us to inform the world what they are experiencing today. Let's fill the networks before they remove the internet in the country. Humanitarian aid for Cuba NOW.\"</s><s>Activism.:LGBT advocacy. As a gay man, Martin actively supports LGBT rights worldwide since his coming out in 2010. Even before"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " coming out, he was noted by the mainstream media for being popular among gay men and having a large gay fan base. He also went on the cover of the American LGBT-interest magazine \"The Advocate\" in July 1999. Despite this, he admitted that he felt homosexuality was evil since he was raised as a Catholic and targeted his anger toward others, especially gay men: \"I was very angry, very rebellious. I used to look at gay men and think, 'I'm not like that, I don't want to be like that, that's not me.' I was ashamed.\" He added that he \"had internalized homophobia\" back then. He is currently considered to be a gay icon,Citations regarding Martin as a gay icon: - - - - - -  with \"PinkNews\" labeling him \"a strong advocate of LGBT rights\" who \"expressed support for equal marriage\" since coming out. As the first mainstream Latin music artist to come out, Martin's coming out was a game-changer for \"Latin Pride\". \"Billboard\"s Lucas Villa stated: \"With Martin's announcement, gay artists, who had long kept their sexual identities a secret, finally had a beacon of hope. If Martin could come out with his career unscathed"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": ", there was hope for other artists in Latin music to start doing the same.\" He added that since then, \"a growing number of Latin artists have either come out after years in the spotlight, or many have simply started their careers by embracing their gay identities\". In 2010, GLAAD then-president Jarrett Barrios expressed that Martin's coming out as gay leads \"hundreds of millions of people\" to have \"a cultural connection with an artist, a celebrity and, perhaps most importantly, a father who happens to be gay\", adding that \"his decision to model this kind of openness and honesty can lead to greater acceptance for countless gay people in U.S., in Latin America and worldwide\". In 2019, Human Rights Campaign then-president Alphonso David expressed that Martin \"has used his international stage to advocate for LGBTQ people around the world\" with his \"unique voice and passionate activism\". The following year, Suzy Exposito from \"Rolling Stone\" argued that with risking his career and coming out, Martin \"set the scene for Bad Bunny to be free in many ways that, during his own breakthrough moment, he could not\". Martin expressed support for same-sex marriage during an interview on \"Larry King Live\" in 2010. He has then delivered speeches"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " about LGBT rights at the United Nations Homophobia Conference, the GLAAD Media Awards, and the Human Rights Campaign. He also raised his voice to support gay marriage in Puerto Rico before its legalization in 2015. In March 2016, Martin met with Chilean LGBT rights group Fundaci\u00f3n Iguales to learn about the challenges LGBT citizens face there. AT the meeting, he said that he wants \"equal marriage rights for Chile\" and he wants his sons to grow up in a world where \"there are no second-class citizens\". Following the Colombia's highest court voting against an anti same-sex marriage proposal in April 2016, Martin tweeted: \"Love and equality win, Colombia says YES to same-sex marriage.\" During an interview with \"Vulture\", Martin talked about his role in \"The Assassination of Gianni Versace\" and how he wanted his portrayal to help \"normalize open relationships\". In June 2019, he published an open letter slamming the religious liberty bill, saying: \"As a defender of human rights and a member of the LGBTT community, I am vehemently opposed to the proposed measure imposed upon us under the guise of religious freedom, that projects us to the world as a backwards country.\" Puerto Rico's then-governor backed down and withdrew his support"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " of the bill following Martin's statement. In June 2020, Martin performed his song \"Recuerdo\" with Carla Morrison for a virtual event, Can't Cancel Pride: Helping LGBTQ+ People in Need, to raise visibility and funds for LGBTQ+ communities. He appeared at the virtual event in the following year as well. In February 2021, Martin was named national spokesperson for the onePULSE Foundation, a non-profit organization that focuses on managing \"the design and construction of the permanent national memorial and museum dedicated to the Pulse nightclub tragedy\". Later that year, he expressed that he wants to \"normalize families like\" his, in an interview with \"People\". Several of Martin's music videos feature diversity in sexual orientations and same-sex couples, including \"The Best Thing About Me Is You\", \"Disparo al Coraz\u00f3n\", \"Fiebre\", and \"Tiburones\". For his activism and advocacy for LGBTQ community, Martin has been honored with numerous accolades, including the GLAAD Vito Russo Award, the Gala Vanguard Award by the Los Angeles LGBT Center, the International Icon Award by the British LGBT Awards, the National Visibility Award by the Human Rights Campaign, the Trailblazer Award by the LGBT Center Dinner,"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " the Celebrity Activist of the Year by \"LGBTQ Nation\", and the Legacy Award by \"Attitude\" Awards.</s><s>Achievements. Throughout his career, Martin has won over 200 awards (most awarded male Latin artist), including two Grammy Awards, five Latin Grammy Awards, - - - -  five MTV Video Music Awards (tied for most wins by a Latin artist), two American Music Awards, three Latin American Music Awards, three \"Billboard\" Music Awards, a \"Billboard\" Music Video Award, nine \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, - - - - - -  eight World Music Awards, - - - -  fourteen Lo Nuestro Awards (including the Excellence Award), and a \"Guinness World Record\". As an actor, he was nominated for an Emmy Award. In 2007, Martin was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6901 Hollywood Blvd. Martin is ranked among the Greatest Latin Artists of All Time and the Greatest Hot Latin Songs Artists of All Time by \"Billboard\", while his album \"Vuelve\" was placed at number five on \"Billboard\"s Top 20 Latin Albums Of All Time in 2018. In 1998, his song, \"Perdido Sin Ti\" reached"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " the top of the Latin Pop Airplay chart, displacing Martin's own \"Vuelve\", making him the first artist on the chart's history to replace himself. His song \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" became the first number-one song on \"Billboard\" Hot 100, which was made entirely in Pro Tools, and achieved the first number one hit for his label, Columbia. It also became the first song in history to top \"Billboard\"s Adult Pop Airplay, Pop Airplay, and Rhythmic Airplay charts, holding its record as the only song to do so for 14 years. On May 15, 1999, it became the first single ever to rule four different Billboard charts and made Martin the first act to simultaneously scale a pop, Latin, and dance chart. Two weeks later, he became the first artist to simultaneously top the \"Billboard\" 200, Hot Latin Tracks, Hot Dance Music/Club Play, Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales, Top 40 Tracks, and the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. His song \"Tal Vez\" (2003) marked the first number one debut on \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs in the 21st century. Martin is the first and only artist"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " with Spanish-language entries on \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in three decades. In 2020, he became the first and only artist in history to enter the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs chart across five decades, including his work as part of Menudo. The following year, he became the first male Latin artist in history to have 4 songs from different decades to have over 100 million streams on Spotify. He owns the record as the artist with most top 20s on the US Latin Pop Airplay chart, with 51 songs, and is the runner-up of most top 10s. He is the fourth artist with the most number one songs in the history of the Hot Latin Songs chart. Additionally, he holds the record as the most Spanish-language entries on ARIA top 50 singles chart, with three. On October 11, 2007, then-mayor of Miami Beach, Florida David Dermer awarded him the key to the city of Miami Beach. Puerto Rico named August 31 the \"International Ricky Martin Day\" in 2008. The Government of Spain granted Spanish nationality to Martin in 2011, for being \"recognized in different artistic facets\". In 2018, in recognition of \"his dedication to the island and people of Puerto Rico, his philanthropic work to eliminate human trafficking across"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " the Caribbean, and his commitment to the arts\", the singer received a proclamation naming June 7 the \"Ricky Martin Day\" in New York City. Throughout his career, Martin has sold over 70 million records making him one of the best-selling Latin music artists of all time. In 2022, \"La Naci\u00f3n\" estimated his net worth at US$130 million.</s><s>Discography. - \"Ricky Martin\" (1991) - \"Me Amaras\" (1993) - \"A Medio Vivir\" (1995) - \"Vuelve\" (1998) - \"Ricky Martin\" (1999) - \"Sound Loaded\" (2000) - \"Almas del Silencio\" (2003) - \"Life\" (2005) - \"M\u00fasica + Alma + Sexo\" (2011) - \"A Quien Quiera Escuchar\" (2015)</s><s>Filmography. - \"Mas Que Alcanzar una estrella\" (1992) - \"Hercules\" \u2013 Latin American dub (1997) - \"Idle Hands\" (1999) - \"Ricky Martin: One Night Only\" (1999) - \"Minions\" \u2013 Latin American dub (2015) - \"The Latin Explosion:"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " A New America\" (2015) - \"Ricky Martin: Behind the Vegas Residency\" (2017) - \"\" (2020) - \"El cuartito\" (2021)</s><s>Theatre. - \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\" (1996), Broadway \u2013 Marius Pontmercy - \"Evita\" (2012), Broadway \u2013 Ch\u00e9</s><s>Tours and residencies. Headlining tours - Ricky Martin Tour (1992) - Me Amaras Tour (1993\u20131994) - A Medio Vivir Tour (1995\u20131997) - Vuelve World Tour (1998) - Livin' la Vida Loca Tour (1999\u20132000) - One Night Only with Ricky Martin (2005\u20132006) - Black and White Tour (2007) - M\u00fasica + Alma + Sexo World Tour (2011) - Ricky Martin Live (2013\u20132014) - Live in Mexico (2014) - One World Tour (2015\u20132018) - Ricky Martin en Concierto (2018-2019) - Movimiento Tour (2020-2022) - Sinf\u00f3nico Tour (2022-2023) Co-headlining tour - Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert (with Enrique Iglesias)"}, {"title": "Ricky Martin", "text": " (2021) Residency - All In (2017\u20132018)</s><s>See also. - Honorific nicknames in popular music - List of artists who reached number one in the United States - List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart - List of Latin pop artists - List of multilingual bands and artists - List of Puerto Rican Grammy Award winners and nominees - List of Puerto Ricans - List of Urbano artists</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Book sources. - {{cite book | last = De La Torre - {{cite book | last = Holt - {{cite book | last = Martin - {{cite book | last = Otfinoski</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ricky Martin", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000452", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Trevor Noah.", "docs": [{"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": "<s>Trevor Noah Trevor Noah (born 20 February 1984) is a South African comedian, writer, producer, political commentator, actor, and former television host. He was the host of \"The Daily Show\", an American late-night talk show and satirical news program on Comedy Central, from 2015 to 2022. Noah has won various awards, including a Primetime Emmy Award from 11 nominations. He was named one of \"The 35 Most Powerful People in New York Media\" by \"The Hollywood Reporter\" in 2017 and 2018. In 2018, \"Time\" magazine named him one of the hundred most influential people in the world. In 2023, he won the Erasmus Prize. Born in Johannesburg, Noah began his career in South Africa in 2002. He had several hosting roles with the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) and was the runner-up in the fourth season of South Africa's iteration of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" in 2008. From 2010 to 2011, he hosted the late-night talk show \"Tonight with Trevor Noah\", which he created and aired on M-Net and DStv. In 2014, Noah became the Senior International Correspondent for \"The Daily Show\", and in 2015 succeeded long-time host Jon Stewart. His autobi"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": "ographical comedy book \"Born a Crime\" was published in 2016. He hosted the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards in 2021, the 2022 edition, the 2023 edition as well as the 2022 White House Correspondents Dinner.</s><s>Early life. Trevor Noah was born on 20 February 1984, in Johannesburg, Transvaal (now Gauteng), South Africa. His father, Robert, is of Swiss-German ancestry, and his mother, Patricia Nombuyiselo Noah, is Xhosa. Under apartheid legislation, Noah's mother was classified as Black, and his father was classified as White. Noah himself was classified as Coloured. At the time of his birth, his parents' interracial relationship was illegal, which Noah highlights in his autobiography. Interracial sexual relations and marriages were decriminalized a year after his birth, when the Immorality Act was amended in 1985. Patricia and her mother, Nomalizo Frances Noah, raised Trevor in the black township of Soweto. Noah began his schooling at Maryvale College, a private Roman Catholic primary and high school in Maryvale, Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesburg.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early work and breakthrough. In 2002, Noah had a small role on"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": " an episode of the South African soap opera \"Isidingo\". He later hosted his own radio show \"Noah's Ark\" on Gauteng's leading youth-radio station, YFM. He dropped his radio show and acting to focus on comedy, and has performed with South African comedians such as: David Kau, Kagiso Lediga, Riaad Moosa, Darren Simpson, Marc Lottering, Barry Hilton, and Nik Rabinowitz, international comedians such as Paul Rodriguez, Carl Barron, Dan Ilic, and Paul Zerdin, and as the opening act for American comedian Gabriel Iglesias in November 2007 and Canadian comedian Russell Peters on his South African tour. Noah hosted an educational TV programme, \"Run the Adventure\" (2004\u20132006) on SABC 2. In 2007, he hosted \"The Real Goboza\", a gossip-themed show on SABC 1, and \"Siyadlala\", a sports show also on the SABC. In 2008, Noah cohosted, alongside Pabi Moloi, \"The Amazing Date\" (a dating gameshow) and was a \"Strictly Come Dancing\" contestant in the fourth series. In 2009, he hosted the 3rd Annual South Africa Film and Television Awards ("}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": "SAFTAs) and co-hosted alongside Eugene Khoza on \"The Axe Sweet Life\", a reality competition series. In 2010, Noah hosted the 16th annual \"South African Music Awards\" and also hosted \"Tonight with Trevor Noah\" on MNet (for the second series, it moved to DStv's Mzansi Magic Channel). In 2010, Noah also became a spokesperson and consumer protection agent for Cell C, South Africa's third-largest mobile phone network provider. Noah performed in \"The Blacks Only Comedy Show\", the \"Heavyweight Comedy Jam\", the \"Vodacom Campus Comedy Tour\", the Cape Town International Comedy Festival, the Jozi Comedy Festival, and \"Bafunny Bafunny\" (2010). His stand-up comedy specials in South Africa include \"The Daywalker\" (2009), \"Crazy Normal\" (2011), \"That's Racist\" (2012), and \"It's My Culture\" (2013). In 2011, he relocated to the United States. In January 2012, Noah became the first South African stand-up comedian to appear on \"The Tonight Show\"; and in May 2013, he became the first to appear on \"Late Show with David Letterman\". Noah was the subject of the 2012"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": " documentary \"You Laugh But It's True\". The same year, he starred in the one-man comedy show \"Trevor Noah: The Racist\", which was based on his similarly titled South African special \"That's Racist\". In September 2012, Noah was the Roastmaster in a \"Comedy Central Roast\" of South African Afrikaans singer Steve Hofmeyr. In 2013, he performed the comedy special \"Trevor Noah: African American.\" In October 2013, he was a guest on BBC Two's comedy panel show \"QI\". In November 2013, he was a panelist on Channel 4 game show \"8 Out of 10 Cats\" and appeared on Sean Lock's team in \"8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown\" in September 2014.</s><s>Career.:\"The Daily Show\". In December 2014, Noah became a recurring contributor on \"The Daily Show\". In March 2015, Comedy Central announced that Noah would succeed Jon Stewart as host of \"The Daily Show\"; his tenure began on 28 September 2015. Following his announcement as Stewart's successor, attention was drawn on the Internet to jokes he had posted on his Twitter account, some of which were criticised as being offensive to women, and others as antisemitic or mocking the Holocaust"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": ". Noah responded by tweeting: \"To reduce my views to a handful of jokes that didn't land is not a true reflection of my character, nor my evolution as a comedian.\" Comedy Central stood behind Noah, saying in a statement, \"Like many comedians, Trevor Noah pushes boundaries; he is provocative and spares no one, himself included... To judge him or his comedy based on a handful of jokes is unfair. Trevor is a talented comedian with a bright future at Comedy Central.\" Mary Kluk, chairperson of the South African Jewish Board of Deputies (SAJBD), said that the jokes were not signs of anti-Jewish prejudice and that they were part of Noah's style of comedy. Noah has faced further criticism after video clips of him joking about Aboriginal women and the Marikana massacre in old standup routines resurfaced. After Noah took over from Stewart, viewership dropped 37%, and its Nielsen ratings fell below those of several other shows hosted by \"Daily Show\" alumni; however, according to Comedy Central's president, the \"Daily Show\" under Noah was the number-one show for millennials. James Poniewozik of \"The New York Times\" praised him and the show's writers, saying, \"Mr. Noah's debut was largely successful,"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": " it was also because of the operating system\u2014the show's writing\u2014running under the surface\". Robert Lloyd of the \"Los Angeles Times\" described him as \"charming and composed\u2014almost inevitably low-key compared with the habitually antic and astonished Stewart\". Other critics gave him less favorable reviews, with Salon writing \"Jon Stewart created a national treasure. Noah has dulled its knife, weakened the satire, let the powerful run free.\" Noah's platform on the show has led to three stand-up specials on Comedy Central and Netflix. By 2017, nightly viewership was less than half of what it had been during the end of Stewart's tenure; viewership among millennials remained solid, however, and Comedy Central extended Noah's contract as host of \"The Daily Show\" through 2022. He would also produce and host annual end-of-year specials for Comedy Central. After France won the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Noah commented, \"I get it, they have to say it's the French team. But look at those guys. You don't get that tan by hanging out in the south of France, my friends. Basically if you don't understand, France is Africans' backup team.\" The French Ambassador to the United States, G\u00e9rard Araud, issued a letter condemning"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": " Noah's joke. He wrote, \"Unlike the United States of America, France does not refer to its citizens based on their race, religion or origin. For us, there is no hyphenated identity, the roots are an individual reality. By calling them an African team, it seems that you are denying their Frenchness.\" Noah responded to the controversy, saying he did not intend to deny that the team was French, and instead to celebrate their African heritage. In April 2017, Noah began developing a talk show for Jordan Klepper: \"The Opposition with Jordan Klepper\", which premiered in September, and ran for one season. Noah also executive-produced \"Klepper\", a primetime weekly docuseries, beginning in May 2019. In March 2018, Noah signed a multiyear contract with Viacom giving them first-look rights to any future projects by him. In addition to the deal, Noah would also be launching an international production and distribution company called Day Zero Productions. In October 2022, after Rishi Sunak became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Noah claimed that there was a racist backlash in the U.K. against someone of Indian heritage taking that role. British Conservative politician Sajid Javid described Noah's remarks as \"A narrative c"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": "atered to his audience, at a cost of being completely detached from reality.\" There were suggestions that Noah was projecting the U.S. political context onto the U.K.\u2014English author Tom Holland stated: \"As ever, the inability of American liberals to understand the world beyond the US in anything but American terms is a thing of wonder.\" Sunak's spokesperson insisted, in response to Noah's claims, that the U.K. is not a racist country; Noah stated that he never made a statement about the country as a whole, only about \"some people\". On, Noah requested some extra minutes during that night's program and announced that he would be leaving \"The Daily Show\" at an undetermined future date after hosting the show for seven years. After revisiting stand-up comedy, he felt a longing to return to visiting countries for shows, learning new languages and \"being everywhere, doing everything\". It was confirmed the following month that Noah's last show would be on 8 December 2022.</s><s>Career.:Books. His memoir \"Born a Crime\" was published in November 2016 and was received favorably by major U.S. book reviewers. Other than the author, his mother has a central role in the book, while his European father is mentioned only occasionally"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": ". It became a No. 1 \"New York Times\" Bestseller and was named one of the best books of the year by \"The New York Times\", \"Newsday\", \"Esquire\", NPR, and \"Booklist\". It was announced that a film adaptation based on the book would star Lupita Nyong'o as his mother. In July 2018, Noah and \"The Daily Show\" writing staff released \"The Donald J. Trump Presidential Twitter Library\", a book comprising hundreds of Trump tweets and featuring a foreword by Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Jon Meacham.</s><s>Career.:Other work. In 2017, he made an appearance on the TV series \"Nashville\". In 2018, he appeared in \"Black Panther\", \"Coming 2 America\", and \"American Vandal\". In addition to hosting \"The Daily Show\", Noah has hosted the Grammy Awards thrice in 2021, in 2022 as well as in 2023. He also served as host of the White House Correspondents' Dinner in 2022.</s><s>Influences. In 2013, Noah said of his comedic influences, He also cited Jon Stewart as an influence and a mentor, following his appointment to succeed Stewart as host of \"The Daily Show\". In an interview with \"The"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": " New York Times\", Noah likened Stewart to \"a Jewish Yoda\" and recounted advice Stewart gave him, saying, Among comedians who say they were influenced by Noah are Michelle Wolf, Jordan Klepper, and Hasan Minhaj. Noah's mixed-race ancestry, his experiences growing up in Soweto, and his observations about race and ethnicity are leading themes in his comedy.</s><s>Personal life. Noah speaks English, Southern Sotho, Zulu, Xhosa, Tswana, Tsonga and very basic Afrikaans. Noah has ADHD. He resides in New York City. In 1992, Noah's mother, Patricia Nombuyiselo, married Ngisaveni Abel Shingange; they had two sons together. Shingange physically abused both Trevor and his mother, and the couple legally divorced in 1996. In 2009, after Patricia married Sfiso Khoza, Shingange shot her in the leg and through the back of her head; she survived as the bullet went through the base of her head, avoiding the spinal cord, brain, and all major nerves and blood vessels, then exiting with minor damage to her nostril. When Noah confronted him over the phone about the shooting, Shingange threatened his life, prompting"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": " Noah to leave Johannesburg for Los Angeles. In 2011, Shingange was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced the following year to three years of correctional supervision. Noah stated that he hoped the attention surrounding the incident would raise awareness of the broader issue of domestic violence in South Africa: \"For years my mother reached out to police for help with domestic abuse, and nothing was ever done. This is the norm in South Africa. Dockets went missing and cases never went to court.\" Noah has described himself as being progressive and having a global perspective. However, he has clarified that he considers himself a \"progressive person\", but not a \"political progressive\" and prefers not to be categorized as being either right or left in the context of US partisanship. In April 2018, Noah launched The Trevor Noah Foundation, a youth development initiative that empowers youth with the foundation for a better life: access to high-quality education. Noah's vision is a world where an education enables youth to dream, see and build the impossible. Noah was selected as the Class Day speaker for Princeton University's Class of 2021. He gave his address virtually on 15 May 2021, and was inducted as an honorary member of the Class of 2021.</s><s>Bibliography. -</s><s>Bibliography.:"}, {"title": "Trevor Noah", "text": "Audiobooks. - 2016: \"Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood\" (read by the author), Audible Studios on Brilliance Audio,</s><s>See also. - New Yorkers in journalism</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Trevor Noah", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000453", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Cris Cyborg.", "docs": [{"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": "<s>Cris Cyborg Cristiane Justino Ven\u00e2ncio (born July 9, 1985), known professionally by her ring name Cris Cyborg (and formerly by her married name Cristiane Santos), is a Brazilian-American mixed martial artist who as of January 2021 competes in Bellator MMA, where she is the current Bellator Women's Featherweight Champion, having held the title since January 2020. She is also a former UFC, Strikeforce and Invicta FC World Featherweight Champion. She is the only MMA fighter in history, male or female, to become a Grand Slam Champion, holding world championships across four major mixed martial arts promotions. Cyborg is widely regarded as one of the greatest female mixed martial artists of all time. Cyborg first rose to prominence when she won the Strikeforce title on August 15, 2009, by defeating Gina Carano via first-round technical knock-out (TKO). As of March 29, 2021, she is #1 in the Bellator Women's pound-for-pound Rankings.</s><s>Early life. Cyborg was born Cristiane Justino Ven\u00e2ncio on July 9, 1985 in Curitiba to Brazilian parents. A daughter of divorced parents and a father who had problems with alcoholism, Cristiane Justino started her sports career"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": " at the age of twelve, playing handball at a national level in Brazil. Due to her success in the sport, she won numerous athletic scholarships on private universities after her high school graduation, and eventually chose to pursue the path of physical education in the capital of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba. Later, she planned to move to the city of Cascavel to become a professional handball player and finish her college studies there, before being discovered by Rudimar Fedrigo, a Chute Boxe Academy trainer who was impressed by her physical size and advised her to enter the world of fighting.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Early career. Justino, without yet incorporating the nickname \"Cyborg\", made her professional debut in mixed martial arts at the age of 19 on May 17, 2005 at Showfight 2 against multiple time world BJJ champion Erica Paes. Paes, who was five years her senior, was the first woman to train at the legendary Brazilian Top Team academy, a rival gym of the Chute Boxe gym where Cyborg trained. Cyborg lost the fight via submission in the first round, which remained her only professional loss in MMA until 2018, when she lost for the second time in her career against Amanda"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": " Nunes. Although the method of win for Paes was officially recorded as a submission due to a kneebar, Cyborg's team claims that she tapped out due to an elbow injury sustained after a fall in the fight. After losing her MMA debut, Cyborg earned her first victory in the sport by defeating Vanessa Porto via unanimous decision. She subsequently won her next three fights in the Brazilian promotion Storm Samurai via first-round TKO finish, improving her record to 4-1. She made her anticipated United States MMA debut on July 26, 2008, against Shayna Baszler at \"\". She won the fight by TKO in the second round. She faced Yoko Takahashi on October 4, 2008, at, winning the fight by unanimous decision. She was scheduled to face Dutch submission specialist Marloes Coenen at XMMA 7 on February 27, 2009, but backed out of the fight after signing a new contract with Strikeforce. Cyborg earned a BJJ Purple Belt under her jiu-jitsu instructor Cristiano Marcello in 2009.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Strikeforce. She later signed to fight for Strikeforce, which greatly increased the chance that a fight with Gina Carano would take place. In her Strikeforce debut"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": ", she faced Hitomi Akano on April 11, 2009, at. Cyborg came in six pounds overweight for the fight. Akano originally rejected the fight due to Cyborg failing to make weight but later accepted the fight. She defeated Akano by TKO in the third round. Before the fight with Carano, Cyborg was interviewed by mmaworldwide.com's reporter Aaron Tru. When asked how long it would take to submit Carano with a choke hold, she choked him. She fought Gina Carano on August 15, 2009, at for the Women's Featherweight Championship. Cyborg won via TKO at 4:59 of the 5:00 first round. The card was the first time that a major promotion had featured a main event between women. After the match, she hugged Carano, and stated in her interview that she had the utmost respect for Carano, and that it was an honor to fight her. She next defended her title against Dutch standout Marloes Coenen at a Strikeforce event on January 30, 2010. She won the fight via TKO at 3:40 of round 3. Strikeforce CEO Scott Coker stated that the next challenger for Cyborg would most likely be Erin Toughill. However, Toughill later announced her intentions"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": " to leave Strikeforce and plans for the fight were cancelled. On April 7, 2010, Coker stated that Cyborg would fight again in June. She faced Jan Finney at  and won the fight via KO in the second round. Her contract with Strikeforce expired on June 26, 2011. She renewed her Strikeforce contract on August 25, 2011.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Strikeforce.:Doping violations and suspension. On September 23, 2011, Cyborg announced that she would return to the promotion to face Hiroko Yamanaka. The fight took place at Strikeforce: Melendez vs. Masvidal on December 17, 2011. She won via TKO just sixteen seconds into the first round; however, on January 6, 2012, it was announced that Cyborg had tested positive for stanozolol, an anabolic steroid. As a result of the banned substance, the fight's result was changed to a no contest. Cyborg had her license suspended for one year and was fined $2,500.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Invicta Fighting Championships. On February 15, 2013, a month after Strikeforce folded, Cyborg signed a multi-fight deal with Invicta Fighting Championships. She was scheduled to make her debut"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": " on April 5 at Invicta FC 5: Penne vs. Waterson against Ediane Gomes to determine who would move on to face Marloes Coenen. However, Gomes suffered an injury and Cyborg instead faced Fiona Muxlow. Cyborg was successful in her return, winning the bout via TKO in the first round. Cyborg faced Marloes Coenen in a rematch for the inaugural Invicta FC Featherweight Championship at on July 13, 2013. She defeated Coenen by TKO in the fourth round to become the first Invicta FC featherweight champion. She returned to Muay Thai to face Jennifer Colomb at \"Lion Fight 11\" in Las Vegas on September 20, 2013, defeating the previously undefeated Frenchwoman by TKO in round three. She had initially been set to fight Martina Jindrova but Jindrova withdrew with injury. She lost a five-round unanimous decision against Jorina Baars in a fight for the inaugural Lion Fight Women's Welterweight Championship in the co-main event of \"Lion Fight 14\" in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States on March 28, 2014. Baars officially knocked down Cyborg in the first round with a head kick and in the fifth"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": " round with a spinning heel kick, although referee Tony Weeks missed at least two other occasions throughout the fight where a knockdown could have been issued. Cyborg hit the canvas from a front kick in one occasion and from a knee on another, both times they were ruled slips by the referee. In February 2015, Cyborg returned to MMA to defend her Invicta Featherweight title against Charmaine Tweet in the main event at Invicta FC 11. She successfully defended her title, winning the fight via TKO in just under a minute in the first round. Cyborg faced Faith Van Duin on July 9, 2015, at. She won the fight by TKO in the first round due to a knee to the body and punches.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship. In March 2015, it was announced that Cyborg had signed with the UFC. Cyborg made her promotional debut at UFC 198 against Leslie Smith at a catchweight of 140 pounds. She won the fight by TKO in the first round. Cyborg faced promotional newcomer Lina L\u00e4nsberg in a catchweight (140\u00a0lb) bout on September 24, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 95. The referee stopped the fight midway through the second round after L\u00e4nsberg could not effectively defend herself"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": ". In December 2016 UFC was notified of a potential USADA doping violation by Cyborg. Cyborg's team immediately responded that it was in regards to a substance that helped her recover from her weight cut. On February 17, 2017, Cyborg was granted a retroactive therapeutic use exemption (TUE). Therefore, her suspension was lifted, and she was immediately eligible to compete. In March 2017 Cyborg vacated her Invicta featherweight title and called out Germaine de Randamie for the belt targeting UFC 214 in Anaheim, California. The match fell apart since Germaine de Randamie refused to fight, stating that Cyborg was a proven drug cheater and she was willing to get stripped of the belt for not fighting Cyborg. De Randamie was stripped of her belt on June 19, 2017, by UFC and Cyborg was expected to face Megan Anderson to fight for the vacated UFC Women's Featherweight Championship at UFC 214 on July 29 in Anaheim, California. On June 27, Anderson pulled out of the fight due to personal reasons and was replaced by current Invicta FC Bantamweight Champion Tonya Evinger. Cyborg won by TKO in the third round to claim her first UFC championship. In the first defense of her title and the first fight of her new four-"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": "fight contract, Cyborg faced Holly Holm on December 30, 2017, in the main event at UFC 219. She won the fight via unanimous decision. This win also earned her her first Fight of the Night bonus. Cyborg faced former Invicta bantamweight champion, Yana Kunitskaya, on March 3, 2018, at UFC 222 for her second featherweight title defense. Cyborg won the fight by TKO in the first round. After the win, she gave out 222 burgers to Los Angeles' homeless, as her way of celebration. Cyborg faced the reigning UFC Women's bantamweight champion, Amanda Nunes, for the UFC Women's Featherweight Championship on December 29, 2018, at UFC 232. Nunes defeated Cyborg by knockout early in the first round, handing her the first knockout loss in her MMA career. Cyborg faced Felicia Spencer on July 27, 2019 at UFC 240 in the co-main event. She won the fight via unanimous decision. Following the fight against Spencer, which was the last fight on her contract, UFC president Dana White announced that the UFC would not negotiate a new contract with Cyborg, and they would waive her three-month exclusive negotiating period. This allowed her to immediately begin negotiations with other organizations.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": "Bellator MMA. On September 3, 2019, it was announced Cyborg had signed a multi-fight deal with Bellator MMA. Cyborg faced Julia Budd for the Bellator Women's Featherweight Championship on Saturday, January 25, 2020 in Inglewood, California Bellator 238. She won the fight via technical knockout in round four. For the fight with Budd, Cyborg trained in South Africa with trainers Richie Quan, Boyd Allen, and Martin Van Staden. Her and her team's goal for the camp was to train for well-roundedness and to be ready for anything. After winning her fourth World Championship, Cyborg has stated she would like to make an attempt at a belt in boxing. In the first defense of her title, Cyborg faced Arlene Blencowe at Bellator 249 on October 15, 2020. She won the bout via second round submission, earning the first submission of her MMA career. Cyborg made her second defense of the title against Leslie Smith on May 21, 2021 in the main event at Bellator 259. They previously met at UFC 198, which was Cyborg's UFC debut, where she won by TKO in the first round. She won the bout via TKO after knocking Smith down and finished her with punches late in the last round. Cyborg"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": " defended her title against Sinead Kavanagh on November 12, 2021 at Bellator 271. After exchanging on the feet, Cyborg knocked Kavanagh out early in the first round. Cyborg defended her title in a rematch against Arlene Blencowe on April 23, 2022 at Bellator 279. She retained the title and won the bout via unanimous decision. The following summer Cyborg became a free agent.</s><s>Boxing career. Cyborg made her professional boxing debut on September 25, 2022, facing Simone Silva, a former Brazilian National Boxing Champion, at Fight Music Show 2. Silva had suffered a knockout loss due to a body punch a month prior to the fight and was suspended by the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, however Simone Silva was required to complete additional medicals that allowed the Associa\u00e7\u00e1o Paranaense De Lutas Commission to sanction the bout as a professional fight. Cyborg won the bout via unanimous decision. In her sophomore performance on December 11, 2022 against Gabrielle Holloway as the co-main event under Terence Crawford vs. David Avanesyan at CHI Health Center in Omaha, she dropped Holloway and outpointed her on to a unanimous decision victory. The Event drew a paid attendance of 14,630"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": " paid to set a state of Nebraska record for largest boxing gate.</s><s>Personal life. Cyborg was married to fellow mixed martial artist Evangelista \"Cyborg\" Santos, and \"adopted\" his nickname. The couple split in December 2011. She has been a naturalized U.S. citizen since 2016. Cyborg announced her engagement to longtime boyfriend, trainer, and former MMA athlete Ray Elbe in 2017. In 2018, Cyborg legally adopted her teenage niece, making her historically the first mother to hold a UFC championship belt. Cyborg works with Fight For The Forgotten, a non-profit organization organized by Justin Wren that digs wells to provide drinking water for Ugandan Pygmys. After earning her first submission victory in a 26-fight MMA career, she was awarded her BJJ Black Belt by Rubens 'Cobrinha' Charles.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Mixed martial arts. - Bellator MMA - Bellator MMA Women's Featherweight Championship (One time, current) - Four successful title defenses - Tied (with Arlene Blencowe) for the most stoppage wins in Bellator Women's Featherweight division history (four) - Ultimate Fighting Championship - UFC Women's Featherweight"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": " Championship (One time) - Two successful title defenses - Fight of the Night (One time) - Most wins in UFC women's featherweight division (4) - Tied (with Megan Anderson and Felicia Spencer) for most knockouts in UFC Women's Featherweight division (two) - Strikeforce - Strikeforce Women's Featherweight World Championship (One time; First; Last; Only) - Two successful title defenses - 2010 Female Fighter of the Year - Invicta Fighting Championships - Invicta FC Featherweight World Championship (One time; First) - Three successful title defenses - Performance of the Night (two times) - World MMA Awards - 2009 Female Fighter of the Year - 2010 Female Fighter of the Year - Women's MMA Awards - 2013 Featherweight of the Year - 2011 Female Fan Favorite of the Year - 2010 Female Featherweight of the Year - 2009 Female Featherweight of the Year - 2009 Headline of the Year - AwakeningFighters.com WMMA Awards - 2013 Featherweight of the Year - Sherdog - 2010 Beatdown of the Year - 2010 All-Violence Third Team - Sports Illustrated - 2009 Female Fighter of the Year - Fight Matrix - 2010 Female Fighter of the Year - MixedMartialArts.com - 2009 Female Fighter of the"}, {"title": "Cris Cyborg", "text": " Year - Examiner.com - 2009 Female Fighter of the Year - MMADNA.nl - 2016 Debut of the Year.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Submission grappling. - International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation - 2012 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championship Female Purple Belt Gold Medalist - 2011 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championship Female Purple Belt Gold Medalist - Abu Dhabi Combat Club - 2009 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship Bronze Medalist</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Kickboxing. - AwakeningFighters.com Muay Thai Awards - 2014 Fight of the Year</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Amateur wrestling. - Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Paulista de Luta Ol\u00edmpica - 2007 Brazil Cup International Senior Women's Freestyle Gold Medalist - Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Paranaense de Lutas Associadas - Paran\u00e1 Senior Women's Freestyle State Championship (2007)</s><s>Mixed martial arts record.</s><s>See also. - List of current Bellator fighters - List of current mixed martial arts champions - List of female mixed martial artists</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Cris Cyborg", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000454", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lionel Messi.", "docs": [{"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "<s>Lionel Messi Lionel Andr\u00e9s Messi (; born 24 June 1987), also known as Leo Messi, is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Paris Saint-Germain and captains the Argentina national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won a record seven Ballon d'Or awards and a record six European Golden Shoes, and in 2020 he was named to the Ballon d'Or Dream Team. Until leaving the club in 2021, he had spent his entire professional career with Barcelona, where he won a club-record 34 trophies, including 10 La Liga titles, seven Copa del Rey titles and four UEFA Champions Leagues. With his country, he won the 2021 Copa Am\u00e9rica and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. A prolific goalscorer and creative playmaker, Messi holds the records for most goals in La Liga (474), most hat-tricks in La Liga (36) and the UEFA Champions League (eight), and most assists in La Liga (192) and the Copa Am\u00e9rica (17). He also has the most international goals by a South American male (102). Messi has scored over 800 senior career goals for club and country, and has the most"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " goals by a player for a single club (672). Messi relocated to Spain from Argentina aged 13 to join Barcelona, for whom he made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004. He established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years, and in his first uninterrupted season in 2008\u201309 he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football; that year, aged 22, Messi won his first Ballon d'Or. Three successful seasons followed, with Messi winning four consecutive Ballons d'Or, making him the first player to win the award four times. During the 2011\u201312 season, he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season, while establishing himself as Barcelona's all-time top scorer. The following two seasons, Messi finished second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo (his perceived career rival), before regaining his best form during the 2014\u201315 campaign, becoming the all-time top scorer in La Liga and leading Barcelona to a historic second treble, after which he was awarded a fifth Ballon d'Or in 2015. Messi assumed captaincy of Barcelona in 2018, and won a record sixth Ballon d'Or in 2019. Out of contract, he signed for"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Paris Saint-Germain in August 2021. An Argentine international, Messi is the country's all-time leading goalscorer and also holds the national record for appearances. At youth level, he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship, finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe, and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. His style of play as a diminutive, left-footed dribbler drew comparisons with his compatriot Diego Maradona, who described Messi as his successor. After his senior debut in August 2005, Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup (2006), and reached the final of the 2007 Copa Am\u00e9rica, where he was named young player of the tournament. As the squad's captain from August 2011, he led Argentina to three consecutive finals: the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which he won the Golden Ball, the 2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica, winning the Golden Ball, and the 2016 Copa Am\u00e9rica. After announcing his international retirement in 2016, he reversed his decision and led his country to qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, a third-place finish at the 2019 Copa Am\u00e9rica, and victory in the 2021 Copa Am\u00e9rica, while"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " winning the Golden Ball and Golden Boot for the latter. For this achievement, Messi received a record seventh Ballon d'Or in 2021. In 2022, he led Argentina to win the 2022 FIFA World Cup, where he won a record second Golden Ball, became the first player to score in every stage of a World Cup (including two in the final), and broke the record for most appearances in World Cup tournaments with 26 matches played. Messi has endorsed sportswear company Adidas since 2006. According to \"France Football\", he was the world's highest-paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014, and was ranked the world's highest-paid athlete by \"Forbes\" in 2019 and 2022. Messi was among \"Time\"s 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 and 2012. In February 2020, he was awarded the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, thus becoming the first footballer and the first team-sport athlete to win the award. Later that year, Messi became the second footballer and second team-sport athlete to surpass $1\u00a0billion in career earnings.</s><s>Early life. Messi was born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario, Santa Fe, the third of four children of Jorge Messi, a steel factory manager"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ", and his wife Celia Cuccittini, who worked in a magnet manufacturing workshop. On his father's side, he is of Italian and Spanish descent, the great-grandson of immigrants from the north-central Adriatic Marche region of Italy, and on his mother's side, he has primarily Italian ancestry. Growing up in a tight-knit, football-loving family, \"Leo\" developed a passion for the sport from an early age, playing constantly with his older brothers, Rodrigo and Mat\u00edas, and his cousins, Maximiliano and Emanuel Biancucchi, both of whom became professional footballers. At the age of four he joined local club Grandoli, where he was coached by his father, though his earliest influence as a player came from his maternal grandmother, Celia, who accompanied him to training and matches. He was greatly affected by her death, shortly before his eleventh birthday; since then, as a devout Roman Catholic, he has celebrated his goals by looking up and pointing to the sky in tribute to his grandmother. A lifelong supporter of Newell's Old Boys, Messi joined the Rosario club when he was six years old. During the six years he played for Newell's, he scored almost 500 goals"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " as a member of \"The Machine of '87\", the near-unbeatable youth side named for the year of their birth, and regularly entertained crowds by performing ball tricks during half-time of the first team's home games. However, his future as a professional player was threatened when, aged 10, he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency. As his father's health insurance covered only two years of growth hormone treatment, which cost at least $1,000 per month, Newell's agreed to contribute, but later reneged on their promise. He was scouted by Buenos Aires club River Plate, whose playmaker, Pablo Aimar, he idolised, but they declined to pay for his treatment. His goalscoring idol growing up was Ronaldo, with Messi calling him \"the best forward I've ever seen\". As the Messi family had relatives in Catalonia, they sought to arrange a trial with Barcelona in September 2000. First team director Charly Rexach immediately wanted to sign him, but the board of directors hesitated; at the time it was highly unusual for European clubs to sign foreign players of such a young age. On 14 December, an ultimatum was issued for Barcelona to prove their commitment, and Rexach, with no other paper at hand"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ", offered a contract on a paper napkin. In February 2001, the family relocated to Barcelona, where they moved into an apartment near the club's stadium, Camp Nou. During his first year in Spain, Messi rarely played with the \"Infantiles\" due to a transfer conflict with Newell's; as a foreigner, he could only be fielded in friendlies and the Catalan league. Without football, he struggled to integrate into the team; already reserved by nature, he was so quiet that his teammates initially believed he was mute. At home, he suffered from homesickness after his mother moved back to Rosario with his brothers and little sister, Mar\u00eda Sol, while he stayed in Barcelona with his father. After a year at Barcelona's youth academy, La Masia, Messi was finally enrolled in the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) in February 2002. Now playing in all competitions, he befriended his teammates, among whom were Cesc F\u00e0bregas and Gerard Piqu\u00e9. After completing his growth hormone treatment aged 14, Messi became an integral part of the \"Baby Dream Team\", Barcelona's greatest-ever youth side. During his first full season (2002\u201303), he was top scorer with 36 goals in 30 games for the"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " \"Cadetes\" A, who won an unprecedented treble of the league and both the Spanish and Catalan cups. The Copa Catalunya final, a 4\u20131 victory over Espanyol, became known in club lore as the \"partido de la m\u00e1scara\", the final of the mask. A week after suffering a broken cheekbone during a league match, Messi was allowed to start the game on the condition that he wear a plastic protector; soon hindered by the mask, he took it off and scored two goals in 10 minutes before his substitution. At the close of the season, he received an offer to join Arsenal, his first from a foreign club, but while F\u00e0bregas and Piqu\u00e9 soon left for England, he chose to remain in Barcelona.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2003\u20132005: Rise to the first team. During the 2003\u201304 season, his fourth with Barcelona, Messi rapidly progressed through the club's ranks, debuting for a record five youth teams in a single campaign. After being named player of the tournament in four international pre-season competitions with the \"Juveniles\" B, he played only one official match"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " with the team before being promoted to the \"Juveniles A\", where he scored 18 goals in 11 league games. Messi was then one of several youth players called up to strengthen a depleted first team during the international break. French winger Ludovic Giuly explained how Messi caught the eye in a training session with Frank Rijkaard's first team: \"He destroyed us all... They were kicking him all over the place to avoid being ridiculed by this kid, he just got up and kept on playing. He would dribble past four players and score a goal. Even the team's starting centre-backs were nervous. He was an alien.\" At 16 years, four months, and 23 days old, Messi made his first team debut when he came on in the 75th minute during a friendly against Jos\u00e9 Mourinho's Porto on 16 November 2003. His performance, creating two chances and a shot on goal, impressed the technical staff, and he subsequently began training daily with the club's reserve side, Barcelona B, as well as weekly with the first team. After his first training session with the senior squad, Bar\u00e7a's new star player, Ronaldinho, told his teammates that he believed the 16-year-old would become an even better player than himself. Ronaldinho"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " soon befriended Messi, whom he called \"little brother\", which greatly eased his transition into the first team. To gain further match experience, Messi joined Barcelona C in addition to the \"Juveniles\" A, playing his first game for the third team on 29 November. He helped save them from the relegation zone of the Tercera Divisi\u00f3n, scoring five goals in ten games, including a hat-trick in eight minutes during a Copa del Rey match while man-marked by Sevilla's Sergio Ramos. His progress was reflected in his first professional contract, signed on 4 February 2004, which lasted until 2012 and contained an initial buyout clause of \u20ac30\u00a0million. A month later, on 6 March, he made his debut for Barcelona B in the Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B, and his buyout clause automatically increased to \u20ac80\u00a0million. He played five games with the B team that season but did not score. Physically he was weaker than his opponents, who were often much older and taller, and in training he worked on increasing his muscle mass and overall strength in order to be able to shake off defenders. Towards the end of the season, he returned to both youth teams, helping the \"Juveniles\" B win the league"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ". He finished the campaign having scored for four of his five teams with a total of 36 goals in all official competitions. During the 2004\u201305 season, Messi was a guaranteed starter for the B team, playing 17 games throughout the campaign and scoring on six occasions. Since his debut the previous November, he had not been called up to the first team again, but in October 2004, the senior players asked manager Frank Rijkaard to promote him. Since Ronaldinho already played on the left wing, Rijkaard moved Messi from his usual position onto the right flank (though initially against the player's wishes), allowing him to cut into the centre of the pitch and shoot with his dominant left foot. Messi made his league debut during the next match on 16 October, against Espanyol, coming on in the 82nd minute. At 17 years, three months, and 22 days old, he was at the time the youngest player to represent Barcelona in an official competition. As a substitute player, he played 244 minutes in nine matches for the first team that season, including his debut in the UEFA Champions League against Shakhtar Donetsk. He scored his first senior goal on 1 May 2005, against Albacete, from an assist by Ronaldinho, becoming \u2013 at that time"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " \u2013 the youngest-ever scorer for the club. Barcelona, in their second season under Rijkaard, won the league for the first time in six years.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2005\u20132008: Becoming a starting eleven player. On 24 June, his 18th birthday, Messi signed his first contract as a senior team player. It made him a Barcelona player until 2010, two years less than his previous contract, but his buyout clause increased to \u20ac150\u00a0million. His breakthrough came two months later, on 24 August, during the Joan Gamper Trophy, Barcelona's pre-season competition. A starter for the first time, he gave a well-received performance against Fabio Capello's Juventus, receiving an ovation from the Camp Nou. Capello sought to take Messi to Juventus on loan, but Inter Milan offered to pay his \u20ac150\u00a0million buyout clause and triple his wages. According to then-president Joan Laporta, it was the only time the club faced a real risk of losing Messi, but he ultimately decided to stay. On 16 September, his contract was updated for the second time in three months and extended to 2014. Due to issues regarding his legal status in the Royal Spanish Football Federation, Messi missed the"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " start of La Liga, but on 26 September, he acquired Spanish citizenship and became eligible to play. Wearing the number 19 shirt, he gradually established himself as the first-choice right winger, forming an attacking trio with Ronaldinho and striker Samuel Eto'o. He was in the starting line-up in major matches like his first \"Cl\u00e1sico\" against rivals Real Madrid on 19 November, as well as Barcelona's away victory over Chelsea in the last 16 round of the Champions League, which came on back of an intense period of rivalry between the clubs leading a resentful Messi to state, \"We would rather play Arsenal, Manchester United or anyone else than be on the pitch with Chelsea.\" After he had scored 8 goals in 25 games, including his first in the Champions League, in a 5\u20130 win over Panathinaikos on 2 November 2005, his season ended prematurely during the return leg against Chelsea on 7 March 2006, when he suffered a torn hamstring. Messi worked to regain fitness in time for the Champions League final, but on 17 May, the day of the final, he was eventually ruled out. He was so disappointed that he did not celebrate his team's victory over Arsenal in Paris, something he later came to regret. While Barcelona began"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " a gradual decline, the 19-year-old Messi established himself as one of the best players in the world during the 2006\u201307 campaign. Already an idol to the \"cul\u00e9s\", the club's supporters, he scored 17 goals in 36 games across all competitions. However, he continued to be plagued by major injuries; a metatarsal fracture sustained on 12 November 2006 kept him out of action for three months. He recovered in time for the last 16 round of the Champions League against Liverpool, but was effectively marked out of the game; Barcelona, the reigning champions, were out of the competition. In the league, his goal contribution increased towards the end of the season; 11 of his 14 goals came from the last 13 games. On 10 March 2007, he scored his first hat-trick in a \"Cl\u00e1sico\", the first player to do so in 12 years, equalising after each goal by Real Madrid to end the match in a 3\u20133 draw in injury time. His growing importance to the club was reflected in a new contract, signed that month, which greatly increased his wages. Already frequently compared to compatriot Diego Maradona, Messi proved their similarity when he nearly replicated Maradona's two most famous goals in the span of seven weeks"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ". During a Copa del Rey semi-final against Getafe on 18 April, he scored a goal remarkably similar to Maradona's second goal in the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup, known as the Goal of the Century. Messi collected the ball on the right side near the halfway line, ran, and beat five defenders before scoring with an angled finish, just as Maradona had done. A league match against Espanyol on 9 June saw him score by launching himself at the ball and guiding it past the goalkeeper with his hand in similar fashion to Maradona's Hand of God goal in the same World Cup match. As Messi continued his individual rise, Barcelona faltered; the team failed to reach the Copa del Rey final after Messi was rested during the second leg against Getafe and lost the league to Real Madrid on head-to-head results. After Ronaldinho lost form, Messi became Bar\u00e7a's new star player at only 20 years old, receiving the nickname \"Messiah\" from the Spanish media. His efforts in 2007 also earned him award recognition; journalists voted him the third-best player of the year for the 2007 Ballon d'Or, behind Kak\u00e1 and runner-up Cristiano Ronaldo, while international managers and"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " national team captains voted him second for the FIFA World Player of the Year award, again behind Kak\u00e1. Although he managed to score 16 goals during the 2007\u201308 campaign, the second half of his season was again marred by injuries after he suffered a torn hamstring on 15 December. He returned to score twice in their away victory against Celtic in the last 16 round of the Champions League, becoming the competition's top scorer at that point with six goals, but reinjured himself during the return leg on 4 March 2008. Rijkaard had fielded him despite warning from the medical staff, leading captain Carles Puyol to criticise the Spanish media for pressuring Messi to play every match. Barcelona finished the season without trophies, eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions, Manchester United, and placed third in the league.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2008\u201309: First treble. After two unsuccessful seasons, Barcelona were in need of an overhaul, leading to the departure of Rijkaard and Ronaldinho. Upon the latter's departure, Messi was given the number 10 shirt. He signed a new contract in July with an annual salary of \u20ac7.8\u00a0million, becoming the club's highest-paid player. Ahead of the"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " new season, a major concern remained his frequent muscular injuries, which had left him side-lined for a total of eight months between 2006 and 2008. To combat the problem, the club implemented new training, nutrition, and lifestyle regimens, and assigned him a personal physiotherapist, who would travel with him during call-ups for the Argentina national team. As a result, Messi remained virtually injury-free during the next four years, allowing him to reach his full potential. Despite his injuries early in the year, his performances in 2008 saw him again voted runner-up for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, both times behind Cristiano Ronaldo. In his first uninterrupted campaign, the 2008\u201309 season, he scored 38 goals in 51 games, contributing alongside Eto'o and winger Thierry Henry to a total of 100 goals in all competitions, a record at the time for the club. During his first season under Barcelona's new manager, former captain Pep Guardiola, Messi played mainly on the right wing, like he had under Rijkaard, though this time as a false winger with the freedom to cut inside and roam the centre. During the \"Cl\u00e1sico\" on 2 May 2009, however, he played"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " for the first time as a false nine, positioned as a centre-forward but dropping deep into midfield to link up with Xavi and Andr\u00e9s Iniesta. He set up his side's first goal and scored twice to end the match in an emphatic 6\u20132 victory, the team's greatest-ever score at Real Madrid's Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium. Returning to the wing, he played his first final since breaking into the first team on 13 May, scoring once and assisting a second goal as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 4\u20131 to win the Copa del Rey. With 23 league goals from Messi that season, Barcelona became La Liga champions three days later and achieved its fifth double. As the season's Champions League top scorer with nine goals, the youngest in the tournament's history, Messi scored two goals and assisted two more to ensure a 4\u20130 quarter-final victory over Bayern Munich. He returned as a false nine during the final on 27 May in Rome against Manchester United. Barcelona were crowned champions of Europe by winning the match 2\u20130, the second goal coming from a Messi header over goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar. Barcelona thus achieved the first treble in the history of Spanish football. This success was reflected in a new contract, signed"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " on 18 September, which committed Messi to the club through 2016 with a new buyout clause of \u20ac250\u00a0million, while his salary increased to \u20ac12\u00a0million.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2009\u201310: First Ballon d'Or. His team's prosperity continued into the second half of 2009, as Barcelona became the first club to achieve the sextuple, winning six top-tier trophies in a single year. After victories in the Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a and UEFA Super Cup in August, Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup against Estudiantes de La Plata on 19 December, with Messi scoring the winning 2\u20131 goal with his chest. At 22 years old, Messi won the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, both times by the biggest voting margin in each trophy's history. The new year, however, started on a less positive note for Barcelona, as they were knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Sevilla in the Round of 16. Unsatisfied with his position on the right wing \u2013 with the club's summer acquisition Zlatan Ibrahimovi\u0107 occupying the central forward role \u2013 Messi resumed playing as a false nine in early 2010, beginning with a Champions"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " League last 16-round match against VfB Stuttgart. After a first-leg draw, Barcelona won the second leg 4\u20130 with two goals and an assist from Messi. At that point, he effectively became the tactical focal point of Guardiola's team, and his goalscoring rate increased. Messi scored a total of 47 goals in all competitions that season, equaling Ronaldo's club record from the 1996\u201397 campaign. He scored all of his side's four goals in the Champions League quarter-final against Arsenal on 6 April while becoming Barcelona's all-time top scorer in the competition. Although Barcelona were eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions, Inter Milan, Messi finished the season as top scorer (with 8 goals) for the second consecutive year. As the league's top scorer with 34 goals (again tying Ronaldo's record), he helped Barcelona win a second consecutive La Liga trophy with only a single defeat and earned his first European Golden Shoe.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2010\u20132011: Fifth La Liga title and third Champions League. Messi secured Barcelona's first trophy of the 2010\u201311 campaign, the Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, by scoring a hat-trick in his side's second-leg"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " 4\u20130 victory over Sevilla, after a first-leg defeat. Assuming a playmaking role, he was again instrumental in a \"Cl\u00e1sico\" on 29 November 2010, the first with Jos\u00e9 Mourinho in charge of Real Madrid, as Barcelona defeated their rivals 5\u20130. Messi helped the team achieve 16 consecutive league victories, a record in Spanish football, concluding with another hat-trick against Atl\u00e9tico Madrid on 5 February 2011. His club performances in 2010 earned him the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or, an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, though his win was met with some criticism due to his lack of success with Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Under the award's old format, he would have placed just outside the top three, owing his win to the votes from the international coaches and captains. Towards the end of the season, Barcelona played four \"Cl\u00e1sicos\" in the span of 18 days. A league match on 16 April ended in a draw after a penalty from Messi. After Barcelona lost the Copa del Rey final four days later, Messi scored both goals in his side's 2\u20130 win in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals in Madrid"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ", the second of which \u2013 a slaloming dribble past three Real players \u2013 was acclaimed as one of the best ever in the competition. Although he did not score, he was again important in the second-leg draw that sent Barcelona through to the Champions League final, where they faced Manchester United in a repeat of the final two years earlier. As the competition's top scorer for the third consecutive year, with 12 goals, Messi gave a man-of-the-match performance at Wembley on 28 May, scoring the match-winning goal of Bar\u00e7a's 3\u20131 victory. Barcelona won a third consecutive La Liga title. In addition to his 31 goals, Messi was also the league's top assist provider with 18. He finished the season with 53 goals in all competitions, becoming Barcelona's all-time single-season top scorer and the first player in Spanish football to reach the 50-goal benchmark. As Messi developed into a combination of a number 8 (a creator), a 9 (scorer), and a 10 (assistant), he scored an unprecedented 73 goals and provided 29 assists in all club competitions during the 2011\u201312 season, producing a hat-trick or more on 10 occasions. He began the campaign by helping Barcelona win both the Spanish and European"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Super Cups; in the Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, he scored three times to achieve a 5\u20134 aggregate victory over Real Madrid, overtaking Ra\u00fal as the competition's all-time top scorer with eight goals. At the close of the year, on 18 December, he scored twice in the FIFA Club World Cup final, a 4\u20130 victory over Santos, earning the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament, as he had done two years previously. For his efforts in 2011, he again received the FIFA Ballon d'Or, becoming only the fourth player in history to win the Ballon d'Or three times, after Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini, and Marco van Basten. Additionally, he won the inaugural UEFA Best Player in Europe Award, a revival of the old-style Ballon d'Or. By then, Messi was already widely considered one of the best footballers in history, alongside players like Diego Maradona and Pel\u00e9.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2012: A record-breaking year. As Messi maintained his goalscoring form into the second half of the season, the year 2012 saw him break several longstanding records. On 7 March, two weeks after scoring four goals in"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " a league fixture against Valencia, he scored five times in a Champions League last 16-round match against Bayer Leverkusen, an unprecedented achievement in the history of the competition. In addition to being the joint top assist provider with five assists, this feat made him top scorer with 14 goals, tying Jos\u00e9 Altafini's record from the 1962\u201363 season, as well as becoming only the second player after Gerd M\u00fcller to be top scorer in four campaigns. Two weeks later, on 20 March, Messi became the top goalscorer in Barcelona's history at 24 years old, overtaking the 57-year record of C\u00e9sar Rodr\u00edguez's 232 goals with a hat-trick against Granada. Despite Messi's individual form, Barcelona's four-year cycle of success under Guardiola \u2013 one of the greatest eras in the club's history \u2013 drew to an end. Although Barcelona won the Copa del Rey against Athletic Bilbao on 25 May, its 14th title of that period, the team lost the league to Real Madrid and was eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions, Chelsea, with Messi sending a crucial second-leg penalty kick against the crossbar. In Bar\u00e7a's last home league match on 5 May,"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " against Espanyol, Messi scored all four goals before approaching the bench to embrace Guardiola, who had announced his resignation as manager. He finished the season as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for a second time, with 50 goals, a La Liga record, while his 73 goals in all competitions surpassed Gerd M\u00fcller's 67 goals in the 1972\u201373 Bundesliga season, making him the single-season top scorer in the history of European club football. Under manager Tito Vilanova, who had first coached him aged 14 at \"La Masia\", Messi helped the club achieve its best-ever start to a La Liga season during the second half of 2012, amassing 55 points by the competition's midway point, a record in Spanish football. A double scored on 9 December against Real Betis saw Messi break two longstanding records: he surpassed C\u00e9sar Rodr\u00edguez's record of 190 league goals, becoming Barcelona's all-time top scorer in La Liga, and Gerd M\u00fcller's record of most goals scored in a calendar year, overtaking his 85 goals scored in 1972 for Bayern Munich and West Germany. Messi sent M\u00fcller a number 10 Barcelona shirt, signed \"with respect and admiration\", after breaking his 40-year record. At the close of"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " the year, Messi had scored a record 91 goals in all competitions for Barcelona and Argentina. Although FIFA did not acknowledge the achievement, citing verifiability issues, he received the \"Guinness World Records\" title for most goals scored in a calendar year. As the odds-on favourite, Messi again won the FIFA Ballon d'Or, becoming the only player in history to win the Ballon d'Or four times.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2013\u20132014: \"Messidependencia\". Barcelona had virtually secured their La Liga title by the start of 2013, eventually equalling Real Madrid's 100-point record of the previous season. However, their performances deteriorated in the second half of the 2012\u201313 campaign, concurrently with Vilanova's absence due to ill health. After losing successive \"Cl\u00e1sicos\", including the Copa del Rey semi-finals, they were nearly eliminated in the first knockout round of the Champions League by AC Milan, but a revival of form in the second leg led to a 4\u20130 comeback, with two goals and an assist from Messi. Now in his ninth senior season with Barcelona, Messi signed a new contract on 7 February, committing himself to the club through 2018, while his fixed wage rose to \u20ac13"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "\u00a0million. He wore the captain's armband for the first time a month later, on 17 March, in a league match against Rayo Vallecano; by then, he had become the team's tactical focal point to a degree that was arguably rivalled only by former Barcelona players Josep Samitier, L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kubala and Johan Cruyff. Since his evolution into a false nine three years earlier, his input into the team's attack had increased; from 24% in their treble-winning campaign, his goal contribution rose to more than 40% that season. After four largely injury-free seasons, the muscular injuries that had previously plagued Messi reoccurred. After he suffered a hamstring strain on 2 April, during the first quarter-final against Paris Saint-Germain (PSG), his appearances became sporadic. In the second leg against PSG, with an underperforming Barcelona down a goal, Messi came off the bench in the second half and within nine minutes helped create their game-tying goal, which allowed them to progress to the semi-finals. Still unfit, he proved ineffective during the first leg against Bayern Munich and was unable to play at all during the second, as Barcelona were defeated 7\u20130"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " on aggregate by the eventual champions. These matches gave credence to the notion of \"Messidependencia\", Barcelona's perceived tactical and psychological dependence on their star player. Messi continued to struggle with injury throughout 2013, eventually parting ways with his long-time personal physiotherapist. Further damage to his hamstring sustained on 12 May ended his goalscoring streak of 21 consecutive league games, a worldwide record; he had netted 33 goals during his run, including a four-goal display against Osasuna, while becoming the first player to score consecutively against all 19 opposition teams in La Liga. With 60 goals in all competitions, including 46 goals in La Liga, he finished the campaign as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for the second consecutive year, becoming the first player in history to win the European Golden Shoe three times. Following an irregular start to the new season under manager Gerardo Martino, formerly of his boyhood club Newell's Old Boys, Messi suffered his fifth injury of 2013 when he tore his hamstring on 10 November, leaving him sidelined for two months. Despite his injuries, he was voted runner-up for the FIFA Ballon d'Or, relinquishing the award after a four-year monopoly to Cristiano Ronaldo. During the second half of"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " the 2013\u201314 season, doubts persisted over Messi's form, leading to a perception among the \"cul\u00e9s\" that he was reserving himself for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Statistically, his contribution of goals, shots, and passes had dropped significantly compared to previous seasons. He still managed to break two longstanding records in a span of seven days: a hat-trick on 16 March against Osasuna saw him overtake Paulino Alc\u00e1ntara's 369 goals to become Barcelona's top goalscorer in all competitions including friendlies, while another hat-trick against Real Madrid on 23 March made him the all-time top scorer in \"El Cl\u00e1sico\", ahead of the 18 goals scored by former Real Madrid player Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano. Messi finished the campaign with his worst output in five seasons, though he still managed to score 41 goals in all competitions. For the first time in five years, Barcelona ended the season without a major trophy; they were defeated in the Copa del Rey final by Real Madrid and lost the league in the last game to Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, causing Messi to be booed by sections of fans at the Camp Nou. After prolonged speculation over his future with the club, Messi signed a new contract on 19"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " May 2014, only a year after his last contractual update; his salary increased to \u20ac20\u00a0million, or \u20ac36\u00a0million before taxes, the highest wage in the sport. It was reported that Vilanova played a key role in convincing Messi to stay amid strong interest from Jos\u00e9 Mourinho's Chelsea.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2014\u201315: Second treble. Under new manager and former captain Luis Enrique, Messi experienced a largely injury-free start to the 2014\u201315 season, allowing him to break three more longstanding records towards the end of the year. A hat-trick scored against Sevilla on 22 November made him the all-time top scorer in La Liga, as he surpassed the 59-year record of 251 league goals held by Telmo Zarra. A third hat-trick, scored against city rivals Espanyol on 7 December, allowed him to surpass C\u00e9sar Rodr\u00edguez as the all-time top scorer in the \"Derbi barcelon\u00ed\" with 12 goals. Messi again placed second in the FIFA Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo, largely owing to his second-place achievement with Argentina at the World Cup. At the start of 2015, Barcelona were perceived to be headed for another disappointing"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " end to the season, with renewed speculation in the media that Messi was leaving the club. A turning point came on 11 January during a 3\u20131 victory over Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, the first time Bar\u00e7a's attacking trident of Messi, Luis Su\u00e1rez and Neymar, dubbed \"MSN\", each scored in a match, marking the beginning of a highly successful run. After five years of playing in the centre of the pitch, Messi had returned to his old position on the right wing late the previous year, by his own suggestion according to Su\u00e1rez, their striker. From there, he regained his best form, while Su\u00e1rez and Neymar ended the team's attacking dependency on their star player. With 58 goals from Messi, the trio scored a total of 122 goals in all competitions that season, a record in Spanish football. Towards the end of the campaign, Messi scored in a 1\u20130 away win over Atl\u00e9tico Madrid on 17 May, securing the La Liga title. Among his 43 league goals that season was a hat-trick scored in 11 minutes against Rayo Vallecano on 8 March, the fastest of his senior career; it was his 32nd hat-trick overall for Barcelona, allowing him to overtake Telmo Zarra"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " with the most hat-tricks in Spanish football. As the season's top assist provider with 18 he surpassed Lu\u00eds Figo with the most assists in La Liga; he made his record 106th assist in a fixture against Levante on 15 February, in which he also scored a hat-trick. Messi scored twice as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 3\u20131 in the Copa del Rey final on 30 May, achieving the sixth double in their history. His opening goal was hailed as one of the greatest in his career; he collected the ball near the halfway line and beat four opposing players, before feinting the goalkeeper to score in a tight space by the near post. In the Champions League, Messi scored twice and set up another in their 3\u20130 semi-final victory over Bayern Munich, now under the stewardship of Guardiola. His second goal, which came only three minutes after his first, saw him chip the ball over goalkeeper Manuel Neuer after his dribble past J\u00e9r\u00f4me Boateng had made the defender drop to the ground; it went viral, becoming the year's most tweeted about sporting moment, and was named the best goal of the season by UEFA. Despite a second-leg loss, Barcelona progressed to the final on 6 June"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " in Berlin, where they defeated Juventus 3\u20131 to win their second treble, becoming the first team in history to do so. Although Messi did not score, he participated in each of his side's goals, particularly the second as he forced a parried save from goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from which Su\u00e1rez scored the match-winning goal on the rebound. In addition to being the top assist provider with six assists, Messi finished the competition as the joint top scorer with ten goals, which earned him the distinction of being the first player ever to achieve the top scoring mark in five Champions League seasons. For his efforts during the season, he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe award for a second time.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2015\u201316: Domestic success. Messi opened the 2015\u201316 season by scoring twice from free kicks in Barcelona's 5\u20134 victory (after extra time) over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup. On 16 September, he became the youngest player to make 100 appearances in the UEFA Champions League in a 1\u20131 away draw to Roma. After a knee injury, he returned to the pitch on 21 November, making a substitute appearance in Barcelona's 4\u20130 away win over rivals Real Madrid in \"El Cl\u00e1s"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "ico\". Messi capped off the year by winning the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December, collecting his fifth club trophy of 2015 as Barcelona defeated River Plate 3\u20130 in Yokohama. On 30 December, Messi scored on his 500th appearance for Barcelona, in a 4\u20130 home win over Real Betis. On 11 January 2016, Messi won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for a record fifth time in his career. On 3 February, he scored a hat-trick in Barcelona's 7\u20130 win against Valencia in the first leg of the Copa del Rey semi-final at the Camp Nou. In a 6\u20131 home win against Celta Vigo in the league, Messi assisted Su\u00e1rez from a penalty kick. Some saw it as \"a touch of genius\", while others criticised it as being disrespectful to the opponent. The Celta players never complained and their coach defended the penalty, stating, \"Barca's forwards are very respectful.\" The penalty routine has been compared to that of \"Bar\u00e7a\" icon Johan Cruyff in 1982, who was battling lung cancer, leading many fans to indicate that the penalty was a tribute to him. Cruyff himself was \"very happy\" with the play, insisting \""}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "it was legal and entertaining\". On 17 February, Messi reached his 300th league goal in a 1\u20133 away win against Sporting de Gij\u00f3n. A few days later, he scored both goals in Barcelona's 0\u20132 win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium, in the first leg of the 2015\u201316 UEFA Champions League round of 16, with the second goal being Barcelona's 10,000th in official competitions. On 17 April, Messi ended a five-match scoring drought with his 500th senior career goal for club and country in Barcelona's 2\u20131 home loss to Valencia. Messi finished the 2015\u201316 season by setting up both goals in Barcelona's 2\u20130 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final, at the Vicente Calder\u00f3n Stadium, on 22 May 2016, as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season. In total, Messi scored 41 goals as Barcelona's attacking trio managed a Spanish record of 131 goals throughout the season, breaking the record they had set the previous season.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2016\u201317: Fourth Golden Boot. Messi opened the 2016\u201317 season by lifting the 2016 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a as Barcelona's captain in the absence of the injured"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Andr\u00e9s Iniesta; he set-up Munir's goal in a 2\u20130 away win over Sevilla in the first leg on 14 August, and subsequently scored in a 3\u20130 win in the return leg on 17 August. Three days later, he scored two goals as Barcelona won 6\u20132 against Real Betis in the opening game of the 2016\u201317 La Liga season. On 13 September, Messi scored his first hat-trick of the season in the opening game of the 2016\u201317 UEFA Champions League campaign against Celtic in a 7\u20130 victory; this was also Messi's sixth hat-trick in the Champions League, the most by any player. A week later, Messi sustained a groin injury in a 1\u20131 draw against Atl\u00e9tico Madrid and was ruled out with injury for three weeks. He marked his return with a goal, scoring three minutes after coming off the bench in a 4\u20130 home win over Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a, on 16 October. Three days after this, he netted his thirty-seventh club hat-trick as Barcelona defeated Manchester City 4\u20130. On 1 November, Messi scored his 54th Champions League group stage goal in Barcelona's 3\u20131 away loss to Manchester City"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ", surpassing the previous record of 53 goals held by Ra\u00fal. Messi finished the year with 51 goals, making him Europe's top scorer, one ahead of Zlatan Ibrahimovi\u0107. After placing second in the 2016 Ballon d'Or, on 9 January 2017 Messi also finished in second place \u2013 behind Cristiano Ronaldo once again \u2013 in the 2016 Best FIFA Men's Player Award. On 11 January, Messi scored from a free-kick in Barcelona's 3\u20131 victory against Athletic Bilbao in the second leg of the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey, which enabled Barcelona to advance to the quarter-finals of the competition; with his 26th goal from a free-kick for Barcelona in all competitions, he equalled the club's all-time record, which had previously been set by Ronald Koeman. In his next league match, on 14 January, Messi scored in a 5\u20130 win against Las Palmas; with this goal, he equalled Ra\u00fal's record for the most teams scored against in La Liga (35). On 4 February 2017, Messi scored his 27th free-kick for Barcelona in a 3\u20130 home win over Athletic Bilbao in the league, overtaking Koeman as the club's"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " all-time top-scorer from free-kicks. On 23 April, Messi scored twice in a 3\u20132 away win over Real Madrid. His game-winning goal in stoppage time was his 500th for Barcelona. His memorable celebration saw him taking off his Barcelona shirt and holding it up to incensed Real Madrid fans \u2013 with his name and number facing the crowd. On 27 May, Messi scored a goal and set up another for Paco Alc\u00e1cer in the 2017 Copa del Rey Final, helping Barcelona to a 3\u20131 victory over Alav\u00e9s, and was named Man of the Match. In total, Messi finished the 2016\u201317 season with 54 goals, while his 37 goals in La Liga saw him claim both the Pichichi and European Golden Boot Awards for the fourth time in his career.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2017\u201318: Domestic double and a record fifth Golden Boot. Messi opened the 2017\u201318 season by converting a penalty in Barcelona's 1\u20133 first leg home defeat to Real Madrid in Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a. Thereby, Messi also extended his \"El Cl\u00e1sico\" goalscoring record with the goal being his 24th official and 25th overall. On 9 September, Messi"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " scored his first hat-trick of the 2017\u201318 league campaign, against Espanyol in \"Derbi barcelon\u00ed\", thus helping to secure a 5\u20130 home victory for \"Blaugrana\" over local rivals. Messi netted twice against Gianluigi Buffon, on 12 September, as Bar\u00e7a defeated the last season's Italian champions Juventus 3\u20130 at home in the UEFA Champions League. On 19 September, Messi found the net four times in a 6\u20131 trashing of Eibar at the Camp Nou in La Liga. Three weeks later, on 1 October, Messi surpassed his former teammate Carles Puyol to become the third highest appearance maker in the club's history, as he helped Bar\u00e7a defeat Las Palmas 3\u20130 by assisting Sergio Busquets' opener and later adding two himself in his 594th official game for the club; the league game was played behind closed doors at the Camp Nou due to violence in Catalonia relating to an ongoing independence referendum. On 18 October, in his 122nd European club appearance, Messi scored his 97th UEFA Champions League goal, and his 100th in all UEFA club competitions, in a 3\u20131 home victory over Olympiacos. Messi became only the second player after"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Cristiano Ronaldo to reach this century milestone, but accomplished it in 21 fewer appearances than the Portuguese counterpart. On 4 November, he made his 600th appearance for Barcelona in a 2\u20131 home win over Sevilla in La Liga. Following the reception of his fourth Golden Boot, Messi signed a new deal with Barcelona on 25 November, keeping him with the club through the 2020\u201321 season. His buyout clause was set at \u20ac700\u00a0million. On 7 January 2018, Messi made his 400th La Liga appearance with Barcelona in a 3\u20130 home win over Levante, marking the occasion with his 144th league assist and 365th league goal for the club, the latter of which saw him equal Gerd M\u00fcller's record for the most league goals scored for the same club in one of Europe's top five divisions. A week later, he broke the record, scoring his 366th La Liga goal from a free kick in a 4\u20132 away win against Real Sociedad. On 4 March, he scored his 600th senior career goal from a free kick in a 1\u20130 home win over Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, in La Liga. On 14 March, Messi scored his 99th and 100th Champions League goals in a 3\u20130 home win over"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Chelsea, becoming only the second player after Cristiano Ronaldo to reach this landmark, in fewer appearances, at a younger age and having taken fewer shots than his Portuguese counterpart. His opening goal, which came after only two minutes and eight seconds, was also the fastest of his career, as Barcelona advanced to the quarter-finals of the competition for the eleventh consecutive season. On 7 April, he scored a hat-trick in a 3\u20131 win over Legan\u00e9s including his sixth goal scored from a free-kick for the season, matching the record set by former teammate Ronaldinho. He once again finished the season as the top scorer in La Liga, with 34 goals, which also saw him win his fifth Golden Shoe award. On 21 April, Messi scored Barcelona's second goal \u2013 his 40th of the season \u2013 in a 5\u20130 win over Sevilla in the 2018 Copa del Rey Final, later also setting up Su\u00e1rez's second goal; this was Barcelona's fourth consecutive title and their 30th overall. On 29 April, Messi scored a hat-trick in a 4\u20132 away win over Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a, which saw Barcelona claim their 25th league title. On 9 May, Messi scored as Barcelona defeated"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Villarreal 5\u20131 to set the longest unbeaten streak (43 games) in La Liga history.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2018\u201319: Captaincy, 10th La Liga title, and a record sixth Golden Boot. With the departure of former captain Andr\u00e9s Iniesta in May 2018, Messi was named the team's new captain for the following season. On 12 August, he lifted his first title as Barcelona's captain, the Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a, following a 2\u20131 victory over Sevilla. On 19 August, Messi scored twice in helping Barcelona defeat Alav\u00e9s 3\u20130 in their first La Liga match of the season, with his first goal, a free kick that he rolled under the jumping Alav\u00e9s wall, making history in being Barcelona's 6000th goal in La Liga. On 18 September, Messi scored a hat-trick in a 4\u20130 home win over PSV Eindhoven in Barcelona's opening Champions League group stage match of the season, setting a new record for most hat-tricks in the competition, with eight. On 20 October, Messi scored in a 4\u20132 home win over Sevilla, but was later forced off in the 26th minute after falling awkwardly and injuring"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " his right arm; tests later confirmed that he had fractured his radial bone, ruling him out for approximately three weeks. On 8 December, Messi scored two free kicks \u2013 his ninth and tenth goals from set pieces during the calendar year \u2013 in a 4\u20130 away win over \"Derbi barcelon\u00ed\" rivals Espanyol in La Liga; this was the first time ever that he had managed such a feat in the league. His first goal was also his 10th league goal of the season, making him the first player ever to reach double figures in La Liga for 13 consecutive seasons. On 13 January 2019, Messi scored his 400th La Liga goal in his 435th league appearance in a 3\u20130 home win over Eibar, becoming the first player ever to manage this tally in just one of Europe's top five leagues. On 2 February, Messi scored twice in a 2\u20132 draw against Valencia, with his first goal coming from the penalty spot, his 50th La Liga penalty goal; as such, he became only the third player in La Liga history after Cristiano Ronaldo and Hugo S\u00e1nchez to score 50 penalties in the competition. Later that month, the club admitted they had begun preparations for Messi's future retirement. On 23 February, Messi"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " scored the 50th hat-trick of his career and also provided an assist for Su\u00e1rez, as he helped Barcelona come from behind to achieve a 4\u20132 away victory over Sevilla in La Liga; the goal was also his 650th career goal for club and country at senior level. On 16 April, Messi scored twice in a 3\u20130 home victory over Manchester United in the second leg of the Champions League quarter-finals to give Barcelona a 4\u20130 aggregate win, which saw Barcelona progress to the semi-finals of the competition for the first time since 2015; these were also his first goals in the Champions League quarter-finals since 2013. On 27 April, Messi came off the bench and scored the only goal in a 1\u20130 home win over Levante, which allowed Barcelona to clinch the league title; this was his 450th La Liga appearance, and his first league title as Barcelona's captain. On 1 May, Messi scored twice in a 3\u20130 home win over Liverpool in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals; his second goal of the match, a 35-yard free kick, was the 600th senior club goal of his career, all of which had been scored with Barcelona. In the return leg six days later at"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Anfield, Barcelona suffered a 4\u20130 away defeat, which saw Liverpool advance to the final 4\u20133 on aggregate. On 19 May, in Barcelona's final La Liga match of the season, Messi scored twice in a 2\u20132 away draw against Eibar (his 49th and 50th goals of the season in all competitions), which saw him capture his sixth Pichichi Trophy as the league's top scorer, with 36 goals in 34 appearances; with six titles, he equalled Zarra as the player with the most top-scorer awards in La Liga. He also captured his sixth Golden Shoe award, and a record third consecutive award since the 2016\u201317 season. On 25 May, Messi scored his final goal of the season in a 2\u20131 defeat to Valencia in the 2019 Copa del Rey Final.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2019\u201320: Record sixth Ballon d'Or. On 5 August 2019, it was announced that Messi would miss Barcelona's US tour after sustaining a right calf injury. On 19 August, Messi's chipped goal from the edge of the box against Real Betis was nominated for the 2019 FIFA Pusk\u00e1s Award. Later that month, he suffered another setback following the return of his calf injury"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ", which ruled him out of the opening game of the season; as a result, he was sidelined indefinitely, and was only expected to return to action with Barcelona after the September international break. On 2 September, Messi was shortlisted as one of the three finalists for both the 2019 FIFA Pusk\u00e1s Award and the 2019 Best FIFA Men's Player Award, with Messi winning the latter on 23 September. Messi made his first appearance of the season on 17 September, and on 6 October he scored his first goal of the season with a free kick in a 4\u20130 home win over Sevilla; this was his 420th goal in La Liga, which saw him break Cristiano Ronaldo's record of 419 goals scored in Europe's top five leagues. On 23 October, Messi scored his first Champions League goal of the season in a 2\u20131 away win over Slavia Prague, becoming the first player to score in 15 consecutive Champions League seasons (excluding qualifying rounds). He also equalled Ra\u00fal and Cristiano Ronaldo's shared record of the most sides scored against in the competition (33). On 29 October, Messi scored in a 5\u20131 home win over Real Valladolid in La Liga; his first goal \u2013 a set piece from 35 yards \u2013 was the 50th free"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "-kick of his career. His goals (608) also saw him overtake Cristiano Ronaldo's senior goal tally (606) at club level. On 9 November, Messi scored three goals (including two free kicks) in a 4\u20131 home win against Celta Vigo. This was his 34th hat-trick in La Liga, equalling Cristiano Ronaldo's Spanish top-flight record. On 27 November, in what was his 700th appearance for Barcelona, Messi scored one goal and assisted two more in a 3\u20131 home win over Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League. Dortmund were the 34th team he had scored against in the competition, breaking the previous record of 33 held by Cristiano Ronaldo and Ra\u00fal. On 2 December, Messi was awarded a record-breaking sixth Ballon d'Or. On 8 December, Messi scored his record-breaking 35th hat-trick in La Liga with three goals in Barcelona's 5\u20132 home win over Mallorca. On 22 February 2020, Messi scored four goals in a 5\u20130 home win over Eibar in La Liga. On 14 June, he scored in a 4\u20130 away win against Mallorca, becoming the first player ever in La Liga to score 20"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " goals or more in 12 consecutive seasons. On 30 June, he scored a panenka in a 2\u20132 home draw against Atl\u00e9tico Madrid in La Liga, to reach his 700th goal in his senior career for Barcelona and Argentina. On 11 July, Messi provided his 20th assist of the league season for Arturo Vidal in a 1\u20130 away win over Real Valladolid, equalling Xavi's record of 20 assists in a single La Liga season from 2008 to 2009; with 22 goals, he also became only the second player ever, after Thierry Henry in the 2002\u201303 FA Premier League season with Arsenal (24 goals and 20 assists), to record at least 20 goals and 20 assists in a single league season in one of Europe's top-five leagues. Following his brace in a 5\u20130 away win against Alav\u00e9s in the final match of the season on 20 May, Messi finished the season as both the top scorer and top assist provider in La Liga, with 25 goals and 21 assists respectively, which saw him win his record seventh Pichichi trophy, overtaking Zarra; however, Barcelona missed out on the league title to Real Madrid. On 9 August, in the Champions League round of 16 second leg versus Nap"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "oli at the Camp Nou, Messi scored the second goal and earned a penalty which led to a third goal and led his side to a 3\u20131 home victory and qualified 4\u20132 on aggregate for the quarter-finals against Bayern Munich. On 15 August, Messi suffered his worst defeat as a player as Bayern Munich beat Barcelona 8\u20132 in a one-off tie in Lisbon, leading to another disappointing exit from the Champions League.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:August 2020: Desire to leave Barcelona. Following growing dissatisfaction with the direction of Barcelona on and off the field, Barcelona announced that Messi sent the club \"a document expressing his desire to leave\" on 25 August 2020. The announcement garnered a significant media response, including from current and former teammates (who supported Messi's statement) and Catalan president Quim Torra. On 26 August, Barcelona's sporting director Ramon Planes iterated the club's desire to \"build a team around the most important player in the world\" and affirmed Messi will only be able to leave should a buyer pay his \u20ac700\u00a0million buyout clause; a reported early termination option available in Messi's contract (which would have allowed him to leave the club for free) could only be exercised if he had communicated his decision to Barcelona by"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " 31 May 2020, although the player's representatives argued the deadline should be set to 31 August, due to the adjourned 2019\u201320 season. On 30 August, La Liga issued a statement stating Messi's contract and buyout clause were still active. On 4 September, Jorge Messi, Lionel's father and agent, released a statement in response to La Liga claiming the release clause \"is not valid when the termination of the contract is by the player's unilateral decision from the end of the 2019\u201320 season\", as stated in Messi's contract with Barcelona; moments later, La Liga issued a response reiterating their statement published on 30 August. Later that evening, Messi announced in an interview with Goal that he would continue at Barcelona for the final year of his contract. In the interview, Messi claimed to have informed Barcelona of his desire to leave multiple times, and club president Josep Maria Bartomeu said Messi could decide at the end of every season if he wanted to stay or leave, only for Bartomeu to refer to the release clause. This left Messi with two options: to stay or go to court against the club, with the player saying \"I would never go to court against the club of my life\".</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2020\u201321"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ": Final season at Barcelona. On 27 September, Messi began the 2020\u201321 season by scoring a penalty in a 4\u20130 home win against Villarreal in La Liga. Two days prior to the opening game, he again criticised the club, this time for the manner of Luis Su\u00e1rez's departure, stating, \"at this stage nothing surprises me any more\". On 20 October, Messi scored a penalty in a 5\u20131 home victory against Ferencv\u00e1ros in the Champions League, becoming the first player in history to score in sixteen consecutive Champions League seasons. On 25 November, Messi was nominated for the 2020 Best FIFA Men's Player award, and was later shortlisted as one of the final three candidates. On 29 November, Messi scored his side's fourth goal in their 4\u20130 victory over Osasuna. After scoring, he unveiled a shirt of his former side Newell's Old Boys, in tribute to Argentine compatriot Diego Maradona, who had died four days earlier, and raised both hands to the screen showing Maradona's face in the stadium. The shirt was a number 10 replica of the same one Maradona had worn during his stint with the club in 1993. On 17 December, Messi finished third in The Best"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " FIFA Men's Player award behind Robert Lewandowski and Cristiano Ronaldo, and was included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI for the fourteenth consecutive year. On 23 December, Messi scored his 644th goal for Barcelona against Real Valladolid in La Liga, surpassing Pel\u00e9 with Santos as the player with the most goals scored for a single club. In order to celebrate his achievement, Budweiser sent personalised bottles of beer to every goalkeeper whom Messi has scored against. On 17 January 2021, Messi was sent off for the first time in his club career for violent conduct (swinging an arm at the head of Asier Villalibre, missed initially by the referee but reviewed via VAR) in the final minutes of Barcelona's 2\u20133 extra time defeat to Athletic Bilbao in the 2020\u201321 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a Final. On 10 March, Messi scored from 35 yards out and later had a penalty saved in a 1\u20131 draw against Paris Saint-Germain at the Parc des Princes in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16 as Barcelona were eliminated at this stage for the first time in 14 years by an aggregate score of 2\u20135 after having lost 1\u20134 at home on 16"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " February, with Messi scoring Barcelona's only goal in that game. On 15 March, Messi scored two goals in a 4\u20131 win against Huesca, and became the first player in history to score at least 20 goals in 13 consecutive seasons in the top five European leagues. On 21 March, he surpassed Xavi's record to reach a club record of 768 appearances, in which he also scored a brace in a 6\u20131 away win against Real Sociedad. On 17 April, Messi scored twice as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 4\u20130 in the 2021 Copa del Rey Final. With his second goal, he broke Gerd M\u00fcller's record of 30 plus goals in 12 consecutive club seasons, setting a new record of 13. With his 35th trophy with Barcelona, Messi also overtook former Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs as the most decorated footballer for a single club. On 16 May, Messi scored his 30th league goal of the campaign in a 1\u20132 home defeat against Celta Vigo, which later turned out to be his final goal and match in a Barcelona shirt. The top goalscorer in La Liga, Messi received the Pichichi trophy for a record eighth time in his career. It was also his record fifth consecutive win"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " in La Liga, surpassing Alfredo Di St\u00e9fano and Hugo S\u00e1nchez who both had four for Real Madrid. On 1 July, Messi became a free agent after his contract expired, with negotiations on a new deal complicated due to financial issues at Barcelona. On 5 August, Barcelona announced that Messi would not be staying at the club, even though both parties reached an agreement and were due to sign a contract that day. The club cited financial and structural obstacles posed by La Liga regulations as a reason for Messi's departure. Club president Joan Laporta also blamed the previous board for Messi's exit by saying \"the basis of everything is the calamitous and disastrous situation left by the previous board\", he added by saying \"the expected debt is much higher and we had some sports contracts in place that meant we had no margin on salary\". Three days later, in a tearful press conference held at the Camp Nou, Messi confirmed that he would be leaving Barcelona.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain.:2021\u201322: First season adjustments. On 10 August, Messi joined French club Paris Saint-Germain. He signed a two-year deal until June 2023 with"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " an option for an extra year. Messi chose 30 as his squad number, the same he wore as a teenager when he made his senior debut for Barcelona. Messi made his debut for the club on 29 August, coming on as a substitute in the second half of a 2\u20130 away win over Reims in Ligue 1. He made his first start and Champions League debut for the club in a 1\u20131 away draw against Club Brugge on 15 September. Four days later, Messi made his home debut for PSG in a 2\u20131 win over Lyon. On 28 September, he scored his first goal for the club, a strike from the edge of the 18-yard box in a 2\u20130 Champions League group stage win over Pep Guardiola's Manchester City. On 21 November, Messi scored his first Ligue 1 goal in a 3\u20131 home victory over Nantes. Later that month, he provided a hat-trick of assists for the fifth time in his career as PSG beat Saint-\u00c9tienne 3\u20131 away from home. Having scored 40 goals at club and international level for the calendar year and helped Argentina win the 2021 Copa Am\u00e9rica, Messi received a record seventh Ballon d'Or on 29 November. On 2"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " January 2022, PSG announced that Messi had tested positive for COVID-19, missing two league games and a cup game as a result. He made his return against on 23 January in the league against Reims where he came on as a substitute in the second half and assisted PSG's third goal in a 4\u20130 home victory. On 13 March, following their Champions League elimination against Real Madrid in the round of 16, Messi and his team-mate Neymar were booed by some of the PSG fans at the Parc des Princes in the league match against Bordeaux. Then-PSG manager Mauricio Pochettino defended Messi by saying \"To judge Messi in this way is unfair,\" adding \"It was a year of learning, and not just on a professional level coming to Paris Saint-Germain, in a new league and with new teammates, but also on a family level.\" On 23 April, he helped PSG clinch their 10th Ligue 1 title after scoring from a strike outside the 18-yard box in a 1\u20131 draw against Lens at home. Messi finished his debut season with 11 goals and 14 assists across all competitions. He failed to reach double figure league goals for the first time since 2005\u201306,"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " ending the campaign with six.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain.:2022\u201323: Regaining form. After adjusting to his new surroundings and settling in Paris, under new coach Christophe Galtier, Messi returned to his preferred free attacking role; being placed in his favoured position as the playmaker behind two strikers, in a attacking trident with Neymar and Kylian Mbapp\u00e9, quickly regaining his form from his previous season by starting off the new season on 31 July by scoring PSG's first goal in a 4\u20130 victory over Nantes in the Troph\u00e9e des Champions, winning his second trophy with PSG. Due to his previous form last season, Messi was not nominated for the Ballon d'Or award for the first time since 2005. On 21 August, Messi provided a long-range assist for Mbapp\u00e9, clocked at eight seconds, for Ligue 1's second-fastest goal ever scored, before also scoring a goal in 7\u20131 away win over Lille. The following matches, after registering six goal contributions, including one goal and five assists, Messi was named Ligue 1's Player of the Month in September. On 5 October, he scored in a 1\u20131 draw away"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " to Benfica in the Champions League, becoming the only player in the competition's history to score against 40 different Champions League opponents. On 25 October, he scored twice in a 7\u20132 Champions League win at home to Maccabi Haifa, setting the record for the most goals scored from outside the 18-yard box than any other player in the competition, with 23 goals. Four days later, Messi scored and provided an assist as PSG won 4\u20133 against Troyes to remain top of the Ligue 1 table. The goal was his seventh of the league season and his twelfth overall, surpassing his total output of the prior season in just 18 matches. On 26 February, PSG defeated Marseille 3\u20130 in Le Classique, with Messi scoring his 700th senior career club goal as well as assisting two goals for Mbapp\u00e9. On 11 March, PSG defeated Brest 2\u20131, with Messi setting up a last-minute winner for Mbapp\u00e9, registering his 300th career assist.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:2004\u20132005: Success at youth level. As a dual Argentine-Spanish national, Messi was eligible to play for the national team of both countries. Selectors for Spain's Under-"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "17 squad began pursuing him in 2003 after Barcelona's director of football, Carles Rexach, alerted the Royal Spanish Football Federation to their young player. Messi declined the offer, having aspired to represent \"La Albiceleste\" since childhood. To further prevent Spain from taking him, the Argentine Football Association organised two under-20 friendlies in June 2004, against Paraguay and Uruguay, with the purpose of finalising his status as an Argentina player in FIFA. Five days after his 17th birthday, on 29 June, he made his debut for his country against Paraguay, scoring once and providing two assists in their 8\u20130 victory. He was subsequently included in the squad for the South American Youth Championship, held in Colombia in February 2005. As he lacked the stamina of his teammates, the result of his former growth hormone deficiency, he was used as a substitute in six of the nine games. After being named man of the match against Venezuela, he scored the winning 2\u20131 goal in the crucial last match against Brazil, thereby securing their third-place qualification for the FIFA World Youth Championship. Aware of his physical limitations, Messi employed a personal trainer to increase his muscle mass, returning to the squad in an improved condition in time for the World Youth Championship, hosted"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " by the Netherlands in June. After he was left out of the starting line-up in their first match against the United States, a 1\u20130 defeat, the squad's senior players asked manager Francisco Ferraro to let Messi start, as they considered him their best player. After helping the team defeat Egypt and Germany to progress past the group stage, Messi proved decisive in the knockout phase as he scored their equaliser against Colombia, provided a goal and an assist against title favourites Spain, and scored their opening goal against reigning champions Brazil. Ahead of the final, he was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament. He scored two penalties in their 2\u20131 victory over Nigeria, clinching Argentina's fifth championship and finishing the tournament as top scorer with 6 goals. His performances drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona, who had led Argentina to the title in 1979.</s><s>International career.:2005\u20132006: Senior and World Cup debuts. In recognition of his achievements with the under-20 side, senior manager Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9kerman gave Messi his first call-up for a friendly against Hungary on 17 August 2005. Aged 18, Messi made his senior debut for Argentina in the Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s Stadium when he came on in the"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " 63rd minute, only to be sent off after two minutes for a perceived foul against Vilmos Vancz\u00e1k, who had grabbed his shirt; Messi had struck the defender with his arm while trying to shake him off, which the referee interpreted as an intentional elbowing, a contentious decision. Messi was reportedly found weeping in the dressing room after his sending-off. He returned to the team on 3 September in their World Cup qualifier defeat to Paraguay, which he had declared his \"re-debut\" ahead of the match. Messi started his first game in the next qualifying match against Peru, in which he was able to win a crucial penalty that secured their victory. After the match, P\u00e9kerman described him as \"a jewel\". He subsequently made regular appearances for the team ahead of Argentina's participation in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, scoring his first goal in a friendly against Croatia on 1 March 2006. A hamstring injury sustained a week later jeopardised his presence in the World Cup, but he was nevertheless selected for P\u00e9kerman's squad and regained fitness in time for the start of the tournament. During the World Cup in Germany, Messi witnessed their opening match victory against the Ivory Coast from the substitutes' bench. In the next match, against"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Serbia and Montenegro, he became the youngest player to represent Argentina at a FIFA World Cup when he came on as a substitute in the 74th minute. He assisted their fourth strike within minutes and scored the final goal in their 6\u20130 victory, making him the youngest scorer in the tournament and the sixth-youngest goalscorer in the history of the World Cup. As their progression to the knockout phase was secured, several starters were rested during the last group match. Messi consequently started the game against the Netherlands, a 0\u20130 draw, as they won their group on goal differential. In the round of 16 match against Mexico, played on his 19th birthday, Messi came on in the 84th minute, with the score tied at 1\u20131. He appeared to score a goal, but it was contentiously ruled offside, with the team needing a late goal in extra time to proceed. He did not play in the quarter-final against Germany, during which Argentina were eliminated 4\u20132 in a penalty shootout. Back home, P\u00e9kerman's decision to leave him on the bench against Germany led to widespread criticism from those who believed Messi could have changed the outcome of the match in Argentina's favour.</s><s>International career.:2007\u20132008: Cop"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "a Am\u00e9rica final and Olympic gold. As Messi evolved into one of the best players in the world, he secured a place in Alfio Basile's starting line-up, as part of a team considered favourites to win the 2007 Copa Am\u00e9rica, held in Venezuela. He set up the game-winning goal of their 4\u20131 victory over the United States in the opening match, before winning a penalty that led to the game-tying first strike of their 4\u20132 win in the next match against Colombia. At the quarter-final stage, where the group winners faced Peru, he scored the second goal of a 4\u20130 victory that saw them through to the semi-final, during which he chipped the ball over Mexico's goalkeeper to ensure another 3\u20130 win. In a surprise defeat, Argentina lost the final 3\u20130 to a Brazil squad that lacked several of the nation's best players. Their unexpected loss was followed by much criticism in Argentina, though Messi was mostly exempt due to his young age and secondary status to star player Juan Rom\u00e1n Riquelme. He was named the best young player of the tournament by CONMEBOL. Ahead of the 2008 Summer Olympics, Barcelona legally barred Messi from representing Argentina at the tournament"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " as it coincided with their Champions League qualifying matches. After interference from newly appointed Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola, who had won the tournament in 1992, Messi was permitted to join Sergio Batista's under-23 squad in Beijing. During the first match, he scored the opening goal in their 2\u20131 victory over the Ivory Coast. Following a 1\u20130 win in the next group match against Australia, ensuring their quarter-final qualification, Messi was rested during the game against Serbia, while his side won the match to finish first in their group. Against the Netherlands, he again scored the first goal and assisted a second strike to help his team to a 2\u20131 win in extra time. After a 3\u20130 semi-final victory over Brazil, Messi assisted the only goal in the final as Argentina defeated Nigeria to claim Olympic gold medals. Along with Riquelme, Messi was singled out by FIFA as the stand-out player from the tournament's best team.</s><s>International career.:2008\u20132011: Collective decline. From late 2008, the national team experienced a three-year period marked by poor performances. Under manager Diego Maradona, who had led Argentina to World Cup victory as a player, the team struggled to qualify for the 2010 World Cup, securing their place"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " in the tournament only after defeating Uruguay 1\u20130 in their last qualifying match. Maradona was criticised for his strategic decisions, which included playing Messi out of his usual position. In eight qualifying matches under Maradona's stewardship, Messi scored only one goal, netting the opening goal in the first such match, a 4\u20130 victory over Venezuela. During that game, played on 28 March 2009, he wore Argentina's number 10 shirt for the first time, following the international retirement of Riquelme. Overall, Messi scored four goals in 18 appearances during the qualifying process. Ahead of the tournament, Maradona visited Messi in Barcelona to request his tactical input; Messi then outlined a 4\u20133\u20131\u20132 formation with himself playing behind the two strikers, a playmaking position known as the \"enganche\" in Argentine football, which had been his preferred position since childhood. Despite their poor qualifying campaign, Argentina were considered title contenders at the World Cup in South Africa. At the start of the tournament, the new formation proved effective; Messi managed at least four attempts on goal during their opening match but was repeatedly denied by Nigeria's goalkeeper, resulting in a 1\u20130 win. During the next match, against South Korea, he excelled in"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " his playmaking role, participating in all four goals of his side's 4\u20131 victory. As their place in the knockout phase was guaranteed, most of the starters were rested during the last group match, but Messi reportedly refused to be benched. He wore the captain's armband for the first time in their 2\u20130 win against Greece; as the focal point of their play, he helped create their second goal to see Argentina finish as group winners. Argentina were eliminated in the quarter-final against Germany, at the same stage of the tournament and by the same opponent as four years earlier. Their 4\u20130 loss was their worst margin of defeat at a World Cup since 1974. FIFA subsequently identified Messi as one of the tournament's 10 best players, citing his \"outstanding\" pace and creativity and \"spectacular and efficient\" dribbling, shooting and passing. Back home, however, Messi was the subject of harsher judgement. As the perceived best player in the world, he had been expected to lead an average team to the title, as Maradona arguably did in 1986, but he had failed to replicate his performances at Barcelona with the national team, leading to the accusation that he cared less about his country than his club. Maradona was replaced by"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Sergio Batista, who had orchestrated Argentina's Olympic victory. Batista publicly stated that he intended to build the team around Messi, employing him as a false nine within a 4\u20133\u20133 system, as used to much success by Barcelona. Although Messi scored a record 53 goals during the 2010\u201311 club season, he had not scored for Argentina in an official match since March 2009. Despite the tactical change, his goal drought continued during the 2011 Copa Am\u00e9rica, hosted by Argentina. Their first two matches, against Bolivia and Colombia, ended in draws. Media and fans noted that he did not combine well with striker Carlos Tevez, who enjoyed greater popularity among the Argentine public; Messi was consequently booed by his own team's supporters for the first time in his career. During the crucial next match, with Tevez on the bench, he gave a well-received performance, assisting two goals in their 3\u20130 victory over Costa Rica. After the quarter-final against Uruguay ended in a 1\u20131 draw following extra time, with Messi having assisted their equaliser, Argentina were eliminated 4\u20135 in the penalty shootout by the eventual champions.</s><s>International career.:2011\u20132013: Assuming the captaincy. After Argentina's unsuccessful performance in the Copa"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Am\u00e9rica, Batista was replaced by Alejandro Sabella. Upon his appointment in August 2011, Sabella awarded the 24-year-old Messi the captaincy of the squad, in accord with then-captain Javier Mascherano. Reserved by nature, Messi went on to lead his squad by example as their best player, while Mascherano continued to fulfil the role of the team's on-field leader and motivator. In a further redesign of the team, Sabella dismissed Tevez and brought in players with whom Messi had won the World Youth Championship and Olympic Games. Now playing in a free role in an improving team, Messi ended his goal drought by scoring during their first World Cup qualifying match against Chile on 7 October, his first official goal for Argentina in two-and-a-half years. Under Sabella, Messi's goalscoring rate drastically increased; where he had scored only 17 goals in 61 matches under his previous managers, he scored 25 times in 32 appearances during the following three years. He netted a total of 12 goals in 9 games for Argentina in 2012, equalling the record held by Gabriel Batistuta for the most goals scored in a calendar year for their country. His first international hat-trick came in a friendly"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " against Switzerland on 29 February 2012, followed by two more hat-tricks over the next year-and-a-half in friendlies against Brazil and Guatemala. Messi then helped the team secure their place in the 2014 World Cup with a 5\u20132 victory over Paraguay on 10 September 2013 when he scored twice from penalty kicks, taking his international tally to 37 goals to become Argentina's second-highest goalscorer behind Batistuta. Overall, he had scored a total of 10 goals in 14 matches during the qualifying campaign. Concurrently with his bettered performances, his relationship with his compatriots improved, as he gradually began to be perceived more favourably in Argentina.</s><s>International career.:2014\u20132015: World Cup and Copa Am\u00e9rica finals. Ahead of the World Cup in Brazil, doubts persisted over Messi's form, as he finished an unsuccessful and injury-plagued season with Barcelona. At the start of the tournament, however, he gave strong performances, being elected man of the match in their first four matches. In his first World Cup match as captain, he led them to a 2\u20131 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina; he helped create Sead Kola\u0161inac's own goal and scored their second strike"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " after a dribble past three players, his first World Cup goal since his debut in the tournament eight years earlier. During the second match against Iran, he scored an injury-time goal from out to end the game in a 1\u20130 win, securing their qualification for the knockout phase. He scored twice in the last group match, a 3\u20132 victory over Nigeria, his second goal coming from a free kick, as they finished first in their group. Messi assisted a late goal in extra time to ensure a 1\u20130 win against Switzerland in the round of 16, and played in the 1\u20130 quarter-final win against Belgium as Argentina progressed to the semi-final of the World Cup for the first time since 1990. Following a 0\u20130 draw in extra time, they eliminated the Netherlands 4\u20132 in a penalty shootout to reach the final, with Messi scoring his team's first penalty. Billed as Messi versus Germany, the world's best player against the best team, the final was a repeat of the 1990 final featuring Diego Maradona. Within the first half-hour, Messi had started the play that led to a goal, but it was ruled offside. He missed several opportunities to open the scoring throughout the match, in particular at the start"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " of the second half when his breakaway effort went wide of the far post. Substitute Mario G\u00f6tze finally scored in the 113th minute, followed in the last minute of extra time by a free kick that Messi sent over the net, as Germany won the match 1\u20130 to claim the World Cup. At the conclusion of the final, Messi was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament. In addition to being the joint third-highest goalscorer, with four goals and an assist, he created the most chances, completed the most dribbling runs, made the most deliveries into the penalty area and produced the most throughballs in the competition. However, his selection drew criticism due to his lack of goals in the knockout round; FIFA President Sepp Blatter expressed his surprise, while Maradona suggested that Messi had undeservedly been chosen for marketing purposes. Another final appearance, the third of Messi's senior international career, followed in the 2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica, held in Chile. Under the stewardship of former Barcelona manager Gerardo Martino, Argentina entered the tournament as title contenders due to their second-place achievement at the World Cup. During the opening match against Paraguay, they were ahead two goals by half-time but"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " lost their lead to end the match in a 2\u20132 draw; Messi had scored from a penalty kick, netting his only goal in the tournament. Following a 1\u20130 win against defending champions Uruguay, Messi earned his 100th cap for his country in the final group match, a 1\u20130 win over Jamaica, becoming only the fifth Argentine to achieve this milestone. In his 100 appearances, he had scored a total of 46 goals for Argentina, 22 of which came in official competitive matches. As Messi evolved from the team's symbolic captain into a genuine leader, he led Argentina to the knockout stage as group winners. In the quarter-final, they created numerous chances, including a rebound header by Messi, but were repeatedly denied by Colombia's goalkeeper, and ultimately ended the match scoreless, leading to a 5\u20134 penalty shootout in their favour, with Messi netting his team's first spot kick. At the semi-final stage, Messi excelled as a playmaker as he provided three assists and helped create three more goals in his side's 6\u20131 victory over Paraguay, receiving applause from the initially hostile crowd. Argentina started the final as the odds-on title favourites, but were defeated by Chile 4\u20131 in a penalty shootout after a 0\u2013"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "0 extra-time draw. Faced with aggression from opposing players, including taking a boot to the midriff, Messi played below his standards, though he was the only Argentine to successfully convert his penalty. At the close of the tournament, he was reportedly selected to receive the Most Valuable Player award but rejected the honour. As Argentina continued a trophy drought that began in 1993, the World Cup and Copa Am\u00e9rica defeats again brought intense criticism for Messi from Argentine media and fans.</s><s>International career.:2016\u20132017: Third Copa Am\u00e9rica final, retirement, and return. Messi's place in Argentina's Copa Am\u00e9rica Centenario squad was initially put in jeopardy when he sustained a back injury in a 1\u20130 friendly win over Honduras in a pre-Copa Am\u00e9rica warm-up match on 27 May 2016. It was later reported that he had suffered a deep bruise in his lumbar region. He was later left on the bench in Argentina's 2\u20131 opening win over defending champions Chile on 6 June due to concerns regarding his fitness. Although Messi was declared match-fit for his nation's second group match against Panama on 10 June, Martino left him on the bench once again; he replaced Augusto Fern"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "\u00e1ndez in the 61st minute and subsequently scored a hat-trick in 19 minutes, also starting the play which led to Sergio Ag\u00fcero's goal, as the match ended in a 5\u20130 victory, sealing Argentina's place in the quarter-finals of the competition; he was elected man of the match for his performance. On 18 June, in the quarter-final of the Copa Am\u00e9rica against Venezuela, Messi produced another man of the match performance, assisting two goals and scoring another in a 4\u20131 victory, which enabled him to equal Gabriel Batistuta's national record of 54 goals in official international matches. This record was broken three days later when Messi scored a free kick in a 4\u20130 semi-final win against hosts the United States; he also assisted two goals during the match as Argentina sealed a place in the final of the competition for a second consecutive year, and was named man of the match once again. During a repeat of the previous year's final on 26 June, Argentina once again lost to Chile on penalties after a 0\u20130 deadlock, resulting in Messi's third consecutive defeat in a major tournament final with Argentina, and his fourth overall. After the match, Messi, who had missed his penalty in the shootout"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ", announced his retirement from international football. He stated, \"I tried my hardest. The team has ended for me, a decision made.\" Chile coach Juan Antonio Pizzi said after the match, \"My generation can't compare him to Maradona that's for my generation, because of what Maradona did for Argentine football. But I think the best player ever played today here in the United States.\" Messi finished the tournament as the second highest scorer, behind Eduardo Vargas, with five goals, and was the highest assist provider with four assists, also winning more Man of the Match awards than any other player in the tournament (3); he was named to the team of the tournament for his performances, but missed out on the Golden Ball Award for best player, which went to Alexis S\u00e1nchez. Following his announcement, a campaign began in Argentina for Messi to change his mind about retiring. He was greeted by fans with signs like \"Don't go, Leo\" when the team landed in Buenos Aires. President of Argentina Mauricio Macri urged Messi not to quit, stating, \"We are lucky, it is one of life's pleasures, it is a gift from God to have the best player in the world in a footballing country like ours..."}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Lionel Messi is the greatest thing we have in Argentina and we must take care of him.\" Mayor of Buenos Aires Horacio Rodr\u00edguez Larreta unveiled a statue of Messi in the capital to convince him to reconsider retirement. The campaign also continued in the streets and avenues of the Argentine capital, with about 50,000 supporters going to the Obelisco de Buenos Aires on 2 July, using the same slogan. Just a week after Messi announced his international retirement, Argentine newspaper \"La Naci\u00f3n\" reported that he was reconsidering playing for Argentina at the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in September. On 12 August, it was confirmed that Messi had reversed his decision to retire from international football, and he was included in the squad for the national team's upcoming 2018 World Cup qualifiers. On 1 September, in his first game back, he scored in a 1\u20130 home win over Uruguay in a 2018 World Cup qualifier. On 28 March 2017, Messi was suspended for four international games for insulting an assistant referee in a game against Chile on 23 March 2017. He was also fined CHF 10,000. On 5 May, Messi's four match ban as well as his 10,000 CHF fine was lifted by FIFA after Argentina Football Association appealed against his suspension,"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " which meant he could now play Argentina's remaining World Cup Qualifiers. Argentina's place in the 2018 World Cup was in jeopardy going into their final qualifying match as they were sixth in their group, outside the five possible CONMEBOL World Cup qualifying spots, meaning they risked failing to qualify for the World Cup for the first time since 1970. On 10 October, Messi led his country to World Cup qualification in scoring a hat-trick as Argentina came from behind to defeat Ecuador 3\u20131 away; Argentina had not defeated Ecuador in Quito since 2001. Messi's three goals saw him become the joint all-time leading scorer in CONMEBOL World Cup qualifiers with 21 goals, alongside Uruguay's Luis Su\u00e1rez, overtaking the previous record which was held by compatriot Hern\u00e1n Crespo.</s><s>International career.:2018: World Cup. Following on from their poor qualification campaign, expectations were not high going into the 2018 World Cup, with the team, without an injured Messi, losing 6\u20131 to Spain in March 2018. Prior to Argentina's opener, there was speculation in the media over whether this would be Messi's final World Cup. In the team's opening group match against Iceland on 16 June, Messi missed a potential match-winning penalty"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " in an eventual 1\u20131 draw. In Argentina's second game on 21 June, the team lost 3\u20130 to Croatia. Post-match the Argentina coach Jorge Sampaoli spoke of the lack of quality in the team surrounding Messi, saying \"we quite simply couldn't pass to him to help him generate the situations he is used to. We worked to give him the ball but the opponent also worked hard to prevent him from getting the ball. We lost that battle\". Croatia captain and midfielder Luka Modri\u0107 also stated post match, \"Messi is an incredible player but he can't do everything alone.\" In Argentina's final group match against Nigeria at the Krestovsky Stadium, Saint Petersburg on 26 June, Messi scored the opening goal in an eventual 2\u20131 victory, becoming the third Argentine after Diego Maradona and Gabriel Batistuta to score in three different World Cups; he also became the first player to score in the World Cup in his teens, twenties, and his thirties. A goal of the tournament contender, Messi received a long pass from midfield and controlled the ball on the run with two touches before striking it across goal into the net with his weaker right foot. He was awarded Man of the Match. Argentina progressed to the second round"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " as group runners-up behind Croatia. In the round of 16 match against eventual champions France on 30 June, Messi set up Gabriel Mercado's and Sergio Ag\u00fcero's goals in a 3\u20134 defeat, which saw Argentina eliminated from the World Cup. With his two assists in his team's second round fixture, Messi became the first player to provide an assist in the last four World Cups, and also became the first player to provide two assists in a match for Argentina since Maradona had managed the same feat against South Korea in 1986. Following the tournament, Messi stated that he would not participate in Argentina's friendlies against Guatemala and Colombia in September, and commented that it would be unlikely that he would represent his nation for the remainder of the calendar year. Messi's absence from the national team and his continued failure to win a title with Argentina prompted speculation in the media that Messi might retire from international football once again. In March 2019, however, he was called up to the Argentina squad once again for the team's friendlies against Venezuela and Morocco later that month. A conversation with Lionel Scaloni and his idol Pablo Aimar made Messi reconsider his decision to retire. He made his international return on 22 March, in a 3\u20131 friendly defeat to Venezuela, in"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Madrid.</s><s>International career.:2019\u20132020: Copa Am\u00e9rica third-place, suspension and Supercl\u00e1sico victory. On 21 May, Messi was included in Lionel Scaloni's final 23-man Argentina squad for the 2019 Copa Am\u00e9rica. In Argentina's second group match of the tournament on 19 June, Messi scored the equalising goal from the penalty spot in a 1\u20131 draw against Paraguay. After coming under criticism in the media over his performance following Argentina's 2\u20130 victory over Venezuela in the quarter-finals at the Maracan\u00e3 Stadium on 28 June, Messi commented that it had not been his best Copa Am\u00e9rica, while also criticising the poor quality of the pitches. Following Argentina's 2\u20130 defeat to hosts Brazil in the semi-finals on 2 July, Messi was critical of the refereeing during the match, and alleged the competition was \"set up\" for Brazil to win. In the third-place match against Chile on 6 July, Messi set-up Ag\u00fcero's opening goal from a free kick in an eventual 2\u20131 win, to help Argentina capture the bronze medal; however, he was sent off along with Gary Medel in the 37th minute of play, after being involved"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " in an altercation with the Chilean defender. Following the match, Messi refused to collect his medal, and implied in a post-match interview that his comments following the semi-final led to his sending off. Messi later issued an apology for his comments, but was fined $1,500 and was handed a one-match ban by CONMEBOL, which ruled him out of Argentina's next World Cup qualifier. On 2 August, Messi was banned for three months from international football and was fined $50,000 by CONMEBOL for his comments against the referee's decisions; this ban meant he would miss Argentina's friendly matches against Chile, Mexico and Germany in September and October. On 15 November, Messi played in the 2019 Supercl\u00e1sico de las Am\u00e9ricas versus Brazil, scoring the winning goal by a rebound of his saved penalty. On 8 October 2020, Messi scored a penalty in a 1\u20130 victory against Ecuador, giving Argentina a winning start to their 2022 World Cup qualifying campaign.</s><s>International career.:2021\u20132022: Copa Am\u00e9rica and World Cup triumphs. On 14 June 2021, Messi scored from a free kick in a 1\u20131 draw against Chile in Argentina's opening group match of the 2021 Copa Am"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "\u00e9rica in Brazil. On 21 June, Messi played in his 147th match as he equalled Javier Mascherano's record for most appearances for Argentina in a 1\u20130 win over Paraguay in their third game of the tournament. A week later, he broke the record for most appearances in an Argentina shirt when he featured in a 4\u20131 win against Bolivia in his team's final group match, assisting Papu G\u00f3mez's opening goal and later scoring two. On 3 July, Messi assisted twice and scored from a free-kick in a 3\u20130 win over Ecuador in the quarter-finals of the competition. On 6 July, in a 1\u20131 draw in the semi-finals against Colombia, Messi made his 150th appearance for his country and registered his fifth assist of the tournament, a cut-back for Lautaro Mart\u00ednez, matching his record of nine goal contributions in a single tournament from five years earlier; he later netted his spot kick in Argentina's eventual 3\u20132 penalty shoot-out victory to progress to his fifth international final. On 10 July, Argentina defeated hosts Brazil 1\u20130 in the final, giving Messi his first major international title and Argentina's first since 1993, as well as his nation's joint record"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " 15th Copa Am\u00e9rica overall. Messi was directly involved in 9 out of the 12 goals scored by Argentina, scoring four and assisting five; he was named the player of the tournament for his performances, an honour he shared with Neymar. He also finished as the tournament's top scorer with four goals tied with Colombia's Luis D\u00edaz, with the Golden Boot awarded to Messi as he had more assists. On 9 September, Messi scored a hat-trick in a 3\u20130 home win over Bolivia in a 2022 World Cup qualifier which also moved him above Pel\u00e9 as South America's top male international scorer with 79 goals. In the 2022 Finalissima, the third edition of the CONMEBOL\u2013UEFA Cup of Champions, at Wembley on 2 June 2022, Messi assisted twice in a 3\u20130 victory against Italy and was named player of the match, securing his second trophy for Argentina at the senior level. Messi then followed this on 6 June with all five Argentina goals in a 5\u20130 victory in a friendly win over Estonia, overtaking Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s among the all-time international men's top scorers. At the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, Messi scored a penalty in Argentina's opening game, a 2\u2013"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "1 defeat to Saudi Arabia, before scoring with a low 20-yard strike in their next match against Mexico in which Argentina won 2\u20130, also recording an assist on Enzo Fern\u00e1ndez's goal. In the last 16 game against Australia, Messi scored the opening goal in Argentina's 2\u20131 win in what was his 1,000th senior career appearance, and became the most-capped male South American (CONMEBOL member) footballer of all time, surpassing the previous record set by Ecuador's Iv\u00e1n Hurtado, as well as surpassing and equalling several other FIFA World Cup and national team records. In the quarter-final against the Netherlands, Messi assisted Argentina's first goal for Nahuel Molina with a reverse pass and then scored a penalty as the game finished 2\u20132 after extra time. Argentina won 4\u20133 in the penalty shootout, with Messi scoring the first penalty. In the semi-final against Croatia, Messi made a record-equalling 25th World Cup finals appearance, drawing level with Germany's Lothar Matth\u00e4us, and scored the opening goal with a penalty before he assisted Argentina's third goal scored by Juli\u00e1n \u00c1lvarez in a 3\u20130 win; with his 11th World"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Cup goal, Messi overtook Batistuta to become Argentina's all\u2013time top\u2013scorer at the World Cup. Argentina advanced to the final against France, with Messi stating that it would be his final World Cup appearance. In the 2022 FIFA World Cup final on 18 December, Messi made his record 26th World Cup finals appearance at Lusail Stadium. Messi scored Argentina's opening goal with a penalty, becoming in the process the first player since the last-16 round was introduced in 1986 to score a goal in each round of a single World Cup edition. After Argentina's eventual two-goal lead was erased by France forward Kylian Mbapp\u00e9, who scored twice inside two minutes, Messi would score again in extra-time to restore Argentina's lead, before Mbapp\u00e9 again drew France level. Tied 3\u20133 after extra-time, the match went to a penalty shoot-out. Messi scored Argentina's first goal in the shoot-out, with Argentina eventually winning 4\u20132, ending the nation's 36-year wait for the trophy. Messi received the Golden Ball for player of the tournament, becoming the first player to win it twice. He finished second in the Golden Boot race with seven goals in seven games, one behind Mbapp\u00e9."}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " With his appearance and two goals in the final, Messi overtook Mattha\u00fcs as the player with most appearances at the World Cup (26), and Pel\u00e9 as the player with most direct goal contributions at the World Cup (21 \u2013 13 goals and 8 assists). The championship game was widely acclaimed as one of the best of all time, with media coverage heavily framing it as a duel between Messi and Mbapp\u00e9. Following the game, Messi confirmed that he had no plans to retire from the national team, saying \"I want to continue playing as a champion\".</s><s>International career.:2023\u2013present: 100 international goals. In March 2023, Messi made his return to Argentina as a world champion with two appearances in friendlies in his home country. He scored his 99th international goal with a free-kick in Argentina's 2\u20130 win over Panama; this also marked his 800th senior career goal for club and country. In the following match against Cura\u00e7ao, Messi scored a hat-trick, his ninth for Argentina, in a 7\u20130 win. The first of his three goals saw him reach 100 international goals, with Messi becoming the third player in history to reach the milestone.</s><s>Player profile.</s><s>Player profile.:"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "Style of play. Due to his short stature, Messi has a lower centre of gravity than taller players, which gives him greater agility, allowing him to change direction more quickly and evade opposing tackles; this has led the Spanish media to dub him La Pulga At\u00f3mica (\"The Atomic Flea\"). Despite being physically unimposing, he possesses significant upper-body strength, which, combined with his low centre of gravity and resulting balance, aids him in withstanding physical challenges from opponents; he has consequently been noted for his lack of diving in a sport rife with playacting. His short, strong legs allow him to excel in short bursts of acceleration while his quick feet enable him to retain control of the ball when dribbling at speed. His former Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola once stated, \"Messi is the only player that runs faster with the ball than he does without it.\" Although he has improved his ability with his weaker foot since his mid-20s, Messi is predominantly a left-footed player; with the outside of his left foot, he usually begins dribbling runs, while he uses the inside of his foot to finish and provide passes and assists. A prolific goalscorer, Messi is known for his finishing, positioning, quick reactions, and ability to make attacking"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " runs to beat the defensive line. He also functions in a playmaking role, courtesy of his vision and range of passing. He has often been described as a magician; a conjurer, creating goals and opportunities where seemingly none exist. Moreover, he is an accurate free kick and penalty kick taker. As of October 2022, Messi ranks 9th all time in goals scored from direct free kicks with 60, the most among active players. He also has a penchant for scoring from chips. Messi's pace and technical ability enable him to undertake individual dribbling runs towards goal, in particular during counterattacks, usually starting from the halfway line or the right side of the pitch. Widely considered to be the best dribbler in the world, and one of the greatest dribblers of all time, with regard to this ability, his former Argentina manager Diego Maradona has said of him, \"The ball stays glued to his foot; I've seen great players in my career, but I've never seen anyone with Messi's ball control.\" Beyond his individual qualities, he is also a well-rounded, hard-working team player, known for his creative combinations, in particular with former Barcelona midfielders Xavi and Andr\u00e9s Iniesta. Tactically, Messi plays in a"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " free attacking role; a versatile player, he is capable of attacking on either wing or through the centre of the pitch. His favoured position in childhood was the playmaker behind two strikers, known as the \"enganche\" in Argentine football, but he began his career in Spain as a left-winger or left-sided forward. Upon his first-team debut, he was moved onto the right wing by manager Frank Rijkaard; from this position, he could more easily cut through the defence into the middle of the pitch and curl shots on goal with his left foot, rather than predominantly cross balls for teammates. Under Guardiola and subsequent managers, he most often played in a false nine role; positioned as a centre-forward or lone striker, he would roam the centre, often moving deep into midfield and drawing defenders with him, in order to create and exploit spaces for passes, other teammates' attacking runs off the ball, Messi's own dribbling runs, or combinations with Xavi and Iniesta. Under the stewardship of Luis Enrique, Messi initially returned to playing in the right-sided position that characterised much of his early career in the manager's 4\u20133\u20133 formation, while he was increasingly deployed in a deeper, free playmaking role in"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " later seasons. Under manager Ernesto Valverde, Messi played in a variety of roles. While he occasionally continued to be deployed in a deeper role, from which he could make runs from behind into the box, or even on the right wing or as a false nine, he was also used in a more offensive, central role in a 4\u20132\u20133\u20131, or as a second striker in a 4\u20134\u20132 formation, where he was once again given the licence to drop deep, link-up with midfielders, orchestrate his team's attacking plays, and create chances for his attacking partner Su\u00e1rez. As his career advanced, and his tendency to dribble diminished slightly with age, Messi began to dictate play in deeper areas of the pitch and developed into one of the best passers and playmakers in football history. His work-rate off the ball and defensive responsibilities also decreased as his career progressed; by covering less ground on the pitch, and instead conserving his energy for short bursts of speed, he was able to improve his efficiency, movement, and positional play, and was also able to avoid muscular injuries, despite often playing a large number of matches throughout a particular season on a consistent basis. Indeed, while he was injury-prone in"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " his early career, he was later able to improve his injury record by running less off the ball, and by adopting a stricter diet, training regime, and sleep schedule. With the Argentina national team, Messi has similarly played anywhere along the frontline; under various managers, he has been employed on the right wing, as a false nine, as an out-and-out striker, in a supporting role alongside another forward, or in a deeper, free creative role as a classic number 10 playmaker or attacking midfielder behind the strikers.</s><s>Player profile.:Reception and comparisons to Diego Maradona. A prodigious talent as a teenager, Messi established himself among the world's best players before age 20. Diego Maradona considered the 18-year-old Messi the best player in the world alongside Ronaldinho, while the Brazilian himself, shortly after winning the Ballon d'Or, commented, \"I'm not even the best at Bar\u00e7a\", in reference to his prot\u00e9g\u00e9. Four years later, after Messi had won his first Ballon d'Or by a record margin, the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history. An early proponent was his"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " then-manager Pep Guardiola, who, as early as August 2009, declared Messi to be the best player he had ever seen. In the following years, this opinion gained greater acceptance among pundits, managers, former and current players, and by the end of Bar\u00e7a's second treble-winning season, Messi's superiority, ahead of Maradona and Pel\u00e9, had become the apparent view among many fans and pundits in continental Europe. He initially received several dismissals by critics, based on the fact that he had not won an international trophy at senior level with Argentina, until he won his first at the 2021 Copa Am\u00e9rica. Throughout his career, Messi has been compared with his late compatriot Diego Maradona, due to their similar playing styles as diminutive, left-footed dribblers. Initially, he was merely one of many young Argentine players, including his boyhood idol Pablo Aimar, to receive the \"New Maradona\" moniker, but as his career progressed, Messi proved his similarity beyond all previous contenders, establishing himself as the greatest player Argentina had produced since Maradona. Jorge Valdano, who won the 1986 World Cup alongside Maradona, said in October 2013, \"Messi is Maradona every day. For the"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " last five years, Messi has been the Maradona of the World Cup in Mexico.\" C\u00e9sar Menotti, who as manager orchestrated their 1978 World Cup victory, echoed this sentiment when he opined that Messi plays \"at the level of the best Maradona\". Other notable Argentines in the sport, such as Osvaldo Ardiles, Javier Zanetti, and Diego Simeone, have expressed their belief that Messi has overtaken Maradona as the best player in history. In Argentine society, prior to 2019, Messi was generally held in lesser esteem than Maradona, a consequence of not only his perceived uneven performances with the national team, but also of differences in class, personality, and background. Messi is in some ways the antithesis of his predecessor: where Maradona was an extroverted, controversial character who rose to greatness from the slums, Messi is reserved and unassuming, an unremarkable man outside of football. An enduring mark against him is the fact that, through no fault of his own, he never proved himself in the Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n as an upcoming player, achieving stardom overseas from a young age, while his lack of outward passion for the \"Albiceleste\" shirt (until"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " 2019 he did not sing the national anthem and is disinclined to emotional displays) have in the past led to the false perception that he felt Catalan rather than truly Argentine. Football journalist Tim Vickery states the view among Argentines is that Messi \"was always seen as more Catalan than one of them\". Despite having lived in Spain since age 13, Messi rejected the option of representing Spain internationally. He has said: \"Argentina is my country, my family, my way of expressing myself. I would change all my records to make the people in my country happy.\" Moreover, several pundits and footballing figures, including Maradona, questioned Messi's leadership with Argentina at times, despite his playing ability. Vickery states the perception of Messi among Argentines changed in 2019, with Messi making a conscious effort to become \"more one of the group, more Argentine\", with Vickery adding that following the World Cup victory in 2022 Messi would now be held in the same esteem by his compatriots as Maradona.</s><s>Player profile.:Comparisons with Cristiano Ronaldo. Among his contemporary peers, Messi is most often compared and contrasted with Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo, as part of an ongoing rivalry that has been compared to past sports rivalries like the Muhammad Ali"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "\u2013Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Roger Federer\u2013Rafael Nadal rivalry in tennis, and the Senna\u2013Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing. Although Messi has at times denied any rivalry, they are widely believed to push one another in their aim to be the best player in the world. Since 2008, Messi has won seven Ballons d'Or to Ronaldo's five, six FIFA World's Best Player awards to Ronaldo's five, and six European Golden Shoes to Ronaldo's four. Pundits and fans regularly argue the individual merits of both players. Beyond their playing styles, the debate also revolves around their differing physiques \u2013 Ronaldo is with a muscular build \u2013 and contrasting public personalities with Ronaldo's self-confidence and theatrics a foil to Messi's humility. From 2009\u201310 to 2017\u201318, Messi faced Ronaldo at least twice every season in \"El Cl\u00e1sico\", which ranks among the world's most viewed annual sports events. Off the pitch, Ronaldo is his direct competitor in terms of salary, sponsorships, and social media fanbase.</s><s>In popular culture. According to \"France Football\", Messi was the world's highest-paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014; he was the first player to exceed"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " the \u20ac40\u00a0million benchmark, with earnings of \u20ac41\u00a0million in 2013, and the \u20ac50\u2013\u20ac60\u00a0million points, with income of \u20ac65\u00a0million in 2014. Messi was second on \"Forbes\" list of the world's highest-paid athletes (after Cristiano Ronaldo) with income of $81.4\u00a0million from his salary and endorsements in 2015\u201316. In 2018 he was the first player to exceed the \u20ac100m benchmark for a calendar year, with earnings of \u20ac126m ($154m) in combined income from salaries, bonuses and endorsements. \"Forbes\" ranked him the world's highest-paid athlete in 2019. From 2008, he was Barcelona's highest-paid player, receiving a salary that increased incrementally from \u20ac7.8\u00a0million to \u20ac13\u00a0million over the next five years. Signing a new Barcelona contract in 2017, he earned $667,000 per week in wages, and Barcelona also paid him $59.6\u00a0million as a signing on bonus. His buyout clause was set at $835\u00a0million (\u20ac700\u00a0million). In 2020, Messi became the second footballer, as well as the second athlete in a team sport, after Cristiano Ronaldo, to surpass $1"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "\u00a0billion in earnings during their careers. In addition to his salary and bonuses, much of his income derives from endorsements; \"SportsPro\" has consequently cited him as one of the world's most marketable athletes every year since their research began in 2010. His main sponsor since 2006 is the sportswear company Adidas. As Barcelona's leading youth prospect, he had been signed with Nike since age 14, but transferred to Adidas after they successfully challenged their rival's claim to his image rights in court. Over time, Messi established himself as their leading brand endorser; from 2008, he had a long-running signature collection of Adidas F50 boots, and in 2015, he became the first footballer to receive his own sub-brand of Adidas boots, the Adidas Messi. Since 2017, he has worn the latest version of the Adidas Nemeziz. In 2015, a Barcelona jersey with Messi's name and number was the best-selling replica jersey worldwide. As a commercial entity, Messi's marketing brand has been based exclusively on his talents and achievements as a player, in contrast to arguably more glamorous players like Cristiano Ronaldo and David Beckham. At the start of his career, he thus mainly held sponsorship contracts with companies that employ sports-oriented marketing, such as Adidas, Pepsi,"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " and Konami. From 2010 onwards, concurrently with his increased achievements as a player, his marketing appeal widened, leading to long-term endorsement deals with luxury brands Dolce & Gabbana and Audemars Piguet. Messi is also a global brand ambassador for Gillette, Turkish Airlines, Ooredoo, and Tata Motors, among other companies. Additionally, Messi was the face of Konami's video game series \"Pro Evolution Soccer\", appearing on the covers of \"PES 2009\", \"PES 2010,\" \"PES 2011\" and \"PES 2020\". He subsequently signed with rival company EA Sports to become the face of their series \"FIFA\" and has since appeared on four consecutive covers from \"FIFA 13\" to \"FIFA 16\". Messi's global popularity and influence are well documented. He was among the \"Time\" 100, an annual list of the world's most influential people as published by \"Time\", in 2011 and 2012. His fanbase on the social media website Facebook is among the largest of all public figures: within seven hours of its launch in April 2011, Messi's Facebook page had nearly seven million followers, and by August 2021 he had over 103 million followers, the second highest for a sportsperson after Cristiano Ronaldo. He also has"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " over 400 million Instagram followers, the second highest for an individual and sportsperson after Cristiano Ronaldo. His World Cup celebration post from 18 December 2022 is the most liked post on Instagram with over 70 million likes. According to a 2014 survey by sports research firm Repucom in 15 international markets, Messi was familiar to 87% of respondents around the world, of whom 78% perceived him favourably, making him the second-most recognised player globally, behind Ronaldo, and the most likable of all contemporary players. On Messi's economic impact on the city in which he plays, Terry Gibson called him a \"tourist attraction\". Other events have illustrated Messi's presence in popular culture. A solid gold replica of his left foot, weighing and valued at $5.25\u00a0million, went on sale in Japan in March 2013 to raise funds for victims of the 2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami. In 2013, a Turkish Airlines advertisement starring Messi, in which he engages in a selfie competition with then-Los Angeles Lakers star Kobe Bryant, was the most-watched ad on YouTube in the year of its release, receiving 137 million views, and was subsequently voted the best advertisement of the 2005\u201315 decade to commemorate YouTube's founding. World Press Photo selected \"The"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Final Game\", a photograph of Messi facing the World Cup trophy after Argentina's final defeat to Germany, as the best sports image of 2014. \"Messi\", a documentary about his life by filmmaker \u00c1lex de la Iglesia, premiered at the Venice Film Festival in August 2014. In June 2021, Messi signed a five-year deal to become an ambassador for the Hard Rock Cafe brand. He stated, \"sports and music are an integral part of my life. It is an honor to be the first athlete to partner with a brand who has a history of teaming with music legends.\" In May 2022, Messi was unveiled as Saudi Arabia's tourism ambassador. Due to Saudi Arabia's poor human rights record, Messi was condemned for taking on the role which was viewed as an attempt of Saudi sportswashing. In August 2022, Messi was urged by the family of Mohammed al Faraj to intervene on their son's behalf after he was arrested in 2017 at the age of 15 for crimes against the Saudi regime and faced the death penalty.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Family and relationships. Since 2008, Messi has been in a relationship with Antonela Roccuzzo, a fellow native of Rosario. He has known Roccuzzo since he"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " was five years old, as she is the cousin of his childhood best friend, Lucas Scaglia, who is also a football player. After keeping their relationship private for a year, Messi first confirmed their romance in an interview in January 2009, before going public a month later during a carnival in Sitges after the Barcelona\u2013Espanyol derby. Messi and Roccuzzo have three sons: Thiago (born 2012), Mateo (born 2015) and Ciro (born 2018). To celebrate his partner's first pregnancy, Messi placed the ball under his shirt after scoring in Argentina's 4\u20130 win against Ecuador on 2 June 2012, before confirming the pregnancy in an interview two weeks later. Thiago was born in Barcelona on 2 November 2012. In April 2015, Messi confirmed that they were expecting another child. On 30 June 2017, he married Roccuzzo at a luxury hotel named Hotel City Center in Rosario. In October 2017, his wife announced they were expecting their third child. Messi and his family are Catholic Christians. Messi enjoys a close relationship with his immediate family members, particularly his mother, Celia, whose face he has tattooed on his left shoulder. His professional affairs are largely run as a family business: his father, Jorge"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ", has been his agent since he was 14, and his oldest brother, Rodrigo, handles his daily schedule and publicity. His mother and other brother, Mat\u00edas, manage his charitable organization, the Leo Messi Foundation, and take care of personal and professional matters in Rosario. Since leaving for Spain aged 13, Messi has maintained close ties to his hometown of Rosario, even preserving his distinct Rosarino accent. He has kept ownership of his family's old house, although it has long stood empty; he maintains a penthouse apartment in an exclusive residential building for his mother, as well as a family compound just outside the city. Once when he was in training with the national team in Buenos Aires, he made a three-hour trip by car to Rosario immediately after practice to have dinner with his family, spent the night with them, and returned to Buenos Aires the next day in time for practice. Messi keeps in daily contact via phone and text with a small group of confidants in Rosario, most of whom were fellow members of \"The Machine of '87\" at Newell's Old Boys. While at Barcelona he lived in Castelldefels, a village near Barcelona. He was on bad terms with the club after his transfer to Barcelona, but by"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " 2012 their public feud had ended, with Newell's embracing their ties with Messi, even issuing a club membership card to his newborn son. Messi has long planned to return to Rosario to end his playing career at Newell's. Messi holds triple citizenship, as he is a citizen of Argentina, Italy, and Spain. His favourite meals include asado (traditional South American barbecue), milanesa and pasta, and he prefers his mate unsweetened.</s><s>Personal life.:Philanthropy. Throughout his career, Messi has been involved in charitable efforts aimed at vulnerable children, a commitment that stems in part from the medical difficulties he faced in his own childhood. Since 2004, he has contributed his time and finances to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), an organisation with which Barcelona also have a strong association. Messi has served as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador since his appointment in March 2010, completing his first field mission for the organisation four months later as he travelled to Haiti to bring public awareness to the plight of the country's children in the wake of the recent earthquake. He has since participated in UNICEF campaigns targeting HIV prevention, education, and the social inclusion of disabled children. To celebrate his son's first birthday, in November 2013, Messi"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " and Thiago were part of a publicity campaign to raise awareness of mortality rates among disadvantaged children. In addition to his work with UNICEF, Messi founded his own charitable organisation, the Leo Messi Foundation, which supports access to health care, education, and sport for children. It was established in 2007 following a visit Messi paid to a hospital for terminally ill children in Boston, an experience that resonated with him to the point that he decided to reinvest part of his earnings into society. Through his foundation, Messi has awarded research grants, financed medical training, and invested in the development of medical centres and projects in Argentina, Spain, and elsewhere in the world. In addition to his own fundraising activities, such as his global \"Messi and Friends\" football matches, his foundation receives financial support from various companies to which he has assigned his name in endorsement agreements, with Adidas as their main sponsor. Messi has also invested in youth football in Argentina: he financially supports Sarmiento, a football club based in the Rosario neighbourhood where he was born, committing in 2013 to the refurbishment of their facilities and the installation of all-weather pitches, and funds the management of several youth players at Newell's Old Boys and rival club Rosario Central, as well as at"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " River Plate and Boca Juniors in Buenos Aires. At Newell's Old Boys, his boyhood club, he funded the 2012 construction of a new gymnasium and a dormitory inside the club's stadium for their youth academy. His former youth coach at Newell's, Ernesto Vecchio, is employed by the Leo Messi Foundation as a talent scout for young players. On 7 June 2016, Messi won a libel case against \"La Raz\u00f3n\" newspaper and was awarded \u20ac65,000 in damages, which he donated to the charity M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res. Messi made a donation worth \u20ac1\u00a0million ($1.1\u00a0million) to fight the spread of coronavirus. This was split between Clinic Barcelona hospital in Barcelona, Spain and his native Argentina. In addition to this, Messi along with his fellow FC Barcelona teammates announced he will be taking a 70% cut in salaries during the 2020 coronavirus emergency, and contribute further to the club to provide fully to salaries of all the clubs employees. In November 2016, with the Argentine Football Association being run by a FIFA committee for emergency due to an economic crisis, it was reported that three of the national team's security staff told Messi that they had not received their salaries for six months"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": ". He stepped in and paid the salaries of the three members. In February 2021, Messi donated to the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya his Adidas shoes which he wore when he scored his 644th goal for Barcelona and broke Pel\u00e9's record for most goals scored for a single club; the shoes were later auctioned off in April by the museum for charity to help children with cancer and were sold for \u00a3125,000. In advance of the 2021 Copa Am\u00e9rica in Uruguay, Messi donated three signed shirts to the Chinese pharmaceutical firm Sinovac Biotech\u2014whose directors spoke of their admiration for Messi\u2014in order to secure 50,000 doses of Sinovac's COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac, in the hope of vaccinating all of South America's football players. A deal brokered by Uruguay's president Luis Lacalle Pou, the plan to prioritise football players caused some controversy given widespread vaccine scarcity in the region, with the Mayor of Canelones Yamand\u00fa Orsi remarking that \"Just as the president manifested cooperation with CONMEBOL to vaccinate for the Copa Am\u00e9rica, he could just as well have the same consideration for Canelones\".</s><s>Personal life.:"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": "Tax fraud. Messi's financial affairs came under investigation in 2013 for suspected tax evasion. Offshore companies in tax havens Uruguay and Belize were used to evade \u20ac4.1\u00a0million in taxes related to sponsorship earnings between 2007 and 2009. An unrelated shell company in Panama set up in 2012 was subsequently identified as belonging to the Messis in the Panama Papers data leak. Messi, who pleaded ignorance of the alleged scheme, voluntarily paid arrears of \u20ac5.1\u00a0million in August 2013. On 6 July 2016, Messi and his father were both found guilty of tax fraud and were handed suspended 21-month prison sentences and respectively ordered to pay \u20ac1.7\u00a0million and \u20ac1.4\u00a0million in fines. Facing the judge, he said, \"I just played football. I signed the contracts because I trusted my dad and the lawyers and we had decided that they would take charge of those things.\"</s><s>Honours. Barcelona - La Liga: 2004\u201305, 2005\u201306, 2008\u201309, 2009\u201310, 2010\u201311, 2012\u201313, 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316, 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319 - Copa del Rey: 2008\u201309, 2011\u201312, 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316,"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " 2016\u201317, 2017\u201318, 2020\u201321 - Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a: 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2018 - UEFA Champions League: 2005\u201306, 2008\u201309, 2010\u201311, 2014\u201315 - UEFA Super Cup: 2009, 2011, 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup: 2009, 2011, 2015 Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1: 2021\u201322 - Troph\u00e9e des Champions: 2022 Argentina U20 - FIFA World Youth Championship: 2005 Argentina U23 - Summer Olympics: 2008 Argentina - FIFA World Cup: 2022 - Copa Am\u00e9rica: 2021 - CONMEBOL\u2013UEFA Cup of Champions: 2022 Individual - Ballon d'Or/FIFA Ballon d'Or: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2019, 2021 - FIFA World Player of the Year: 2009 - The Best FIFA Men's Player: 2019, 2022 - European Golden Shoe: 2009\u201310, 2011\u201312, 2012\u201313, 2016\u201317, 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319 - FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 2014, 2022 - FIFA World Cup Silver Boot: 2022 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2009, 2011 - FIFA U-20 World Cup"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " Golden Ball: 2005 - FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Boot: 2005 - Copa Am\u00e9rica Best Player: 2015, 2021 - Copa Am\u00e9rica Top Goalscorer: 2021 - La Liga Best Player: 2008\u201309, 2009\u201310, 2010\u201311, 2011\u201312, 2012\u201313, 2014\u201315 - Pichichi Trophy: 2009\u221210, 2011\u201312, 2012\u221213, 2016\u201317, 2017\u221218, 2018\u201319, 2019\u201320, 2020\u201321 - Laureus World Sportsman of the Year: 2020 - Argentine Footballer of the Year: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022</s><s>See also. - European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics - La Liga records and statistics - List of FC Barcelona players - List of FC Barcelona records and statistics - List of largest sports contracts - List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals - List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps - List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals - List of men's footballers with the most official appearances - List of most-followed Instagram accounts - List of"}, {"title": "Lionel Messi", "text": " most-liked Instagram posts - List of top international men's football goalscorers by country - List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA World Cups - List of association football rivalries</s><s>References. Bibliography - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lionel Messi", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000455", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ilhan Omar.", "docs": [{"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": "<s>Ilhan Omar Ilhan Abdullahi Omar (born October 4, 1982) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2019. She is a member of the Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party. Before her election to Congress, Omar served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 2017 to 2019, representing part of Minneapolis. Her congressional district includes all of Minneapolis and some of its first-ring suburbs. Omar serves as whip of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and has advocated for a $15 minimum wage, universal healthcare, student loan debt forgiveness, the protection of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, and abolishing U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). A frequent critic of Israel, Omar supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement and has denounced its settlement policy and military campaigns in the occupied Palestinian territories, as well as what she describes as the influence of pro-Israel lobbies in American politics. Omar is the first Somali American and the first naturalized citizen of African birth in the United States Congress, and the first woman of color to represent Minnesota. She is also one of the first two Muslim women (along with Rashida Tlaib) to serve in Congress. She has been the target of"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " several death threats, as well as derogatory comments by political opponents, including Donald Trump, as a result of her background.</s><s>Early life and education. Omar was born in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 4, 1982, and spent her early years in Baidoa, Somalia. She was the youngest of seven siblings, including sister Sahra Noor. Her father, Nur Omar Mohamed, an ethnic Somali from the Majeerteen clan of Northeastern Somalia, was a colonel in the Somali army under Siad Barre and also worked as a teacher trainer. Her mother, Fadhuma Abukar Haji Hussein, a Benadiri, died when Ilhan was two. She was raised by her father and grandfather, who were moderate Sunni Muslims opposed to the rigid Wahhabi interpretation of Islam. Her grandfather Abukar was the director of Somalia's National Marine Transport, and some of Omar's uncles and aunts also worked as civil servants and educators. She and her family fled Somalia to escape the Somali Civil War and spent four years in a Dadaab refugee camp in Garissa County, Kenya, near the Somali border. Omar's family secured asylum in the U.S. and arrived in New York in 1995, then lived for a time"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " in Arlington, Virginia, before moving to and settling in Minneapolis, where her father worked first as a taxi driver and later for the post office. Her father and grandfather emphasized the importance of democracy during her upbringing, and at age 14 she accompanied her grandfather to caucus meetings, serving as his interpreter. She has spoken about school bullying she endured during her time in Virginia, stimulated by her distinctive Somali appearance and wearing of the hijab. She recalls gum being pressed into her hijab, being pushed down stairs, and physical taunts while she was changing for gym class. Omar remembers her father's reaction to these incidents: \"They are doing something to you because they feel threatened in some way by your existence.\" Omar became a U.S. citizen in 2000 when she was 17 years old. Omar attended Thomas Edison High School, from which she graduated in 2001, and volunteered as a student organizer. She graduated from North Dakota State University in 2011 with a bachelor's degree, majoring in political science and international studies. Omar was a Policy Fellow at the University of Minnesota's Humphrey School of Public Affairs.</s><s>Early career. Omar began her professional career as a community nutrition educator at the University of Minnesota, working in that capacity from 2006 to 2009 in the Greater Minneapolis\u2013Saint Paul area"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": ". In 2012, she served as campaign manager for Kari Dziedzic's reelection campaign for the Minnesota State Senate. Between 2012 and 2013, she was a child nutrition outreach coordinator at the Minnesota Department of Education. In 2013, Omar managed Andrew Johnson's campaign for Minneapolis City Council. After Johnson was elected, she served as his senior policy aide from 2013 to 2015. During a contentious precinct caucus that turned violent in February 2014, she was attacked by five people and was injured. According to \"MinnPost\", the day before the caucus, Minneapolis city council member Abdi Warsame had told Johnson to warn Omar not to attend the meeting. As of September 2015, Omar was the Director of Policy Initiatives of the Women Organizing Women Network, advocating for women from East Africa to take on civic and political leadership roles. In September 2018, Jeff Cirillo of \"Roll Call\" called her a \"progressive rising star\".</s><s>Minnesota House of Representatives.</s><s>Minnesota House of Representatives.:Elections. In 2016, Omar ran on the Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor (DFL) ticket for the Minnesota House of Representatives in District 60B, which includes part of northeast Minneapolis. On August 9, Omar defeated Mohamud Noor and incumbent Phyll"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": "is Kahn in the DFL primary. Her chief opponent in the general election was Republican nominee Abdimalik Askar, another activist in the Somali-American community. In late August, Askar announced his withdrawal from the campaign. In November, Omar won the general election, becoming the first Somali-American legislator in the United States. Her term began on January 3, 2017.</s><s>Minnesota House of Representatives.:Tenure and activity. During her tenure as state Representative for District 60B, Omar was an Assistant Minority Leader for the DFL caucus. She authored 38 bills during the 2017\u20132018 legislative session.</s><s>Minnesota House of Representatives.:Committee assignments. - Civil Law & Data Practices Policy - Higher Education & Career Readiness Policy & Finance - State Government Finance</s><s>Minnesota House of Representatives.:Financial transparency issues. In 2018, Republican state representative Steve Drazkowski publicly accused Omar of campaign finance violations, claiming that she used campaign funds to pay a divorce lawyer, and that her acceptance of speaking fees from public colleges violated Minnesota House rules. Omar responded that the attorney's fees were not personal but campaign-related; she offered to return the speaking fees. Drazkowski later accused Omar of improperly using campaign funds for personal travel to Estonia and locations in the U."}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": "S. Omar's campaign dismissed the accusations as politically motivated and accused Drazkowski of using public funds to harass a Muslim candidate. In response to an editorial in the Minneapolis \"Star Tribune\" arguing that Omar should be more transparent about her use of campaign funds, she said: \"these people are part of systems that have historically been disturbingly motivated to silence, discredit and dehumanize influencers who threaten the establishment.\" In June 2019, Minnesota campaign finance officials ruled that Omar had to pay back $3,500 that she had spent on out-of-state travel and tax filing in violation of state law, plus a $500 fine. The Campaign Finance Board's investigation also found that in 2014 and 2015 Omar had jointly filed taxes with a man she was not legally married to. Unlike some states, Minnesota does not recognize common law marriage, and so such a joint filing is not legally permitted. But experts have said that if the taxpayer files a correction within three years, as Omar's attorney and accountants did in 2016, then there are normally no further consequences, and the Internal Revenue Service is unlikely to pursue punitive measures unless there is a large discrepancy or fraudulent intent. In response to the AP's request for comment, her campaign sent a statement saying, \"all of Rep."}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " Omar\u2019s tax filings are fully compliant with all applicable tax law.\"</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Elections.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Elections.:2018. On June 5, 2018, Omar filed to run for the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota's 5th congressional district after six-term incumbent Keith Ellison announced he would not seek reelection. On June 17, she was endorsed by the Minnesota Democratic\u2013Farmer\u2013Labor Party after two rounds of voting. Omar won the August 14 primary with 48.2% of the vote. The 5th district is the most Democratic district in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest, (it has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+26) and the DFL has held it without interruption since 1963. She faced health care worker and conservative activist Jennifer Zielinski in the November 6 general election and won with 78.0% of the vote, becoming the first Somali American elected to the U.S. Congress, the first woman of color to serve as a U.S. Representative from Minnesota, and (alongside former Michigan state representative Rashida Tlaib) one of the first Muslim women elected to the Congress."}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " Omar received the largest percentage of the vote of any female candidate for U.S. House in state history, as well as the largest percentage of the vote for a non-incumbent candidate for U.S. House (excluding those running against only minor-party candidates) in state history. She was sworn in on a copy of the Quran owned by her grandfather.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Elections.:2020. Omar won the Democratic nomination in the August 11 Democratic primary, in which she faced four opponents. The strongest was mediation lawyer Antone Melton-Meaux, who raised $3.2 million in April\u2013June 2020, compared to about $500,000 by Omar; much of Melton-Meaux's funding came from pro-Israel groups. Melton-Meaux was also endorsed by Minnesota's largest newspaper, The \"Star Tribune\". This led some analysts to predict a close race, but Omar received 57.4% of the vote to Melton-Meaux's 39.2%. She defeated Republican Lacy Johnson and Legal Marijuana Now Party candidate Michael Moore in the November 3 general election, with 64.3% of the vote to Johnson's 25.8% and Moore's 9.5%. Omar's"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " margin of victory was 24 points less than Biden's in the district, the highest underperformance of any Democrat in the nation, which Nathaniel Rakich of \"FiveThirtyEight\" attributed to increased Republican spending and Moore's progressive pro-marijuana campaign.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Elections.:2022. In the August 9 Democratic primary, Omar faced former Minneapolis councilman Don Samuels and three other opponents. The campaign primarily focused on crime and Omar's effectiveness in office. Omar's campaign outspent Samuels's $2.1 million to $800,000; Samuels ran television ads while Omar's campaign did not. Omar won the primary with 50.3% of the vote to Samuels's 48.2%, a margin of less than 2,500 votes.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Tenure. Following Omar's election, the ban on head coverings in the U.S. House was modified, and Omar became the first woman to wear a hijab on the House floor. She is a member of the informal group known as \"The Squad\", whose members form a unified front to push for progressive changes such as the Green New Deal and Medicare for All. The other members of \""}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": "The Squad\" are Ayanna Pressley, Rashida Tlaib, and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Brian Stelter of CNN Business found that from January to July 2019 Omar had around twice as many mentions on Fox News as on CNN and MSNBC, and about six times the coverage of James Clyburn, a Democratic leader in the House of Representatives. A CBS News and YouGov poll of almost 2,100 American adults conducted from July 17 to 19 found that Republican respondents were more aware of Omar than Democratic respondents. Omar has very unfavorable ratings among Republican respondents and favorable ratings among Democratic respondents. The same is true of the other three members of the Squad.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Tenure.:Legislation. In July 2019, Omar introduced a resolution co-sponsored by Rashida Tlaib and Georgia Representative John Lewis stating that \"all Americans have the right to participate in boycotts in pursuit of civil and human rights at home and abroad, as protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution\". The resolution \"opposes unconstitutional legislative efforts to limit the use of boycotts to further civil rights at home and abroad\", and \"urges Congress, States, and civil rights leaders from all communities to endeavor to preserve the freedom of"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " advocacy for all by opposing anti-boycott resolutions and legislation\". In the same month, Omar was one of 17 Congress members to vote against a House resolution condemning the BDS movement. On January 7, 2021, Omar led a group of 13 House members introducing articles of impeachment against Trump on charges of high crimes and misdemeanors. The charges are related to Trump's alleged interference in the 2020 presidential election in Georgia and incitement of the attack at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. by his supporters, which occurred during the certification of electoral votes in the 2020 presidential election that affirmed Joe Biden's victory.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Committee assignments. - Committee on Education and Labor - Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Investment - Subcommittee on Workforce Protections</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Committee assignments.:Former assignments. - Committee on the Budget (2019\u20132021) - Committee on Foreign Affairs (2019\u20132023) - Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations - Subcommittee on International Development, International Organizations and Global Corporate Social Impact</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Caucuses. - Congressional Progressive Caucus whip - Congressional Black Caucus</s><s>U.S."}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " House of Representatives.:2021 U.S. Capitol attack. Speaking after the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Omar said the experience was very traumatizing and that the trauma would last a long time. She said she began to fear for her life when the evacuation began and as she was being escorted to a secure area she made a phone call to the father of her children to \"make sure he would continue to tell my children that I loved them if I didn't make it out.\" She said, \"The face of the Capitol will forever be changed. They didn't succeed in stopping the functions of democracy, but I do believe they succeeded in ending the openness of our democracy.\"</s><s>Political positions.</s><s>Political positions.:Education. Omar supports broader access to student loan forgiveness programs, as well as free tuition for college students whose family income is below $125,000. Omar supports Bernie Sanders's plan to eliminate all $1.6 trillion in outstanding student debt, funded by an 0.5% tax on stock transactions and a 0.1% tax on bond transactions; she introduced a companion bill in the House of Representatives. In June 2019, Omar and Senator Tina Smith introduced the No Shame at School Act, which would end the marking of\u2014and punishment for\u2014"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": "students with school meal debt.</s><s>Political positions.:Health care. Omar supports Medicare for All as proposed in the Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act. On July 19, 2022, after the Supreme Court overruled \"Roe v. Wade\" in \"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization\", Omar and 17 other members of Congress were arrested in an act of civil disobedience for refusing to clear a street during a protest for reproductive rights outside the Supreme Court Building.</s><s>Political positions.:Human rights. Omar has criticized Saudi Arabia's human rights abuses and the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In October 2018, she tweeted: \"The Saudi government might have been strategic at covering up the daily atrocities carried out against minorities, women, activists and even the #YemenGenocide, but the murder of #JamalKhashoggi should be the last evil act they are allowed to commit.\" She also called for a boycott of Saudi Arabia's regime, tweeting: \"#BDSSaudi.\" The Saudi Arabian government responded by having dozens of anonymous Twitter troll accounts it controlled post tweets critical of Omar. Omar condemned China's treatment of its ethnic Uyghur people. In a \"Washington Post\" op-ed, Omar wrote, \"Our criticisms"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " of oppression and regional instability caused by Iran are not legitimate if we do not hold Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain to the same standards. And we cannot continue to turn a blind eye to repression in Saudi Arabiaa country that is consistently ranked among the worst of the worst human rights offenders.\" She also condemned the Assad regime in Syria. Omar criticized Trump's decision to impose further sanctions on Iran, saying the sanctions devastated the \"country's middle class and increased hostility toward the United States, with tensions between the two countries rising to dangerous levels.\" Omar condemned the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings, tweeting, \"No person, of any faith, should be fearful in their house of worship.\" Omar opposed the October 2019 Turkish offensive into northeastern Syria, writing that \"What has happened after Turkey's invasion of northeastern Syria is a disaster\u2014tens of thousands of civilians have been forced to flee, hundreds of Islamic State fighters have escaped, and Turkish-backed rebels have been credibly accused of atrocities against the Kurds.\" In October 2019, Omar voted \"present\" on H.Res. 296, to recognize the Armenian genocide, causing a backlash. She said in a statement that \"accountability and recognition of genocide should not be used as cudgel in a political fight\" and argued that"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " such a step should include both the Atlantic slave trade and the Native American genocide. In November, after her controversial vote, Omar publicly condemned the Armenian genocide at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders.</s><s>Political positions.:Immigration. In a March 2019 \"Politico\" interview, Omar criticized Barack Obama's \"caging of kids\" along the Mexican border. Omar accused \"Politico\" of distorting her comments and said that she had been \"saying how [President] Trump is different from Obama, and why we should focus on policy not politics,\" adding, \"One is human, the other is really not.\" In June 2019, Omar was one of four Democratic representatives to vote against the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Humanitarian Assistance and Security at the Southern Border Act, a $4.5 billion border funding bill that required Customs and Border Protection to enact health standards for individuals in custody such as standards for \"medical emergencies; nutrition, hygiene, and facilities; and personnel training.\" \"Throwing more money at the very organizations committing human rights abuses\u2014and the very Administration directing these human rights abuses\u2014is not a solution. This is a humanitarian crisis... inflicted by our own leadership,\" she said.</s><s>Political positions.:Infrastructure spending. On November 5, 2021"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": ", Omar was one of six House Democrats to break with their party and vote against the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act because it was decoupled from the social safety net provisions in the Build Back Better Act.</s><s>Political positions.:Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict.</s><s>Political positions.:Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict.:Support for boycott efforts and other criticisms. While she was in the Minnesota legislature, Omar was critical of the Israeli government and opposed a law intended to restrict the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement. She compared the movement to people who \"engage[d] in boycotts\" of apartheid in South Africa. During her House campaign, she said she did not support the BDS movement, describing it as counterproductive to peace. After the election her position changed, as her campaign office told \"Muslim Girl\" that she supports the BDS movement despite \"reservations on the effectiveness of the movement in accomplishing a lasting solution.\" Omar has voiced support for a two-state solution to resolve the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict. She criticized Israel's settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories in the West Bank. In 2018, Omar came under criticism for statements she made about Israel before she was in the Minnesota legislature. In a 2012 tweet, she wrote, \""}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": "Israel has hypnotized the world, may Allah awaken the people and help them see the evil doings of Israel.\" The comment, particularly the notion that Israel had \"hypnotized the world\", was criticized as drawing on antisemitic tropes. Then-\"The New York Times\" columnist Bari Weiss wrote that Omar's statement tied into a millennia-old \"conspiracy theory of the Jew as the hypnotic conspirator\". When asked in an interview how she would respond to American Jews who found the remark offensive, Omar replied: \"I don't know how my comments would be offensive to Jewish Americans. My comments precisely are addressing what was happening during the Gaza War and I'm clearly speaking about the way the Israeli regime was conducting itself in that war.\" After reading Weiss's commentary, Omar apologized for not \"disavowing the anti-Semitic trope I unknowingly used\". In September 2019, Omar condemned Benjamin Netanyahu's plans to annex the eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley. Omar said Israelis should not vote for Netanyahu in the September 2019 Israeli legislative election.</s><s>Political positions.:Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict.:Remarks on AIPAC and American support for Israel. In February 2019, Republican House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy threatened to \"take action\" against"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " Omar and Rashida Tlaib for their support of the BDS movement. When journalist Glenn Greenwald responded that it was remarkable \"how much time U.S. political leaders spend defending a foreign nation even if it means attacking free speech rights of Americans\", and tagged Omar for a comment, she replied with a quote from a hip hop song, \"It's All About the Benjamins\", alluding to the $100 bill of that name. Omar later clarified that she was referring to the well-documented influence pro-Israeli lobbyists, especially AIPAC, exert in Washington. Subsequent criticism of Omar's comments often included misleading or false claims about not only her background but what she had actually said, leading some to accuse her critics of indulging in \"anti-Jewish paranoia\". A number of Democratic leadersincluding House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Majority Whip Jim Clyburncondemned the tweet, which was interpreted as implying that money was fueling American politicians' support of Israel. The Democratic House leadership released a statement accusing Omar of \"engaging in deeply offensive anti-Semitic tropes\". The Jewish Democratic Council of America (JDCA) also denounced her statements. Omar issued an apology the next day, saying, \"I am grateful for Jewish allies"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " and colleagues who are educating me on the painful history of anti-Semitic tropes\", and adding, \"I reaffirm the problematic role of lobbyists in our politics, whether it be AIPAC, the NRA or the fossil fuel industry.\" The Anti-Defamation League accused her of promoting an \"ugly conspiracy theory\" about putative Jewish influence in politics. Peter Beinart, after tweeting that the controversy was about \"policing the American debate over Israel\", thought Omar's statement inaccurate, wrong and irresponsible, but argued that her congressional critics were more \"bigoted\" on Israeli-Palestinian issues than Omar. On February 27, 2019, Omar said of her critics: \"I want to talk about the political influence in this country that says it is OK for people to push for allegiance to a foreign country.\" The statements were quickly criticized as allegedly drawing on antisemitic tropes. House Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Eliot Engel said it was \"deeply offensive to call into question the loyalty of fellow American citizens\" and asked Omar to retract her statement. House Appropriations Committee chairwoman Nita Lowey also called for an apology and criticized the statements in a March 3 tweet, which led to an online exchange between the two. In response, Omar reaffirmed her remarks, insisting that"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " she \"should not be expected to have allegiance/pledge support to a foreign country in order to serve my country in Congress or serve on committee.\" Omar said she was simply criticizing Israel, drawing a distinction between criticism of Benjamin Netanyahu and being anti-Semitic. Omar's spokesman, Jeremy Slevin, said Omar was speaking out about \"the undue influence of lobbying groups for foreign interests.\" Reaction among 2020 Democratic presidential candidates was mixed. Senators Elizabeth Warren, Kamala Harris, and Bernie Sanders defended Omar. While Senator Cory Booker found her comments \"disturbing\", he recognized that some of the attacks against her had \"anti-Islamic sentiment.\" Kirsten Gillibrand said, \"those with critical views of Israel should be able to express their views without employing anti-Semitic tropes about money or influence\", but also criticized the Republican Party for censuring Omar while saying \u201clittle or nothing\u201d when President Trump \"defended white supremacists at Charlottesville.\" New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio called Omar's remarks \"unacceptable\". According to \"The Guardian\", election records archived by OpenSecrets \"suggest a correlation between pro-Israel lobby campaign contributions and Democratic presidential candidates' position on the controversy.\" Some members of the Congressional Black Caucus believed Omar was unfairly targeted because she is a"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " black Muslim, saying that \"the Democratic leadership did not draft a resolution condemning Donald Trump or other white male Republicans over their antisemitic remarks.\" The second round of remarks prompted the Democratic leadership to introduce a resolution condemning antisemitism that did not specifically refer to Omar. After objections by a number of congressional progressive Democrats, the resolution was amended to include Islamophobia, racism, and homophobia. On March 7, the House passed the amended resolution. Omar called the resolution \"historic on many fronts\" and said, \"We are tremendously proud to be part of a body that has put forth a condemnation of all forms of bigotry including anti-Semitism, racism, and white supremacy.\" Some Minnesota Jewish and Muslim community leaders later expressed continuing concern about Omar's rhetoric and language and indicated that the issue remained divisive in Omar's district. On March 7, 2019, the U.S. House of Representatives voted 407\u201323 to condemn \"anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, racism and other forms of bigotry\" in response to Omar's remarks concerning Israel. On February 2, 2023, the Republican-led House of Representatives passed a resolution, on a party-line vote, to remove Omar from the House Foreign Affairs Committee for what Speaker Kevin McCarthy called \"repeated antisemitic and anti"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": "-American remarks.\" Many prominent House Democrats stood by Omar.</s><s>Political positions.:Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict.:Ban from entering Israel. In August 2019, Omar and Representative Rashida Tlaib were banned from entering Israel, a reversal from the July 2019 statement by Israeli Ambassador to the United States Ron Dermer that \"any member of Congress\" would be allowed in. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu attributed the ban to Israeli law preventing the entry of people who call for a boycott of Israel (as Omar and Tlaib had done with their support for BDS). Netanyahu also cited Omar and Tlaib listing their destination as Palestine instead of Israel, claiming he thus viewed their visit as an attempt to \"hurt Israel and increase its unrest\". Netanyahu also said that Omar and Tlaib did not plan on visiting or meeting with any Israeli officials from the government or the opposition, and additionally accused Miftah, the sponsor of Omar's trip, of having members who support terrorism against Israel (in 2016, Israel approved a visit by five U.S. Representatives to Israel that Miftah co-sponsored, but that was before Israel enacted its anti-BDS law). Less than two hours before the ban, President Trump tweeted that Israel allowing the visit would \"show great weakness"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": "\" when Omar and Tlaib \"hate Israel & all Jewish people\". Omar said that Netanyahu had caved to Trump's demand and that \"Trump's Muslim ban is what Israel is implementing\". She responded to Netanyahu that she had intended to meet members of Israel's legislative Knesset and Israeli security officials. Both Democratic and Republican legislators criticized the ban and requested that Israel rescind it. AIPAC released a statement saying that it disagreed with Israel's move and that Omar and Tlaib should have been allowed to \"experience Israel firsthand\", while the head of the American Jewish Committee put out a statement agreeing with AIPAC on the matter. U.S. Representative Max Rose (who is Jewish) also criticized the move to ban Omar, adding that Omar and Tlaib did not speak for the Democratic Party.</s><s>Political positions.:LGBT rights. In March 2019, Omar addressed a rally in support of a Minnesota bill that would ban gay conversion therapy in the state. She co-sponsored a similar bill when she was a member of the Minnesota House. In May 2019, Omar introduced legislation that would sanction Brunei over a recently introduced law that would make homosexual sex and adultery punishable by death. In June 2019, she participated in Twin Cities Pride in Minnesota. In"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " August 2019, Omar wrote on Twitter in support of the Palestinian LGBT rights group Al Qaws after the Palestinian Authority banned Al Qaws's activities in the West Bank.</s><s>Political positions.:Military policy. Omar has been critical of U.S. foreign policy, and has called for reduced funding for \"perpetual war and military aggression,\" saying, \"knowing my tax dollars pay for bombs killing children in Yemen makes my heart break,\" with \"everyone in Washington saying we don't have enough money in the budget for universal health care, we don't have enough money in the budget to guarantee college education for everyone.\" Omar has criticized the U.S. government's drone assassination program, citing the Obama administration's policy of \"droning of countries around the world.\" She has said, \"we don't need nearly 800 military bases outside the United States to keep our country safe.\" In 2019, Omar signed a letter led by Representative Ro Khanna and Senator Rand Paul to President Trump asserting that it is \"long past time to rein in the use of force that goes beyond congressional authorization\" and that they hoped this would \"serve as a model for ending hostilities in the futurein particular, as you and your administration seek a political solution to our involvement in Afghanistan.\""}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " In May 2020, Omar signed a letter backed by AIPAC calling for the continuation of the UN embargo against Iran, with her office noting that it was a \"narrow ask that we couldn\u2019t find anything wrong with.\" Her office said that she has opposed human rights abuse \"for a long time\" and that signing onto it should be not be seen as a sign she supports the Trump administration's policy on Iran.</s><s>Political positions.:Minimum wage. Omar supports a $15 hourly minimum wage.</s><s>Political positions.:Minneapolis Police Department. In June 2020, the \"defund the police\" slogan gained widespread popularity following the murder of George Floyd. Black Lives Matter and other activists used the phrase to call for police budget reductions and a plan to delegate certain police responsibilities to other organizations. Reacting to the murder of Floyd, the majority of the Minneapolis City Council voted to dismantle the city's police department. In a statement, the Minneapolis mayor said they planned to work to address \"systemic racism in police culture.\" Following the murder of Floyd, Omar supported the police abolition movement in Minneapolis that sought to dismantle the Minneapolis Police Department, saying that the department had \"proven themselves beyond reform.\" Omar hoped to see a new police department that would be modeled after the"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " Camden County Police Department in New Jersey.</s><s>Political positions.:Syria. In 2023, Omar was among 56 Democrats to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days.</s><s>Political positions.:Venezuela crisis. In January 2019, amid the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, Omar joined Democrats Ro Khanna and Tulsi Gabbard in denouncing the Trump administration's decision to recognize Juan Guaid\u00f3, the president of the Venezuelan National Assembly, as Venezuela's interim president. She described Trump's action as a \"U.S. backed coup\" and said that the U.S. should not \"hand pick\" foreign leaders and should support \"Mexico, Uruguay & the Vatican's efforts to facilitate a peaceful dialogue.\" In response to criticisms of her comments, Omar wrote that \"No one is defending Maduro\" and that opposing US intervention is not the equivalent of supporting the existing leadership of a country. In February 2019, Omar questioned whether Elliott Abrams, whom Trump appointed as Special Representative for Venezuela in January 2019, was the correct choice given his past support of right-wing authoritarian regimes in El Salvador and Guatemala, his initial doubts about the number of reported deaths in the El Moz"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": "ote massacre in 1982, and his two 1991 misdemeanor convictions for withholding information from Congress about the Iran\u2013Contra affair, for which he was later pardoned by George H. W. Bush. In May 2019, Omar said in an interview on \"Democracy Now!\" that she believed U.S. foreign policy and economic sanctions are aimed at regime change and have contributed to the \"devastation in Venezuela.\"</s><s>Threats and harassment.</s><s>Threats and harassment.:DFL caucus attack. On February 4, 2014, Omar was attacked and wounded by multiple attendees during a DFL caucus for Minnesota's House of Representatives District 60B. She was organizing the event and was a policy aide to Minneapolis City Councilman Andrew Johnson at the time. She sustained a concussion and was sent to the hospital.</s><s>Threats and harassment.:Death threats. In February 2019, the FBI arrested United States Coast Guard Lieutenant Christopher Paul Hasson, who was allegedly plotting to assassinate various journalists and political figures in the United States, including Omar. According to prosecutors, Hasson is a self-described \"long time White Nationalist\" and former skinhead who wanted to use violence to \"establish a white homeland.\" Prosecutors also alleged that Hasson was in contact with"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " an American neo-Nazi leader, stockpiled weapons, and compiled a hit list. On April 7, 2019, Patrick Carlineo Jr., was arrested for threatening to assault and murder Omar in a phone call to her office. He reportedly told investigators that he did not want Muslims in the government. In May 2019, Carlineo was released from custody and placed on house arrest. He pleaded guilty to the offense on November 19. Omar asked the court to be lenient with him. In April 2019, Omar said that she had received more death threats after Trump made comments about her and 9/11, \"many directly referencing or replying to the president's video\". In August 2019, she published an anonymous threat she had received of being shot at the Minnesota State Fair, saying that such threats were why she now had security protection. In September 2019, she asserted Trump was putting her life in danger by retweeting a tweet falsely claiming she had \"partied on the anniversary of 9/11\". Two Republican candidates for congressional office have called for Omar's execution. In November 2019, Danielle Stella, Omar's Republican opponent for Congress, was banned from Twitter for suggesting that Omar be hanged for treason if found guilty of passing information to Iran. In December 2019, George Buck,"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " another Republican running for Congress, also suggested that Omar be hanged for treason. In response, Buck was removed from the National Republican Congressional Committee's Young Guns program. Neither candidate won their primary election.</s><s>Threats and harassment.:\"Go back to their countries\" Trump tweet. On July 14, 2019, Trump tweeted that The Squad\u2014a group that consists of Omar and three other young congresswomen of color, most of whom were born and raised in the U.S.\u2014should \"go back\" to the \"places from which they came\". In response, Omar said Trump was \"stoking white nationalism\" because he was \"angry that people like us are serving in Congress and fighting against your hate-filled agenda.\" Two days later, the House of Representatives voted 240\u2013187 to condemn Trump's \"racist comments\". On July 17, it was reported that the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission lists the phrase \"Go back to where you came from\" as an example of \"harassment based on national origin\". At a July 17 campaign rally in North Carolina, Trump made additional comments about The Squad: \"They never have anything good to say. That's why I say, 'Hey if you don't like it, let 'em leave, let"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " 'em leave, and \"I think in some cases they hate our country\". He made a series of false and misleading claims about Omar, including allegations that she had praised al-Qaeda and \"smeared\" American soldiers who had fought in the Battle of Mogadishu by bringing up the numerous Somali civilian casualties. The crowd reacted by chanting, \"Send her back, Send her back.\" Trump later called the crowd \"incredible people, incredible patriots\" and accused Omar of racism and antisemitism. On July 19, he falsely claimed that Omar and the rest of The Squad had used the term \"evil Jews\". Foreign media has widely covered Trump's remarks about Omar and The Squad. The social media hashtag #IStandWithIlhanOmar was soon trending in the United States and other countries. Many foreign politicians condemned Trump's comments. On July 19, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said, \"I reject [Trump's comments] and stand in solidarity with the congresswomen he targeted.\"</s><s>Threats and harassment.:Target of online hate speech. Omar has frequently been the target of online hate speech. According to a study by the Social Science Research Council of more than 113,000 tweets about Muslim candidates in the weeks leading up to the 2018 midterm elections,"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " Omar \"was the prime target. Roughly half of the 90,000 tweets mentioning her included hate speech or Islamophobic or anti-immigrant language.\" According to the study, \"Key themes included Muslims as subhumans or 'Trojan horses' seeking to impose Shariah law on America... A large proportion of these trolls were likely bots or automated accounts run by people, organizations or state actors seeking to spread political propaganda and hate speech. That's based on telltale iconography, naming patterns, webs of linkages and the breadth of the postelection scrubbing.\"</s><s>Threats and harassment.:9/11 comments and World Trade Center cover. On April 11, 2019, the front page of the \"New York Post\" carried an image of the World Trade Center burning following the September 11 terrorist attacks and a quotation from a speech Omar gave the previous month. The headline read, \"REP. ILHAN OMAR: 9/11 WAS 'SOME PEOPLE DID SOMETHING, and a caption underneath added, \"Here's your something... 2,977 people dead by terrorism.\" The \"Post\" was quoting a speech Omar had given at a recent Council on American\u2013Islamic Relations (CAIR) meeting. In the speech Omar said, \"CAIR"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " was founded after 9/11 because they recognized that some people did something and that all of us [Muslims in the U.S.] were starting to lose access to our civil liberties.\" (CAIR was founded in 1994, but many new members joined after the 9/11 attacks in 2001.) On April 12, President Trump retweeted a video that edited Omar's remarks to remove context, showing her saying, \"Some people did something.\" Some Democratic representatives condemned Trump's retweet, predicting that it would incite violence and hatred. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi called on Trump to \"take down his disrespectful and dangerous video\" and asked the U.S. Capitol Police to increase its protection of Omar. Speaking at an April 30 protest by black women calling for formal censure of Trump, Omar blamed Trump and his allies for inciting Americans against both Jews and Muslims.</s><s>Threats and harassment.:Comments by Lauren Boebert. In November 2021, Republican Representative Lauren Boebert said she had shared an elevator with Omar, and that she and a Capitol Police officer both mistook Omar for a terrorist. Boebert referred to Omar as the \"Jihad Squad\". Omar said that she had not shared an elevator with Boebert, that the story was made up, and that Boebert's comments"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " were \"anti-Muslim bigotry\".</s><s>Awards and honors. Omar received the 2015 Community Leadership Award from \"Mshale\", an African immigrant media outlet based in Minneapolis. The prize is awarded annually on a readership basis. In 2017, \"Time\" magazine named Omar among its \"Firsts: Women who are changing the world,\" a special report on 46 women who broke barriers in their respective disciplines, and featured her on the cover of its September 18 issue. Her family was named one of the \"five families who are changing the world as we know it\" by \"Vogue\" in their February 2018 issue featuring photographs by Annie Leibovitz.</s><s>Media appearances. In 2018, Omar was featured in the music video for Maroon 5's \"Girls Like You\" featuring Cardi B. The 2018 documentary film \"Time for Ilhan\" (directed by Norah Shapiro, produced by Jennifer Steinman Sternin and Chris Newberry) chronicles Omar's political campaign. It was selected to show at the Tribeca Film Festival and the Mill Valley Film Festival. Following a July 2019 tweet by Trump that The Squad\u2014a group that consists of Omar and three other congresswomen of color who were born in the United States\u2014should \"go back\" to"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": " the \"places from which they came\", Omar and the other members of the Squad held a press conference that was taped by CNN and posted to social media. On October 19, 2020, Omar joined Ocasio-Cortez, Disguised Toast, Jacksepticeye, and Pokimane in a Twitch stream playing the popular game \"Among Us\", encouraging streamers to vote in the 2020 election. This collaboration garnered almost half a million views.</s><s>Personal life. In 2002, Omar became engaged to Ahmed Abdisalan Hirsi (n\u00e9 Aden). She has said they had an unofficial, faith-based Islamic marriage. The couple had two children together, including Isra Hirsi, one of the three principal organizers of the school strike for climate in the US. Omar has said that she and Hirsi divorced within their faith tradition in 2008. In 2009, Omar married Ahmed Nur Said Elmi, a British Somali. According to Omar, in 2011 she and Elmi had a faith-based divorce and she reconciled with Hirsi, with whom she had a third child in 2012. In 2017, Elmi and Omar legally divorced, and Omar and Hirsi legally married in 2018. On October 7, 2019, Omar filed for divorce from Hir"}, {"title": "Ilhan Omar", "text": "si, citing an \"irretrievable breakdown\" of the marriage. The divorce was finalized on November 5, 2019. In March 2020, Omar married Tim Mynett, a political consultant whose political consulting firm, the E Street Group, received $2.78 million in contracts from Omar's campaign during the 2020 cycle. The campaign's contract with Mynett's firm became a focus of criticism by her Democratic primary opponent and conservative critics that received significant local and national media attention. On November 17, 2020, Omar's campaign terminated its contract with Mynett's firm, saying the termination was to \"make sure that anybody who is supporting our campaign with their time or financial support feels there is no perceived issue with that support.\" In 2020, HarperCollins published Omar's memoir, \"This Is What America Looks Like\", written with Rebecca Paley.</s><s>See also. - List of African-American United States representatives - List of Muslim members of the United States Congress - Women in the United States House of Representatives</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ilhan Omar", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000456", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Dascha Polanco.", "docs": [{"title": "Dascha Polanco", "text": "<s>Dascha Polanco Dascha Yolaine Polanco (born December 3, 1982) is a Dominican-American actress. She is known for portraying the role of Dayanara \"Daya\" Diaz on the Netflix series \"Orange Is the New Black\", and for the role of Cuca in the 2021 movie \"In the Heights\".</s><s>Early life. Polanco was born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, and moved to the United States at a young age. She was raised in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, and Miami by her father, a mechanic, and mother, a cosmetologist. Polanco is the oldest of three children; she has a brother and sister.{{cite web|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/celebrity/dascha-polanco-june-july-2015-cover-star }}</s><s>Career. Polanco aspired to be an actress from an early age but \"always doubted auditioning because of [her] weight\", so she completed a bachelor's degree in psychology at Hunter College. After college she began working in the healthcare industry with the intention of becoming a nurse. She was working in hospital administration at Montefiore Medical"}, {"title": "Dascha Polanco", "text": " Center in the Bronx while studying nursing when she gained the courage to pursue acting again and registered herself with an acting studio. She attended BIH Studios in New York, and while there was signed by the talent agency Shirley Grant Management. Her first acting credits were minor parts in the television series \"Unforgettable\" and \"NYC 22\". In 2012, Polanco was cast in the Netflix series \"Orange Is the New Black\" as Dayanara \"Daya\" Diaz. In 2013, Polanco appeared in the independent film \"Gimme Shelter\" before returning to her role on \"Orange Is the New Black\" for the show's second season. In June 2014, it was announced that she had been promoted from a recurring role to a series regular for the show's third season, which was released in June 2015. She appeared in the comedy films \"The Cobbler\" and \"Joy\", and starred in the film \"The Perfect Match\". In 2018, Polanco had a recurring role in \"\", and in 2019, she had a recurring role in Netflix series, \"Russian Doll\" and \"When They See Us\". In 2021, Polanco played the role of Cuca, one of the lead salon ladies, in the film \"In the Heights\". From 2021"}, {"title": "Dascha Polanco", "text": " to 2022, Polaco voiced Ms. Camilla Torres, the mother of Winston who owns a record shop, in the animated series \"Karma's World\".</s><s>Personal life. Polanco has two children, a daughter and a son.{{cite web|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a42135/dascha-polanco-orange-is-the-new-black-season-3-profile/</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Dascha Polanco", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000457", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kak\u00e1.", "docs": [{"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": "<s>Kak\u00e1 Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite (; born 22 April 1982), commonly known as Kak\u00e1 () or Ricardo Kak\u00e1, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. In his prime as a playmaker at AC Milan, a period marked by his creative passing, goal scoring and dribbles from midfield, Kak\u00e1 is widely considered one of the best players of his generation. With success at club and international level, he is one of nine players to have won the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or. Kak\u00e1 made his professional club debut at age 18 at S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil in 2001, and his performances with the club led to him joining Serie A club AC Milan in 2003. In Italy, Kak\u00e1 helped Milan win the Serie A title in his first season. Milan finished runners up in the 2004\u201305 UEFA Champions League with Kak\u00e1 the top assist provider of the tournament, and he was named the UEFA Club Midfielder of the Year. He led Milan to win the 2006\u201307 UEFA Champions League and was the tournament's top goal scorer. His performances saw him win the FIFA World Player of the Year, the 2007 Ballon d'Or and the UEFA Club Footballer"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " of the Year. After six years with Milan, Kak\u00e1 joined Real Madrid in 2009 for a transfer fee of \u20ac67\u00a0million, which was the second highest transfer fee at the time. However, after four injury troubled seasons in Spain, which saw his physical mobility rapidly decline, he returned to AC Milan for a single season in 2013, prior to joining MLS expansion club Orlando City. He initially returned to his former club S\u00e3o Paulo on loan, before returning to Orlando in 2015 and retiring in 2017. Kak\u00e1 made his debut for the Brazil national team in 2002, and was selected for their victorious FIFA World Cup squad that year. An established member of the team for the 2006 World Cup, he was part of a much vaunted quartet that included Ronaldo, Adriano and Ronaldinho that ultimately underperformed at the tournament before he made his final appearance in a World Cup in 2010. He was also a member of Brazil's 2005 and 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup-winning squads, winning the Golden Ball Award in 2009 as the tournament's best player. In addition to his individual awards, between 2006 and 2009 he was named in both the FIFA World XI and the UEFA Team of the Year three times. In 2010, he was named in the AC Milan Hall of Fame."}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " One of the world's most famous athletes during his playing career, Kak\u00e1 was the first sportsperson to amass 10 million followers on Twitter. Off the field, Kak\u00e1 is known for his humanitarian work, where he became the youngest ambassador of the UN World Food Programme in 2004. For his contributions on and off the pitch, Kak\u00e1 was listed by \"Time\" as one of the world's 100 most influential people in 2008 and 2009.</s><s>Early life. Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite was born in Gama, Federal District, to Simone dos Santos, an elementary school teacher, and Bosco Izecson Pereira Leite, a civil engineer. He had a financially secure upbringing that allowed him to focus on both school and football at the same time. His younger brother Rodrigo (best known as Dig\u00e3o) and cousin Eduardo Delani are also professional footballers. Dig\u00e3o called him \"Caca\" due to his inability to pronounce \"Ricardo\" when they were young; it eventually evolved into \"Kak\u00e1.\" The word has no specific Portuguese translation. When he was seven, Kak\u00e1's family moved to S\u00e3o Paulo, in the homonymous state. His school had arranged him in a local youth club called \"\"Alph"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": "aville,\"\" who qualified to the final in a local tournament. There he was discovered by hometown club S\u00e3o Paulo FC, who offered him a place in the youth academy. At the age of 18, Kak\u00e1 suffered a career-threatening and possibly paralysis-inducing spinal fracture as a result of a swimming pool accident, but made a full recovery. He attributes his recovery to God and has since tithed his income to his church.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:S\u00e3o Paulo. Kak\u00e1 began his career with S\u00e3o Paulo at the age of eight. He signed a contract at 15 and led the S\u00e3o Paulo youth squad to \"Copa de Juvenil\" glory. He made his senior side debut on 1 February 2001 and scored 12 goals in 27 appearances, in addition to leading S\u00e3o Paulo to its first and only Torneio Rio-S\u00e3o Paulo championship, in which he scored two goals in two minutes as a substitute against Botafogo in the final, which S\u00e3o Paulo won 2\u20131. He scored ten goals in 22 matches the following season, and by this time his performance was soon attracting attention from European clubs. Kak\u00e1 made a total of 58 appearances for S\u00e3o Paulo, scoring 23 times.</s><s>Club career"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": ".:AC Milan. The steady European interest in Kak\u00e1 culminated in his signing with the European champions, Italian club AC Milan, in 2003 for a fee of reported \u20ac8.5\u00a0million, described in retrospect as \"peanuts\" by club owner Silvio Berlusconi. Within a month, he cracked the starting lineup, replacing Rui Costa in the attacking midfield playmaking position, behind strikers Jon Dahl Tomasson, Filippo Inzaghi and Andriy Shevchenko. His Serie A debut was in a 2\u20130 win over Ancona. He scored ten goals in 30 appearances that season, also providing several important assists, such as the cross which led to Shevchenko's title-deciding headed goal, as Milan won the \"Scudetto\" and the UEFA Super Cup, whilst finishing as runner up in the Intercontinental Cup and the 2003 Supercoppa Italiana. Milan also reached the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia, losing out to eventual winners Lazio, and were knocked out of the quarter-finals of the Champions League by Deportivo La Coru\u00f1a. Due to his performances in his debut season, in 2004, Kak\u00e1 was named Serie A Footballer of the Year, and was"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " nominated for both the Ballon d'Or (finishing 15th) and the 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year (finishing 10th). Kak\u00e1 was a part of the five-man midfield in the 2004\u201305 season, usually playing in a withdrawn role behind striker Andriy Shevchenko. He was supported by Gennaro Gattuso and Clarence Seedorf defensively, as well as Massimo Ambrosini, allowing Kak\u00e1 as the attacking midfielder and Rui Costa or Andrea Pirlo as the deep-lying playmaker to be in charge of creating Milan's goalscoring chances, forming a formidable midfield unit in both Italy and Europe. Milan began the season by winning the Supercoppa Italiana against Lazio. He scored seven goals in 36 domestic appearances as Milan finished runner-up in the \"Scudetto\" race. Milan also reached the quarter-finals of the Coppa Italia that season. Kak\u00e1 played a pivotal role in Milan's Champions League campaign that season, helping them to reach the final against Liverpool, scoring two goals and providing five assists. Dubbed the \"Miracle of Istanbul\", Milan led 3\u20130 at half time, before Liverpool staged a comeback, scoring three goals in six minutes, and"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " eventually won the match 3\u20132 on penalties. A match widely regarded as one of the greatest finals in the competition's history, Kak\u00e1 was imperious in the first half; he first won the early free-kick which led to Paolo Maldini's opening goal, began the play that led to Hern\u00e1n Crespo's first goal and Milan's second of the night, then executed a long curling pass that split open the Liverpool defence and rolled directly into the path of Crespo to score Milan's third. Kak\u00e1 was once again nominated for the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year Awards, finishing ninth and eighth respectively, and he was named the 2005 UEFA Club Football Best Midfielder. The 2005\u201306 season saw Kak\u00e1 score his first hat-tricks in domestic competitions. On 9 April 2006, he scored his first \"Rossoneri\" hat-trick against Chievo, with all three goals scored in the second half. Milan were knocked out in the semi-finals of the 2005\u201306 Champions League to eventual champions Barcelona, and were once again eliminated in the quarter-finals of the Coppa Italia. Milan also finished once again as runners-up in Serie A, with Kak\u00e1 scoring"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " 17 goals in the league. After the 2006 Calciopoli scandal, however, Milan were deducted 30 points, which placed them in third in the table. Kak\u00e1 was nominated for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year Awards for the third consecutive year, finishing 11th and seventh respectively. He was also selected to be part of both the UEFA Team of the Year and the FIFPro World XI for the first time in his career. Andriy Shevchenko's departure to Chelsea for the 2006\u201307 season allowed Kak\u00e1 to become the focal point of Milan's offense as he alternated between the midfield and forward positions, operating at times as a striker or as a second striker behind Filippo Inzaghi, as well as in his more typical attacking midfield position. On 2 November 2006, he scored his first Champions League hat-trick in a 4\u20131 group stage win over the Belgian side Anderlecht. He finished as the top scorer in the 2006\u201307 Champions League campaign with ten goals. One of the goals helped the \"Rossoneri\" eliminate Celtic in the round of 16, 1\u20130 on aggregate, and he scored three goals against Manchester United in the semi-finals. Milan also reached"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia that season, losing out to winners Roma, and finished fourth in Serie A. Kak\u00e1 won the Champions League title when Milan defeated Liverpool 2\u20131 on 23 May 2007, avenging the previous loss on penalties two years before. Though he went scoreless, he won a free kick that led to the first of Filippo Inzaghi's two goals, and provided the assist for the second. On 30 August, Kak\u00e1 was named by UEFA as both the top forward of the 2006\u201307 Champions League season and UEFA Club Footballer of the Year, as well as being named as part of the UEFA Team of the Year for the second time. He once again finished as the second-best assist-provider of the Champions League, providing five, and was voted the 2007 IFFHS World's Best Playmaker. Milan began its 2007\u201308 season by winning the UEFA Super Cup on 31 August, defeating Sevilla 3\u20131, with Kak\u00e1 scoring the third goal. Kak\u00e1 had made a dribbling run into Sevilla's area, winning a penalty, which he then proceeded to take. Although it was saved by goalkeeper Andr\u00e9s Palop, Kak\u00e1 scored on the rebound with a header."}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " Kak\u00e1 had previously hit the post in the first half. He played his 200th career match with Milan in a 1\u20131 home draw with Catania on 30 September, scoring from a penalty, and on 5 October, he was named the 2006\u201307 FIFPro World Player of the Year, and was elected as part of the FIFPro World XI for the second time in his career. On 2 December 2007, Kak\u00e1 became the eighth Milan player to win the Ballon d'Or, as he finished with a decisive 444 votes, well ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. He signed a contract extension through 2013 with Milan on 29 February 2008. On 16 December, Kak\u00e1 won the FIFA Club World Cup against Boca Juniors, scoring Milan's third goal of the match in a 4\u20132 victory which allowed them to be crowned World Champions. Kak\u00e1 had previously assisted Filippo Inzaghi's opening goal of the match and also assisted Inzaghi's final goal of the match after an impressive exchange with Clarence Seedorf; he was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the competition. On 17 December, Kak\u00e1 was voted the 2007 FIFA World Player of the Year with 1,047 votes, ahead of Lionel Messi with 504"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " and Cristiano Ronaldo with 426. In January 2008, Kak\u00e1 was also named the 2007 Serie A Footballer of the Year, winning the award for the second time in his career. His contributions on and off the pitch saw \"Time\" magazine name Kak\u00e1 in the Time 100 list on 2 May. On 14 October, he cast his footprints into the Est\u00e1dio do Maracan\u00e3's sidewalk of fame, in a section dedicated to the memory of the country's top players. Kak\u00e1 finished the 2007\u201308 season with 15 goals in Serie A. His best goals included a curling strike from 30 yards into the top corner against Lazio, a powerful strike from the edge of the 18-yard box against Cagliari, and a now trademark slalom run past a number of Udinese players before bending the ball into the bottom corner. He was nominated as a finalist for the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year, finishing fourth, and was nominated for the Ballon d'Or, finishing in eighth. He was named in the six-man shortlist for the 2008 Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, and was selected in the FIFPro World XI for the third time in his career. He was named in the Time 100"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " again in 2009. The BBC reported on 13 January 2009 that Manchester City made a bid for Kak\u00e1 for over \u00a3100\u00a0million. Milan Director Umberto Gandini replied that Milan would only discuss the matter if Kak\u00e1 and Manchester City agreed to personal terms. Kak\u00e1 initially responded by telling reporters he wanted to \"grow old\" at Milan and dreamed of captaining the club one day, but later said, \"If Milan want to sell me, I'll sit down and talk. I can say that as long as the club don't want to sell me, I'll definitely stay.\" On 19 January, Silvio Berlusconi announced that Manchester City had officially ended their bid after a discussion between the clubs, and that Kak\u00e1 would remain with Milan. Milan supporters had protested outside the club headquarters earlier that evening, and later chanted outside Kak\u00e1's home, where he saluted them by flashing his jersey outside a window. Kak\u00e1 finished his final season with Milan by scoring 16 goals, helping Milan finish third in Serie A, and once again being elected as a finalist for the FIFA World Player of the Year Award, finishing fourth in voting for the second-straight year. He was also nominated for the Ballon d'Or award, finishing in sixth place"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": ", and was named in the UEFA Team of the Year for the third time in his career.</s><s>Club career.:Real Madrid. On 3 June 2009, it was reported that newly elected Real Madrid president Florentino P\u00e9rez had offered to buy Kak\u00e1 from Milan for a reported \u20ac68.5\u00a0million, two days after the player had left for international duty with Brazil. Milan vice-chairman and CEO Adriano Galliani confirmed that he and Kak\u00e1's father, Bosco Leite, had traveled to Mexico to meet with \"La Volpe\": \"We had lunch and spoke about Kak\u00e1. I don't deny it. Negotiations exist, but a deal has yet to be done.\" On 4 June, Galliani told \"Gazzetta dello Sport\" that financial reasons were his motive for the talks with \"La Volpe\": \"We cannot allow [Milan] to lose \u20ac70\u00a0million\u00a0... The reasons behind Kak\u00e1's departure would be economic.\" On 8 June, Milan and Real Madrid confirmed Kak\u00e1's move to the Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium on a six-year deal for \u20ac67\u00a0million fee. Kak\u00e1 was unveiled as a Real Madrid player on 30 June 2009, and he made his unofficial debut"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " on 7 August 2009 in a 5\u20131 friendly victory against Toronto FC. He scored his first goal for Madrid during a pre-season match on 19 August 2009, in a 5\u20130 victory against Borussia Dortmund. Kak\u00e1 later made his league debut on 29 August 2009 in a 3\u20132 win against Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a. He scored his first goal, a penalty, on 23 September in a 2\u20130 win against Villarreal. Real Madrid finished the season as runners-up in La Liga, with Kak\u00e1 scoring eight goals and providing six assists in La Liga, and nine goals and eight assists in all competitions. On 5 August 2010, Real Madrid announced that Kak\u00e1 had undergone a successful surgery on a long-standing left knee injury and would face up to four months on the sidelines. Kak\u00e1 returned to training after a long lay-off, with manager Jos\u00e9 Mourinho commenting that having Kak\u00e1 back from injury was like a new signing. After an eight-month absence, Kak\u00e1 returned to play by entering as a substitute for Karim Benzema on the 77th minute of a 3\u20132 victory over Getafe on 3 January 2011. He said he was \"(...) happy for playing a game again and for stepping onto a pitch.\""}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " His first league goal (and his first of the season) after his return from injury came with an assist from Cristiano Ronaldo on a 4\u20132 victory over Villarreal on 9 January 2011. In March 2011, Kak\u00e1 suffered from Iliotibial band syndrome, which kept him sidelined for a few weeks. After returning from injury, he appeared in a convincing win over Valencia, scoring two goals. At the end of his second season with the club, Real Madrid and Kak\u00e1 had won the Copa del Rey, although they finished as runners-up in both La Liga and in the Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a to rivals Barcelona. Real Madrid were also knocked out of the Champions League by Barcelona in the semi-finals of the competition. Kak\u00e1 finished his season with seven goals and six assists in all competitions in 20 appearances. On 27 September 2011, Kak\u00e1 experienced one of his best matches as a Real Madrid player during a 3\u20130 victory over Ajax in the Champions League, as he scored one goal, provided one assist and participated in one of the best team build-ups of the matchday: a counterattacking move involving Mesut \u00d6zil, Cristiano Ronaldo and Karim Benzema. Kak\u00e1 was later chosen the best player"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " of the Champions League Matchday. With this match, Kak\u00e1 experienced one of the best starts to a season he has ever had, scoring two goals, serving two assists and winning one penalty for his team. In 2011\u201312, Real Madrid won La Liga with a record 100 points that year, with Kak\u00e1 providing nine assists and scoring five goals in the competition. They were, however, eliminated for the second year in a row in the semi-finals of the Champions League, losing out to eventual runners-up Bayern Munich on penalties. The decisive misses for Real Madrid were by Ronaldo, Kak\u00e1 and Sergio Ramos. He finished the season with eight goals and 14 assists in all club competitions. Real Madrid were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey by eventual winners Barcelona. Real Madrid began the 2012\u201313 season by winning the 2012 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a against rivals Bar\u00e7a. On 4 December 2012, after scoring in a 4\u20131 win against Ajax, Kak\u00e1 became the top Brazilian goalscorer in Champions League history, with 28 goals. After the match, Kak\u00e1 said, \"This was an important goal for me, and I hope I've still got goals left to help Real Madrid. It was an important win and a"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " special night.\" Kak\u00e1 came on just before an hour was played, but was sent off as he was controversially booked twice within 18 minutes in a 0\u20130 draw against Osasuna on 12 January 2013. It was his first sending-off at Madrid since he joined from Milan in 2009 and his first red card since he was dismissed playing for Brazil against Ivory Coast at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Real Madrid finished the season in second place in La Liga behind Barcelona, and also finished runners-up in the Copa del Rey to city rivals Atl\u00e9tico Madrid. They were eliminated in the semi-finals of the Champions League for the third consecutive year by eventual runners-up Borussia Dortmund. On 29 August 2013, Kak\u00e1 expressed his desire to leave Real Madrid, having scored 29 goals and provided 32 assists in 120 appearances in all competitions over four seasons at the club. He said goodbye to Real Madrid and its fans in an open letter on Twitter.</s><s>Club career.:Return to AC Milan. Milan confirmed that Kak\u00e1 would join the club on 2 September 2013 from Real Madrid on a free transfer with only performance-related incentives owed to Madrid; after agreeing to personal terms, he signed a two-year contract. Kak\u00e1's contract was worth \u20ac4 million"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " net per year and he was given the number 22 shirt, the same number he wore for Milan during his first spell. He was also made the vice-captain upon his arrival. He captained Milan in his debut for his second spell, taking the armband from goalkeeper Marco Amelia in a match against Chiasso. Kak\u00e1 tore his left adductor muscle during his first competitive appearance, deciding not to accept any wages from Milan whilst he regained fitness. He made his return for Milan on 19 October after coming on as a 76th-minute substitute in a 1\u20130 home victory against Udinese. In his next match, on 22 October, Kak\u00e1 assisted Robinho in the 1\u20131 home draw against Barcelona in the Champions League. His first goal, described by ESPN as \"a sensational curling shot from the edge of the area into the top right-hand corner,\" opened the scoring in a 1\u20131 home draw at San Siro to Lazio on 30 October. On 7 January 2014, Kak\u00e1 scored his 100th goal for Milan by an opening goal in a match against Atalanta; he later went on to score another goal 30 minutes later. On 11 March he scored a goal against Atl\u00e9tico Madrid in Vicente Calder\u00f3n Stadium"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": ", this goal made him the last player to score against Atl\u00e9tico Madrid at Vicente Calder\u00f3n for three seasons in knockout phase until Isco scored against them in 2016\u201317 UEFA Champions League semi final. On 29 March 2014, Kak\u00e1 scored twice in a 3\u20130 win against Chievo, his 300th match for Milan. In June 2014, it was reported that Kak\u00e1 had entered into advanced discussions with Orlando City to join the team in January 2015 when they enter Major League Soccer (MLS). On 30 June 2014, Kak\u00e1 had his Milan contract terminated through mutual consent despite having a year remaining, by activating a release clause as a result of the team not qualifying for European competitions.</s><s>Club career.:Orlando City. Kaka joined future MLS franchise Orlando City as their first Designated Player. He stated that he had \"always\" wanted to play in the United States, and cited the Brazilian owner Fl\u00e1vio Augusto da Silva as a reason for signing. Until Orlando entered the league in 2015, Kak\u00e1 was loaned to his first club S\u00e3o Paulo, which he called \"really satisfying.\" By signing for Orlando City, Kak\u00e1 became the highest-paid player in MLS history, with a base salary of US$6."}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": "6 million per year, and with a guaranteed compensation of $7.2 million per year.</s><s>Club career.:Orlando City.:Loan to S\u00e3o Paulo. On 3 July 2014, Kak\u00e1 arrived at S\u00e3o Paulo and began training the next day. He made his comeback in a league match against Goi\u00e1s on 27 July 2014, starting and scoring a goal in the 76th minute, although his team lost 2\u20131. On 4 September 2014, in the second round of the Copa Sudamericana, Kak\u00e1 scored in a 2\u20130 victory over Crici\u00fama. On 9 November 2014, Kak\u00e1 scored the winning goal in a 2\u20131 victory over Vit\u00f3ria.</s><s>Club career.:Orlando City.:Return to Orlando City. Kak\u00e1 scored in his first match for Orlando City, a 4\u20130 friendly win over FC Dallas. He then scored again in a 1\u20131 friendly draw against New York City FC. On 8 March 2015, Kak\u00e1 scored a free kick for the equaliser in a 1\u20131 draw on his MLS debut against New York City FC at the Citrus Bowl, the first in Orlando City's competitive history. Kak\u00e1 scored one and assisted another in a 2\u20132 draw"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " with Montreal Impact on 28 March 2015. He came second in the \"Etihad Airways MLS Player of the Month \"poll\" \"for his performances in March. On 13 April 2015, Kak\u00e1 scored a penalty against Portland Timbers in a 2\u20130 win. On 17 May 2015, Kak\u00e1 scored one and assisted another in Orlando City's 4\u20130 win over defending MLS champions LA Galaxy. By doing so, Orlando became the first expansion team to beat a defending MLS champion by more than a three-goal margin. On 30 June, Kak\u00e1 scored Orlando's opening goal in the 21st minute of his Open Cup debut, helping his team to a 2\u20130 home win over Columbus Crew, in the fifth round of the competition, which enabled the club to advance to the quarter-finals. On 5 July, he received the first straight red card of his career in a 1\u20131 away draw against Real Salt Lake; he had previously scored a goal during the match. Later that month, Kak\u00e1 was named to the 2015 MLS All-Star Game as the team's captain. During the MLS All-Star Game on 29 July, at the Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, Colorado, he scored from a penalty and later assisted David Villa as the MLS"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " All-Stars defeated Tottenham Hotspur 2\u20131; Kak\u00e1 was named MVP of the match. Despite his efforts, he was unable to help Orlando City become the first expansion team to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs since the Seattle Sounders in 2009, as Orlando narrowly missed out on the sixth seed spot in the Eastern Conference; he ended his first season with 9 goals and 7 assists in 28 MLS appearances, also scoring another goal from two appearances in the 2015 MLS Open Cup. After initially being sidelined through injury and missing Orlando City's first three matches of the 2016 MLS season, Kak\u00e1 returned to the team's starting line-up and made his first appearance of the season on 3 April, against the Portland Timbers; he assisted two goals and later scored one himself in a 4\u20131 home victory, and was subsequently named to the MLS team of the week for his performance. In July 2016, he was included in the roster for the 2016 MLS All-Star Game. He finished his second MLS season with the club with 9 goals and 10 assists in 24 appearances, as Orlando once again failed to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs. On 5 March 2017, in Orlando City's opening match of the MLS season against New York City, and the club's stadium debut, Kak\u00e1 hit"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " the turf clutching his left leg just minutes after the game had started; the Lions beat their opponents 1\u20130. Later, it was reported that Kak\u00e1 would be out for 6 weeks due to a hamstring strain. Kaka came back in action and he scored on his return in Orlando City 2\u20130 win over Colorado Rapids on 29 April. The next week, he scored another goal in Orlando's 2\u20131 loss against Toronto FC. He scored his third goal of the season in a 2\u20132 draw against Sporting KC on 13 May 2017. On 14 June, he played in the 3\u20131 loss in U.S. Open Cup match against Miami FC which was coached by his former teammate Alessandro Nesta. On 17 June he assisted Mat\u00edas P\u00e9rez Garc\u00eda's goal against Montreal Impact. The following match, he provided another assist for Scott Sutter last minute equalizer against Seattle Sounders. On 7 July, he was chosen to play for the 2017 MLS All-Star Game for the third consecutive season. He scored a long range stunner against Atlanta United on 29 July. Orlando City were officially eliminated from playoff contention on 7 October, following New York Red Bulls's 3\u20130 victory over Vancouver Whitecaps. Kak\u00e1 announced on 11 October 2017 that"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " he would not be renewing his contract with Orlando City for the 2018 MLS season. He played his last official match for Orlando on 15 October in a 1\u20130 home defeat against Columbus Crew; he finished the 2017 MLS season with 6 goals and 5 assists in 23 league appearances. He later appeared once more for Orlando, in a 6\u20131 home win over the Puerto Rican national team in the \"Fuerza Puerto Rico\" friendly, held on 5 November, to raise money for Hurricane Maria relief. In total, Kak\u00e1 made 75 league appearances in his three seasons with Orlando, scoring 24 goals and providing 22 assists.</s><s>Club career.:Retirement. Kak\u00e1 announced his retirement on 17 December 2017, after turning down offers from his former clubs S\u00e3o Paulo and AC Milan. He also expressed interest in working as a director, confirming that Milan had offered him a role.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Youth career and early senior career. Kak\u00e1 was called up for the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship, but the Brazilians crashed out to Ghana in the quarter-finals. Several months later, he made his debut for the senior Brazil squad in a friendly match against Bolivia on 31 January 2002. He was part of Brazil's 2002 FIFA World Cup"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": "-winning squad in Korea/Japan, but played only 25 minutes, all of which were in the 5\u20132 first round victory against Costa Rica on 13 June. In 2003, Kak\u00e1 was the captain for the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup, where Brazil, competing with their under-23 team, finished as runner-up to Mexico. He scored three goals during the tournament.</s><s>International career.:First Confederations Cup title and 2006 World Cup. Kak\u00e0 was included in Brazil's squad for 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup in Germany. He appeared in all five matches and scored one goal in a 4\u20131 win over Argentina in the final. Kak\u00e1 started in his first FIFA World Cup finals in 2006 and scored his first and only goal of the tournament with a 25-yard strike in Brazil's 1\u20130 victory over Croatia in Brazil's opener, for which he was named Man of the Match. Kak\u00e1 was unable to keep up the momentum for the remainder of the tournament, as Brazil was eliminated by France in the quarter-finals with French star Thierry Henry scoring the winner. In a friendly against rivals Argentina at the Emirates Stadium, London on 3 September 2006, after entering as a substitute, Kak\u00e1 received the ball off a deflection from an Argentina"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " corner kick and outran Lionel Messi while taking the ball down three quarters of the field to score. Exhibiting his \"fantastic acceleration and balletic grace\" (according to Carl Anka for the BBC), Kak\u00e1 regards it as the greatest goal he ever scored. On 12 May 2007, citing an exhaustive schedule of Serie A, Champions League and national team play, Kak\u00e1 bowed out of the 2007 Copa Am\u00e9rica, which Brazil won. After missing out on the Copa Am\u00e9rica, he returned to play in Brazil's friendly match against Algeria on 22 August 2007. On 11 October 2008, Kak\u00e1 opened the scoring for Brazil in their 4\u20130 win against Venezuela in a qualification game for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.</s><s>International career.:Second Confederations Cup title and 2010 World Cup. Kak\u00e1 participated in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, wearing the number 10 shirt, marking his first international tournament since the 2006 World Cup. His only two goals came in Brazil's group stage opener against Egypt on 14 June, when he scored a goal in the fifth minute and then added a 90th-minute penalty in Brazil's 4\u20133 victory. Kak\u00e1 also provided two assists throughout the tournament. He received the Golden Ball as the player of"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " the tournament at the Confederations Cup and was also named the Man of the Match in the final after helping Brazil to a 3\u20132 win against the United States. At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, during the match against Ivory Coast on 20 June, Kak\u00e1 received a controversial red card after receiving two yellow cards. The second card was given for an alleged elbow in the direction of Abdul Kader Ke\u00efta. Kak\u00e1 ended the tournament with three assists in total, as the joint-top assist provider, although he failed to score a goal during the tournament. Brazil eventually ended up losing 2\u20131 to World Cup eventual runners-up Netherlands in the quarter-finals of the tournament.</s><s>International career.:Later career. After more than a year absence from the national team due to a series of injuries, Kak\u00e1 was recalled on 27 October 2011 for the friendly matches against Gabon and Egypt in November. He later had to be removed from the squad due to a calf injury, and thus did not play either of the matches. After not appearing for Brazil in two years, Kak\u00e1 was recalled on 28 September 2012 for the friendly matches against Iraq and Japan in October. Following his recall to the \"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o\" squad, Kak\u00e1 stated, \""}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": "I admit it was a surprise this call\u00a0... When the list was published, I was extremely happy. It was like my first call-up.\" Brazil coach Mano Menezes said that despite Kak\u00e1 and Oscar's similarities, the two would be able to play alongside each other, as Kak\u00e1 had slightly changed his playing style. On his return to the national side, Kak\u00e1 scored in both matches, a 6\u20130 win over Iraq and a 4\u20130 win over Japan. Kak\u00e1 retained his place in the squad for Brazil's 1,000th game in history, a 1\u20131 friendly draw against Colombia on 14 November 2012. On 5 March 2013, Kak\u00e1 was called up by new Brazil coach Luiz Felipe Scolari for the first time since the coach's return, for friendlies with Italy in London and Russia in Geneva, both taking place late in that month. Kak\u00e1, however, was not selected for the national team for the 2013 Confederations Cup and was also omitted from Scolari's 2014 World Cup squad. After almost 18 months, Kak\u00e1 was recalled to the Brazilian team in October 2014 by new manager Dunga for friendlies against Argentina and Japan. On 1 May 2015, Kak\u00e1 was selected as one of"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " seven stand-by players in Brazil's preliminary squad for the 2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica, although he was not called up for the final tournament. In August 2015, he was called up to the national team once again for the team's international friendlies in September, and made a substitute appearance in Brazil's 1\u20130 victory over Costa Rica on 5 September; this was his first appearance for Brazil in almost a year, and his 90th appearance for his country overall. Following Douglas Costa's left thigh injury in late May 2016, which ruled him out of Brazil's Copa Am\u00e9rica Centenario squad, Kak\u00e1 was called up as a replacement by Dunga. On 30 May, he subsequently appeared as an 80th-minute substitute in a pre-Copa Am\u00e9rica friendly warm-up match against Panama, which ended in a 2\u20130 victory to Brazil. A muscle injury sustained in early June, however, also ruled Kak\u00e1 out of the upcoming tournament; he was replaced by Ganso.</s><s>Style of play and reception. Regarded as one of the best players of his generation, Kak\u00e1 has been described on the FIFA website as having the \"capacity to glide almost effortlessly past opponents, provide defence-splitting passes and score consistently"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " from distance.\" During his prime at Milan in the mid to late 2000s, and prior to the injuries he suffered at Real Madrid which affected his mobility, Kak\u00e1 was a quick, agile, hard-working, highly skilful and creative team player with great pace, ball control, technique, movement, and balance, capable of dribbling past defenders in one on one situations as well as during counterattacks. Regarding his speed and elegance on the ball during his trademark forward runs, in 2017, Karl Matchett of Bleacher Report stated: Tim Vickery of ESPN wrote, \"Kak\u00e1 running forward with the ball had the power of a freight train. He married power with finesse\", but on the impact of his knee and groin issues at Madrid, added, \"once his acceleration had been reduced, he lacked the subtlety to shine as before.\" Carl Anka of the BBC writes that his \"knee and groin problems sapped him of the explosive half-yard burst he needed to navigate the corridors of midfield uncertainty\", and that by 2009 he \"was already on the wane.\" Anka adds that being the last player to win FIFA World Player of the Year (in 2007) prior to the Messi-Ronaldo dominance over the next decade, Kak"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": "\u00e1's standing in the game has been \"lost in a haze\", with his \"greatness just out of sight\". Ronaldinho states, \"For two, maybe three seasons [at Milan] he was the best player in the world. There was nothing he couldn\u2019t do\u201d, while his Milan teammate Andrea Pirlo adds, \"There was a point when teams just had no idea how to stop him.\" As well as his dribbling from midfield, Kak\u00e1 was also renowned for his vision and passing ability, enabling him to create chances for teammates. Having performed predominantly as a playmaking attacking midfielder throughout his career, he was known for being capable of scoring goals as well as creating and assisting them. A versatile player, he was also deployed in several other attacking positions throughout his career, performing as a winger on either flank, as a supporting forward, and on occasion as an outright striker, or even in a deeper role as a midfield playmaker. In addition to these characteristics, Kak\u00e1 also possessed a powerful and accurate shot from both inside and outside the penalty area, with either foot, despite being naturally right-footed; he preferred to strike the ball with finesse rather than power, however, and had a penchant for scoring from distance with bending shots"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": ". He was also an accurate penalty taker. In 2020, \"90min.com\" placed Kak\u00e0 at number 42 in their list of \"The 50 Greatest Footballers of All Time.\"</s><s>Personal life. Kak\u00e1 married his childhood sweetheart Caroline Celico on 23 December 2005 at a Rebirth in Christ church in S\u00e3o Paulo. The couple have two children: son Luca Celico Leite (born 10 June 2008) and daughter Isabella (born 23 April 2011). In 2015, Kak\u00e1 and Celico announced their divorce via social media. Kak\u00e1 was sworn in as an Italian citizen on 12 February 2007. He features prominently in Adidas advertising and also has a modeling contract with Armani, the latter preventing him from appearing in a photo collection alongside his Milan teammates that was published by Dolce & Gabbana in early 2007. Kak\u00e1 appeared on the cover of the Italian edition of EA Sports' \"FIFA\" video game \"FIFA 07\", alongside compatriot and global coverstar Ronaldinho; he was also featured on the cover of some regional editions of \"FIFA 11\", \"FIFA 12\", and \"FIFA 16\". He featured in \"FIFA 20\" as one of the new Ultimate Team Icons. Kak\u00e1 cites"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " Ra\u00ed, the former Brazilian national team and S\u00e3o Paulo FC captain, as his footballing role model. He is best friends with Marcelo Saragosa, who also played professionally. They each served as the best man at the other's wedding. He is also close friends with Colombia striker Radamel Falcao. In April 2012, Kak\u00e1 became the first sportsperson to amass ten million followers on Twitter, and by March 2015, Kak\u00e1 had the fifth-highest social media rank in the world among athletes, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, David Beckham and Neymar, with 33 million Facebook fans. Kak\u00e1 is a devout evangelical Christian who was an active member of the S\u00e3o Paulo-based Rebirth in Christ Church. He became engrossed in religion at the age of 12: \"I learnt that it is faith that decides whether something will happen or not.\" He removed his jersey to reveal an \"I Belong to Jesus\" T-shirt and openly engaged in prayer moments after the final whistle of Brazil's 2002 World Cup, as well as Milan's 2004 \"Scudetto\" and 2007 Champions League triumphs. He also had the same phrase, along with \"God Is Faithful,\" stitched onto the tongues of his boots."}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " During the post-match celebration following Brazil's 4\u20131 win over Argentina in the 2005 Confederations Cup final, he and several of his teammates wore T-shirts that read \"Jesus Loves You\" in various languages. While receiving the FIFA World Footballer of the Year award in 2007, he said when he was young he just wanted to be a professional player for S\u00e3o Paulo and play one game for the Brazil national team, but that \"God gave [him] more than he ever asked for.\" Though sharing a common goal with \"Atletas de Cristo\" (\"Athletes of Christ\"), Kak\u00e1 is not currently a formal member of the organization. In goal celebrations, he usually points to the sky as a gesture of thanks to God. Kak\u00e1's favourite music genre is gospel, and his favourite book is the Bible. In a 2006 interview with the Brazilian newspaper \"O Globo\", Kaka announced that he wanted to become an evangelical pastor. Since November 2004, Kak\u00e1 has served as an Ambassador Against Hunger for the United Nations' World Food Programme, the youngest to do so at the time of his appointment. In August 2015, Kak\u00e1 announced he would attend Full Sail University in Winter Park, Florida, and major in Sports Marketing. On 5"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": " January 2019, he announced his engagement to Brazilian model Carolina Dias on Instagram. Kak\u00e1 was one of several Brazilian international footballers to endorse Jair Bolsonaro in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election.</s><s>Honours. S\u00e3o Paulo - Supercampeonato Paulista: 2002 - Torneio Rio \u2013 S\u00e3o Paulo: 2001 AC Milan - Serie A: 2003\u201304 - Supercoppa Italiana: 2004 - UEFA Champions League: 2006\u201307 - UEFA Super Cup: 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup: 2007 Real Madrid - La Liga: 2011\u201312 - Copa del Rey: 2010\u201311 Brazil - FIFA World Cup: 2002 - FIFA Confederations Cup: 2005, 2009 Individual - Ballon d'Or: 2007 - FIFA World Player of the Year: 2007 - FIFPro World Player of the Year: 2007 - FIFPro World XI: 2006, 2007, 2008 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2006, 2007, 2009 - UEFA.com Team of the Year: 2006, 2007, 2009 - UEFA Club Forward of the Year: 2006\u201307 - UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2006\u201307 - UEFA Club Midfielder of the Year: 2004\u201305 - UEFA Champions League Bronze Foot: 2005\u201306 - Pall"}, {"title": "Kak\u00e1", "text": "one d'Argento: 2006\u201307 - World Soccer Player of the Year: 2007 - Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year: 2004, 2006, 2007 - Serie A Footballer of the Year: 2004, 2007 - Bola de Ouro: 2002 - Bola de Prata: 2002 - South American Team of the Year: 2002 - CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI: 2003 - IFFHS World's Best Playmaker: 2007 - IAAF Latin Sportsman of the Year: 2007 - Onze d'Or: 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2007 - Time 100: 2008, 2009 - Maracan\u00e3 Hall of Fame: 2008 - Samba Gold: 2008 - MARCA Legend Award: 2009 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: 2009 - FIFA Confederations Cup Best XI: 2009 - AC Milan Hall of Fame: 2010 - MLS All-Star: 2015, 2016, 2017 - MLS All-Star Game MVP: 2015 - UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year: 2015 (substitute)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kak\u00e1", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000458", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Fidel Castro.", "docs": [{"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "<s>Fidel Castro Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (; ; 13 August 1926 \u2013 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist\u2013Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and socialist reforms were implemented throughout society. Born in Bir\u00e1n, the son of a wealthy Spanish farmer, Castro adopted leftist and anti-imperialist ideas while studying law at the University of Havana. After participating in rebellions against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, he planned the overthrow of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista, launching a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953. After a year's imprisonment, Castro travelled to Mexico where he formed a revolutionary group, the 26th of July Movement, with his brother Ra\u00fal Castro and Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara. Returning to Cuba, Castro took a key role in the Cuban Revolution by leading the Movement in a guerrilla war against Batista"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "'s forces from the Sierra Maestra. After Batista's overthrow in 1959, Castro assumed military and political power as Cuba's prime minister. The United States came to oppose Castro's government and unsuccessfully attempted to remove him by assassination, economic embargo, and counter-revolution, including the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961. Countering these threats, Castro aligned with the Soviet Union and allowed the Soviets to place nuclear weapons in Cuba, resulting in the Cuban Missile Crisis\u00a0\u2013 a defining incident of the Cold War\u00a0\u2013 in 1962. Adopting a Marxist\u2013Leninist model of development, Castro converted Cuba into a one-party, socialist state under Communist Party rule, the first in the Western Hemisphere. Policies introducing central economic planning and expanding healthcare and education were accompanied by state control of the press and the suppression of internal dissent. Abroad, Castro supported anti-imperialist revolutionary groups, backing the establishment of Marxist governments in Chile, Nicaragua, and Grenada, as well as sending troops to aid allies in the Yom Kippur, Ogaden, and Angolan Civil War. These actions, coupled with Castro's leadership of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1979 to 1983 and Cuba's medical internationalism, increased Cuba's profile on the world stage. Following the"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Castro led Cuba through the economic downturn of the \"Special Period\", embracing environmentalist and anti-globalization ideas. In the 2000s, Castro forged alliances in the Latin American \"pink tide\"\u00a0\u2013 namely with Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's Venezuela\u00a0\u2013 and formed the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. In 2006, Castro transferred his responsibilities to Vice President Ra\u00fal Castro, who was elected to the presidency by the National Assembly in 2008. The longest-serving non-royal head of state in the 20th and 21st centuries, Castro polarized opinion throughout the world. His supporters view him as a champion of socialism and anti-imperialism whose revolutionary government advanced economic and social justice while securing Cuba's independence from US hegemony. Critics call him a dictator whose administration oversaw human rights abuses, the exodus of many Cubans, and the impoverishment of the country's economy.</s><s>Early life and career.</s><s>Early life and career.:Youth: 1926\u20131947. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was born out of wedlock at his father's farm on 13 August 1926. His father, \u00c1ngel Castro y Argiz, a veteran of the Spanish\u2013American War, was a migrant"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " to Cuba from Galicia, in the northwest of Spain. He had become financially successful by growing sugarcane at Las Manacas farm in Bir\u00e1n, then in Oriente Province (now Holgu\u00edn Province). After the collapse of his first marriage he took his household servant, Lina Ruz Gonz\u00e1lez\u00a0 (1903\u20131963) \u2013 of Canarian ancestry\u00a0\u2013 as his mistress and later second wife; together they had seven children, among them Fidel. At age six, Castro was sent to live with his teacher in Santiago de Cuba, before being baptized into the Roman Catholic Church at the age of eight. Being baptized enabled Castro to attend the La Salle boarding school in Santiago, where he regularly misbehaved; he was next sent to the privately funded, Jesuit-run Dolores School in Santiago. In 1945, Castro transferred to the Jesuit-run El Colegio de Bel\u00e9n in Havana. Although Castro took an interest in history, geography, and debate at Bel\u00e9n, he did not excel academically, instead devoting much of his time to playing sports. In 1945, Castro began studying law at the University of Havana. Admitting he was \"politically illiterate\", Castro became embroiled in student activism and the violent \"gangsterismo"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "\" culture within the university. After becoming passionate about anti-imperialism and opposing US intervention in the Caribbean, he unsuccessfully campaigned for the presidency of the Federation of University Students on a platform of \"honesty, decency and justice\". Castro became critical of the corruption and violence of President Ram\u00f3n Grau's government, delivering a public speech on the subject in November 1946 that received coverage on the front page of several newspapers. In 1947, Castro joined the Party of the Cuban People (or Orthodox Party; \"Partido Ortodoxo\"), founded by veteran politician Eduardo Chib\u00e1s. A charismatic figure, Chib\u00e1s advocated social justice, honest government, and political freedom, while his party exposed corruption and demanded reform. Though Chib\u00e1s came third in the 1948 general election, Castro remained committed to working on his behalf. Student violence escalated after Grau employed gang leaders as police officers, and Castro soon received a death threat urging him to leave the university. However, he refused to do so and began to carry a gun and surround himself with armed friends. In later years, anti-Castro dissidents accused him of committing gang-related assassinations at the time, but these accusations remain unproven. The American historian John Lewis Gaddis wrote that Castro \"began"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " his career as a revolutionary with no ideology at all: he was a student politician turned street fighter turned guerrilla, a voracious reader, an interminable speaker, and a pretty good baseball player. The only ideas that appear to have driven him were a lust for power, a willingness to use violent means to get it, and an unwillingness to share it once he had it. If he had followed any example, it was that of Napoleon, not Marx\".</s><s>Early life and career.:Rebellion and Marxism: 1947\u20131950. In June 1947, Castro learned of a planned expedition to overthrow the right-wing government of Rafael Trujillo, a US ally, in the Dominican Republic. Being President of the University Committee for Democracy in the Dominican Republic, Castro joined the expedition. The military force consisted of around 1,200 troops, mostly Cubans and exiled Dominicans, and they intended to sail from Cuba in July 1947. Grau's government stopped the invasion under US pressure, although Castro and many of his comrades evaded arrest. Returning to Havana, Castro took a leading role in student protests against the killing of a high school pupil by government bodyguards. The protests, accompanied by a crackdown on those considered communists, led to violent clashes between activists and"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " police in February 1948, in which Castro was badly beaten. At this point, his public speeches took on a distinctly leftist slant by condemning social and economic inequality in Cuba. In contrast, his former public criticisms had centered on condemning corruption and US imperialism. In April 1948, Castro travelled to Bogot\u00e1, Colombia, leading a Cuban student group sponsored by President Juan Per\u00f3n's Argentine government. There, the assassination of popular leftist leader Jorge Eli\u00e9cer Gait\u00e1n Ayala led to widespread rioting and clashes between the governing Conservatives\u00a0\u2013 backed by the army\u00a0\u2013 and leftist Liberals. Castro joined the Liberal cause by stealing guns from a police station, but subsequent police investigations concluded that he had not been involved in any killings. In April 1948, the Organization of American States was founded at a summit in Bogot\u00e1, leading to protests, which Castro joined. Returning to Cuba, Castro became a prominent figure in protests against government attempts to raise bus fares. That year, he married Mirta D\u00edaz Balart, a student from a wealthy family, through whom he was exposed to the lifestyle of the Cuban elite. The relationship was a love match, disapproved of by both families, but D\u00edaz Balart's father gave them tens of thousands of dollars"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": ", along with Batista, to spend on a three-month New York City honeymoon. That same year, Grau decided not to stand for re-election, which was instead won by his \"Partido Aut\u00e9ntico\"s new candidate, Carlos Pr\u00edo Socarr\u00e1s. Pr\u00edo faced widespread protests when members of the MSR, now allied to the police force, assassinated Justo Fuentes, a socialist friend of Castro's. In response, Pr\u00edo agreed to quell the gangs, but found them too powerful to control. Castro had moved further to the left, influenced by the Marxist writings of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin. He came to interpret Cuba's problems as an integral part of capitalist society, or the \"dictatorship of the bourgeoisie\", rather than the failings of corrupt politicians, and adopted the Marxist view that meaningful political change could only be brought about by proletariat revolution. Visiting Havana's poorest neighbourhoods, he became active in the student anti-racist campaign. In September 1949, Mirta gave birth to a son, Fidelito, so the couple moved to a larger Havana flat. Castro continued to put himself at risk, staying active in the city's politics and joining the 30 September Movement,"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " which contained within it both communists and members of the \"Partido Ortodoxo\". The group's purpose was to oppose the influence of the violent gangs within the university; despite his promises, Pr\u00edo had failed to control the situation, instead offering many of their senior members jobs in government ministries. Castro volunteered to deliver a speech for the Movement on 13 November, exposing the government's secret deals with the gangs and identifying key members. Attracting the attention of the national press, the speech angered the gangs and Castro fled into hiding, first in the countryside and then in the US. Returning to Havana several weeks later, Castro laid low and focused on his university studies, graduating as a Doctor of Law in September 1950.</s><s>Early life and career.:Career in law and politics: 1950\u20131952. Castro co-founded a legal partnership that primarily catered to poor Cubans, although it proved a financial failure. Caring little for money or material goods, Castro failed to pay his bills; his furniture was repossessed and electricity cut off, distressing his wife. He took part in a high school protest in Cienfuegos in November 1950, fighting with police to protest the Education Ministry's ban on student associations; he was arrested and"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " charged for violent conduct, but the magistrate dismissed the charges. His hopes for Cuba still centered on Chib\u00e1s and the \"Partido Ortodoxo\", and he was present at Chib\u00e1s' politically motivated suicide in 1951. Seeing himself as Chib\u00e1s' heir, Castro wanted to run for Congress in the June 1952 elections, though senior \"Ortodoxo\" members feared his radical reputation and refused to nominate him. He was instead nominated as a candidate for the House of Representatives by party members in Havana's poorest districts, and began campaigning. The \"Ortodoxo\" had considerable support and was predicted to do well in the election. During his campaign, Castro met with General Fulgencio Batista, the former president who had returned to politics with the Unitary Action Party. Batista offered him a place in his administration if he was successful; although both opposed Pr\u00edo's administration, their meeting never got beyond polite generalities. On 10 March 1952, Batista seized power in a military coup, with Pr\u00edo fleeing to Mexico. Declaring himself president, Batista cancelled the planned presidential elections, describing his new system as \"disciplined democracy\"; Castro was deprived of being elected in his run for office by Batista's move,"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " and like many others, considered it a one-man dictatorship. Batista moved to the right, solidifying ties with both the wealthy elite and the United States, severing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, suppressing trade unions and persecuting Cuban socialist groups. Intent on opposing Batista, Castro brought several legal cases against the government, but these came to nothing, and Castro began thinking of alternate ways to oust the regime.</s><s>Cuban Revolution.</s><s>Cuban Revolution.:The Movement and the Moncada Barracks attack: 1952\u20131953. Castro formed a group called \"The Movement\" which operated along a clandestine cell system, publishing underground newspaper \"El Acusador\" (\"The Accuser\"), while arming and training anti-Batista recruits. From July 1952 they went on a recruitment drive, gaining around 1,200 members in a year, the majority from Havana's poorer districts. Although a revolutionary socialist, Castro avoided an alliance with the communist Popular Socialist Party (PSP), fearing it would frighten away political moderates, but kept in contact with PSP members like his brother Ra\u00fal. Castro stockpiled weapons for a planned attack on the Moncada Barracks, a military garrison outside Santiago de Cuba, Oriente. Castro's militants intended to"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " dress in army uniforms and arrive at the base on 25 July, seizing control and raiding the armoury before reinforcements arrived. Supplied with new weaponry, Castro intended to spark a revolution among Oriente's impoverished cane cutters and promote further uprisings. Castro's plan emulated those of the 19th-century Cuban independence fighters who had raided Spanish barracks; Castro saw himself as the heir to independence leader Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed. Castro gathered 165 revolutionaries for the mission, ordering his troops not to cause bloodshed unless they met armed resistance. The attack took place on 26 July 1953, but ran into trouble; 3 of the 16 cars that had set out from Santiago failed to get there. Reaching the barracks, the alarm was raised, with most of the rebels pinned down by machine gun fire. Four were killed before Castro ordered a retreat. The rebels suffered 6 fatalities and 15 other casualties, whilst the army suffered 19 dead and 27 wounded. Meanwhile, some rebels took over a civilian hospital; subsequently stormed by government soldiers, the rebels were rounded up, tortured and 22 were executed without trial. Accompanied by 19 comrades, Castro set out for Gran Piedra in the rugged Sierra Maestra mountains several kilometres to the north, where they could establish a guerrilla base. Respond"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "ing to the attack, Batista's government proclaimed martial law, ordering a violent crackdown on dissent, and imposing strict media censorship. The government broadcast misinformation about the event, claiming that the rebels were communists who had killed hospital patients, although news and photographs of the army's use of torture and summary executions in Oriente soon spread, causing widespread public and some governmental disapproval. Over the following days, the rebels were rounded up; some were executed and others \u2013 including Castro \u2013 transported to a prison north of Santiago. Believing Castro incapable of planning the attack alone, the government accused \"Ortodoxo\" and PSP politicians of involvement, putting 122 defendants on trial on 21 September at the Palace of Justice, Santiago. Acting as his own defence counsel, Castro cited Mart\u00ed as the intellectual author of the attack and convinced the three judges to overrule the army's decision to keep all defendants handcuffed in court, proceeding to argue that the charge with which they were accused \u2013 of \"organizing an uprising of armed persons against the Constitutional Powers of the State\" \u2013 was incorrect, for they had risen up against Batista, who had seized power in an unconstitutional manner. The trial embarrassed the army by revealing that they had tortured suspects, after which they tried unsuccessfully to prevent Castro from testifying any"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " further, claiming he was too ill. The trial ended on 5 October, with the acquittal of most defendants; 55 were sentenced to prison terms of between 7 months and 13 years. Castro was sentenced on 16 October, during which he delivered a speech that would be printed under the title of \"History Will Absolve Me\". Castro was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment in the hospital wing of the Model Prison (\"Presidio Modelo\"), a relatively comfortable and modern institution on the Isla de Pinos.</s><s>Cuban Revolution.:Imprisonment and 26 July Movement: 1953\u20131955. Imprisoned with 25 comrades, Castro renamed his group the \"26th of July Movement\" (MR-26-7) in memory of the Moncada attack's date, and formed a school for prisoners. He read widely, enjoying the works of Marx, Lenin, and Mart\u00ed but also reading books by Freud, Kant, Shakespeare, Munthe, Maugham, and Dostoyevsky, analysing them within a Marxist framework. Corresponding with supporters, he maintained control over the Movement and organized the publication of \"History Will Absolve Me\". Initially permitted a relative amount of freedom within the prison, he was locked up in solitary confinement after inmates"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " sang anti-Batista songs on a visit by the president in February 1954. Meanwhile, Castro's wife Mirta gained employment in the Ministry of the Interior, something he discovered through a radio announcement. Appalled, he raged that he would rather die \"a thousand times\" than \"suffer impotently from such an insult\". Both Fidel and Mirta initiated divorce proceedings, with Mirta taking custody of their son Fidelito; this angered Castro, who did not want his son growing up in a bourgeois environment. In 1954, Batista's government held presidential elections, but no politician stood against him; the election was widely considered fraudulent. It had allowed some political opposition to be voiced, and Castro's supporters had agitated for an amnesty for the Moncada incident's perpetrators. Some politicians suggested an amnesty would be good publicity, and the Congress and Batista agreed. Backed by the US and major corporations, Batista believed Castro to be no threat, and on 15 May 1955, the prisoners were released. Returning to Havana, Castro gave radio interviews and press conferences; the government closely monitored him, curtailing his activities. Now divorced, Castro had sexual affairs with two female supporters, Naty Revuelta and Maria Laborde, each conceiving"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " him a child. Setting about strengthening the MR-26-7, he established an 11-person National Directorate but retained autocratic control, with some dissenters labelling him a \"caudillo\" (dictator); he argued that a successful revolution could not be run by committee and required a strong leader. In 1955, bombings and violent demonstrations led to a crackdown on dissent, with Castro and Ra\u00fal fleeing the country to evade arrest. Castro sent a letter to the press, declaring that he was \"leaving Cuba because all doors of peaceful struggle have been closed to me\u00a0... As a follower of Mart\u00ed, I believe the hour has come to take our rights and not beg for them, to fight instead of pleading for them.\" The Castros and several comrades travelled to Mexico, where Ra\u00fal befriended an Argentine doctor and Marxist\u2013Leninist named Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara, who was working as a journalist and photographer for \"\"Agencia Latina de Noticias\"\". Fidel liked him, later describing him as \"a more advanced revolutionary than I was\". Castro also associated with the Spaniard Alberto Bayo, who agreed to teach Castro's rebels the necessary skills in guerrilla warfare. Requiring funding, Castro toured the US"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " in search of wealthy sympathizers, there being monitored by Batista's agents, who allegedly orchestrated a failed assassination attempt against him. Castro kept in contact with the MR-26-7 in Cuba, where they had gained a large support base in Oriente. Other militant anti-Batista groups had sprung up, primarily from the student movement; most notable was the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil (DRE), founded by Jos\u00e9 Antonio Echeverr\u00eda. Antonio met with Castro in Mexico City, but Castro opposed the student's support for indiscriminate assassination. After purchasing the decrepit yacht \"Granma\", on 25 November 1956, Castro set sail from Tuxpan, Veracruz, with 81 armed revolutionaries. The crossing to Cuba was harsh, with food running low and many suffering seasickness. At some points, they had to bail water caused by a leak, and at another, a man fell overboard, delaying their journey. The plan had been for the crossing to take five days, and on the \"Granma\"s scheduled day of arrival, 30 November, MR-26-7 members under Frank Pa\u00eds led an armed uprising in Santiago and Manzanillo. However, the \"Granma\"s"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " journey ultimately lasted seven days, and with Castro and his men unable to provide reinforcements, Pa\u00eds and his militants dispersed after two days of intermittent attacks.</s><s>Cuban Revolution.:Guerrilla war: 1956\u20131959. The \"Granma\" ran aground in a mangrove swamp at Playa Las Coloradas, close to Los Cayuelos, on 2 December 1956. Fleeing inland, its crew headed for the forested mountain range of Oriente's Sierra Maestra, being repeatedly attacked by Batista's troops. Upon arrival, Castro discovered that only 19 rebels had made it to their destination, the rest having been killed or captured. Setting up an encampment, the survivors included the Castros, Che Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos. They began launching raids on small army posts to obtain weaponry, and in January 1957 they overran the outpost at La Plata, treating any soldiers that they wounded but executing Chicho Osorio, the local \"mayoral\" (land company overseer), who was despised by the local peasants and who boasted of killing one of Castro's rebels. Osorio's execution aided the rebels in gaining the trust of locals, although they largely remained unenthusiastic and"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " suspicious of the revolutionaries. As trust grew, some locals joined the rebels, although most new recruits came from urban areas. With volunteers boosting the rebel forces to over 200, in July 1957 Castro divided his army into three columns, commanded by himself, his brother, and Guevara. The MR-26-7 members operating in urban areas continued agitation, sending supplies to Castro, and on 16 February 1957, he met with other senior members to discuss tactics; here he met Celia S\u00e1nchez, who would become a close friend. Across Cuba, anti-Batista groups carried out bombings and sabotage; police responded with mass arrests, torture, and extrajudicial executions. In March 1957, the DRE launched a failed attack on the presidential palace, during which Antonio was shot dead. Batista's government often resorted to brutal methods to keep Cuba's cities under control. In the Sierra Maestra mountains, Castro was joined by Frank Sturgis who offered to train Castro's troops in guerrilla warfare. Castro accepted the offer, but he also had an immediate need for guns and ammunition, so Sturgis became a gunrunner. Sturgis purchased boatloads of weapons and ammunition from Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) weapons expert Samuel Cummings' International Armament Corporation"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " in Alexandria, Virginia. Sturgis opened a training camp in the Sierra Maestra mountains, where he taught Che Guevara and other 26 July Movement rebel soldiers guerrilla warfare. Frank Pa\u00eds was also killed, leaving Castro the MR-26-7's unchallenged leader. Although Guevara and Ra\u00fal were well known for their Marxist\u2013Leninist views, Castro hid his, hoping to gain the support of less radical revolutionaries. In 1957 he met with leading members of the \"Partido Ortodoxo\", Ra\u00fal Chib\u00e1s and Felipe Pazos, authoring the Sierra Maestra Manifesto, in which they demanded that a provisional civilian government be set up to implement moderate agrarian reform, industrialization, and a literacy campaign before holding multiparty elections. As Cuba's press was censored, Castro contacted foreign media to spread his message; he became a celebrity after being interviewed by Herbert Matthews, a journalist from \"The New York Times\". Reporters from CBS and \"Paris Match\" soon followed. Castro's guerrillas increased their attacks on military outposts, forcing the government to withdraw from the Sierra Maestra region, and by spring 1958, the rebels controlled a hospital, schools, a printing press,"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " slaughterhouse, land-mine factory and a cigar-making factory. By 1958, Batista was under increasing pressure, a result of his military failures coupled with increasing domestic and foreign criticism surrounding his administration's press censorship, torture, and extrajudicial executions. Influenced by anti-Batista sentiment among their citizens, the US government ceased supplying him with weaponry. The opposition called a general strike, accompanied by armed attacks from the MR-26-7. Beginning on 9 April, it received strong support in central and eastern Cuba, but little elsewhere. Batista responded with an all-out-attack, Operation Verano, in which the army aerially bombarded forested areas and villages suspected of aiding the militants, while 10,000 soldiers commanded by General Eulogio Cantillo surrounded the Sierra Maestra, driving north to the rebel encampments. Despite their numerical and technological superiority, the army had no experience with guerrilla warfare, and Castro halted their offensive using land mines and ambushes. Many of Batista's soldiers defected to Castro's rebels, who also benefited from local popular support. In the summer, the MR-26-7 went on the offensive, pushing the army out of the mountains, with Castro using his columns in a pincer movement"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " to surround the main army concentration in Santiago. By November, Castro's forces controlled most of Oriente and Las Villas, and divided Cuba in two by closing major roads and rail lines, severely disadvantaging Batista. The US instructed Cantillo to oust Batista due to fears in Washington that Castro was a socialist, which were exacerbated by the association between nationalist and communist movements in Latin America and the links between the Cold War and decolonization. By this time the great majority of Cuban people had turned against the Batista regime. Ambassador to Cuba, E. T. Smith, who felt the whole CIA mission had become too close to the MR-26-7 movement, personally went to Batista and informed him that the US would no longer support him and felt he no longer could control the situation in Cuba. General Cantillo secretly agreed to a ceasefire with Castro, promising that Batista would be tried as a war criminal; however, Batista was warned, and fled into exile with over US$300,000,000 on 31 December 1958. Cantillo entered Havana's Presidential Palace, proclaimed the Supreme Court judge Carlos Piedra to be president, and began appointing the new government. Furious, Castro ended the ceasefire, and ordered Cantillo's arrest by sympathetic figures"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " in the army. Accompanying celebrations at news of Batista's downfall on 1 January 1959, Castro ordered the MR-26-7 to prevent widespread looting and vandalism. Cienfuegos and Guevara led their columns into Havana on 2 January, while Castro entered Santiago and gave a speech invoking the wars of independence. Heading toward Havana, he greeted cheering crowds at every town, giving press conferences and interviews. Castro reached Havana on 9 January 1959.</s><s>Cuban Revolution.:Provisional government: 1959. At Castro's command, the politically moderate lawyer Manuel Urrutia Lle\u00f3 was proclaimed provisional president but Castro announced (falsely) that Urrutia had been selected by \"popular election\". Most of Urrutia's cabinet were MR-26-7 members. Entering Havana, Castro proclaimed himself Representative of the Rebel Armed Forces of the Presidency, setting up home and office in the penthouse of the Havana Hilton Hotel. Castro exercised a great deal of influence over Urrutia's regime, which was now ruling by decree. He ensured that the government implemented policies to cut corruption and fight illiteracy and that it attempted to remove Batistanos from positions of power by dismissing Congress and barring all those elected"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " in the rigged elections of 1954 and 1958 from future office. He then pushed Urrutia to issue a temporary ban on political parties; he repeatedly said that they would eventually hold multiparty elections. Although repeatedly denying that he was a communist to the press, he began clandestinely meeting members of the PSP to discuss the creation of a socialist state. In suppressing the revolution, Batista's government had killed thousands of Cubans; Castro and influential sectors of the press put the death toll at 20,000, but a list of victims published shortly after the revolution contained only 898 names\u2014over half of them combatants. More recent estimates place the death toll between 1,000 and 4,000. In response to popular uproar, which demanded that those responsible be brought to justice, Castro helped to set up many trials, resulting in hundreds of executions. Although popular domestically, critics\u2014in particular the US press, argued that many were not fair trials. Castro responded that \"revolutionary justice is not based on legal precepts, but on moral conviction.\" Acclaimed by many across Latin America, he travelled to Venezuela where he met with President-elect R\u00f3mulo Betancourt, unsuccessfully requesting a loan and a new deal for Venezuelan oil. Returning home, an argument between"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Castro and senior government figures broke out. He was infuriated that the government had left thousands unemployed by closing down casinos and brothels. As a result, Prime Minister Jos\u00e9 Mir\u00f3 Cardona resigned, going into exile in the US and joining the anti-Castro movement.</s><s>Premiership.</s><s>Premiership.:Consolidating leadership: 1959\u20131960. On 16 February 1959, Castro was sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba. In April, he visited the US on a charm offensive where President Dwight D. Eisenhower would not meet with him, but instead sent Vice President Richard Nixon, whom Castro instantly disliked. After meeting Castro, Nixon described him to Eisenhower as: \"The one fact we can be sure of is that Castro has those indefinable qualities which made him a leader of men. Whatever we may think of him he is going to be a great factor in the development of Cuba and very possibly in Latin American affairs generally. He seems to be sincere. He is either incredibly naive about Communism or under Communist discipline-my guess is the former...His ideas as to how to run a government or an economy are less developed than those of almost any world figure I have met in fifty countries. But because he has the power to lead...we have no"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " choice but at least try to orient him in the right direction\". Proceeding to Canada, Trinidad, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, Castro attended an economic conference in Buenos Aires, unsuccessfully proposing a $30\u00a0billion US-funded \"Marshall Plan\" for Latin America. In May 1959, Castro signed into law the First Agrarian Reform, setting a cap for landholdings to per owner and prohibiting foreigners from obtaining Cuban land ownership. Around 200,000 peasants received title deeds as large land holdings were broken up; popular among the working class, it alienated the richer landowners, including Castro's own mother, whose farmlands were taken. Within a year, Castro and his government had effectively redistributed 15 per cent of the nation's wealth, declaring that \"the revolution is the dictatorship of the exploited against the exploiters.\" Castro appointed himself president of the National Tourist Industry, introducing unsuccessful measures to encourage African-American tourists to visit, advertising Cuba as a tropical paradise free of racial discrimination. Judges and politicians had their pay reduced while low-level civil servants saw theirs raised, and in March 1959, Castro declared rents for those who paid less than $100 a month halved. The Cuban government also began to expropriate the casinos and properties from mafia leaders and taking millions in"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " cash. Before he died Meyer Lansky said Cuba \"ruined\" him. In the summer of 1959, Fidel began nationalizing plantation lands owned by American investors as well as confiscating the property of foreign landowners. He also seized property previously held by wealthy Cubans who had fled. He nationalized sugar production and oil refinement, over the objection of foreign investors who owned stakes in these commodities. Although then refusing to categorize his regime as socialist and repeatedly denying being a communist, Castro appointed Marxists to senior government and military positions. Most significantly, Che Guevara became Governor of the Central Bank and then Minister of Industries. President Urrutia increasingly expressed concern with the rising influence of Marxism. Angered, Castro in turn announced his resignation as prime minister on 18 July\u2014blaming Urrutia for complicating government with his \"fevered anti-Communism\". Over 500,000 Castro-supporters surrounded the Presidential Palace demanding Urrutia's resignation, which he submitted. On 23 July, Castro resumed his premiership and appointed Marxist Osvaldo Dortic\u00f3s as president. Castro's government emphasised social projects to improve Cuba's standard of living, often to the detriment of economic development. Major emphasis was placed on education, and"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " during the first 30 months of Castro's government, more classrooms were opened than in the previous 30 years. The Cuban primary education system offered a work-study program, with half of the time spent in the classroom, and the other half in a productive activity. Health care was nationalized and expanded, with rural health centers and urban polyclinics opening up across the island to offer free medical aid. Universal vaccination against childhood diseases was implemented, and infant mortality rates were reduced dramatically. A third part of this social program was the improvement of infrastructure. Within the first six months of Castro's government, of roads were built across the island, while $300\u00a0million was spent on water and sanitation projects. Over 800 houses were constructed every month in the early years of the administration in an effort to cut homelessness, while nurseries and day-care centers were opened for children and other centers opened for the disabled and elderly. Castro used radio and television to develop a \"dialogue with the people\", posing questions and making provocative statements. His regime remained popular with workers, peasants, and students, who constituted the majority of the country's population, while opposition came primarily from the middle class; thousands of doctors, engineers and other professionals emigrated to Florida in the US, causing an economic"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " brain drain. Productivity decreased and the country's financial reserves were drained within two years. After conservative press expressed hostility towards the government, the pro-Castro printers' trade union disrupted editorial staff, and in January 1960 the government ordered them to publish a \"clarification\" written by the printers' union at the end of articles critical of the government. Castro's government arrested hundreds of counter-revolutionaries, many of whom were subjected to solitary confinement, rough treatment, and threatening behaviour. Militant anti-Castro groups, funded by exiles, the CIA, and the Dominican government, undertook armed attacks and set up guerrilla bases in Cuba's mountains, leading to the six-year Escambray Rebellion. At the time, 1960, the Cold War raged between two superpowers: the United States, a capitalist liberal democracy, and the Soviet Union (USSR), a Marxist\u2013Leninist socialist state ruled by the Communist Party. Expressing contempt for the US, Castro shared the ideological views of the USSR, establishing relations with several Marxist\u2013Leninist states. Meeting with Soviet First Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan, Castro agreed to provide the USSR with sugar, fruit, fibres, and hides in return for crude oil, fertilizers, industrial goods"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": ", and a $100\u00a0million loan. Cuba's government ordered the country's refineries \u2013 then controlled by the US corporations Shell and Esso \u2013 to process Soviet oil, but under US pressure they refused. Castro responded by expropriating and nationalizing the refineries. Retaliating, the US cancelled its import of Cuban sugar, provoking Castro to nationalize most US-owned assets on the island, including banks and sugar mills. Relations between Cuba and the US were further strained following the explosion of a French vessel, the \"La Coubre\", in Havana harbour in March 1960. The ship carried weapons purchased from Belgium, and the cause of the explosion was never determined, but Castro publicly insinuated that the US government was guilty of sabotage. He ended this speech with \"\"\u00a1Patria o Muerte!\"\" (\"Fatherland or Death\"), a proclamation that he made much use of in ensuing years. Inspired by their earlier success with the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'\u00e9tat, in March 1960, US President Eisenhower authorized the CIA to overthrow Castro's government. He provided them with a budget of $13\u00a0million and permitted them to ally with the Mafia, who were aggrieved that Castro's government closed down their brothel and casino businesses in Cuba. On"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " 13 October 1960, the US prohibited the majority of exports to Cuba, initiating an economic embargo. In retaliation, the National Institute for Agrarian Reform INRA took control of 383 private-run businesses on 14 October, and on 25 October a further 166 US companies operating in Cuba had their premises seized and nationalized. On 16 December, the US ended its import quota of Cuban sugar, the country's primary export.</s><s>Premiership.:United Nations. In September 1960, Castro flew to New York City for the General Assembly of the United Nations. Staying at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem, he met with journalists and anti-establishment figures like Malcolm X. Castro had decided to stay in Harlem as a way of expressing solidarity with the poor African-American population living there, thus leading to an assortment of world leaders such as Nasser of Egypt and Nehru of India having to drive out to Harlem to see him. He also met Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, with the two publicly condemning the poverty and racism faced by Americans in areas like Harlem. Relations between Castro and Khrushchev were warm; they led the applause to one another's speeches at the General Assembly. The opening session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 1960 was a highly rancorous one with"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Khrushchev famously banging his shoe against his desk to interrupt a speech by Filipino delegate Lorenzo Sumulong, which set the general tone for the debates and speeches. Castro delivered the longest speech ever held before the United Nations General Assembly, speaking for four and a half hours in a speech mostly given over to denouncing American policies towards Latin America. Subsequently, visited by Polish First Secretary W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gomu\u0142ka, Bulgarian First Secretary Todor Zhivkov, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Indian Premier Jawaharlal Nehru, Castro also received an evening's reception from the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Back in Cuba, Castro feared a US-backed coup; in 1959 his regime spent $120\u00a0million on Soviet, French, and Belgian weaponry and by early 1960 had doubled the size of Cuba's armed forces. Fearing counter-revolutionary elements in the army, the government created a People's Militia to arm citizens favourable to the revolution, training at least 50,000 civilians in combat techniques. In September 1960, they created the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR), a nationwide civilian organization which implemented neighbourhood spying to detect counter-revolutionary activities as well as organizing health and education campaigns, becoming a conduit for"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " public complaints. By 1970, a third of the population would be involved in the CDR, and this would eventually rise to 80%. Despite the fear of a coup, Castro garnered support in New York City. On 18 February 1961, 400 people \u2013 mainly Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and college students \u2013 picketed in the rain outside of the United Nations rallying for Castro's anti-colonial values and his effort to reduce the United States' power over Cuba. The protesters held up signs that read, \"Mr. Kennedy, Cuba is Not For Sale.\", \"Viva Fidel Castro!\" and \"Down With Yankee Imperialism!\". Around 200 policemen were on the scene, but the protesters continued to chant slogans and throw pennies in support of Fidel Castro's socialist movement. Some Americans disagreed with President John F. Kennedy's decision to ban trade with Cuba, and outwardly supported his nationalist revolutionary tactics. Castro proclaimed the new administration a direct democracy, in which Cubans could assemble at demonstrations to express their democratic will. As a result, he rejected the need for elections, claiming that representative democratic systems served the interests of socio-economic elites. US Secretary of State Christian Herter announced that Cuba was adopting the Soviet model of rule, with a one-party state, government control"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " of trade unions, suppression of civil liberties, and the absence of freedom of speech and press.</s><s>Premiership.:Bay of Pigs Invasion and \"Socialist Cuba\": 1961\u20131962. In January 1961, Castro ordered Havana's US Embassy to reduce its 300-member staff, suspecting that many of them were spies. The US responded by ending diplomatic relations, and it increased CIA funding for exiled dissidents; these militants began attacking ships that traded with Cuba, and bombed factories, shops, and sugar mills. Both President Eisenhower and his successor President Kennedy supported a CIA plan to aid a dissident militia, the Democratic Revolutionary Front, to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro; the plan resulted in the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961. On 15 April, CIA-supplied B-26s bombed three Cuban military airfields; the US announced that the perpetrators were defecting Cuban air force pilots, but Castro exposed these claims as false flag misinformation. Fearing invasion, he ordered the arrest of between 20,000 and 100,000 suspected counter-revolutionaries, publicly proclaiming, \"What the imperialists cannot forgive us, is that we have made a Socialist revolution under their noses\", his first announcement that the government was socialist. The CIA and the Democratic Revolutionary Front had based a"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " 1,400-strong army, Brigade 2506, in Nicaragua. On the night of 16 to 17 April, Brigade 2506 landed along Cuba's Bay of Pigs and engaged in a firefight with a local revolutionary militia. Castro ordered Captain Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n Fern\u00e1ndez to launch the counter-offensive, before taking personal control of it. After bombing the invaders' ships and bringing in reinforcements, Castro forced the Brigade to surrender on 20 April. He ordered the 1189 captured rebels to be interrogated by a panel of journalists on live television, personally taking over the questioning on 25 April. Fourteen were put on trial for crimes allegedly committed before the revolution, while the others were returned to the US in exchange for medicine and food valued at US$25\u00a0million. Castro's victory reverberated around the world, especially in Latin America, but it also increased internal opposition primarily among the middle-class Cubans who had been detained in the run-up to the invasion. Although most were freed within a few days, many fled to the US, establishing themselves in Florida. Consolidating \"Socialist Cuba\", Castro united the MR-26-7, PSP and Revolutionary Directorate into a governing party based on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism: the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (\"Organ"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "izaciones Revolucionarias Integradas\" \u2013 ORI), renamed the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC) in 1962. Although the USSR was hesitant regarding Castro's embrace of socialism, relations with the Soviets deepened. Castro sent Fidelito for a Moscow schooling, Soviet technicians arrived on the island, and Castro was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize. In December 1961, Castro admitted that he had been a Marxist\u2013Leninist for years, and in his Second Declaration of Havana he called on Latin America to rise up in revolution. In response, the US successfully pushed the Organization of American States to expel Cuba; the Soviets privately reprimanded Castro for recklessness, although he received praise from China. Despite their ideological affinity with China, in the Sino-Soviet split, Cuba allied with the wealthier Soviets, who offered economic and military aid. The ORI began shaping Cuba using the Soviet model, persecuting political opponents and perceived social deviants such as prostitutes and homosexuals; Castro considered same-sex sexual activity a bourgeois trait. Gay men were forced into the Military Units to Aid Production (\"Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la Producci\u00f3n\" \u2013 UMAP); after many revolutionary intellectuals decried this move, the UMAP"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " camps were closed in 1967, although gay men continued to be imprisoned. By 1962, Cuba's economy was in steep decline, a result of poor economic management and low productivity coupled with the US trade embargo. Food shortages led to rationing, resulting in protests in C\u00e1rdenas. Security reports indicated that many Cubans associated austerity with the \"Old Communists\" of the PSP, while Castro considered a number of them\u00a0\u2013 namely An\u00edbal Escalante and Blas Roca\u00a0\u2013 unduly loyal to Moscow. In March 1962 Castro removed the most prominent \"Old Communists\" from office, labelling them \"sectarian\". On a personal level, Castro was increasingly lonely, and his relations with Guevara became strained as the latter became increasingly anti-Soviet and pro-Chinese.</s><s>Premiership.:Cuban Missile Crisis and furthering socialism: 1962\u20131968. Militarily weaker than NATO, Khrushchev wanted to install Soviet R-12 MRBM nuclear missiles on Cuba to even the power balance. Although conflicted, Castro agreed, believing it would guarantee Cuba's safety and enhance the cause of socialism. Undertaken in secrecy, only the Castro brothers, Guevara, Dortic\u00f3s and security chief Ramiro Vald"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "\u00e9s knew the full plan. Upon discovering it through aerial reconnaissance, in October the US implemented an island-wide quarantine to search vessels headed to Cuba, sparking the Cuban Missile Crisis. The US saw the missiles as offensive; Castro insisted they were for defence only. Castro urged that Khrushchev should launch a nuclear strike on the US if Cuba were invaded, but Khrushchev was desperate to avoid nuclear war. Castro was left out of the negotiations, in which Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a US commitment not to invade Cuba and an understanding that the US would remove their MRBMs from Turkey and Italy. Feeling betrayed by Khrushchev, Castro was furious and soon fell ill. Proposing a five-point plan, Castro demanded that the US end its embargo, withdraw from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, cease supporting dissidents, and stop violating Cuban air space and territorial waters. He presented these demands to U Thant, visiting Secretary-General of the United Nations, but the US ignored them. In turn Castro refused to allow the U.N.'s inspection team into Cuba. In May 1963, Castro visited the USSR at Khrushchev's personal invitation, touring 14 cities, addressing a Red Square rally, and being awarded both the Order of Lenin and"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " an honorary doctorate from Moscow State University. Castro returned to Cuba with new ideas; inspired by Soviet newspaper \"Pravda\", he amalgamated \"Hoy\" and \"Revoluci\u00f3n\" into a new daily, \"Granma\", and oversaw large investment into Cuban sport that resulted in an increased international sporting reputation. Seeking to further consolidate control, in 1963 the government cracked down on Protestant sects in Cuba, with Castro labelling them counter-revolutionary \"instruments of imperialism\"; many preachers were found guilty of illegal US links and imprisoned. Measures were implemented to force perceived idle and delinquent youths to work, primarily through the introduction of mandatory military service. In September, the government temporarily permitted emigration for anyone other than males aged between 15 and 26, thereby ridding the government of thousands of critics, most of whom were from upper and middle-class backgrounds. In 1963, Castro's mother died. This was the last time his private life was reported in Cuba's press. In January 1964, Castro returned to Moscow, officially to sign a new five-year sugar trade agreement, but also to discuss the ramifications of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.  Castro was deeply concerned by the assassination, believing that a far-right conspiracy was behind it"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " but that the Cubans would be blamed. In October 1965, the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations was officially renamed the \"Cuban Communist Party\" and published the membership of its Central Committee. Despite Soviet misgivings, Castro continued to call for global revolution, funding militant leftists and those engaged in national liberation struggles. Cuba's foreign policy was strongly anti-imperialist, believing that every nation should control its own natural resources. He supported Che Guevara's \"Andean project\", an unsuccessful plan to set up a guerrilla movement in the highlands of Bolivia, Peru and Argentina. He allowed revolutionary groups from around the world, from the Viet Cong to the Black Panthers, to train in Cuba. He considered Western-dominated Africa to be ripe for revolution, and sent troops and medics to aid Ahmed Ben Bella's socialist regime in Algeria during the Sand War. He also allied with Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat's socialist government in Congo-Brazzaville. In 1965, Castro authorized Che Guevara to travel to Congo-Kinshasa to train revolutionaries against the Western-backed government. Castro was personally devastated when Guevara was killed by CIA-backed troops in Bolivia in October 1967 and publicly attributed it to Guevara"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "'s disregard for his own safety. In 1966, Castro staged a Tri-Continental Conference of Africa, Asia and Latin America in Havana, further establishing himself as a significant player on the world stage. From this conference, Castro created the Latin American Solidarity Organization (OLAS), which adopted the slogan of \"The duty of a revolution is to make revolution\", signifying Havana's leadership of Latin America's revolutionary movement. Castro's increasing role on the world stage strained his relationship with the USSR, now under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev. Asserting Cuba's independence, Castro refused to sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, declaring it a Soviet-US attempt to dominate the Third World. Diverting from Soviet Marxist doctrine, he suggested that Cuban society could evolve straight to pure communism rather than gradually progress through various stages of socialism. In turn, the Soviet-loyalist An\u00edbal Escalante began organizing a government network of opposition to Castro, though in January 1968, he and his supporters were arrested for allegedly passing state secrets to Moscow. Recognising Cuba's economic dependence on the Soviets, Castro relented to Brezhnev's pressure to be obedient, and in August 1968 he denounced the leaders of the Prague Spring"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " and praised the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Influenced by China's Great Leap Forward, in 1968 Castro proclaimed a Great Revolutionary Offensive, closing all remaining privately owned shops and businesses and denouncing their owners as capitalist counter-revolutionaries. The severe lack of consumer goods for purchase led productivity to decline, as large sectors of the population felt little incentive to work hard. This was exacerbated by the perception that a revolutionary elite had emerged, consisting of those connected to the administration; they had access to better housing, private transportation, servants, and the ability to purchase luxury goods abroad.</s><s>Premiership.:Economic stagnation and Third World politics: 1969\u20131974. Castro publicly celebrated his administration's 10th anniversary in January 1969; in his celebratory speech he warned of sugar rations, reflecting the nation's economic problems. The 1969 crop was heavily damaged by a hurricane, and to meet its export quota, the government drafted in the army, implemented a seven-day working week, and postponed public holidays to lengthen the harvest. When that year's production quota was not met, Castro offered to resign during a public speech, but assembled crowds insisted he remain. Despite the economic issues, many of Castro's social reforms were popular, with the population largely supportive of the \"Achieve"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "ments of the Revolution\" in education, medical care, housing, and road construction, as well as the policies of \"direct democratic\" public consultation. Seeking Soviet help, from 1970 to 1972 Soviet economists re-organized Cuba's economy, founding the Cuban-Soviet Commission of Economic, Scientific and Technical Collaboration, while Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin visited in October 1971. In July 1972, Cuba joined the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), an economic organization of socialist states, although this further limited Cuba's economy to agricultural production. In May 1970, the crews of two Cuban fishing boats were kidnapped by Florida-based dissident group Alpha 66, who demanded that Cuba release imprisoned militants. Under US pressure, the hostages were released, and Castro welcomed them back as heroes. In April 1971, Castro was internationally condemned for ordering the arrest of dissident poet Heberto Padilla who had been arrested 20 March; Padilla was freed, but the government established the National Cultural Council to ensure that intellectuals and artists supported the administration. In November 1971, Castro visited Chile, where Marxist President Salvador Allende had been elected as the head of a left-wing coalition. Castro supported Allende's socialist reforms, but warned him of right-wing elements in Chile's military. In"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " 1973, the military led a coup d'\u00e9tat and established a military junta led by Augusto Pinochet. Castro proceeded to Guinea to meet socialist President S\u00e9kou Tour\u00e9, praising him as Africa's greatest leader, and there received the Order of Fidelity to the People. He then went on a seven-week tour visiting leftist allies: Algeria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, where he was given further awards. On each trip, he was eager to visit factory and farm workers, publicly praising their governments; privately, he urged the regimes to aid revolutionary movements elsewhere, particularly those fighting the Vietnam War. In September 1973, he returned to Algiers to attend the Fourth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Various NAM members were critical of Castro's attendance, claiming that Cuba was aligned to the Warsaw Pact and therefore should not be at the conference. At the conference he publicly broke off relations with Israel, citing its government's close relationship with the US and its treatment of Palestinians during the Israel\u2013Palestine conflict. This earned Castro respect throughout the Arab world, in particular from the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, who became a friend and ally. As the Yom K"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "ippur War broke out in October 1973 between Israel and an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria, Cuba sent 4,000 troops to aid Syria. Leaving Algiers, Castro visited Iraq and North Vietnam. Cuba's economy grew in 1974 as a result of high international sugar prices and new credits with Argentina, Canada, and parts of Western Europe. A number of Latin American states called for Cuba's re-admittance into the Organization of American States (OAS), with the US finally conceding in 1975 on Henry Kissinger's advice. Cuba's government underwent a restructuring along Soviet lines, claiming that this would further democratization and decentralize power away from Castro. Officially announcing Cuba's identity as a socialist state, the first National Congress of the Cuban Communist Party was held, and a new constitution drafted that abolished the position of president and prime minister. Castro remained the dominant figure in governance, taking the presidency of the newly created Council of State and Council of Ministers, making him both head of state and head of government.</s><s>Presidency.</s><s>Presidency.:Foreign wars and NAM Presidency: 1975\u20131979. Castro considered Africa to be \"the weakest link in the imperialist chain\", and at the request of Agostinho Neto he ordered 230 military advisers"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " into Angola in November 1975 to aid Neto's Marxist MPLA in the Angolan Civil War. When the US and South Africa stepped up their support of the opposition FLNA and UNITA, Castro ordered a further 18,000 troops to Angola, which played a major role in forcing a South African and UNITA retreat. The decision to intervene in Angola has been a controversial one, all the more so as Castro's critics have charged that it was not his decision at all, contending that the Soviets ordered him to do so. Castro always maintained that he took the decision to launch Operation Carlota himself in response to an appeal from Neto and that the Soviets were in fact opposed to Cuban intervention in Angola, which took place over their opposition. Traveling to Angola, Castro celebrated with Neto, S\u00e9kou Tour\u00e9 and Guinea-Bissaun President Lu\u00eds Cabral, where they agreed to support Mozambique's Marxist\u2013Leninist government against RENAMO in the Mozambican Civil War. In February, Castro visited Algeria and then Libya, where he spent ten days with Gaddafi and oversaw the establishment of the Jamahariya system of governance, before attending talks with the Marxist government of South Yemen. From there he proceeded to Somalia"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": ", Tanzania, Mozambique and Angola where he was greeted by crowds as a hero for Cuba's role in opposing apartheid South Africa. Throughout much of Africa he was hailed as a friend to national liberation from foreign dominance. This was followed with visits to East Berlin and Moscow. In 1977, the Ogaden War broke out over the disputed Ogaden region as Somalia invaded Ethiopia; although a former ally of Somali President Siad Barre, Castro had warned him against such action, and Cuba sided with Mengistu Haile Mariam's Marxist government of Ethiopia. In a desperate attempt to stop the war, Castro had a summit with Barre where he proposed a federation of Ethiopia, Somalia, and South Yemen as an alternative to war. Barre who saw seizing the Ogaden as the first step towards creating a greater Somalia that would unite all of the Somalis into one state rejected the federation offer, and decided upon war. Castro sent troops under the command of General Arnaldo Ochoa to aid the overwhelmed Ethiopian army. Mengistu's regime was barely hanging on by 1977, having lost one-third of its army in Eritrea at the time of the Somali invasion. The intervention of 17, 000 Cuban troops into the Ogaden was by all accounts decisive in altering a"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " war that Ethiopia was on the brink of losing into a victory. After forcing back the Somalis, Mengistu then ordered the Ethiopians to suppress the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, a measure Castro refused to support. Castro extended support to Latin American revolutionary movements, namely the Sandinista National Liberation Front in its overthrow of the Nicaraguan rightist government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle in July 1979. Castro's critics accused the government of wasting Cuban lives in these military endeavours; the anti-Castro Center for a Free Cuba has claimed that an estimated 14,000 Cubans were killed in foreign Cuban military actions. When American critics claimed that Castro had no right to interfere in these nations, he countered that Cuba had been invited into them, pointing out the US' own involvement in various foreign nations. Between 1979 and 1991 about 370, 000 Cuban troops together with 50, 000 Cuban civilians (mostly teachers and doctors) served in Angola, representing about 5% of Cuba's population. The Cuban intervention in Angola was envisioned as a short-term commitment, but the Angolan government used the profits from the oil industry to subsidize Cuba's economy, making Cuba as economically dependent upon Angola as Angola was militarily dependent upon Cuba. In the late"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " 1970s, Cuba's relations with North American states improved during the period with Mexican President Luis Echeverr\u00eda, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and US President Jimmy Carter in power. Carter continued criticizing Cuba's human rights abuses, but adopted a respectful approach which gained Castro's attention. Considering Carter well-meaning and sincere, Castro freed certain political prisoners and allowed some Cuban exiles to visit relatives on the island, hoping that in turn Carter would abolish the economic embargo and stop CIA support for militant dissidents. Conversely, his relationship with China declined, as he accused Deng Xiaoping's Chinese government of betraying their revolutionary principles by initiating trade links with the US and attacking Vietnam. In 1979, the Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was held in Havana, where Castro was selected as NAM president, a position he held until 1982. In his capacity as both president of the NAM and of Cuba he appeared at the United Nations General Assembly in October 1979 and gave a speech on the disparity between the world's rich and poor. His speech was greeted with much applause from other world leaders, though his standing in NAM was damaged by Cuba's refusal to condemn the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan.</s><s>Presidency.:Reagan and Gorbachev:"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " 1980\u20131991. By the 1980s, Cuba's economy was again in trouble, following a decline in the market price of sugar and 1979's decimated harvest. For the first time, unemployment became a serious problem in Castro's Cuba, with the government sending unemployed youth to other countries, primarily East Germany, to work there. Desperate for money, Cuba's government secretly sold off paintings from national collections and illicitly traded for US electronic goods through Panama. Increasing numbers of Cubans fled to Florida, but were labelled \"scum\" and \"lumpen\" by Castro and his CDR supporters. In one incident, 10,000 Cubans stormed the Peruvian Embassy requesting asylum, and so the US agreed that it would accept 3,500 refugees. Castro conceded that those who wanted to leave could do so from Mariel port. In what was known as the Mariel boatlift, hundreds of boats arrived from the US, leading to a mass exodus of 120,000; Castro's government took advantage of the situation by loading criminals, the mentally ill, and homosexuals onto the boats destined for Florida. The event destabilized Carter's administration, and later, in 1980, Ronald Reagan was elected US president. Reagan's administration adopted a hard-line approach against Castro,"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " making its desire to overthrow his regime clear. In late 1981, Castro publicly accused the US of biological warfare against Cuba by orchestrating a dengue fever epidemic. Cuba's economy became even more dependent on Soviet aid, with Soviet subsidies (mainly in the form of supplies of low-cost oil and voluntarily buying Cuban sugar at inflated prices) averaging $4\u20135\u00a0billion a year by the late 1980s. This accounted for 30\u201338% of the country's entire GDP. Soviet economic assistance had not helped Cuba's long-term growth prospects by promoting diversification or sustainability. Although described as a \"relatively highly developed Latin American export economy\" in 1959 and the early 1960s, Cuba's basic economic structure changed very little between then and the 1980s. Tobacco products such as cigars and cigarettes were the only manufactured products among Cuba's leading exports, and even these are produced by a pre-industrial process. The Cuban economy remained highly inefficient and over-specialized in a few highly subsidized commodities provided by the Soviet bloc countries. Although despising Argentina's right-wing military junta, Castro supported them in the 1982 Falklands War against Britain and offered military aid to the Argentinians. Castro supported the leftist New Jewel Movement that seized power in Grenada in"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " 1979, befriending Grenadine President Maurice Bishop and sending doctors, teachers, and technicians to aid the country's development. When Bishop was executed in a Soviet-backed coup by hard-line Marxist Bernard Coard in October 1983, Castro condemned the killing but cautiously retained support for Grenada's government. However, the US used the coup as a basis for invading the island. Cuban soldiers died in the conflict, with Castro denouncing the invasion and comparing the US to Nazi Germany. In a July 1983 speech marking the 30th anniversary of the Cuban Revolution, Castro condemned Reagan's administration as a \"reactionary, extremist clique\" who were waging an \"openly warmongering and fascist foreign policy\". Castro feared a US invasion of Nicaragua and sent Ochoa to train the governing Sandinistas in guerrilla warfare, but received little support from the USSR. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became Secretary-General of the Soviet Communist Party; a reformer, he implemented measures to increase freedom of the press (\"glasnost\") and economic decentralization (\"perestroika\") in an attempt to strengthen socialism. Like many orthodox Marxist critics, Castro feared that the reforms would weaken the socialist state and allow capitalist elements to regain control. Gorbachev conceded to US demands"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " to reduce support for Cuba, with Soviet-Cuban relations deteriorating. On medical advice given him in October 1985, Castro gave up regularly smoking Cuban cigars, helping to set an example for the rest of the populace. Castro became passionate in his denunciation of the Third World debt problem, arguing that the Third World would never escape the debt that First World banks and governments imposed upon it. In 1985, Havana hosted five international conferences on the world debt problem. By November 1987, Castro began spending more time on the Angolan Civil War, in which the Marxist MPLA government had fallen into retreat. Angolan President Jos\u00e9 Eduardo dos Santos successfully appealed for more Cuban troops, with Castro later admitting that he devoted more time to Angola than to the domestic situation, believing that a victory would lead to the collapse of apartheid. In response to the siege of Cuito Cuanavale in 1987\u20131988 by South African-UNITA forces, Castro sent an additional 12,000 Cuban Army troops to Angola in late 1987. From afar in Havana, Castro was closely involved in the decision-making about the defence of Cuito Cuanavle and came into conflict with Ochoa, whom he criticized for almost losing Cuito Cuanavle to a South African"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "-UNITA assault on 13 January 1988 despite warning for almost two months prior that such an attack was coming. On 30 January 1988, Ochoa was summoned to a meeting with Castro in Havana where he was told that Cuito Cuanavale must not fall and to execute Castro's plans for a pull-back to more defensible positions over the objections of the Angolans. The Cuban troops played a decisive role in the relief of Cuito Cuanavale, breaking the siege in March 1988, which led to the withdrawal of most of the South African troops from Angola. Cuban propaganda turned the siege of Cuito Cuanavle into a decisive victory that changed the course of African history and Castro awarded 82 soldiers medals of the newly created Medal of Merit for the Defense of Cuito Cuanavle on 1 April 1988. Tensions were increased with the Cubans advancing close to the border of Namibia, which led to warnings from the South African government that they considered this an extremely unfriendly act, causing South Africa to mobilize and call up its reserves. In the spring of 1988, the intensity of South African-Cuban fighting drastically increased with both sides taking heavy losses. The prospect of an all-out Cuban-"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "South African war served to concentrate minds in both Moscow and Washington and led to an increased push for a diplomatic solution to the Angolan war. The cost of Cuba's wars in Africa were paid for with Soviet subsidies at a time when the Soviet economy was badly hurt by low oil prices while the apartheid government of South Africa had by the 1980s become a very awkward American ally as much of the American population, especially black Americans, objected to apartheid. From the viewpoint of both Moscow and Washington, having both Cuba and South Africa disengage in Angola was the best possible outcome. The low oil prices of the 1980s had also changed the Angolan attitude about subsidizing the Cuban economy as dos Santos found the promises made in the 1970s when oil prices were high to be a serious drain upon Angola's economy in the 1980s. South African whites were vastly outnumbered by South African blacks, and accordingly the South African Army could not take heavy losses with its white troops as that would fatally weaken the ability of the South African state to uphold apartheid. The Cubans had also taken heavy losses while the increasing difficult relations with dos Santos who become less generous in subsidizing the Cuban economy suggested that such losses were not worth the cost. Gorbachev called for a negotiated end to the conflict and in"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " 1988 organized a quadripartite talks between the USSR, US, Cuba and South Africa; they agreed that all foreign troops would pull out of Angola while South Africa agreed to grant independence to Namibia. Castro was angered by Gorbachev's approach, believing that he was abandoning the plight of the world's poor in favour of d\u00e9tente. When Gorbachev visited Cuba in April 1989, he informed Castro that \"perestroika\" meant an end to subsidies for Cuba. Ignoring calls for liberalization in accordance with the Soviet example, Castro continued to clamp down on internal dissidents and in particular kept tabs on the military, the primary threat to the government. A number of senior military officers, including Ochoa and Tony de la Guardia, were investigated for corruption and complicity in cocaine smuggling, tried, and executed in 1989, despite calls for leniency. In Eastern Europe, socialist governments fell to capitalist reformers between 1989 and 1991 and many Western observers expected the same in Cuba. Increasingly isolated, Cuba improved relations with Manuel Noriega's right-wing government in Panama \u2013 despite Castro's personal hatred of Noriega \u2013 but it was overthrown in a US invasion in December 1989. In February 1990, Castro's allies in Nicaragua, President Daniel"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Ortega and the Sandinistas, were defeated by the US-funded National Opposition Union in an election. With the collapse of the Soviet bloc, the US secured a majority vote for a resolution condemning Cuba's human rights violations at the United Nations Human Rights Commission in Geneva, Switzerland. Cuba asserted that this was a manifestation of US hegemony, and refused to allow an investigative delegation to enter the country.</s><s>Presidency.:Special Period: 1992\u20132000. With favourable trade from the Soviet bloc ended, Castro publicly declared that Cuba was entering a \"Special Period in Time of Peace\". Petrol rations were dramatically reduced, Chinese bicycles were imported to replace cars, and factories performing non-essential tasks were shut down. Oxen began to replace tractors, firewood began being used for cooking and electricity cuts were introduced that lasted 16 hours a day. Castro admitted that Cuba faced the worst situation short of open war, and that the country might have to resort to subsistence farming. By 1992, Cuba's economy had declined by over 40% in under two years, with major food shortages, widespread malnutrition and a lack of basic goods. Castro hoped for a restoration of Marxism\u2013Leninism in the USSR, but refrained from backing the 1991 coup in that country. When Gor"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "bachev regained control, Cuba-Soviet relations deteriorated further and Soviet troops were withdrawn in September 1991. In December, the Soviet Union was officially dissolved as Boris Yeltsin abolished the Soviet Communist Party and introducing a capitalist multiparty democracy. Yeltsin despised Castro and developed links with the Miami-based Cuban American National Foundation. Castro tried improving relations with the capitalist nations. He welcomed Western politicians and investors to Cuba, befriended Manuel Fraga and took a particular interest in Margaret Thatcher's policies in the UK, believing that Cuban socialism could learn from her emphasis on low taxation and personal initiative. He ceased support for foreign militants, refrained from praising FARC on a 1994 visit to Colombia and called for a negotiated settlement between the Zapatistas and Mexican government in 1995. Publicly, he presented himself as a moderate on the world stage. In 1991, Havana hosted the Pan American Games, which involved construction of a stadium and accommodation for the athletes; Castro admitted that it was an expensive error, but it was a success for Cuba's government. Crowds regularly shouted \"Fidel! Fidel!\" in front of foreign journalists, while Cuba became the first Latin American nation to beat the US to the top of the gold-medal table. Support for Castro remained strong, and although"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " there were small anti-government demonstrations, the Cuban opposition rejected the exile community's calls for an armed uprising. In August 1994, Havana witnessed the largest anti-Castro demonstration in Cuban history, as 200 to 300 young men threw stones at police, demanding that they be allowed to emigrate to Miami. A larger pro-Castro crowd confronted them, who were joined by Castro; he informed media that the men were anti-socials misled by the US. The protests dispersed with no recorded injuries. Fearing that dissident groups would invade, the government organized the \"War of All the People\" defence strategy, planning a widespread guerrilla warfare campaign, and the unemployed were given jobs building a network of bunkers and tunnels across the country. Castro believed in the need for reform if Cuban socialism was to survive in a world now dominated by capitalist free markets. In October 1991, the Fourth Congress of the Cuban Communist Party was held in Santiago, at which a number of important changes to the government were announced. Castro would step down as head of government, to be replaced by the much younger Carlos Lage, although Castro would remain the head of the Communist Party and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Many older members of government were to be retired and replaced by their"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " younger counterparts. A number of economic changes were proposed, and subsequently put to a national referendum. Free farmers' markets and small-scale private enterprises would be legalized in an attempt to stimulate economic growth, while US dollars were also made legal tender. Certain restrictions on emigration were eased, allowing more discontented Cuban citizens to move to the United States. Further democratization was to be brought in by having the National Assembly's members elected directly by the people, rather than through municipal and provincial assemblies. Castro welcomed debate between proponents and opponents of the economics reforms\u2014although over time he began to increasingly sympathise with the opponent's positions, arguing that such reforms must be delayed. Castro's government diversified its economy into biotechnology and tourism, the latter outstripping Cuba's sugar industry as its primary source of revenue in 1995. The arrival of thousands of Mexican and Spanish tourists led to increasing numbers of Cubans turning to prostitution; officially illegal, Castro refrained from cracking down on prostitution in Cuba, fearing a political backlash. Economic hardship led many Cubans toward religion, both in the form of Roman Catholicism and Santer\u00eda. Although long thinking religious belief to be backward, Castro softened his approach to religious institutions and religious people were permitted for the first time to join the Communist Party."}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Although he viewed the Roman Catholic Church as a reactionary, pro-capitalist institution, Castro organized a visit to Cuba by Pope John Paul II for January 1998; it strengthened the position of both the Cuban Church and Castro's government. In the early 1990s Castro embraced environmentalism, campaigning against global warming and the waste of natural resources, and accusing the US of being the world's primary polluter. In 1994 a ministry dedicated to the environment was established, and new laws established in 1997 that promoted awareness of environmental issues throughout Cuba and stressed the sustainable use of natural resources. By 2006, Cuba was the world's only nation which met the United Nations Development Programme's definition of sustainable development, with an ecological footprint of less than 1.8 hectares per capita and a Human Development Index of over 0.8. Castro also became a proponent of the anti-globalization movement, criticizing US global hegemony and the control exerted by multinationals. Castro maintained his strong stance against apartheid, and at the 26 July celebrations in 1991, he was joined onstage by Nelson Mandela, recently released from prison. Mandela praised Cuba's involvement in battling South Africa during the Angolan Civil War and thanked Castro personally. Castro later attended Mandela's inauguration as President of South Africa in 1994. In 2001, Castro attended the Conference"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Against Racism in South Africa at which he lectured on the global spread of racial stereotypes through US film.</s><s>Presidency.:Pink tide: 2000\u20132006. Mired in economic problems, Cuba was aided by the election of Hugo Ch\u00e1vez to the Venezuelan Presidency in 1999. Castro and Ch\u00e1vez developed a close friendship, with the former acting as a mentor and father-figure to the latter, and together they built an alliance that had repercussions throughout Latin America. In 2000, they signed an agreement through which Cuba would send 20,000 medics to Venezuela, in return receiving 53,000 barrels of oil per day at preferential rates; in 2004, this trade was stepped up, with Cuba sending 40,000 medics and Venezuela providing 90,000 barrels a day.{{cite news }} Some economic problems remained; in 2004, Castro shut down 118 factories, including steel plants, sugar mills and paper processors to compensate for a critical shortage of fuel. In September 2005, Castro established a group of medical professionals, known as the Henry Reeve Brigade, with the mission of international medical solidarity. The group were sent throughout the world to carry out humanitarian missions on behalf of the Cuban government. Cuba and Venezuela were the founding members of the Bolivarian Alternative for"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " the Americas (ALBA). ALBA's origins lay in a December 2004 agreement signed between the two countries, and was formalized through a People's Trade Agreement also signed by Evo Morales' Bolivia in April 2006. Castro had also been calling for greater Caribbean integration since the late 1990s, saying that only strengthened cooperation between Caribbean countries would prevent their domination by rich nations in a global economy. Cuba has opened four additional embassies in the Caribbean Community including: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Suriname, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. This development makes Cuba the only country to have embassies in all independent countries of the Caribbean Community. In contrast to the improved relations between Cuba and a number of leftist Latin American states, in 2004 it broke off diplomatic ties with Panama after centrist President Mireya Moscoso pardoned four Cuban exiles accused of attempting to assassinate Castro in 2000. Diplomatic ties were reinstalled in 2005 following the election of leftist President Mart\u00edn Torrijos. Castro's improving relations across Latin America were accompanied by continuing animosity towards the US. However, after massive damage caused by Hurricane Michelle in 2001, Castro successfully proposed a one-time cash purchase of food from the US while declining its government's offer of humanitarian aid."}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Castro expressed solidarity with the US following the 2001 September 11 attacks, condemning Al-Qaeda and offering Cuban airports for the emergency diversion of any US planes. He recognized that the attacks would make US foreign policy more aggressive, which he believed was counter-productive. Castro criticized the 2003 invasion of Iraq, saying that the US-led war had imposed an international \"law of the jungle\". Meanwhile, in 1998, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chr\u00e9tien arrived in Cuba to meet Castro and highlight their close ties. He was the first Canadian government leader to visit the island since Pierre Trudeau was in Havana in 1976. In 2002, former US President Jimmy Carter visited Cuba, where he highlighted the lack of civil liberties in the country and urged the government to pay attention to the Varela Project of Oswaldo Pay\u00e1.</s><s>Final years.</s><s>Final years.:Stepping down: 2006\u20132008. Castro underwent surgery for intestinal bleeding, and on 31 July 2006, delegated his presidential duties to Ra\u00fal Castro. In February 2007, Ra\u00fal announced that Fidel's health was improving and that he was taking part in important issues of government. Later that month, Fidel called into Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's radio show \"Al\u00f3 Presidente\". On 21 April, Castro met Wu Gu"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "anzheng of the Chinese Communist Party's Politburo Standing Committee, with Ch\u00e1vez visiting in August, and Morales in September. That month, the Non-Aligned Movement held its 14th Summit in Havana, there agreeing to appoint Castro as the organization's president for a year's term. Commenting on Castro's recovery, US President George W. Bush said: \"One day the good Lord will take Fidel Castro away.\" Hearing about this, the atheist Castro replied: \"Now I understand why I survived Bush's plans and the plans of other presidents who ordered my assassination: the good Lord protected me.\" The quote was picked up on by the world's media. In a February 2008 letter, Castro announced that he would not accept the positions of President of the Council of State and Commander in Chief at that month's National Assembly meetings, remarking, \"It would betray my conscience to take up a responsibility that requires mobility and total devotion, that I am not in a physical condition to offer\". On 24 February 2008, the National Assembly of People's Power unanimously voted Ra\u00fal as president. Describing his brother as \"not substitutable\", Ra\u00fal proposed that Fidel continue to be consulted on matters of great importance, a motion unanimously approved by the 597 National"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Assembly members.</s><s>Final years.:Retirement and final years: 2008\u20132016. Following his retirement, Castro's health deteriorated; international press speculated that he had diverticulitis, but Cuba's government refused to corroborate this. He continued to interact with the Cuban people, published an opinion column titled \"Reflections\" in \"Granma\", used a Twitter account, and gave occasional public lectures. In January 2009 Castro asked Cubans not to worry about his lack of recent news columns and failing health, and not to be disturbed by his future death. He continued meeting foreign leaders and dignitaries, and that month photographs were released of Castro's meeting with Argentine President Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez. In July 2010, he made his first public appearance since falling ill, greeting science center workers and giving a television interview to \"Mesa Redonda\" in which he discussed US tensions with Iran and North Korea. On 7 August 2010, Castro gave his first speech to the National Assembly in four years, urging the US not to take military actions against those nations and warning of a nuclear holocaust. When asked whether Castro may be re-entering government, culture minister Abel Prieto told the BBC, \"I think that he has always been in Cuba's political"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " life but he is not in the government\u00a0... He has been very careful about that. His big battle is international affairs.\" On 19 April 2011, Castro resigned from the Communist Party central committee, thus stepping down as First Secretary. Ra\u00fal was selected as his successor. Now without any official role in the country's government, he took on the role of an elder statesman. In March 2011, Castro condemned the NATO-led military intervention in Libya. In March 2012, Pope Benedict XVI visited Cuba for three days, during which time he briefly met with Castro despite the Pope's vocal opposition to Cuba's government. Later that year it was revealed that along with Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, Castro had played a significant behind-the-scenes role in orchestrating peace talks between the Colombian government and the far left FARC guerrilla movement to end the conflict which had raged since 1964. During the North Korea crisis of 2013, he urged both the North Korean and US governments to show restraint. Calling the situation \"incredible and absurd\", he maintained that war would not benefit either side, and that it represented \"one of the gravest risks of nuclear war\" since the Cuban missile crisis. In December 2014, Castro was awarded the Chinese Confucius Peace Prize for seeking peaceful solutions to"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " his nation's conflict with the US and for his post-retirement efforts to prevent nuclear war. In January 2015, he publicly commented on the \"Cuban Thaw\", an increased normalization between Cuba-US relations, by stating that while it was a positive move for establishing peace in the region, he mistrusted the US government. He did not meet with US President Barack Obama on the latter's visit to Cuba in March 2016, although sent him a letter stating that Cuba \"has no need of gifts from the empire\". That April, he gave his most extensive public appearance in many years when addressing the Communist Party. Highlighting that he was soon to turn 90 years old, he noted that he would die in the near future but urged those assembled to retain their communist ideals. In September 2016, Castro was visited at his Havana home by the Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, and later that month was visited by Japanese Prime Minister Shinz\u014d Abe. In late October 2016, Castro met with the Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, who became one of the last foreign leaders to meet him.</s><s>Final years.:Death. Castro died in Havana on the night of 25 November 2016. The cause of death was not disclosed. His brother, President Ra\u00fa"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "l Castro, confirmed the news in a brief speech: \"The commander in chief of the Cuban revolution died at 22:29 [EST] this evening.\" His death came 9 months after his older brother Ram\u00f3n died at the age of 91 in February. Fidel Castro was cremated the next day. A funeral procession travelled along the island's central highway from Havana to Santiago de Cuba, tracing in reverse, the route of the \"Freedom Caravan\" of January 1959, and after nine days of public mourning, his ashes were entombed in the Santa Ifigenia Cemetery in Santiago de Cuba.</s><s>Ideology. Castro proclaimed himself to be \"a Socialist, a Marxist, and a Leninist\", and publicly identified as a Marxist\u2013Leninist from December 1961 onward. As a Marxist, Castro sought to transform Cuba from a capitalist state which was dominated by foreign imperialism to a socialist society and ultimately to a communist society. Influenced by Guevara, he suggested that Cuba could evade most stages of socialism and progress straight to communism. The Cuban Revolution nevertheless did not meet the Marxist assumption that socialism would be achieved through proletariat revolution, for most of the forces involved in Batista's overthrow were led by members of the Cuban middle-class. According to Castro, a"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " country could be regarded as socialist if its means of production were controlled by the state. In this way, his understanding of socialism was less about who controlled power in a country and more about the method of distribution. Castro's government was also nationalistic, with Castro declaring, \"We are not only Marxist-Leninists, but also nationalists and patriots\". In this it drew upon a longstanding tradition of Cuban nationalism. Castro biographer Sebastian Balfour noted that \"the vein of moral regeneration and voluntarism that runs through\" Castro's thought owes far more to \"Hispanic nationalism\" than European socialism or Marxism\u2013Leninism. Historian Richard Gott remarked that one of the keys to Castro's success was his ability to use the \"twin themes of socialism and nationalism\" and keep them \"endlessly in play\". Castro described Karl Marx and Cuban nationalist Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed as his main political influences, although Gott believed that Mart\u00ed ultimately remained more important than Marx in Castro's politics. Castro described Mart\u00ed's political ideas as \"a philosophy of independence and an exceptional humanistic philosophy\", and his supporters and apologists repeatedly claimed that there were great similarities between the two figures. Biographer Volker Skierka described Castro's government as a \"highly individual, socialist-nationalist"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " \"fidelista\" system\", with Theodore Draper terming his approach \"Castroism\", viewing it as a blend of European socialism with the Latin American revolutionary tradition. Political scientist Paul C. Sondrol has described Castro's approach to politics as \"totalitarian utopianism\", with a style of leadership that drew upon the wider Latin American phenomenon of the \"caudillo\". He drew inspiration from the wider Latin American anti-imperialist movements of the 1930s and 1940s, including Argentina's Per\u00f3n and Guatemala's Jacobo \u00c1rbenz. Castro took a relatively socially conservative stance on many issues, opposing drug use, gambling, and prostitution, which he viewed as moral evils. Instead, he advocated hard work, family values, integrity, and self-discipline. Although his government repressed homosexual activity for decades, later in his life he took responsibility for this persecution, regretting it as a \"great injustice\", as he himself put it.</s><s>Personal and public life.</s><s>Personal and public life.:Personality. Juan Reynaldo S\u00e1nchez, Castro's former bodyguard, detailed much of his personal and private life in his book \"The Double Life of Fidel Castro\". He described Castro as \"Nothing ordinary about him at all"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": ", he is unique, special, and different\". He profiled him as an egocentric who loved being the center of attention, and with his almost electric charisma, grabbing the attention of the people around him. He was also extremely manipulative; with his formidable intelligence, he was capable of manipulating a person or a group of people without much difficulty. In addition, he was repetitive and obsessive. In discussions with his colleagues or foreigners, he would repeat the same things over again on a continuous loop until they were convinced he was right. It was absolutely impossible to contradict him on any subject whatsoever. Anyone who attempted to convince him that he was wrong or even making a suggestion that it could be improved slightly was making a \"fatal error\". Fidel would then make a mental mark of the individual as an \"idiot\", and would wait for the right time to retaliate against them. Nobody, not even Ra\u00fal was exempt from this; despite being the minister of the armed forces, he would bring seemingly minor military decisions to Castro for his final approval in order to avoid inadvertently contradicting him. S\u00e1nchez believed that General Arnaldo Ochoa's downfall was significantly related to his willingness to contradict Fidel's orders in Angola. Biographer Leycester Coltman described Castro as"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " \"fiercely hard-working, dedicated, loyal\u00a0... generous and magnanimous\" but noted that he could be \"vindictive and unforgiving\". He asserted that Castro \"always had a keen sense of humor and could laugh at himself\" but could equally be \"a bad loser\" who would act with \"ferocious rage if he thought that he was being humiliated\". Publicly he was known for throwing tantrums, and could make \"snap judgements\" which he refused to back down from. In private though, Castro was actually skilled at keeping his anger in check and not allowing it to affect his judgement, simply becoming cold and withdrawn; S\u00e1nchez stated that in 17 years he had only seen Castro explode in anger twice, one upon being informed of his daughter Alina's defection in 1993. Castro was known for working long hours; he primarily woke up late \u2013 rarely before 10 or 11\u00a0am \u2013 and started his working day around noon, and would work until late at night, often only going to bed at 3 or 4\u00a0am. He preferred to meet foreign diplomats in these early hours, believing that they would be tired and he could gain the upper hand in negotiations. Castro liked to meet with ordinary citizens, both in Cuba and abroad, but"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " took a particularly paternal attitude toward Cubans, treating them as if \"they were a part of his own giant family\". British historian Alex von Tunzelmann commented that \"though ruthless, [Castro] was a patriot, a man with a profound sense that it was his mission to save the Cuban people\". Political scientist Paul C. Sondrol characterized Castro as \"quintessentially totalitarian in his charismatic appeal, utopian functional role and public, transformative utilisation of power\". Balfour described Castro as having a \"voracity for knowledge\" and \"elephantine memory\" that allowed him to speak for hours on a variety of different subjects. His hero was Alexander the Great, whose Spanish equivalent \"Alejandro\" he adopted as his \"nom de guerre\". Castro was a voracious reader; amongst his favourite authors were Ernest Hemingway, Franz Kafka, William Shakespeare, and Maxim Gorky, and he named \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\" as his favourite book, committing several portions of the novel to memory and even utilizing some of its lessons as a guerrilla fighter. He enjoyed art and photography and was known as a patron of both within Cuba but was uninterested in music and disliked dancing. He was also an avid fan of cinema,"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " particularly Soviet films. His favourite film was the five-hour long 1967 adaption of Leo Tolstoy's \"War and Peace\". Castro had a lifelong passion, almost obsession, with cows and, starting in 1966, with bovine genetics and breeding. State media frequently published details of his attempts to breed cows with increased milk yields. This interest reached its peak in 1982 when a cow that Fidel had bred, \"Ubre Blanca\", broke the Guinness World Record for producing 29 gallons of milk live on national television. She was promoted into a national celebrity and propaganda tool, and when the cow died in 1985, \"Granma\" published an official obituary for her on the front page, and the postal service issued stamps in her honour as well. Fidel Castro's religious beliefs have been a matter of some debate; he was baptized and raised as a Roman Catholic. He criticized use of the Bible to justify the oppression of women and Africans, but commented that Christianity exhibited \"a group of very humane precepts\" which gave the world \"ethical values\" and a \"sense of social justice\", relating, \"If people call me Christian, not from the standpoint of religion but from the standpoint of social vision, I declare that I am a Christian.\" During a"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " visit of Jesse Jackson, Castro accompanied him to a Methodist church service where he even spoke from the pulpit with a Bible before him, an event that marked a beginning of increased openness towards Christianity in Cuba. He promoted the idea that Jesus Christ was a communist, citing the feeding of the 5,000 and the story of Jesus and the rich young man as evidence.</s><s>Personal and public life.:Public image. Within Cuba, Castro was primarily referred to by his official military title \"Comandante El Jefe\"; he was usually addressed as \"Comandante\" (The Commander) in general discourse as well as in person but could also be addressed as \"El Jefe\" (the Chief) in the third person, particularly within the party and military command. Castro was often nicknamed \"\"El Caballo\"\" (\"The Horse\"), a label attributed to Cuban entertainer Benny Mor\u00e9 which alludes to Castro's well known philandering during the 1950s and early 1960s. With his logorrheic oratorical abilities and profound charisma, Castro was extremely skilled at the art of manipulation and deception, easily whipping up his audience and even entire segments of the population into support for him. Large throngs of supporters gathered to cheer at Castro's fiery speeches, which typically lasted"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " for hours (even outdoors in inclement weather) and without the use of written notes. During speeches, Castro regularly cited reports and books he had read on a wide variety of subjects, including military matters, plant cultivation, filmmaking, and chess strategies. Officially, the Cuban government did maintain a cult of personality, but unlike other Soviet-era leaders and his allies, it was less widespread and took on a more subtle and discreet form. There were no statues or large portraits of him but rather signs with \"thoughts\" of the \"Comandante\". Although his popularity among segments of the Cuban populace nevertheless led to one developing without the government's involvement and would be used to judge each individual's devotion to his \"revolutionary cause\" (judged by their contribution to the revolution). Indeed, by 2006 Castro's image could frequently be found in Cuban stores, classrooms, taxicabs, and on national television. In private, however, Castro hated such idolization campaigns and believed that he had intellectual ascendancy over leaders who engaged in such behaviour, such as his friend Kim Il-sung of North Korea whose cult of personality he considered excessive, outlandish, and unreasonable. He gave no importance to his appearance or clothing; for 37 years, he wore only his trademark olive-"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "green military fatigues or the standard dress uniform for formal events and special occasions, emphasizing his role as the perpetual revolutionary, but in the mid-1990s began wearing dark civilian suits and \"guayabera\" in public. At over tall with a few inches added from his combat boots, Castro usually towered over most foreign leaders he met with, giving him a dominating presence in any room or photo that was taken, which he used to his advantage (for comparison, Abraham Lincoln and Charles De Gaulle, both well known for their tall heights, stood at 6'4 and 6'5 respectively). Until his uprising against Batista, Castro typically kept a pencil-thin moustache along with combed back hair, typical of Upper-class Cuban men in the 1950s but grew out both during his years as a guerrilla fighter and retaining them afterwards. Castro also disliked worrying about his appearance and hated shaving, making the beard and uniform all the more convenient for him. His uniform was also kept simple, he never wore any medals or decorations and his only marker of rank was the \"Comandante El Jefe\" insignia stitched on the shoulder straps. Until the 1990s, he wore combat boots, but due to orthopedic issues, abandoned them for"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " sneakers and tennis shoes instead. Around his waist, he often carried a 9mm Browning pistol in a brown leather holster with an additional three clips. His personal weapon of choice was a 7.62 Kalashnikov AKM which Castro occasionally carried with him during the 1960s but was later kept stored in a suitcase carried by one of the members of his escort or kept placed between his feet while driving along with five cartridges; he frequently used it during shooting exercises and practice. Castro had a lifelong love of guns and was considered an expert sharpshooter, impressing foreign visitors and even holding up against members of his own elite bodyguards who engaged in frequent competition with him. Castro's most iconic public feature eventually became the Cuban cigar that he smoked on a daily basis. Introduced to it by his father at the age of 15, Castro continued the habit for almost 44 years with the exception of a brief period during the 1950s while a guerrilla fighter and boycotting against Batista linked tobacco firms. Castro claimed that he quit around 1985 during an anti-smoking campaign promoted by the Communist Party. S\u00e1nchez disputes this, saying that his doctor had Castro reduce his cigar usage starting in 1980 and quit entirely in 1983 after a cancerous ulcer was found in his intestine."}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Prior to the Revolution, Castro smoked various brands including Romeo y Julieta Churchill, H. Upmann, Bauza, and Partag\u00e1s. In the early 1960s, Castro saw one of his bodyguards smoking a noticeably aromatic but unbranded cigar. Castro and the bodyguard located the cigar maker, Eduardo Ribera, who agreed to establish the El Laguito Factory and branded the cigars as Cohiba which became Castro's signature brand and elevating its profile internationally. Initially restricted for his own private use and other members of the Politburo, it was later presented as diplomatic gifts for allied countries and friends of Castro, most notably seen smoked by Che Guevara, Josip Broz Tito, Houari Boum\u00e9di\u00e8ne, Sukarno, and Saddam Hussein.</s><s>Personal and public life.:Lifestyle. Castro's primary residence was at \"Punto Cero\", a large and vegetative estate approximately 6\u00a0km from the \"Palacio de la Revolution\" in the Siboney neighbourhood. The main house is a L-Shaped two-story family mansion with a 600-square-yard footprint, 50-foot-long swimming pool, six greenhouses providing fruit and vegetables for Fidel and Ra\u00fa"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "l's families as well as their bodyguard units, and a large lawn with free-range chickens and cows. Close by is a second two-story building used to house the bodyguards and the domestic staff. The house itself was decorated in a classical Caribbean style, with local wicker and wood furniture, porcelain plates, watercolor paintings, and art books. S\u00e1nchez described the estate as naturally beautiful and tastefully decorated, and while considered luxurious for the average Cuban, was not lavish or over-the-top compared to the residences of the Somoza clan or the Kim dynasty of North Korea. Ra\u00fal and Vilma's house \"La Rinconada\" is located close by on 222nd street. Ra\u00fal usually hosted large family barbecues on Sundays where Fidel would sometimes come, giving his extended family, sisters, and his elder brother Ram\u00f3n a rare opportunity to see him. Next to \"Punto Cero\" is \"Unit 160\" which was the base of Fidel's bodyguard units. The base was over five acres large and surrounded by high walls, essentially a \"city within a city\" consisting of support personnel for transportation, communications, electronics, food, and an extensive armoury of Kalashnikovs"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": ", Makarovs, and Browning's. Members of that unit also assisted in Fidel's passion for Bovine breeding and a stable was kept for some of Fidel's most prized cows. In addition to \"Punto Cero\", Castro had 5 other residences in Havana: \"Casa Cojimar\", his initial home after 1959 but disused by the 1970s; a house on 160th Street near the Playa district; \"Casa Carbonell\", maintained by Cuban Intelligence for his covert meetings with representatives of foreign groups or intelligence assets; A beach house in Santa Maria del Mar (next to the Tropico Hotel); and two houses retrofitted with air-raid shelters and connected to the MINFAR command bunkers for use in war: \"Casa Punta Brava\" (Dalia's old house before meeting Fidel) and \"Casa Gallego\", near the bodyguards base at Unit 160. In the west of Cuba, he had three residences: \"Casa Americana\" (confiscated from an American businessman connected to Batista); \"Rancho la Tranquilidad\" in the locality of Mil Cumbres; and La Deseada, a hunting lodge utilized in the winter for duck hunting and fishing"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " trips. He also had two homes in Matanzas, one in Ciego de Avila, a horse ranch \"Hacienda San Cayetano\" in Camaguey along with another house in a vacation compound for the Politburo nearby, \"Casa Guardalavaca\" in Holguin, and two residences in Santiago de Cuba (One of which is shared with Ramiro Valdes). Castro's main vacation destination was Cayo de Piedra, a small key island formerly the site of a lighthouse, approximately a mile long and divided into two by a cyclone in the 1960s. He came upon the island by accident while reviewing the region in the aftermath of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. Instantly falling in love with the island, he ordered it closed off and had the lighthouse demolished. Osmany Cienfuegos designed the a private bungalow, guesthouse, bridge, marina, and a building for the use of the bodyguards and support staff. He arrived here from his inaccessible private marina located near the Bay of Pigs, \"La Caleta del Rosario\", which also housed another residence and guesthouse. Castro utilized two yachts, \"Aquarama I\", confiscated from"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " a Batista Government official and later in the 1970s, the 90-foot white hull \"Aquarama II\". \"Aquarama II\", which was decorated with wood donated from Angola, had two double cabins, one for Fidel's personal use, a main sitting room, two bathrooms, a bar, a secure communications suite, and was equipped with four Osa-class missile boat engines gifted from Brezhnev allowing for top speeds of over 42 Knots. \"Aquarama II\" had two companion speedboats utilized by his escort, \"Pioniera I\" and \"Pioniera II\"; one was equipped with a large cache of weapons and another was equipped with medical equipment. Castro also had a keen interest in gastronomy and was known to wander into his kitchen to discuss cookery with his chefs. His diet was quintessentially Cuban, based on traditional pescatarian cuisine but also the additional influence from his native Galicia. All of his food was sourced from Punto Cero or fished from his private island of Cayo Piedra, with the exception of cases of Algerian Red Wine gifted initially from Houari Boumediene and continued by successive Algerian governments and Iraqi figs and fruit jams from"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Saddam Hussein. Castro, who typically woke up in the late morning, usually had tea or fish bouillon for breakfast accompanied by milk provided from one of the cows that grazed on \"Punto Cero\"; they were all bred to provide milk which suited Castro's demanding taste. His lunches were also frugal and consisted of fish or seafood soup with fresh produce. Dinner was his primary meal, consisting of grilled fish, chicken, mutton, or even \"pata negra\" ham on special occasions along with a large serving of green vegetables, but was prevented from eating beef or coffee by his dietician. Until 1979, Castro's primary vehicle was a black ZiL limousine, first an armoured convertible ZIL-111 from Khrushchev, a ZIL-114 and briefly a ZIL-4104 gifted to him by Leonid Brezhnev, while his escort would accompany him in several Alfa Romeo 1750s and 2000s. In 1979, during the Non-Aligned movement summit at Havana, Saddam Hussein gave Castro his Armored Mercedes-Benz 560 SEL which he had brought from Baghdad and became his sole transport for the rest of his life. Subsequently, Fidel ordered two mechanics from his bodyguard unit to West Germany"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " to purchase several second-hand Mercedes-Benz 500's to replace the obsolete Alfa Romeos. Castro always travelled with at least fourteen guards and four of his aides, spread out over four vehicles; three Mercedes-Benz's and one Soviet Lada which trailed the main convoy (to keep the military presence at a minimal). Whenever he would leave Havana, a fifth Mercedes would join the procession carrying his doctor, nurse, and photographer.</s><s>Personal and public life.:Relationships. In his personal life, Castro was known for being distant, withdrawn, and confided in very few people. His closest and most trusted friend was Ra\u00fal Castro, his younger brother by five years and longtime armed forces minister. Although Ra\u00fal has a vastly contrasting, almost polar opposite personality to Castro, S\u00e1nchez describes Ra\u00fal as complementing Castro's personality in all the ways that he is not. Whereas Fidel was \"charismatic, energetic, visionary but extremely impulsive and totally disorganized\", Ra\u00fal was described as a \"natural, methodical, and uncompromising organizer\". Castro spoke nearly every day with Ra\u00fal, met several times a week, and was a frequent visitor at Ra\u00fal and Vilma's house; Vilma was also considered"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " close to Castro and often appeared in public with him at national events. Besides Ra\u00fal, Castro was not close to any of his other siblings, although he did have friendly relations with his elder brother Ram\u00f3n and sister Angelita. His sister Juanita Castro has been living in the United States since the early 1960s, and is a public opponent of the Cuban regime. Outside of his immediate family, Castro's closest friend was fellow revolutionary Celia S\u00e1nchez, who accompanied him almost everywhere during the 1960s, and controlled almost all access to the leader. Reynaldo S\u00e1nchez confirmed that Celia was indeed Castro's mistress and regarded her as the \"true love of his life\". Castro provided a large apartment for Celia on 11th Street near Vedado, \"El Once\" whom Fidel visited every day before returning home. Over the years, Castro added an elevator, fitness room, and a bowling alley for his and Celia's personal use. He even provided bodyguards from his own escort to Celia for her own protection. Castro's closest male friends were the members of his immediate bodyguard unit, \"Escolta\" or the \"Escort\". His security was provided by Department 1 of the Personal Security Directorate of MININT (Ministry"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " of the Interior). Department 1 was for Fidel's security, Department 2 was Ra\u00fal and Vilma's, and Department 3 was for the members of the Politburo and so on. Unlike the other MININT Departments, both his and Ra\u00fal's units bypassed the normal chain of command and reported to them directly. Castro's security consisted of three concentric \"anillos\" or rings. The third ring consisted of thousands of soldiers both in MININT and MINFAR who provided support for Logistics, Air-Defense, Intelligence, etc.; The second ring consisted of eighty to one hundred soldiers who provided the outer perimeter security; And the first ring, the Elite \"Escolta\" or \"The Escort\", which provided his immediate security and consisted of two teams of 15 elite soldiers who worked 24-hour shifts, along with around 10 support staff. A soldier at heart, Castro had more affinity with his escort than his civilian family. He spent most of his time under their protection and were usually his companions in his personal interests. A sports fan, he also spent much of his time trying to keep fit, undertaking regular exercise such as hunting, fly fishing, underwater fishing, scuba diving, and playing basketball. They were also his companions"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " on special events, such as his birthday or during national holidays, which they would regularly exchange gifts and engage in one-sided discussions with Castro where he would recall his life stories. The members of the Escort Castro was closest to was the former Mayor of Havana Jose \"Pep\u00edn\" Naranjo who became his official aide until his death in 1995 and his own personal physician, Eugenio Selman. Outside of his escort, Castro was also close to Manuel \"Barbarroja\" Pineiro, the head of the American Department of the DGI, Antonio N\u00fa\u00f1ez Jim\u00e9nez, and the Colombian novelist Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez.</s><s>Personal and public life.:Marital history. The Cuban government has never published an official marital history of Castro, with most information coming from defectors and scarce details published in state media and pieced together over the years. In his earlier years in power, he showcased some of his family life, in particular his eldest son Fidelito in order to portray himself as a normal \"family man\" to the apprehensive American audience, but eventually abandoned that as he became more concerned about his personal safety. Throughout his rule, Castro never named an official \"First Lady\" and when the need for such"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " a public female companion was necessary, Celia S\u00e1nchez or Ra\u00fal's wife, Vilma Esp\u00edn, would play such a role of \"la primera dama\". Overall, S\u00e1nchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and S\u00e1nchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behaviour. Castro was also described as a poor father; often absent from their lives, he had little interest in the activities of his children and was more interested in his work. Ra\u00fal, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina. - Castro's first wife was Mirta D\u00edaz-Balart, whom he married in October 1948. She is the only spouse of Castro acknowledged by the Cuban government. Diaz-Balart, the daughter of a powerful Cuban politician and brother of Batista's Minister of Interior, was a student at the University"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " of Havana where she met and married Castro. She divorced him later in 1955 while he was in prison due to the attacks on the Moncada Barracks. They had one son: - Fidel \u00c1ngel \"Fidelito\" Castro D\u00edaz-Balart, born in September 1949. Fidelito grew up at various times between Havana and Miami; he later went to the Soviet Union to study Nuclear Physics. For a time, he ran Cuba's atomic-energy commission before being removed from the post by his father. He took his own life in February 2018, over a year after his father's death. - During his first marriage, Castro had a brief encounter with Maria Laborde, an admirer from Camaguey whom very little is known and has long been deceased. They had one son: - Jorge \u00c1ngel Castro, born on 23 March 1949. It was long believed that his birth was in 1956, but S\u00e1nchez and another defector uncovered that he was in fact born earlier than Fidelito. - While Castro was married to Mirta, he had an affair with Natalia \"Naty\" Revuelta Clews. Widely regarded in Havana for her beauty, Natalia herself was married to Dr. Orlando Fernandez"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " but sympathized with the aims of the Revolutionary movement. She initially joined the movement as a friend of Castro but later became his mistress and visited him while he was imprisoned on Isla de Pinos. She would give birth to his daughter: - Alina Fern\u00e1ndez Revuelta, born in 1956, is Castro's only daughter. She did not know her true parentage until she was 10. Castro showed little interest in her but sent her to a boarding school in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. One of the few people willing to stand up to Castro, several defectors have described her personality as the most similar to her father. Alina became a public relations director for a State-owned fashion company and a model for Havana Club. Her father inadvertently found out about the latter job while reading \"Cuba\" magazine, coming across an advertisement showing Alina posing in a bikini on a boat with two other models; he nearly exploded with rage. Alina left Cuba in 1993, disguised as a Spanish tourist, and sought asylum in the US, from where she has criticized her father's policies. - Castro's second and longest wife was with Dalia Soto Del Valle, another admirer who met Castro during a speech in"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Villa Clara in 1961. She was a teacher who was part of the government's literacy campaign who moved to Havana on Castro's initiative and later moved in with him at \"Punto Cero\" as his permanent family. Her relationship with Castro was kept secret until 2006, when she was photographed with an increasingly frail Castro during the Party Congress, although no other information has been released by the Cuban Government. Castro and Dalia had five sons, each of them starting with the letter A and three of them a variation of \"Alexander\" (in homage to Alexander the Great, his pseudonym while a guerrilla fighter): - Alexis Castro Del Valle, born in 1962. Described as a loner with few friends, he eventually got a degree in computer science but has since become a mechanic. - Alex Castro Del Valle, born in 1963. Much more affable and outgoing, he was initially trained as an engineer as well but instead became a photographer and cameraman for \"Granma\" and Cubavisi\u00f3n respectively. He later became the official photographer of his father and published several books and hosted the exhibitions \"Fidel Castro:Photografia Intimidade\". - Alejandro Castro Del Valle, born in 1969. Considered a \"computer geek\","}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " like his brothers, he also studied computer science and engineering but was passionate about the subject. Around 1990, he wrote software that allowed Russian programs to be run on Japanese ones; the product was purchased by NEC of Japan, which raised his national profile in the engineering community of Cuba and even public praise from his father. - Antonio Castro Del Valle, born in 1971. A national youth baseball champion, he studied sports medicine in the University of Havana and became an Orthopedic surgeon. He is currently the head of the Surgery unit at the Elite Frank Pais Orthopedic Hospital, Doctor to the National Baseball team and President of the Cuban Baseball Federation. - Angelito Castro Del Valle, born in 1974. Considered spoiled by his parents from a young age, he was long considered the \"trouble child\" of the family. He was passionate about cars and frequently earned the ire of his father's escort unit for disrupting the work of the mechanics. Angelito never obtained any higher education, but later became the senior executive of the Mercedes-Benz concession of Cuba. - After the 1970s, Castro began a long relationship with Juanita Vera, a Colonel in the foreign intelligence service who joined his escort unit as his English interpreter. She often appeared in public with Castro"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": ", in particular in Oliver Stone's \"Comandante\" as his translator and interpreter. Her and Castro had one son, Abel Castro Vera, born in 1983. Castro had another daughter, Francisca Pupo (born 1953), the result of a one-night affair. Pupo and her husband now live in Miami.{{cite web|url=http://www.canf.org/es/ENSAYOS/2003-dic-09-vida_secreta_del_tirano_castro.htm|last=Duarte|first=Roberto|title=Vida Secreta Del Tirano Castro</s><s>Reception and legacy. One of the most controversial political leaders of his era, Castro both inspired and dismayed people around the world during his lifetime. The London \"Observer\" stated that he proved to be \"as divisive in death as he was in life\", and that the only thing that his \"enemies and admirers\" agreed upon was that he was \"a towering figure\" who \"transformed a small Caribbean island into a major force in world affairs\". \"The Daily Telegraph\" noted that around the world he was \"either praised as a brave champion of the people, or der"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": "ided as a power-mad dictator.\" According to political scientists, Castro ruled a single-party authoritarian regime in Cuba. Political opposition was not permitted. According to political scientists Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, the Cuban regime entailed \"full authoritarianism... (like China and Saudi Arabia)\", as there were \"no viable channels... for opposition to contest legally for executive power.\" Censorship of information was extensive, and independent journalism was repressed. Despite its small size and limited economic weight, Castro's Cuba gained a large role in world affairs. The Castro government relied heavily on its appeals to nationalistic sentiment, in particular the widespread hostility to the US government. According to Balfour, Castro's domestic popularity stemmed from the fact that he symbolized \"a long-cherished hope of national liberation and social justice\" for much of the population. Balfour also noted that throughout Latin America, Castro served as \"a symbol of defiance against the continued economic and cultural imperialism of the United States\". Similarly, Wayne S. Smith\u00a0\u2013 the former Chief of the United States Interests Section in Havana\u00a0\u2013 noted that Castro's opposition to US dominance and transformation of Cuba into a significant world player resulted in him receiving \"warm applause\" throughout the Western Hemisphere. Various"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Western governments and human rights organizations nevertheless heavily criticized Castro and he was widely reviled in the US. Following Castro's death, US President-elect Donald Trump called him a \"brutal dictator\", while the Cuban-American politician Marco Rubio called him \"an evil, murderous dictator\" who turned Cuba into \"an impoverished island prison\". Castro publicly rejected the \"dictator\" label, stating that he constitutionally held less power than most heads of state and insisting that his regime allowed for greater democratic involvement in policy making than Western liberal democracies. Nevertheless, critics claim that Castro wielded significant unofficial influence aside from his official duties. Quirk stated that Castro wielded \"absolute power\" in Cuba, albeit not in a legal or constitutional manner, while Bourne claimed that power in Cuba was \"completely invested\" in Castro, adding that it was very rare for \"a country and a people\" to have been so completely dominated by \"the personality of one man\". Balfour stated that Castro's \"moral and political hegemony\" within Cuba diminished the opportunities for democratic debate and decision making. Describing Castro as a \"totalitarian dictator\", Sondrol suggested that in leading \"a political system largely [of] his own creation and bearing his indelible stamp\", Castro's leadership style warranted comparisons"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " with totalitarian leaders like Mao Zedong, Hideki Tojo, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini. Noting that there were \"few more polarising political figures\" than Castro, Amnesty International described him as \"a progressive but deeply flawed leader\". In their view, he should be \"applauded\" for his regime's \"substantial improvements\" to healthcare and education, but criticized for its \"ruthless suppression of freedom of expression.\" Human Rights Watch stated that his government constructed a \"repressive machinery\" which deprived Cubans of their \"basic rights\". Castro defended his government's record on human rights, stating that the state was forced to limit the freedoms of individuals and imprison those involved in counter-revolutionary activities in order to protect the rights of the collective populace, such as the right to employment, education, and health care. Historian and journalist Richard Gott considered Castro to be \"one of the most extraordinary political figures of the twentieth century\", commenting that he had become a \"world hero in the mould\" of Giuseppe Garibaldi to people throughout the developing world for his anti-imperialist efforts. Balfour stated that Castro's story had \"few parallels in contemporary history\", for there existed no other \"Third"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " World leader\" in the second half of the twentieth century who held \"such a prominent and restless part on the international stage\" or remained head of state for such a long period. Bourne described Castro as \"an influential world leader\" who commanded \"great respect\" from individuals of all political ideologies across the developing world. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau described Castro as a \"remarkable leader\" and a \"larger than life leader who served his people.\" The European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker said that Castro \"was a hero for many.\" Russian President Vladimir Putin described Castro as both \"a sincere and reliable friend of Russia\" and a \"symbol of an era\", while Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping similarly referred to him as \"a close comrade and a sincere friend\" to China. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi termed him \"one of the most iconic personalities of the 20th century\" and a \"great friend\", while South African President Jacob Zuma praised Castro for aiding black South Africans in \"our struggle against apartheid\". He was awarded a wide variety of awards and honours from foreign governments and was cited as an inspiration for foreign leaders like Ahmed Ben Bella and Nelson Mandela, who subsequently awarded him South Africa's highest civilian award for foreigners, the Order of"}, {"title": "Fidel Castro", "text": " Good Hope. The biographer Volker Skierka stated that \"he will go down in history as one of the few revolutionaries who remained true to his principles\".</s><s>Reception and legacy.:In Cuba. Following Castro's death, Cuba's government announced that it would be passing a law prohibiting the naming of \"institutions, streets, parks or other public sites, or erecting busts, statues or other forms of tribute\" in honour of the late Cuban leader in keeping with his wishes to prevent an extensive cult of personality from developing around him.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Cited works. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Fidel Castro", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000459", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Bob Marley.", "docs": [{"title": "Bob Marley", "text": "<s>Bob Marley Robert Nesta Marley (6 February 1945\u00a0\u2013 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer, musician, and songwriter. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, his musical career was marked by fusing elements of reggae, ska, and rocksteady, as well as his distinctive vocal and songwriting style. Marley's contributions to music increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide, and made him a global figure in popular culture to this day. Over the course of his career, Marley became known as a Rastafari icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality. He is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture\u00a0and identity, and was controversial in his outspoken support for democratic social reforms. In 1976, Marley survived an assassination attempt in his home, which was thought to be politically motivated. He also supported legalisation of marijuana, and advocated for Pan-Africanism. Born in Nine Mile, Jamaica, Marley began his professional musical career in 1963, after forming the Teenagers with Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which after several name changes would become the Wailers. The group released its debut studio album \"The Wailing Wailers\" in"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " 1965, which contained the single \"One Love\", a reworking of \"People Get Ready\"; the song was popular worldwide, and established the group as a rising figure in reggae. The Wailers released a further eleven studio albums, and after signing to Island Records the band's name became Bob Marley and the Wailers. While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, the group began engaging in rhythmic-based song construction in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastafari. Around this time, Marley relocated to London, and the group embodied their musical shift with the release of the album \"The Best of The Wailers\" (1971). The group started to gain international attention after signing to Island, and touring in support of the albums \"Catch a Fire\" and \"Burnin'\" (both 1973). Following the disbandment of the Wailers a year later, Marley carried on under the band's name. The album \"Natty Dread\" (1974) received positive reception. In 1975, following the global popularity of Eric Clapton's version of Marley's \"I Shot the Sheriff\", Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, with a"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " live version of \"No Woman, No Cry\", from the \"Live!\" album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, \"Rastaman Vibration\" (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts. A few months after the album's release Marley survived an assassination attempt at his home in Jamaica, which prompted him to permanently relocate to London. During his time in London he recorded the album \"Exodus\" (1977); it incorporated elements of blues, soul, and British rock and enjoyed widespread commercial and critical success. In 1977, Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma; he died as a result of the illness in 1981, shortly after baptism into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. His fans around the world expressed their grief, and he received a state funeral in Jamaica. The greatest hits album \"Legend\" was released in 1984, and became the best-selling reggae album of all time. Marley also ranks as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of more than 75 million records worldwide. He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon after his death with a designated Order of Merit by his nation. In 1994, he was inducted into the Rock"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " and Roll Hall of Fame. \"Rolling Stone\" ranked him No. 11 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. His other achievements include a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and induction into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.</s><s>Early life and career. Robert Nesta Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the farm of his maternal grandfather in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley and Cedella Malcolm. Norval Marley was from Crowborough, East Sussex in England, then resident of Clarendon Parish, Norval claimed to have been a captain in the Royal Marines; at the time of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, he was employed as a plantation overseer. Bob Marley's full name is Robert Nesta Marley, though some sources give his birth name as Nesta Robert Marley, with a story that when Marley was still a boy, a Jamaican passport official reversed his first and middle names because Nesta sounded like a girl's name. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child but seldom saw them as he was often away. Bob Marley attended"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " Stepney Primary and Junior High School which serves the catchment area of Saint Ann. In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at the age of 70. Marley's mother went on later to marry Edward Booker, a civil servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony. Bob Marley and Neville Livingston (later known as Bunny Wailer) had been childhood friends in Nine Mile. They had started to play music together while at Stepney Primary and Junior High School. Marley left Nine Mile with his mother when he was 12 and moved to Trenchtown, Kingston. She and Thadeus Livingston (Bunny Wailer's father) had a daughter together whom they named Claudette Pearl, who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. Now that Marley and Livingston were living together in the same house in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include the new ska music, and the latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica. Marley formed a vocal group with Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh. The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": ", the Wailing Wailers and finally just the Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful vocal act Higgs and Wilson, lived nearby and encouraged Marley. Marley and the others did not play any instruments at this time, and were more interested in being a vocal harmony group. Higgs helped them develop their vocal harmonies, and started to teach Marley how to play guitar.</s><s>Musical career.</s><s>Musical career.:1962\u20131972: Early years. In February 1962, Marley recorded four songs, \"Judge Not\", \"One Cup of Coffee\", \"Do You Still Love Me?\" and \"Terror\", at Federal Studios for local music producer Leslie Kong. Three of the songs were released on Beverley's with \"One Cup of Coffee\" being released under the pseudonym Bobby Martell. In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith were called the Teenagers. They later changed the name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to the Wailers. Their single \"Simmer"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " Down\" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 in February 1964 selling an estimated 70,000 copies. The Wailers, now regularly recording for Studio One, found themselves working with established Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger \"It Hurts To Be Alone\"), the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh. In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a DuPont lab assistant, and on the assembly line and as a fork lift operator at a Chrysler plant in nearby Newark, under the alias Donald Marley. Though raised as a Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence. After returning to Jamaica, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks. After a financial disagreement with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee \"Scratch\" Perry and his studio"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " band, the Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would continue to work together. 1969 brought another change to Jamaican popular music in which the beat slowed down even further. The new beat was a slow, steady, ticking rhythm that was first heard on The Maytals song \"Do the Reggay\". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as one of the major developers of the reggae sound. For the recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians called Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted of the bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, the drummer Paul Douglas, the keyboard players Gladstone Anderson and Winston Wright, and the guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown. As David Moskowitz writes, \"The tracks recorded in this session illustrated the Wailers' earliest efforts in the new reggae style. Gone are the ska trumpets and saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now being played by the electric guitar.\" The songs recorded would be released as the album \"The Best of The W"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": "ailers\", including tracks \"Soul Shakedown Party\", \"Stop That Train\", \"Caution\", \"Go Tell It on the Mountain\", \"Soon Come\", \"Can't You See\", \"Soul Captives\", \"Cheer Up\", \"Back Out\", and \"Do It Twice\". Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialise the Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that these songs \"should never be released on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to\". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriter Jimmy Norman at his apartment in the Bronx. Norman had written the extended lyrics for Kai Winding's \"Time Is on My Side\" (covered by the Rolling Stones) and had also written for Johnny Nash and Jimi Hendrix. A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. This tape is, according to Reggae archivist Roger Steffens, rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reg"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": "gae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the US charts. According to an article in \"The New York Times\", Marley experimented on the tape with different sounds, adopting a doo-wop style on \"Stay With Me\" and \"the slow love song style of 1960s artists\" on \"Splish for My Splash\". An artist yet to establish himself outside his native Jamaica, Marley lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.</s><s>Musical career.:1972\u20131974: Move to Island Records. In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour with soul singer Johnny Nash. While in London the Wailers asked their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed some of their Coxsone releases for his Island Records. The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; instead, the meeting resulted in the offer of an advance of \u00a34,000 to record an album. Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae star, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognised the elements needed to snare the rock audience: \"I was dealing with rock music,"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " which was really rebel music. I felt that would really be the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in he really was that image.\" The Wailers returned to Jamaica to record at Harry J's in Kingston, which resulted in the album \"Catch a Fire\". Primarily recorded on an eight-track, \"Catch a Fire\" marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers. Blackwell desired to create \"more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm\", and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album at Island Studios, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks. The Wailers' first album for Island, \"Catch a Fire\", was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a rock record with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it received a positive critical reception. It was followed later that year by the album \"Burnin"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": "'\" which included the song \"I Shot the Sheriff\". Eric Clapton was given the album by his guitarist George Terry in the hope that he would enjoy it. Clapton was impressed and chose to record a cover version of \"I Shot the Sheriff\" which became his first US hit since \"Layla\" two years earlier and reached number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on 14 September 1974. Many Jamaicans were not keen on the new reggae sound on \"Catch a Fire\", but the Trenchtown style of \"Burnin\" found fans across both reggae and rock audiences. During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office but also his home. The Wailers were scheduled to open 17 shows in the US for Sly and the Family Stone. After four shows, the band was fired because they were more popular than the acts they were opening for. The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with each of the three main members pursuing a solo career.</s><s>Musical career.:1974\u20131976: Line-up changes and shooting. Despite the break-up, Marley"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " continued recording as \"Bob Marley & The Wailers\". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl \"Wya\" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin \"Seeco\" Patterson on percussion. The \"I Threes\", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, with a live version of \"No Woman, No Cry\", from the \"Live!\" album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, \"Rastaman Vibration\" (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts. On 3 December 1976, two days before \"Smile Jamaica\", a free concert organised by the Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " arm. The attempt on his life was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. When asked why, Marley responded, \"The people who are trying to make this world worse aren't taking a day off. How can I?\" The members of the group Zap Pow played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding.</s><s>Musical career.:1976\u20131979: Relocation to England. Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and after a month-long \"recovery and writing\" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile. Whilst in England, he recorded the albums \"Exodus\" and \"Kaya\". \"Exodus\" stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: \"Exodus\", \"Waiting in Vain\", \"Jamming\", and \"One Love\" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " hit, \"People Get Ready\"). During his time in London, he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a small quantity of cannabis. In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Jamaica Labour Party) joined each other on stage and shook hands. Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers 11 albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. The releases included \"Babylon by Bus\", a double live album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track \"Jamming\" with the audience in a frenzy captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.</s><s>Musical career.:1979\u20131980: Later years. \"Survival\", a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as \"Zimbabwe\", \"Africa Unite\", \"Wake Up and Live\", and \"Survival\" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": ". His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South African apartheid, which he already had shown in his song \"War\" in 1976. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at 17 April celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day. \"Uprising\" (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions; it includes \"Redemption Song\" and \"Forever Loving Jah\". \"Confrontation\", released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit \"Buffalo Soldier\" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica.</s><s>Illness and death. In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a type of malignant melanoma under a toenail. Contrary to urban legend, this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football match that year, but was instead a symptom of already-existing cancer. He had to see two doctors before a biopsy was done, which confirmed acral lentiginous melanoma. Unlike other melanomas, usually on skin exposed to the sun, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs in places that are easy to miss, such as the soles"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " of the feet, or under toenails. Although it is the most common melanoma in people with dark skin, it is not widely recognised and was not mentioned in the most popular medical textbook of the time. Marley rejected his doctors' advice to have his toe amputated (which would have hindered his performing career), citing his religious beliefs, and instead, the nail and nail bed were removed and a skin graft was taken from his thigh to cover the area. Despite his illness, he continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a 1980 world tour. The album \"Uprising\" was released in May 1980. The band completed a major tour of Europe, where it played its biggest concert to 100,000 people in Milan, Italy. After the tour, Marley went to the United States, where he performed two shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City as part of the Uprising Tour. He collapsed while jogging in Central Park and was taken to the hospital, where it was found that his cancer had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver. Marley's last concert took place two days later at the Stanley Theater (now The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on 23 September 1980. The only known photographs"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " from the show were included in Kevin Macdonald's 2012 documentary film \"Marley\". Shortly afterward, Marley's health deteriorated as his cancer had spread throughout his body. The rest of the tour was canceled, and Marley sought treatment at the clinic of Josef Issels in Bavaria, Germany, where he underwent an alternative cancer treatment called Issels treatment, partly based on avoidance of certain foods, drinks, and other substances. After eight months of failing to effectively treat his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica. During the flight, Marley's vital functions worsened. After landing in Miami, Florida, he was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (later University of Miami Hospital) for immediate medical attention, where he died on 11 May 1981, aged 36, due to the spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain. His final words to his son Ziggy were: \"On your way up, take me up. On your way down, don't let me down.\" Marley was given a state funeral in Jamaica on 21 May 1981 that combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition. He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace in Nine Mile; his casket contained his red Gibson Les Paul guitar, a"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " Bible opened at Psalm 23, and a stalk of ganja placed there by his widow Rita Marley. On 21 May 1981, Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral eulogy to Marley, saying:</s><s>Legacy.</s><s>Legacy.:Awards and honours. - 1976: \"Rolling Stone\" Band of the Year - June 1978: Awarded the Peace Medal of the Third World from the United Nations. - February 1981: Awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit, then the nation's third highest honour. - March 1994: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. - 1999: Album of the Century for \"Exodus\" by \"Time\" magazine. - February 2001: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. - February 2001: Awarded Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. - 2004: \"Rolling Stone\" ranked him No. 11 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. - 2004: Among the first inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame - \"One Love\" named song of the millennium by BBC. - Voted as one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll. - 2006: A blue plaque was unveiled at his first"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " UK residence in Ridgmount Gardens, London, dedicated to him by the Nubian Jak Community Trust and supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. - 2010: \"Catch a Fire\" inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album). - 2022: Inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.</s><s>Legacy.:Other tributes. A statue was inaugurated, next to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to commemorate him. In 2006, the New York City Department of Education co-named a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn as \"Bob Marley Boulevard\". In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia. Internationally, Marley's message also continues to reverberate among various indigenous communities. For instance, members of the Native American Hopi and Havasupai tribes revere his work. There are also many tributes to Bob Marley throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals. Marley evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of media. In the light of this, author Dave Thompson in his book"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": ", \"Reggae and Caribbean Music\", laments what he perceives to be the commercialised pacification of Marley's more militant edge, stating: Several film adaptations have evolved as well. For instance, a feature-length documentary about his life, \"Rebel Music\", won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words. In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film was set to be released on 6 February 2010, on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday. However, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme, who dropped out due to creative differences with producer Steve Bing during the beginning of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme and the film, \"Marley\", was released on 20 April 2012. In 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Anderson, along with Gian Godoy, made the documentary \"Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend\", which premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival. In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James's novel, \"A Brief History of"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " Seven Killings\", a fictional account of the attempted assassination of Marley, won the 2015 Man Booker Prize at a ceremony in London. In February 2020, \"Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Musical\" was announced by writer Lee Hall and director Dominic Cooke, starring Arinz\u00e9 Kene as Bob Marley. It was premiered at London's Lyric Theatre on 20 October 2021, after being postponed from its original February premiere due to the COVID-19 pandemic.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Religion and beliefs. Bob Marley was a member for some years of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. He became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking its music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. As part of being a Rastafarian he felt that Haile Selassie of Ethiopia was an incarnation of God or \"Jah\". Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq baptised Marley into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in the presence of his wife Rita Marley and their children, giving him the name Berhane Selassie, on 4 November 1980, shortly before his death. As a Rast"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": "afarian Marley supported the legalisation of cannabis or \"ganja\", which Rastafarians believe is an aid to meditation. Marley began to use cannabis when he converted to the Rastafari faith from Catholicism in 1966. He was arrested in 1968 after being caught with cannabis but continued to use marijuana in accordance with his religious beliefs. Of his marijuana usage, he said, \"When you smoke herb, herb reveal yourself to you. All the wickedness you do, the herb reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show up yourself clear, because herb make you meditate. Is only a natural t'ing and it grow like a tree.\" Marley saw marijuana usage as a vital factor in religious growth and connection with Jah, and as a way to philosophise and become wiser. Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed in the unity of African people worldwide. His beliefs were rooted in his Rastafari religious beliefs. He was substantially inspired by Marcus Garvey, and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of his songs, such as \"Zimbabwe\", \"Exodus\", \"Survival\", \"Blackman Redemption\", and \"Redemption Song\". \"Redemption Song\" draws influence from a speech given"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia, 1937. Marley held that independence of African countries from European domination was a victory for all those in the African diaspora. In the song \"Africa Unite\", he sings of a desire for all peoples of the African diaspora to come together and fight against \"Babylon\"; similarly, in the song \"Zimbabwe\", he marks the liberation of the whole continent of Africa, and evokes calls for unity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa.</s><s>Personal life.:Family. Bob Marley married Alpharita Constantia \"Rita\" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966. Marley had many children: 3 born to his wife Rita & adopted Rita's two children from other relationships as his own and they have the Marley name. Plus several others with different women. The official Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 children. Those listed on the official site are: 1. Sharon, born 23 November 1964, daughter of Rita from a previous relationship, but then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita 2. Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita 3. David \"Ziggy\", born 17 October 1968, to Rita 4. Stephen, born 20 April 1972,"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " to Rita 5. Robert \"Robbie\", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams 6. Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt 7. Karen, born 1973, to Janet Bowen 8. Stephanie Marley, born 17 August 1974 (from an extramarital affair Rita had with Owen \u201cItal Tacky\u201d Stewart a former Jamaican soccer player) Nevertheless Bob adopted her as one of his own, giving her official recognition as one of his children, thereby entitling her to his estate. 9. Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder 10. Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis 11. Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare Other sites have noted additional individuals who claim to be family members, as noted below: - Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death. Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, but she is not listed as such on the Bob Marley official website. - Various websites, for example, also list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963, to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on the official Bob Marley website. Mar"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": "ley also has three notable grandchildren, musician Skip Marley, American football player Nico Marley, and model Selah Marley.</s><s>Personal life.:Association football. Aside from music, association football played a major role throughout his life. As well as playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even inside recording studios, growing up he followed the Brazilian club Santos and its star player Pel\u00e9 and was also a supporter of English football club Tottenham Hotspur and Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played for the club from 1978 for a decade. Marley surrounded himself with people from the sport, and in the 1970s made the Jamaican international footballer Allan \"Skill\" Cole his tour manager. He told a journalist, \"If you want to get to know me, you will have to play football against me and the Wailers.\"</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio albums. - \"The Wailing Wailers\" (1965) - \"Soul Rebels\" (1970) - \"Soul Revolution Part II\" (1971) - \"The Best of the Wailers\" (1971) - \"Catch a Fire\" (1973) - \"Burnin'\" (1973) - \"Natty Dread\" (1974) -"}, {"title": "Bob Marley", "text": " \"Rastaman Vibration\" (1976) - \"Exodus\" (1977) - \"Kaya\" (1978) - \"Survival\" (1979) - \"Uprising\" (1980) - \"Confrontation\" (1983)</s><s>Discography.:Live albums. - \"Live!\" (1975) - \"Babylon by Bus\" (1978)</s><s>See also. - Outline of Bob Marley - List of peace activists - Fabian Marley - \"Desis bobmarleyi\" \u2013 an underwater spider species named in honor of Marley</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - - - - Marley, Rita; Jones, Hettie (2004). \"No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley\", Hyperion Books, - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - Farley, Christopher (2007). \"Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley\", Amistad Press, - Goldman, Vivien (2006). \"The Book of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century\", Aurum Press, -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Bob Marley", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000460", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Idi Amin.", "docs": [{"title": "Idi Amin", "text": "<s>Idi Amin Idi Amin Dada Oumee (, ; 16 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He ruled as a military dictator and is considered one of the most brutal despots in modern world history. Amin was born in Koboko in what is now northwest Uganda to a Kakwa father and Lugbara mother. In 1946, he joined the King's African Rifles (KAR) of the British Colonial Army as a cook. He rose to the rank of lieutenant, taking part in British actions against Somali rebels and then the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya. Uganda gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, and Amin remained in the army, rising to the position of major and being appointed commander of the Uganda Army in 1965. He became aware that Ugandan President Milton Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, so he launched the 1971 Ugandan coup d'\u00e9tat and declared himself president. During his years in power, Amin shifted from being a pro-Western ruler enjoying considerable support from Israel to being backed by Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, Zaire's Mobutu Sese Seko, the Soviet Union, and East Germany."}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " In 1972, Amin expelled Asians, a majority of whom were Indian-Ugandans, leading India to sever diplomatic relations with his regime. In 1975, Amin became the chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), a Pan-Africanist group designed to promote solidarity among African states. Uganda was a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1977 to 1979. The United Kingdom broke diplomatic relations with Uganda in 1977, and Amin declared that he had defeated the British and added \"CBE\" to his title for \"Conqueror of the British Empire\". As Amin's rule progressed into the late 1970s, there was increased unrest against his persecution of certain ethnic groups and political dissidents, along with Uganda's very poor international standing due to Amin's support for the terrorist hijackers in Operation Entebbe. He then attempted to annex Tanzania's Kagera Region in 1978. The Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere ordered his troops to invade Uganda in response. Tanzanian Army and rebel forces successfully captured Kampala in 1979 and ousted Amin from power. Amin went into exile, first in Libya, then Iraq, and finally in Saudi Arabia, where he lived until his death in 2003. Amin's rule was characterised by rampant human rights abuses,"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " including political repression, ethnic persecution and extrajudicial killings, as well as nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. International observers and human rights groups estimate that between 100,000 and 500,000 people were killed under his regime.</s><s>Early life. Amin did not write an autobiography, and he did not authorize an official written account of his life. There are discrepancies regarding when and where he was born. Most biographical sources claim that he was born in either Koboko or Kampala around 1925. Other unconfirmed sources state Amin's year of birth from as early as 1923 to as late as 1928. Amin's son Hussein has stated that his father was born in Kampala in 1928. According to Fred Guweddeko, a researcher at Makerere University, Amin was the son of Andreas Nyabire (1889\u20131976). Nyabire, a member of the Kakwa ethnic group, converted from Roman Catholicism to Islam in 1910 and changed his name to Amin Dada. He named his first-born son after himself. Abandoned by his father at a young age, Idi Amin grew up with his mother's family in a rural farming town in north-western Uganda. Guweddeko states that Amin's mother was"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " Assa Aatte (1904\u20131970), an ethnic Lugbara and a traditional herbalist who treated members of Buganda royalty, among others. Some sources have also described Amin as being of mixed Kakwa-Nubian origin. Amin joined an Islamic school in Bombo in 1941. After a few years, he left school with only a fourth-grade English-language education, and did odd jobs before being recruited to the army by a British colonial army officer.</s><s>King's African Rifles. Amin joined the British King's African Rifles (KAR) in 1946 as an assistant cook, while at the same time receiving military training until 1947. In later life he falsely claimed to have served in the Burma Campaign of World War II. He was transferred to Kenya for infantry service as a private in 1947, and served in the 21st KAR infantry battalion in Gilgil, Kenya Colony until 1949. That year, his unit was deployed to northern Kenya to fight against Somali rebels. In 1952, his brigade was deployed against the Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. He was promoted to corporal the same year, then to sergeant in 1953. In 1959, Amin was made Effendi class 2 (Warrant Officer), the highest rank possible for a black"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " African in the colonial British military of that time. Amin returned to Uganda the same year and received a short-service commission as a lieutenant on 15 July 1961, becoming one of the first two Ugandans to become commissioned officers. He was assigned to quell the cattle rustling between Uganda's Karamojong and Kenya's Turkana nomads. According to researcher Holger Bernt Hansen, Amin's outlook, behaviour and strategies of communication were strongly influenced by his experiences in the colonial military. This included his direct and hands-on leadership style which would eventually contribute to his popularity among certain parts of Ugandan society.</s><s>Rise in the Uganda Army. In 1962, following Uganda's independence from the United Kingdom, Amin was promoted to captain and then, in 1963, to major. He was appointed Deputy Commander of the Army in 1964 and, the following year, to Commander of the Army. In 1970, he was promoted to commander of all the armed forces. Amin was an athlete during his time in both the British and Uganda Army. At tall and powerfully built, he was the Ugandan light heavyweight boxing champion from 1951 to 1960, as well as a swimmer. Amin was also a formidable rugby forward, although one officer said of him: \"Idi"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " Amin is a splendid type and a good (rugby) player, but virtually bone from the neck up, and needs things explained in words of one letter\". In the 1950s, he played for Nile RFC. There is a frequently repeated urban myth that he was selected as a replacement by the East Africa rugby union team for their 1955 tour match against the British Lions. Amin, however, does not appear in the team photograph or on the official team list. Following conversations with a colleague in the military, Amin became a keen fan of Hayes F.C.; an affection that remained for the rest of his life. In 1965, Prime Minister Milton Obote and Amin were implicated in a deal to smuggle ivory and gold into Uganda from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The deal, as later alleged by General Nicholas Olenga, an associate of the former Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba, was part of an arrangement to help troops opposed to the Congolese government trade ivory and gold for arms supplies secretly smuggled to them by Amin. In 1966, the Ugandan Parliament demanded an investigation. Obote imposed a new constitution abolishing the ceremonial presidency held by Kabaka (King) Mutesa II of Buganda, and declared himself executive president. He promoted"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " Amin to colonel and army commander. Amin led an attack on the Kabaka's palace and forced Mutesa into exile to the United Kingdom, where he remained until his death in 1969. Amin began recruiting members of Kakwa, Lugbara, South Sudanese, and other ethnic groups from the West Nile area bordering South Sudan. The South Sudanese had been residents in Uganda since the early 20th century, having come from South Sudan to serve the colonial army. Many African ethnic groups in northern Uganda inhabit both Uganda and South Sudan; allegations persist that Amin's army consisted mainly of South Sudanese soldiers.</s><s>Seizure of power. Eventually a rift developed between Amin and Obote, exacerbated by the support Amin had built within the Uganda Army by recruiting from the West Nile region, his involvement in operations to support the rebellion in southern Sudan and an attempt on Obote's life in 1969. In October 1970, Obote took control of the armed forces, reducing Amin from his months-old post of commander of all the armed forces to that of the commander of the Uganda Army. Having learned that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a military coup on 25 January 1971, while Obote was attending a Commonwealth summit meeting"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " in Singapore. Troops loyal to Amin sealed off Entebbe International Airport and took Kampala. Soldiers surrounded Obote's residence and blocked major roads. A broadcast on Radio Uganda accused Obote's government of corruption and preferential treatment of the Lango region. Cheering crowds were reported in the streets of Kampala after the radio broadcast. Amin, who presented himself a soldier, not a politician, declared that the military government would remain only as a caretaker regime until new elections, which would be held when the situation was normalised. He promised to release all political prisoners. Amin held a state funeral in April 1971 for Edward Mutesa, former king (\"kabaka\") of Buganda and president who had died in exile; freed many political prisoners; and reiterated his promise to hold free and fair elections to return the country to democratic rule in the shortest period possible.</s><s>Presidency.</s><s>Presidency.:Establishment of military rule. On 2 February 1971, one week after the coup, Amin declared himself President of Uganda, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Uganda Army Chief of Staff, and Chief of Air Staff. He suspended certain provisions of the Ugandan constitution, and soon instituted an Advisory Defence Council composed of military officers with himself as"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " the chairman. Amin placed military tribunals above the system of civil law, appointed soldiers to top government posts and government-owned corporations, and informed the newly inducted civilian cabinet ministers that they would be subject to military courtesy. Amin ruled by decree; over the course of his rule he issued approximately 30 decrees.{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Krcmaric |first=Daniel |title=The Justice Dilemma: International Criminal Accountability, Mass Atrocities, and Civil Conflict |chapter-url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/9903/Krcmaric_duke_0066D_12863.pdf |access-date=3 June 2021 |place=Durham, United States |degree=PhD |via=DukeSpace (Duke University Libraries) |publisher=Department of Political Science, Graduate School of Duke University |editor1-first=Alexander |editor1-last=Downes |editor2-first=Erik |editor2-last=Wibbels |editor3-first=Laia |editor3-last=Balcells |editor4-first="}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": "Peter |editor4-last=Feaver |chapter=Chapter 6: Case Studies |pages=121\u2013129 |year=2015 |language=English }} Amin renamed the presidential lodge in Kampala from Government House to \"The Command Post\". He disbanded the General Service Unit (GSU), an intelligence agency created by the previous government, and replaced it with the State Research Bureau (SRB). SRB headquarters at the Kampala suburb of Nakasero became the scene of torture and capital punishment over the next few years. Other agencies used to persecute dissenters included the military police and the Public Safety Unit (PSU). Obote took refuge in Tanzania, having been offered sanctuary there by the Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere. Obote was soon joined by 20,000 Ugandan refugees fleeing Amin. The exiles attempted but failed to regain Uganda in 1972, through a poorly organised coup attempt.</s><s>Presidency.:Persecution of ethnic and political groups. Amin retaliated against the attempted invasion by Ugandan exiles in 1972, by purging the Uganda Army of Obote supporters, predominantly those from the Acholi and Lango ethnic groups. In July 1971, Lango and Acholi soldiers had been massacred in the Jinja and M"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": "barara barracks. By early 1972, some 5,000 Acholi and Lango soldiers, and at least twice as many civilians, had disappeared. The victims soon came to include members of other ethnic groups, religious leaders, journalists, artists, senior bureaucrats, judges, lawyers, students and intellectuals, criminal suspects, and foreign nationals. In this atmosphere of violence, many other people were killed for criminal motives or simply at will. Bodies were often dumped into the River Nile. The killings, motivated by ethnic, political, and financial factors, continued throughout Amin's eight years in control. The exact number of people killed is unknown. The International Commission of Jurists estimated the death toll at no fewer than 80,000 and more likely around 300,000. An estimate compiled by exile organisations with the help of Amnesty International puts the number killed at 500,000. Among the most prominent people killed were Benedicto Kiwanuka, a former prime minister and chief justice; Janani Luwum, the Anglican archbishop; Joseph Mubiru, the former governor of the central bank of Uganda; Frank Kalimuzo, the vice-chancellor of Makerere University; Byron Kawadwa, a prominent playwright; and two of Amin's own cabinet ministers,"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " Erinayo Wilson Oryema and Charles Oboth Ofumbi. Amin recruited his followers from his own ethnic group, the Kakwas, along with South Sudanese. By 1977, these three groups formed 60 percent of the 22 top generals and 75 percent of the cabinet. Similarly, Muslims formed 80 percent and 87.5 percent of these groups even though they were only 5 percent of the population. This helps explain why Amin survived eight attempted coups. The Uganda Army grew from 10,000 to 25,000 by 1978. Amin's military was largely a mercenary force. Half the soldiers were South Sudanese and 26 percent Congolese, with only 24 percent being Ugandan, mostly Muslim and Kakwa. In August 1972, Amin declared what he called an \"economic war\", a set of policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly from the Indian subcontinent and born in the country, their ancestors having come to Uganda in search of prosperity when India was still a British colony. Many owned businesses, including large-scale enterprises, which formed the backbone of the Ugandan economy. On 4 August 1972, Amin issued a decree ordering the expulsion of the 50,000 Asians who were British passport"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " holders. This was later amended to include all 60,000 Asians who were not Ugandan citizens. Around 30,000 Ugandan Asians emigrated to the UK. Others went to Commonwealth countries such as Australia, South Africa, Canada, and Fiji, or to India, Kenya, Pakistan, Sweden, Tanzania, and the United States. Amin expropriated businesses and properties belonging to the Asians and the Europeans and handed them over to his supporters. Without the experienced owners and proprietors, businesses were mismanaged and many industries collapsed from lack of operational expertise and maintenance. This proved disastrous for the already declining Ugandan economy. At the time, Asians accounted for 90% of the country's tax revenue; with their removal, Amin's administration lost a large chunk of government revenue. The economy all but collapsed. In 1975, Emmanuel Blayo Wakhweya, Idi Amin's finance minister and longest-serving cabinet member at the time, defected to London. This prominent defection helped Henry Kyemba, Amin's health minister and a former official of the first Obote regime, to defect in 1977 and resettle in the UK. Kyemba wrote and published \"A State of Blood\", the first insider expos\u00e9 of Amin's rule. On 25 June"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " 1976, the Defence Council declared Amin president for life.</s><s>Presidency.:International relations. Initially, Amin was supported by Western powers such as Israel, West Germany, and, in particular, Great Britain. During the late 1960s, Obote's move to the left, which included his Common Man's Charter and the nationalisation of 80 British companies, had made the West worried that he would pose a threat to Western capitalist interests in Africa and make Uganda an ally of the Soviet Union. Amin, who had served with the King's African Rifles and taken part in Britain's suppression of the Mau Mau uprising prior to Ugandan independence, was known by the British as \"intensely loyal to Britain\". This made him an obvious choice as Obote's successor. Although some have claimed that Amin was being groomed for power as early as 1966, the plotting by the British and other Western powers began in earnest in 1969, after Obote had begun his nationalisation programme. Throughout the first year of his presidency, Amin received key military and financial support from the United Kingdom and Israel. In July 1971 he visited both countries and asked for advanced military equipment, but the states refused to provide hardware unless the Ugandan government paid for it. Amin decided to seek foreign support elsewhere"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " and in February 1972 he visited Libya. Amin denounced Zionism, and in return Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi pledged Uganda an immediate $25 million loan to be followed by more lending from the Libyan\u2013Ugandan Development Bank. Over the following months Amin successively removed Israeli military advisers from his government, expelled all other Israeli technicians, and finally broke diplomatic relations. Gaddafi also mediated a resolution to long-standing Ugandan\u2013Sudanese tensions, with Amin agreeing to stop backing Anyanya rebels in southern Sudan and instead recruit the former guerilla fighters into his army. Following the expulsion of Ugandan Asians in 1972, most of whom were of Indian descent, India severed diplomatic relations with Uganda. The same year, as part of his \"economic war\", Amin broke diplomatic ties with the United Kingdom and nationalised all British-owned businesses. The United Kingdom and Israel ceased all trade with Uganda, but this commercial gap was quickly filled by Libya, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union grew interested in Uganda as a strategic counterbalance to perceived Chinese influence in Tanzania and Western influence in Kenya. It dispatched a military mission to Uganda in November 1973. While it could not supply the financial level available from the Western powers, the Soviet Union opted to provide Amin with"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " military hardware in exchange for his support. The Soviet Union quickly became Amin's largest arms supplier, sending Uganda tanks, jets, artillery, missiles, and small arms. By 1975, it was estimated that the Soviets had provided Amin's government with $12 million in economic assistance and $48 million in arms. Amin also sent several thousand Ugandans to Eastern Bloc countries for military, intelligence, and technical training, especially Czechoslovakia. East Germany was involved in the General Service Unit and the State Research Bureau, the two agencies that were most notorious for terror. Later during the Ugandan invasion of Tanzania in 1979, East Germany attempted to remove evidence of its involvement with these agencies. In December 1973 Amin launched a sarcastic 'Save Britain Fund' during the 1973\u20131975 recession to \"save and assist our former colonial masters from economic catastrophe\", while offering emergency food supplies and urging Ugandans to donate. In June 1976, Amin allowed an Air France airliner from Tel Aviv to Paris hijacked by two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine \u2013 External Operations (PFLP-EO) and two members of the German Revolution\u00e4re Zellen to land at Entebbe Airport. The hijackers were joined there by three more. Soon after, 156 non-Jewish hostages"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " who did not hold Israeli passports were released and flown to safety, while 83 Jews and Israeli citizens, as well as 20 others who refused to abandon them (among whom were the captain and crew of the hijacked Air France jet), continued to be held hostage. In the subsequent Israeli rescue operation, codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (popularly known as Operation Entebbe), on the night of 3\u20134 July 1976, a group of Israeli commandos flew in from Israel and seized control of Entebbe Airport, freeing nearly all the hostages. Three hostages died during the operation and 10 were wounded; 7 hijackers, about 45 Ugandan soldiers, and 1 Israeli soldier, Yoni Netanyahu (the commander of the unit), were killed. A fourth hostage, 75-year-old Dora Bloch, an elderly Jewish Englishwoman who had been taken to Mulago Hospital in Kampala before the rescue operation, was subsequently murdered in reprisal. The incident further soured Uganda's international relations, leading the United Kingdom to close its High Commission in Uganda. In retaliation for Kenya's assistance in the raid, Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda. Uganda under Amin embarked on a large military build-up, which raised concerns in Kenya. Early in"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " June 1975, Kenyan officials impounded a large convoy of Soviet-made arms \"en route\" to Uganda at the port of Mombasa. Tension between Uganda and Kenya reached its climax in February 1976, when Amin announced that he would investigate the possibility that parts of southern Sudan and western and central Kenya, up to within of Nairobi, were historically a part of colonial Uganda. The Kenyan Government responded with a stern statement that Kenya would not part with \"a single inch of territory\". Amin backed down after the Kenyan army deployed troops and armoured personnel carriers along the Kenya\u2013Uganda border. Amin's relations with Rwanda were tense, and during his tenure he repeatedly jeopardized its economy by denying its commercial vehicles transit to Mombasa and made multiple threats to bomb Kigali.</s><s>Deposition and exile. In January 1977 Amin appointed General Mustafa Adrisi Vice President of Uganda. That year, a split in the Uganda Army developed between supporters of Amin and soldiers loyal to Adrisi, who held significant power in the government and wanted to purge foreigners, particularly Sudanese, from the military. The growing dissatisfaction in the Uganda Army was reflected by frequent coup attempts; Amin was even wounded during one of them, namely Operation Mafuta Mingi in"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " June 1977. By 1978, the number of Amin's supporters and close associates had shrunk significantly, and he faced increasing dissent from the populace within Uganda as the economy and infrastructure collapsed as a result of the years of neglect and abuse. After the killings of Bishop Luwum and ministers Oryema and Oboth Ofumbi in 1977, several of Amin's ministers defected or fled into exile. In early 1978, Adrisi was severely injured in a car accident and flown to Cairo for treatment. While he was there, Amin stripped him of his positions as Minister of Defence and Minister of Home Affairs and denounced him for retiring senior prison officials without his knowledge. Amin then proceeded to purge several high-ranking officials from his government and took personal control of several ministerial portfolios. The shakeup caused political unrest and especially angered Adrisi's followers, who believed that the car accident was a failed assassination attempt. In November 1978, troops loyal to Adrisi mutinied. Amin sent troops against the mutineers, some of whom had fled across the Tanzanian border. Fighting consequently broke out along the Ugandan\u2013Tanzanian border, and the Uganda Army launched an invasion of Tanzanian territory under unclear circumstances. According to several experts and politicians, Amin directly"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " ordered the invasion in an attempt to distract the Ugandan military and public from the crisis at home. Other accounts suggest, however, that Amin had lost control of parts of the Uganda Army. Accordingly, the invading troops acted without his orders, and Amin sanctioned the invasion \"post facto\" to save face. In any case, Amin accused Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere of initiating the war against Uganda after the hostilities had erupted, and proclaimed the annexation of a section of Kagera when the Ugandan invasion initially proved to be successful. However, as Tanzania began to prepare a counter-offensive, Amin reportedly realised his precarious situation, and attempted to defuse the conflict without losing face. The Ugandan President publicly suggested that he and Nyerere participate in a boxing match which, in lieu of military action, would determine the outcome of the conflict. Nyerere ignored the message. In January 1979, Nyerere mobilised the Tanzania People's Defence Force and counterattacked, joined by several groups of Ugandan exiles who had united as the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). Amin's army retreated steadily, despite military help from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO). The President reportedly made several trips abroad to other countries"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq during the war, attempting to enlist more foreign support. He made few public appearances in the final months of his rule, but spoke frequently on radio and television. Following a major defeat in the Battle of Lukaya, parts of the Uganda Army command reportedly urged Amin to step down. He angrily refused, and declared: \"If you don't want to fight, I'll do it myself.\" He consequently fired chief of staff Yusuf Gowon. However, Amin was forced to flee the Ugandan capital by helicopter on 11 April 1979, when Kampala was captured. After a short-lived attempt to rally some remnants of the Uganda Army in eastern Uganda which reportedly included Amin proclaiming the city of Jinja his country's new capital, he fled into exile. Amin first escaped to Libya, where he stayed until 1980, and ultimately settled in Saudi Arabia, where the Saudi royal family allowed him sanctuary and paid him a generous subsidy in return for staying out of politics. Amin lived for a number of years on the top two floors of the Novotel Hotel on Palestine Road in Jeddah. Brian Barron, who covered the Uganda\u2013Tanzania War for the BBC as chief Africa correspondent, together with cameraman Mohamed Amin (no relation) of Vis"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": "news in Nairobi, located Amin in 1980, and secured the first interview with him since his deposition. While in exile, Amin funded remnants of his army that fought in the Ugandan Bush War. Though he continued to be a controversial figure, some of Amin's former followers as well as several rebel groups continued to fight in his name for decades, and occasionally advocated for his amnesty and even his restoration to Ugandan Presidency. During interviews he gave during his exile in Saudi Arabia, Amin held that Uganda needed him, and never expressed remorse for the brutal nature of his regime. In 1989, Amin left his exile without authorization by the Saudi Arabian government, and flew alongside one of his sons to Zaire. There, he intended to mobilize a rebel force to reconquer Uganda which was engulfed in another civil war at the time. The rest of his family stayed in Jeddah. Despite using a false Zairean passport, Amin was easily recognized upon arriving with Air Za\u00efre at N'djili Airport, and promptly arrested by Zairean security forces. The Zairean government reacted unfavourably to Amin's arrival, and attempted to expel him from the country. At first, Saudi Arabia refused to allow him to return, as its government was deeply offended that"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " he had \"abused their hospitality\" by leaving without permission. The Zairean government wanted neither to extradite Amin to Uganda where the ex-president faced murder charges nor keep him in Zaire, thereby straining international relations. As a result, Amin was initially expelled to Senegal from where he was supposed to be sent to Saudi Arabia, but the Senegalese government sent him back to Zaire when Saudi Arabia continued to refuse Amin a visa. Following appeals by Moroccan King Hassan II, the Saudi Arabian leadership finally relented and allowed Amin to return. In return, Amin had to promise to never again participate in any political or military activities or give interviews. He consequently spent the remainder of his life in Saudi Arabia. In the final years of his life, Amin reportedly ate a fruitarian diet. His daily consumption of oranges earned him the nickname \"Dr Jaffa\" among Saudi Arabians.</s><s>Illness and death. On 19 July 2003, Amin's fourth wife, Nalongo Madina, reported that he was in a coma and near death at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from kidney failure. She pleaded with the Ugandan president, Yoweri Museveni, to allow him"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " to return to Uganda for the remainder of his life. Museveni replied that Amin would have to \"answer for his sins the moment he was brought back\". Amin's family eventually decided to disconnect life support, and Amin consequently died at the hospital in Jeddah on 16 August 2003. He was buried in Ruwais Cemetery in Jeddah in a simple grave, without any fanfare. After Amin's death, David Owen revealed that during his term as the British Foreign Secretary (1977 to 1979), he had proposed having Amin assassinated. He has defended this, arguing: \"I'm not ashamed of considering it, because his regime goes down in the scale of Pol Pot as one of the worst of all African regimes\".</s><s>Family and associates. A polygamist, Idi Amin married at least six women, three of whom he divorced. He married his first and second wives, Malyamu and Kay, in 1966. In 1967, he married Nora, and then married Nalongo Madina in 1972. On 26 March 1974, he announced on Radio Uganda that he had divorced Malyamu, Nora, and Kay. Malyamu was arrested in Tororo on the Kenyan border in April 1974 and accused of attempting to smuggle a"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " bolt of fabric into Kenya. In 1974, Kay Amin died under mysterious circumstances, with her body found dismembered. Nora fled to Zaire in 1979; her current whereabouts are unknown. In July 1975, Amin staged a \u00a32\u00a0million wedding to 19-year-old Sarah Kyolaba, a go-go dancer with the \"Revolutionary Suicide Mechanised Regiment Band\", nicknamed \"Suicide Sarah\". The wedding was held during the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) summit meeting in Kampala, and the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organisation, Yasser Arafat served as Amin's best man. Before she met Amin, Sarah was living with a boyfriend, Jesse Gitta; he vanished and it is not clear if he was beheaded, or detained after fleeing to Kenya. The couple had four children and enjoyed rally race driving Amin's Citro\u00ebn SM, with Sarah as navigator. Sarah was a hairdresser in Tottenham when she died in 2015. By 1993, Amin was living with the last nine of his children and one wife, Mama a Chumaru, the mother of the youngest four of his children. His last known child, daughter Iman, was born in 1992. According to \"The Monitor\", Amin married again a few"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " months before his death in 2003, and converted to Islam during his exile. Amin fathered as many as 60 children. Until 2003, Taban Amin (born 1955), Idi Amin's eldest son, was the leader of West Nile Bank Front (WNBF), a rebel group opposed to the government of Yoweri Museveni. In 2005, he was offered amnesty by Museveni, and in 2006, he was appointed Deputy Director General of the Internal Security Organisation. Another of Amin's sons, Haji Ali Amin, ran for election as Chairman (i.e. mayor) of Njeru Town Council in 2002 but was not elected. In early 2007, the award-winning film \"The Last King of Scotland\" prompted one of his sons, Jaffar Amin (born in 1967), to speak out in his father's defence. Jaffar Amin said he was writing a book to rehabilitate his father's reputation. Jaffar is the tenth of Amin's 40 official children by seven official wives. Among Amin's closest associates was the Briton Bob Astles. Isaac Maliyamungu was an instrumental affiliate and one of the more feared officers in Amin's army.</s><s>Character.</s><s>Character.:Nicknames. Over the course"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " of his career, Amin gained numerous nicknames, many of them derogatory: - \"Big Daddy\": affectionate nickname - \"kijambiya\" (\"the machete\"): attributed to Ugandan security forces often murdering their victims with machetes - \"Butcher of Uganda\" - \"Butcher of Africa\" - \"Butcher of Kampala\" - \"Black Hitler\" - \"Dada\": It is disputed whether this was part of Amin's family name or a nickname. Some observers have claimed that it originated as a nickname for Amin's \"cowardly\" behavior, as it can be translated as \"sister\", though this has been strongly disputed by others. Amin's family has stated that \"Dada\" was simply an alternative name for the Lugbara people which is occasionally used as a personal name. Researcher Mark Leopold judged this to be more likely than the nickname theory. - \"Dr. Jaffa\": he earned this nickname in exile in Saudi Arabia due to his daily consumption of oranges, especially after allegedly transitioning to fruitarianism.</s><s>Character.:Erratic behaviour, self-bestowed titles and media portrayal. As the years progressed, Amin's behaviour became more erratic, unpredictable, and strident. After the"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " United Kingdom broke off all diplomatic relations with his regime in 1977, Amin declared that he had defeated the British, and he conferred on himself the decoration of CBE (Conqueror of the British Empire). His full self-bestowed title ultimately became: \"His Excellency, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, CBE, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular\", in addition to his officially stated claim of being the uncrowned king of Scotland. He never received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) or the Military Cross (MC). He conferred a doctorate of law on himself from Makerere University as well as the Victorious Cross (VC), a medal made to emulate the British Victoria Cross. Amin became the subject of rumours, including a widespread belief that he was a cannibal. Amin reportedly also boasted that he kept the decapitated heads of political enemies in his freezer, although he said that human flesh was generally \"too salty\" for his taste. During Amin's time in power, popular media outside of Uganda often portrayed him as an essentially comic and eccentric"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " figure. Julius Harris emphasized Amin's allegedly clownish side in \"Victory at Entebbe\", while Yaphet Kotto drew more praise for projecting Amin's sinister nature in \"Raid on Entebbe\". In a 1977 assessment typical of the time, a \"Time\" magazine article described him as a \"killer and clown, big-hearted buffoon and strutting martinet\". The comedy-variety series \"Saturday Night Live\" aired four Amin sketches between 1976 and 1979, including one in which he was an ill-behaved houseguest in exile, and another in which he was a spokesman against venereal disease. In 1979, radio host Don Imus made multiple on-air telephone calls in an attempt to talk to Amin, and later hosted a phony interview with him that was deemed \"very dirty.\" In a \"Benny Hill Show\" episode transmitted in January 1977, Hill portrayed Amin sitting behind a desk that featured a placard reading \"ME TARZAN, U GANDA\". The foreign media were often criticised by Ugandan exiles and defectors for emphasising Amin's self-aggrandizing eccentricities and taste for excess while downplaying or excusing his murderous behaviour. Other commentators even suggested that Amin had deliberately cultivated his"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " eccentric reputation in the foreign media as an easily parodied buffoon in order to defuse international concern over his administration of Uganda. Ugandan soldier and rebel Patrick Kimumwe argued that Amin's \"clowning conceal[ed] a ruthless extinction of human rights\" in Uganda. Journalists Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey wrote, \"facile explanations of Amin's regime, as either a one-man show or a lawless and ruthless band of killers, do not get at the heart of the power structure.\"</s><s>Legacy. Gender historian Alicia Decker wrote that the \"deeply embedded culture of militarism in Uganda is undoubtedly Amin's most enduring legacy.\" His reputation in Uganda has been viewed over the decades following his rule in more complex ways than in the international community. Some Ugandans have praised him as a \"patriot\" and supported his decision to expel Asians from the country. At the time of his death, he was particularly well-regarded in north-western Uganda. One of Amin's sons, Jaffar Remo, criticised the negative public perception of his father and called for a commission to investigate the veracity of the abuses committed under his rule.</s><s>In popular culture. During the 1970s, while Amin was at the height"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " of his infamy, British comic actor John Bird starred on the album \"The Collected Broadcasts of Idi Amin\", with lyrics based on Alan Coren's anti-Amin \"Punch\" columns. In 1975 the satirical single \"Amazin' Man\", from the album, was released on the Transatlantic label. The record stayed for 12 weeks in the Australian Singles Chart, peaking at number 26. A 1974 documentary film \"\" by director Barbet Schroeder was made with the support and participation of Idi Amin. \"Rise and Fall of Idi Amin\" (1981) is a Kenyan film that details the history of Idi Amin's reign. This film popularized many rumors about Amin's brutality, such as his alleged mutilation of one of his wives. Amin is played by Joseph Olita, who reprised this role in \"Mississippi Masala\" (1991), a film about romance between African and Asian-Americans following Amin's 1972 expulsion of Asians from Uganda. Amin is the subject of English journalist Giles Foden's book \"The Last King of Scotland\" (1998), which focuses on Idi Amin's Uganda through the eyes of a young Scottish physician. In 2006, it was adapted into a movie, where Amin"}, {"title": "Idi Amin", "text": " is portrayed by Forest Whitaker. Whittaker won the best leading actor award for this role at the Academy Awards, the Golden Globes, the Screen Actor's Guild Award, and the BAFTAs.</s><s>See also. - Notable adherents of fruitarianism</s><s>Sources. - - - Cotton, Fran (Ed., 1984). \"The Book of Rugby Disasters & Bizarre Records\". Compiled by Chris Rhys. London. Century Publishing.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Idi Amin", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000461", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Djimon Hounsou.", "docs": [{"title": "Djimon Hounsou", "text": "<s>Djimon Hounsou Djimon Gaston Hounsou (; ; born April 24, 1964) is a Beninese-American actor and model. He began his career appearing in music videos. He made his film debut in \"Without You I'm Nothing\" (1990) and earned widespread recognition for his role as Cinqu\u00e9 in the Steven Spielberg film \"Amistad\" (1997). He gained further recognition for his roles in \"Gladiator\" (2000), \"In America\" (2003), and \"Blood Diamond\" (2006), receiving nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for both of the latter films. He appeared as an antagonist in \"Furious 7\" (2015). He played an important role as well in the French film \"Forces sp\u00e9ciales\" (2011). He has been nominated for a Golden Globe Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, he portrays Korath the Pursuer in \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" (2014), \"Captain Marvel\" (2019) and the second episode of \"What If...?\" (2021). In the DC Extended Universe, he appears as the Fisherman King in \"Aquaman\" (2018), and as the wizard"}, {"title": "Djimon Hounsou", "text": " Shazam in \"Shazam!\" (2019), \"Black Adam\" (2022), and \"Shazam! Fury of the Gods\" (2023). He plays Papa Midnite in another DC film, \"Constantine\" (2005).</s><s>Early life. Hounsou was born in Cotonou, Benin, to Albertine and Pierre Hounsou. He emigrated to Lyon in France at the age of 12 with his brother, Edmond. Soon after arriving there, he dropped out of school and was homeless for a time. A chance meeting with a photographer led to an introduction to fashion designer Thierry Mugler, who encouraged Hounsou to pursue a modeling career. In 1987, he became a model and established a career in Paris. He moved to the United States in 1990.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Acting. Between 1989 and 1991, Hounsou appeared in the music videos for \"Straight Up\" by Paula Abdul, \"Love Will Never Do (Without You)\" by Janet Jackson, and Madonna's \"Express Yourself\". He also appears in En Vogue's music video for \"Hold On\". Hounsou's film debut was in the 1990"}, {"title": "Djimon Hounsou", "text": " Sandra Bernhard film \"Without You I'm Nothing\". He had television parts on \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" and \"ER\" and a guest starring role on \"Alias\". He had a larger role in the science fiction film \"Stargate\". Hounsou received wide critical acclaim and a Golden Globe Award nomination for his role as Cinqu\u00e9 in the 1997 Steven Spielberg film \"Amistad,\" and gained further notice as Juba in the 2000 film \"Gladiator\". In 2004, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for \"In America\", making him the fourth African male to be nominated for an Oscar. In 2005 he played a mercenary in the movie \"The Island\" alongside Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson. In 2006 he won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in \"Blood Diamond,\" and received Broadcast Film Critics Association, Screen Actors Guild Award and Academy Award nominations for this performance. Hounsou had a supporting role in the 2009 science-fiction film \"Push\", as Agent Henry Carver. In 2011, he starred as a French commando in the French film \"Forces sp\u00e9ciales\". Director Tim Story told IGN that if he had done a third \""}, {"title": "Djimon Hounsou", "text": "Fantastic Four\" film, he would have liked Hounsou to portray Black Panther. In November 2008, it was announced that Hounsou would provide the voice of Black Panther in the television series of the same name. He had signed on to play Abdiel in the film version of John Milton's \"Paradise Lost\" with Benjamin Walker and Bradley Cooper, but the film was scrapped in early February 2012. In 2013, he appeared in the comedy film \"Baggage Claim\" alongside Paula Patton. He also voiced Drago Blodfist in \"How to Train Your Dragon 2\" and portrayed Korath the Pursuer in the Marvel Studios film \"Guardians of the Galaxy\", both in 2014. He played villains in two 2015 films: \"Seventh Son\" and \"Furious 7\", the latter being the seventh installment of \"The Fast and the Furious\" franchise. In February 2016, it was reported that Hounsou would join the second season of the television series \"Wayward Pines\". Also in 2016, he played Chief Mbonga in \"The Legend of Tarzan\". In 2018 Hounsou joined the DC Extended Universe, voicing the Fisherman King Ricou in \"Aquaman\" (with the character motion"}, {"title": "Djimon Hounsou", "text": "-captured by Andrew Crawford). He then replaced Ron Cephas Jones as the Wizard Shazam in \"Shazam!\" (2019). He reprised his role in \"Black Adam\" (2022) and \"Shazam! Fury of the Gods\" (2023). Also in 2019, he reprised his role as Korath in the Marvel Studios film \"Captain Marvel\" and then in the animated series \"What If...?\". In November 2022, it was announced that Honsou had joined the cast of the \"Gran Turismo\" film, with Geri Halliwell playing his wife.</s><s>Career.:Modeling. On 24 February 2007, it was announced that Hounsou would be the new Calvin Klein underwear model. At the time, he was represented by Los Angeles modeling agent Omar Albertto.</s><s>Career.:Other work. In 2010, Hounsou was featured as the narrator in ESPN's series of \"32 Teams, 1 Dream\" commercials for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He spoke at the Summit on Climate Change at the United Nations on 22 September 2009. On 1 December 2009, he told French media that developed countries \"need to be held accountable\" for their contribution to climate change."}, {"title": "Djimon Hounsou", "text": "</s><s>Personal life. In 2007, Hounsou began dating model Kimora Lee Simmons. In 2009, Simmons gave birth to their son, Kenzo Lee Hounsou. Hounsou and Simmons visited Hounsou's family in his native Benin in the summer of 2008, where the two participated in a traditional commitment ceremony. They were adorned in traditional clothing and used the ceremony, in the presence of Hounsou's family, to confirm that they were \"dedicated to each other 100%\", although they emphasized the ceremony was not a wedding. In the d\u00e9but of Kimora Lee Simmons' show \"\", he was billed as her husband. Hounsou and Simmons, who were never legally married in the United States, announced their separation in November 2012.</s><s>See also. - List of male underwear models</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Djimon Hounsou", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000462", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Stephanie Beatriz.", "docs": [{"title": "Stephanie Beatriz", "text": "<s>Stephanie Beatriz Stephanie Beatriz (born February 10, 1981) is an American actress. She is known for playing Detective Rosa Diaz in the Fox/NBC comedy series \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\" (2013\u20132021), and voicing protagonist Mirabel Madrigal in the Disney film \"Encanto\".</s><s>Early life. Beatriz was born in Neuqu\u00e9n, Argentina, to a Colombian father and a Bolivian mother. She is also of part German descent. She arrived in the United States at the age of two with her parents and a younger sister. Beatriz grew up in Webster, Texas, outside Houston, and attended Clear Brook High School. As a child, her mother took Beatriz and her sister to arts exhibits and events, something she credits for raising her awareness of potential careers in the arts. She became interested in acting after taking speech and debate as an elective, which allowed her to appear in plays. She became a United States citizen at 18. Beatriz attended the all-women's Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri. After graduating in 2002, she moved to New York City to pursue acting. She has lived in Los Angeles since 2010.</s><s>Career. Beatriz had minor roles in the police procedural"}, {"title": "Stephanie Beatriz", "text": " television series \"The Closer\" and \"Southland\", and a recurring role as Gloria's sister Sonia in the ABC comedy series \"Modern Family\". In 2013, she began portraying Detective Rosa Diaz in the Fox and NBC series \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\", an action comedy series based around the members of a Brooklyn police precinct. In 2019, she directed the season 6 episode \"He Said, She Said.\" The show ran for eight seasons. Beatriz starred as Bonnie in the independent feature film \"The Light of the Moon\", written and directed by Jessica M. Thompson. The film premiered at the 2017 South by Southwest Film Festival, where it won the Audience Award for Narrative Feature Competition. She received highly positive reviews for her performance, with \"The Hollywood Reporter\" stating that \"Beatriz offers a powerful... unflinching, authentic performance,\" while \"Variety\" noted that the film was \"harrowingly effective\" and Beatriz's performance was \"expertly balanced and judged.\" From 2018 to 2019, she voiced the character Gina Cazador on \"BoJack Horseman\". It was announced in 2019 she would be appearing in the 2021 film adaptation of Lin-Manuel Miranda's Tony Award-winning musical \"In the Heights\". She also voiced"}, {"title": "Stephanie Beatriz", "text": " Mirabel Madrigal, the main character in the Disney animated film \"Encanto\", making it her second collaboration with Miranda of the year. In 2019, Beatriz and her \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\" co-star Melissa Fumero were the masters of ceremonies at the National Hispanic Media Coalition Impact Awards. In 2021, Beatriz voiced the lead role in the Texas Rangers-centered crime procedural podcast \"Tejana\". She also serves as an executive producer for \"Tejana\" and, was looking to develop a television series based on the characters. She also starred in the sci-fi thriller podcast \"Solar\" and hosted Wondery's \"Twin Flames\" podcast investigating a dating cult.</s><s>Personal life. Beatriz has severe astigmatism and requires glasses to see. She does not wear them in many of her roles; as her eyes are sensitive to contact lenses, she therefore has difficulty hitting her marks while on camera. She has described herself as suffering from disordered eating, which she developed during college.</s><s>Personal life.:Sexuality and marriage. Beatriz first realized that she was bisexual around age 12 or 13. She experienced biphobia and bisexual erasure from family and friends. In June 2016, she publicly came out."}, {"title": "Stephanie Beatriz", "text": " In October 2017, she announced her engagement to actor Brad Hoss. They got married on October 6, 2018. In June 2021, she announced her pregnancy, and her daughter was born in August 2021.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Stephanie Beatriz", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000463", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo.", "docs": [{"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": "<s>Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo (born January 8, 1946), commonly referred to by his aliases El Jefe de Jefes (\"The Boss of Bosses\") and El Padrino (\"The Godfather\"), is a convicted Mexican drug lord and a former Federal Judicial Police agent. He was one of the founders of the Guadalajara Cartel in the 1970s. Throughout the 1980s, the cartel controlled much of the drug trafficking in Mexico and the corridors along the Mexico\u2013United States border. F\u00e9lix Gallardo was arrested in 1989 for putting in place the murder of Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent Enrique \"Kiki\" Camarena. He was serving his 40-year sentence at the Altiplano maximum-security prison but was transferred to a medium-security facility in 2014 due to his declining health.</s><s>Early Life. Born on a ranch in Bellavista, on the outskirts of Culiac\u00e1n, Sinaloa, F\u00e9lix Gallardo graduated from high school and studied business in college. He took a job as a Mexican Federal Judicial Police agent. He worked as a family bodyguard for the governor of Sinal"}, {"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": "oa state Leopoldo S\u00e1nchez Celis, whose political connections helped F\u00e9lix Gallardo to build his drug trafficking organization. He was also the godfather of S\u00e1nchez Celis' son, Rodolfo. F\u00e9lix Gallardo started working for drug traffickers brokering corruption of state officials, and together with Rafael Caro Quintero and Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, who previously worked in the Avil\u00e9s criminal organization, took control of the trafficking routes after Avil\u00e9s was killed in a police shootout.</s><s>Connections to Colombian cartels. In the early 1980s, drug interdiction efforts increased throughout Florida, which was then the major shipping destination for illegal drug traffickers. As a result, the Colombian cartels began to utilize Mexico as their primary trans-shipment point. Juan Matta-Ballesteros was the Guadalajara Cartel's primary connection to the Colombian cartels, as he had originally introduced F\u00e9lix Gallardo's predecessor, Alberto Sicilia Falc\u00f3n, to Santiago Ocampo of the Cali Cartel, one of the largest Colombian drug cartels. Rather than taking cash payments for their services, the smugglers in the Guadalajara Cartel took a"}, {"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": " 50% cut of the cocaine they transported from Colombia. This proved to be extremely profitable for them, with some estimating that the trafficking network, then operated by F\u00e9lix Gallardo, Ernesto Carrillo and Rafael Quintero, was pulling in approximately $5 billion annually. Until the end of the 1980s, the Guadalajara Cartel headed by F\u00e9lix Gallardo (comprising what is now known today as the Sinaloa, Tijuana, Juarez and Pacifico Sur cartels) had nearly monopolized the illegal drug trade in Mexico.</s><s>Murder of DEA agent Kiki Camarena. In 1980, DEA special agent Enrique \"Kiki\" Camarena was assigned to the Administration's resident agency in Guadalajara. Working through informants, Camarena discovered cartel marijuana plantations in Zacatecas state. The plantations were raided and destroyed. In 1984, Mexican soldiers, backed by helicopters, destroyed an even larger 1,000\u00a0hectare (\u22482,500\u00a0acre) marijuana plantation known as \"Rancho B\u00fafalo\" in Chihuahua, known to be protected by Mexican DFS intelligence agents, as part of \"Operation Godfather\". Thousands of farmers worked the fields at"}, {"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": " Rancho B\u00fafalo, and the annual production was later valued at 8 billion. All of this took place with the knowledge of local police, politicians, and the military. Camarena was beginning to expose the connections among drug traffickers, Mexican law enforcement, and high-ranking government officials within the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), which F\u00e9lix Gallardo considered to be a major threat to the Guadalajara cartel's operations throughout Mexico. In response, F\u00e9lix Gallardo reportedly ordered the kidnapping of Camarena. On February 7, 1985, Jalisco police officers on the cartel's payroll kidnapped Camarena as he left the U.S. consulate in Guadalajara. His helicopter pilot, Alfredo Zavala Avelar, was kidnapped shortly afterward. They were brought to a residence located at 881 Lope de Vega in the colonia of Jardines del Bosque, in the western section of the city of Guadalajara, owned by Rafael Caro Quintero, where they were tortured and interrogated over a period of 30 hours. On February 9, Camarena was tortured and murdered. Autopsy results indicated that he died when his skull was perfor"}, {"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": "ated with a drill. He was injected with adrenaline and other drugs to be kept awake during his torture and interrogation. His body, wrapped in plastic, was found with that of pilot Alfredo Zavala Avelar, in a shallow hole on a ranch in Michoacan state. The murder prompted one of the largest DEA homicide investigations ever undertaken, Operation Leyenda. A special unit was dispatched to coordinate the investigation in Mexico, where corrupt officials were being implicated. Investigators identified F\u00e9lix Gallardo and his two close associates, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, as the primary suspects in the kidnapping. Under pressure from the US, Fonseca and Quintero were apprehended, but F\u00e9lix Gallardo still enjoyed political protection.</s><s>Arrest. F\u00e9lix Gallardo kept a low profile and, in 1987, moved with his family to Guadalajara. He was arrested in Mexico on April 8, 1989, and was charged by the authorities in Mexico and the United States with the kidnapping and murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena, as well as racketeering, drug smuggling, and multiple violent crimes. According to US officials, F\u00e9lix Gallardo also spent time at"}, {"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": " the Sinaloa governor's house as a guest, which governor Antonio Toledo Corro has denied. When asked about his association with F\u00e9lix Gallardo, governor Toledo said he was \"unaware of any outstanding arrest warrants\" against F\u00e9lix Gallardo. The arrest of F\u00e9lix Gallardo was the catalyst for exposing the widespread corruption at political and law enforcement levels in Mexico. Within days of F\u00e9lix Gallardo's arrest, and under pressure from the media, several police commanders were arrested with as many as 90 officers deserting. F\u00e9lix Gallardo's arrest also led to the dismantling of the Guadalajara Cartel, as key members of the federation chose to withdraw and form their own cartels, relying on violence to claim various territories and trafficking routes. The continuous disputes and conflict among the leaders would breed political, social, and military chaos, and eventually lead to the Mexican Drug War.</s><s>Incarceration. F\u00e9lix Gallardo was initially sentenced to 40 years of prison. After serving 28 years, a 2017 retrial sentenced him to an additional 37 years. While incarcerated, F\u00e9lix Gallardo remained one of Mexico's major traffickers, maintaining his organization via mobile phone. After his arrest,"}, {"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": " F\u00e9lix Gallardo decided to divide up the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down by law enforcement. F\u00e9lix Gallardo instructed his lawyer to convene the nation's top drug narcos in 1989 at a house in the resort of Acapulco where he designated the \"plazas\" or territories. The Tijuana route would go to his nephews, the Arellano Felix brothers. The Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez route would go to the Carrillo Fuentes family. Miguel Caro Quintero would run the Sonora corridor. Joaqu\u00edn Guzm\u00e1n Loera and H\u00e9ctor Luis Palma Salazar were left the Pacific coast operations, with Ismael Zambada Garc\u00eda joining them soon after and thus becoming the Sinaloa Cartel, which was not a party to the 1989 pact. When F\u00e9lix Gallardo was transferred to a high-security prison in 1993, he lost any remaining control over the other drug lords. As he aged, F\u00e9lix Gallardo complained that he lived in poor conditions while in jail. He says that he suffers from vertigo, deafness, loss of an eye, and blood circulation problems. He lives"}, {"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": " in a 240 \u00d7 440\u00a0cm (8x14ft) cell, which he is not allowed to leave, even to use the recreational area. In March 2013, F\u00e9lix Gallardo started a legal process to continue his prison sentence at home when he reached his 70th birthday (8 January 2016). On 29 April 2014, a Mexican federal court denied F\u00e9lix Gallardo's petition to be transferred from the maximum-security prison to a medium-security one. On 18 December 2014, federal authorities approved his request to transfer to a medium-security prison in Guadalajara (State of Jalisco), due to his declining health. On 20 February 2019, a court in Mexico City denied his request to complete the remainder of his sentence at his home. The court stated that F\u00e9lix Gallardo's defense did not provide them with sufficient evidence to prove that his health issues were putting his life at risk. On September 12, 2022 it was reported that F\u00e9lix Gallardo was granted house arrest and will be moved on September 13, 2022. Mexican President Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador released a statement about his transfer. \"I do not want anyone to suffer. I do not want anyone to be in jail.\"</s>"}, {"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": "<s>Memoirs. In 2008, the investigative journalist was able to contact F\u00e9lix Gallardo through the latter's 13-year-old son. F\u00e9lix Gallardo secretly wrote about his life and passed the hand-written notes to Osorno. The memoirs include narrative about his arrest and presentation before police, and explains a bit of his family tree, jumping from one topic to another. Selections of the 35 pages were published in the Mexican magazine \"Gatopardo,\" with background by the journalist.</s><s>Family. Upon his arrest at least nine of Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo's nieces and nephews took over different roles within the organization to form the Arellano F\u00e9lix Organization, also known as the Tijuana Cartel. Another niece, Sandra \u00c1vila Beltr\u00e1n, is a former member of the Sinaloa Cartel. Members of the Arellano F\u00e9lix Organization (Tijuana Cartel) - Alicia Arellano F\u00e9lix is his niece. - Benjam\u00edn Arellano F\u00e9lix (Incarcerated), a member and former leader of the Arellano F\u00e9lix Organization, is his nephew. -"}, {"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": " Carlos Arellano F\u00e9lix is his nephew. - Eduardo Arellano F\u00e9lix (Incarcerated) is his nephew. - Enedina Arellano F\u00e9lix de Toledo, Leader of the Arellano F\u00e9lix Organization, is his niece. - Fabian Arellano Corona is his grandnephew. - Francisco Javier Arellano F\u00e9lix (Incarcerated) is his nephew. - Francisco Rafael Arellano F\u00e9lix (Deceased) was his nephew. - Javier Benjamin Brise\u00f1o Arellano is his grandnephew. Has also went by the name: Javier Gallardo and his son Javier R. Gallardo is estranged and unknown. - Luis Fernando Arellano F\u00e9lix is his nephew. - Luis Fernando S\u00e1nchez Arellano (Incarcerated) is his grandnephew. - Ram\u00f3n Arellano F\u00e9lix (Deceased), a member and former leader of the Arellano F\u00e9lix Organization, is his nephew. Sinaloa Cartel - Sandra \u00c1vila Beltr\u00e1n, a former member of the Sinaloa Cartel, is his niece."}, {"title": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "text": "</s><s>In popular culture. - In second season of the Colombian TV Series \"El cartel\", F\u00e9lix Gallardo is portrayed by the Mexican actor as the character of 'El Golfo'. - In TV Series \"Alias El Mexicano,\" he is portrayed by the Mexican actor. - In seasons 1, 2 and 3 of the Netflix series \"\" (2018), F\u00e9lix Gallardo is portrayed by Mexican actor Diego Luna. - A character based on Gallardo is featured briefly in the 2017 television series \"El Chapo\".</s><s>See also. - Mexican Drug War - War on Drugs</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Miguel \u00c1ngel F\u00e9lix Gallardo", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000464", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Shakira.", "docs": [{"title": "Shakira", "text": "<s>Shakira Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (, ; born 2 February 1977) is a Colombian singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Barranquilla, she has been referred to as the \"Queen of Latin Music\"Multiple sources: - -  and is noted for her musical versatility.Multiple sources: - - -  She made her recording debut with Sony Music Colombia at the age of 13. Following the commercial failure of her first two albums, \"Magia\" (1991) and \"Peligro\" (1993), she rose to prominence in Hispanic countries with her next albums, \"Pies Descalzos\" (1995) and \"D\u00f3nde Est\u00e1n los Ladrones?\" (1998). She entered the English-language market with her fifth album, \"Laundry Service\" (2001), which sold over 13 million copies worldwide. Buoyed by the international success of her singles \"Whenever, Wherever\" and \"Underneath Your Clothes\", the album propelled her reputation as a leading crossover artist. Broadcast Music, Inc., described Shakira as a \"pioneer\" who extended the global reach of Latino singers. Her success was further solidified with the Spanish albums \"Fijaci\u00f3n Oral, Vol"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": ". 1\" (2005), \"Sale el Sol\" (2010), and \"El Dorado\" (2017), all of which topped the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart and were certified diamond (Latin) by the Recording Industry Association of America. Meanwhile, her English albums \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\" (2005), \"She Wolf\" (2009) and \"Shakira\" (2014) were all certified gold, platinum, or multi-platinum in various countries worldwide. Some of her songs have charted at number one in multiple countries, including \"Whenever, Wherever\", La Tortura\", \"Hips Don't Lie\", \"Beautiful Liar\", \"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)\", \"Loca\", \"Can't Remember to Forget You\", \"Chantaje\", \"Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 53\", and \"TQG\". She served as a coach on two seasons of the American singing competition television series \"The Voice\" (2013\u20132014). With a catalog of 145 songs, Shakira has sold over 85 million records, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. \"Forbes\" Colombia reported that as of 2018, she is"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " the top-selling female Latin artist of all time. She is credited with opening the doors of the international market for other Latin artists.Multiple sources: - - - -  She has received numerous awards, including three Grammy Awards, twelve Latin Grammy Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, seven \"Billboard\" Music Awards, thirty-nine \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, twenty-one Guinness World Records, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She was named the Top Female Latin Artist of the Decade by \"Billboard\" twice (2000s and 2010s). For her philanthropic work with her Barefoot Foundation and her contributions to music she received the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year and Harvard Foundation Artist of the Year awards in 2011. She was appointed to the President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics in the US in 2011, and Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 2012.</s><s>Early life. Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll was born on 2 February 1977 in Barranquilla, Colombia. She is the only child of William Mebarak Chadid and Nidia Ripoll Torrado. She is a Colombian of Lebanese descent. Her father William was born in New York"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " City to a family from Lebanon. When he was five, his family moved to Colombia.Multiple sources: - - - -  Her Colombian mother's side has two Spanish surnames, \"Ripoll\" and \"Torrado\", the former of which is Catalan and originates from four brothers who immigrated from Catalonia to coastal Colombia in the 19th century.Multiple sources: - - -  She has also claimed to have distant Italian roots through an ancestor with the surname \"Pisciotti\". She was raised Catholic and attended Catholic schools. She has eight older half-siblings from her father's previous marriage. Shakira spent much of her youth in Barranquilla, a city located on the northern Caribbean coast of Colombia. Shakira wrote her first poem, titled \"La rosa de cristal\" ('The Crystal Rose'), when she was only four years old. As she was growing up, she was fascinated watching her father writing stories on a typewriter, and asked for one as a Christmas gift. She got that typewriter at age seven, and has continued writing poetry since then. These poems eventually evolved into songs. When Shakira was two years old, an older half-brother was killed in a motorcycle accident; six years later,"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " at age eight, Shakira wrote her first song, titled \"Tus gafas oscuras\" ('Your dark glasses'), which was inspired by her father, who for years wore dark glasses to hide his grief. When Shakira was four, her father took her to a local Middle Eastern restaurant, where Shakira first heard the doumbek, a traditional drum used in Middle-Eastern music and which typically accompanied belly dancing. She started dancing on the table, and the experience made her realize that she wanted to be a performer. She enjoyed singing for schoolmates and teachers (and even the nuns) at her Catholic school, but in second grade, she was rejected for the school choir because her vibrato was too strong. The music teacher told her that she sounded \"like a goat\". At school, she was often sent out of the class because of her hyperactivity. She says she had also been known as \"the belly dancer girl\", as she would demonstrate every Friday at school a number she had learned. \"That's how I discovered my passion for live performance,\" she says. To instill gratitude in Shakira for her upbringing, her father took her to a local park to see orphans who lived there. The images stayed with her, and she said"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " to herself: \"One day I'm going to help these kids when I become a famous artist.\" Between ages ten and thirteen, Shakira was invited to various events in Barranquilla and gained some recognition in the area. It was at this approximate time that she met local theater producer Monica Ariza, who was impressed with her and as a result tried to help her career. During a flight from Barranquilla to Bogot\u00e1, Ariza convinced Sony Colombia executive Ciro Vargas to hold an audition for Shakira in a hotel lobby. Vargas held Shakira in high regard and, returning to the Sony office, gave the cassette to a song and artist director. However, the director was not overly excited and thought Shakira was something of \"a lost cause\". Undaunted and still convinced that Shakira had talent, Vargas set up an audition in Bogot\u00e1. He arranged for Sony Colombia executives to arrive at the audition, with the idea of surprising them with Shakira's performance. She performed three songs for the executives and impressed them enough for her to be signed to record three albums.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:1990\u20131995: Beginnings. Shakira's debut album, \"Magia\", was recorded with Sony"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " Music Colombia in 1990 when she was only 13 years old. The songs are a collection made by her since she was eight, mixed pop-rock ballads and disco uptempo songs with electronic accompaniment. The album was released in June 1991 and featured \"Magia\" and three other singles. Though it fared well on Colombian radio and gave the young Shakira much exposure, the album did not fare well commercially, as only 1,200 copies were sold worldwide. After the poor performance of \"Magia\", Shakira's label urged her to return to the studio to release a follow-up record. Though she was little known outside of her native Colombia at the time, Shakira was invited to perform at Chile's Vi\u00f1a del Mar International Song Festival in February 1993. The festival gave aspiring Latin American singers a chance to perform their songs, and the winner was then chosen by a panel of judges. Shakira performed the ballad \"Eres\" (\"You Are\") and won the trophy for third place. One of the judges who voted for her to win was the then 20-year-old Ricky Martin, whose initial prominence had come from his membership in Menudo. Shakira's second studio album, titled \"Peligro\", was released in March,"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " but Shakira was not pleased with the final result, mainly taking issue with the production. The album was better received than \"Magia\" had been, though it was also considered a commercial failure due to Shakira's refusal to advertise or promote it. Shakira then decided to take a hiatus from recording so that she could graduate from high school. In the same year, Shakira starred in the Colombian TV series \"The Oasis\", loosely based on the Armero tragedy in 1985. Since then, the albums have been pulled from release and are not considered official Shakira albums but rather promotional albums.</s><s>Career.:1995\u20132000: Latin breakthrough. Shakira originally recorded the song \"\u00bfD\u00f3nde Est\u00e1s Coraz\u00f3n?\" (later released on her album \"Pies Descalzos\") for the compilation album \"Nuestro Rock\" in 1994, released exclusively in Colombia. The song was an instant success on radio stations in Colombia and Sony decided to finance her third record, by giving her the last chance due to previous commercial failures. Shakira returned to recording music under Sony Music along with Columbia Records in 1995 with Luis F. Ochoa, using musical influences from a number of countries and an Alanis Morissette-oriented"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " persona which affected two of her next albums. These recordings spawned her third studio album, and her international debut album, titled \"Pies Descalzos\". Recording for the album began in February 1995, after the success of her single \"\u00bfD\u00f3nde Est\u00e1s Coraz\u00f3n?\". The album, \"Pies Descalzos\", was released in October 1995 in the Latin American countries and in February 1996 in the US. It reached number five on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart. The album spawned six hit singles, \"Estoy Aqu\u00ed\", which reached number two on the U.S. Latin chart, \"\u00bfD\u00f3nde Est\u00e1s Coraz\u00f3n?\" which reached number five on the U.S. Latin chart, \"Pies Descalzos, Sue\u00f1os Blancos\" which reached number 11 on the U.S. Latin chart, \"Un Poco de Amor\" which reached number six on the U.S. Latin chart, \"Antolog\u00eda\" which reached number 15 on the U.S. Latin chart, and \"Se Quiere, Se Mata\" which reached number eight on the U.S. Latin chart. In August 1996, RIAA certified the album"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " platinum status. In March 1996, Shakira went on to her first international tour, named simply the \"Tour Pies Descalzos\". The tour consisted of 20 shows and ended in 1997. Also in that year, Shakira received three \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards for Album of the Year for \"Pies Descalzos\", Video of the Year for \"Estoy Aqui\", and Best New Artist. \"Pies Descalzos\" later sold over 5 million copies, prompting the release of a remix album, simply titled \"The Remixes\". \"The Remixes\" also included Portuguese versions of some of her well-known songs, which were recorded as a result of her success in the Brazilian market, where \"Pies Descalzos\" sold nearly one million copies. Her fourth studio album was titled \"D\u00f3nde Est\u00e1n los Ladrones?\" Produced by Shakira with Emilio Estefan, Jr. as the executive producer it was released in September 1998. The album, inspired by an incident in an airport in which a suitcase filled with her written lyrics was stolen, became a bigger hit than \"Pies Descalzos\". The album has reached a peak position of number 131 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " and held the top spot on the U.S. Latin Albums chart for 11 weeks. It has since sold over 7 million copies worldwide and 1.5\u00a0million copies in the U.S. alone, making it one of the best selling Spanish albums in the U.S. Eight singles were taken from the album including \"Ciega, Sordomuda\", \"Moscas En La Casa\", \"No Creo\", \"Inevitable\", \"T\u00fa\", \"Si Te Vas\", \"Octavo d\u00eda\", and \"Ojos As\u00ed\". Shakira also received her first Grammy Award nomination in 1999 for the Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album. Shakira's first live album, \"MTV Unplugged\", was recorded in New York City on 12 August 1999. Highly acclaimed by American critics, it is rated as one of her best-ever live performances. In March 2000, Shakira embarked on her \"Tour Anfibio\", a two-month tour of Latin America and the United States. In August 2000, she won an MTV Video Music Award in the category of People's Choice\u00a0\u2013 Favorite International Artist for \"Ojos As\u00ed\". In September 2000, Shakira performed \"O"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "jos As\u00ed\" at the inaugural ceremony of the Latin Grammy Awards, where she was nominated in five categories: Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for \"MTV Unplugged\", Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for \"Octavo D\u00eda\", Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video for the video for \"Ojos As\u00ed\".</s><s>Career.:2001\u20132004: English transition with \"Laundry Service\". Upon the success of \"D\u00f3nde Est\u00e1n los Ladrones?\" and \"MTV Unplugged\", Shakira began working on an English crossover album. She learned English with the help of Gloria Estefan. She worked for over a year on new material for the album. \"Whenever, Wherever\", called \"Suerte\" in Spanish-speaking countries, was released as the first and lead single from her first English album and fifth studio album throughout the period between August 2001 and February 2002. The song took heavy influence from Andean music, including the charango and panpipes in its instrumentation. It became an international success by reaching number one in most countries. It was also her first success in the U.S., by reaching number six on the Hot 100."}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " Shakira's fifth studio album and first English language album, titled \"Laundry Service\" in English-speaking countries and \"Servicio De Lavanderia\" in Latin America and Spain, was released on 13 November 2001. The album debuted at number three on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart, selling over 200,000 records in its first week. The album was later certified triple platinum by the RIAA in June 2004 as well. It helped to establish Shakira's musical presence in the mainstream North American market. Seven singles were taken from the album such as \"Whenever, Wherever\"/\"Suerte\", \"Underneath Your Clothes\", \"Objection (Tango)\"/\"Te Aviso, Te Anuncio (Tango)\", \"The One\", \"Te Dejo Madrid\", \"Que Me Quedes T\u00fa\", and \"Poem to a Horse\". Because the album was created for the English-language market, the rock and Spanish dance-influenced album gained mild critical success, with some critics claiming that her English skills were too weak for her to write songs for it; \"Rolling Stone\", for one, stated that \"she sounds downright silly\" or \"Shakira's magic is lost"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " in translation\". A similar view was expressed by Elizabeth Mendez Berry in \"Vibe\": \"While her Spanish-language albums sparkled with elegant wordplay, this record is rife with cliches, both musically and lyrically. [...] For Anglophone Latin lovers, Shakira's lyrics are best left to the imagination.\" Despite this fact, the album became the best selling album of 2002, selling more than 13 million copies worldwide. and became the most successful album of her career to date. The album earned her the title as the biggest Latin female crossover artist in the world. Around this time, Shakira also released four songs for Pepsi for her promotion in the English markets: \"Ask for More\", \"Pide M\u00e1s\", \"Knock on My Door\", and \"P\u00eddeme el Sol\". In \"Chicago Tribune\", journalist Joshua Klein defined her international ascent \"as multilateral, multicultural and cooperative as they come.\" In 2002, at Aerosmith's MTV Icon in April 2002, Shakira performed \"Dude (Looks Like a Lady)\". She also joined Cher, Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, Mary J. Blige, Anastacia, and the Dixie Chicks for \"VH1 Divas Live Las Vegas\". In"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " August, she performed \"Objection (Tango)\" at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards, and won the International Viewer's Choice Award with \"Whenever, Wherever\". She also won the Latin Grammy Award for the category of Best Short Form Music Video for the Spanish version of the video. In October, she won five MTV Video Music Awards Latin America for Best Female Artist, Best Pop Artist, Best Artist\u00a0\u2013 North (Region), Video of the Year (for \"Suerte\"), and Artist of the Year. In November, she embarked on the Tour of the Mongoose with 61 shows occurring by May 2003. The tour was also her first worldwide tour, as legs were played in North America, South America, Europe and Asia. Shakira's label, Sony BMG, also released her Spanish greatest-hits compilation, \"Grandes \u00c9xitos\". A DVD and 10-track live album, titled \"Live & Off the Record\", was also released in 2004, commemorating the Tour of the Mongoose.</s><s>Career.:2005\u20132007: \"Fijaci\u00f3n Oral, Volumen Uno\" and \"Oral Fixation, Volume Two\". Shakira's sixth studio album, \"Fijaci\u00f3n Oral, Volumen Uno"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "\", was released in June 2005. The lead single from the album, \"La Tortura\", reached the top 40 on the Hot 100. The song also featured the Spanish balladeer Alejandro Sanz. Shakira; Sanz and Daddy Yankee (\"Gasolina\") were the first artists to perform Spanish language songs at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards. The album was extremely well received. It debuted at number four on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, selling 157,000 copies in its first week. It has since sold over two million copies in the U.S., earning an 11\u00d7 Platinum (Latin field) certification from the RIAA. Due to its first week sales, the album became the highest debut ever for a Spanish language album. After only a day of release in Latin America, the album earned certifications. In Venezuela, it earned a Platinum certification, in Colombia, a triple Platinum certification, while in Mexico demand exceeded shipments and the album was unavailable after only one day of release. Four other singles were also released from the album: \"No\", \"D\u00eda de Enero\", \"La Pared\", and \"Las de la Intuici\u00f3n\". \"Fijaci\u00f3n Oral, Vol. 1\" has since sold over four million"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " copies worldwide. On 8 February 2006, Shakira won her second Grammy Award with the win of \"Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album\" for \"Fijaci\u00f3n Oral, Vol. 1\". She received four Latin Grammy Awards in November 2006, winning the awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year for \"La Tortura\", Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for \"Fijaci\u00f3n Oral, Vol. 1\". The lead single for Shakira's seventh album, \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\", \"Don't Bother\", failed to achieve chart success in the U.S. by missing the top 40 on the Hot 100. It did, however, reach the top 20 in most countries worldwide. Shakira's second English studio album and seventh studio album, \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\", was released on 29 November 2005. The album debuted at number five on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 128,000 copies in its first week. The album has gone on to sell 1.8\u00a0million records in the U.S., and over eight million copies worldwide. Despite the commercial failure of the album's lead single in the U.S., it went on to spawn two more singles. \""}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "Hips Don't Lie\", which featured Wyclef Jean, was released as the album's second single in February 2006. It would become Shakira's first number one single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, in addition to reaching number one in over 55 countries. Shakira and Wyclef Jean also recorded a Bamboo version of the song to serve as the closing ceremony song of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Shakira later released the third and final single from the album, \"Illegal\", which featured Carlos Santana, in November 2006. She then embarked on the Oral Fixation Tour, which began in June 2006. The tour consisted of 125 shows between June 2006 and July 2007 and visited six continents. In February 2007, Shakira performed for the first time at the 49th Grammy Awards and earned the nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for \"Hips Don't Lie\" with Wyclef Jean. In late 2006, Shakira and Alejandro Sanz collaborated for the duet \"Te lo Agradezco, Pero No\", which is featured on Sanz's album \"El Tren de los Momentos\". The song was a top ten hit in Latin America, and topped the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Tracks chart. Shak"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "ira also collaborated with Miguel Bos\u00e9 on the duet \"Si T\u00fa No Vuelves\", which was released in Bos\u00e9's album \"Papito\". In early 2007, Shakira worked with American R&B singer Beyonc\u00e9 for the track \"Beautiful Liar\", which was released as the second single from the deluxe edition of Beyonc\u00e9's album \"B'Day\". In April 2007, the single jumped 91 positions, from 94 to three, on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, setting the record for the largest upward movement in the history of the chart at the time. It was also number one on the official UK Singles Chart. The song earned them a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Shakira was also featured on Annie Lennox's song \"Sing\", from the album \"Songs of Mass Destruction\", which also features other 23 other female singers. In late 2007, Shakira and Wyclef Jean recorded their second duet, \"King and Queen\". The song was featured on Wyclef Jean's 2007 album \"\". Shakira wrote the lyrics, and jointly composed the music, for two new songs that are featured in the movie \"Love in the Time of Cholera\", based on the"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " acclaimed novel written by Colombian author Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez. Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez himself asked Shakira to write the songs. The songs that Shakira lent to the soundtrack were \"Pienso en ti\", a song from Shakira's breakthrough album \"Pies Descalzos\", \"Hay Amores\", and \"Despedida\". \"Despedida\" was nominated for Best Original Song at the 65th Golden Globe Awards.</s><s>Career.:2008\u20132010: \"She Wolf\". In early 2008, Forbes named Shakira the fourth top-earning female artist in music industry. Then, in July of that year, Shakira signed a $300\u00a0million contract with Live Nation, which was to remain in effect for ten years. The touring group also doubles as a record label which promotes, but does not control, the music its artists release. Shakira's contract with Epic Records called for three more albums as well\u00a0\u2013 one in English, one in Spanish, and a compilation, but the touring and other rights of the Live Nation deal were confirmed to begin immediately. In January 2009, Shakira performed at the Lincoln Memorial \"\" festivities in honor of the inauguration of President Barack Obama. She performed \"Higher Ground\" with Stevie Wonder"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " and Usher. \"She Wolf\", was released in October 2009 internationally and on 23 November 2009 in the U.S. The album received mainly positive reviews from critics, and was included in AllMusic's year-end \"Favorite Albums,\" \"Favorite Latin Albums,\" and \"Favorite Pop Albums\" lists. \"She Wolf\" reached number one on the charts of Argentina, Ireland, Italy, Mexico and Switzerland. It also charted inside the top five in Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom. It debuted at number fifteen on the \"Billboard\" 200. \"She Wolf\" was certified double-platinum in Colombia and Mexico, platinum in Italy and Spain, and gold in numerous countries including France and the United Kingdom. The album sold 2\u00a0million copies worldwide, becoming one of Shakira's least successful studio album to date in terms of sales. In May, Shakira collaborated with the South African group Freshlyground to create the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. \"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)\", which is based on a traditional Cameroonian soldiers's Fang song titled \"Zangalewa\" by the group Zangalewa or Golden Sounds. The single later reached the top 20 in Europe,"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " South America and Africa and the top 40 in the U.S. and was performed by Shakira at the World Cup kick-off and closing. It became the biggest-selling World Cup song of all time.</s><s>Career.:2010\u20132015: \"Sale el Sol\" and \"Shakira\". In October 2010, Shakira released her ninth studio album, titled \"Sale el Sol\". The album received critical acclaim and was included in AllMusic's \"Favorite Albums of 2010\" and \"Favorite Latin Albums of 2010\" year-end lists. At the 2011 Latin Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Sale el Sol\" was nominated for \"Album of the Year\" and \"Best Female Pop Vocal Album\", winning the award in the latter category. Commercially the album was a success throughout Europe and Latin America, \"Sale el Sol\" peaked atop the charts of countries Belgium, Croatia, France, Mexico, Portugal and Spain. In the United States, it debuted at number seven on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart marking the highest debut for a Latin album for the year and was Shakira's fifth album to peak at number one. According to \"Billboard\", 35% of its first-week sales were credited to strong"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " digital sales. The album also peaked at number one on both the Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums charts, achieving strong digital sales in the region. The lead single, \"Loca\", was number one in many countries. The album had sold over 1 million copies worldwide in 6 weeks, and over 4 million since its release. In September, Shakira embarked on The Sun Comes Out World Tour, in support of her two most recent albums. The tour visited countries in North America, Europe, South America, Asia, and Africa with 107 shows in all. The tour was met with positive reactions from critics, who praised Shakira's stage presence and energy during her performances. On 9 November 2011, Shakira was honored as Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year and performed a cover of Joe Arroyo's song \"En Barranquilla Me Quedo\" at the Mandalay Bay Events Center as a tribute to the singer, who had died earlier that year. In 2010 Shakira collaborated with rapper Pitbull for the song \"Get It Started\", which was slated to be the lead single from Pitbull's 2012 album, \"Global Warming\". The single was released on 28 June 2012. She was also signed to Roc Nation under management purposes for her upcoming"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " studio album. On 17 September 2012, it was announced that Shakira and Usher would replace Christina Aguilera and CeeLo Green as coaches, for the fourth season of the U.S. TV show \"The Voice\", alongside Adam Levine and Blake Shelton in March 2013. Shakira did not participate in the fifth season in September 2013 announcing that she would focus on her new album in the fall and would eventually return for the show's sixth season in February 2014. Shakira originally planned to release her new album in 2012, but due to her pregnancy, plans to release the single and video were postponed. In December 2013, it was announced that Shakira's new single had been delayed until January 2014. Shakira's self-titled tenth studio album was later released on 25 March 2014. Commercially the album debuted at number two on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart with first week sales of 85,000 copies. By doing so, \"Shakira\" became the singer's highest-charting album on the chart, although it also achieved her lowest first-week sales figure (for an English-language album). The album spawned three singles. After release the first two singles from the album, \"Can't Remember to Forget You\" and"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " \"Empire\". RCA chose \"Dare (La La La)\" as third single. The World Cup version was officially released on 27 May to impact radio stations, features Brazilian musician Carlinhos Brown. On 13 July 2014, Shakira performed \"La La La (Brazil 2014)\" with Carlinhos Brown at the 2014 FIFA World Cup closing ceremony at the Maracan\u00e3 Stadium. This performance became her third consecutive appearance at the FIFA World Cup.</s><s>Career.:2016\u20132019: \"El Dorado\" and Super Bowl LIV. Shakira began work on her eleventh studio album in the beginning of 2016. In May 2016, she collaborated with Colombian singer Carlos Vives on the track \"La Bicicleta\", which went to win the Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. On 28 October 2016, Shakira released the single \"Chantaje\" with Colombian singer Maluma; though the song was a track from the upcoming eleventh studio album, it was not intended to be the lead single. The song became Shakira's most-viewed YouTube video, with over 2.1\u00a0billion views as of 1 June 2018. On 7 April 2017, Shakira released the song \"Me En"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "amor\u00e9\" as the second official single taken from her eleventh studio album \"El Dorado,\" which was released on 26 May 2017. She also released the song \"Perro Fiel\" featuring Nicky Jam as a promotional single for the album on 25 May 2017. Its official release as the third single took place on 15 September 2017, the same date its music video, which was filmed in Barcelona on 27 July 2017, was released. Before being released as a single, \"Perro Fiel\" was already certified as gold in Spain for selling over 20,000 copies on 30 August 2017. In January 2018, Shakira won her third Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album for \"El Dorado\", making her the only female Latin artist to do so. She then released \"Trap\", the fourth single off the album and her second collaboration with Maluma. The El Dorado World Tour was announced on 27 June 2017, through Shakira's official Twitter account, and was slated to be sponsored by Rakuten. Other announced partners of the tour were Live Nation Entertainment's Global Touring Division (which had previously collaborated with Shakira on her The Sun Comes Out World Tour) and Citi, which the press release named as, respectively, the producer and the"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " credit card for the North American leg of the tour. The tour, it was announced, would begin on 8 November, in Cologne, Germany. But due to voice-strain related problems the singer experienced during her tour rehearsals, the date was cancelled one day before the original tour schedule, and it was announced that it would be rescheduled for a later date. On 9 November, for the same reason, she also announced the postponements to later dates, to be determined and announced, for both shows in Paris, as well as the following ones in Antwerp and Amsterdam. On 14 November, Shakira made an announcement, through her social networks, in which she revealed that she had suffered a haemorrhage on her right vocal cord in late October, at her last series of rehearsals, and that she thus needed to rest her voice for some time to recover; this forced the postponement of the tour's entire European itinerary to 2018. The Latin American dates were expected to be announced later, when the tour resumed. There were plans to bring the tour, when it did resume, to countries such as the Dominican Republic. In addition, a journalist from the Brazilian edition of the Portuguese newspaper \"Destak\" announced, on his Twitter"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " account, that the Colombian singer would visit Brazil the following March. However, according to the same newspaper, due to Shakira's hiatus to recover from her vocal-cord haemorrhage, the Latin American dates were also postponed to the second half of 2018. Eventually, Shakira did recover fully from the haemorrhage she had suffered and resumed her tour, performing in Hamburg, Germany on 3 June 2018. On 8 June, 2018, the singer releases her new single with Colombian singer Maluma titled \"Clandestino\". In January 2018 she announced the dates for her El Dorado World Tour. She began the first leg of her tour in Europe, starting in Hamburg, Germany on 3 June and then ending in Barcelona, Spain on 7 July. She then spent a short time in Asia on the 11 and 13 July, after which she went to North America. She started her time there on 3 August in Chicago and finished in San Francisco on 7 September. Her tour dates for Latin America, started in Mexico City on 11 October and finished in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia on 3 November. \"Forbes\" ranked her among the world's highest-paid women in music in 2019, at number 10. In February 2020, she and Jennifer Lopez performed"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " for the Super Bowl LIV halftime show. According to \"Billboard\", the halftime show had a viewership of 103 million people. On YouTube, it became the most viewed halftime show at that point in time. Shakira appeared in two television specials performing her songs during the COVID-19 pandemic, including \"\" (with \"Sale el Sol\") and \"\" (with \"Try Everything\").</s><s>Career.:2020\u2013present: \"Deseo Inherente\" and \"Dancing with Myself\". The singer is currently recording her 12th studio album. On January 11, 2020, Shakira announced through her Instagram account the premiere of a new single titled \"Me Gusta\" with the collaboration of Puerto Rican singer Anuel AA. The song was released two days later. On February 2, 2020, Shakira along with Jennifer Lopez headlined the Super Bowl LIV halftime show, which took place in Miami Gardens, Florida. The event was viewed by more than 103 million people in United States. On February 3, 2020, Live Nation announced through his Twitter account a new world tour of the singer for 2021, which could not take place due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2021, Shakira sold her catalog of 145 songs to Hipgn"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "osis Songs Fund. The company did not disclose the financial details of the sale. On 16 July 2021, Shakira released a single titled \"Don't Wait Up\". On 21 April 2022, she released the song \"Te Felicito\" with singer Rauw Alejandro, as the lead single from her upcoming twelfth studio album. Shakira confirmed in May 2022 that work on the album was finished and it would be an electronic infused album with hints of urban and rock music. She was honored by the Ivors Academy in the United Kingdom with the Ivor Novello Awards' Special Award for Songwriting celebrating her songwriting in both English and Spanish and paving the way for Latin artists. By the end of that month, the dance reality competition show, \"Dancing with Myself\", on which Shakira served as an executive producer and co-creator,along with Liza Koshy and Nick Jonaspremiered on NBC. On 17 June 2022, she releases a single with Black Eyed Peas and David Guetta named \"Don't You Worry\", as a 14\u00b0 single from Black Eyed Peas album Elevation. On 19 October 2022, she releases a new single with Ozuna titled \"Monoton\u00eda\". On 11 January 20"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "23, Shakira released \"\" as a collaboration with Argentine DJ Bizarrap. On January 9, 2023, planes appeared in different cities with a banner that read: \"Una loba como yo no est\u00e1 pa' tipos como t\u00fa 11/01/23\" (A wolf like me is not for guys like you 11/01/23). What ended up being the preview of Bizarrap's new \"session\", which turned out to be highly mediatic because of its references to the end of her relationship with Gerard Piqu\u00e9. On 24 February 2023, Shakira has released with Karol G a new song titled \"TQG\", as the sixth track from the album Ma\u00f1ana Ser\u00e1 Bonito by KAROL G. On 5 March 2023, on social networks began to announce the singer a small lyric track of a new song with Manuel Turizo for his upcoming studio album, and the genre of the song is reggaeton, and they announced the title of the song, called \"Copa Vac\u00eda\", although there is no release date yet. Also days later the cover of this single was presented, where the singer appears as a mermaid. According to an alleged leaked image there are 19"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " songs included on Shakira's upcoming album \"Deseo Inherente\": it has the collaborations of various artists, and in the list of songs also appear the best known such as, for example, \"Te Felicito\", \"Monoton\u00eda\", \"\", \"TQG\", and his next single \"Copa Vac\u00eda\". It has collaborations from the following artists: Rauw Alejandro, Ozuna, Rosal\u00eda, Karol G, Bad Bunny, Manuel Turizo, Coldplay, J Balvin, Ed Sheeran and Bizarrap. Ozuna will be the singer who has two collaborations on this album, apart from \"Monoton\u00eda\" he also has the collaboration of the song \"Origami\" that is transcluded on this album. Of the best-known songs, their sound is already known, but of the others, the details of how those songs sound are still unknown.</s><s>Artistry. On her music, Shakira has said that, \"my music, I think, is a fusion of many different elements. And I'm always experimenting. So I try not to limit myself, or put myself in a category, or... be the architect of my own jail.\" Shakira has frequently stated she is"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " inspired by oriental music and Indian music, which influenced many of her earlier works. She has also been influenced by her Arab heritage, which was a major inspiration for her breakthrough world hit \"Ojos As\u00ed\". She told Portuguese TV, \"Many of my movements belong to Arab culture.\" She also cites her parents as having been major contributors to her musical style. She is also strongly influenced by Andean music and South American folk music, using her native instrumentation for her Latin dance-pop songs. Her earlier Spanish albums, including \"Pies Descalzos\" and \"D\u00f3nde Est\u00e1n los Ladrones?\" were a mix of folk music and Latin rock. Her cross-over English album, \"Laundry Service\" and later albums were influenced by pop rock and pop Latino. \"Laundry Service\" is primarily a pop rock album, but also draws influences from a variety of musical genres. The singer credited this to her mixed ethnicity, saying: \"I am a fusion. That's my persona. I'm a fusion between black and white, between pop and rock, between cultures \u2013 between my Lebanese father and my mother's Spanish blood, the Colombian folklore and Arab dance I love and American music.\" The Arabian and Middle Eastern music elements that"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " exerted a high influence on \"D\u00f3nde Est\u00e1n los Ladrones?\" are also present in \"Laundry Service\", most prominently on \"Eyes Like Yours\"/\"Ojos As\u00ed\". Musical styles from different South American countries surface on the album. Tango, a style of fast-paced ballroom dance that originated in Argentina, is evident on \"Objection (Tango)\", which also combines elements of rock and roll. The uptempo track features a guitar solo and a bridge in which Shakira delivers rap-like vocals. \"She Wolf\" is primarily an electropop album that combines influences from the musical styles of various countries and regions, like Africa, Colombia, India, and the Middle East. Shakira termed the album as a \"sonic experimental trip\", and said that she researched folk music from different countries in order to \"combine electronics with world sounds, tambourines, clarinets, oriental and Hindu music, dancehall, etc.\" Her 2010 album, \"Sale el Sol\", is a return to her beginnings containing ballads, rock songs, and Latin dance songs like \"Loca\". In 2017, \"Deutsche Welle\"s journalist Kate M\u00fcser commented on Shakira's \"global"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "ized sound\": \"[her] Latin beats, spiced with Middle Eastern and other world elements and made comfortably familiar by being churned through the pop machine, make you feel like a citizen of the world.\"</s><s>Artistry.:Influences. As a child, Shakira was influenced by rock music, listening heavily to rock bands like Led Zeppelin, the Beatles, Nirvana, the Police and U2, while her other influences included Gloria Estefan, Madonna, Sheryl Crow, Alanis Morissette, Marc Anthony, Meredith Brooks and the Cure.</s><s>Artistry.:Dance. Shakira is well known for her dancing in her music videos and concerts.{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/shakiras%20belly%20dancing%20discovery_27_01_2006</s><s>Artistry.:Singing. Shakira is a contralto and is known for her \"unique and mesmerizing\" singing voice which includes her \"trademark\" yodeling. Analyzing Shakira's cover of \"Je l'aime \u00e0 mourir\", vocal teacher Beth Roars also noted Shak"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "ira's use of yodeling, explaining that there is \"heaviness at the bottom of her tone\" which \"flips up\" into \"her head voice\", as well as her ability to execute \"complex melisma\". She also noted Shakira's use of \"Arabic scales\", then stating that she uses \"harmonic minor scales instead of pentatonic scales\".</s><s>Legacy and impact. Shakira is a prominent figure in Latin music, commonly hailed as the 'Queen of Latin Music' for her successful crossover to the global market. \"The New York Times\" called her the \"Titan of Latin Pop\" for her unique and leading position in Latin music, saying: \"Even as a new generation of Spanish-speaking artists are crossing over into American music's mainstream, Shakira's output stands alone.\" A similar comparative perspective was made by \"The Independent\", who named Shakira an \"International Phenom\" for her global appeal and sales statistics, further elaborating with \"To put her in perspective, other Latin exports such as Ricky Martin and Jennifer Lopez are mere minnows next to Shakira, both selling half the number of records she does\". \"Forbes\" has deemed Shakira as \"crossover phenom\" for her unmatched"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " success of crossover and one of the world's most powerful Latinas. \"Forbes\" further listed Shakira as one of the world's most powerful female celebrities. AllMusic's biographer Steve Huey described her as a \"Wildly inventive diva who created a cross-cultural pop sound rooted in her native Colombia but encompassing nearly every territory in the world. [...] she wrote or co-wrote nearly all of her own material, and in the process gained a reputation as one of Latin music's most ambitiously poetic lyricists.\" Her unprecedented crossover has inspired other Latin American artists to attempt crossing over, one example is Mexican pop star Paulina Rubio, having \"MTV\" saying \"there's no question that Shakira opened doors in this country for artists like Rubio to succeed.\" Similarly, \"Spin\" credits Shakira to have paved the way for other Latin artists to crossover, naming names like Maluma and J Balvin. After the crossover, her global and mainstream presence became big enough for \"Time\" magazine to call Shakira a \"pop legend.\" She was marked as \"one of the most influential artists of the 21st century\" by \"ET\". Throughout her career, Shakira has earned several titles, including \"The Crossover Queen\" by"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " \"The Economist\", \"The Queen of World Cup\" by \"Billboard\", and \"Latin America's Pop Queen\" by \"Pitchfork\". \"Billboard\" has also noted that Shakira's music videos have \"redefined the role of dancing in music videos\", while listing her as the best Latin female music video artist of all time. The Middle Eastern newspaper \"El Correo del Golfo\" credits Shakira with \"having opened the way\" for several Hispanic singers today. The authors of \"Reggaeton\", published by Duke University Press, credited Shakira for popularizing the genre \"(reggaeton)\" in North America, Europe, and Asia, while the \"Public Broadcasting Service\" called her one of the three \"most successful artists of the so-called Golden Age of Latin Music which reshaped America's cultural landscape for the twenty-first century\". Alongside her impact on Latin and mainstream pop culture, Shakira has also impacted popular culture in the Arab World due to her popularity in the region. In a publication titled \"Popular Culture in the Arab World: Arts, Politics, and the Media\", author Andrew Hammond credits Shakira for impacting and shifting the images of Arab pop stars such as Moroccan Samira Said and Lebanese Nawal Al"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " Zoghbi, saying \"[they] have shifted their image and sound in attempt to follow in her (Shakira's) footsteps\". In 1999 Shakira's \"MTV Unplugged\" became the program's first episode to be broadcast entirely in Spanish  The concert is also noted to be the first time a Latin pop act attempted an Unplugged, as well as the first Latina solo act to do so. In 2001 Shakira's \"Whenever Wherever\" music video was aired on MTV with both the English and Spanish versions. According to a spokesman for the channel, this is noted as \"the first time that U.S. MTV has aired a Spanish-language video.\" Following Daddy Yankee's \"Gasolina\" by five months, \"La Tortura\" was one of the first full Spanish-language music videos to air on MTV without an English version. In 2005, Sanz and Shakira performed \"La Tortura\" at the MTV Video Music Awards. In 2006 \"Hips Don't Lie\" was selected as one of the greatest songs by 21st century female artists by National Public Radio, ranked at number 65. \"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)\" was named by \"Billboard\" the best and most commercially successful World"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " Cup song. Published by the US Bureau of International Information Programs, the journal \"Global Issues\" (2006) cited Shakira as an example of a celebrity \"in today's globalized world\" who \"made it big by sharing the uniqueness of their talent and culture with the global community.\" In 2020, \"The New Zealand Herald\" found Shakira's longevity in the industry \"particularly impressive given her ability to breach the lines of crossover, a feat not many artists have been able to achieve.\" A similar remark was made by \" Paper\" magazine, when writing about Shakira's longevity and her being one of the few pre-digital era artists to successfully crack the digital-streaming era of music, penning \"[Shakira] is a titan in the digital era of music where she devours billions of streams with her catalog.\" In 2010, Google revealed that Shakira was the most searched female entertainer of the year. In 2020, Shakira was the most Googled musician of the year. In December 2021 Shakira was named by Kiss FM as one of the most influential female artists of the 21st century highlighting her achievements in the international market Many artists have cited Shakira as an influence, including Beyonc\u00e9, Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Selena Gomez"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": ", Katy Perry, Will.i.am, Kylie Jenner, Lauren Jauregui, Christina Aguilera, Justin Bieber, Fergie, Maluma, Karol G, Camilo, Nicky Jam, Brie Larson, Mar\u00eda Becerra, Dulce Mar\u00eda, Anuel AA, Tini Stoessel, Ozuna, Natti Natasha, Rosal\u00eda, Carla Morrison, Ibeyi, Flo Milli, Manuel Turizo, Elena Rose, Francisca Valenzuela, Paloma Mami, Natalia Lafourcade, Kali Uchis, Ed Sheeran, Farina, Jbalvin, Lele Pons, Andres Cuervo, Li Yuchun, Prince Royce, Romeo Santos, Greeicy Rendon, Wendy Sulca, Anitta, Nathy Peluso, Britney Spears, Cardi B, Rita Ora, Vaness Wu, Gale, Sofia Reyes, Camila Cabello, Sebastian Yatra, Paty Cant\u00fa, Simone & Simaria, Becky G, Sasha Keable, Lola Indigo, Nora Fatehi, Kris Kross \u00c1msterdam, Bad Gyal, Jackson Wang and Ayra Starr. Shakira has even"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " received the admiration of intellectuals and writers such as Nobel Prize winner Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez who has said \"No one of any age can sing or dance with the innocent sensuality Shakira seems to have invented\". M\u00e1rquez wrote an essay exalting Shakira's \"phenomenal musical talent\", and \"extraordinary maturity\". The newspaper \"El Correo del Golfo\" wrote that Shakira was the greatest exponent of Middle Eastern music in the West, citing her interest in Arabic music and dance. Her influence has transcended the boundaries of pop culture, that she has become a socio-political influencer, and was named as one of the \"World's Greatest Leaders\" of 2017 by \"Fortune\". \"The Guardian\" has written an extensive article about Shakira's impact on Colombia's social change, specifically in education, and her ability to discuss this issue with world leaders like Barack Obama, and Gordon Brown. Similarly \"The Independent\" has described Shakira as a \"living proof that pop and politics mix\" further noting that through her efforts and influence she is able to have \"the ears of the global political elite\".</s><s>Legacy and impact.:Monuments. - In 2006, a, statue of Shakira was installed in her"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " hometown Barranquilla in a park near Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Mel\u00e9ndez. - In July 2018 Shakira visited Tannourine in Lebanon which is the village of her paternal grandmother. During her visit, she visited the Cedars Reserve in Tannourine where a square in the forest was named after her. The square holds the name \"Shakira Isabelle Mebarak\"</s><s>Achievements. Shakira has received numerous awards and recognition for her work. She is the recipient of three Grammy Awards and twelve Latin Grammy Awards\u2014the most for a female artist. Shakira has sold more than 75 million records worldwide, making her one of world's best-selling music artists. By the time she released \"Laundry Service\" in 2001, she have already sold 10 million albums in Latin America according to \"Billboard\". Three of her albums are among the best-selling Latin albums in the United States: \"Fijaci\u00f3n Oral, Vol. 1\" (8th), \"D\u00f3nde Est\u00e1n los Ladrones?\" (9th) and \"Pies Descalzos\" (23rd); she is the female artist with the highest number of best-selling Latin albums in the country. \""}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "Fijaci\u00f3n Oral, Vol. 1\" became the best-selling Latin pop album and the second best-selling Latin album overall of the 2000s in the U.S. \"D\u00f3nde Est\u00e1n los Ladrones?\" is also one of the best-selling albums in Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico; as well as \"Pies Descalzos\" is one of the best-selling albums in Brazil and Colombia. Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems said that \"Hips Don't Lie\" was the most-played pop song in a single week in American radio history, being played 9,637 times in one week. This song makes Shakira the first artist in the history of the \"Billboard\" charts to reach the number-one spots on both the Top 40 Mainstream and a Latin chart in the same week. Additionally, she became the only artist from South America to reach the number-one spot on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the Australian ARIA chart, and the UK Singles Chart. Shakira is the female artist with most top-ten hits on the \"Billboard\"s Hot Latin Songs chart (34). Her song \"La Tortura\" at one time held the chart's record for most"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " weeks appearing at number-one, with a total of 25 non-consecutive weeks (this record is currently held by the Luis Fonsi song \"Despacito\" with 56 weeks). She is also the act with most number-one songs on the Latin Digital Song Sales chart (14) and the female artist with most number-one hits on the Latin Airplay chart (18). Nokia stated in 2010, that there were more Shakira music downloads in the prior year than for any other Latino artist in the last five years, and \"She Wolf\" topped the Top 10 Latino downloads. In 2010, she was ranked number five on the 'Online Video's Most Viral Artists of 2010' with 404,118,932 views. In 2011, Shakira was honored at the Latin Grammys as Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year, and by the Harvard Foundation as Cultural Rhythms Artist of the Year. She also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6270 Hollywood Blvd. Originally, she was to be given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2004, but she turned the offer down. In 2012, she received the honor of Chevalier De L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 2014"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": ", Shakira became the first musical act to perform three times at the FIFA World Cup. In the same year, \"Aleiodes shakirae\", a new species of parasitic wasp was named after her because it causes its host to \"shake and wiggle\". \"Forbes\" ranked Shakira on their list of \"Top 100 World's Most Powerful Women\" at number 40 in 2012, at 52 in 2013, and at 58 in 2014. In 2015 \"Time\" recognized Shakira as one of the most influential people on social media. Shakira and Argentine president Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner were the only Latin influencers named on the list. More so, \"Time\" noted that Shakira has an \"unparalleled platform\" on social media where she promotes her philanthropy. In 2008, Shakira was named as the Honorary Chair of the Global Campaign for Education Global Action Week. In 2018, Spotify included Shakira in the list of the top 10 most streamed female artists of the decade on the platform, making her the highest streamed Latin artist. In 2020, Shakira became the first female artist to have 4 songs from different decades to have over 100 million streams on Spotify, also marking her as the only artist with Spanish songs,"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " the only Latin artist, and third overall after Michael Jackson and Eminem to achieve this milestone. In the same year, she broke the Vevo Certified Awards record, and set it at 37, becoming the artist with the most videos with over 100 million views. She is now worth $300 million. Shakira was recognized magazine Rolling Stone as one 100 Greatests Reggaeton Songs of All Time in 2022.</s><s>Other ventures. Shakira has ventured into many other businesses and industries. She acted in the Colombian telenovela \"El Oasis\" in 1994, playing the character of Luisa Maria. Shakira began her own beauty line, \"S by Shakira\", with parent company Puig, in 2010.{{cite web }} Among the first perfumes it released included \"S by Shakira\" and \"S by Shakira Eau Florale\", along with lotions and body sprays. As of 2019, she has released 30 fragrances, not counting deluxe editions. On 17 September 2015, she was featured as a playable bird in the game Angry Birds POP! for a limited time, and also in a special tournament in the game Angry Birds Friends after a few weeks. On 15 October 2015, Love Rocks starring Shakira was"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " the first video game that featured the pop star. On 14 August 2015, at Disney's D23 Expo, it was announced that Shakira would play a character in the Disney animated movie \"Zootopia;\" in it, she would give voice to Gazelle, the biggest pop star in Zootopia. Shakira also contributed an original song to the film, titled \"Try Everything\", which was written and composed by Sia and Stargate. It opened to a record-breaking box office success in several countries and earned a worldwide gross of over $1\u00a0billion, making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 2016 and the 43rd highest-grossing film of all time. In December 2021, it was announced that Shakira would be an executive producer for \"Dancing with Myself\", an NBC dance competition series.</s><s>Other ventures.:Philanthropy, humanitarian work and politics. In 1997, Shakira founded the Pies Descalzos Foundation, a Colombian charity with special schools for poor children all around Colombia. It was funded by Shakira and other international groups and individuals. The name of the foundation was taken from Shakira's third studio album, \"Pies Descalzos\", which she released in 1995. The foundation's main focus is"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " on aid through education, and the organization has five schools across Colombia that provide education and meals for 4,000 children. On 27 April 2014 Shakira was honored with the Hero Award at the Radio Disney Music Awards for her Fundaci\u00f3n Pies Descalzos work. In 2005, Shakira became a founding member of Latin America in Solidarity Action, a coalition of artists and business leaders seeking to promote integrated early childhood public policies. In 2008, she served as the Honorary Chair of the Global Campaign for Education Global Action Week. Later, in 2010, she collaborated with the World Bank and the Barefoot Foundation to establish an initiative that distributes educational and developmental programs for children across Latin America. Shakira is a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador and is one of their global representatives. On 3 April 2006, Shakira was honored at a UN ceremony for creating the Pies Descalzos Foundation. In March 2010, she was awarded a medal by the UN International Labour Organization in recognition of being, as UN Labour Chief Juan Somav\u00eda put it, a \"true ambassador for children and young people, for quality education and social justice\". In November 2010, after performing as the opening act of the MTV European Music Awards, the Colombian singer also received the MTV Free Your Mind"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " award for her continuing dedication to improve access to education for all children around the world. In the Spanish edition of the magazine \"GQ\", Shakira directed a few words to Sarkozy, \"We are all gypsies\". In the interview she made her viewpoint very clear: \"What is happening now to them (the gypsies) will happen to our children and our children's children. We must turn to our citizens to act for the fundamental rights of human beings and condemn all that seems to us indictable\", she declared. In February 2011, the FC Barcelona Foundation and \"Pies descalzos\" reached an agreement for children's education through sport. Shakira was honored at the Latin Grammys as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on 9 November 2011, for her philanthropy and contributions to Latin Music. Also in 2011, she was appointed by President Barack Obama to the President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics. The World Literacy Foundation announced Shakira as the recipient of the 2020 Global Literacy Award for \"her significant contribution to the improvement of literacy for disadvantaged children around the world.\" On 2 November 2018, during a visit to her birthplace, Barranquilla, for the construction of a school through her Barefoot Foundation (Pies"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " Descalzos Foundation), Shakira spoke about the educational policies of the government under Ivan Duque (President of Colombia, 2018\u20132022). Speaking against the government's intentions to reduce the national education budget from 13% to 7%, she said, \"This is unacceptable. It shows that instead of progressing forward we are moving backward. We need to invest more in education and we need to build more schools in places where there are none\". She also talked about social inequality and unschooling. In 2020, Shakira was appointed by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as a voters\u2019 council member for the Earthshot prize which provides 50 environmental pioneers with the funds needed to further their work in tackling major problems impacting the environment. In May 2020, Shakira donated more than 50,000 face masks and ten respirators to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in her hometown of Barranquilla. During the 2021 Colombian protests, Shakira condemned the violence and asked President Iv\u00e1n Duque M\u00e1rquez to \"immediately stop the human rights violations\" and \"restitute the value of human life above any political interest.\"</s><s>Personal life. Shakira began a relationship with Argentine lawyer Antonio de\u00a0la\u00a0R\u00faa in 2000. In a 2009 interview"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": ", Shakira stated their relationship already worked as a married couple, and that \"they don't need papers for that\". After 10\u00a0years together, Shakira and de\u00a0la\u00a0R\u00faa separated in August 2010 in what she described as \"a mutual decision to take time apart from our romantic relationship\". She wrote that the couple \"view this period of separation as temporary\", with de\u00a0la\u00a0R\u00faa overseeing Shakira's \"business and career interests as he has always done\". As first reported in September 2012, de\u00a0la\u00a0R\u00faa sued Shakira in April\u00a02013, asking for $100\u00a0million he believed he was owed after Shakira suddenly terminated her business partnership with him in October\u00a02011. His lawsuit was dismissed by a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge in August\u00a02013. Shakira entered a relationship with the Spanish football player Gerard Piqu\u00e9 in 2011. Piqu\u00e9, who is exactly ten years her junior, and Shakira met in spring 2010 after he appeared in the music video for Shakira's song \"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)\", the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Shakira gave birth to the couple's first son, Milan, on 22\u00a0January 2013 in Barcelona, where the"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": " family took residence. Shakira gave birth to their second son, Sasha, on 29\u00a0January 2015. \"Forbes\" listed Shakira and Piqu\u00e9 in their list of \"World's Most Powerful Couples\". In June 2022, the couple confirmed in a joint statement that they were separating after being together for 11\u00a0years. In 2020, Shakira announced her completion of an ancient philosophy course through the University of Pennsylvania, describing it as an impractical hobby for her.</s><s>Personal life.:Financial controversy. In November 2017, Shakira was named in the Paradise Papers. It was revealed that she was the sole shareholder of a Malta-based company which was being used to transfer $30 million in music rights. Her attorneys insisted that her use of the company was entirely legal. In 2018, due at least in part to information revealed in the Paradise Papers, Spanish authorities began an investigation into Shakira's finances. Prosecutors argued that she did not pay taxes in Spain between 2012 and 2014, during which time she was living in Spain with Piqu\u00e9 and their family, while Shakira argued that she maintained her primary residence in the Bahamas during that period and otherwise was touring internationally. In July 2021, a Spanish judge ruled that there was \"evidence of criminality\" sufficient for Shak"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "ira to be brought to trial on charges of tax fraud. In 2021, the Pandora Papers showed that Shakira submitted applications for three offshore companies in 2019. Her representatives told LaSexta that this paperwork was not filed for purposes of establishing new companies but as part of the process of dissolving existing ones. They further claimed that the companies had no income or activities and that Spanish authorities had been made aware of their existence. In July 2022, after not reaching a deal with the Spanish Prosecution Ministry, the singer decided to go to trial to prove her innocence. The prosecutor asked the judge for an eight-year prison sentence over six alleged tax fraud crimes. On 27 September 2022, a Spanish judge from Esplugues de Llobregat approved the tax fraud trial after prosecutors accused her of failing to pay \u20ac14.5 million ($13.9 million) in taxes. Shakira claims she has already paid all she owed plus \u20ac3 million ($2.8 million) as interest. As of mid-January 2023, a trial date is now inevitable, the date to be set once the presiding Barcelona judge, Ana Duro, receives the necessary qualifying papers from both parties.</s><s>Discography. - \"Magia\" (1991) - \"Pelig"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "ro\" (1993) - \"Pies Descalzos\" (1995) - \"D\u00f3nde Est\u00e1n los Ladrones?\" (1998) - \"Laundry Service\" (2001) - \"Fijaci\u00f3n Oral, Vol. 1\" (2005) - \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\" (2005) - \"She Wolf\" (2009) - \"Sale el Sol\" (2010) - \"Shakira\" (2014) - \"El Dorado\" (2017)</s><s>Tours. - Pies Descalzos International Tour (1996\u20131997) - Tour Anfibio (2000) - Tour of the Mongoose (2002\u20132003) - Oral Fixation Tour (2006\u20132007) - The Sun Comes Out World Tour (2010\u20132011) - El Dorado World Tour (2018)</s><s>See also. - List of artists who reached number one in the United States - List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart - Best-selling international artists in Brazil - List of highest-certified music artists in the United States - List of best-selling music artists - List of \"Billboard\" Social 50 number-one artists - List of highest"}, {"title": "Shakira", "text": "-certified music artists in the United States - List of best-selling female music artists</s><s>Further reading. - VH1 Driven: Shakira (article) - VH1 Driven: Shakira (video) - - Book: \"Woman Full of Grace\" by Ximena Diego - - Pareles, Jon (14 November 2005). \"Shakira, from lip to hip\". \"New Straits Times\", p.\u00a0L3. - \"Shakira pertahan orang Arab\". (8 November 2005). \"Berita Harian\", p.\u00a013. - Frank Cogan's review of \"Laundry Service\" for \"The Village Voice\" - - Chart Performance for \"Don't Bother\" from the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 - Chart Performance for \"Oral Fixation 2\" - - \"New York Times Magazine\" article on Shakira's philanthropic work on education.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Shakira", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000465", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Philippe Coutinho.", "docs": [{"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": "<s>Philippe Coutinho Philippe Coutinho Correia (born 12 June 1992) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Premier League club Aston Villa and the Brazil national team. He is known for his combination of vision, passing, dribbling and ability to conjure curling long-range shots. Coutinho showed prodigious talent and excelled in Vasco da Gama's youth system. He was signed by Serie A club Inter Milan in 2008 for \u20ac4\u00a0million and subsequently loaned back to Vasco, where he became a key player. He made his debut for Inter Milan in 2010, and was later loaned to La Liga club Espanyol in 2012. In January 2013, Coutinho joined Premier League club Liverpool. He flourished at Liverpool, being named in the PFA Team of the Year in 2015. In January 2018, Coutinho signed for Barcelona and won two La Liga titles with the club. He was loaned to German club Bayern Munich for the 2019\u201320 season, being part of the team that won a treble including the Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal and UEFA Champions League. Coutinho made his senior international debut for Brazil in 2010. He was part of the squad at the 2015 Copa"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " Am\u00e9rica and the Copa Am\u00e9rica Centenario in 2016, and made his FIFA World Cup debut at the 2018 World Cup, in which he scored two goals. He was also a member of the Brazil team that won the 2019 Copa Am\u00e9rica on home soil.</s><s>Early life. The third and youngest son of Esmeralda Coutinho and architect Jos\u00e9 Carlos Correia, Coutinho was born on 12 June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. He was raised in Rio's northern Rocha district between an old shanty town and industrial warehouses. As a child he was very shy and would prefer to be alone; he started playing football after watching his elder brothers Cristiano and Leandro play with their friends at a local concrete football pitch. He began playing futsal, and he said it helped him develop his skills as a footballer. Coutinho thrived in the street environment, developing skill and improvisation. After Coutinho joined a local football academy on the insistence of his friend's grandmother, his father was approached at a tournament by youth coaches at Vasco da Gama, where Coutinho attended a trial and joined their youth system.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Vasco da Gama. Coutinho flourished"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " in Vasco da Gama's youth system and was soon called up to the Brazil national under-14 team. In July 2008, at age 16, he signed for Serie A club Inter Milan for \u20ac4\u00a0million. Coutinho remained at Vasco on loan for two years as FIFA prohibited international transfer of footballers until they reached age 18, and he became a regular first-team player despite his young age. In 2009, he made 12 league appearances as Vasco won the S\u00e9rie B title and achieved promotion to the top tier. In 2010, he made 31 appearances and scored 5 goals in all competitions as he established himself as a key player.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2010\u201311 season. Coutinho's move to Inter Milan became effective in July 2010, after he turned 18, with new manager Rafael Ben\u00edtez being quoted as saying, \"Coutinho is the future of Inter.\" On 27 August, Coutinho made his debut for Inter as a substitute during a 2\u20130 defeat to Atl\u00e9tico Madrid in the 2010 UEFA Super Cup. After dropping out of selection in the starting line-up, he returned to play in the crucial 3\u20132 win over Bayern Munich in Germany,"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " which saw Inter progress to the quarter-final of the 2010\u201311 UEFA Champions League. On 8 May 2011, in a 3\u20131 win at home against Fiorentina, Coutinho scored his first goal for Inter from a free kick that curled over the wall and into the net. His second goal for Inter came in a match against Cagliari on 19 November 2011, where Coutinho received a through-ball from teammate Ricky \u00c1lvarez and scored into the bottom left corner of the net to give Inter a 2\u20130 lead.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2011\u20132013: Loan to Espanyol and return to Inter. During the 2011\u201312 season, Coutinho struggled to establish himself in Inter's team, leading him to join La Liga club Espanyol on 30 January 2012 on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut on 4 February, starting in a 3\u20133 draw with Athletic Bilbao. The following month, he scored his first goals for Espanyol side when he scored a two goals in a 5\u20131 victory against Rayo Vallecano. He scored 5 goals in 16 appearances during his loan with Espanyol before returning to Inter at the end of the season. Following the"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " expiry of his loan deal with Espanyol, Coutinho returned to Inter Milan but once again struggled to find game time at the San Siro, making just 10 league appearances and scoring one goal in the 2012\u201313 season.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2012\u201313 season. On 26 January 2013, Premier League club Liverpool agreed an \u00a38.5\u00a0million transfer fee with Inter Milan for Coutinho, pending a medical exam and a work permit. Southampton had also expressed an interest but Coutinho said he would prefer to join Liverpool. On 30 January, Liverpool confirmed the signing of Coutinho on a long-term contract. The former director of football at Liverpool, Damien Comolli, later revealed Liverpool had scouted and ultimately signed Coutinho following a recommendation by then-Inter Milan manager and former Liverpool manager Rafael Ben\u00edtez, who said the Brazilian would be \"world class\". Coutinho made his Liverpool debut on 11 February 2013, as a 77th-minute substitute in a 2\u20130 home defeat against West Bromwich Albion. On 17 February, he scored his first goal for Liverpool on his full debut in a 5\u20130 home victory over Swansea City. On 2 March, he set up Liverpool's first"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " and second goals in a 4\u20130 win over Wigan Athletic and followed on with a goal in a 3\u20131 away loss to Southampton and another assist in a 2\u20131 away win against Aston Villa. He was named Liverpool's Player of the Month for March. Towards the end of April 2013, he was named man of the match for his performance in Liverpool's 6\u20130 away victory over Newcastle United, claiming two assists and winning the free kick from which Jordan Henderson scored Liverpool's sixth goal. Coutinho then scored Liverpool's final goal of the season against Queens Park Rangers, executing a driven shot from 30 yards out after being played in by Jordon Ibe. He ended the 2012\u201313 season with three goals in 13 Premier League appearances for Liverpool.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2013\u201314 season. Coutinho began the 2013\u201314 season well before injuring his shoulder in a 2\u20132 draw with Swansea City on 16 September 2013. He was restored to the starting line-up for a 4\u20130 home victory over Fulham on 9 November. On 23 November, Coutinho scored the opening goal against Everton in the Merseyside derby in the first minute of the game. On 13 April 2014, Coutinho scored the winning goal in the 78th"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " minute in a 3\u20132 win against Manchester City. The result put Liverpool seven points ahead of Manchester City at the top of the 2013\u201314 Premier League table with four matches remaining. However, Manchester City had six matches remaining and went on to win the title, with Liverpool finishing second. During the season, Coutinho mainly played in central midfield and earned praise due to his long and accurate passing from midfield, dribbling skills and creative play to set up strikers Luis Su\u00e1rez and Daniel Sturridge. Coutinho made 37 appearances and scored 5 goals for Liverpool in all competitions during the 2013\u201314 season.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2014\u201315 season. On 17 August 2014, Coutinho started in Liverpool's first match of the 2014\u201315 season, a 2\u20131 home win against Southampton. He created his first assist of the season in a 2\u20131 win against Swansea City in the fourth round of the 2014\u201315 League Cup, when he supplied the ball for Dejan Lovren to head the winning goal. Coutinho scored his first goal of the season on 19 October in a 3\u20132 away win against Queens Park Rangers after coming off the substitutes' bench. Coutinho signed a new contract with Liverpool on 3 February 2015 to keep him at the"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " club until June 2020. On 26 April, he was the only Liverpool player named in the PFA Team of the Year, and was named Liverpool's Player of the Season on 19 May. At the end of the season, he was shortlisted for the PFA Players' Player of the Year and the PFA Young Player of the Year, ultimately losing to Eden Hazard and Harry Kane, respectively.{{cite news |url=http://www.thepfa.com/news/2015/4/16/mens-pfa-young-player-of-the-year-nominees |title=Men's PFA Young Player of the Year: Nominees |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015 |publisher=Professional Footballers' Association }}</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2015\u201316 season. On 9 August 2015, Coutinho scored the winning goal in the 86th minute with a curling 25-yard shot in Liverpool's first match of the 2015\u201316 Premier League, a 1\u20130 victory away to Stoke City. He was sent off on 29 August in a 3\u20130 home defeat to West Ham United, being booked the first time for dissent and the second for a foul on Dim"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": "itri Payet. On 31 October, he scored his first Liverpool brace, with two long-range shots in a 3\u20131 away victory over Chelsea. On 21 November, Coutinho scored in a 4\u20131 away victory over Manchester City, the first time he had scored in three consecutive Premier League matches. On 5 January 2016, Coutinho suffered a hamstring injury in a 1\u20130 away win over Stoke City in the first leg of the 2015\u201316 League Cup semi-finals, which sidelined him for five weeks. On 9 February, he returned to score a goal to make it 1\u20131 against West Ham United in the 2015\u201316 FA Cup, although Liverpool lost 2\u20131 after extra time. In the 2016 League Cup final on 28 February, Coutinho scored an 83rd-minute equaliser in a 1\u20131 draw against Manchester City. However, in the subsequent penalty shoot-out, his \"hesitant\" attempt was one of three saved by victorious City goalkeeper Willy Caballero. On 17 March, Coutinho scored Liverpool's goal in a 1\u20131 away draw with Manchester United, helping Liverpool to a 3\u20131 aggregate victory to progress to the quarter-final of the 2015\u201316 UEFA Europa League. On 13 April, Coutinho"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " was one of six players nominated for the 2015\u201316 PFA Young Player of the Year award. He played in Liverpool's 3\u20131 defeat to Sevilla in the 2016 Europa League final on 18 May at St. Jakob-Park.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2016\u201317 season. Coutinho scored twice in Liverpool's 2016\u201317 Premier League season opener on 14 August 2016 in a 4\u20133 win against Arsenal. His first goal was a curling 30-yard free kick to equalise at the end of the first half. He was voted man of the match for three successive matches for Liverpool against West Bromwich Albion, Crystal Palace and Watford. After 11 league matches, Liverpool reached the top of the table for the first time since May 2014, with Coutinho having played an important role. On 26 November, Coutinho suffered ankle ligament damage in the first half of a 2\u20130 win against Sunderland. He missed six weeks, returning to action on 11 January against Southampton in the 2016\u201317 EFL Cup semi-final first leg. In January 2017, Coutinho signed a new five-year contract with no release clause with Liverpool which would keep him at the club until June 2022. He was named man of the match for his performance"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " on 1 April 2017 in a 3\u20131 victory over Everton after scoring and assisting a goal. Coutinho became the leading Brazilian goalscorer in Premier League history after scoring his 30th Premier League goal in a win against Stoke City, overtaking Juninho.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2017\u201318 season. In August 2017, Liverpool rejected a \u00a372\u00a0million bid from Barcelona for Coutinho, prompting him to submit a transfer request. Two more improved bids from Barcelona were rejected, leading one of their directors, Albert Soler, to claim Liverpool wanted \u00a3183\u00a0million for Coutinho, which Liverpool denied. Coutinho made his first appearance of the 2016\u201317 season for Liverpool on 13 September, coming on as a substitute in the 75th minute of a 2\u20132 draw against Sevilla in the 2017\u201318 Champions League. He scored his first goal of the 2017\u201318 Premier League on 23 September in a 3\u20132 victory away to Leicester City. On 6 December, Coutinho captained Liverpool for the first time in the absence of Jordan Henderson in a 7\u20130 home win against Spartak Moscow in the final group stage match of the season's Champions League, in which he scored his first hat-trick for the club. His second goal"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": ", a tap-in from Roberto Firmino's pass, was his 50th career goal for Liverpool in all competitions. Later that month, he opened the scoring in a 4\u20130 away win over AFC Bournemouth as Liverpool become the first team in Premier League history to win four consecutive league matches by at least a three-goal margin. On 26 December, he captained Liverpool in his 200th appearance for the club, scoring once and providing an assist in a 5\u20130 league win over Swansea City to score his third goal in as many league matches. Coutinho played what transpired to be his final match for Liverpool on 30 December 2017, featuring prominently in a 2\u20131 home win against Leicester City. On 31 December, sportswear company Nike\u2014Coutinho and Barcelona's sponsor\u2014advertised Coutinho's image on the back of a Barcelona shirt, despite Coutinho still being a Liverpool player at the time. Coutinho was omitted from the Liverpool squad to face Burnley on 1 January 2018 with a minor thigh injury. He left Liverpool having registered 12 goals and nine assists in 20 appearances for the club in the 2017\u201318 season.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2017\u201318 and 2018\u201319"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " seasons. On 6 January 2018, Liverpool confirmed they had reached an agreement with La Liga club Barcelona for the transfer of Coutinho. His transfer fee was reported to be an initial \u00a3105\u00a0million rising to \u00a3142\u00a0million with various clauses being met. During his medical, he was diagnosed with a thigh injury sustained a few days before joining Barcelona, meaning that he would be out for three weeks. Coutinho made his debut on 25 January, in a 2\u20130 (2\u20131 on aggregate) win against Espanyol in the quarter-final of the 2017\u201318 Copa del Rey, coming on as a 68th-minute substitute. Assisted by Luis Su\u00e1rez, Coutinho scored his first Barcelona goal on 8 February against Valencia in the second leg of the Copa del Rey semi-finals just four minutes after coming on as a half-time substitute. On 28 October 2018, Coutinho scored his first El Cl\u00e1sico goal in a 5\u20131 win against Real Madrid. He scored his first Champions League goal with Barcelona on 4 October in a 4\u20132 away win against Tottenham Hotspur. On 16 April 2019, Coutinho scored a goal in a 3\u20130 win over Manchester United in the Champions League quarter-finals, which he celebrated"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " by putting his fingers in his ears and closing his eyes in response to recent criticism from fans. Former Barcelona player Rivaldo commented on the incident, saying: \"It was not a good gesture. He scored a great goal, but it's never good to do something like that to the fans\", then he added, \"The supporters criticise him because they know he has to give more. I don't know what happened to him during the week, what he read in the newspapers or saw on television, but you have to keep working, think about the next game and score goals. If he scores everything will change and he will be a player for the club.\" However, Coutinho won his second La Liga title with Barcelona in the 2018\u201319 season, in which he played 54 matches in all competitions, scoring 11 goals.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2019\u20132021: Loan to Bayern Munich and return to Barcelona. On 19 August 2019, Coutinho joined Bundesliga club Bayern Munich on loan for the 2019\u201320 season. Bayern paid a loan fee of \u20ac8.5\u00a0million plus Coutinho's wages. Bayern reportedly had the option to sign Coutinho on a permanent contract in the summer of 2020 for \u20ac120\u00a0million. He made his debut on"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " 24 August in a 3\u20130 win away to Schalke 04, in which he came on as a 57th-minute substitute. On 21 September, he scored his first goal for Bayern in a 4\u20130 win against 1. FC K\u00f6ln. Coutinho said in a press conference that he was happy at Bayern Munich and intended to stay there. Coutinho scored his first hat-trick for Bayern Munich pn 14 December in a 6\u20131 win over Werder Bremen. On 14 August 2020, Coutinho came on in the second half of their Champions League quarter-final match against his parent club Barcelona, assisting Robert Lewandowski in the 82nd minute for the sixth goal and scoring the last two goals in the 85th and 89th minutes to complete an 8\u20132 victory. Coutinho came on as a substitute in the 2020 Champions League final, in which Bayern beat Paris Saint-Germain 1\u20130, which was the club's second treble of Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal and Champions League titles. Coutinho returned to Barcelona with the arrival of new coach Ronald Koeman. On 4 October 2020, he scored his first goal of the 2020\u201321 season in a 1\u20131 draw against Sevilla. On"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " 29 December, he suffered a knee injury in a 1\u20131 draw against Eibar and missed the remainder of the season.</s><s>Club career.:Aston Villa. On 7 January 2022, Coutinho joined Premier League club Aston Villa on loan for the remainder of the 2021\u201322 season, reuniting with former Liverpool teammate Steven Gerrard, Aston Villa's manager. Coutinho made his debut on 15 January as a 70th-minute substitute against Manchester United, scoring the equaliser in a 2\u20132 home draw. On 12 May 2022, Coutinho signed for Aston Villa permanently for an undisclosed transfer fee, reported to be \u00a317\u00a0million, on a four-year contract.</s><s>International career. Having made youth appearances for Brazil from the under-14 team upwards, Coutinho became a key player in the Brazil squad that won the 2009 South American U-17 Championship, scoring three goals. Coutinho made his debut for the Brazil national team on 7 October 2010, starting in a friendly match against Iran. He was omitted from the squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil by manager Luiz Felipe Scolari. On 19 August 2014, Coutinho was called up to the national squad by new Brazil manager Dunga for the friendly matches against Colombia"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " and Ecuador in September, and played the final 25 minutes of the match against Ecuador. On 29 March 2015, he was selected to start in Brazil's 1\u20130 friendly victory over Chile in London. Coutinho was included in Brazil's squad for the 2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica, and he scored his first international goal on 7 June during a 2\u20130 friendly win over Mexico at Allianz Parque. In May 2016, Coutinho was included in Brazil's squad for the Copa Am\u00e9rica Centenario in the United States. On 8 June, in the second group match at the Camping World Stadium, he scored a hat-trick in a 7\u20131 win against Haiti. Brazil did not advance past the group stage after losing 1\u20130 to Peru. On 28 March 2017, Coutinho scored in a 3\u20130 win against Paraguay that ensured Brazil qualified for the 2018 World Cup. Coutinho was named in the Brazil squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. On 17 June 2018, he scored on his World Cup debut with a right-footed curling shot from outside the penalty area into the corner of the goal in Brazil's 1\u20131 draw with Switzerland in the group stage. In the following match against Costa Rica on 22 June,"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " he scored the opening goal in injury time of the second half and was named man of the match as Brazil won 2\u20130. On 6 July, he assisted Renato Augusto's goal in a 2\u20131 quarter-final defeat to Belgium as Brazil were eliminated from the World Cup. In May 2019, Coutinho was included in Brazil's squad for the 2019 Copa Am\u00e9rica on home soil. He earned his 50th cap for Brazil in the tournament's opening match on 14 June, and scored twice in a 3\u20130 win over Bolivia. He played in Brazil's 3\u20131 win over Peru in the final on 7 July at the Maracan\u00e3 Stadium, helping the national team to their first major trophy in 12 years. Coutinho missed the 2021 Copa Am\u00e9rica in Brazil due to a knee injury. After going through 2021 without making an international appearance, Coutinho returned to the national team's line-up for 2022 World Cup qualifiers in early 2022, scoring against Paraguay and Chile. On 6 November, however, it was announced that he had suffered a muscular injury that would rule him out of the tournament.</s><s>Style of play. Considered to be an archetypal Brazilian number 10 advanced playmaker, Coutinho has been used as"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " an attacking midfielder, second striker, as a central midfielder in a number 8 role, and even as a wide attacking midfielder on the wing, where he excels at providing assists for teammates. Due to his dribbling ability, pace and agility, he has been compared to Lionel Messi and Ronaldinho by his former Espanyol manager Mauricio Pochettino, who also said, \"Philippe... he has a special magic in his feet.\" Former Brazilian striker Careca has also compared Coutinho to Zico due to his creativity, and was highly praised by his Liverpool teammates. Coutinho's elite vision and passing ability earned him the nickname \"Little Magician\" by Liverpool fans and his precocious ability has also led his team's supporters to give him the nickname \"The Kid\". Although naturally right-footed, Coutinho is capable of playing with both feet and can strike the ball particularly well from distance. He has a penchant for scoring from curling shots with his right foot from just outside or well outside the penalty area, especially after cutting inside from the left flank, and placing the ball into the top corner of the goal, which has led his former Liverpool manager J\u00fcrgen Klopp to compare him to Alessandro Del Piero. He is also a highly accurate free kick"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": " taker.</s><s>Personal life. When Coutinho moved to Italy at age 18 to join Inter Milan, he was joined there by his parents and his girlfriend Ain\u00ea, whom he had first met at a friend's party. On moving to Espanyol, his parents returned to Brazil. He married Ain\u00ea in 2012 in Brazil. The couple have two daughters and one son. Coutinho has tattoos down his arms which form tributes to his family and his wife. He is a Christian. During the early morning hours of 20 February 2018, Coutinho found his Barcelona home burgled. He had been out eating dinner with his family, and he was having construction work done on his house, which made it easier for burglars to break in. In August 2018, Coutinho gained a Portuguese passport through his wife, making him no longer a non-EU player.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Vasco da Gama - Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie B: 2009 Inter Milan - Supercoppa Italiana: 2010 Liverpool - Football League Cup runner-up: 2015\u201316 - UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2015\u201316 Barcelona - La Liga: 2017\u201318, 2018"}, {"title": "Philippe Coutinho", "text": "\u201319 - Copa del Rey: 2017\u201318; runner-up: 2018\u201319 - Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a: 2018 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga: 2019\u201320 - DFB-Pokal: 2019\u201320 - UEFA Champions League: 2019\u201320 Brazil U17 - South American U-17 Championship: 2009 Brazil U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup: 2011 Brazil - Copa Am\u00e9rica: 2019 Individual - PFA Team of the Year: 2014\u201315 Premier League - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2015\u201316 - Liverpool Fans' Player of the Season Award: 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316 - Liverpool Players' Player of the Season Award: 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316 - Liverpool Goal of the Season: 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316 - Liverpool Performance of the Season: 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316 - Samba Gold Award (Samba d'Or): 2016 - Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year: 2016 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2018 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2018 - Bundesliga Goal of the Month: December 2019</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Philippe Coutinho", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000466", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ronaldinho.", "docs": [{"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": "<s>Ronaldinho Ronaldo de Assis Moreira (born 21 March 1980), commonly known as Ronaldinho Ga\u00facho () or simply Ronaldinho, is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who played mostly as an attacking midfielder, but was also deployed as a winger. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, he won two FIFA World Player of the Year awards and a Ballon d'Or. He is the only player ever to have won a World Cup, a Copa Am\u00e9rica, a Confederations Cup, a Champions League, a Copa Libertadores and a Ballon d'Or. A global icon of the sport, Ronaldinho was renowned for his technical skills, creativity, dribbling ability and accuracy from free-kicks, his use of tricks, feints, no-look passes and overhead kicks, as well as his ability to score and create goals, all prominent characteristics of his early-age background playing futsal. Ronaldinho made his career debut for Gr\u00eamio, in 1998. At age 20, he moved to Paris Saint-Germain in France before signing for Barcelona in 2003. In his second season with Barcelona, he won his first FIFA World Player of the Year award as Barcelona won the"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " 2004\u201305 La Liga title. The season that followed is considered one of the best in his career as he was integral in Barcelona winning the 2005\u201306 UEFA Champions League, their first in fourteen years, and another La Liga title, giving Ronaldinho his first career double, receiving the 2005 Ballon d'Or and his second FIFA World Player of the Year in the process. After scoring two spectacular solo goals in the first 2005\u201306 El Cl\u00e1sico, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player, after Diego Maradona in 1983, to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernab\u00e9u. Following a second-place La Liga finish to Real Madrid in the 2006\u201307 season and an injury-plagued 2007\u201308 season, Ronaldinho suffered a decline in his performances\u2014often put down to a decrease in dedication and focus having achieved so much in the sport\u2014and departed Barcelona to join AC Milan, where he won the 2010\u201311 Serie A. He returned to Brazil to play for Flamengo in 2011 and Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro a year later where he won the 2013 Copa Libertadores, before moving to Mexico to play for Quer\u00e9taro and then back to Brazil to play for Fluminense"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " in 2015. Ronaldinho accumulated numerous other individual awards in his career: he was included in the UEFA Team of the Year and the FIFA World XI three times each, and was named UEFA Club Footballer of the Year for the 2005\u201306 season and South American Footballer of the Year in 2013; in 2004, he was named by Pel\u00e9 in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. In his international career with Brazil, Ronaldinho earned 97 caps and scored 33 goals and represented his country in two FIFA World Cups. After debuting with the \"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o\" by winning the 1999 Copa Am\u00e9rica, he was an integral part of the 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning team, starring alongside Ronaldo and Rivaldo in an attacking trio, and was named in the FIFA World Cup All-Star Team. As captain, he led his team to the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup title and was named man of the match in the final. He also captained the Brazil Olympic team to a bronze medal in men's football at the 2008 Summer Olympics.</s><s>Early and personal life. Ronaldo de Assis Moreira was born on 21 March 1980 in the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil."}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " His mother, Miguelina El\u00f3i Assis dos Santos, was a salesperson who studied to become a nurse. His father, Jo\u00e3o de Assis Moreira, was a shipyard worker and a footballer for the local club Esporte Clube Cruzeiro (not to be confused with the larger Cruzeiro Esporte Clube). After Ronaldo's older brother Roberto signed with Gr\u00eamio, the family moved to a home in the more affluent Guaruj\u00e1 section of Porto Alegre, which was a gift from Gr\u00eamio to convince Roberto to stay at the club. Still, Roberto's career was ultimately cut short by injury. It was in their new home where his father hit his head and drowned in the swimming pool when Ronaldo was eight. Today, Roberto acts as his manager, while his sister Deisi works as his press coordinator. Ronaldo's football skills began to blossom at the age of eight, and he was first given the nickname \"Ronaldinho\" \u2013 \"inho\" meaning small \u2013 because he was often the youngest and the smallest player in youth club matches. He developed an interest in futsal and beach football, which later expanded to organized football. Many of his signature moves originate from futsal"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": ", especially his ball control. His first brush with the media came at the age of 13, when he scored all 23 goals in a 23\u20130 victory against a local team. Ronaldinho was identified as a rising star at the 1997 U-17 World Championship in Egypt, in which he scored two goals on penalty kicks. Growing up, his idols included the World Cup winning stars; Rivelino (from 1970), Diego Maradona (from 1986), Rom\u00e1rio (from 1994), and his two future international teammates Ronaldo and Rivaldo (which would form the attacking trio in Brazil's 2002 World Cup winning team). Ronaldinho is the father of a son, Jo\u00e3o, born on February 25, 2005, to Brazilian dancer Jana\u00edna Mendes and named after his late father. He gained Spanish citizenship in 2007. In March 2018, Ronaldinho joined the Brazilian Republican Party, which has links to the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Ronaldinho endorsed presidential candidate Jair Bolsonaro in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Gr\u00eamio. Ronaldinho's career began with the Gr\u00eamio youth squad. He made his senior side debut during the 1998 Copa Libertadores. 1999"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " saw the emergence of the 18-year-old Ronaldinho, with 22 goals in 47 matches, and he put in headlining displays in derbies against Internacional, most notably on 20 June 1999 in the Rio Grande do Sul State Championship final. In a match-winning performance, Ronaldinho embarrassed Internacional's Brazilian legend and 1994 World Cup-winning captain Dunga, flicking the ball over his head on one occasion, and leaving him flat-footed in a mazy dribble on another. Ronaldinho achieved further success with Gr\u00eamio, winning the inaugural Copa Sul. In 2001, Arsenal expressed interest in signing Ronaldinho, but the move collapsed after he could not obtain a work permit because he was a non-EU player who had not played enough international matches. He considered playing on loan with Scottish Premier League side St Mirren, which never happened due to his involvement in a fake passport scandal in Brazil.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain. In 2001, Ronaldinho signed a five-year contract with French club Paris Saint-Germain in a \u20ac5\u00a0million transfer. Upon his arrival in Paris, Ronaldinho was given the number 21 shirt and inserted into a lineup that included fellow Brazilian Alo\u00eds"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": "io, midfielder Jay-Jay Okocha and striker Nicolas Anelka.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain.:2001\u201302 season. Ronaldinho made his league debut for the club on 4 August 2001, appearing as a substitute in a 1\u20131 draw with Auxerre. Ronaldinho spent the majority of the first few months of the 2001\u201302 season alternated between the bench and starter's role. He scored his first goal for the club on 13 October in a 2\u20132 draw against Lyon, converting the equalizing penalty in the 79th minute after having come on ten minutes prior. After returning from the winter break, Ronaldinho went on a tear, scoring a goal in four consecutive matches to open the new campaign. He recorded impressive goals against Monaco, Rennes, Lens and Lorient. On 16 March 2002, he recorded a double in PSG's 3\u20131 victory against relegation strugglers Troyes. He scored his final league goal of the season in the club's 2\u20130 win over Metz on 27 April. Ronaldinho was also influential in the 2001\u201302 Coupe de la Ligue, helping PSG reach the semi-finals where they were eliminated by Bordeaux. In a Round of 16 match"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " against Guingamp, Ronaldinho scored two second half goals in the game after having entered the match as a half-time substitute. Despite Ronaldinho's initial success with the club, the season was marred by controversy with Paris Saint-Germain manager Luis Fern\u00e1ndez, claiming that the Brazilian was too focused on the Parisian nightlife rather than football, and complained that his holidays in Brazil never ended at the scheduled times.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain.:2002\u201303 season. Despite repeated rifts with Fern\u00e1ndez, Ronaldinho returned to the team for the 2002\u201303 season, with the player switching to the number 10 shirt. Though his performances in his second season with the club were underwhelming compared to his first, Ronaldinho performed admirably with the club. On 26 October 2002, he scored two goals in PSG's 3\u20131 victory over \"Classique\" rivals Marseille. The first goal was a free kick, which curled past numerous Marseille players in the 18-yard box before sailing past goalkeeper Vedran Runje. In the return match, he again scored in PSG's 3\u20130 victory at the Stade V\u00e9lodrome, running half the length of the field"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " before flicking the ball over the goalkeeper. On 22 February 2003, Ronaldinho scored the goal of the season (chosen by public vote) against Guingamp \u2014 he beat one opponent before playing a one-two to beat another, then lifted the ball over a third before beating a fourth with a step over (dropping his shoulder, moving right but going left) and finished by lifting the ball over the goalkeeper. Ronaldinho was also praised for his performance in the Coupe de France when he scored both goals in the club's 2\u20130 win over Bordeaux in the semi-finals, which inserted PSG into the final. After scoring his first goal in the 22nd minute, Ronaldinho capped the game in the 81st minute, accurately chipping the ball at the 18-yard box over the head of goalkeeper Ulrich Ram\u00e9, despite Ram\u00e9 being in a favorable position. For his performance, Ronaldinho was given a standing ovation by the Parisian supporters. Unfortunately for the club, however, Ronaldinho and the team failed to capture the form that got them to the final as they bowed out 2\u20131 to Auxerre due to a last minute goal from Jean-Alain Boumsong. Despite Ronaldinho's performances, the club"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " finished in a disappointing 11th-placed position. Following the season, Ronaldinho declared he wanted to leave the club after the capital club failed to qualify for any European competition.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona. Newly elected FC Barcelona president Joan Laporta stated, \"I said we would lead Bar\u00e7a to the forefront of the footballing world, and for that to occur we had to sign one of these three players, David Beckham, Thierry Henry or Ronaldinho\". Henry remained with Arsenal, and Laporta then promised to bring Beckham to the club, but following his transfer to Real Madrid, Barcelona entered the running for Ronaldinho and outbid Manchester United for his signature in a \u20ac30\u00a0million deal.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2003\u201304 season. The club where he would spend his peak years and the basis of his global fame, Ronaldinho made his Barcelona debut in a friendly against Juventus at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts on 27 July, with coach Frank Rijkaard stating post match, \"He has something special every time he touches the ball.\" He scored his first competitive goal in La Liga on 3 September 2003 against Sevilla at 1.30 a.m. local time, in a match that kicked off"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " at five minutes past midnight. After receiving the ball from his goalkeeper inside his own half, Ronaldinho ran through the midfield and dribbled past two Sevilla players before striking the ball from 30 yards which hammered off the underside of the crossbar and back up into the roof of the net. Ronaldinho suffered from injury during the first half of the campaign, and Barcelona slumped to 12th in the league standings midway through the season. Ronaldinho returned from injury and scored 15 goals in La Liga during the 2003\u201304 season, helping the team ultimately finish second in the league. His scooped pass set up the winning goal for Xavi away to Real Madrid on 25 April 2004, the club's first win at the Bernab\u00e9u in seven years, a result Xavi credits as the start of \"the Barcelona rise.\"</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2004\u201305 season. Ronaldinho won his first league title in 2004\u201305, and was named FIFA World Player of the Year on 20 December 2004. His captain at Barcelona, Carles Puyol, stated, \"The greatest compliment I could give him is that he's given Barcelona our spirit back. He has made us smile again.\" His fame was growing with his entertaining and productive play in both the La"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " Liga and the UEFA Champions League. On 8 March 2005, Barcelona were eliminated from the latter competition by Chelsea in the first knockout round, losing 5\u20134 over two legs. Ronaldinho scored both goals in the 4\u20132 second leg loss at Stamford Bridge in London, the second a spectacular strike where he feinted to shoot before striking the ball with little back-lift past Chelsea goalkeeper Petr \u010cech from 20 yards out. On 1 May 2005, Ronaldinho made the assist for Lionel Messi's first goal for Barcelona, executing a scooped pass over the Albacete defence for Messi to finish. With his contract expiring in 2008, Ronaldinho was offered an extension until 2014 that would have net him \u00a385\u00a0million over nine years, but he turned it down. In September 2005, he signed a two-year extension that contained a minimum-fee release clause that allowed him to leave should a club make an offer to Barcelona of at least \u00a385\u00a0million for him.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2005\u201306 season. By the end of the year 2005, Ronaldinho had started to accumulate a host of personal awards. He won the inaugural FIFPro World Player of the Year in September 2005, in addition to being included in the 2005"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " FIFPro World XI, and being named the 2005 European Footballer of the Year. Also that year, Ronaldinho was voted the FIFA World Player of the Year for the second consecutive year. He became only the third player to win the award more than once, after three-time winners Ronaldo and Zinedine Zidane. His domination as the world's best footballer was undisputed as he also won the prestigious Ballon d'Or for the only time in his career. On 19 November, Ronaldinho scored twice as Barcelona defeated Real Madrid 3\u20130 on the road in the first leg of \"El Cl\u00e1sico\". After he sealed the match with his second goal, Madrid fans paid homage to his performance by applauding, so rare a tribute only Diego Maradona had ever been granted previously as a Barcelona player at the Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium. Ronaldinho stated, \"I will never forget this because it is very rare for any footballer to be applauded in this way by the opposition fans.\" The season is considered one of the best in Ronaldinho's career as he was an instrumental part of Barcelona's first Champions League title in 14 years. After winning their group convincingly, Barcelona faced Chelsea in the round of 16 for a rematch of the previous year"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": ". Ronaldinho scored a decisive goal in the second leg, going past three Chelsea defenders on the edge of the penalty area before beating the goalkeeper, sealing Barcelona's qualification to the next round. He also contributed one goal in Barcelona's elimination of Benfica in the quarter-finals with a 2\u20130 home victory. After a 1\u20130 semi-final aggregate win over Milan, in which Ronaldinho assisted the series' only goal by Ludovic Giuly, Barcelona progressed to the Champions League Final, which they won on 17 May 2006 with a 2\u20131 beating of Arsenal. Two weeks earlier, Barcelona had clinched their second-straight La Liga title with a 1\u20130 win over Celta de Vigo, giving Ronaldinho his first career double. Throughout the season, Ronaldinho linked up with prolific Cameroonian striker Samuel Eto'o in attack, providing a number of assists to the 34 goal striker; Ronaldinho's pass also put Eto'o through on goal in the Champions League Final from which he was brought down by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann who was sent off. Ronaldinho finished the season with a career-best 26 goals, including seventeen in La Liga and seven in the Champions League, and was chosen for the UEFA Team of the Year"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " for the third consecutive time and was named the 2005\u201306 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year. He was named in the six man shortlist for the 2006 Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, and was selected in the FIFA World XI.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2006\u201307 season. On 25 November 2006, Ronaldinho scored his 50th career league goal against Villarreal, then scored a second time with a spectacular overhead bicycle kick; receiving Xavi's cross, he flicked the ball up with his chest and spun 180 degrees to finish \u2013 Barcelona fans waved white handkerchiefs in admiration of the goal. Post match he told reporters that the latter was a goal he had dreamed of scoring since he was a boy. He scored once and set up two others in Barcelona's 4\u20130 Club World Cup win over Mexico's Club Am\u00e9rica on 14 December in Yokohama, Japan, but Barcelona were defeated 1\u20130 by Brazilian club Internacional in the final. Ronaldinho was the recipient of the Bronze Ball Award for the competition. The next day, Ronaldinho finished third in the 2006 FIFA World Player of the Year, behind 2006 World Cup-winning captain Fabio Cannavaro and Zinedine Zidane."}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " In March 2007, defending champions Barcelona were eliminated from the Champions League at the last 16 stage by Liverpool. Ronaldinho was forced to miss a charity match on 13 March due to an injury he had picked up several days earlier in Barcelona's 3\u20133 \"El Cl\u00e1sico\" draw with Real Madrid. Although Ronaldinho scored his career-best 21 league goals, the team lost the title to Real with a worse head-to-head record, as both teams finished the season with the same number of points.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2007\u201308 season. Ronaldinho played his 200th career match for Barcelona in a league match against Osasuna on 3 February 2008. His 2007\u201308 campaign as a whole, however, was plagued by injuries, and a muscle tear in his right leg on 3 April prematurely ended his season. Having been a model professional and devoted himself to training during his hugely successful first three seasons at Barcelona, Ronaldinho's partying lifestyle and lack of dedication to training saw his physical condition decline, with many at the club believing he was already below his prime. On 19 May 2008, Barcelona club president Joan Laporta stated that Ronaldinho needed a \"new challenge\", claiming that he needed a new club if he were to revive his"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " career. Ronaldinho and Barcelona teammate Lionel Messi each captained a team of international stars in an anti-racism exhibition match in Venezuela on 28 June, which ended in a 7\u20137 draw. Ronaldinho finished with a pair of goals and two assists in what would be his last match as a Barcelona player. In preparation for the 2010 Joan Gamper Trophy, Ronaldinho sent an open letter to the fans and players of Barcelona, stating that his best years had been the five he spent in the Catalan club. It was a sad moment for him and he later said in an interview that he regretted leaving without playing long enough with Messi.</s><s>Club career.:AC Milan. In July 2008, Ronaldinho turned down a \u00a325.5\u00a0million offer from Manchester City of the Premier League, with purported wages of \u00a3200,000 per week on offer, to join Italian Serie A giants AC Milan on a three-year contract thought to be worth around \u00a35.1\u00a0million (\u20ac6.5\u00a0million) a year, for \u20ac22.05 million plus \u20ac1.05 million bonus each season (\u20ac24.15 million in 2010). With the number 10 already occupied by teammate Clarence Seedorf, he selected 80 as his jersey number.</s><s>Club"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " career.:AC Milan.:2008\u201309 season. Ronaldinho scored his first goal for Milan in a 1\u20130 derby victory over Inter Milan on 28 September. His first brace was in a 3\u20130 win over Sampdoria on 19 October. He scored a 93rd-minute match-winner against Braga in the UEFA Cup group stage on 6 November. Ronaldinho finished the 2008\u201309 season at Milan with 10 goals from 32 appearances in all competitions. After a good start to the season, Ronaldinho struggled with fitness, and was often played from the bench to end a disappointing first season for Milan. A perceived lack of dedication in training and a lifestyle of late night partying not befitting of an athlete saw him receive criticism, with Carlo Ancelotti, his coach at Milan in his first season in Italy, commenting, \"The decline of Ronaldinho hasn't surprised me. His physical condition has always been very precarious. His talent though has never been in question.\"</s><s>Club career.:AC Milan.:2009\u201310 season. Ronaldinho's second season did not begin on a high note, but he soon rediscovered his form and was arguably Milan's best player of the season. Newly appointed coach Leonardo changed his role from a central attacking midfielder to the left side"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " of midfield, with Alexandre Pato on the right, in an offensive 4\u20133\u20133 formation. On 10 January 2010, Ronaldinho scored two goals against Juventus in an away match, sealing a 3\u20130 victory for Milan. In the following match, against Siena on 17 January, Ronaldinho scored his first hat-trick for Milan when he converted a penalty kick, scored with a header from a corner and finished with a strike into the top right corner from 20 yards out. The \"Estado De S\u00e3o Paulo\" newspaper declared, \"Ronaldinho revives his golden years.\" On 16 February, Ronaldinho played against Manchester United in the Champions League. He scored early in the game at the San Siro to give Milan the lead. Milan ended up losing the game 3\u20132, with a goal from Paul Scholes and two goals from Wayne Rooney. Ronaldinho finished the season as the assists leader of Serie A. On a less positive note, however, he missed three penalties in the domestic season to add to one botched kick the previous season. Ronaldinho ended the Serie A campaign scoring two goals against Juventus; Luca Antonini opened the scoring and Milan went on to win 3\u20130 in Leonardo's last game in charge.</s>"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": "<s>Club career.:AC Milan.:2010\u201311 season. During the first half of the season, Ronaldinho was part of the team's attack that also included two new signings, Zlatan Ibrahimovi\u0107 and Robinho. Before the winter break, he made 16 appearances, scored one goal, and made several assists.</s><s>Club career.:Flamengo. After being heavily linked with a move back to his childhood club Gr\u00eamio, Ronaldinho joined Flamengo on 11 January 2011 with a contract ending in 2014. During the transfer saga, many reports had linked the former World Player of the Year to joining different clubs, such as LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer, Blackburn Rovers of the Premier League, and Brazilian clubs Corinthians and Palmeiras. He was greeted by more than 20,000 fans at his unveiling at his new club on 13 January 2011. Ronaldinho scored his first goal for Flamengo in the 3\u20132 victory against Boavista on 6 February 2011. On 27 February, he converted a second-half free kick for Flamengo to beat Boavista 1\u20130 and win his first piece of silverware with the team, the Ta\u00e7a Guanabara. Ronaldinho lifted his first trophy with Flameng"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": "o after curling in a right-footed shot over the wall in the 71st minute at Engenh\u00e3o stadium. The goal gave Flamengo its 19th Ta\u00e7a Guanabara title, which earned the Campeonato Carioca title two months later, as the team also won the Ta\u00e7a Rio. On 27 July 2011, Ronaldinho scored a hat-trick in Flamengo's 5\u20134 away win against rivals Santos, after being 3\u20130 down inside the first 30 minutes. On 31 May 2012, after being absent for a few days, he sued Flamengo claiming lack of payment for four months and cancelled his contract with the club.</s><s>Club career.:Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro. Ronaldinho made a move to Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro on 4 June 2012 in a six-month contract, just four days after leaving Flamengo. He wore number 49 in reference to his mother's birth year since his preferred number 10 was already assigned to Guilherme in the 2012 season. Ronaldinho made his debut for Galo on 9 June 2012, playing for 90 minutes in a 1\u20130 away win against Palmeiras, and scored his first goal for the club on 23 June 2012 against N\u00e1utico"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": ", from the penalty spot. Ronaldinho led Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro to a good 2012 season, in which the club finished second in the 2012 Brasileir\u00e3o and qualified for the 2013 Copa Libertadores. Ronaldinho won the Bola de Ouro award, selected as the best player in the league. The following year, Ronaldinho helped Atl\u00e9tico win the Campeonato Mineiro and led the club to its first Copa Libertadores title. Ronaldinho scored four goals and assisted on eight occasions during Atl\u00e9tico's dramatic title run, which included consecutive comebacks from 0\u20132 first leg defeats in both the semi-finals against Argentine club Newell's Old Boys and the finals against Club Olimpia from Paraguay. Both ties were determined in Atl\u00e9tico's favour after penalty shootouts. Although six years past his best, Ronaldinho's displays saw him voted the 2013 South American Footballer of the Year. At the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup held in Morocco in December, Atl\u00e9tico lost 3\u20131 to Raja Casablanca in the semi-final, with Ronaldinho scoring from a free-kick. As the final whistle blew, the Raja Casablanca team rushed to their childhood idol and"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " stripped him down to his underpants in search of souvenirs. He renewed his contract with Atl\u00e9tico in January 2014. After winning the 2014 Recopa Sudamericana, Ronaldinho left the club in July, reaching an agreement to cancel his contract by mutual consent.</s><s>Club career.:Quer\u00e9taro. After becoming a free agent, Ronaldinho was offered contracts from English Conference South club Basingstoke Town and newly formed Indian Super League franchise Chennai Titans through their co-owner Prashant Agarwal, but eventually signed a two-year contract with Mexican club Quer\u00e9taro on 5 September 2014. Ronaldinho made his debut for Quer\u00e9taro in a 1\u20130 loss to Tigres UANL where he missed a penalty kick. In his next match, however, against Guadalajara, he had a much better game, setting up Camilo Sanvezzo to score as well as scoring himself from a penalty kick in a 4\u20131 win. On 30 October 2014, he scored a free kick against Atlas during an away match at the Estadio Jalisco. On 18 April 2015, Ronaldinho scored twice against Liga MX title-holders Am\u00e9rica in an away game at the Estadio Azteca,"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " in which his team won 4\u20130. All of the spectators, mostly consisting of Am\u00e9rica supporters, gave a standing ovation to Ronaldinho after his goals had brought him to tears. This was the second time in Ronaldinho's career he had received such an ovation from opposing fans (after Madrid fans had applauded his performance in a Barcelona shirt in 2005), and after the match, Ronaldinho stated in an interview, \"It is an emotion to live more. I had an ovation at the Bernab\u00e9u and now here. I never imagined this. It is something that makes me like Mexico even more and I feel right at home.\" Ronaldinho scored two penalties in consecutive matches, the second giving Quer\u00e9taro the classification to the Liga MX playoffs. On 17 May 2015, Quer\u00e9taro progressed to the semi-finals after defeating Veracruz 4\u20133 aggregate. In the second match, Ronaldinho scored a free kick with the help of the opponent's goalkeeper who made contact with the ball. Quer\u00e9taro eventually advanced to the final after beating Pachuca on aggregate 2\u20132. In the final against Santos Laguna, Quer\u00e9taro lost the first leg 0\u20135 and then won the 2nd leg 3\u2013"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": "0 but lost 3\u20135 on aggregate. In June 2015, Ronaldinho, now 35, announced his departure from the club and thanked the Mexican people and fans of Quer\u00e9taro: \"I want to thank all the Mexican nation for all the days that I have lived with people so special, you will be forever in my heart. Thank you very much the Nation Gallos Blancos, which made me very proud to wear this shirt and defend this club.\"</s><s>Club career.:Fluminense. On 11 July 2015, Ronaldinho announced his return to Brazil and signed an 18-month contract with Fluminense, but on 28 September, Ronaldinho reached a mutual agreement with the club to terminate the deal. He made nine appearances during his two-month stint at the club, failing to impress and being heavily criticized by the fans. Fluminense sporting director Mario Bittencourt stated, \"Ronaldinho asked us for a meeting. He respectfully told us he didn't feel he was able to perform as good as he wanted and that it was a bad situation for him. He made a great gesture in saying he wasn't being the player he felt he could be right now. I'll never speak about whether or not he is retiring. That's not something"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " you say about a player of his calibre. He was always spectacular, as player and person.\"</s><s>Club career.:Futsal in India. In July 2016, Ronaldinho played for the \"Goa 5\u2032s\", a futsal team from Goa in India, together with Ryan Giggs, Paul Scholes, M\u00edchel Salgado, and Hern\u00e1n Crespo as well as futsal player Falc\u00e3o in the Premier Futsal League. After two games, he left India to be an ambassador of the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro. He was replaced by Cafu. From September to early October 2017, Ronaldinho joined the \"Delhi Dragons\" from Delhi in the Premier Futsal League. He scored 16 goals in eight games.</s><s>Club career.:Retirement. On 16 January 2018, Ronaldinho confirmed his retirement from football through his brother/agent: \"He has stopped, it is ended. Let's do something pretty big and nice after the Russia World Cup, probably in August.\" Such a celebration was supposed to take place three years after his last appearance for Fluminense, but has not materialized. He retired as one of just eight players to have won the FIFA World Cup"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": ", the UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or. Ronaldinho appeared at the closing ceremony of the 2018 FIFA World Cup at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 15 July, performing a few bars of the Russian folk song \"Kalinka\" (sung by opera singer Aida Garifullina) on an African drum.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Youth teams. In 1997, Ronaldinho was part of the first Brazilian team to win the FIFA U-17 World Championship, which was held in Egypt, in which his first goal was a penalty against Austria in the first group match, which Brazil won 7\u20130. Ronaldinho finished with two goals and was awarded the Bronze Ball award as Brazil scored a total of 21 goals while only conceding 2. 1999 was a busy year for Ronaldinho in terms of international play. First he appeared in the South American Youth Championship, where he scored three goals in nine appearances and helped the U20s to reach third place. Then he took part in that year's FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, scoring his first goal in Brazil's last group match. In the round of 16, he scored two first-half goals in a 4\u20130 win over Croatia, and finished with three"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " goals as Brazil were eliminated by Uruguay in the quarter-finals.</s><s>International career.:Early success. On 26 June, three days before the start of the 1999 Copa Am\u00e9rica, he earned his first cap for Brazil in a 3\u20130 win over Latvia, and he scored one goal during Brazil's victorious Copa Am\u00e9rica campaign. One week after the conclusion of the Copa Am\u00e9rica, he was called up for the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup, in which he scored in every match except the final, including a hat-trick in an 8\u20132 semi-final rout of Saudi Arabia. In the final, Brazil lost 4\u20133 to Mexico. Ronaldinho won the Golden Ball award for the best player in tournament as well as the Golden Boot award for the tournament top-scorer. In 2000, Ronaldinho participated in the Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, with the U23 national team. Earlier that year, Ronaldinho led Brazil to win the Pre-Olympic Tournament, scoring nine goals in seven matches. In the Olympics, however, Brazil were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Cameroon, who later won the gold medal. Ronaldinho appeared four times and scored only one goal, which came in the quarter-final defeat"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " by Cameroon.</s><s>International career.:2002 World Cup glory. Ronaldinho participated in his first World Cup in 2002, as part of a formidable offensive unit with Ronaldo and Rivaldo, dubbed the \"Three Rs\", who were also on the 1999 Copa Am\u00e9rica winning squad. The World Cup was held in South Korea and Japan, and Ronaldinho appeared in five matches during the tournament and scored two goals, as well as contributing with three assists. His first goal came in the group stage match against China PR, which Brazil won 4\u20130. The most memorable match in Ronaldinho's World Cup career took place in the quarter-final against England on 21 June. With Brazil trailing after Michael Owen's 23-minute strike, Ronaldinho turned the game around. Having received the ball inside his own half, Ronaldinho ran at the England defence and wrong footed star defender Ashley Cole with a trademark step over before passing the ball to Rivaldo on the edge of the penalty area to score the equalising goal just before half-time. Then, in the 50th minute, Ronaldinho took a free-kick from 40 yards out which curled into the top left corner of the net, completely surprising England's goalkeeper David Seaman, giving Brazil a 2\u20131 lead."}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " Seven minutes later, however, he was controversially sent-off for a foul on England's defender Danny Mills. Ronaldinho was suspended for the semi-final, but returned to Brazil's starting lineup for the 2\u20130 victory over Germany in the final as Brazil won its record fifth World Cup title.</s><s>International career.:2005 Confederations Cup title. Ronaldinho's next international tournament was the 2003 Confederations Cup, in which he went scoreless as Brazil were eliminated in the group stage. The following year, he was dropped from Brazil's 2004 Copa Am\u00e9rica squad, as coach Carlos Alberto Parreira decided to rest his stars and used a largely reserve squad. After falling short in 1999 and 2003, Ronaldinho was the captain of Brazil and led his team to its second ever Confederations Cup title in 2005. He converted a penalty kick in a 3\u20132 semi-final win against host Germany and was named Man of the Match in a 4\u20131 victory over archrival Argentina in the final on 29 June. Ronaldinho scored three goals in the tournament and is tied with Mexican forward Cuauht\u00e9moc Blanco as the tournament's all-time scorer with nine goals.</s><s>International career.:2006 World Cup. For the 2006 World Cup"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " finals, Ronaldinho was part of Brazil's much-publicized \"magic quartet\" of offensive players alongside Adriano, Ronaldo and Kak\u00e1, which was expected to provide the \"Joga Bonito\" style of play that was the focus of an extensive advertising campaign by Nike leading up to the tournament. However, deemed \"top heavy and unbalanced\", the team finished with ten goals in five games, with Ronaldinho himself going scoreless and finishing with only one assist (for Gilberto's goal in a 4\u20131 group stage victory over Japan), as he turned in his worst collective performance in his international career. Brazil endured a disappointing campaign that culminated in a 1\u20130 loss to France in the quarter-finals, during which the \"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o\" had only one shot on goal. The team was harshly criticized by Brazilian fans and media following their return home. On 3 July, two days after Brazil's elimination, vandals immolated and destroyed a 23-foot (7.5-metre) tall fiberglass and resin statue of Ronaldinho in Chapec\u00f3. The statue had been erected in 2004 to celebrate his first FIFA World Player of the Year award. That same day, Ronaldinho, joined by Adriano, returned to the city"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " of Barcelona and held a party at his home, which was continued into the early morning hours at a nightclub. This aggravated the hard feelings of many Brazilian fans, who believed that they were betrayed by the lack of effort from the squad. Displaying a passivity to Brazil's poor showing, the 2006 World Cup is now seen as the turning point in Ronaldinho's career, with his time at the summit of the game almost up. 1970 Brazil World Cup winner Tost\u00e3o wrote in \"O Tempo\": \"Ronaldinho lacks an important characteristic of Maradona and Pel\u00e9 \u2014 aggression. They transformed themselves in adversity. They became possessed, and furious.\"</s><s>International career.:2008 Olympic medal. On 24 March 2007, Ronaldinho scored twice in a 4\u20130 win over Chile, which marked his first goal since the 2005 Confederations Cup final and thus ended a scoreless streak that lasted nearly two years. He was not called up for the 2007 Copa Am\u00e9rica after asking to be excused from the tournament due to fatigue. On 18 October, he was controversially benched by Barcelona after he was late returning to Spain following Brazil's 5\u20130 friendly win over Ecuador. He and several Brazil players celebrated the win by partying through the night at a"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " posh Rio de Janeiro nightclub. Ronaldinho left at 11\u00a0am the next morning, allegedly in the trunk of a car in order to avoid the media. On 7 July 2008, Ronaldinho was named in Brazil's 2008 Summer Olympics squad as one of the overage players. Barcelona initially blocked the move because of his then-upcoming Champions League commitments with the club, but the decision was later nullified following Ronaldinho's transfer to Milan, who in turn permitted him to make the trip to Beijing, China. Ronaldinho captained the team, and he scored his only two goals in a 5\u20130 victory over New Zealand before Brazil were beaten by Argentina in the semi-final. Brazil finished with the bronze medal after defeating Belgium 3\u20130 in the third-place match.</s><s>International career.:2010 and 2014 World Cup absence. Despite having returned to good form and being named as a member of the 30-man provisional squad that was submitted to FIFA on 11 May 2010, he was not named in coach Dunga's final squad of 23 for the Brazilian squad in South Africa for the 2010 World Cup despite his deep desire to participate in the competition. Critics claimed that the exclusion of players such as Ronaldinho, Alexandre Pato, Adriano and Ronaldo"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " signaled a move away from the classic Brazilian attacking \"Joga Bonito\" style of play. At the tournament, Brazil was eliminated by the Netherlands in the quarter-final. In September 2011, Ronaldinho made his return to the national team under coach Mano Menezes in a friendly against Ghana at Fulham's Craven Cottage, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1\u20130 win for Brazil. He then had solid performances in back to back friendlies against Argentina in the same month. In October, he performed well against Mexico in a friendly, scoring a free kick to equalize after Dani Alves was sent off. Brazil went on to win the match with a goal from Marcelo. Ronaldinho's good form continued in 2013, and in January he was unexpectedly called up by coach Luiz Felipe Scolari for a friendly against England played on 6 February at Wembley Stadium as part of The Football Association (FA)'s 150th anniversary. Ronaldinho started in what was his 100th cap (including non-official matches), and had a chance to score from the penalty kick, but his shot was saved by Joe Hart. Brazil lost the match 1\u20132. He was again called up for the \"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o\", being named captain of"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " the national team for an international friendly with Chile on 24 April 2013. However, Ronaldinho was not selected for the national team for the 2013 Confederations Cup and he was also omitted from Scolari's 2014 World Cup finals squad.</s><s>Player profile.</s><s>Player profile.:Style of play. Ronaldinho is regarded as one of the greatest and most skilful players of all time. Due to his ability to score and create goals, he was capable of playing in several offensive positions, on either wing or in a free central role. Throughout his career, he was often deployed as a winger, although he usually played as a classic number 10 in an attacking midfielder role. While he is naturally right\u2013footed, during his time at Barcelona, Ronaldinho was also used as an inverted winger on the left flank at times by manager Frank Rijkaard, while the left\u2013footed Messi was deployed on the right; this position allowed him to take on defenders on the outside and cross the ball, or cut inside and shoot on goal with his stronger foot. He was also capable of playing as a second striker. Despite primarily being a creative player, who was renowned for his passing, vision, and playmaking ability, Ronaldinho was an accurate finisher with either foot"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": ", both from inside and outside the penalty area, as well as being a free-kick and penalty kick specialist. Although he was primarily known for his ability to bend the ball from set pieces, he was also capable of striking the ball with power underneath the wall, and also occasionally used the \"knuckleball\" technique, which was popularised by his compatriot Juninho Pernambucano. His versatility and prowess from set pieces made him one of the most prolific free kick takers in history, and also influenced his former teammate Messi, who went on to become a free kick specialist himself. Throughout his career, Ronaldinho was praised by pundits in particular for his technical skills, flair, and creativity, as well as his exceptional first touch. With his pace, acceleration, athleticism, balance, ball control, and dribbling ability, he was capable of beating players when undertaking individual runs, often using an array of tricks and feints to get past opponents in one on one situations, including step overs and nutmegs. Physically strong in possession of the ball, Richard Williams writes \"slender in build, the Brazilian has a strength belying the cartoonish smile\". He also incorporated flashy moves such as back\u2013heels, bicycle kicks, and no\u2013look"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " passes into his general gameplay. Among his repertoire of moves, is the \"elastico\", a move he learned by watching videos of one of his idols, the 1970s Brazilian star Rivelino. Ronaldinho came to be known as one of the best exponents of the feint, and in parts of Africa \u2013 especially Nigeria \u2013 this move is now called 'The Ga\u00facho' after him, due to his role in popularising the use of this particular skill.</s><s>Player profile.:Reception. ESPN described Ronaldinho as being \"skillful by nature, his tricks are unparalleled and he is wonderful with the ball at his feet. One of the coolest players in pressure situations\" and a \"fast, brash, skilful, tricky, an uninhibited playmaker\" who provides \"a mix of goals, assists, skills and a large repertoire of crafty moves\". Zlatan Ibrahimovi\u0107 stated, \"Prime Ronaldinho was phenomenal. He made his opponents look like children\". Former Portugal midfield playmaker Rui Costa has said of his vision and passing ability: \"There are not many players who can offer goal-scoring passes like he can. He is just marvellous. He is a rare case of an assist man who can"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " provide the ball from anywhere.\" In 2010, his former Barcelona teammate, Edgar Davids, said of him: \"For the skills and tricks, Ronaldinho was the best player that I ever played with.\" Another one of his former Barcelona teammate, Henrik Larsson, echoed this view. His compatriot Willian rated him as the greatest player of all time in 2019, while Juninho described him as the most skilful player he had ever seen. In 2019, \"FourFourTwo\" described him as \"possibly the best technician in the history of football in Brazil,\" placing him at number five in their list of \"The 101 greatest football players of the last 25 years.\" In 2006, Richard Williams of \"The Guardian\" described Ronaldinho as a \"genius,\" while his former Barcelona teammate Sylvinho said of him: \"He's so smart, so intelligent, that sometimes it's difficult to read his mind,\" also adding: \"He's amazing. He's 100% talent. And he's a powerful player as well, so it's difficult to stop him.\" In spite of his performances at his peak, a period of dedication and focus which saw him named the FIFA World Player of the Year twice and receive the Ballon d'Or, Ronaldinho was"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " also criticised on occasion in the media for his lack of discipline in training, as well as his hedonistic lifestyle off the pitch, which some pundits believed had an impact on the overall longevity of his career. Referring to Ronaldinho as \"Brazil's childlike genius who never grew up\", Tim Vickery writes that it was the sudden death of his father at such a young age that may have seen Ronaldinho stop making the sacrifices needed to remain at the summit of the sport, with the attitude of \"life is short and can end unexpectedly\u2013so enjoy it while you can.\"</s><s>Outside football. Ronaldinho has had endorsements with many companies, including Nike, Pepsi, Coca-Cola, EA Sports and Danone. One of the world's highest paid players, in 2006 he earned over $19\u00a0million from endorsements. Having endorsed Pepsi for much of his career and appeared in commercials with David Beckham, Thierry Henry and Lionel Messi, Ronaldinho signed a deal with Coca-Cola in 2011, however this was terminated in July 2012 after he was caught drinking Pepsi in a news conference. Ronaldinho has featured in EA Sports' \"FIFA\" video game series, appearing on the cover of \"FIFA Football 2004\", \"FIFA Street\", \"FIFA"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " 06\", \"FIFA 07\", \"FIFA Street 3\", \"FIFA 08\" and \"FIFA 09\". At the beginning of his career Ronaldinho signed a lucrative 10-year deal with sportswear company Nike (wearing Nike Tiempo R10 boots designed for him). He has appeared in Nike commercials, including the 2002 \"Secret Tournament\" commercial (branded \"Scorpion KO\") directed by Terry Gilliam. His 2005 Nike advertisement, where he is given a new pair of boots and then proceeds to juggle a football and appears to repeatedly volley it against the crossbar of a goal and recover it without the ball touching the ground, went viral on YouTube, becoming the site's first video to reach one million views. A 2010 Nike commercial, Write the Future directed by Alejandro Gonz\u00e1lez I\u00f1\u00e1rritu, features Ronaldinho executing a number of stepovers, which became a viral video re-enacted and shared millions of times. A wax sculpture of Ronaldinho was unveiled at Madame Tussauds Hong Kong in December 2007. Ronaldinho has had an official role with UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund, since February 2006. In 2011, he was recruited by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " to promote awareness among young people of the disease and how to avoid it. In March 2015, Ronaldinho was the sixth most popular sportsperson on Facebook, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Messi, Beckham, Neymar and Kak\u00e1, with 31 million Facebook fans. Ronaldinho also has over 50 million Instagram followers. On 2 February 2017, Barcelona announced that Ronaldinho signed a 10-year deal to become an ambassador for the club at institutional events. On 6 July 2018, Ronaldinho announced a partnership with company World Soccer Coin (WSC) to develop a new cryptocurrency, the Ronaldinho Soccer Coin, with WSC claiming that the profits of the coin will be used to football projects such as \"Ronaldinho Digital Stadiums.\" On 25 October 2020, Ronaldinho announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 and was asymptomatic and self-isolating in Belo Horizonte. A few days later, on 29 October 2020, Ronaldinho released a statement regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and Azerbaijan. He expressed solidarity with Azerbaijani people. In late July 2021, he went to Beirut, Lebanon, to lay a wreath in honor of victims of the port explosion. In fiction, Ronaldinho features as a character in Rupert Thomson's 2021"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " novel \"Barcelona Dreaming\".</s><s>Outside football.:Legal troubles. In July 2019, 57 properties belonging to Ronaldinho along with his Brazilian and Spanish passports were confiscated because of unpaid taxes and fines. The judge ultimately decided to reduce the fine from R$8.5 million to R$6 million for building a fishing platform on Gua\u00edba River in a 'heritage-protected' area. Ronaldinho and his brother would ultimately fail to pay the fines within the allotted time and have their passports suspended. In March 2020, he was questioned by police in Paraguay after he was alleged to have used a fake passport to enter the country while coming for a charity event and book promotion, with Ronaldinho and his brother both being held in custody in the country. While in prison, he competed in a prison futsal tournament, where his team was victorious. They won 11\u20132 in the finals, with Ronaldinho scoring 5 goals and assisting the other 6. He attempted to appeal the detention order but was ordered to remain under house arrest with his brother. On 24 August 2020, Ronaldinho and his brother were released from Paraguayan prison after their judge agreed to a plea deal with fines of US$90,000 and US$110,000 for the brothers"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": ", respectively.</s><s>Career statistics. Ronaldinho made 853 appearances and scored 328 goals for club and country combined, with a goalscoring average of 328/853 round 2.</s><s>Career statistics.:International. Notes</s><s>Honours. Gr\u00eamio - Copa Sul: - Campeonato Ga\u00facho: Barcelona - La Liga: 2004\u201305, 2005\u201306 - Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a: 2005, 2006 - UEFA Champions League: 2005\u201306 Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca: 2011 Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro - Campeonato Mineiro: 2013 - Copa Libertadores: 2013 - Recopa Sudamericana: 2014 Brazil U17 - South American U-17 Championship: 1997 - FIFA U-17 World Championship: 1997 Brazil U23 - CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament: 2000 - Olympic Bronze Medal: 2008 Brazil - Copa Am\u00e9rica: 1999 - FIFA World Cup: 2002 - FIFA Confederations Cup: 2005 Individual - Campeonato Gaucho top scorer: 1999 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: 1999 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Shoe: 1999 - South American Team of the Year: 1999 - CONME"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": "BOL Pre-Olympic Tournament top scorer: 2000 - Bola de Prata: 2000, 2011, 2012 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2002 - Ligue 1 Goal of The Year: 2003 - FIFA 100: 2004 - Don Bal\u00f3n Award: 2003\u201304, 2005\u201306 - Trofeo EFE: 2003\u201304 - FIFA World Player of the Year: 2004, 2005 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2004, 2005, 2006 - World Soccer Magazine World Player of The Year: 2004, 2005 - UEFA Club Forward of the Year: 2004\u201305 - FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Ball: 2005 - Ballon d'Or: 2005 - Onze d'Or: 2005 - FIFPro World Player of the Year: 2005, 2006 - FIFPro World XI: 2005, 2006, 2007 - UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2005\u201306 - La Liga top assist provider: 2005\u201306 - UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2005\u201306 - FIFA Club World Cup Bronze Ball: 2006 - FIFA World Player of the Year Bronze award: 2006 - Golden Foot: 2009 - Sports Illustrated Team of the Decade: 2009 - Serie A top assist provider: 2009\u201310 - Campeonato Brasileiro S"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": "\u00e9rie A Team of the Year: 2011, 2012 - Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A Best Fan's Player: 2012 - Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A top assist provider: 2012 - Bola de Ouro: 2012 - Copa Libertadores top assist provider: 2012, 2013 - FIFA Club World Cup top scorer: 2013 - South American Footballer of the Year: 2013 - UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year (substitute; published in 2015) - Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame - AC Milan Hall of Fame - Ballon d'Or Dream Team (Silver): 2020 - Globe Soccer Awards Player Career Award: 2021 Other In 2012, two Brazilian entomologists named a new species of bee, from Brazil, \"Eulaema quadragintanovem\", stating that \"the specific epithet honors the Brazilian soccer player Ronaldo de Assis Moreira, famous worldwide as 'Ronaldinho' and in Brazil as 'Ronaldinho Ga\u00facho'. 'Quadraginta novem' means forty-nine in Latin, the number of Ronaldinho's jersey at Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro, his former team in Brazil. Ronaldinho chose the number 49 as an homage to his mother,"}, {"title": "Ronaldinho", "text": " born in 1949.\"</s><s>See also. - List of association football families</s><s>References. - Notes</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ronaldinho", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000467", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Anderson Silva.", "docs": [{"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": "<s>Anderson Silva Anderson da Silva (; born 14 April 1975) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist and boxer. He is a former UFC Middleweight Champion and holds the record for the longest title reign in UFC history at 2,457 days. This started in 2006 and ended in 2013 and included a UFC record 16 consecutive victories in that span. UFC president Dana White, UFC commentator Joe Rogan and numerous mixed martial arts (MMA) pundits have named Silva as one of the greatest mixed martial artists of all time. Silva left the UFC in November 2020 and returned to boxing. Silva will be inducted in the UFC Hall of Fame in July 2023.</s><s>Background. Silva was born on 14 April 1975, in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The son of a poverty-stricken family, he spent the majority of his childhood in Curitiba with his aunt and uncle, who was an officer with the Curitiba police force. Silva's first foray in martial arts began as a child training jiu-jitsu with neighborhood kids. As a teen, Silva began training in taekwondo, capoeira and muay thai.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Early career (19972002). Silva initially"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " fought in Brazil in the welterweight category. Silva made his professional debut in 1997 with a pair of wins. Silva recorded his first loss in 2000 to Luiz Azeredo by decision. After that fight, he went on a nine-fight winning streak, winning six of those fights by either submission or TKO. After winning his first match in Japan, he was put up against Shooto champion Hayato Sakurai on 26 August 2001. Silva beat Sakurai by unanimous decision after three rounds and became the new Shooto Middleweight Champion (at 167\u00a0lb) and the first man to defeat Sakurai, who was undefeated in his first 20 fights.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Pride Fighting Championships and Cage Rage (20022006). In 2002, Silva was scheduled to fight then-current UFC Welterweight Champion, and future UFC Hall of Famer Matt Hughes at UFC 36. However, Silva instead signed a contract and began fighting for PRIDE Fighting Championships. In his first fight with the promotion, he stopped Alex Stiebling with a cut resulting from a high kick. In his next match, he won via decision against the \"Diet Butcher\" Alexander Otsuka. At \"Pride 25\", Silva faced former UFC welterweight"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " champion Carlos Newton. Newton tried to shoot in on Silva, but was hit with a flying knee. Newton collapsed and Silva finished the fight with strikes, winning by technical knockout. At \"Pride 26\", Silva faced Daiju Takase. Takase, with a record of four wins and seven losses, was the underdog. However Silva was dominated on the ground for almost the entire fight before being submitted by Takase when caught in a triangle choke late in the first round. After his loss to Takase, Silva became demotivated and thought about quitting MMA, but was convinced to keep on fighting by Ant\u00f4nio Rodrigo Nogueira. Silva then left Chute Boxe, joined Nogueira in Brazilian Top Team and started to fight in other promotions around the world. On 27 June 2004, Silva fought Jeremy Horn and earned a decision victory. Three months later, Silva made his debut in the Cage Rage promotion in England. At \"Cage Rage 8\" Silva fought and defeated noted striker Lee Murray by decision. That year, Silva returned to Pride FC on 31 December to face Ryo Chonan. Silva was in control with a take down and body triangle in the first round. Chonan was able to counter Silva's knees from the clinch, with"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " knees, and takedowns. Chonan was perceived by some to be winning up until the finish. During the third round, Bas Rutten, commentating alongside Mauro Ranallo, stated that he believed Anderson must obtain a knockout or strong finish or he would lose the fight. Despite being the underdog, Chonan ended the fight in the third round with a rare flying scissor heel hook, forcing Silva to submit. After the loss to Chonan he was cut by Pride, Silva continued fighting in the Cage Rage promotion, as well as other promotions around the world. Silva defended his Cage Rage title against Curtis Stout. Although he was slated to fight Matt Lindland at \"Cage Rage 16\", Lindland's decision to fight Mike Van Arsdale at \"Raze Fight Night\" put an end to the highly anticipated match up. Instead, Silva defended his championship against Tony Fryklund, winning the fight with a reverse elbow, knocking out Fryklund early in the first round. Silva competed in Hawaii's Rumble on the Rock promotion, where he fought Yushin Okami in the first round of the 175\u00a0lb tournament. Though labeled as a favorite to win the tournament, Silva was eliminated from the tournament when he kicked Okami in the face"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " from the guard position. Okami's knees were on the ground at the time, making the attack an illegal strike to the head of a downed opponent. Silva later said that the rule had not been properly explained to him before the bout. \"When I fought Okami the rules really weren't explained to me properly in the event I was fighting in,\" said Silva. \"You could kick a downed opponent to the groin or to the head when your back's on the ground. So the rules weren't explained to me properly.\" While Okami was given the opportunity to recover and continue fighting, Okami opted for the disqualification win. Silva responded by saying he \"felt it was a cheap, cowardly way of winning,\" and that \"people that were there saw that he was in the condition to come back and keep fighting, and he didn't.\"</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020).</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020).:Debut and middleweight championship. Although speculation ran rampant about where Silva would sign next, the UFC announced in late April 2006 that they had signed him to a multi-fight contract. It was not long before the UFC started promoting Silva, releasing an interview segment almost immediately"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " after announcing his arrival.{{cite web }} Silva made his debut at \"Ultimate Fight Night 5\" on 28 June 2006. His opponent was \"The Ultimate Fighter 1\" contestant Chris Leben who had gone undefeated in the UFC with five consecutive victories. Leben, confident of victory, had predicted he would KO Silva in a pre-fight interview. A relatively unknown fighter in the United States, Silva made an emphatic debut when he knocked out Leben with a flurry of pinpoint strikes, followed by a final knee strike at 49 seconds into the first round. Silva's striking accuracy was 85%. In response to the victory, the UFC tallied a poll on their main page, asking viewers to select Silva's next opponent. The majority of voters selected the UFC Middleweight Champion Rich Franklin. Silva fought Franklin at \"UFC 64\" on 14 October 2006, and defeated him by TKO (strikes) at 2:59 in the first round. Silva hit Franklin with knees to the body from the Muay Thai-clinch, then badly broke Franklin's nose with a knee to the face. Unable to strike back, Franklin dodged the last of Silva's strikes before falling to the ground, where referee \"Big\" John McCarthy ended the fight. Silva was crowned the new UFC"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " Middleweight Champion, becoming the second man to defeat Franklin, after Black House-teammate Lyoto Machida.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020).:Record-setting championship reign. On 3 February 2007, at \"UFC 67\", Silva was scheduled to fight \"The Ultimate Fighter 4\" winner Travis Lutter in what would be his first title defense since defeating Rich Franklin in October 2006. However, Lutter failed to make the weight limit and the match was changed to a non-title bout. Many felt that Lutter's best chance to win was to take the fight to the ground, with Lutter being an accomplished jiu-jitsu blackbelt. Silva won via submission with a combination of a triangle choke and elbow strikes in the second round. In his next fight at \"UFC 73\" on 7 July 2007, Silva successfully defended his title against Nate Marquardt, winning by TKO at 4:50 in the first round. Three months later, on 20 October 2007, at \"UFC 77\", Silva fought a title defense rematch against Rich Franklin, in Franklin's hometown of Cincinnati, Ohio, at the U.S. Bank Arena. Silva defended his belt by defeating Franklin via TKO in the 2nd round"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": ". On 1 March 2008, at \"UFC 82\" Silva fought Pride Middleweight champion Dan Henderson, in a title unification bout (UFC and Pride titles on the line). Henderson was believed to have the edge on the ground, having competed in the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics in Greco-Roman wrestling. Silva defended his title by defeating Henderson via rear naked choke in the 2nd round. At \"\" on 19 July 2008, Silva made his debut at Light Heavyweight () in a bout against James Irvin. Silva won via KO due to strikes in 1:01 of the first round after catching Irvin's attempted leg kick with his left arm and delivering a straight right that dropped Irvin to the mat, Silva then finished a prone Irvin with a blitz of punches to the head. Irvin later tested positive for methadone and oxymorphone. Silva's next fight was on 25 October 2008, at \"UFC 90\" in Rosemont, Illinois, Silva defended his Middleweight title against Patrick C\u00f4t\u00e9. In the third round, C\u00f4t\u00e9 landed awkwardly on his right leg while throwing a kick and fell to the mat grasping his right knee in pain. Referee Herb Dean declared the fight over when C\u00f4t\u00e9 could not continue, ruling the"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " bout a TKO victory for Silva. C\u00f4t\u00e9, however, became the first of Silva's UFC opponents to make it past the 2nd round. After his fight with C\u00f4t\u00e9, Silva was criticized for seemingly avoiding contact during the bout. Dana White criticized Silva, saying: \"I didn't understand Silva's tactics... It wasn't the Anderson Silva I've been watching the last two years.\" Silva said in the post-fight news conference: \"There are many people saying I was disrespecting C\u00f4t\u00e9, but this is absolutely not true. My game plan since the beginning was fight five rounds, inducing him to commit mistakes and capitalize on that during the first three rounds and look for the knockout during the fourth and fifth rounds. It was working, and the biggest proof of that is that I almost didn't waste any blows. I connected with a couple of good punches and knees, but unfortunately he got hurt and the fight was over. This is not my fault.\" On 18 April 2009, at \"UFC 97\" in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Silva defeated Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu blackbelt Thales Leites by unanimous decision, and recorded his UFC record 9th consecutive win in the octagon. Leites is credited with being the first"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " man in UFC history to take Silva through 5 rounds to a judges' decision. The crowd repeatedly booed his lackluster performance, bored expression, and frustrated attempts to goad his opponent into fighting, and in the 4th and 5th rounds took to dancing, lowering his guard and slapping his opponent without retaliation. Following the fight, Dana White has stated that he was \"embarrassed\" by Silva's performance, but still said that he believes him to be \"the best pound-for-pound fighter in the world\". At \"UFC 101\" which took place on 8 August 2009, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Silva again fought at 205 pounds against former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Forrest Griffin. Griffin was knocked down three times in the first round. The bout earned Silva Beatdown of the Year honors from Sherdog. The bout shared those honors with the second bout between Brock Lesnar and Frank Mir. Both fighters were awarded $60,000 as Fight of the Night bonuses and Silva received $60,000 in bonus money for Knockout of the Night. After defeating Griffin, a Yahoo! Sports reporter allegedly claimed that Silva's manager, Ed Soares, had confirmed that Silva would abandon his Middleweight belt to fight at Light Heavyweight. However, Soares and a UFC"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " spokesperson confirmed that a conversation agreeing Silva would permanently move up to Light Heavyweight never took place. Silva did not relinquish his title to fight exclusively at Light Heavyweight. Soares stated his attorney plans to speak to Yahoo! Sports about the matter. Silva was expected to defend the UFC Middleweight Championship against Vitor Belfort on 2 January 2010, at UFC 108. However, Ed Soares announced that the bout would not take place as Silva would not be fully recovered from surgery. Silva was then set to face Belfort on 6 February 2010, at UFC 109. The fight, however, was dependent on Silva's healing, which he described as \"not going as planned.\" The fight was canceled because of Silva's slow recovery. Silva was once again scheduled to face Belfort on 10 April 2010, at UFC 112. The fight was later canceled again due to an injury to Belfort. Demian Maia was selected to fill the spot and take on Silva for the belt. In the first two rounds fighting Maia, Silva appeared to mock his opponent while employing quick, precise striking. In the third round, however, Silva's tempo seemed to change. He looked to Maia to be the aggressor while he largely circled and taunted his opponent. In the fifth"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " round, Silva's lack of action prompted referee Dan Miragliotta to warn Silva for his conduct. The crowd began to side with Maia, who was the only fighter attempting to engage. After 5 rounds, Silva was declared the winner via unanimous decision. Silva was widely criticized for his performance. Dana White said it was the most embarrassed he had ever been since becoming UFC president. Midway through the fourth round, White walked away from the fight and gave the championship belt to Silva's manager, Ed Soares. White was so annoyed that he declined to personally place the belt around Silva's waist, claiming it was the first time he had done so after a title match. It was also claimed that Silva verbally taunted Maia, saying, \"Come on, hit me in the face, playboy.\" In the immediate post-fight interview, Silva apologized and said that he wasn't himself and that he would need to go back and reevaluate the humility that got him to where he is. In the post-fight interview, Silva made multiple references about how Demian insulted him before the bout. However, the pre-fight banter was seen by many as not out of the ordinary. On 7 August 2010 Silva faced Chael Sonnen for the UFC Middleweight title"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " at UFC 117. In the first round, Sonnen stunned Silva with a punch before taking him down and dominating from the top position, landing multiple blows. The following three rounds played out in a similar fashion, going to the ground early with Sonnen dominating from inside Silva's guard. In the fifth round, Silva slipped after being tagged by Sonnen's left hook and the challenger took advantage by once again establishing a top position and delivering strikes to Silva. With about two minutes left in the round, Silva was able to lock up a triangle armbar on Sonnen, forcing Sonnen to submit at 3:10 of Round 5. In the fight, Sonnen had struck Silva more times than Silva had been hit thus far in his entire UFC career. According to CompuStrike, in his first 11 UFC fights, Silva had been hit 208 times. On 7 August Sonnen had landed a total of 289 strikes. After the bout it was revealed that Sonnen would have won a judges' decision. All three judges had Sonnen marked as the winner of all four rounds, judges Nelson Hamilton and Dan Stell had Sonnen taking Round 1 10\u20138, as well as Hamilton awarding the challenger another 10\u20138 total in Round 3. Silva later claimed to have gone"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " into the fight with a cracked rib and that a doctor advised him not to fight. Dana White announced that Sonnen would get a rematch upon Silva's return. Following the fight the California State Athletic Commission confirmed that Chael Sonnen tested positive for synthetic testosterone, with his test having revealed a high testosterone to epitestosterone ratio, indicative of testosterone replacement therapy. The promised rematch was revoked after the issue with his testosterone ratio came to light, however, after Sonnen came back and won two straight fights, Dana White scheduled the rematch. Silva faced Vitor Belfort on 5 February 2011, at UFC 126. Belfort was expected to face Yushin Okami on 13 November 2010, at UFC 122, but was replaced by Nate Marquardt. After a \"feeling out\" period of about two and a half minutes in the first round, Silva and Belfort started to trade strikes. Silva landed a front kick to Belfort's jaw and followed up with punches to the grounded challenger. Referee Mario Yamasaki stopped the fight at 3:25 into the first round. With the win Silva handed Belfort his first KO loss in 28 career fights and extended his record streak of title defenses to eight. Silva then faced Yushin Okami on 27 August 2011,"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " at UFC 134. He defeated the Japanese middleweight by TKO at 2:04 of round 2, displaying skilled head movement and accurate striking. His record then went to 31\u20134, avenging his DQ loss to Okami back in 2006. A rematch with Chael Sonnen was to take place on 23 June 2012, at UFC 147, but the bout was moved back to 7 July 2012, at UFC 148, while the expected co-feature of the Brazilian event, a rematch between Vitor Belfort and Wanderlei Silva would headline the event. The change was due to a scheduling conflict with the UN Conference Rio+20, which occurred during the same time frame as UFC 147. At UFC 148, after again being dominated throughout the first round, Silva stopped Sonnen in the second with a TKO. He became the first to stop Stephan Bonnar via strikes in the 1st round of a light heavyweight bout on 13 October 2012, at UFC 153.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020).:Title loss and injury. Despite having decided to retire after the Bonnar fight, Silva faced Chris Weidman on 6 July 2013, at UFC 162. Although he was the heavy favorite, he lost by KO in the"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " second round after show boating, ending his streak of the longest title reign in UFC history. A rematch was held at UFC 168 on 28 December. Weidman dominated the first round; it was reported that Silva may have also cracked his shin bone against Weidman during the first leg check. In the second round Weidman checked one of Silva's leg kicks again, breaking Silva's left fibula and tibia and ending the fight via TKO. Immediately after the fight, Silva had orthopedic surgery to stabilize his tibia with an intramedullary rod; his fibula was reset and was not expected to require further surgery. A UFC statement called the surgery \"successful\" and said those with similar injuries generally take three to six months to recover.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020).:Post-championship reign. Despite calls for Silva to retire from MMA, it was confirmed on 29 July 2014, that Silva would return to the organization. Before UFC 179, Silva and the UFC agreed on a new, 15-fight contract that replaced their previous deal which had eight fights remaining. On 29 October 2014, it was announced that Silva would coach opposite Maur\u00edcio Rua for \"\", which began"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " filming in early 2015. Despite being coaches on the show, the two fighters will not face each other at the end of the season. Silva's continued participation was briefly in doubt during the filming after the announcement of his failed drug test. Initially, Dana White announced that Silva would remain on the show as a coach. Subsequently, Silva was pulled as one of the coaches and was replaced by Ant\u00f4nio Rodrigo Nogueira. In his first fight post-injury, Silva faced Nick Diaz in the main event of UFC 183 on 31 January 2015. He won the fight via unanimous decision. In the days after the fight, it was revealed that Silva tested positive for Drostanolone and Androstane, two anabolic steroids, in pre-fight drug screening on 9 January 2015. Nevada State Athletic Commission chairman Francisco Aguilar confirmed that the fight has not yet been overturned and can't be until a motion is passed by a majority of the commission. Any penalties, suspensions or changes to the outcome of the fight have to be presented as a motion and then voted on by the commission to enact the order. On 11 February 2015, it was reported that Silva tested positive for an additional unknown illegal substance in a separate test that was related to UFC 183. On 17 February"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " 2015, NSAC executive director Bob Bennett confirmed to ESPN.com that Silva failed his postfight urine test and that Silva had tested positive for the steroid Drostanolone\u2014the same banned substance he tested positive for during an out-of-competition test taken on 9 January 2015. Silva also tested positive for the anti-anxiety medication Oxazepam and Temazepam, which is used to treat sleep deprivation. On 13 August, after several reschedules, the disciplinary hearing was held to decide on the subject. Silva's defense argued that a tainted sexual enhancement drug that a friend had given to Silva after a trip to Thailand was the root of the two failed tests for drostanolone and also appealed to mistakes in the NSAC testing procedures, pointing to a pair of drug tests, one on 19 January and one after the fight, which Silva passed. He admitted to using both benzodiazepines the night prior to the fight as therapy to control stress and help him sleep. Silva's team was unable to explain the presence of androsterone in 9 January test. The commission rejected the defense and suspended him for one year retroactive to the date of the fight, as the current guidelines were not in effect at the time of the failed tests"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": ". He was also fined his full win bonus, as well as 30% of his show money, totaling $380,000. His victory was overturned to a no contest. In his first fight after his PED suspension was lifted, Silva faced Michael Bisping on 27 February 2016, at UFC Fight Night 84. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. However, the fight was not without controversy as at the end of round three Silva dropped Bisping with a flying knee while Bisping was signaling to referee Herb Dean that he lost his mouthpiece. Silva believed he had won the bout and continued to celebrate as referee Herb Dean said the fight was not over, and it continued for another two rounds to the decision. Both participants were awarded \"Fight of the Night\" honours. Silva was expected to face Uriah Hall on 14 May 2016, at UFC 198. However, Silva pulled out of the bout on 10 May after requiring a surgery to remove his gallbladder. As a result, Hall did not compete at the event. Silva was a short notice replacement to face current UFC Light Heavyweight champion Daniel Cormier in a non-title bout on 9 July 2016, at UFC 200. Silva lost the fight via unanimous decision. Silva faced Derek Brunson on"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " 11 February 2017, at UFC 208. He was awarded a unanimous decision victory. 19 of 23 media outlets scored the bout in favor of Brunson. Silva was expected to face Kelvin Gastelum on 3 June 2017, at UFC 212. However, Gastelum was pulled from the match-up after testing positive for marijuana. In turn, despite having two months to secure an opponent, Silva and promotion officials confirmed on 11 May that he would not compete at that event. The bout with Gastelum was rescheduled and was expected to take place on 25 November 2017, at UFC Fight Night 122. However it was announced on 10 November 2017 that Silva would be pulled from the bout due to failing USADA drug test on 26 October. In July 2018, USADA announced that Silva had been exonerated from the failed test after finding contaminated supplements and received a one-year suspension from USADA dating back to November 2017 and would be free to resume fighting in November 2018. Silva returned and faced Israel Adesanya on 10 February 2019, at UFC 234. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the \"Fight of the Night\" award. Silva faced Jared Cannonier on 11 May 2019 at UFC 237. He lost the fight via TKO in the"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " first round after a kick from Cannonier to Silva's right leg injured him and rendered him unable to continue. Silva faced Uriah Hall on 31 October 2020 at. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round four. In an Instagram post made after the fight, Silva hinted that his career in MMA was finished, though he did not officially announce retirement from the sport. On 19 November 2020, the UFC announced that they had released Silva from his UFC contract, which would allow him to negotiate with other promotions.</s><s>Boxing career.</s><s>Boxing career.:Professional career.</s><s>Boxing career.:Professional career.:Silva vs. Ch\u00e1vez Jr.. In March 2021, it was announced that Anderson Silva would fight Julio C\u00e9sar Ch\u00e1vez Jr. in a boxing match on 19 June 2021. Silva won the fight by split decision. Silva threw more punches throughout the fight throwing a total of 392 punches while Ch\u00e1vez Jr only threw 153.</s><s>Boxing career.:Professional career.:Silva vs. Ortiz. Silva faced former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Tito Ortiz in a pro boxing bout on September 11, 2021. He won the fight via knockout in round one.</s><s>Boxing career.:Professional career.:Silva vs. Paul"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": ". On September 6, 2022, it was announced that Silva would be facing YouTuber and professional boxer Jake Paul on October 29 in Phoenix, Arizona. On the night of the fight, Silva lost to Paul by unanimous decision with the scores of 78\u201373 (twice) and 77\u201374, all in Paul's favor.</s><s>Boxing career.:Exhibition bout.</s><s>Boxing career.:Exhibition bout.:Silva vs. Machado. On May 21, 2022, Silva fought an eight round exhibition bout with fellow Brazilian MMA veteran Bruno Machado at a boxing event in Abu Dhabi. Despite a knockdown for Silva in the fifth, the fight would go the full distance, and no winner was declared.</s><s>Fighting style. An expert in Muay Thai, boxing and taekwondo, Silva is primarily a stand-up fighter. Owner of numerous UFC offensive striking records, Silva is widely regarded as one of the best strikers in the history of MMA and many consider him the best of all time. During his time in the UFC, he had a striking accuracy of 60%, attempting 1300 strikes and landing 779. Silva's striking accuracy, knockout power, technically vicious Muay Thai and ability to counterstrike makes him a danger to his opponents"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": ". Silva's striking uses three major strengths: technical precision, the jab, and transitions and movement. Silva switches from southpaw to orthodox with little drop-off in effectiveness. Although it has been claimed that his ground game is not as good as his stand-up, Silva has submitted notable grapplers, including Olympic wrestler Dan Henderson, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu blackbelt Travis Lutter and Olympic alternate Chael Sonnen.</s><s>Sponsors. A friend of Brazilian World Cup winner Ronaldo, in 2011 Silva became the first client to be marketed by 9INE, a sports marketing company co-owned by Ronaldo. Since August 2011, Anderson has been sponsored by Corinthians, his favorite football club. He is also sponsored by fast food chain Burger King. Previously he had also sponsorship deal with sportswear and equipment supplier Nike, which ended in late 2014 due to Nike's self removal from the UFC.</s><s>Personal life. Silva has three sons and two daughters with his wife, Dayane. Before he began his career as a professional fighter, Silva worked at McDonald's, and also as a file clerk. He considers Spider-Man, Bruce Lee, Muhammad Ali and his mother as biggest of his personal heroes, and has a stated love of comic books and comic book heroes"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": ". Silva has said on numerous occasions that he believes long-time friend and former UFC Lightweight Champion and UFC Welterweight Champion B.J. Penn to be the greatest pound-for-pound fighter in the history of the sport. Silva expressed interest in competing in the sport of taekwondo and boxing. He floated around the idea of competing at the Olympics in taekwondo and fighting Roy Jones Jr. in a boxing match.{{cite web Silva became a naturalized U.S. citizen in July 2019.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Mixed martial arts. - Cage Rage Championships - Cage Rage Middleweight Championship (One time, Final) - Three successful title defenses - Shooto - Shooto Middleweight Championship (One time) - Ultimate Fighting Championship - UFC Middleweight Championship (One time) - Ten successful title defenses - Unified the UFC Middleweight and Pride World Welterweight Championships - Fight of the Night (Five times) - Knockout of the Night (Seven times) - Most \"Knockout of the Night\" awards in UFC history (7) - Submission of the Night (Two times) - Longest title reign in UFC history (2457 days) - Longest win"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " streak in UFC history (16) - Most UFC Middleweight title fights (13) - Most wins in UFC Middleweight title fights (11) - Tied for most knockouts in the UFC Middleweight division history (8) - Most successful title defenses in the UFC middleweight division (10) - Most consecutive title defenses in the UFC middleweight division (10) - Second most consecutive title defenses in UFC history (10) - Most finishes in the UFC Middleweight division history (11) - Most finishes in UFC title fights (9) - Second most knockdowns in UFC history (18) - Most knockdowns in the UFC Middleweight division history (13) - Most knockdowns in UFC title fights (10) - Most knockouts in UFC title fights (7) - Most total fight bonuses in the UFC Middleweight division history (12) - ESPN.com - 2011 Knockout of the Year - Inside MMA - 2011 KO Kick of the Year Bazzie Award - MMA Live - 2010 Fight of the Year - Sherdog - 2009 Beatdown of the Year - 2011 All-Violence 1st Team - Mixed Martial Arts Hall of Fame - Spike Guys' Choice Awards - 2008 Most Dangerous Man - Sports Illustrated - 2008 Fighter of the Year - World MMA Awards -"}, {"title": "Anderson Silva", "text": " 2008 Fighter of the Year - 2010 Fight of the Year - 2011 Knockout of the Year - Wrestling Observer Newsletter - Most Outstanding Fighter (2012) - MMA Most Valuable Fighter (2012)</s><s>Mixed martial arts record.</s><s>Boxing record.</s><s>Boxing record.:Professional.</s><s>See also. - List of male mixed martial artists</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Anderson Silva", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000468", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Cleopatra.", "docs": [{"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "<s>Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator (, \"Cleopatra the father-beloved\"; 70/69 BC10 August 30\u00a0BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the last Hellenistic state in the Mediterranean and of the age that had lasted since the reign of Alexander (336\u2013323 BC). Although her first language was Koine Greek, she was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn and use the Egyptian language. In 58 BC, Cleopatra presumably accompanied her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, during his exile to Rome after a revolt in Egypt (a Roman client state) allowed his rival daughter Berenice IV to claim his throne. Berenice was killed in 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance. When he died in 51 BC, the joint reign of Cleopatra and"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " her brother Ptolemy XIII began, but a falling-out between them led to open civil war. After losing the 48 BC Battle of Pharsalus in Greece against his rival Julius Caesar (a Roman dictator and consul) in Caesar's Civil War, the Roman statesman Pompey fled to Egypt. Pompey had been a political ally of Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy XIII, at the urging of his court eunuchs, had Pompey ambushed and killed before Caesar arrived and occupied Alexandria. Caesar then attempted to reconcile the rival Ptolemaic siblings, but Ptolemy's chief adviser, Potheinos, viewed Caesar's terms as favoring Cleopatra, so his forces besieged her and Caesar at the palace. Shortly after the siege was lifted by reinforcements, Ptolemy XIII died in the Battle of the Nile; Cleopatra's half-sister Arsinoe IV was eventually exiled to Ephesus for her role in carrying out the siege. Caesar declared Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIV joint rulers but maintained a private affair with Cleopatra that produced a son, Caesarion. Cleopatra traveled to Rome as a client queen in 46 and 44 BC, where she"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " stayed at Caesar's villa. After the assassination of Caesar and (on her orders) Ptolemy XIV in 44 BC, she named Caesarion co-ruler as Ptolemy XV. In the Liberators' civil war of 43\u201342 BC, Cleopatra sided with the Roman Second Triumvirate formed by Caesar's grandnephew and heir Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. After their meeting at Tarsos in 41 BC, the queen had an affair with Antony. He carried out the execution of Arsinoe at her request, and became increasingly reliant on Cleopatra for both funding and military aid during his invasions of the Parthian Empire and the Kingdom of Armenia. The Donations of Alexandria declared their children Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy Philadelphus rulers over various erstwhile territories under Antony's triumviral authority. This event, their marriage, and Antony's divorce of Octavian's sister Octavia Minor led to the final war of the Roman Republic. Octavian engaged in a war of propaganda, forced Antony's allies in the Roman Senate to flee Rome in"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " 32 BC, and declared war on Cleopatra. After defeating Antony and Cleopatra's naval fleet at the 31 BC Battle of Actium, Octavian's forces invaded Egypt in 30 BC and defeated Antony, leading to Antony's suicide. When Cleopatra learned that Octavian planned to bring her to his Roman triumphal procession, she killed herself by poisoning, contrary to the popular belief that she was bitten by an asp. Cleopatra's legacy survives in ancient and modern works of art. Roman historiography and Latin poetry produced a generally critical view of the queen that pervaded later Medieval and Renaissance literature. In the visual arts, her ancient depictions include Roman busts, paintings, and sculptures, cameo carvings and glass, Ptolemaic and Roman coinage, and reliefs. In Renaissance and Baroque art, she was the subject of many works including operas, paintings, poetry, sculptures, and theatrical dramas. She has become a pop culture icon of Egyptomania since the Victorian era, and in modern times, Cleopatra has appeared in the applied and fine arts, burlesque satire, Hollywood films, and brand images for commercial products.</s><s>Etymology. The Latinized form"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Cleopatra comes from the Ancient Greek (), meaning \"glory of her father\", from (, \"glory\") and (, \"father\"). The masculine form would have been written either as () or (). Cleopatra was the name of Alexander the Great's sister, as well as Cleopatra Alcyone, wife of Meleager in Greek mythology. Through the marriage of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Cleopatra I Syra (a Seleucid princess), the name entered the Ptolemaic dynasty. Cleopatra's adopted title () means \"goddess who loves her father\".</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Background. Ptolemaic pharaohs were crowned by the Egyptian high priest of Ptah at Memphis, but resided in the multicultural and largely Greek city of Alexandria, established by Alexander the Great of Macedon. They spoke Greek and governed Egypt as Hellenistic Greek monarchs, refusing to learn the native Egyptian language. In contrast, Cleopatra could speak multiple languages by adulthood and was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language. Plutarch implies that she also spoke Ethiopian, the language of the \"Troglodytes\", Hebrew ("}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "or Aramaic), Arabic, the Syrian language (perhaps Syriac), Median, and Parthian, and she could apparently also speak Latin, although her Roman contemporaries would have preferred to speak with her in her native Koine Greek. Aside from Greek, Egyptian, and Latin, these languages reflected Cleopatra's desire to restore North African and West Asian territories that once belonged to the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Roman interventionism in Egypt predated the reign of Cleopatra. When Ptolemy IX Lathyros died in late 81 BC, he was succeeded by his daughter Berenice III. However, with opposition building at the royal court against the idea of a sole reigning female monarch, Berenice III accepted joint rule and marriage with her cousin and stepson Ptolemy XI Alexander II, an arrangement made by the Roman dictator Sulla. Ptolemy XI had his wife killed shortly after their marriage in 80 BC, but was lynched soon thereafter in the resulting riot over the assassination. Ptolemy XI, and perhaps his uncle Ptolemy IX or father Ptolemy X Alexander I, willed the Ptolemaic Kingdom to Rome as collateral for loans, so that the Romans had legal grounds to"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " take over Egypt, their client state, after the assassination of Ptolemy XI. The Romans chose instead to divide the Ptolemaic realm among the illegitimate sons of Ptolemy IX, bestowing Cyprus on Ptolemy of Cyprus and Egypt on Ptolemy XII Auletes.</s><s>Biography.:Early childhood. Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BC to the ruling Ptolemaic pharaoh Ptolemy XII and an uncertain mother, presumably Ptolemy XII's wife Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (also known as Cleopatra V Tryphaena), the mother of Cleopatra's older sister, Berenice IV Epiphaneia. Cleopatra Tryphaena disappears from official records a few months after the birth of Cleopatra in 69 BC. The three younger children of Ptolemy XII, Cleopatra's sister Arsinoe IV and brothers Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and Ptolemy XIV, were born in the absence of his wife. Cleopatra's childhood tutor was Philostratos, from whom she learned the Greek arts of oration and philosophy. During her youth Cleopatra presumably studied at the Mus"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "aeum, including the Library of Alexandria.</s><s>Biography.:Reign and exile of Ptolemy XII. In 65 BC the Roman censor Marcus Licinius Crassus argued before the Roman Senate that Rome should annex Ptolemaic Egypt, but his proposed bill and the similar bill of tribune Servilius Rullus in 63 BC were rejected. Ptolemy XII responded to the threat of possible annexation by offering remuneration and lavish gifts to powerful Roman statesmen, such as Pompey during his campaign against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and eventually Julius Caesar after he became Roman consul in 59 BC. However, Ptolemy XII's profligate behavior bankrupted him, and he was forced to acquire loans from the Roman banker Gaius Rabirius Postumus. In 58 BC the Romans annexed Cyprus and on accusations of piracy drove Ptolemy of Cyprus, Ptolemy XII's brother, to commit suicide instead of enduring exile to Paphos. Ptolemy XII remained publicly silent on the death of his brother, a decision which, along with ceding traditional Ptolemaic territory to the Romans, damaged his credibility among subjects already enraged by his economic policies."}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Ptolemy XII was then exiled from Egypt by force, traveling first to Rhodes, then Athens, and finally the villa of triumvir Pompey in the Alban Hills, near Praeneste, Italy. Ptolemy XII spent nearly a year there on the outskirts of Rome, ostensibly accompanied by his daughter Cleopatra, then about 11. Berenice IV sent an embassy to Rome to advocate for her rule and oppose the reinstatement of her father Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy had assassins kill the leaders of the embassy, an incident that was covered up by his powerful Roman supporters. When the Roman Senate denied Ptolemy XII the offer of an armed escort and provisions for a return to Egypt, he decided to leave Rome in late 57 BC and reside at the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus. The Roman financiers of Ptolemy XII remained determined to restore him to power. Pompey persuaded Aulus Gabinius, the Roman governor of Syria, to invade Egypt and restore Ptolemy XII, offering him 10,000 talents for the proposed mission. Although it put him at odds with Roman law, Gabinius invaded Egypt in the spring of 55 BC by way of Hasmonean Jude"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "a, where Hyrcanus II had Antipater the Idumaean, father of Herod the Great, furnish the Roman-led army with supplies. As a young cavalry officer, Mark Antony was under Gabinius's command. He distinguished himself by preventing Ptolemy XII from massacring the inhabitants of Pelousion, and for rescuing the body of Archelaos, the husband of Berenice IV, after he was killed in battle, ensuring him a proper royal burial. Cleopatra, then 14 years of age, would have traveled with the Roman expedition into Egypt; years later, Antony would profess that he had fallen in love with her at this time. Gabinius was put on trial in Rome for abusing his authority, for which he was acquitted, but his second trial for accepting bribes led to his exile, from which he was recalled seven years later in 48 BC by Caesar. Crassus replaced him as governor of Syria and extended his provincial command to Egypt, but he was killed by the Parthians at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC. Ptolemy XII had Berenice IV and her wealthy supporters executed, seizing their properties. He allowed Gabinius's largely Germanic and Gallic"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Roman garrison, the Gabiniani, to harass people in the streets of Alexandria and installed his longtime Roman financier Rabirius as his chief financial officer. Within a year Rabirius was placed under protective custody and sent back to Rome after his life was endangered for draining Egypt of its resources. Despite these problems, Ptolemy XII created a will designating Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs, oversaw major construction projects such as the Temple of Edfu and a temple at Dendera, and stabilized the economy. On 31 May 52 BC, Cleopatra was made a regent of Ptolemy XII, as indicated by an inscription in the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. Rabirius was unable to collect the entirety of Ptolemy XII's debt by the time of the latter's death, and so it was passed on to his successors Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII.</s><s>Biography.:Accession to the throne. Ptolemy XII died sometime before 22 March 51 BC, when Cleopatra, in her first act as queen, began her voyage to Hermonthis, near Thebes, to install a new sacred Buchis bull, worshiped as an"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " intermediary for the god Montu in the Ancient Egyptian religion. Cleopatra faced several pressing issues and emergencies shortly after taking the throne. These included famine caused by drought and a low level of the annual flooding of the Nile, and lawless behavior instigated by the Gabiniani, the now unemployed and assimilated Roman soldiers left by Gabinius to garrison Egypt. Inheriting her father's debts, Cleopatra also owed the Roman Republic 17.5\u00a0million drachmas. In 50 BC Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, proconsul of Syria, sent his two eldest sons to Egypt, most likely to negotiate with the Gabiniani and recruit them as soldiers in the desperate defense of Syria against the Parthians. However, the Gabiniani tortured and murdered these two, perhaps with secret encouragement by rogue senior administrators in Cleopatra's court. Cleopatra sent the Gabiniani culprits to Bibulus as prisoners awaiting his judgment, but he sent them back to Cleopatra and chastised her for interfering in their adjudication, which was the prerogative of the Roman Senate. Bibulus, siding with Pompey in Caesar's Civil War, failed to prevent Caesar from landing a naval fleet in Greece, which ultimately allowed Caesar"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " to reach Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. By 29 August 51 BC, official documents started listing Cleopatra as the sole ruler, evidence that she had rejected her brother Ptolemy XIII as a co-ruler. She had probably married him, but there is no record of this. The Ptolemaic practice of sibling marriage was introduced by Ptolemy II and his sister Arsinoe II. A long-held royal Egyptian practice, it was loathed by contemporary Greeks. By the reign of Cleopatra, however, it was considered a normal arrangement for Ptolemaic rulers. Despite Cleopatra's rejection of him, Ptolemy XIII still retained powerful allies, notably the eunuch Potheinos, his childhood tutor, regent, and administrator of his properties. Others involved in the cabal against Cleopatra included Achillas, a prominent military commander, and Theodotus of Chios, another tutor of Ptolemy XIII. Cleopatra seems to have attempted a short-lived alliance with her brother Ptolemy XIV, but by the autumn of 50 BC Ptolemy XIII had the upper hand in their conflict and began signing documents with his name before that of his sister,"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " followed by the establishment of his first regnal date in 49 BC.</s><s>Biography.:Assassination of Pompey. In the summer of 49 BC, Cleopatra and her forces were still fighting against Ptolemy XIII within Alexandria when Pompey's son Gnaeus Pompeius arrived, seeking military aid on behalf of his father. After returning to Italy from the wars in Gaul and crossing the Rubicon in January of 49 BC, Caesar had forced Pompey and his supporters to flee to Greece. In perhaps their last joint decree, both Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII agreed to Gnaeus Pompeius's request and sent his father 60 ships and 500 troops, including the Gabiniani, a move that helped erase some of the debt owed to Rome. Losing the fight against her brother, Cleopatra was then forced to flee Alexandria and withdraw to the region of Thebes. By the spring of 48 BC Cleopatra had traveled to Roman Syria with her younger sister, Arsinoe IV, to gather an invasion force that would head to Egypt. She returned with an army, but her advance to Alexandria was blocked by her brother's forces, including some Gabiniani mobilized to fight against her, so she camped outside"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Pelousion in the eastern Nile Delta. In Greece, Caesar and Pompey's forces engaged each other at the decisive Battle of Pharsalus on 9August 48 BC, leading to the destruction of most of Pompey's army and his forced flight to Tyre, Lebanon. Given his close relationship with the Ptolemies, Pompey ultimately decided that Egypt would be his place of refuge, where he could replenish his forces. Ptolemy XIII's advisers, however, feared the idea of Pompey using Egypt as his base in a protracted Roman civil war. In a scheme devised by Theodotus, Pompey arrived by ship near Pelousion after being invited by a written message, only to be ambushed and stabbed to death on 28 September 48 BC. Ptolemy XIII believed he had demonstrated his power and simultaneously defused the situation by having Pompey's head, severed and embalmed, sent to Caesar, who arrived in Alexandria by early October and took up residence at the royal palace. Caesar expressed grief and outrage over the killing of Pompey and called on both Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra to disband their forces and reconcile with each other.</s><s>Biography.:Relationship with Julius Caesar. Ptole"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "my XIII arrived at Alexandria at the head of his army, in clear defiance of Caesar's demand that he disband and leave his army before his arrival. Cleopatra initially sent emissaries to Caesar, but upon allegedly hearing that Caesar was inclined to having affairs with royal women, she came to Alexandria to see him personally. Historian Cassius Dio records that she did so without informing her brother, dressed in an attractive manner, and charmed Caesar with her wit. Plutarch provides an entirely different account that alleges she was bound inside a bed sack to be smuggled into the palace to meet Caesar. When Ptolemy XIII realized that his sister was in the palace consorting directly with Caesar, he attempted to rouse the populace of Alexandria into a riot, but he was arrested by Caesar, who used his oratorical skills to calm the frenzied crowd. Caesar then brought Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII before the assembly of Alexandria, where Caesar revealed the written will of Ptolemy XII\u2014previously possessed by Pompey\u2014naming Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs. Caesar then attempted to arrange for the other two siblings, Arsinoe IV and Ptolemy XIV, to rule together"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " over Cyprus, thus removing potential rival claimants to the Egyptian throne while also appeasing the Ptolemaic subjects still bitter over the loss of Cyprus to the Romans in 58 BC. Judging that this agreement favored Cleopatra over Ptolemy XIII and that the latter's army of 20,000, including the Gabiniani, could most likely defeat Caesar's army of 4,000 unsupported troops, Potheinos decided to have Achillas lead their forces to Alexandria to attack both Caesar and Cleopatra. After Caesar managed to execute Potheinos, Arsinoe IV joined forces with Achillas and was declared queen, but soon afterward had her tutor Ganymedes kill Achillas and take his position as commander of her army. Ganymedes then tricked Caesar into requesting the presence of the erstwhile captive Ptolemy XIII as a negotiator, only to have him join the army of Arsinoe IV. The resulting siege of the palace, with Caesar and Cleopatra trapped together inside, lasted into the following year of 47 BC. Sometime between January and March of 47 BC, Caesar's reinforcements arrived, including those led by Mithridates of Pergamon and Antipater the Idumaean. Ptolemy XIII"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " and Arsinoe IV withdrew their forces to the Nile, where Caesar attacked them. Ptolemy XIII tried to flee by boat, but it capsized, and he drowned. Ganymedes may have been killed in the battle. Theodotus was found years later in Asia, by Marcus Junius Brutus, and executed. Arsinoe IV was forcefully paraded in Caesar's triumph in Rome before being exiled to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Cleopatra was conspicuously absent from these events and resided in the palace, most likely because she had been pregnant with Caesar's child since September 48 BC. Caesar's term as consul had expired at the end of 48 BC. However, Antony, an officer of his, helped to secure Caesar's appointment as dictator lasting for a year, until October 47 BC, providing Caesar with the legal authority to settle the dynastic dispute in Egypt. Wary of repeating the mistake of Cleopatra's sister Berenice IV in having a female monarch as sole ruler, Caesar appointed Cleopatra's 12-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIV, as joint ruler with the 22-year-old Cleopatra in a nominal sibling marriage, but Cleopatra continued living"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " privately with Caesar. The exact date at which Cyprus was returned to her control is not known, although she had a governor there by 42 BC. Caesar is alleged to have joined Cleopatra for a cruise of the Nile and sightseeing of Egyptian monuments, although this may be a romantic tale reflecting later well-to-do Roman proclivities and not a real historical event. The historian Suetonius provided considerable details about the voyage, including use of \"Thalamegos\", the pleasure barge constructed by Ptolemy IV, which during his reign measured in length and in height and was complete with dining rooms, state rooms, holy shrines, and promenades along its two decks, resembling a floating villa. Caesar could have had an interest in the Nile cruise owing to his fascination with geography; he was well-read in the works of Eratosthenes and Pytheas, and perhaps wanted to discover the source of the river, but turned back before reaching Ethiopia. Caesar departed from Egypt around April 47 BC, allegedly to confront Pharnaces II of Pontus, the son of Mithridates VI of Pontus, who was stirring up trouble for Rome in Anatolia. It is possible that Caesar, married to the prominent Roman"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " woman Calpurnia, also wanted to avoid being seen together with Cleopatra when she bore him their son. He left three legions in Egypt, later increased to four, under the command of the freedman Rufio, to secure Cleopatra's tenuous position, but also perhaps to keep her activities in check. Caesarion, Cleopatra's alleged child with Caesar, was born 23 June 47 BC and was originally named \"Pharaoh Caesar\", as preserved on a stele at the Serapeum of Saqqara. Perhaps owing to his still childless marriage with Calpurnia, Caesar remained publicly silent about Caesarion (but perhaps accepted his parentage in private). Cleopatra, on the other hand, made repeated official declarations about Caesarion's parentage, naming Caesar as the father. Cleopatra and her nominal joint ruler Ptolemy XIV visited Rome sometime in late 46 BC, presumably without Caesarion, and were given lodging in Caesar's villa within the Horti Caesaris. As with their father Ptolemy XII, Caesar awarded both Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIV the legal status of \"friend and ally of the Roman people\" (), in effect client rulers loyal to Rome. Cleopatra"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "'s visitors at Caesar's villa across the Tiber included the senator Cicero, who found her arrogant. Sosigenes of Alexandria, one of the members of Cleopatra's court, aided Caesar in the calculations for the new Julian calendar, put into effect 1January 45 BC. The Temple of Venus Genetrix, established in the Forum of Caesar on 25 September 46 BC, contained a golden statue of Cleopatra (which stood there at least until the 3rd century AD), associating the mother of Caesar's child directly with the goddess Venus, mother of the Romans. The statue also subtly linked the Egyptian goddess Isis with the Roman religion. Cleopatra's presence in Rome most likely had an effect on the events at the Lupercalia festival a month before Caesar's assassination. Antony attempted to place a royal diadem on Caesar's head, but the latter refused in what was most likely a staged performance, perhaps to gauge the Roman public's mood about accepting Hellenistic-style kingship. Cicero, who was present at the festival, mockingly asked where the diadem came from, an obvious reference to the Ptolemaic queen whom he abhorred. Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March 44"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " BC), but Cleopatra stayed in Rome until about mid-April, in the vain hope of having Caesarion recognized as Caesar's heir. However, Caesar's will named his grandnephew Octavian as the primary heir, and Octavian arrived in Italy around the same time Cleopatra decided to depart for Egypt. A few months later, Cleopatra had Ptolemy XIV killed by poisoning, elevating her son Caesarion as her co-ruler.</s><s>Biography.:Cleopatra in the Liberators' civil war. Octavian, Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate in 43 BC, in which they were each elected for five-year terms to restore order in the Republic and bring Caesar's assassins to justice. Cleopatra received messages from both Gaius Cassius Longinus, one of Caesar's assassins, and Publius Cornelius Dolabella, proconsul of Syria and Caesarian loyalist, requesting military aid. She decided to write Cassius an excuse that her kingdom faced too many internal problems, while sending the four legions left by Caesar in Egypt to Dolabella. However, these troops were captured by Cassius in Palestine."}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " While Serapion, Cleopatra's governor of Cyprus, defected to Cassius and provided him with ships, Cleopatra took her own fleet to Greece to personally assist Octavian and Antony, but her ships were heavily damaged in a Mediterranean storm and she arrived too late to aid in the fighting. By the autumn of 42 BC, Antony had defeated the forces of Caesar's assassins at the Battle of Philippi in Greece, leading to the suicide of Cassius and Brutus. By the end of 42 BC, Octavian had gained control over much of the western half of the Roman Republic and Antony the eastern half, with Lepidus largely marginalized. In the summer of 41 BC, Antony established his headquarters at Tarsos in Anatolia and summoned Cleopatra there in several letters, which she rebuffed until Antony's envoy Quintus Dellius convinced her to come. The meeting would allow Cleopatra to clear up the misconception that she had supported Cassius during the civil war and address territorial exchanges in the Levant, but Antony also undoubtedly desired to form a personal, romantic relationship with the queen. Cleopatra sailed up the Kydnos River to Tarsos in \"Thalamegos\", hosting Ant"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "ony and his officers for two nights of lavish banquets on board the ship. Cleopatra managed to clear her name as a supposed supporter of Cassius, arguing she had really attempted to help Dolabella in Syria, and convinced Antony to have her exiled sister, Arsinoe IV, executed at Ephesus. Cleopatra's former rebellious governor of Cyprus was also handed over to her for execution.</s><s>Biography.:Relationship with Mark Antony. Cleopatra invited Antony to come to Egypt before departing from Tarsos, which led Antony to visit Alexandria by November 41 BC. Antony was well received by the populace of Alexandria, both for his heroic actions in restoring Ptolemy XII to power and coming to Egypt without an occupation force like Caesar had done. In Egypt, Antony continued to enjoy the lavish royal lifestyle he had witnessed aboard Cleopatra's ship docked at Tarsos. He also had his subordinates, such as Publius Ventidius Bassus, drive the Parthians out of Anatolia and Syria. Cleopatra carefully chose Antony as her partner for producing further heirs, as he was deemed to be the most powerful Roman figure following Caesar's demise. With his powers as a"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " triumvir, Antony also had the broad authority to restore former Ptolemaic lands, which were currently in Roman hands, to Cleopatra. While it is clear that both Cilicia and Cyprus were under Cleopatra's control by 19 November 38 BC, the transfer probably occurred earlier in the winter of 41\u201340 BC, during her time spent with Antony. By the spring of 40 BC, Antony left Egypt due to troubles in Syria, where his governor Lucius Decidius Saxa was killed and his army taken by Quintus Labienus, a former officer under Cassius who now served the Parthian Empire. Cleopatra provided Antony with 200 ships for his campaign and as payment for her newly acquired territories. She would not see Antony again until 37 BC, but she maintained correspondence, and evidence suggests she kept a spy in his camp. By the end of 40 BC, Cleopatra had given birth to twins, a boy named Alexander Helios and a girl named Cleopatra Selene II, both of whom Antony acknowledged as his children. Helios (the Sun) and Selene (the Moon) were symbolic of a new era of societal rejuvenation, as well as an indication that Cleop"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "atra hoped Antony would repeat the exploits of Alexander the Great by conquering the Parthians. Mark Antony's Parthian campaign in the east was disrupted by the events of the Perusine War (41\u201340 BC), initiated by his ambitious wife Fulvia against Octavian in the hopes of making her husband the undisputed leader of Rome. It has been suggested that Fulvia wanted to cleave Antony away from Cleopatra, but the conflict emerged in Italy even before Cleopatra's meeting with Antony at Tarsos. Fulvia and Antony's brother Lucius Antonius were eventually besieged by Octavian at Perusia (modern Perugia, Italy) and then exiled from Italy, after which Fulvia died at Sicyon in Greece while attempting to reach Antony. Her sudden death led to a reconciliation of Octavian and Antony at Brundisium in Italy in September 40 BC. Although the agreement struck at Brundisium solidified Antony's control of the Roman Republic's territories east of the Ionian Sea, it also stipulated that he concede Italia, Hispania, and Gaul, and marry Octavian's sister Octavia the Younger, a potential rival for Cleopatra."}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " In December 40 BC Cleopatra received Herod in Alexandria as an unexpected guest and refugee who fled a turbulent situation in Judea. Herod had been installed as a tetrarch there by Antony, but he was soon at odds with Antigonus II Mattathias of the long-established Hasmonean dynasty. The latter had imprisoned Herod's brother and fellow tetrarch Phasael, who was executed while Herod was fleeing toward Cleopatra's court. Cleopatra attempted to provide him with a military assignment, but Herod declined and traveled to Rome, where the triumvirs Octavian and Antony named him king of Judea. This act put Herod on a collision course with Cleopatra, who would desire to reclaim the former Ptolemaic territories that comprised his new Herodian kingdom. Relations between Antony and Cleopatra perhaps soured when he not only married Octavia, but also sired her two children, Antonia the Elder in 39 BC and Antonia Minor in 36 BC, and moved his headquarters to Athens. However, Cleopatra's position in Egypt was secure. Her rival Herod was occupied with civil war in Judea that required heavy Roman military assistance, but received none from Cleopatra. Since the"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " authority of Antony and Octavian as triumvirs had expired on 1January 37 BC, Octavia arranged for a meeting at Tarentum, where the triumvirate was officially extended to 33 BC. With two legions granted by Octavian and a thousand soldiers lent by Octavia, Antony traveled to Antioch, where he made preparations for war against the Parthians. Antony summoned Cleopatra to Antioch to discuss pressing issues, such as Herod's kingdom and financial support for his Parthian campaign. Cleopatra brought her now three-year-old twins to Antioch, where Antony saw them for the first time and where they probably first received their surnames Helios and Selene as part of Antony and Cleopatra's ambitious plans for the future. In order to stabilize the east, Antony not only enlarged Cleopatra's domain, he also established new ruling dynasties and client rulers who would be loyal to him, yet would ultimately outlast him. In this arrangement Cleopatra gained significant former Ptolemaic territories in the Levant, including nearly all of Phoenicia (Lebanon) minus Tyre and Sidon, which remained in Roman hands. She also received Ptolema"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "is Akko (modern Acre, Israel), a city that was established by Ptolemy II. Given her ancestral relations with the Seleucids, she was granted the region of Coele-Syria along the upper Orontes River. She was even given the region surrounding Jericho in Palestine, but she leased this territory back to Herod. At the expense of the Nabataean king Malichus I (a cousin of Herod), Cleopatra was also given a portion of the Nabataean Kingdom around the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea, including Ailana (modern Aqaba, Jordan). To the west Cleopatra was handed Cyrene along the Libyan coast, as well as Itanos and Olous in Roman Crete. Although still administered by Roman officials, these territories nevertheless enriched her kingdom and led her to declare the inauguration of a new era by double-dating her coinage in 36 BC. Antony's enlargement of the Ptolemaic realm by relinquishing directly controlled Roman territory was exploited by his rival Octavian, who tapped into the public sentiment in Rome against the empowerment of a foreign queen at the expense of their Republic. Octavian, fostering the narrative that Antony was neglecting his"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " virtuous Roman wife Octavia, granted both her and Livia, his own wife, extraordinary privileges of sacrosanctity. Some 50 years before, Cornelia Africana, daughter of Scipio Africanus, had been the first living Roman woman to have a statue dedicated to her. She was now followed by Octavia and Livia, whose statues were most likely erected in the Forum of Caesar to rival that of Cleopatra's, erected by Caesar. In 36 BC, Cleopatra accompanied Antony to the Euphrates in his journey toward invading the Parthian Empire. She then returned to Egypt, perhaps due to her advanced state of pregnancy. By the summer of 36 BC, she had given birth to Ptolemy Philadelphus, her second son with Antony. Antony's Parthian campaign in 36 BC turned into a complete debacle for a number of reasons, in particular the betrayal of Artavasdes II of Armenia, who defected to the Parthian side. After losing some 30,000 men, more than Crassus at Carrhae (an indignity he had hoped to avenge), Antony finally arrived at Leukokome near Berytus (modern Beirut, Lebanon) in December"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": ", engaged in heavy drinking before Cleopatra arrived to provide funds and clothing for his battered troops. Antony desired to avoid the risks involved in returning to Rome, and so he traveled with Cleopatra back to Alexandria to see his newborn son.</s><s>Biography.:Donations of Alexandria. As Antony prepared for another Parthian expedition in 35 BC, this time aimed at their ally Armenia, Octavia traveled to Athens with 2,000 troops in alleged support of Antony, but most likely in a scheme devised by Octavian to embarrass him for his military losses. Antony received these troops but told Octavia not to stray east of Athens as he and Cleopatra traveled together to Antioch, only to suddenly and inexplicably abandon the military campaign and head back to Alexandria. When Octavia returned to Rome Octavian portrayed his sister as a victim wronged by Antony, although she refused to leave Antony's household. Octavian's confidence grew as he eliminated his rivals in the west, including Sextus Pompeius and even Lepidus, the third member of the triumvirate, who was placed under house arrest after revolting against Octavian in Sicily. Dellius was sent as Antony's envoy to Artav"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "asdes II in 34 BC to negotiate a potential marriage alliance that would wed the Armenian king's daughter to Alexander Helios, the son of Antony and Cleopatra. When this was declined, Antony marched his army into Armenia, defeated their forces and captured the king and Armenian royal family. Antony then held a military parade in Alexandria as an imitation of a Roman triumph, dressed as Dionysus and riding into the city on a chariot to present the royal prisoners to Cleopatra, who was seated on a golden throne above a silver dais. News of this event was heavily criticized in Rome as a perversion of time-honored Roman rites and rituals to be enjoyed instead by an Egyptian queen. In an event held at the gymnasium soon after the triumph, Cleopatra dressed as Isis and declared that she was the Queen of Kings with her son Caesarion, King of Kings, while Alexander Helios was declared king of Armenia, Media, and Parthia, and two-year-old Ptolemy Philadelphos was declared king of Syria and Cilicia. Cleopatra Selene II was bestowed with Crete and Cyrene. Antony and Cleopatra may have been wed during this ceremony. Antony sent"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " a report to Rome requesting ratification of these territorial claims, now known as the Donations of Alexandria. Octavian wanted to publicize it for propaganda purposes, but the two consuls, both supporters of Antony, had it censored from public view. In late 34 BC, Antony and Octavian engaged in a heated war of propaganda that would last for years. Antony claimed that his rival had illegally deposed Lepidus from their triumvirate and barred him from raising troops in Italy, while Octavian accused Antony of unlawfully detaining the king of Armenia, marrying Cleopatra despite still being married to his sister Octavia, and wrongfully claiming Caesarion as the heir of Caesar instead of Octavian. The litany of accusations and gossip associated with this propaganda war have shaped the popular perceptions about Cleopatra from Augustan-period literature through to various media in modern times. Cleopatra was said to have brainwashed Mark Antony with witchcraft and sorcery and was as dangerous as Homer's Helen of Troy in destroying civilization. Pliny the Elder claims in his \"Natural History\" that Cleopatra once dissolved a pearl worth tens of millions of sesterces in vinegar just to win a dinner-party bet. The accusation that"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Antony had stolen books from the Library of Pergamum to restock the Library of Alexandria later turned out to be an admitted fabrication by Gaius Calvisius Sabinus. A papyrus document dated to February 33 BC, later used to wrap a mummy, contains the signature of Cleopatra, probably written by an official authorized to sign for her. It concerns certain tax exemptions in Egypt granted to either Quintus Caecillius or Publius Canidius Crassus, a former Roman consul and Antony's confidant who would command his land forces at Actium. A subscript in a different handwriting at the bottom of the papyrus reads \"make it happen\" or \"so be it\" (); this is likely the autograph of the queen, as it was Ptolemaic practice to countersign documents to avoid forgery.</s><s>Biography.:Battle of Actium. In a speech to the Roman Senate on the first day of his consulship on 1January 33 BC, Octavian accused Antony of attempting to subvert Roman freedoms and territorial integrity as a slave to his Oriental queen. Before Antony and Octavian's joint \"imperium\" expired on 31 December 33 BC, Antony declared"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Caesarion as the true heir of Caesar in an attempt to undermine Octavian. In 32 BC, the Antonian loyalists Gaius Sosius and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus became consuls. The former gave a fiery speech condemning Octavian, now a private citizen without public office, and introduced pieces of legislation against him. During the next senatorial session, Octavian entered the Senate house with armed guards and levied his own accusations against the consuls. Intimidated by this act, the consuls and over 200 senators still in support of Antony fled Rome the next day to join the side of Antony. Antony and Cleopatra traveled together to Ephesus in 32 BC, where she provided him with 200 of the 800 naval ships he was able to acquire. Ahenobarbus, wary of having Octavian's propaganda confirmed to the public, attempted to persuade Antony to have Cleopatra excluded from the campaign against Octavian. Publius Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding the war effort and was a competent monarch. Cleopatra refused Antony's requests that she return to Egypt, judging that by blocking Octavian in Greece she"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " could more easily defend Egypt. Cleopatra's insistence that she be involved in the battle for Greece led to the defections of prominent Romans, such as Ahenobarbus and Lucius Munatius Plancus. During the spring of 32 BC Antony and Cleopatra traveled to Athens, where she persuaded Antony to send Octavia an official declaration of divorce. This encouraged Plancus to advise Octavian that he should seize Antony's will, invested with the Vestal Virgins. Although a violation of sacred and legal rights, Octavian forcefully acquired the document from the Temple of Vesta, and it became a useful tool in the propaganda war against Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian highlighted parts of the will, such as Caesarion being named heir to Caesar, that the Donations of Alexandria were legal, that Antony should be buried alongside Cleopatra in Egypt instead of Rome, and that Alexandria would be made the new capital of the Roman Republic. In a show of loyalty to Rome, Octavian decided to begin construction of his own mausoleum at the Campus Martius. Octavian's legal standing was also improved by being elected consul in 31 BC. With Antony's will made public, Oct"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "avian had his \"casus belli\", and Rome declared war on Cleopatra, not Antony. The legal argument for war was based less on Cleopatra's territorial acquisitions, with former Roman territories ruled by her children with Antony, and more on the fact that she was providing military support to a private citizen now that Antony's triumviral authority had expired. Antony and Cleopatra had a larger fleet than Octavian, but the crews of Antony and Cleopatra's navy were not all well-trained, some of them perhaps from merchant vessels, whereas Octavian had a fully professional force. Antony wanted to cross the Adriatic Sea and blockade Octavian at either Tarentum or Brundisium, but Cleopatra, concerned primarily with defending Egypt, overrode the decision to attack Italy directly. Antony and Cleopatra set up their winter headquarters at Patrai in Greece, and by the spring of 31 BC they had moved to Actium, on the southern side of the Ambracian Gulf. Cleopatra and Antony had the support of various allied kings, but Cleopatra had already been in conflict with Herod, and an earthquake in Judea provided him"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " with an excuse to be absent from the campaign. They also lost the support of Malichus I, which would prove to have strategic consequences. Antony and Cleopatra lost several skirmishes against Octavian around Actium during the summer of 31 BC, while defections to Octavian's camp continued, including Antony's long-time companion Dellius and the allied kings Amyntas of Galatia and Deiotaros of Paphlagonia. While some in Antony's camp suggested abandoning the naval conflict to retreat inland, Cleopatra urged for a naval confrontation, to keep Octavian's fleet away from Egypt. On 2 September 31 BC the naval forces of Octavian, led by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, met those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium. Cleopatra, aboard her flagship, the \"Antonias\", commanded 60 ships at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf, at the rear of the fleet, in what was likely a move by Antony's officers to marginalize her during the battle. Antony had ordered that their ships should have sails on board for a better chance to pursue or flee from the enemy, which Cleopatra,"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " ever concerned about defending Egypt, used to swiftly move through the area of major combat in a strategic withdrawal to the Peloponnese. Burstein writes that partisan Roman writers would later accuse Cleopatra of cowardly deserting Antony, but their original intention of keeping their sails on board may have been to break the blockade and salvage as much of their fleet as possible. Antony followed Cleopatra and boarded her ship, identified by its distinctive purple sails, as the two escaped the battle and headed for Tainaron. Antony reportedly avoided Cleopatra during this three-day voyage, until her ladies in waiting at Tainaron urged him to speak with her. The Battle of Actium raged on without Cleopatra and Antony until the morning of 3September, and was followed by massive defections of officers, troops, and allied kings to Octavian's side.</s><s>Biography.:Downfall and death. While Octavian occupied Athens, Antony and Cleopatra landed at Paraitonion in Egypt. The couple then went their separate ways, Antony to Cyrene to raise more troops and Cleopatra to the harbor at Alexandria in an attempt to mislead the oppositional party and portray the activities in Greece as a victory."}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " She was afraid that news about the outcome of the battle of Actium would lead to a rebellion. It is uncertain whether or not, at this time, she actually executed Artavasdes II and sent his head to his rival, Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene, in an attempt to strike an alliance with him. Lucius Pinarius, Mark Antony's appointed governor of Cyrene, received word that Octavian had won the Battle of Actium before Antony's messengers could arrive at his court. Pinarius had these messengers executed and then defected to Octavian's side, surrendering to him the four legions under his command that Antony desired to obtain. Antony nearly committed suicide after hearing news of this but was stopped by his staff officers. In Alexandria he built a reclusive cottage on the island of Pharos that he nicknamed the \"Timoneion\", after the philosopher Timon of Athens, who was famous for his cynicism and misanthropy. Herod, who had personally advised Antony after the Battle of Actium that he should betray Cleopatra, traveled to Rhodes to meet Octavian and resign his kingship out of loyalty to Antony. Octavian was impressed by his speech and sense of"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " loyalty, so he allowed him to maintain his position in Judea, further isolating Antony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra perhaps started to view Antony as a liability by the late summer of 31 BC, when she prepared to leave Egypt to her son Caesarion. Cleopatra planned to relinquish her throne to him, take her fleet from the Mediterranean into the Red Sea, and then set sail to a foreign port, perhaps in India, where she could spend time recuperating. However, these plans were ultimately abandoned when Malichus I, as advised by Octavian's governor of Syria, Quintus Didius, managed to burn Cleopatra's fleet in revenge for his losses in a war with Herod that Cleopatra had largely initiated. Cleopatra had no other option but to stay in Egypt and negotiate with Octavian. Although most likely later pro-Octavian propaganda, it was reported that at this time Cleopatra started testing the strengths of various poisons on prisoners and even her own servants. Cleopatra had Caesarion enter into the ranks of the \"ephebi\", which, along with reliefs on a stele from Koptos dated 21 September 31 BC, demonstrated that Cleopatra was now grooming"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " her son to become the sole ruler of Egypt. In a show of solidarity, Antony also had Marcus Antonius Antyllus, his son with Fulvia, enter the \"ephebi\" at the same time. Separate messages and envoys from Antony and Cleopatra were then sent to Octavian, still stationed at Rhodes, although Octavian seems to have replied only to Cleopatra. Cleopatra requested that her children should inherit Egypt and that Antony should be allowed to live in exile in Egypt, offered Octavian money in the future, and immediately sent him lavish gifts. Octavian sent his diplomat Thyrsos to Cleopatra after she threatened to burn herself and vast amounts of her treasure within a tomb already under construction. Thyrsos advised her to kill Antony so that her life would be spared, but when Antony suspected foul intent, he had this diplomat flogged and sent back to Octavian without a deal. After lengthy negotiations that ultimately produced no results, Octavian set out to invade Egypt in the spring of 30 BC, stopping at Ptolemais in Phoenicia, where his new ally Herod provided his army with fresh supplies. Octavian moved south and swiftly took Pel"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "ousion, while Cornelius Gallus, marching eastward from Cyrene, defeated Antony's forces near Paraitonion. Octavian advanced quickly to Alexandria, but Antony returned and won a small victory over Octavian's tired troops outside the city's hippodrome. However, on 1 August 30 BC, Antony's naval fleet surrendered to Octavian, followed by Antony's cavalry. Cleopatra hid herself in her tomb with her close attendants and sent a message to Antony that she had committed suicide. In despair, Antony responded to this by stabbing himself in the stomach and taking his own life at age 53. According to Plutarch, he was still dying when brought to Cleopatra at her tomb, telling her he had died honorably and that she could trust Octavian's companion Gaius Proculeius over anyone else in his entourage. It was Proculeius, however, who infiltrated her tomb using a ladder and detained the queen, denying her the ability to burn herself with her treasures. Cleopatra was then allowed to embalm and bury Antony within her tomb before she was escorted to the palace. Octavian entered Alexandria, occupied the palace, and seized Cleopatra's three"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " youngest children. When she met with Octavian, Cleopatra told him bluntly, \"I will not be led in a triumph\" (), according to Livy, a rare recording of her exact words. Octavian promised that he would keep her alive but offered no explanation about his future plans for her kingdom. When a spy informed her that Octavian planned to move her and her children to Rome in three days, she prepared for suicide as she had no intentions of being paraded in a Roman triumph like her sister Arsinoe IV. It is unclear if Cleopatra's suicide on 10 August 30 BC, at age 39, took place within the palace or her tomb. It is said she was accompanied by her servants Eiras and Charmion, who also took their own lives. Octavian was said to have been angered by this outcome but had Cleopatra buried in royal fashion next to Antony in her tomb. Cleopatra's physician Olympos did not explain her cause of death, although the popular belief is that she allowed an asp or Egyptian cobra to bite and poison her. Plutarch relates this tale, but then suggests an implement (,, \u00a0'spine, cheese-grater') was used"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " to introduce the toxin by scratching, while Dio says that she injected the poison with a needle (, ), and Strabo argued for an ointment of some kind. No venomous snake was found with her body, but she did have tiny puncture wounds on her arm that could have been caused by a needle. Cleopatra decided in her last moments to send Caesarion away to Upper Egypt, perhaps with plans to flee to Kushite Nubia, Ethiopia, or India. Caesarion, now Ptolemy XV, would reign for a mere 18 days until executed on the orders of Octavian on 29 August 30 BC, after returning to Alexandria under the false pretense that Octavian would allow him to be king. Octavian was convinced by the advice of the philosopher Arius Didymus that there was room for only one Caesar in the world. With the fall of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Roman province of Egypt was established, marking the end of the Hellenistic period. In January of 27 BC Octavian was renamed Augustus (\"the revered\") and amassed constitutional powers that established him as the first Roman emperor, inaugurating the Principate era of the Roman Empire.</s><s>Cleopatra's"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " kingdom and role as a monarch. Following the tradition of Macedonian rulers, Cleopatra ruled Egypt and other territories such as Cyprus as an absolute monarch, serving as the sole lawgiver of her kingdom. She was the chief religious authority in her realm, presiding over religious ceremonies dedicated to the deities of both the Egyptian and Greek polytheistic faiths. She oversaw the construction of various temples to Egyptian and Greek gods, a synagogue for the Jews in Egypt, and even built the Caesareum of Alexandria, dedicated to the cult worship of her patron and lover Julius Caesar. Cleopatra was directly involved in the administrative affairs of her domain, tackling crises such as famine by ordering royal granaries to distribute food to the starving populace during a drought at the beginning of her reign. Although the command economy that she managed was more of an ideal than a reality, the government attempted to impose price controls, tariffs, and state monopolies for certain goods, fixed exchange rates for foreign currencies, and rigid laws forcing peasant farmers to stay in their villages during planting and harvesting seasons. Apparent financial troubles led Cleopatra to debase her coinage, which included silver and bronze currencies but no gold coins like those of some of her distant Ptolemaic predecessors.</s><s>"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "Legacy.</s><s>Legacy.:Children and successors. After her suicide, Cleopatra's three surviving children, Cleopatra Selene II, Alexander Helios, and Ptolemy Philadelphos, were sent to Rome with Octavian's sister Octavia the Younger, a former wife of their father, as their guardian. Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios were present in the Roman triumph of Octavian in 29 BC. The fates of Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus are unknown after this point. Octavia arranged the betrothal of Cleopatra Selene II to Juba II, son of Juba I, whose North African kingdom of Numidia had been turned into a Roman province in 46 BC by Julius Caesar due to Juba I's support of Pompey. The emperor Augustus installed Juba II and Cleopatra Selene II, after their wedding in 25 BC, as the new rulers of Mauretania, where they transformed the old Carthaginian city of Iol into their new capital, renamed Caesarea Mauretaniae (modern Cherchell, Algeria). Cleopatra Selene II imported many important scholars, artists, and advisers from her mother"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "'s royal court in Alexandria to serve her in Caesarea, now permeated in Hellenistic Greek culture. She also named her son Ptolemy of Mauretania, in honor of their Ptolemaic dynastic heritage. Cleopatra Selene II died around 5 BC, and when Juba II died in 23/24 AD he was succeeded by his son Ptolemy. However, Ptolemy was eventually executed by the Roman emperor Caligula in 40 AD, perhaps under the pretense that Ptolemy had unlawfully minted his own royal coinage and utilized regalia reserved for the Roman emperor. Ptolemy of Mauretania was the last known monarch of the Ptolemaic dynasty, although Queen Zenobia, of the short-lived Palmyrene Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century, would claim descent from Cleopatra. A cult dedicated to Cleopatra still existed as late as 373 AD when Petesenufe, an Egyptian scribe of the book of Isis, explained that he \"overlaid the figure of Cleopatra with gold.\"</s><s>Legacy.:Roman literature and historiography. Although almost 50 ancient works of Roman historiography mention"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Cleopatra, these often include only terse accounts of the Battle of Actium, her suicide, and Augustan propaganda about her personal deficiencies. Despite not being a biography of Cleopatra, the \"Life of Antonius\" written by Plutarch in the 1st century AD provides the most thorough surviving account of Cleopatra's life. Plutarch lived a century after Cleopatra but relied on primary sources, such as Philotas of Amphissa, who had access to the Ptolemaic royal palace, Cleopatra's personal physician named Olympos, and Quintus Dellius, a close confidant of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Plutarch's work included both the Augustan view of Cleopatra\u2014which became canonical for his period\u2014as well as sources outside of this tradition, such as eyewitness reports. The Jewish Roman historian Josephus, writing in the 1st century AD, provides valuable information on the life of Cleopatra via her diplomatic relationship with Herod the Great. However, this work relies largely on Herod's memoirs and the biased account of Nicolaus of Damascus, the tutor of Cleopatra's children in Alexandria before he moved to Judea to serve as an adviser and chronicler"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " at Herod's court. The \"Roman History\" published by the official and historian Cassius Dio in the early 3rd century AD, while failing to fully comprehend the complexities of the late Hellenistic world, nevertheless provides a continuous history of the era of Cleopatra's reign. Cleopatra is barely mentioned in, the memoirs of an unknown staff officer who served under Caesar. The writings of Cicero, who knew her personally, provide an unflattering portrait of Cleopatra. The Augustan-period authors Virgil, Horace, Propertius, and Ovid perpetuated the negative views of Cleopatra approved by the ruling Roman regime, although Virgil established the idea of Cleopatra as a figure of romance and epic melodrama. Horace also viewed Cleopatra's suicide as a positive choice, an idea that found acceptance by the Late Middle Ages with Geoffrey Chaucer. The historians Strabo, Velleius, Valerius Maximus, Pliny the Elder, and Appian, while not offering accounts as full as Plutarch, Josephus, or Dio, provided some details of her life that had not survived in other historical records. Inscriptions on contemporary Ptolemaic coinage and some"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Egyptian papyrus documents demonstrate Cleopatra's point of view, but this material is very limited in comparison to Roman literary works. The fragmentary \"Libyka\" commissioned by Cleopatra's son-in-law Juba II provides a glimpse at a possible body of historiographic material that supported Cleopatra's perspective. Cleopatra's gender has perhaps led to her depiction as a minor if not insignificant figure in ancient, medieval, and even modern historiography about ancient Egypt and the Greco-Roman world. For instance, the historian Ronald Syme asserted that she was of little importance to Caesar and that the propaganda of Octavian magnified her importance to an excessive degree. Although the common view of Cleopatra was one of a prolific seductress, she had only two known sexual partners, Caesar and Antony, the two most prominent Romans of the time period, who were most likely to ensure the survival of her dynasty. Plutarch described Cleopatra as having had a stronger personality and charming wit than physical beauty.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Statues."}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Cleopatra was depicted in various ancient works of art, in the Egyptian as well as Hellenistic-Greek and Roman styles. Surviving works include statues, busts, reliefs, and minted coins, as well as ancient carved cameos, such as one depicting Cleopatra and Antony in Hellenistic style, now in the Altes Museum, Berlin. Contemporary images of Cleopatra were produced both in and outside of Ptolemaic Egypt. For instance, a large gilded bronze statue of Cleopatra once existed inside the Temple of Venus Genetrix in Rome, the first time that a living person had their statue placed next to that of a deity in a Roman temple. It was erected there by Caesar and remained in the temple at least until the 3rd century AD, its preservation perhaps owing to Caesar's patronage, although Augustus did not remove or destroy artworks in Alexandria depicting Cleopatra. In regards to surviving Roman statuary, was found near the, Rome, along the and is now housed in the, part of the Vatican Museums. Plutarch, in his \"Life of Antonius\", claimed that the public statues of Antony were torn down by Augustus, but those of Cleopatra were preserved following"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " her death thanks to her friend Archibius paying the emperor 2,000 talents to dissuade him from destroying hers. Since the 1950s scholars have debated whether or not the \"Esquiline Venus\"\u2014discovered in 1874 on the Esquiline Hill in Rome and housed in the of the Capitoline Museums\u2014is a depiction of Cleopatra, based on the statue's, apparent royal diadem worn over the head, and the uraeus Egyptian cobra wrapped around the base. Detractors of this theory argue that the face in this statue is thinner than the face on and assert that it was unlikely she would be depicted as the naked goddess Venus (or the Greek Aphrodite). However, she was depicted in an Egyptian statue as the goddess Isis, while some of her coinage depicts her as Venus-Aphrodite. She also dressed as Aphrodite when meeting Antony at Tarsos. The \"Esquiline Venus\" is generally thought to be a mid-1st-century AD Roman copy of a 1st-century BC Greek original from the school of Pasiteles.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Coinage portraits. Surviving coinage of Cle"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "opatra's reign include specimens from every regnal year, from 51 to 30 BC. Cleopatra, the only Ptolemaic queen to issue coins on her own behalf, almost certainly inspired her partner Caesar to become the first living Roman to present his portrait on his own coins. Cleopatra was also the first foreign queen to have her image appear on Roman currency. Coins dated to the period of her marriage to Antony, which also bear his image, portray the queen as having a very similar aquiline nose and prominent chin as that of her husband. These similar facial features followed an artistic convention that represented the mutually-observed harmony of a royal couple. Her strong, almost masculine facial features in these particular coins are strikingly different from the smoother, softer, and perhaps idealized sculpted images of her in either the Egyptian or Hellenistic styles. Her masculine facial features on minted currency are similar to that of her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, and perhaps also to those of her Ptolemaic ancestor Arsinoe II (316\u2013260 BC) and even depictions of earlier queens such as Hatshepsut and Nefertiti. It is likely, due to political expediency, that Antony"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "'s visage was made to conform not only to hers but also to those of her Macedonian Greek ancestors who founded the Ptolemaic dynasty, to familiarize himself to her subjects as a legitimate member of the royal house. The inscriptions on the coins are written in Greek, but also in the nominative case of Roman coins rather than the genitive case of Greek coins, in addition to having the letters placed in a circular fashion along the edges of the coin instead of across it horizontally or vertically as was customary for Greek ones. These facets of their coinage represent the synthesis of Roman and Hellenistic culture, and perhaps also a statement to their subjects, however ambiguous to modern scholars, about the superiority of either Antony or Cleopatra over the other. Diana Kleiner argues that Cleopatra, in one of her coins minted with the dual image of her husband Antony, made herself more masculine-looking than other portraits and more like an acceptable Roman client queen than a Hellenistic ruler. Cleopatra had actually achieved this masculine look in coinage predating her affair with Antony, such as the coins struck at the Ashkelon mint during her brief period of exile to Syria and the Levant, which Joann Fletcher explains as"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " her attempt to appear like her father and as a legitimate successor to a male Ptolemaic ruler. Various coins, such as a silver tetradrachm minted sometime after Cleopatra's marriage with Antony in 37 BC, depict her wearing a royal diadem and a'melon' hairstyle. The combination of this hairstyle with a diadem is also featured in two surviving sculpted marble heads. This hairstyle, with hair braided back into a bun, is the same as that worn by her Ptolemaic ancestors Arsinoe II and Berenice II in their own coinage. After her visit to Rome in 46\u201344 BC it became fashionable for Roman women to adopt it as one of their hairstyles, but it was abandoned for a more modest, austere look during the conservative rule of Augustus.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Greco-Roman busts and heads. Of the surviving Greco-Roman-style busts and heads of Cleopatra, the sculpture known as the \"\", located in the Antikensammlung Berlin collection at the Altes Museum, possesses her full nose, whereas the head known as the \"\", located in the Vatican"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Museums, is damaged with a missing nose. Both the Berlin Cleopatra and Vatican Cleopatra have royal diadems, similar facial features, and perhaps once resembled the face of her bronze statue housed in the Temple of Venus Genetrix. Both heads are dated to the mid-1st century BC and were found in Roman villas along the Via Appia in Italy, the Vatican Cleopatra having been unearthed in the Villa of the Quintilii. Francisco Pina Polo writes that Cleopatra's coinage present her image with certainty and asserts that the sculpted portrait of the Berlin head is confirmed as having a similar profile with her hair pulled back into a bun, a diadem, and a hooked nose. A third accepted by scholars as being authentic survives at the Archaeological Museum of Cherchell, Algeria. This portrait features the royal diadem and similar facial features as the Berlin and Vatican heads, but has a more unique hairstyle and may actually depict Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra. A possible Parian-marble wearing a vulture headdress in Egyptian style is located at the Capitoline Museums. Discovered near a sanctuary of Isis in Rome and dated to the 1st century BC, it is either"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Roman or Hellenistic-Egyptian in origin. Other possible sculpted depictions of Cleopatra include one in the British Museum, London, made of limestone, which perhaps only depicts a woman in her entourage during her trip to Rome. The woman in has facial features similar to others (including the pronounced aquiline nose), but lacks a royal diadem and sports a different hairstyle. However, the British Museum head, once belonging to a full statue, could potentially represent Cleopatra at a different stage in her life and may also betray an effort by Cleopatra to discard the use of royal insignia (i.e. the diadem) to make herself more appealing to the citizens of Republican Rome. Duane W. Roller speculates that the British Museum head, along with those in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, the Capitoline Museums, and in the private collection of Maurice Nahmen, while having similar facial features and hairstyles as the Berlin portrait but lacking a royal diadem, most likely represent members of the royal court or even Roman women imitating Cleopatra's popular hairstyle.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Paintings. In the at Pompeii, Italy, a mid-"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "1st century BC Second Style wall painting of the goddess Venus holding a cupid near massive temple doors is most likely a depiction of Cleopatra as Venus Genetrix with her son Caesarion. The commission of the painting most likely coincides with the erection of the Temple of Venus Genetrix in the Forum of Caesar in September 46 BC, where Caesar had a gilded statue erected depicting Cleopatra. This statue likely formed the basis of her depictions in both sculpted art as well as. The wears a royal diadem over her head and is strikingly similar in appearance to the Vatican Cleopatra, which bears possible marks on the marble of its left cheek where a cupid's arm may have been torn off. The room with the painting was walled off by its owner, perhaps in reaction to the execution of Caesarion in 30 BC by order of Octavian, when public depictions of Cleopatra's son would have been unfavorable with the new Roman regime. Behind her golden diadem, crowned with a red jewel, is a translucent veil with crinkles that suggest the \"melon\" hairstyle favored by the queen. Her ivory-white skin, round face, long aquiline nose, and large round eyes were features common in both Roman and P"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "tolemaic depictions of deities. Roller affirms that \"there seems little doubt that this is a depiction of Cleopatra and Caesarion before the doors of the Temple of Venus in the Forum Julium and, as such, it becomes the only extant contemporary painting of the queen.\", dated to the early 1st century AD and located in the House of Giuseppe II, contains a possible depiction of Cleopatra with her son Caesarion, both wearing royal diadems while she reclines and consumes poison in an act of suicide. The painting was originally thought to depict the Carthaginian noblewoman Sophonisba, who toward the end of the Second Punic War (218\u2013201 BC) drank poison and committed suicide at the behest of her lover Masinissa, King of Numidia. Arguments in favor of it depicting Cleopatra include the strong connection of her house with that of the Numidian royal family, Masinissa and Ptolemy VIII Physcon having been associates, and Cleopatra's own daughter marrying the Numidian prince Juba II. Sophonisba was also a more obscure figure when the painting was made, while Cleopatra's suicide was far more famous. An asp is absent from the painting,"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " but many Romans held the view that she received poison in another manner than a venomous snakebite. A set of double doors on the rear wall of the painting, positioned very high above the people in it, suggests the described layout of Cleopatra's tomb in Alexandria. A male servant holds the mouth of an artificial Egyptian crocodile (possibly an elaborate tray handle), while another man standing by is dressed as a Roman. In 1818 a now lost encaustic painting was discovered in the Temple of Serapis at Hadrian's Villa, near Tivoli, Lazio, Italy, that with an asp biting her bare chest. A chemical analysis performed in 1822 confirmed that the medium for the painting was composed of one-third wax and two-thirds resin. The thickness of the painting over Cleopatra's bare flesh and her drapery were reportedly similar to the paintings of the Fayum mummy portraits. A steel engraving published by John Sartain in 1885 depicting the painting as described in the archaeological report shows Cleopatra wearing authentic clothing and jewelry of Egypt in the late Hellenistic period, as well as the radiant crown of the Ptolemaic rulers, as seen in their portraits on various coins minted during"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " their respective reigns. After Cleopatra's suicide, Octavian commissioned a painting to be made depicting her being bitten by a snake, parading this image in her stead during his triumphal procession in Rome. The portrait painting of Cleopatra's death was perhaps among the great number of artworks and treasures taken from Rome by Emperor Hadrian to decorate his private villa, where it was found in an Egyptian temple. A Roman panel painting from Herculaneum, Italy, dated to the 1st century AD possibly depicts Cleopatra. In it she wears a royal diadem, red or reddish-brown hair pulled back into a bun, pearl-studded hairpins, and earrings with ball-shaped pendants,. Her hair and facial features are similar to those in the sculpted Berlin and Vatican portraits as well as her coinage. A highly similar painted bust of a woman with a blue headband in the House of the Orchard at Pompeii features Egyptian-style imagery, such as a Greek-style sphinx, and may have been created by the same artist.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Portland Vase. The Portland Vase, a Roman cameo glass v"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "ase dated to the Augustan period and now in the British Museum, includes a possible depiction of Cleopatra with Antony. In this interpretation, Cleopatra can be seen grasping Antony and drawing him toward her while a serpent (i.e. the asp) rises between her legs, Eros floats above, and Anton, the alleged ancestor of the Antonian family, looks on in despair as his descendant Antony is led to his doom. The other side of the vase perhaps contains a scene of Octavia, abandoned by her husband Antony but watched over by her brother, the emperor Augustus. The vase would thus have been created no earlier than 35 BC, when Antony sent his wife Octavia back to Italy and stayed with Cleopatra in Alexandria.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Native Egyptian art. The \"Bust of Cleopatra\" in the Royal Ontario Museum represents a bust of Cleopatra in the Egyptian style. Dated to the mid-1st century BC, it is perhaps the earliest depiction of Cleopatra as both a goddess and ruling pharaoh of Egypt. The sculpture also has pronounced eyes that share similarities with Roman copies of Ptolemaic sculpted"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " works of art. The Dendera Temple complex, near Dendera, Egypt, contains Egyptian-style carved relief images along the exterior walls of the Temple of Hathor depicting Cleopatra and her young son Caesarion as a grown adult and ruling pharaoh making offerings to the gods. Augustus had his name inscribed there following the death of Cleopatra. A large Ptolemaic black basalt statue measuring in height, now in the Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, is thought to represent Arsinoe II, wife of Ptolemy II, but recent analysis has indicated that it could depict her descendant Cleopatra due to the three uraei adorning her headdress, an increase from the two used by Arsinoe II to symbolize her rule over Lower and Upper Egypt. The woman in the basalt statue also holds a divided, double cornucopia (\"dikeras\"), which can be seen on coins of both Arsinoe II and Cleopatra. In his (2006), contends that this basalt statue, like other idealized Egyptian portraits of the queen, does not contain realistic facial features and hence adds little to the knowledge of her appearance. Adrian Goldsworthy writes that, despite these representations in the traditional"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " Egyptian style, Cleopatra would have dressed as a native only \"perhaps for certain rites\" and instead would usually dress as a Greek monarch, which would include the Greek headband seen in her Greco-Roman busts.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Medieval and Early Modern reception. In modern times Cleopatra has become an icon of popular culture, a reputation shaped by theatrical representations dating back to the Renaissance as well as paintings and films. This material largely surpasses the scope and size of existent historiographic literature about her from classical antiquity and has made a greater impact on the general public's view of Cleopatra than the latter. The 14th-century English poet Geoffrey Chaucer, in \"The Legend of Good Women\", contextualized Cleopatra for the Christian world of the Middle Ages. His depiction of Cleopatra and Antony, her shining knight engaged in courtly love, has been interpreted in modern times as being either playful or misogynistic satire. However, Chaucer highlighted Cleopatra's relationships with only two men as hardly the life of a seductress and wrote his works partly in reaction to the negative depiction of Cleopatra in and, Latin works by the 14th-century Italian poet Giovanni Bocc"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "accio. The Renaissance humanist, in his 1504 \"Libretto apologetico delle donne\", was the first Italian to defend the reputation of Cleopatra and criticize the perceived moralizing and misogyny in Boccaccio's works. Works of Islamic historiography written in Arabic covered the reign of Cleopatra, such as the 10th-century \"Meadows of Gold\" by Al-Masudi, although his work erroneously claimed that Octavian died soon after Cleopatra's suicide. Cleopatra appeared in miniatures for illuminated manuscripts, such as a lying in a Gothic-style tomb by the Boucicaut Master in 1409. In the visual arts, the sculpted depiction of Cleopatra as a free-standing nude figure committing suicide began with the 16th-century sculptors Bartolommeo Bandinelli and Alessandro Vittoria. Early prints depicting Cleopatra include designs by the Renaissance artists Raphael and Michelangelo, as well as 15th-century woodcuts in illustrated editions of Boccaccio's works. In the performing arts, the death of Elizabeth I of England in 1603, and the German publication in 1606 of alleged letters of Cleopatra, inspired Samuel Daniel"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " to alter and republish his 1594 play \"Cleopatra\" in 1607. He was followed by William Shakespeare, whose \"Antony and Cleopatra\", largely based on Plutarch, was first performed in 1608 and provided a somewhat salacious view of Cleopatra in stark contrast to England's own Virgin Queen. Cleopatra was also featured in operas, such as George Frideric Handel's 1724 \"Giulio Cesare in Egitto\", which portrayed the love affair of Caesar and Cleopatra; Domenico Cimarosa wrote \"Cleopatra\" on a similar subject in 1789.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Modern depictions and brand imaging. In Victorian Britain, Cleopatra was highly associated with many aspects of ancient Egyptian culture and her image was used to market various household products, including oil lamps, lithographs, postcards and cigarettes. Fictional novels such as H. Rider Haggard's \"Cleopatra\" (1889) and Th\u00e9ophile Gautier's \"One of Cleopatra's Nights\" (1838) depicted the queen as a sensual and mystic Easterner, while the Egyptologist Georg Ebers's \"Cleopatra\" (18"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "94) was more grounded in historical accuracy. The French dramatist Victorien Sardou and Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw produced plays about Cleopatra, while burlesque shows such as F. C. Burnand's \"Antony and Cleopatra\" offered satirical depictions of the queen connecting her and the environment she lived in with the modern age. Shakespeare's \"Antony and Cleopatra\" was considered canonical by the Victorian era. Its popularity led to the perception that by Lawrence Alma-Tadema depicted the meeting of Antony and Cleopatra on her pleasure barge in Tarsus, although Alma-Tadema revealed in a private letter that it depicts a subsequent meeting of theirs in Alexandria. Also based on Shakespeare's play was Samuel Barber's opera \"Antony and Cleopatra\" (1966), commissioned for the opening of the Metropolitan Opera House. In his unfinished 1825 short story \"\", Alexander Pushkin popularized the claims of the 4th-century Roman historian Aurelius Victor, previously largely ignored, that Cleopatra had prostituted herself to men who paid for sex with their lives. Cleopatra also became appreciated outside the Western world and Middle East, as the Qing-dynasty Chinese scholar Yan Fu wrote"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " an extensive biography of her. Georges M\u00e9li\u00e8s's \"Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb\" (), an 1899 French silent horror film, was the first film to depict the character of Cleopatra. Hollywood films of the 20th century were influenced by earlier Victorian media, which helped to shape the character of Cleopatra played by Theda Bara in \"Cleopatra\" (1917), Claudette Colbert in \"Cleopatra\" (1934), and Elizabeth Taylor in \"Cleopatra\" (1963). In addition to her portrayal as a \"vampire\" queen, Bara's Cleopatra also incorporated tropes familiar from 19th-century Orientalist painting, such as despotic behavior, mixed with dangerous and overt female sexuality. Colbert's character of Cleopatra served as a glamour model for selling Egyptian-themed products in department stores in the 1930s, targeting female moviegoers. In preparation for the film starring Taylor as Cleopatra, women's magazines of the early 1960s advertised how to use makeup, clothes, jewelry, and hairstyles to achieve the \"Egyptian\" look similar to the queens Cleopatra and Nefertiti. By the end of the 20th century there were forty-three films, two"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " hundred plays and novels, forty-five operas, and five ballets associated with Cleopatra.</s><s>Legacy.:Written works. Whereas myths about Cleopatra persist in popular media, important aspects of her career go largely unnoticed, such as her command of naval forces and administrative acts. Publications on ancient Greek medicine attributed to her are, however, likely to be the work of a physician by the same name writing in the late first century AD. Ingrid D. Rowland, who highlights that the \"Berenice called Cleopatra\" cited by the 3rd- or 4th-century female Roman physician Metrodora was likely conflated by medieval scholars as referring to Cleopatra. Only fragments exist of these medical and cosmetic writings, such as those preserved by Galen, including remedies for hair disease, baldness, and dandruff, along with a list of weights and measures for pharmacological purposes. A\u00ebtius of Amida attributed a recipe for perfumed soap to Cleopatra, while Paul of Aegina preserved alleged instructions of hers for dyeing and curling hair.</s><s>Ancestry. Cleopatra belonged to the Macedonian Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies, their European origins tracing back to northern Greece"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": ". Through her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, she was a descendant of two prominent companions of Alexander the Great of Macedon: the general Ptolemy I Soter, founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, and Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedonian Greek founder of the Seleucid Empire of West Asia. While Cleopatra's paternal line can be traced, the identity of her mother is unknown. She was presumably the daughter of Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (also known as Cleopatra V Tryphaena), the sister-wife of Ptolemy XII who had previously given birth to their daughter Berenice IV. Cleopatra I Syra was the only member of the Ptolemaic dynasty known for certain to have introduced some non-Greek ancestry. Her mother Laodice III was a daughter born to King Mithridates II of Pontus, a Persian of the Mithridatic dynasty, and his wife Laodice who had a mixed Greek-Persian heritage. Cleopatra I Syra's father Antiochus III the Great was a descendant of Queen Apama, the Sogdian Iranian wife of Seleucus I Nicator."}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": " It is generally believed that the Ptolemies did not intermarry with native Egyptians. Michael Grant asserts that there is only one known Egyptian mistress of a Ptolemy and no known Egyptian wife of a Ptolemy, further arguing that Cleopatra probably did not have any Egyptian ancestry and \"would have described herself as Greek.\" Stacy Schiff writes that Cleopatra was a Macedonian Greek with some Persian ancestry, arguing that it was rare for the Ptolemies to have an Egyptian mistress. Duane W. Roller speculates that Cleopatra could have been the daughter of a theoretical half-Macedonian-Greek, half-Egyptian woman from Memphis in northern Egypt belonging to a family of priests dedicated to Ptah (a hypothesis not generally accepted in scholarship), but contends that whatever Cleopatra's ancestry, she valued her Greek Ptolemaic heritage the most. Ernle Bradford writes that Cleopatra challenged Rome not as an Egyptian woman \"but as a civilized Greek.\" Claims that Cleopatra was an illegitimate child never appeared in Roman propaganda against her. Strabo was the only ancient historian who claimed that Ptolemy XII's children born after Berenice IV, including Cleopatra, were illegitimate. Cleop"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "atra V (or VI) was expelled from the court of Ptolemy XII in late 69 BC, a few months after the birth of Cleopatra, while Ptolemy XII's three younger children were all born during the absence of his wife. The high degree of inbreeding among the Ptolemies is also illustrated by Cleopatra's immediate ancestry, of which a reconstruction is shown below. The family tree given below also lists Cleopatra V, Ptolemy XII's wife, as a daughter of Ptolemy X Alexander I and Berenice III, which would make her a cousin of her husband, Ptolemy XII, but she could have been a daughter of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, which would have made her a sister-wife of Ptolemy XII instead. The confused accounts in ancient primary sources have also led scholars to number Ptolemy XII's wife as either Cleopatra V or Cleopatra VI; the latter may have actually been a daughter of Ptolemy XII, and some use her as an indication that Cleopatra V had died in 69 BC rather than reappearing as a co-ruler with Berenice IV in 58 BC (during P"}, {"title": "Cleopatra", "text": "tolemy XII's exile in Rome).</s><s>See also. - List of female hereditary rulers</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources.</s><s>References.:Sources.:Online. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>References.:Sources.:Print. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Cleopatra", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000469", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Michael Douglas.", "docs": [{"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": "<s>Michael Douglas Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and film producer. He has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and the AFI Life Achievement Award. The elder son of Kirk Douglas and Diana Dill, Douglas received his Bachelor of Arts in drama from the University of California, Santa Barbara. His early acting roles included film, stage, and television productions. Douglas first achieved prominence for his performance in the ABC police procedural television series \"The Streets of San Francisco\", for which he received three consecutive Emmy Award nominations. In 1975, Douglas produced \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\", having acquired the rights to the Ken Kesey novel from his father. The film received critical and popular acclaim, and won the Academy Award for Best Picture, earning Douglas his first Oscar as one of the film's producers. Douglas went on to produce films including \"The China Syndrome\" (1979) and \"Romancing the Stone\" (1984), for which he received the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture \u2013 Musical or Comedy, and \"The Jewel of the Nile\" (1985). Douglas received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Gordon"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " Gekko in Oliver Stone's \"Wall Street\" (1987), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor (a role he reprised in the sequel \"\" in 2010). Other notable roles include in \"A Chorus Line\" (1985), \"Fatal Attraction\" (1987), \"The War of the Roses\" (1989), \"Basic Instinct\" (1992), \"Falling Down\" (1993), \"The American President\" (1995), \"The Game\" (1997), \"Traffic\" (2000), \"Wonder Boys\" (2000), \"Solitary Man\" (2009). In 2013, for his portrayal of Liberace in the HBO film \"Behind the Candelabra\", he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. Douglas starred as an aging acting coach in the Netflix comedy series \"The Kominsky Method\" (2018\u20132021), for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor \u2013 Television Series Musical or Comedy. He has portrayed Hank Pym in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in the films \"Ant-Man\" (2015), \"Ant-Man and the Wasp\" (2018), \"\" (2019), and \"\" (2023). He"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " also voiced an alternate version of the character in the MCU animated television series \"What If...?\". Douglas has received notice for his humanitarian and political activism. He sits on the board of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, is an honorary board member of the anti-war grant-making foundation Ploughshares Fund and he was appointed as a United Nations Messenger of Peace in 1998. He has been married to actress Catherine Zeta-Jones since 2000.</s><s>Early life and education. Douglas was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the first child of actors Kirk Douglas (1916\u20132020) and Diana Dill (1923\u20132015). His parents met at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. His father was Jewish and was born \"Issur Danielovitch\". Michael's paternal grandparents were emigrants from Chavusy in the Russian Empire (present-day Belarus). His mother was from Devonshire Parish, Bermuda, and had English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, French, Belgian, and Dutch ancestry. Douglas's uncle was politician Sir Nicholas Bayard Dill, and Douglas's maternal grandfather, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Melville Dill, served as Attorney General of Bermuda, as a Member of the Parliament of Bermuda (MCP), and as commanding officer of the"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " Bermuda Militia Artillery. His great-grandfather, Thomas Newbold Dill (1837\u20131910), was a merchant, an MCP for Devonshire Parish from 1868 to 1888, a member of the legislative council and an assistant justice from 1888, mayor of the City of Hamilton from 1891 to 1897, served on numerous committees and boards, and was a member of the Devonshire Church (Church of England) and Devonshire Parish vestries. Thomas Newbold Dill's father, another Thomas Melville Dill, was a sea captain who took the Bermudian-built barque \"Sir George F. Seymour\" from Bermuda to Ireland in thirteen days in March 1858, but lost his master's certificate after the wreck of the Bermudian-built \"Cedrine\" on the Isle of Wight while returning the last convict labourers from the Royal Naval Dockyard in Bermuda to Britain in 1863. The current (installed on 29 May 2013) Bishop of Bermuda, the Right Reverend Nicholas Dill, is a cousin of Michael Douglas. Douglas has a younger brother, Joel Douglas (born 1947), and two paternal half-brothers, Peter Douglas (born 1955) and Eric Douglas (1958\u20132004), from stepmother Anne Buydens"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": ". Douglas attended The Allen-Stevenson School in New York City, Eaglebrook School in Deerfield, Massachusetts, and The Choate Preparatory School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut. He received his B.A. in dramatic art from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1968, where he was also the honorary president of the UCSB Alumni Association. He studied acting with Wynn Handman at The American Place Theatre in New York City.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early years. His first TV breakthrough role came with a 1969 \"CBS Playhouse\" special, \"The Experiment\"\u2014and it was the only time he was billed as \"M.K. Douglas\". On November 24, 1969, Douglas formed his first independent film production company, Bigstick Productions, Limited. Michael Douglas started his film career in the late 1960s and early 1970s, appearing in little known films such as \"Hail, Hero!\", \"Adam at 6 A.M.\", and \"Summertree\". His performance in \"Hail, Hero!\" earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Male Newcomer. His first significant role came in the TV series \"The Streets of San Francisco\" from"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " 1972 to 1976, in which he starred alongside Karl Malden. Douglas later said that Malden became a \"mentor\" and someone he \"admired and loved deeply\". After Douglas left the show, he had a long association with his mentor until Malden's death on July 1, 2009. In 2004, Douglas presented Malden with the Monte Cristo Award of the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut for the Lifetime Achievement Award. In late 1971, Douglas received from his father, Kirk Douglas, the rights to the novel \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\", which had been purchased by Bryna Productions in February 1962. Michael went on to produce the film of the same name with Saul Zaentz. Kirk Douglas hoped to portray McMurphy himself, having starred in an earlier stage version, but was deemed too old for the part by his son Michael. Kirk relented, and the lead role went instead to Jack Nicholson, who won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Douglas won the Award for Best Picture for producing the film. In December 1976, Michael and his brother Peter became head of their father's film production company, The Bryna Company, though Michael would depart by 1978 to focus exclusively on producing through his own"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " Bigstick Productions. After leaving \"The Streets of San Francisco\" in 1976, Douglas played a hospital doctor in the medical thriller \"Coma\" (1978), and in 1979 he played the role of a troubled marathon runner in \"Running\". In 1979, he both produced and starred in \"The China Syndrome\", a dramatic film co-starring Jane Fonda and Jack Lemmon about a nuclear power plant accident (the Three Mile Island accident took place 12 days after the film's release). The film was considered \"one of the most intelligent Hollywood films of the 1970s\". In June 1979, Michael appointed Jack Brodsky Executive Vice-president of Bigstick Productions.</s><s>Career.:Success in Hollywood. Douglas's acting career was propelled to fame when he produced and starred in the 1984 romantic adventure comedy \"Romancing the Stone\". It also reintroduced Douglas as a capable leading man and gave director Robert Zemeckis his first box-office success. The film also starred Danny DeVito, a friend of Douglas since they had shared an apartment in the 1960s. It was followed a year later by a sequel, \"The Jewel of the Nile\", which he also produced. Bigstick Productions was then partnered with Mercury Entertainment, a company backed by producer Michael Phillips in"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " 1986 to produce independently financed features. In the 1980s, Douglas formed a new film production company, The Stone Group (later renamed Stonebridge Entertainment) with partner Rick Bieber. The year 1987 saw Douglas star in the thriller \"Fatal Attraction\" with Glenn Close. That same year he played tycoon Gordon Gekko in Oliver Stone's \"Wall Street\" for which he received an Academy Award as Best Actor. He reprised his role as Gekko in the sequel \"\" in 2010, also directed by Stone. Douglas starred in the 1989 film \"The War of the Roses\", which also starred Kathleen Turner and Danny DeVito. In 1989 he starred in Ridley Scott's international police crime drama \"Black Rain\" opposite Andy Garc\u00eda and Kate Capshaw; the film was shot in Osaka, Japan. In 1992, Douglas had another successful starring role when he appeared alongside Sharon Stone in the film \"Basic Instinct\". The movie was a box office hit, and sparked controversy over its depictions of bisexuality and lesbianism. In March 1994, Douglas announced that he had formed a new film production company, Douglas/Reuther Productions, in partnership with Steven Reuther. In 1994 Douglas and Demi Moore starred in the hit movie \"Disclosure\" focusing on the topic of"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " sexual harassment with Douglas playing a man harassed by his new female boss. Other popular films he starred in during the decade were \"Falling Down\", \"The American President\", \"The Ghost and the Darkness\", \"The Game\" (directed by David Fincher), and a remake of Alfred Hitchcock's classic \u2013 \"Dial M for Murder\" \u2013 titled \"A Perfect Murder\". In 1998 Douglas received the Crystal Globe award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. On November 19, 1997, Douglas formed his fourth film production company, Further Films. In 2000, Douglas starred in Steven Soderbergh's critically acclaimed film \"Traffic\", opposite Benicio del Toro and future wife, Catherine Zeta-Jones. That same year he also received critical acclaim for his role in \"Wonder Boys\", as a professor and novelist suffering from writer's block. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Drama and for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.</s><s>Career.:2001\u2013present. Douglas starred in \"Don't Say a Word\" (2001), filmed shortly before his marriage to Zeta-Jones. In 2003, he starred in \"It Runs in the Family\", which featured three generations"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " of his family (his parents, Kirk and Diana, as well as his own son, Cameron). The film, although a labor of love, was not successful, critically or at the box office. He then starred in and produced the action-thriller \"The Sentinel\" in 2006. During that time, he also guest starred on the episode \"Fagel Attraction\" of the television sitcom \"Will & Grace\" as a gay cop attracted to Will Truman (Eric McCormack); the performance earned Douglas an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Show. Douglas was approached for \"Basic Instinct 2\", but he declined to participate in the project. In December 2007, Douglas began announcing the introduction to \"NBC Nightly News\". Howard Reig, the previous announcer, had retired two years earlier. Douglas collaborated with Steven Soderbergh again on the 2013 film \"Behind the Candelabra\", playing Liberace, opposite Matt Damon, centered on the pianist's life. His portrayal of Liberace received critical acclaim, which resulted in him receiving the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards. He also won SAG and Golden Globe Awards for the performance. He"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " played Hank Pym in the films \"Ant-Man\" (2015), \"Ant-Man and the Wasp\" (2018), and \"\" (2019), based on the Marvel Comics superhero of the same name. The \"Ant-Man\" films were directed by Peyton Reed and starred Paul Rudd. In 2018, he starred with Alan Arkin in \"The Kominsky Method\", playing Sandy Kominsky, an aging acting coach. He received a Golden Globe Award for his performance. The same year, he starred in a Chinese film, \"Animal World\", based on the Japanese manga series \"Kaiji\". Douglas is on the board of selectors of the Jefferson Awards for Public Service.</s><s>Career.:Types of roles. According to film historian and critic David Thomson, Douglas was capable of playing characters who were \"weak, culpable, morally indolent, compromised, and greedy for illicit sensation without losing that basic probity or potential for ethical character that we require of a hero\". Critic and author Rob Edelman points out similarities in many of Douglas's roles, writing that in some of his leading films, he personified the \"contemporary, Caucasian middle-to-upper-class American male who finds himself the brunt of female anger because of real or"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " imagined sexual slights\". These themes of male victimization are seen in films such as \"Fatal Attraction\" (1987) with Glenn Close, \"The War of the Roses\" (1989) with Kathleen Turner, \"Basic Instinct\" (1992) with Sharon Stone, \"Falling Down\" (1993), and \"Disclosure\" (1994) with Demi Moore. For his characters in films such as these, \"any kind of sexual contact with someone other than his mate and the mother of his children is destined to come at a costly price.\" Edelman describes his characters as the \"Everyman who must contend with, and be victimized by, these women and their raging, psychotic sexuality\". Conversely, Douglas also played powerful characters with dominating personalities equally well: as Gordon Gekko, in the \"Wall Street\" franchise, he acted the role of a \"greedy yuppie personification of the Me generation,\" convinced that \"greed is good;\" in \"Romancing the Stone\" and \"The Jewel of the Nile,\" he played an idealistic soldier of fortune; in \"The Star Chamber\" (1983), he was a court judge fed up with an inadequate legal system, leading him to become involved with a vigilante group; and in \"Black"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " Rain\" (1989), he proved he could also play a Stallone-like action hero as a New York City cop. Having become recognized as both a successful producer and actor, he describes himself as \"an actor first and a producer second\". He has explained why he enjoys both functions:</s><s>Personal life. After the filming of \"Summertree\" in 1971, Douglas began dating actress Brenda Vaccaro, a relationship that lasted nearly six years. In March 1977, Douglas married Diandra Luker, the daughter of an Austrian diplomat. At the time, Douglas was 32 and Luker was 19.  They had one son, Cameron, born in 1978. In 1995, Diandra filed for divorce and was awarded $45\u00a0million as part of the divorce settlement. In March 1999, Douglas began dating Welsh actress Catherine Zeta-Jones. The pair married on November 18, 2000. They were both born on September 25, albeit 25 years apart. Zeta-Jones says that when they met in Deauville, France, Douglas said, \"I want to father your children.\" They have two children, son Dylan Michael (born August 8, 2000) and daughter Carys Zeta (born April 20, 2003). The family has a coastal estate near Valld"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": "emossa, Mallorca. In August 2013, \"People\" claimed that Douglas and Zeta-Jones began living separately in May 2013, but did not take any legal action towards separation or divorce. A representative for Zeta-Jones subsequently confirmed that they \"are taking some time apart to evaluate and work on their marriage\". It was reported on November 1, 2013, that the couple had reconciled and Zeta-Jones moved back into their New York apartment. Douglas was born to a Jewish father and an Anglican (Church of England) mother. His cousin, the Right Reverend Nicholas Dill, is the bishop of the established Anglican Church of Bermuda. Douglas was not raised with a religious affiliation, but stated in January 2015, that he now identifies as a Reform Jew. His son, Dylan, had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony, and the Douglas family traveled to Jerusalem to mark the occasion.{{cite news|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/177606/michael-douglas-says-shalom-from-israel |title=Michael Douglas Says 'Shalom' From Israel Douglas was the recipient of the 2015 Genesis Prize, a $1\u00a0million prize awarded by the"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " Genesis Prize Foundation for Jewish achievement. He donated the prize money to activities designed to raise awareness about inclusion and diversity in Jewish life, and to finding innovative solutions to pressing global and community problems. Douglas is a U.S. citizen by birth in the United States and has British citizenship with Bermudian Status through his mother's birth in Bermuda.</s><s>Personal life.:Allegations of sexual misconduct. In 2018, journalist and author Susan Braudy alleged on the U.S. TV program \"Today\" and in several interviews that, while Braudy was in her 40s and working for Douglas in 1989, Douglas regularly made degrading sexual comments about or to her. She stated this caused her to wear baggy clothing at work, and also recalled a one-on-one script meeting where Douglas allegedly undid his pants and fondled himself with her in the room. In a pre-emptive statement, Douglas admitted to using coarse language but categorically denied any other wrongdoing. Zeta-Jones, asked about the allegations while promoting \"Cocaine Godmother\", did not address them directly but said that her husband was \"110 percent behind\" the #MeToo movement and that she was \"very, very happy\" with his statement.</s><s>In the"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " media. In 1980, Douglas was involved in a serious skiing accident which sidelined his acting career for three years. On September 17, 1992, the same year \"Basic Instinct\" came out, he began a 30-day treatment for alcoholism and drug addiction at Sierra Tucson Center. In 1992, Douglas founded the short-lived Atlantic Records distributed label Third Stone Records. He founded the label with record producer Richard Rudolph, who became the company's president and CEO. Among the acts signed to Third Stone were Saigon Kick and Nona Gaye. In 1997, New York caddie James Parker sued Douglas for $25\u00a0million. Parker accused Douglas of hitting him in the groin with an errant golf ball, causing Parker great distress. The case was later settled out of court. In 2004, Douglas and Zeta-Jones took legal action against stalker Dawnette Knight, who was accused of sending violent letters to the couple that contained graphic threats on Zeta-Jones's life. Testifying, Zeta-Jones said the threats left her so shaken she feared a nervous breakdown. Knight claimed she was in love with Douglas and admitted to the offenses, which took place between October 2003 and May 2004. She was sentenced to three years in prison.</s><s>In the media"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": ".:Health. It was announced on August 16, 2010, that Douglas was suffering from throat cancer (later revealed to have actually been tongue cancer), and would undergo chemotherapy and radiation treatment. He subsequently confirmed that the cancer was at stage IV, an advanced stage. Douglas credits the discovery of his cancer to the public Canadian health system since a doctor in Montreal, Quebec diagnosed the actor's medical condition after numerous American specialists failed to do so. Douglas has since participated in fundraisers for Montreal's Jewish General Hospital, where he was diagnosed, and the McGill University Health Centre with which the hospital is affiliated. Douglas attributed the cancer to stress, his previous alcohol abuse, and years of heavy smoking. In July 2011, \"Star\" magazine published photographs which appeared to show him smoking a cigarette while on holiday that month. A representative declined to comment on the photographs. In November 2010, Douglas's doctors put him on a weight-gain diet due to excessive weight loss that left him weak. On January 11, 2011, he said that the tumor was gone, though the illness and aggressive treatment had caused him to lose 32 pounds (14.5\u00a0kg). He said he would require monthly screenings because of a high chance of recurrence within three years. In June 2013, Douglas told \"The"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " Guardian\" that his type of cancer is caused by the human papilloma virus transmitted by cunnilingus, leading some media to report this as well. His spokesman denied these reports and portrayed Douglas's conversation with \"The Guardian\" as general and not referring specifically to his own diagnosis. Although Douglas described the cancer as throat cancer, it was publicly speculated that he may actually have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer. In October 2013, Douglas said he suffered from tongue cancer, not throat cancer. He announced it as throat cancer upon the advice of his physician, who felt it would be unwise to reveal that he had tongue cancer given its negative prognosis and potential for disfigurement, particularly because the announcement came immediately before Douglas's promotional tour for \"\".</s><s>Activism.</s><s>Activism.:Political activities. Douglas and Zeta-Jones hosted the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert in Oslo, Norway, on December 11, 2003. They acted as co-masters of ceremony in the concert celebrating the award given to Iranian human rights activist Shirin Ebadi. In 2006, Douglas was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. He is an advocate of nuclear disarmament, a supporter of"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, sits on the board of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, and is an honorary board member of the anti-war grant-making foundation Ploughshares Fund. In 1998, he was appointed UN Messenger of Peace by Secretary-General Kofi Annan. He is a notable Democrat and has donated money to Barack Obama, Christopher Dodd, and Al Franken. He has been a major supporter of gun control since John Lennon was murdered in 1980. In 2006, he was a featured speaker in a public service campaign sponsored by a UN conference to focus attention on trade of illicit arms, especially of small arms and light weapons. Douglas made several appearances and offered his opinions: A few years earlier, in 2003, Douglas hosted a \"powerful film\" on child soldiers and the impact of combat on children in countries such as Sierra Leone. During the documentary film, Douglas interviewed children, and estimated that they were among 300,000 other children worldwide who have been conscripted or kidnapped and forced to fight. Of one such child he interviewed, Douglas stated, \"After being kidnapped by a rebel group, he was tortured, drugged, and forced to commit atrocities.\" Douglas discussed his role as a Messenger Peace for the UN: In February 2012, following his return to the"}, {"title": "Michael Douglas", "text": " character of financial criminal Gordon Gekko, the Federal Bureau of Investigation released a public service announcement video of Douglas calling on viewers to report financial crime. In August 2014, Douglas was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to \"The Guardian\" opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue. In June 2015, during a visit in Israel to receive the Genesis Prize, Douglas said the boycott movement against that country is an \"ugly cancer\".</s><s>Activism.:Humanitarian initiatives. In 2009, Douglas joined the project \"Soldiers of Peace\", a movie against all wars and for global peace. Douglas lent his support for the campaign to release Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani, the Iranian woman, who after having been convicted of committing adultery, was given a sentence of death by stoning.</s><s>See also. - List of actors with Academy Award nominations - List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Michael Douglas", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000470", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Franck Rib\u00e9ry.", "docs": [{"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "<s>Franck Rib\u00e9ry Franck Henry Pierre Rib\u00e9ry (; born 7 April 1983) is a French former professional footballer who primarily played as a winger, preferably on the left side, and was known for his pace, energy, skill, and precise passing. Rib\u00e9ry has been described as a player who is fast, tricky and an excellent dribbler, who has great control with the ball at his feet. While with Bayern, he was recognised on the world stage as one of the best players of his generation. The previous talisman of the French national team, Zinedine Zidane, once referred to Rib\u00e9ry as the \"jewel of French football\". Rib\u00e9ry's career began in 1989 as a youth player for local hometown club Conti Boulogne. He left the club after seven years to join professional outfit Lille, but departed the club after three years after having difficulties adjusting. In 1999, Rib\u00e9ry joined US Boulogne, where he played for two years. After spending two more years in the amateur divisions with two clubs (Al\u00e8s and Brest), Rib\u00e9ry earned a move to Ligue 1 club Metz in 2004. After six months with the club, Rib\u00e9ry moved to Turkey"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " in January 2005 to join Galatasaray, where he won the Turkish Cup. After six months at Galatasaray, he departed the club in controversial fashion in order to return to France to join Marseille. Rib\u00e9ry spent two seasons at the club, helping the \"Marseillais\" reach the final of the Coupe de France in back-to-back seasons. In 2007, Rib\u00e9ry joined German club Bayern Munich for a then club-record fee of \u20ac25\u00a0million. With Bayern, he won nine Bundesliga titles (at the time a Bundesliga record), six DFB-Pokal, one UEFA Champions League and one FIFA Club World Cup, which include five doubles and one treble, amounting to a then club record of 24 titles over twelve seasons. His form for Bayern in the club's 2012\u201313 treble winning season saw him nominated alongside Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo on the three-man shortlist for the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or. During his long spell at Bayern, Rib\u00e9ry was also known for his fruitful partnership with fellow winger Arjen Robben\u2014together they were affectionately referred to by the nickname \"Robbery\". He left Bayern in summer 2019, and subsequently joined Italian side Fiore"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "ntina, while Robben retired from football. Between 2006 and 2014, Rib\u00e9ry represented the France national team 81 times. He played at two FIFA World Cups (2006 and 2010) and two UEFA European Championships (2008 and 2012). Individually, Rib\u00e9ry is a three-time winner of the French Player of the Year award and also won the German award of Footballer of the Year, becoming the first player to hold both honours. He has also been named to the UEFA Team of the Year and declared the Young Player of the Year in France. In 2013, Rib\u00e9ry won the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award. In 2013, he was also ranked fourth in \"The Guardian\"'s list of the best players in the world. He is currently in charge as a technical collaborator of Italian Serie A club Salernitana, which was also his final club as a player.</s><s>Early life. Rib\u00e9ry was born on 7 April 1983 in Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais and raised in a low-income neighbourhood on the fringes of the city. When he was two years old, he and his family were involved in a car accident in his hometown, colliding with a lorry;"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " he suffered serious facial injuries that resulted in more than one hundred stitches and which left two long scars down the right side of his face, and another across his brows. Prior to joining Stade Brestois in 2003, he worked as a construction worker with his father, which Rib\u00e9ry referred to as a \"learning experience\".</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Rib\u00e9ry began his football career at age six playing in the youth section of amateur club \"FC Conti de Boulogne-sur-Mer\". After a seven-year stay, in 1996, he joined professional outfit Lille, who were playing in the second division. While at Lille, Rib\u00e9ry excelled athletically, but developed academic and behavioural problems, which led to Lille releasing him. In 2012, during a press conference ahead of Bayern Munich's Champions League tie against his former club Lille, Rib\u00e9ry explained that he was released from the Lille academy after suffering a broken elbow and that Lille officials had previously wanted to drop him from the academy for being \"too small\". After leaving Lille, Rib\u00e9ry returned to his hometown joining the biggest club in the city, US Boulogne. After spending a year in"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " the reserves, he was promoted to the senior team. Rib\u00e9ry only made four appearances in his debut season as Boulogne, who were playing in the CFA, the fourth division of French football, earned promotion to third-tier Championnat National. In his second season with the club, Rib\u00e9ry appeared in 25 league matches converting five goals. Although Boulogne finished 17th, which meant a return to the fourth division, Rib\u00e9ry's solid performances earned him a move to fellow National club Olympique Al\u00e8s. In his only season at the club, Rib\u00e9ry made 18 appearances scoring only one goal. Following the season, despite finishing safe, Al\u00e8s were relegated to the Division d'Honneur, the sixth division of French football, by the DNCG after the club declared bankruptcy. The resulting news led to Rib\u00e9ry signing with Stade Brest, another Championnat National club. At Brest, Rib\u00e9ry established himself as a premier player in the league appearing in 35 league matches scoring three goals. Rib\u00e9ry's performance and the team as a whole led to the club finishing second in the league, thus earning promotion to Ligue 2. Despite his success with Brest, Rib\u00e9ry sought to"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " play in Ligue 1, the top division of French football. His dream came to fruition when Metz's manager Jean Fernandez took a liking to him and recruited him on a free transfer. Rib\u00e9ry only spent half a season at Metz, but impressed earning the UNFP Player of the Month in August 2004. He scored his only league goal for Metz on 6 November in the team's 1\u20131 draw with Toulouse. His stellar play on the right side of midfield led to Metz supporters comparing him to Robert Pires, a former Metz player. After negotiations on an extension ended in a stalemate, Rib\u00e9ry relocated to Turkey. There he joined Galatasaray, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract on 1 February 2005.</s><s>Club career.:Galatasaray. At Galatasaray, Rib\u00e9ry was brought in by manager Gheorghe Hagi and appeared in 14 league matches as the club finished in third-place position. While playing for the club, Galatasaray supporters nicknamed him \"Ferraribery\", in reference to his quick acceleration with the ball at his feet and also \"Scarface\" due to a large scar located on the right side of his face"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": ". In the Turkish Cup, Rib\u00e9ry was instrumental in the club's 5\u20131 thrashing of rivals Fenerbah\u00e7e in the competition's ultimate match. He scored the opening goal in the 16th minute and also assisted on another goal. Rib\u00e9ry was later substituted in the 52nd minute with Galatasaray leading 3\u20131. The trophy was Rib\u00e9ry's first major honour.</s><s>Club career.:Move to Marseille and CAS ruling. On 15 June 2005, Rib\u00e9ry announced that he would be returning to France joining Ligue 1 club Marseille on a five-year contract, plus reuniting with former manager Jean Fernandez. The move was considered surprising to Galatasaray as Rib\u00e9ry had three years remaining on his contract after the club paid Metz \u20ac2\u00a0million to make the loan move permanent on 30 March. Rib\u00e9ry argued that he had not been paid his wages by the club and asked FIFA, the sport's governing body, to invalidate his contract. He also confirmed that, at one point during the season, he was threatened with a baseball bat by his former agent and a Galatasaray director. A day after announcing his move, Galatasaray officials and manager Eric Gerets"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " blasted the player for betraying the club and also announced their intent to ask FIFA to probe the situation. In July 2005, FIFA ruled in favour of Rib\u00e9ry and dismissed Galatasaray's claims of the player being at fault. In response, the Turkish club announced their decision to challenge FIFA's ruling by appealing to the international Court of Arbitration for Sport. On 25 April 2007, their appeal was dismissed by the court, who declared in a statement that Rib\u00e9ry had terminated his contract with the Turkish club at the end of the 2004\u201305 season on just grounds, and that Galatasaray was therefore not entitled to any compensation. Galatasaray had sought \u20ac10\u00a0million in compensation from Marseille.</s><s>Club career.:Move to Marseille and CAS ruling.:2005\u201306 season. Upon his arrival, Rib\u00e9ry was handed the number 7 shirt and made his debut on 30 July 2005 in a 2\u20130 defeat to Bordeaux collecting a yellow card. On 17 September, he scored his first goal for the club in their 2\u20131 victory over Troyes. Two weeks later, Rib\u00e9ry netted goals in back-to-back matches in victories over his former club Metz and Nice. On 19 November, Rib\u00e9"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "ry scored the game-winning goal in a 2\u20131 win over Nantes. The goal, scored from almost out, was later voted the goal of the season by supporters. In the Coupe de France, Rib\u00e9ry performed well scoring a double against Le Havre and scoring the opening goal in Marseille's 3\u20131 semi-final victory over Rennes. The win pushed Marseille through to the 2006 final, where they faced \"Le Classique\" rivals Paris Saint-Germain, which merited Rib\u00e9ry his second consecutive cup final appearance. Unfortunately, Marseille faltered losing 2\u20131 to the Parisian club. In Europe, Rib\u00e9ry scored two goals in the UEFA Intertoto Cup against Italian club Lazio and Spanish outfit Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a. In the UEFA Cup, he scored one goal converting it in the second leg of Marseille's Round of 32 tie with Premier League club Bolton Wanderers. Rib\u00e9ry was later named the National Union of Professional Footballers (UNFP) Young Player of the Year.</s><s>Club career.:Move to Marseille and CAS ruling.:2006\u201307 season. Following Rib\u00e9ry's success internationally at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, a bidding war occurred in order"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " to obtain his services with English club Arsenal initially offering \u20ac15\u00a0million for the player. However, Arsenal would be trumped by Spanish club Real Madrid, who offered \u20ac30\u00a0million for the Frenchman, according to Marseille directors. Rivals Olympique Lyonnais also sought Rib\u00e9ry's services, with president Pape Diouf accusing Jean-Michel Aulas of tapping-up Rib\u00e9ry after it was discovered that the Lyon chairman visited the France national team and Rib\u00e9ry himself during the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Diouf later threatened to report Aulas to the Ligue de Football Professionnel (LFP) for his actions. He went as far as to accuse Rib\u00e9ry's former agent, Bruno Heiderscheid, of badly advising the player. Marseille continued to declare him off-limits with nearly four years remaining on Rib\u00e9ry's contract. On 11 August 2006, Rib\u00e9ry confirmed his intention to remain with the club for the 2006\u201307 season. Rib\u00e9ry's now heightened popularity saw increased speculation from writers and supporters that Marseille would finally win their first league title since the 1991\u201392 season. He began the 2006\u201307 campaign on a high note, scoring in the club's second match of the season against Auxer"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "re in a 3\u20130 victory. On 11 November 2006, Rib\u00e9ry suffered a serious groin injury in Marseille's 1\u20130 loss to Lille. The resulting injury meant Rib\u00e9ry was out for a number of weeks, returning following the winter break. On his return in January, Rib\u00e9ry netted two goals in another win over Auxerre. The following month, Rib\u00e9ry suffered a fractured foot in a match against Toulouse. The injury required him to miss four league matches, as well as a Coupe de France match. In April 2007, Rib\u00e9ry finished the league season by scoring in back-to-back weeks against Sochaux in a 4\u20132 win and Monaco in another victory. In the Coupe de France, Marseille again reached the final with Rib\u00e9ry, for the second straight season, putting them there scoring the game-winning goal in a 3\u20130 semi-final win over Nantes. In the final, Marseille were heavy favourites over Sochaux, a team they had completely dominated just 12 days prior. However, Sochaux recorded an upset victory defeating Marseille 5\u20134 on penalties after the match ended 2\u20132 following extra time. Rib\u00e9ry's final match with Marse"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "ille was a 1\u20130 win over Sedan on the final match day of the season. The victory secured second place for Marseille and was their best finish since finishing runner-up to Bordeaux during the 1998\u201399 season. Following the season, Rib\u00e9ry was awarded the French Player of the Year by French sports publication \"France Football\". The honour ended the four-year reign of Thierry Henry.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2007\u201308 season. On 7 June 2007, German club Bayern Munich announced that they had reached an agreement with Marseille for the transfer of Rib\u00e9ry, with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and Bayern paying Marseille a then club-record \u20ac25\u00a0million. Rib\u00e9ry was given the number 7 shirt, which was freed up due to the retirement of midfielder Mehmet Scholl at the end of the previous season. He made his team debut one month later, scoring twice in an 18\u20130 friendly drubbing of Munich youth side FT Gern. Rib\u00e9ry made his competitive debut for Bayern on 21 July 2007 against Werder Bremen in the first round of the Premiere Ligapokal, scoring twice and also"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " assisting on another in a 4\u20131 victory. In the semifinals, he netted an early goal in a 2\u20130 win over defending champions VfB Stuttgart. Due to an injury, Rib\u00e9ry was unable to play in the final, which Bayern won. Rib\u00e9ry scored his first league goal for the club on 18 August in a 4\u20130 triumph over Bremen converting a penalty in the 31st minute. He went scoreless in the league for almost two months before scoring a goal and providing the assist on Bayern's other goal in a 2\u20131 win over VfL Bochum. A month later, Rib\u00e9ry recorded this feat again, providing the assist on the opening goal scored by Miroslav Klose and scoring the game winning goal in a 2\u20131 win over VfL Wolfsburg. In the German Cup, he recorded two goals and provided four assists in five matches Bayern contested. He netted his first goal in the competition on 27 February 2008 in Bayern's win over inner-city rivals 1860 Munich, with Rib\u00e9ry converting the lone goal, a penalty, in the final minute of extra time. In the semi-finals, Rib\u00e9ry scored the opening goal in Bayern's 2\u20130 win over Wolf"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "sburg, which resulted in the club qualifying for the final against Borussia Dortmund. In the DFB-Pokal final, Rib\u00e9ry assisted on Luca Toni's opener in the 11th minute in a match Bayern won 2\u20131, thus claiming their 14th cup title. In the UEFA Cup, Bayern reached the semi-finals, with Rib\u00e9ry scoring three goals in the competition, including one in the Germans' comeback win over Spanish club Getafe in the quarter-finals. In total, Rib\u00e9ry appeared in 46 matches scoring 16 goals and assisting on 17 goals as Bayern won the league and cup double. For his efforts, on 8 June 2008, Rib\u00e9ry was named the 2007\u201308 Footballer of the Year (Germany). He was also named French Player of the Year for the second consecutive season.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2008\u201309 season. Due to tearing ligaments in his ankle at Euro 2008, Rib\u00e9ry began the season with Bayern on 24 September 2008 in a DFB-Pokal match against 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, appearing as a substitute in the 65th minute. He made his league debut three days later and, after a month of play, scored his first goal of"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " the season in Bayern's 4\u20132 comeback win over VfL Wolfsburg. Following the match, Rib\u00e9ry scored in five-straight league matches, with the club going undefeated in that span. On 10 December, Rib\u00e9ry capped the 2008 portion of the season by scoring a goal and providing assists on the other two in Bayern's 3\u20132 victory over Lyon in the Champions League. For his performances throughout 2008, Rib\u00e9ry finished third behind Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi for the Onze d'Or. He was shortlisted by the French magazine \"France Football\" for the 2008 Ballon d'Or award, won by Cristiano Ronaldo. Rib\u00e9ry's 2009 debut saw Bayern earn a 5\u20131 German Cup win over VfB Stuttgart, with the player scoring and also providing an assist. On 24 February 2009, he scored a double in the club's 5\u20130 win over Sporting CP in the first leg of their Round of 16 clash. Bayern were later eliminated 5\u20131 on aggregate by Spanish champions Barcelona in the next round, with Rib\u00e9ry scoring a consolation goal in the second leg in a 1\u20131 draw at the Allianz. In the league, Bayern failed to defend their Bundesliga title, despite suffering defeat"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " only twice in their final 13 matches, losing out to Wolfsburg. Rib\u00e9ry ended the season with 36 total appearances scoring 14 goals and providing 19 assists.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2009\u201310 season. Following the 2008\u201309 season, constant speculation began to surface regarding Rib\u00e9ry's availability on the transfer market. Despite Bayern president Uli Hoene\u00df, executive Karl-Heinz Rummenigge and new manager Louis van Gaal declaring that Rib\u00e9ry would not be sold, numerous media outlets declared that English clubs Chelsea and Manchester United, Spanish clubs Barcelona and Real Madrid, and Italian outfit Inter Milan had strong interest in the player, with many of the clubs willing to offer as much as \u20ac65\u00a0million for his services. In order to quell the interest, Hoene\u00df declared that Rib\u00e9ry would leave for nothing less than \u20ac100\u00a0million. Rib\u00e9ry began the 2009\u201310 season struggling with tendonitis in his left knee, but was healthy enough to start the season scoring his first goal in a 5\u20131 victory against rivals Borussia Dortmund, converting a free kick. The goal was notable in part due to Rib\u00e9ry's celebration afterward; following his conversion, Rib\u00e9ry ran across the field eluding"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " several celebratory teammates and enthusiastically jumped into his manager Louis van Gaal's awaiting arms. The mutual show of admiration ended speculation by the media of the two having a poor relationship. In early October, the tendinitis began to affect his play, which resulted in Rib\u00e9ry missing the rest of the year, as well as France's World Cup playoff tie with the Republic of Ireland. On 23 January 2010, Rib\u00e9ry returned to the team, making an appearance as a substitute in the club's 3\u20132 league win over Werder Bremen. Rib\u00e9ry's first goal of the new year came on 10 February scoring in Bayern's 6\u20132 DFB-Pokal victory over SpVgg Greuther F\u00fcrth. On 31 March, he scored the equalising goal in Bayern's 2\u20131 first leg win over English club Manchester United in the Champions League quarter-finals after converting a free kick, which deflected off of striker Wayne Rooney before going into the net. In the club's ensuing match, Rib\u00e9ry scored the opening goal in the team's 2\u20131 victory over Schalke 04. On 20 April, Rib\u00e9ry was sent off by referee Roberto Rosetti in the club's first leg Champions League semi-final against"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " Lyon after being adjudged to have committed serious foul play on Lyon striker Lisandro L\u00f3pez. The expulsion resulted in Rib\u00e9ry missing the second leg in Lyon, which Bayern won to advance to the UEFA Champions League final. On 28 April, Rib\u00e9ry was handed a three-match suspension by UEFA's Control and Disciplinary Body for assault. The suspension meant that Rib\u00e9ry would miss the final. Following the ruling, Bayern Munich announced their intent to appeal the suspension. On 5 May, the club's appeal was heard by the UEFA Appeals Body, which upheld Rib\u00e9ry's ban meaning he would not only miss the final on 22 May, but also the next UEFA club competition fixture for which he is eligible. Immediately after the ruling, however, Bayern responded by announcing their intention of appealing to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. On 15 May, Rib\u00e9ry scored the third goal in Bayern's 4\u20130 win over Werder Bremen in the 2009\u201310 edition of the DFB-Pokal final. Two days later, Rib\u00e9ry's appeal was heard by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and was dismissed meaning he was officially ruled out of the UEFA Champions League final against Inter Milan on 22 May. Bayern Munich lost the match"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " 2\u20130. On 20 May, it was announced by German newspaper \"Bild\" that Rib\u00e9ry had agreed to a new five-year contract with Bayern Munich and would sign the contract upon his arrival in Madrid to watch his teammates contest the Champions League final. On 23 May, the day after the final, the club officially confirmed the agreement. The new deal tied Rib\u00e9ry to the club until 2015 and, though there is uncertainty regarding the annual salary, it has been speculated that the new deal pays him an annual salary of \u20ac10\u00a0million a year, the highest annual salary ever awarded to a player in the club's history.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2010\u201311 season. Rib\u00e9ry began the 2010\u201311 season healthy for the first time since his debut season with the club. He was among the first World Cup players to arrive to pre-season training and made his season debut on 16 August 2010 in Bayern's 4\u20130 victory over Germania Windeck in the first round of the DFB-Pokal. In the match, Rib\u00e9ry scored his first goal of the season. Four days later, he assisted on the game-winning goal, scored by Bastian Schweinsteiger, in the team"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "'s opening league match against VfL Wolfsburg. On 21 September, Rib\u00e9ry was forced to leave the team's 2\u20131 win over 1899 Hoffenheim after suffering an ankle injury. The injury was discovered to be serious and Rib\u00e9ry was ruled out for four weeks. Despite the initial diagnosis, Rib\u00e9ry missed two months and returned to the team on 14 November in a league match against 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg. A week later, Rib\u00e9ry was criticised by manager Louis van Gaal for his performance in a friendly match against SpVgg Unterhaching, which was organised to help Rib\u00e9ry and other injured first-team players regain full fitness. Though Van Gaal was disappointed in several of his players' performances, he singled out Rib\u00e9ry, stating, \"he [Rib\u00e9ry] didn't make any effort and showed no commitment.\" Rib\u00e9ry did, however, remain in contention to appear in the team's next league match against Bayer Leverkusen. He subsequently appeared in the match as a substitute in the 61st minute. On 8 December, Rib\u00e9ry scored a double in a 3\u20130 victory over Swiss club Basel in the Champions League. On 15 January, in Bayern's first league match following"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " the winter break against Wolfsburg, Rib\u00e9ry suffered a lower leg injury in the first half as a result of a tackle by Brazilian midfielder Josu\u00e9. Initial media reports described the injury as serious with Rib\u00e9ry possibly having to undergo surgery to repair torn ligaments. After further medical analysis, however, the injury was only reduced to a sprain and Rib\u00e9ry subsequently missed two weeks. He returned to the team on 5 February in a league match against 1. FC K\u00f6ln. On 12 February, Rib\u00e9ry assisted on two goals in a 4\u20130 win over 1899 Hoffenheim. Following the team's 3\u20131 league win over Mainz 05 on 19 February, Rib\u00e9ry embarked on a streak in which he charted a statistical output in Bayern's next five league matches. On 26 February, he assisted on the team's only goal in its 3\u20131 defeat against rivals Borussia Dortmund. In the next match, against Hannover 96, he repeated his feat from the previous match assisted on an Arjen Robben goal in another defeat. On 12 March, Rib\u00e9ry had arguably his best performance of the season after scoring a goal and providing three assists in a 6\u20130 hammering of Hamburger SV. In Bayern's following"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " match against SC Freiburg, he assisted on the team's opening goal, scored by Mario G\u00f3mez, and then netted the game-winning goal two minutes from time in a 2\u20131 win. Against Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach on 2 April, Rib\u00e9ry assisted on the only goal of the match, which was converted by Robben. The streak ended in the team's 1\u20131 draw with 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg on 11 April. Six days later, Rib\u00e9ry scored the final goal in a 5\u20131 sweeping of Bayer Leverkusen.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2011\u201312 season. Prior to the start of the 2011\u201312 season, Rib\u00e9ry suffered an ankle injury during a pre-season training session, which resulted in the player being carried from the training ground by members of the club's medical team. Despite the player himself fearing he may have torn ligaments in the ankle, after an examination, club doctors revealed that the injury was not as serious as first thought, and Rib\u00e9ry missed only one competitive match, a 3\u20130 DFB-Pokal away win over Eintracht Braunschweig on 1 August 2011. Rib\u00e9ry made his"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " season debut a week later in Bayern's opening league match of the season, playing the entire match in a 1\u20130 loss to Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach. In the following week, he assisted on the game-winning goal, scored by Luiz Gustavo, in a win over VfL Wolfsburg. Rib\u00e9ry scored his first goal of the campaign in the team's next league match against Hamburger SV. Bayern won the match 5\u20130. Following the international break, on 10 September, he scored a double and assisted on a goal in a 7\u20130 home victory over SC Freiburg. A week later, Rib\u00e9ry assisted on both team goals in a shutout win over Schalke 04. Following the October international break, Rib\u00e9ry manufactured another statistical output after scoring and assisting on two goals in a 4\u20130 win over Hertha BSC. On 29 October, he scored the game-winning goal in a 2\u20131 win over FC Augsburg. In the UEFA Champions League, Rib\u00e9ry scored his first goal in the competition on 22 November against Spanish club Villarreal in the group stage. He scored one goal in each half to give Bayern a 3\u20131 win, which allowed the club progression to"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " the UEFA Champions League knockout phase. On 3 December, Rib\u00e9ry scored another set of goals in a 4\u20131 win against Werder Bremen. The league win re-inserted Bayern back into first-place position in the league after momentarily losing the spot in late November. After failing to score a goal in two months, on 8 February 2012 Rib\u00e9ry scored the game-winning goal in a 2\u20130 win over VfB Stuttgart in the quarter-finals of the DFB-Pokal. The goal resulted in Rib\u00e9ry scoring in every official competition Bayern Munich has participated in since he joined the club in 2007. On 26 February, Rib\u00e9ry scored two goals in a shutout win over Schalke 04. Two weeks later, in a 7\u20131 thrashing of 1899 Hoffenheim, he scored another goal and assisted on goals scored by Toni Kroos, Arjen Robben and Mario G\u00f3mez. In the semi-finals of the DFB-Pokal, Rib\u00e9ry scored the second goal in the team's 4\u20132 extra time win over Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach. The win took Bayern Munich to its 18th German Cup final. On 17 April, Rib"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "\u00e9ry scored Bayern's opening goal in its 2\u20131 first leg victory over Spanish club Real Madrid in the semi-finals of the Champions League. Two days after the match, it was reported by German publication \"Sport Bild\" that Rib\u00e9ry was involved in a dressing room fight during half-time of the Madrid match with Arjen Robben. The report stated that \"a clear-the-air meeting was held\" and Rib\u00e9ry was \"said to have apologized and accepted a fine for his actions\". In the team's ensuing match against Werder Bremen, Rib\u00e9ry appeared as a substitute and scored the game-winning goal in the 90th minute. On 12 May 2012, Rib\u00e9ry scored in the 2012 DFB-Pokal Final, as Bayern lost 5\u20132 against rivals Borussia Dortmund. In extra time of the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final, he was subbed out after sustaining an injury from a tackle by Didier Drogba. Bayern eventually lost in a penalty shootout.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2012\u201313 season. Rib\u00e9ry started the 2012\u201313 season by winning the 2012 DFL-Supercup against Borussia Dortmund on 12 August 2012. He scored two goals in a 2\u2013"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "0 victory over Hoffenheim on 6 October. Ribery scored a late minute goal against BATE Borisov in the Champions League, but the match ended a 3\u20131 loss for Bayern. On 20 October, Ribery provided hat-trick of assists in a 5\u20130 win over Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf. On 18 December, Rib\u00e9ry was shown a straight red card after slapping Augsburg's midfielder Koo Ja-cheol during the DFB Pokal round of 16 match, but that did not stop his side from winning the match 2\u20130. He was given two-match suspension in the Pokal causing him to miss the quarter-final match against Borussia Dortmund and the semi-final match against VFL Wolfsburg even though his side won both of the matches and made it through to the final. Rib\u00e9ry also won the Champions League with Bayern Munich in an all-German final against Dortmund. He provided the assist to Arjen Robben who then scored the match-winning goal in the Champions League final. He completed the continental treble with Bayern after also winning the 2012\u201313 Bundesliga and 2013 DFB-Pokal against VfB Stuttgart. Rib\u00e9ry also had the most"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " assists with 15 assists in the Bundesliga.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2013\u201314 season. On 10 August 2013, Rib\u00e9ry provided one assist to his teammate Arjen Robben in their first Bundesliga game of the season as they won the game with a 3\u20131 victory over Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach. Rib\u00e9ry scored his first header in a 2\u20130 victory over 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg on 24 August. On 29 August, Rib\u00e9ry won the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award. On 30 August, Rib\u00e9ry scored a 47th-minute goal against Chelsea in the 2013 UEFA Super Cup as his side won the UEFA Super Cup title for the first time in their club's history after winning in the penalty shoot-out. On 21 December, Rib\u00e9ry was awarded the Golden Ball for being the best player of the tournament after his side won the FIFA Club World Cup title for the first time in club's history by beating Raja Casablanca 2\u20130 victory in the final. On 13 January 2014, he placed third in the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or, behind Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. On 7 February, Rib\u00e9ry suffered burst blood vessel in his buttock which kept him"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " out of the pitch for two weeks. On 25 March, he scored in a 3\u20131 win over Hertha BSC as Bayern were confirmed as Bundesliga champions.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2014\u201315 season. On 18 October 2014, Rib\u00e9ry made his return after suffering from a knee injury as a substitute in the 61st minute in a 6\u20130 home victory over Werder Bremen. Rib\u00e9ry scored each goal in both the matches against A.S. Roma in the UEFA Champions League group stage, Bayern won 7\u20131 in the first match and 2\u20130 in the second match. He made an impressive performance and scored a goal in his first start for the club since April 2014 in a 3\u20131 victory over Hamburger SV in the DFB-Pokal on 30 October. Rib\u00e9ry scored his 100th goal for Bayern and the only goal of the match in 1\u20130 victory over Bayer Leverkusen on 6 December. The goal happened in his 287th competitive match for Bayern. In January 2015, he suffered another injury which was muscle injury in training and missed only three matches against VfL Wolfsburg, Schalke 04 and VfB Stuttgart. On 27 March, Rib\u00e9"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "ry then suffered an ankle injury in a 7\u20130 home victory over Shakhtar Donetsk in the UEFA Champions League 2nd leg match of the Round of 16 tie and was sidelined for the remaining of the season. He scored nine goals and provided seven assists in this season.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2015\u201316 season. On 2 December 2015, Rib\u00e9ry trained with the first team for the first time since his injury in March 2015. On 5 December, he made his first appearance since his ankle injury as a substitute coming in for Robert Lewandowski and also scored a goal after six minutes of his appearance, but that didn't stop Bayern from losing 3\u20131 to Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach. It was also his 300th competitive appearance for Bayern Munich. He made his 200th Bundesliga appearance in a 1\u20130 win over 1. FC K\u00f6ln on 19 March 2016. On 2 April, Rib\u00e9ry scored a bicycle kick goal for Bayern Munich to beat Eintracht Frankfurt with a 1\u20130 victory. He finished the season with two goals and three assists.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2016\u201317 season. Rib\u00e9ry extended his contract with Bayern Munich by another year to June 2018, on 27"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " November 2016. On 17 September, Rib\u00e9ry was involved in all Bayern's goal as he provided three assists to Robert Lewandowski, Xabi Alonso and Rafinha's goals to beat FC Ingolstadt 04 with a 3\u20131 victory. In the middle of the season, he suffered a thigh injury which kept him out from the pitch for almost four weeks. He made his comeback in a 3\u20130 DFB-Pokal quarter-final victory over Schalke 04 on 2 March 2017. Rib\u00e9ry scored five goals and provided seventeen assists in this season.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2017\u201318 season. Rib\u00e9ry started the season by winning the DFL-Supercup as Bayern defeated their arch-rival Borussia Dortmund 5\u20134 on penalties. On 1 October 2017, he sustained a knee injury in a 2\u20132 draw to Hertha BSC. On 2 December, Rib\u00e9ry made his return to the pitch in a 3\u20131 victory over Hannover 96 and made a record for Bayern Munich's most Bundesliga appearances by a non-German with 235th appearance, overtaking former Bayern player and current sporting director Hasan Salihamid\u017ei\u0107 who had 234 appearances. He made another record of most"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " competitive appearances by any non-German player for Bayern with 366 appearances in a 1\u20130 victory over 1. FC K\u00f6ln, surpassing Hasan Salihamid\u017ei\u0107's 365 appearances. Rib\u00e9ry scored twice in a 6\u20130 home victory over Hamburger SV on 10 March 2018. On 7 May 2018, Rib\u00e9ry again extended his contract with Bayern, until June 2019. He ended the season with six goals and five assists.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2018\u201319 season. Rib\u00e9ry played his first competitive match of the season and won the DFL-Supercup as Bayern defeated Eintracht Frankfurt with a 5\u20130 victory. On 1 September, Rib\u00e9ry made his 250th Bundesliga appearance in a 3\u20130 victory over VfB Stuttgart. On 27 November, Rib\u00e9ry scored his first goal of the season in a 5\u20131 win against Benfica in the Champions League. On 5 May 2019, Bayern Munich announced that Rib\u00e9ry would be leaving the club at the end of the season, with a testimonial match set for 2020. On 18 May 2019, Rib\u00e9ry won his ninth Bundesliga title with Bayern. With his ninth Bundesliga title, Rib\u00e9ry became"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " Bundesliga's all-time record champion (since surpassed by David Alaba and Thomas M\u00fcller). On 25 May 2019, Rib\u00e9ry won his sixth DFB-Pokal as Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3\u20130 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final. Rib\u00e9ry came on as a substitute in the 87th minute and made history as this was his eighth DFB-Pokal final appearance. No other player has played in as many DFB-Pokal finals. Rib\u00e9ry finished his career at Bayern with a club record 24 titles.</s><s>Club career.:Fiorentina. In August 2019, Rib\u00e9ry signed with Italian side Fiorentina on a free transfer. He made his debut for the club on 24 August, coming on as a late substitute in a 4\u20133 home loss to Napoli in the opening game of the 2019\u201320 Serie A season. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2\u20132 away draw against Atalanta on 22 September. In October 2019, he received a three-match ban after pushing a match official.</s><s>Club career.:Salernitana. On 6 September 2021, Rib\u00e9ry signed for Salernitana, agreeing a one"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "-year contract with an automatical renewal in case the club succeeded to keep its Serie A status by the end of the season. Appointed as team captain, Rib\u00e9ry played only a total of 23 league games due to recurring injuries. As Salernitana escaped relegation by the final day of the season, Rib\u00e9ry's contract was automatically extended by one more year. In the following 2022\u201323 season, Rib\u00e9ry only managed to play 36 minutes in a game against Roma as he regularly struggled with a recurring knee injury, thus leading to rumours regarding his possible immediate retirement. On 20 October 2022, Rib\u00e9ry terminated his contract with Salernitana and announced his retirement, but agreed to stay at the club as a technical collaborator to head coach Davide Nicola.</s><s>International career. Prior to representing the senior team, Rib\u00e9ry was ever present with the France under-21 team earning his first selection on 3 September 2004 in a 1\u20130 victory over Israel in qualifying for the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. Rib\u00e9ry scored his first under-21 goal five days later in a 1\u20130 friendly win over Slovakia. On 15 November 2005, he scored an important goal against England during the qualification playoffs as France defeated them 3\u2013"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "2 on aggregate to advance to the finals. Rib\u00e9ry, however, missed the competition after earning selection to coach Raymond Domenech's pre-World Cup squad. In total with the under-21s, Rib\u00e9ry made 13 appearances scoring two goals. Rib\u00e9ry earned his first cap with the senior team in a 1\u20130 victory over Mexico on 27 May 2006 appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute for striker David Trezeguet. His solid performances in the friendly matches ahead of the 2006 FIFA World Cup led to his inclusion in the team for the competition. Rib\u00e9ry appeared in all seven matches France contested, starting six. On 27 June, he scored France's opening goal in the team's 3\u20131 Round of 16 win over Spain after receiving a through ball from Patrick Vieira, which allowed the winger to dribble past an oncoming Iker Casillas and shoot into the empty net. He played in the final where France lost to Italy on penalties. Rib\u00e9ry's only shot on goal came in extra time and he was later replaced by Trezeguet. Following the retirement of Zinedine Zidane, it was expected that Rib\u00e9ry would succeed him and become the national team's talisman. He went score"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "less for almost a year and a half before converting a penalty shot against England on 26 March 2008 at the Stade de France. Following the goal, Rib\u00e9ry paid tribute to legendary French commentator Thierry Gilardi, who had died a day earlier. At Euro 2008, France performed below expectations, with Rib\u00e9ry appearing in all three group stage matches as France suffered early elimination. On 17 June 2008, in the team's final group stage match against Italy, Rib\u00e9ry ruptured a ligament in his left ankle in just the 8th minute of play. Rib\u00e9ry returned to the team on 11 October 2008 in a FIFA World Cup qualification match against Romania, scoring the team's opening goal in a 2\u20132 draw. On 28 March 2009, Rib\u00e9ry scored the lone goal away to Lithuania. Three days later, he completed this feat again, this time at the Stade de France, netting the winner in the 75th minute following service from Andr\u00e9-Pierre Gignac. On 11 May 2010, Rib\u00e9ry was named to Domenech's 30-man preliminary squad to participate in the 2010 World Cup and his second World Cup overall. He was later named to the 23-man team to compete in the competition. Rib\u00e9"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "ry appeared in all three group stage matches. Following the team's opening match against Uruguay, Rib\u00e9ry was criticised for his performance by former international Just Fontaine, who questioned Rib\u00e9ry's leadership ability. It was later reported by the media that Rib\u00e9ry and striker Nicolas Anelka purposely \"froze-out\" midfielder Yoann Gourcuff. Anelka was later dismissed from the team after reportedly having a dispute in which obscenities were passed, with Domenech during half-time of the team's 2\u20130 loss to Mexico. On 20 June, an emotional Rib\u00e9ry appeared alongside Domenech on TF1's football show \"T\u00e9l\u00e9foot\" to dispel rumours associated with the team and to also apologise to supporters for the national team's performance over the past two years, stating, \"We [France] are suffering at the moment,\" and, \"I would like to say sorry to the whole country.\" The following day, the team boycotted a training session in response to Anelka's expulsion and, on 21 June, returned to training without incident. In the team's final group stage match against the hosts South Africa, Rib\u00e9ry assisted on the team's only goal of the competition, scored by"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " Florent Malouda. France, however, lost the match 2\u20131, which resulted in the team's elimination from the competition. On 6 August, Rib\u00e9ry was one of five players summoned to attend a hearing held by the Disciplinary Committee of the French Football Federation (FFF) in response to the team's strike held at the World Cup. On 17 August, he received a three-match international ban for his part in the incident. Rib\u00e9ry did not attend the hearing due to his parent club's objection. On 17 March 2011, Rib\u00e9ry was called up to the national team by new manager Laurent Blanc for the first time since the 2010 World Cup. He had been eligible to return to the team since October 2010 after serving his three-match suspension, but due to injuries, Rib\u00e9ry missed three call-ups. On 21 March, after arriving to Clairefontaine ahead of the team's matches against Luxembourg and Croatia, Rib\u00e9ry attended a personal press conference in which he apologised for his behaviour overall during the 2010 calendar year. He made his return to the team on 25 March in the team's match against Luxembourg and responded by assisting on the team's second goal, scored by Yoann Gourcuff, in its 2\u2013"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "0 win. In his first match at the Stade de France since his participation at the World Cup, against Croatia, Rib\u00e9ry appeared as a substitute and was subject to jeers from some section of supporters, though other parts of the stadium chanted his name. After appearing regularly in qualifying for UEFA Euro 2012, on 29 May 2012, Rib\u00e9ry was named to the squad to participate in the competition. Two days prior, he scored his first goal for France in over three years in a 3\u20132 friendly comeback win over Iceland. On 31 May, Rib\u00e9ry scored the game-winning goal in a 2\u20130 win against Serbia. Four days later, he capped off the trio of lead-in friendly matches ahead of the European Championship by scoring the opening goal in a 4\u20130 shutout win over Estonia. Rib\u00e9ry was included in France's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, but on 6 June, coach Didier Deschamps confirmed that he would miss the tournament through injury. Shortly afterwards, in August 2014 Rib\u00e9ry retired from international football. He cited the reasons for his retirement as \"purely personal\".</s><s>Style of play and personality. Rib\u00e9ry primarily played as a winger and was described as a player who was \"fast"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": ", tricky, and an excellent dribbler who had great control with the ball at his feet\". Despite being predominantly right-footed and utilised as a right-sided midfielder during his development years in France, since establishing himself as an international and at Bayern Munich, Rib\u00e9ry personally admitted that his preference was to play on the left wing, even going as far as to state, \"My place is on the left\" when asked at a February 2010 media session while on international duty. Although he was often played on the left wing domestically, Rib\u00e9ry struggled to establish himself as a left winger at the international level with France due to the presence of left-footed dominant players such as Florent Malouda. Rib\u00e9ry declared that he was best utilised on the left side because \"that is where I am most free and I am the best in my head\". Playing on the left also allowed Rib\u00e9ry to use his \"bursts of acceleration and weaving runs\" to effectively cut inside, which allowed him to take on opponents, exploit spaces, and give him the options of either shooting on goal with his stronger foot or delivering a decisive pass. Rib\u00e9ry was also capable of playing in the centre of the field as an attacking midfielder, where his vision, precise"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " passing, technique, and playmaking skills were best exhibited; he was also deployed as a central midfielder on occasion. Despite predominantly playing on the wing, Rib\u00e9ry was known to be an excellent assist provider: during his twelve seasons with Bayern Munich, he amassed 124 assists in the Bundesliga; moreover, he averaged double-digits in assists every year beginning with his final season at Marseille. In addition to his skills, eye for goal, and playing ability, he also drew praise in the media over his defensive work-rate, tenacity, mentality, and energetic playing style. Rib\u00e9ry was described as a provocateur on the field of play, with UEFA referring to him as \"a crowd-pleaser \u2013 one of those rare breed of footballer capable of enjoying his talents while expressing them\", due to his trickery, artistry, and creativity on the ball. During the 2006 World Cup, he was mentored by national team playmaker Zinedine Zidane. While boasting him as \"the jewel of French football\", Zidane also praised Rib\u00e9ry as a person, declaring, \"Franck just loves life. He's the kind of player that makes an impression every time he plays. He\u2019s bound to become an important figure"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " in the world of football.\" Rib\u00e9ry's on-field personality was often matched off-field as he was often referred to as a \"joker\" and \"prankster\" by club and international teammates. The midfielder has stated that humour is very important, admitting, \"It's important to always be smiling, to wake up and feel good. We (footballers) have a great job, we like what we do and we have fun.\" His more notable stunts include driving a tractor on field during one of his last matches with Marseille; in his debut season with Bayern, emptying a bucket of water over former club goalkeeper Oliver Kahn from the roof of the club's training centre; and, during the 2008\u201309 winter break, commandeering the team bus while in Dubai and crashing it. Rib\u00e9ry, however, also struggled with injuries throughout his career. Since his first season at Bayern in which he appeared in 46 of the club's 54 competitive matches, Rib\u00e9ry struggled with minor and serious injuries that resulted in the player failing to appear in over 40 matches in subsequent seasons; the midfielder passed the 40-match barrier in the 2011\u201312 season after failing to in the previous three campaigns. Ahead of the 2008\u201309 season, he tore lig"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "aments in one of his ankles while on international duty and, during the 2009\u201310 season, struggled with tendinitis in his left knee. In the next season, Rib\u00e9ry suffered an ankle injury, which resulted in the midfielder missing two months, despite the initial diagnosis ruling him out for four weeks. He later suffered a similar ankle injury at the start of the 2011\u201312 season. Rib\u00e9ry, himself, has admitted that injuries led to most of his five-year career at Bayern being difficult, stating in July 2011, \"The last two years (2009\u201310 and 2010\u201311 seasons) have been more difficult, partly because I kept picking up injuries. The important thing for me now is to avoid any more injuries\".</s><s>Personal life. Rib\u00e9ry's younger brothers, Fran\u00e7ois and Steeven, are also football players. Fran\u00e7ois played for many amateur clubs in France, among others for Bayonne in the Championnat National. Steeven played for Bayern's reserve team for two years. Rib\u00e9ry's wife, Wahiba, is a French national of Algerian descent and the couple have three daughters named Hiziya, Shahinez and Keltoum Ch\u00e9rifa, and two sons named Seif el Islam and Mohammed. Rib"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "\u00e9ry is a convert to Islam, following which, he adopted the name Bilal Yusuf Mohammed.</s><s>Personal life.:Commercial promotions. Since establishing himself as an international, Rib\u00e9ry has been involved in numerous promotional campaigns. He is sponsored by American sportswear company Nike and regularly wears Nike Mercurial Vapors. He appeared in several television advertisements for Nike and, during the 2007\u201308 Bundesliga season, starred in a one-off television show called \"The Franck Rib\u00e9ry Show\", which aired on Direct 8 in France. The show, sponsored by Nike, acted as a variety show with Rib\u00e9ry appearing in several sketches. Rib\u00e9ry features in EA Sports' \"FIFA\" video game series. For the 2008\u201309 season, he appeared on the French cover of \"FIFA 09\" alongside international teammate Karim Benzema, and was the ninth-highest rated player in \"FIFA 15\". On 25 May 2010, a billboard of Rib\u00e9ry was officially unveiled in his home city of Boulogne-sur-Mer ahead of the 2010 World Cup. The billboard paid tribute to a similar billboard that was erected for Zinedine Zidane in his home city of Marseille during his career. The construction of"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " the billboard was initially suspended due to possible image ramifications associated with Rib\u00e9ry's alleged relationship with an underage prostitute. However, the Regional Council of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, which initially opposed the billboard, agreed to allow construction of the billboard. The billboard was a project of Rib\u00e9ry's sponsor Nike and was on display for the duration of the 2010 World Cup. More recently, he was one of several international superstars featured in Nike's \"The Last Game\", a five-minute animated ad made during the run-up to the 2014 World Cup that went viral. He appeared in the music video for \"M\u00eame pas fatigu\u00e9!!!\" by Magic System and Khaled. The single released in 2009 stayed seven weeks at number one in SNEP French Singles Chart.</s><s>Personal life.:Controversies. On 18 April 2010, it was first reported by French television service M6 that four members of the French national team were being investigated for their roles as clients of a prostitution ring that was being operated inside a Paris nightclub, with some of the women possibly being underage. The report also stated that two of the players were already questioned as witnesses by judge Andr\u00e9 Dando and a group of magistrates. The report"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " described the two players as being one who \"is a major player in a big foreign club\" and that the other \"plays in the championship of France Ligue 1\". Later that day, the players were discovered to be Rib\u00e9ry and Sidney Govou. During his interview with Dando, Rib\u00e9ry reportedly admitted to having had a relationship with a prostitute, but did not know that she was a minor at the time the relationship began. On 29 April 2010, the country's Secretary of State for Sports Rama Yade, after refusing to publicly comment on the case in its infancy, declared that any player placed under investigation should not represent the France national team. The following day, a judicial source confirmed that Rib\u00e9ry would not be placed under official investigation, if at all, before the start of the 2010 World Cup. On 20 July, Rib\u00e9ry was questioned by Paris police and, following questioning, was indicted by judge Dando on the charge of \"solicitation of a minor prostitute\". In November 2011, prosecutors asked for the cases against Rib\u00e9ry and Benzema to be dropped, saying that the players were not aware that the escort, identified as Zahia Dehar, was 16 years old when they had paid to have sex with her.</s>"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": "<s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club. - 1. Includes the French League Cup, German League Cup, German Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup.</s><s>Career statistics.:International. Source: - International goals \"France score listed first, score and result columns indicate score after each Rib\u00e9ry goal.\"</s><s>Honours. Galatasaray - Turkish Cup: 2004\u201305 Marseille - UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga: 2007\u201308, 2009\u201310, 2012\u201313, 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315, 2015\u201316, 2016\u201317, 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319 - DFB-Pokal: 2007\u201308, 2009\u201310, 2012\u201313, 2013\u201314, 2015\u201316, 2018\u201319 - DFB-Ligapokal: 2007 - DFL-Supercup: 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018 - UEFA Champions League: 2012\u201313 - UEFA Super Cup: 2013 - FIFA Club World Cup: 2013 France - FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month: August 2004, October 2005, November 2005, April 2006 - UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " of the Year: 2006 - UNFP Ligue 1 Goal of the Year: 2006 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2006 - Etoile d'Or: 2006 - Onze de Bronze: 2006, 2008 - French Player of the Year: 2007, 2008, 2013 - Footballer of the Year in Germany: 2008 - ESM Team of the Year: 2007\u201308, 2012\u201313 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2008, 2013 - UEFA Best Player in Europe Award: 2012\u201313 - UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match: 2013 - \"kicker\" Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2007\u201308, 2008\u201309, 2011\u201312, 2012\u201313, 2013\u201314 - UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2011\u201312 - Bundesliga top assist provider: 2010\u201311, 2011\u201312, 2012\u201313 - Bundesliga Player of the Year: 2012\u201313 - The kicker Man of the Year: 2013 - Globe Soccer Best Footballer of the Year: 2013 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2013 - FIFA Club World Cup Most Valuable Player of the Final: 2013 - FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2013 - FIFA FIFPro World XI 5th team: 2014 - FIFA Ballon d'Or: Third"}, {"title": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "text": " place 2013 - DFB-Pokal top assist provider: 2016\u201317 - Serie A Player of the Month: September 2019 - Fiorentina Player of the Season: 2019\u201320</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Franck Rib\u00e9ry", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000471", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lali Esp\u00f3sito.", "docs": [{"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": "<s>Lali Esp\u00f3sito Mariana Esp\u00f3sito (born 10 October 1991), known professionally as Lali Esp\u00f3sito (or simply Lali), is an Argentine singer, actress, dancer and model. Esp\u00f3sito began her career as an actress and singer in 2003 when she joined the cast of the children's telenovela \"Rinc\u00f3n de Luz\", created by producer Cris Morena. She had other subsequent supporting roles in telenovelas \"Floricienta\" (2004\u20132005) and \"Chiquititas\" (2006), and a main role in \"Casi \u00c1ngeles\" (2007\u20132010), the latter of which increased her fame in Latin America, the Middle East, and Europe. From 2007 to 2012, Esp\u00f3sito, along with four other cast members from \"Casi \u00c1ngeles\", was part of the teen pop band Teen Angels, which originated from the series. The group was commercially successful internationally, and toured throughout Argentina and countries such as Israel, Spain, Italy and Latin America. Esp\u00f3sito also sang in the soundtracks of \"Rinc\u00f3n de Luz\" and \"Chiquititas\". Following her role in the 2011 telenovel"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": "a \"Cuando Me Sonre\u00eds\" and her portrayal of Abigail Williams in the Buenos Aires production of \"The Crucible\", Esp\u00f3sito made her film debut in \"La Pelea de mi Vida\" in 2012, starring alongside Mariano Mart\u00ednez and Federico Amador. She was part of the cast of the television comedy \"Solamente Vos\" (2013), portraying the daughter of Adri\u00e1n Suar's character. In 2015, Esp\u00f3sito portrayed her first lead role on TV as the title character in \"Esperanza M\u00eda\". Its soundtrack album, in which she appeared on nine of the eleven tracks, received a platinum certification in Argentina for selling over 40,000 copies. For her portrayals in the crime-thriller film \"The Accused\" (2018) and Netflix's action crime drama television series \"Sky Rojo\" (2021), Esp\u00f3sito received critical acclaim. Her debut solo studio album, \"A Bailar\", was released on 21 March 2014, featuring pop and EDM influences. \"A Bailar\" was released as the lead single of the homonymous album. The album spawned the singles \"Asesina\", \"Mil A\u00f1os Lu"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": "z\", \"Del Otro Lado\" and \"Histeria\". The album peaked at No. 5 in Argentina and at No. 3 in Uruguay. In 2016, she released her second studio album \"Soy\" after the previous release of the songs \"Unico\" and \"Soy\". Her third album, \"Brava\" was released in 2018, spawning the singles \"Una Na\", \"Tu Novia\", \"100 Grados\" (feat. A.CHAL), \"Besarte Mucho\", \"Sin Querer Queriendo\" (feat. Mau y Ricky), \"Caliente\" (feat. Pabllo Vittar) and \"Somos Amantes\". In 2020, Esp\u00f3sito released her fourth studio album, \"Libra\". The album was preceded by the singles \"Laligera\", \"Como As\u00ed\" (feat. CNCO), \"Lo Que Tengo Yo\", \"Fascinada\" and \"Ladr\u00f3n\" (feat. Cazzu). \"A Bailar\" and \"Soy\" were certified gold in Argentina by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers (CAPIF), while \"Brava\" and"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " \"Libra\" were certified platinum. Esp\u00f3sito's accolades include Six Gardel Awards, Five MTV Europe Music Awards, one Kids' Choice Award, thirteen Argentine Kids' Choice Awards, Seven MTV Millennial Awards, one Heat Latin Music Award, one Martin Fierro Award, one Tato Award, and nominations for the Billboard Latin Music Awards, Premios Lo Nuestro, and the Seoul International Drama Awards. In 2015, \"Infobae\" named Esp\u00f3sito one of the 10 most influential women in Argentina.</s><s>Life and career.</s><s>Life and career.:1991\u20132003: Early life and career: \"Rinc\u00f3n de Luz\". Mariana Esp\u00f3sito was born on 10 October 1991 in Buenos Aires to Carlos Esp\u00f3sito, a football coach, and Maria Jos\u00e9 Riera, who road-manages her tours. She has two older siblings, Ana Laura, a makeup artist and stylist, and Patricio Esp\u00f3sito, a former futsal player who played in Italy. Esp\u00f3sito lived in the Buenos Aires neighbourhood of Parque Patricios during her childhood and then moved to the district of Banfield, Buenos Aires. Esp\u00f3sito is of Italian descent through her"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " great-grandparents. Esp\u00f3sito made her television debut at the age of 6 on the children's program \"Caramelito y Vos\" in 1998, as a contestant impersonating Uruguayan actress and singer Natalia Oreiro. After wandering into a producer Cris Morena audition by mistake in early 2002, Esp\u00f3sito was cast in Morena's children television series \"Rinc\u00f3n de Luz\", making her acting debut as part of the children's supporting cast, portraying Malena \"Coco\" Cabrera. \"Rinc\u00f3n de Luz\" ran on Argentina's Canal 9 and later Am\u00e9rica TV from 18 February 2003 to 18 December 2003. Esp\u00f3sito also made her singing debut in the \"Rinc\u00f3n de Luz\" soundtrack album, singing a duet with Agust\u00edn Sierra. Due to \"Rinc\u00f3n de Luz\"s success in Israel, Esp\u00f3sito was part of a stage adaptation at the Yad Eliyahu Arena in Tel Aviv, which ran for two weeks in April 2004.</s><s>Life and career.:2004\u20132006: Settlement as a child actress: \"Floricienta\" and \"Chiquititas\". In 2004, Esp\u00f3sito was cast as Roberta in the"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " juvenile telenovela \"Floricienta\", also created and produced by Cris Morena, which ran for two seasons on El Trece from 15 March 2004 to 2 December 2005. \"Floricienta\" was a record-smashing success in Argentina, Latin America, Israel and Europe, and has been broadcast in over 70 countries since its original run. The series helped to establish Esp\u00f3sito as a child actress of the likes of former Cris Morena Group stars Agustina Cherri, Marcela Klosterboer, Luisana Lopilato and Camila Bordonaba. Esp\u00f3sito was also part of the stage adaptation of \"Floricienta\", ableit portraying different versions of her character, which ran for over 100 shows in 2004 and 2005 at Teatro Gran Rex, 10 shows at the Luna Park arena and 4 shows at the V\u00e9lez Sarfield Stadium, as well as a national tour in Argentina. In 2006, Esp\u00f3sito led the children's cast in the remake of Cris Morena's highly successful children's series \"Chiquititas\", released as \"Chiquititas Sin Fin\", portraying Agustina Ross. Esp\u00f3sito also sang \"Me Pasan Cosas\" and \"Por"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " Una Sola Vez\", two of the songs in the \"Chiquititas\" soundtrack album \"24 Horas\", which was one of the top ten selling albums in 2006 and participated in the stage adaptations in mid 2006 at Teatro Gran Rex.</s><s>Life and career.:2007\u20132010: Success with \"Casi \u00c1ngeles\" and \"Teen Angels\". In 2007, Esp\u00f3sito landed her first leading role on television, as Marianella \"Mar\" Rinaldi in \"Casi \u00c1ngeles\" (\"Almost Angels\"), also created by Morena and produced by Cris Morena Group. It became one of the most popular adolescent television programs in Argentina, Latin America and Israel. The series lasted from 2007 to 2010 and held high viewer ratings and earning four Mart\u00edn Fierro Awards for Best Juvenile Program. While acting in \"Casi \u00c1ngeles\", Esp\u00f3sito became one of five members of successful pop band Teen Angels, signed to Sony BMG, along with Gast\u00f3n Dalmau, Juan Pedro Lanzani, Nicol\u00e1s Riera and Mar\u00eda Eugenia Su\u00e1rez. Teen Angels reached success in countries such as Argentina, Israel, Chile, Peru, Spain and Uruguay."}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " Although \"Casi \u00c1ngeles\" ended in 2010, the band members announced they would continue working together, with Rochi Igarz\u00e1bal replacing Mar\u00eda Eugenia Su\u00e1rez. From 2007 to 2012, Teen Angels released six studio albums, of which five were certified platinum and one was certified gold by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers. They were also spokespersons for numerous brands, such as Coca-Cola. The band won a Clar\u00edn Award, a Kids' Choice Award Argentina, two Los 40 Principales Awards, and a Quiero Award, and three nominations for Carlos Gardel Awards. Teen Angels disbanded in 2012, and held its last concert on 11 October 2012 in C\u00f3rdoba. \"Teen Angels, el adi\u00f3s\", a 3D concert film about Teen Angels, was released in 2013 and marked the end of the group.</s><s>Life and career.:2011\u20132013: \"Cuando me sonreis\", \"The Crucible\", \"Solamente vos\" and \"A Bailar\". After the end of \"Casi \u00c1ngeles\", Esp\u00f3sito adopted her nickname \"Lali\", by which she had been known to her"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " friends and family, as her stage name. In 2011, Esp\u00f3sito starred on \"Cuando me sonre\u00eds\" (When you smile at me), a new television series by Tom\u00e1s Yankelevich, opposite Facundo Arana, Julieta D\u00edaz and Benjam\u00edn Rojas. The following year, Esp\u00f3sito portrayed Abigail Williams in the Buenos Aires production of \"The Crucible\" by Arthur Miller, and made her film debut with \"La pelea de mi vida\" (\"The Fight of My Life\"), which also starred Mariano Mart\u00ednez and Federico Amador. Since January 2013, Esp\u00f3sito had starred the Pol-ka series \"Solamente vos\" (\"Only You\"), along with Adri\u00e1n Suar and Natalia Oreiro, as Daniela, one of its leading characters. In 2013, Esp\u00f3sito announced she would release her first album as a solo artist, titled \"A Bailar\". When asked about the album's genre, she described it as mainly dance with hip hop influences. The album's lead single, \"A Bailar\", was released for digital download on her website on 5 August, causing the website to crash because of a spike"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " in traffic. On 2 September, Esp\u00f3sito presented the music video for \"A Bailar\" at the prominent La Trastienda Club. \"A Bailar\" received 100,000 YouTube views on its release day, and the single entered the top 20 on iTunes Latin and iTunes Israel. It also was popular in music charts and radio channels in Latin America, Italy and Israel.</s><s>Life and career.:2014\u20132015: \"A Bailar\", \"A los 40\" and \"Esperanza m\u00eda\". Previous to the release of her debut album, Esp\u00f3sito released \"A Bailar EP\", which included the tracks \"A Bailar\", \"Asesina\" and \"Del Otro Lado\". The music video for \"Asesina\", the second single, was uploaded to the singer's official YouTube account on 10 March 2014. The ten-track album \"A Bailar\" (English: \"Let's Dance\") was released on 21 March 2014. In support of the album, Esp\u00f3sito embarked on the A Bailar Tour of Argentina, with several later stops in Uruguay, Chile, Spain, Italy and Israel. The tour earned million in the first five shows at Teatro Opera"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " Allianz and was later named the highest-grossing tour of 2015 in Argentina. Following the tour's success, more dates were added, and the tour concluded on 25 April 2016 at Menora Mivtachim Arena, Tel Aviv, after a total of 74 dates. In May 2014 she starred in the Peruvian film \"A los 40\" (At 40), directed by Bruno Ascenzo. In the same year, she became the first ever Argentine artist to win a Kids' Choice Award in the United States for Best Latin Artist. In later 2014, the singer signed an exclusive publishing contract with Sony Music Entertainment Argentina and released \"Mil A\u00f1os Luz\" as the third single from \"A Bailar\". To celebrate her incorporation to Sony Music, Esp\u00f3sito released a deluxe edition of \"A Bailar\", which contained unpublished material including a new song, a remix, several video clips and a documentary of the tour. The album peaked at No. 3 in Uruguay and at No. 5 in Argentina, where it was certified gold a few days after its release. In 2015, Esp\u00f3sito starred in the Pol-ka telenovela \"Esperanza m\u00eda\" (\"My lovely hope\") alongside Mariano Martinez"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " as Julia \"Esperanza\" Albarrazin, a young woman who settles in a convent by posing as a novice. The A Bailar Tour, continued to 2016 across national cities like Buenos Aires, Rosario, Mar del Plata and C\u00f3rdoba and included international stops in Uruguay, Italy, Spain and Israel. In 2014, the singer performed as the opening act for Ricky Martin show, held in Buenos Aires and in 2015 for Katy Perry's The Prismatic World Tour.</s><s>Life and career.:2016\u20132017: \"Soy\", \"Permitidos\" and collaborations. Esp\u00f3sito released her second studio album \"Soy\" on 20 May 2016, with \"El Pa\u00eds\" newspaper writing that \"she takes one more step with this album, she experiments, shows herself as she is, and that is always valuable\". In an interview with \"Intrusos\", the singer referred to the album's title (\"Soy\", English: \"I Am\") saying that \"it is called Soy because I am sharing the truth about what I think and feel. It is super personal\". It sold more than 20,000 copies in Argentina in just three hours, being certified gold by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " Producers (CAPIF). The album debuted at No. 1 in Argentina, Uruguay and Israel, and at No. 5 and No. 6 in Italy and Spain, respectively. Its lead single, \"Soy\", was released on 5 May and peaked at No. 5 on the \"Monitor Latino\" Argentina Top 20 chart and at No. 15 on the Ecuador Pop Songs chart. The second single, \"Boomerang\", was released on 5 September 2016. As of June 2017, its music video has been viewed more than 17 million times. \"Soy\" was listed as one of the best albums of 2016 by Billboard Brasil along with Beyonc\u00e9's \"Lemonade\", Lady Gaga's \"Joanne\", J Balvin's \"Energ\u00eda\" and others. In the same year, Esp\u00f3sito was featured on Abraham Mateo's remix of the song \"Mueve\" from the re-issue of his album \"Are You Ready?\", on Brian Cross song \"Firestarter\" from his second studio album \"Darkness to Life\" and on Baby K's Spanish version of the international hit \"Roma-Bangkok\". In August, Esp\u00f3sito starred in the romantic comedy film \"Permitidos\" as Camila Bo"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": "ecchi alongside. The film, which was directed by, grossed US$1.9 million and has been viewed more than 370,000 times. The review aggregator website Todas Las Cr\u00edticas assigned the film a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". The singer embarked on the Soy Tour of Latin America, Europe and Asia on 8 September. Reviews of the tour performances generally praised Esp\u00f3sito's vocals and the show's staging, which is said that \"fulfills the expectations of a nowadays international pop show.\" Esp\u00f3sito's 2016 most notable accolades include Favorite Artist and Favorite Song for \"Soy\" at the, Best Latin America South Act at the 2016 MTV Europe Music Awards, Argentine Artist of the Year at the 2016 MTV Millennial Awards, and nominations for Best Actress at both the 2016 Seoul International Drama Awards and the 2016 Mart\u00edn Fierro Awards, where she won Best Theme Song for \"Tengo Esperanza\". The singer became the first ever Argentine artist to enter the \"Billboard\" Social 50 and Artist 100 charts, peaking at No. 2 and No. 69, respectively. In July and November, respectively, Esp\u00f3sito"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " released \"Una Na\" and \"Tu Novia\" as the first two singles from her upcoming third studio album. The former one rapidly reached the top of the Argentine National Songs chart. In November, the singer kicked off her second concert tour in support of \"Soy\", titled Lali en Vivo, with two sold-out shows at the Luna Park Arena. In that period of time Lali was the most popular in the global ranking of different topics in multilingual Wikipedia.</s><s>Life and career.:2018\u20132019: \"Brava\", \"The Accused\" and \"Talento FOX\". From January to July, the singer continued with her Lali en Vivo tour, which visited Peru, Spain, Italy, Israel and the United States. In February, Esp\u00f3sito was featured on Mau y Ricky and Karol G's remix of \"Mi Mala\", with Becky G and Leslie Grace, and, in May, she teamed up with CD9 and Ana Mena for the remix of \"Prohibido\". Preceded by the release of \"100 Grados\", in April, and \"Besarte Mucho\", in July, the singer released her third studio album, \"Brava\", in August 2018. One week"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " after, the album received a gold certification by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers for having sold ten thousand copies. Esp\u00f3sito embarked on the Brava Tour immediately after the album release, on 23 August, with two sold-out shows at the Luna Park Arena. The album was succeeded by the release of the singles \"Sin Querer Queriendo\" with Mau y Ricky, and \"Caliente\", with Brazilian drag queen Pabllo Vittar. The singles peaked at number 14 and 51 on the \"Billboard\" Argentina Hot 100, respectively. Outside of recording music, Esp\u00f3sito made her debut as a judge on Fox Latin America's original television talent show \"Talento FOX\". In September, Esp\u00f3sito starred in the film \"The Accused\", as Dolores Dreier, a girl accused of killing her best friend. The film was directed by Gonzalo Tobal and it made its premiere in the main competition of the 75th Venice International Film Festival. Lali started off 2019 performing in Times Square, New York City, for Univision's Countdown Feliz 2019. Early that year, the music video for \"Lindo Pero Bruto\", her collaboration with Thal\u00eda, was released."}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " The singer received notable nominations for the Premio Lo Nuestro and the Billboard Latin Music Awards. During the first months of the year, Lali continued touring with \"Brava\", which was certified four times platinum in Argentina. For the 21st Annual Gardel Awards, Lali won three awards, the most of the night, in the categories for Best Female Pop Album and Best Cover Design for \"Brava\", and Song of the Year for \"Sin Querer Queriendo\". In the last months of 2019, Lali took her Brava Tour to Europe, the United States and the Rock in Rio music festival in Brazil, where she also received a gold certification for \"Caliente.\" It was in these months that Lali officially kicked off her fourth music era: in October, she released her fourth studio album's lead single, \"Laligera\", which peaked at number 24 on the \"Billboard\" Argentina Hot 100; in November, she released \"Como As\u00ed\", which features boy band CNCO, with whom she co-hosted the 2019 Premios Juventud ceremony back in July.</s><s>Life and career.:2020\u20132021: \"Libra\" and \"Sky Rojo\". The year 2020 saw the"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " release of Lali's fourth studio album titled \"Libra\", which reached the number one position in Argentina. The album was preceded by the release of three more singles, namely \"Lo Que Tengo Yo\", \"Fascinada\" and \"Ladr\u00f3n\" with Argentine trap singer Cazzu. 2020 was also marked by collaborations as Lali was featured in Los \u00c1ngeles Azules's \"Las Maravillas de La Vida\", Fito P\u00e1ez's \"Gente en la Calle\" and the Dvicio-duet \"Soy de Volar\". Lali was also part of the charity single \"Color Esperanza 2020\" alongside Diego Torres, Thal\u00eda, Camilo, Carlos Vives, Manuel Turizo, Rauw Alejandro, Ivete Sangalo and others. The song was released as a joint effort by Sony Music Latin and Global Citizen to benefit the Pan American Health Organization's (PAHO) response to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020 was also marked by the shooting of the upcoming Netflix series, \"Sky Rojo\", for which Lali had to move indefinitely to Spain. Filming began in Madrid in November 2019, and, although the shooting of the series was originally"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " planned to take place in approximately four months, the production of the series was forced to stop and was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic starting from March 2020. The pandemic caused the series to stop filming, which also delayed the release of \"Libra\". Before a nation-wide lockdown was established in Argentina, Lali managed to return to the country and go through quarantine in her Buenos Aires house. In November 2020, Lali confessed that, like many of the \"Sky Rojo\" staff, she tested positive for COVID-19 between the months of June and November. \"Sky Rojo\", which premiered in March 2021, saw Lali playing Wendy, one of three prostitutes that go on the run in search of freedom while being chased by their pimp and his henchmen. In 2022, Lali starred and executive produced El fin del amor (The End of Love) on Prime Video.</s><s>Other work.</s><s>Other work.:Modelling. Esp\u00f3sito has been a spokesperson for numerous brands, either independently or with her Teen Angels bandmates. Her first commercial was for the children's fashion label MCbody Jeans. In 2007, she signed an exclusive contract with the Argentine lingerie brand Promesse, and she"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " has done most of her photo sessions with Luisana Lopilato. In 2009, Esp\u00f3sito and Peter Lanzani did a special promotion for KEFF body spray for the Israeli market. Between 2013 and 2014, she has been the spokesperson for the lingerie brand Lara Teens. In 2014 she starred in a commercial for hair conditioner Biokur in Uruguay and a commercial for feminine wipes company Carefree in Argentina. In 2014 to 2016 she starred in commercials for Claro. Also from 2015 to 2017 she was an ambassador and star in commercials for the hair care brand Sedal, she would again be an ambassador and star in a commercial for the brand in 2021. In 2018 she starred in commercials for Panacom and Terma. In 2019 she would stars commercial of Toyota and M&M\u00b4S, Esp\u00f3sito starred a commercial it would be one of the official faces for Garnier. In October 2021 Esp\u00f3sito along with Bizarrap, L-Gante, Nicki Nicole and Duki starred in commercials for the beer brand, Brahma. In 2022, she starred a commercial for Gancia. Esp\u00f3sito has been the cover model for magazines such as \"Billboard\", \"Galore\", \""}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": "Vogue Latin America\", \"Caras\", \"OnMag\", \"Las Rosas\", \"Twees\", \"Seventeen\", \"Cosmopolitan\", \"Luz\", \"Viva\", \"Watt\", \"Nueva\", \"Upss\" and \"Fack\", among others.</s><s>Other work.:Entrepreneurship. On 21 September 2013, Esp\u00f3sito launched her own line of eponymous perfumes. In 2018, she launched a clothing collection with 47 Street.</s><s>Other work.:Philanthropy. In May 2010, Esp\u00f3sito and her Teen Angels bandmates participated in an action organized by the Biodiversity Foundation on the occasion of the World Biodiversity Day and raised awareness of the importance of preserving biodiversity. Esp\u00f3sito has been named \"Godmother\" of Dono x Vos foundation, a nongovernmental organization dedicated to raising awareness about organ donation. In 2017, the singer joined forces with Red Solidaria and River Plate Football Club to launch a solidarity campaign named \"Amor Es Presente\". The campaign received donated toys that were later gifted to more than twelve-thousand children as part of Christmas festivities.</s><s>Other work.:Activism. Esp\u00f3sito is part of a"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " feminist group of Argentine actresses and singers, such as Jimena Bar\u00f3n, Griselda Siciliani, Carla Peterson, Florencia Pe\u00f1a and Florencia de la V, among others. Esp\u00f3sito has declared herself in favor of the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill in Argentina, where abortion was still illegal at the moment. The bill proposed that an abortion may be performed during the first 14 weeks of pregnancy, with no requirements other than the woman's desire. The bill was approved in 2020.</s><s>Public image. In March 2014, the 23-year-old Esp\u00f3sito was ranked third sexiest Argentine woman in a survey reported by Radio Continental. That same year, she was ranked the 27th-most influential Spanish-speaking celebrity on Twitter.</s><s>Personal life. Esp\u00f3sito's nickname and stage name, Lali, was originated by her eldest brother who mispronounced the short form of her name \"Mari\" as \"Lali\". She attended primary school and high school at the Colegio San Vicente De Paul in Parque Patricios.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships. From 2006 to 2010, Esp\u00f3sito was in an on-again, off-again relationship"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " with her \"Chiquititas\" and \"Casi \u00c1ngeles\" co-star Peter Lanzani, whom she called her \"first love\". The couple is still a fan favourite in Argentina and they remained good friends after their breakup. In 2010, Esp\u00f3sito began dating singer and actor after they met in \"Casi \u00c1ngeles\". Esp\u00f3sito and Amadeo announced their breakup in 2015, but they and their families remained close friends, making several public appearances together. From late 2015 to early 2016, Esp\u00f3sito was in a highly publicized relationship with her \"Esperanza M\u00eda\" co-star Mariano Martinez. In 2017 Esp\u00f3sito began dating sound engineer Santiago Mocorrea; but they broke up in 2020.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Theatre. Events, galas and others - 2017 - \"\" - Judge - 2022 - \"\" - Presenter</s><s>Discography. - \"A Bailar\" (2014) - \"Soy\" (2016) - \"Brava\" (2018) - \"Libra\" (2020) - \"Lali\" (2023)</s><s>Concert tours. Headlining - A Bailar"}, {"title": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "text": " Tour (2014\u201316) - Soy Tour (2016\u20132017) - Lali en Vivo (2017\u20132018) - Brava Tour (2018\u20132019) - Disciplina Tour (2022\u20132023) Opening act - The Prismatic World Tour (2015) - The 7/27 Tour (2016) - One World Tour (2016) - (2018) - Never Be the Same Tour (2018)</s><s>Awards and nominations. As of September 2021, Esp\u00f3sito has won 51 awards from 115 nominations, including Six Gardel Awards, five MTV Europe Music Awards, one Kids' Choice Award, one Heat Latin Music Award, thirteen Argentine Kids' Choice Awards, six MTV Millennial Awards, one Heat Latin Music Award, one Martin Fierro Award, one Billboard Latin Music Awards and one Tato Award. Moreover, Lali has received nominations for the Premio Lo Nuestro, and the Seoul International Drama Awards, among others.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lali Esp\u00f3sito", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000472", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Idris Elba.", "docs": [{"title": "Idris Elba", "text": "<s>Idris Elba Idrissa Akuna Elba (; born 6 September 1972) is an English actor and DJ. An alumnus of the National Youth Music Theatre in London, he is known for roles including Stringer Bell in the HBO series \"The Wire\" (2002\u20132004), DCI John Luther in the BBC One series \"Luther\" (2010\u20132019), and Nelson Mandela in the biographical film \"\" (2013). For \"Luther\", he received four nominations each for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor, winning one of the former. Elba appeared in \"American Gangster\" (2007), \"Obsessed\" (2009) and \"Prometheus\" (2012). He portrayed Heimdall in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), beginning with \"Thor\" (2011), and Bloodsport in \"The Suicide Squad\" (2021), set in the DC Extended Universe. He also starred in \"Pacific Rim\" (2013), \"Beasts of No Nation\" (2015), for which he received Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for Best Supporting Actor, and \"Molly's Game\" (2017). One of his other prominent roles was that of Ruf"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": "us Buck in the Western film \"The Harder They Fall\" (2021). Elba has also voiced characters in \"Zootopia\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Finding Dory\" (all 2016), and \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\" (2022). He made his directorial debut with \"Yardie\" (2018). Apart from acting, Elba performs as a DJ under the moniker DJ Big Driis or Idris and as an R&B singer. In 2016, he was named in the \"Time\" 100 list of the Most Influential People in the World. As of May 2019, his films have grossed over at the global box office, including over in North America, where he is one of the top 20 highest-grossing actors.</s><s>Early life. Idrissa Akuna Elba was born on 6 September 1972 in the London Borough of Hackney, to Winston Elba, a Sierra Leonean Creole man who worked at the Ford Dagenham plant, and Eve, a Ghanaian woman. His parents were married in Sierra Leone and later moved to London. Elba was raised in Hackney and East Ham; he shortened his first name to \"Idris\" at school in Canning Town,"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " where he first became involved in acting. He credits \"The Stage\" with giving him his first big break. After seeing an advertisement for a play in it; he auditioned and subsequently met his first agent while performing in the role. In 1986, he began helping an uncle with his wedding DJ business; within a year, he had started his own DJ company with some of his friends. Elba briefly attended Barking and Dagenham College, leaving school in 1988 and winning a place in the National Youth Music Theatre after a \u00a31,500 Prince's Trust grant. In order to support himself between roles in his early career, he worked in odd jobs including tyre-fitting, cold-calling, and night shifts at Ford Dagenham. He was worked in nightclubs under the DJ nickname \"Big Driis\" during his adolescence, but began auditioning for television roles in his early twenties.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Television. Elba's first acting role was in \"Crimewatch\" murder reconstructions and in 1994 he appeared in a BBC children's drama called \"The Boot Street Band\". In 1995, he landed his first significant role on a series called \"Bramwell\", a medical drama set in 1890s England."}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " He played a central character in an episode of Season 1, an African petty thief named Charlie Carter, who lost his wife to childbirth and had to figure out how to support his newborn daughter. His first named role arrived earlier in 1995, when he was cast as a gigolo on the \"Sex\" episode of \"Absolutely Fabulous\". Many supporting roles on British television followed, including series such as \"The Bill\" and \"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries\". He joined the cast of the soap opera \"Family Affairs\" and went on to appear on the television serial \"Ultraviolet\" and later on \"Dangerfield\". He decided to move to New York City soon afterwards. He returned to England occasionally for a television role, such as a part in one of the \"Inspector Lynley Mysteries\". In 2001, Elba played Achilles in a stage production of \"Troilus and Cressida\" in New York City. In 1997 he starred in the first two episodes of series 2 \u201cBlood, Sweat and Tears\u201d in Silent Witness. After a supporting turn on a 2001 episode of \"Law & Order\", Elba landed a starring role on the 2002 HBO drama series \"The Wire\". From 2002 to 2004, Elba portrayed Russell \"Stringer\" Bell"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " in the series, perhaps his best-known role in the United States. In 2005, he portrayed Captain Augustin Muganza in \"Sometimes in April\", an HBO film about the Rwandan genocide. Elba appeared on the 2007 BET special \"Black Men: The Truth\". He appeared as Charlie Gotso on \"The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency\", filmed in Botswana. The series premiered on 23 March 2008, Easter Sunday, on BBC One, receiving a high 6.3\u00a0million viewers and 27% of the audience share. In January 2009, \"Variety\" reported that Elba would portray Charles Miner, a new rival to Dunder Mifflin regional manager Michael Scott (Steve Carell) for NBC's \"The Office\". Elba appeared in a six-episode story arc later in the 2009 season as well as the season finale. In September 2009, he signed a deal to star as the lead role on the six-part BBC television series \"Luther\", which aired in May 2010. He appeared on Showtime's \"The Big C\" in 2010. At the 69th Golden Globe Awards telecast on 15 January 2012, Elba won the Award for Best Actor in a Series, Mini-Series, or Motion Picture Made for Television for his"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " role on the BBC crime thriller series \"Luther\". In April 2018, it was announced that Elba was cast as Charlie in the Netflix comedy series, \"Turn Up Charlie\". It premiered on 15 March 2019 and was cancelled after one season. He also created and starred in the semi-autobiographical comedy \"In the Long Run\".</s><s>Career.:Films. In 2007, Elba signed on to play the lead role of the film \"Daddy's Little Girls\", playing Monty, a blue-collar mechanic who falls in love with an attorney helping him gain custody of his kids, and finds the relationship and his custody hopes threatened by the return of his former wife. He appeared in \"28 Weeks Later\" (2007) and \"This Christmas\" (2007), which brought in nearly $50\u00a0million at the box office in 2007. In 2008, he starred in the horror film \"Prom Night\" and the Guy Ritchie London gangster film \"RocknRolla\". In 2009, he starred in the horror film \"The Unborn\" and in \"Obsessed\", a thriller that had him cast opposite Beyonc\u00e9. The latter was a box office success, taking $29\u00a0million in its opening weekend. Elba's next film was \"Leg"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": "acy\" (2010), in which he portrayed a black ops soldier who returns to Brooklyn after a failed mission in Eastern Europe, where he has undertaken a journey looking for retribution. He starred in Dark Castle's adaptation of DC/Vertigo's \"The Losers\", under the direction of Sylvain White, in the role of Roque, the second-in-command of a black-ops team out for revenge against a government that did them wrong. Filming took place in Puerto Rico and the movie was released in April 2010. Elba appeared in the thriller \"Takers\" (2010). He played Heimdall in Kenneth Branagh's film \"Thor\" (2011) (based on the Marvel Comics superhero of the same name). In August 2010, Elba signed up to portray the title character in a reboot of James Patterson's Alex Cross film franchise. However in February 2011, he was replaced by Tyler Perry. In \"\" (2011), the sequel to \"Ghost Rider\" (2007), Elba played an alcoholic warrior monk tasked with finding the title character. In February 2012, Elba confirmed that he would portray Nelson Mandela in the film \"Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom\", which is based on his autobiography. As part of his preparation for the role"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": ", Elba spent a night locked in a cell alone on Robben Island, where Mandela had been imprisoned. His performance earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor \u2013 Motion Picture Drama. In June 2012, Elba portrayed the role of Captain Janek in Ridley Scott's \"Prometheus\". He joined the cast of the film \"Pacific Rim\" (2013) in the role of Stacker Pentecost. He reprised his role as Heimdall in \"\" in 2013. In January 2014, he confirmed that he would be starring in a film adaptation of \"Luther\". In 2014, he starred in \"No Good Deed\" as a vengeful psychopathic serial killer. In 2015, Elba appeared as Heimdall in the superhero blockbuster \"\", directed by Joss Whedon. Elba also starred alongside Abraham Attah in the film \"Beasts of No Nation\" which premiered in select theatres and on Netflix. He earned a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in any Motion Picture as well as a BAFTA Award nomination for Supporting Actor in the Film category. In 2016, he had several voice roles: the cape buffalo chief of police, Chief Bogo, in Disney's \"Z"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": "ootopia\", alongside Ginnifer Goodwin and Jason Bateman; villainous tiger Shere Khan in \"The Jungle Book\" (2016), a live-action adaptation of the animated 1967 film of the same name, directed by Jon Favreau; and sea lion Fluke in Pixar's \"Finding Dory\", alongside Ellen DeGeneres and Albert Brooks, both reprising their roles from \"Finding Nemo\" (2003). Also that year, he played the main antagonist, Krall, in the sequel \"Star Trek Beyond\". In 2017, he played Roland Deschain in the Stephen King film adaptation \"The Dark Tower\", starred in \"The Mountain Between Us\" and Aaron Sorkin's directorial debut \"Molly's Game\", alongside Jessica Chastain. In 2019, Elba starred as the villain in \"Fast & Furious Presents: Hobbs & Shaw\", a spin-off of \"Fast & Furious\" franchise, and played Macavity in Tom Hooper's film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical, \"Cats\". In 2021, Elba portrayed mercenary Robert \"Milton\" DuBois / Bloodsport in James Gunn's \"The Suicide Squad\". In 2022, Elba was the voice of Knuckles in the film \"Sonic"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " the Hedgehog 2\", a sequel to the film \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" which is itself based on the franchise of the same name. He will reprise the role in a self-titled solo series for Paramount+ in 2023.</s><s>Career.:Music. Elba has appeared in music videos for Fat Joe (2002), Angie Stone (2004), and rapper Giggs (2010). In 2006, he recorded the four-song EP \"Big Man\" for Hevlar Records. He co-produced and performed on the intro to Jay-Z's album \"American Gangster\" (2007). He DJed at the 2007 NBA All Star parties at The Venetian and Ice House Lounge in Las Vegas. In July 2009, Elba was the DJ for BET's current series \"Rising Icons\". He announced the release of his first single \"Please Be True.\" In the August 2009 issue of \"Essence\" magazine, he announced the name of his six-song EP as \"Kings Among Kings\". He released his EP \"High Class Problems Vol. 1\" in the United Kingdom in February 2010, for which he has won many prizes including a \"Billboard\" Music Awards nomination. In 2011, he performed on the intro to"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " Pharoahe Monch's album \"W.A.R.\". In the following year he co-directed and performed in the Mumford & Sons music video for \"Lover of the Light\". In 2014, he produced K. Michelle's \"The Rebellious Soul Musical\" which debuted on VH1 on 19 August 2014. In May, Elba featured on Mr Hudson's single \"Step Into the Shadows\". Mr Hudson also produced his album \"Idris Elba Presents mi Mandela\", which was released in November 2014. He also featured on the remix of Ghanaian music group, VVIP's single \"Selfie\" together with Nigerian rapper Phyno released on 12 September 2014 and video released on YouTube on 11 April 2015. Elba performed a rap for the second album by Noel Fielding and Sergio Pizzorno's band, the Loose Tapestries. Elba also rapped in a remix of Skepta's \"Shutdown\" which was uploaded on 1 June 2015 to SoundCloud. On 17 August, a song was released on which Elba appeared on Nigerian singer D'banj's single \"Confidential\", featuring Sierra Leonean rapper Shadow Boxer with the video uploaded to YouTube on 20 August. In November 2015, Elba"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " opened for Madonna during her Rebel Heart Tour in Berlin, Germany. Elba is also featured on the Macklemore & Ryan Lewis album \"This Unruly Mess I've Made\" (2016). In July 2018, he launched his record label, 7Wallace Music. Elba performed at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2019. In 2019, he featured on the track \"Boasty\" by British grime artist Wiley. Elba also appears in the \"Boasty\" music video, delivering his verse in a mansion that includes a film set. In 2019, Elba appears on Taylor Swift's song \"London Boy\" from her seventh studio album \"Lover\". The intro of the song samples a snippet from an interview by Elba. In April 2020, Elba collaborated with producer Jay Robinson on the track \"Know Yourself\", released on Mau5trap. In 2020, after hearing Canadian R&B singer Emanuel's debut single \"Need You\", Elba reached out with an idea for a music video compiled from clips of people sharing the things that were helping them cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. Elba was credited as creative director of the video, and is being credited as an executive producer of Emanuel's forthcoming full-length debut album"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": ". On 13 February 2021, Elba performed a guest DJ mix for \"Mix Up\" on Australian national youth broadcaster Triple J. On 22 September 2021, Elba announced he would be releasing a collaborative EP with Australian pop rock duo Lime Cordiale titled \"Cordi Elba\", which was released on 14 January 2022. Elba also collaborated with Paul McCartney on a remix of McCartney's song \"Long Tailed Winter Bird.\"</s><s>Career.:Other works. In October 2014, Elba presented the series \"Journey Dot Africa with Idris Elba\" on BBC Radio 2, exploring all types of African music. Elba was featured in various television commercials for Sky box-sets in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2019. He has collaborated with the Uk parliament in their efforts to eradicate Ebola from West Africa, working alongside the UK Secretary of State for International Development Justine Greening in 2014. Elba has created a collaboration with British fashion label Superdry, which launched at the end of November 2015. In January 2016, Elba addressed the UK parliament in regards to the concern of the lack of diversity on screen. He said, 'Change is coming but it's taking its sweet time', He spoke about the lack of diversity regarding race,"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " gender, and sexuality. Elba hosted The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017 at the London Palladium on 23 October 2017. During the show he took a selfie of \"the best team in the world\" which included Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo, and Neymar. He had the idea to develop the music from his album \"Idris Elba Presents mi Mandela\" into a show, which eventually resulted in a play called \"Tree\" that premiered at the Manchester International Festival in 2019. However, authorship of the piece was disputed. On 2 July 2019, \"The Guardian\" published a story describing how writers Tori Allen-Martin and Sarah Henley claimed to have been removed from the production under what they described as questionable circumstances. The two writers had worked on the project for four years following an approach from Elba asking them to develop his idea for a musical based on the album, on which Allen-Martin had also collaborated. Kwame Kwei-Armah joined the project in May 2018 and rewrote part of their material. At the time of its premiere \"Tree\" was billed as \"created by Idris Elba and Kwame Kwei-Armah\". Allen-Martin and Henley described their creative input as having included research and script-writing, as"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " well as coming up with the play's title, and that after being removed they were threatened with legal action if they went public with the story. Elba and Kwei-Armah both published rebuttals of the writers' account of what happened on Twitter. He currently signed a deal with Apple to produce original content through his Green Door Pictures production company. In January 2021, it was reported that the companies of Elba and his wife, Sabrina Dhowre, would be developing an Afrofuturist adult animated, and sci-fi, series, tentatively titled \"Dantai\", for Crunchyroll, which would be about a time when biotech has \"created an ever-widening gap between the haves and have-nots.\" Elba will portray the character Solomon Reed in the \"Phantom Liberty\" downloadable expansion for CD Projekt Red's 2020 video game \"Cyberpunk 2077\". He provides voice acting and his likeness to the character.</s><s>Career.:Kickboxing. Discovery Channel produced a documentary, \"Idris Elba: Fighter\", chronicling Elba's 12-month kickboxing and mixed martial arts training under Muay Thai coach Kieran Keddle, culminating in Elba's first professional kick"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": "boxing fight\u2014and win\u2014against Lionel Graves, a younger, more experienced Dutch opponent, at London's York Hall.</s><s>Personal life. Elba has been married three times: first to Hanne \"Kim\" N\u00f8rgaard (from 1999 to 2003) and then to Sonya Nicole Hamlin (for four months in 2006). He has two children: a daughter with N\u00f8rgaard and a son with former girlfriend Naiyana Garth. Elba began a relationship with Somali-Canadian model Sabrina Dhowre in early 2017. They became engaged on 10 February 2018, during a screening of his film \"Yardie\" at an East London cinema. They were married on 26 April 2019 in Marrakesh. Elba has stated he is spiritual but not religious. He is an avid Arsenal supporter. In 2015, as part of his Discovery Channel miniseries \"Idris Elba: No Limits\", he broke the land speed record for the Pendine Sands \"Flying Mile\" course. The Prince's Trust, a UK youth charity founded by Prince Charles in 1976, which Elba credits with helping begin his career, appointed him as their anti-crime ambassador in April 2009. He voiced support for a vote to remain in the European Union"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " for the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. On 16 March 2020, Elba said he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 amidst the pandemic.  During his quarantine period, he noted that he had suffered from asthma all his life, placing him in the high-risk category of the disease.</s><s>Awards and honours. In 2013, Elba was named \"Essence\"s annual Sexiest Man of the Year and, in 2018, he was named \"People\" magazine's Sexiest Man Alive. In October 2014, he was presented with a MOBO Inspiration Award. Elba was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to drama. In 2017, he won the male title for the \"Rear of the Year\" award in Britain. In September 2018, he was one of 50 people named for \"making London awesome\" and helping to shape London's cultural landscape, as part of \"Time Out\" magazine's 50th anniversary. In the 2020 and 2021 editions of the \"Powerlist\", he was listed in the top 100 most influential people in the UK of African/African-Caribbean descent.</s><s>Select filmography. -"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " \"One Love\" - \"Obsessed\" - \"Thor\" - \"Prometheus\" - \"Pacific Rim\" - \"\" - \"Zootopia\" - \"The Jungle Book\" - \"The Dark Tower\" - \"The Mountain Between Us\" - \"\" - \"The Suicide Squad\" - \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\" - \"Beast\" - \"Three Thousand Years of Longing\"</s><s>Discography. Albums - 2015: \"Murdah Loves John (The John Luther Character Album)\" Extended plays - 2006: \"Big Man\" - 2009: \"Kings Among Kings\" - 2010: \"High Class Problems Vol. 1\" - 2014: \"Idris Elba Presents Mi Mandela\" - 2022: \"Cordi Elba\" (with Lime Cordiale) Remixes - \"Trust in Me\" - \"The Bare Necessities\" Mixtapes - 2011: \"Merry DriisMas Holiday Mixtape\" Other appearances - 2019: \"Even If I Die (Hobbs & Shaw)\" on the soundtrack to the \"Fast & Furious\" spin-off film \"Hobbs & Shaw\", featuring Cypress Hill; the remix version features Hybrid. - 2019: \"London Boy\" by Taylor Swift \u2014 The intro of"}, {"title": "Idris Elba", "text": " the song samples a snippet from an interview by Elba. - 2019: \"Party & BullShit\" by Sarkodie \u2013 He was featured in the song. - 2020: \"Fear or Faith Pt. 2\" by Future Utopia from the album \"12 Questions\". - 2021: \"Long Tailed Winter Bird (Idris Elba Remix)\" by Paul McCartney from the album \"McCartney III Imagined\". Featured singles</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Idris Elba", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000473", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Carmelo Anthony.", "docs": [{"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": "<s>Carmelo Anthony Carmelo Kyam Anthony (born May 29, 1984) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has been named an NBA All-Star ten times and an All-NBA Team member six times. He played college basketball for the Syracuse Orange, winning a national championship as a freshman in 2003 while being named the NCAA Tournament's Most Outstanding Player. In 2021, he was named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team, and is regarded as one of the greatest scorers in NBA history. After one season at Syracuse, Anthony entered the 2003 NBA draft and was selected with the third overall pick by the Denver Nuggets. While playing for Denver, he led the Nuggets to the playoffs every year from 2004 to 2010; the team won two division titles in that span. In 2009, Anthony led the Nuggets to their first Conference Finals appearance since 1985. In 2011, he was traded from Denver to the New York Knicks days before the NBA trade deadline. In a January 24, 2014, game against the Charlotte Bobcats, Anthony scored a career-high 62 points, setting a Knicks' single-game scoring record and a Madison Square Garden single-game scoring record. Anthony was traded to the"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " Oklahoma City Thunder, where he played one season before a short stint with the Houston Rockets. He spent two seasons with the Portland Trail Blazers prior to joining the Los Angeles Lakers. Anthony has played in the Olympics for the US national team a record four times, winning a bronze medal with the 2004 squad and gold medals on the 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic teams. As of April 2016, he was the US Olympic team's all-time leader in points, rebounds, and games played. He currently ranks 9th on the all time NBA scoring list.</s><s>Early life and high school career. Anthony was born in the Red Hook housing projects in Brooklyn, New York City. His father, Carmelo Iriarte, was born in Manhattan to Puerto Rican parents. Iriarte was of African, Spanish, and indigenous ancestry; some of his roots also traced to Venezuela. His mother, Mary Anthony, is African-American. Iriarte died of cancer when Anthony was two years old. When Anthony turned eight, his family moved to Baltimore. Anthony commuted to Towson Catholic High School for his first three years of high school. During the summer of 1999, Anthony grew five inches into the frame of a 6\u20135 swingman. He suddenly became one of the"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " area's top players and made a name for himself in the area, being named \"The Baltimore Sun\"s metro player of the year in 2001, as well as Baltimore Catholic League player of the year. During his sophomore year, he averaged 14 points, five rebounds, four assists and two steals. Towson Catholic surged to a record of 26\u20133 and finished third in the state tournament. Anthony enjoyed a successful high school basketball career as a junior, almost doubling his numbers in scoring and rebounds, averaging 23 points and 10.3 rebounds. Despite his successful year, Anthony was distracted by all of the attention and was suspended on several occasions for skipping classes. He barely registered a blip on the radars of pro scouts with his skinny frame and lack of strength; many scouts felt that he was not ready for the physical demands of the NBA. In the end, Towson Catholic fell short of the state title, although he was named Baltimore's County Player of the Year, All-Metropolitan Player of the Year and Baltimore Catholic League Player of the Year. After his junior year, Division I coaches were lined up to recruit Anthony to a school on the East Coast, which included North Carolina and Syracuse. In contrast to contemporary prep-to-pro players like Kevin Garnett"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": ", Jermaine O'Neal, Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady or Amar'e Stoudemire, he decided to declare early and announce that he would attend Syracuse University before his senior year. As Anthony's grades dropped under a C average and his scores on the ACT were below acceptable standards, he knew that he needed to improve in the classroom to qualify academically for Syracuse. For his senior year, his mother considered transferring him to a different school. Anthony first thought of Virginia's Hargrave Military Academy but after talking to Steve Smith, the head coach at basketball powerhouse Oak Hill Academy, he eventually transferred to Oak Hill Academy in Virginia\u2014winner of the \"USA Today\" 2000\u201301 high school championship\u2014for his senior campaign. During the summer of 2001, Anthony led an AAU Baltimore Select team to the Final Four of the Adidas Big Time Tournament in Las Vegas, Nevada. Anthony attracted attention from the NBA by averaging 25.2 points a game in the tournament, which was also attended by Amar'e Stoudemire (who was already being touted as a future lottery pick). Anthony played at the USA Basketball Youth Development Festival where he helped the East Team win the silver medal. He tied LeBron James for the tournament scoring lead at 24 points per game"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " and shot 66 percent from the field. It was there that Anthony and James struck up a friendship. Oak Hill Academy entered the 2001\u201302 campaign boasting a 42-game winning streak. The team's first tournament win came in The Les Schwab Invitational against Mater Dei High School from Santa Ana, California, with Anthony winning the tournament MVP. Oak Hill won two more big-time tournaments, including the Nike Academy National Invitational where they knocked off then-No. 1 Westchester High School 77\u201361 in the final, and an anticipated game against St. Vincent \u2013 St. Mary High School of Akron, Ohio, where he was matched up with high school phenom LeBron James. James scored 36 points, while Anthony scored 34 points and grabbed 11 rebounds to lead Oak Hill to a 72\u201366 win. The team ended the season ranked third in the country at 32\u20131, with their only loss coming in a rematch against Mater Dei, which ended their unbeaten streak at 67. He averaged 21.7 points, 8.1 rebounds and 4.0 assists during his senior year at Oak Hill and named a \"USA Today\" All-USA First Team and a Parade First-Team All-American. He was selected to play in the Jordan Brand"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " Classic, scoring a game-high 27 points, and the 2002 McDonald's All-American Game, where he played on the same team with two future New York Knicks teammates, Raymond Felton and Amar'e Stoudemire. In that game, he scored 19 points and won the \"Sprite Slam Jam\" dunk contest. His performances at the high school All-Star games, helped lift his reputation with HoopScoop ranking him as the nation's No. 1 high school senior in the class of 2002, ranked second by College Basketball News and third by All-Star Sports. Due to his struggles with the ACT, his family and friends wondered whether Anthony would forget about his college plans to attend Syracuse and move on to the NBA. He had yet to produce the minimum score of 18; however, in late April Anthony got a 19 and decided to stick with college and prepared for his freshman year at Syracuse. In April 2009, he was named to the ESPN RISE's all-decade team and was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald's All-Americans in January 2012.</s><s>College career. Anthony played one season at Syracuse University, during the 2002\u201303 season, where he averaged 22.2 points (16th in the NCAA,"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " fourth in the Big East) and 10.0 rebounds (19th in the NCAA, third in the Big East, first among NCAA Division I freshmen). He helped guide the Orangemen to their first ever NCAA tournament title in 2003. He led the team in scoring, rebounding, minutes played (36.4 minutes per game), field goals made and free throws made and attempted. Anthony's 33-point outburst against the University of Texas in the Final Four set an NCAA tournament record for most points by a freshman. In the championship game against the University of Kansas, Anthony had 20 points and 10 rebounds. For his efforts during the NCAA tournament, Anthony earned the tournament's Most Outstanding Player Award. Afterwards, Syracuse head coach Jim Boeheim described Anthony as \"[...] by far, the best player in college basketball. It wasn't even close. Nobody was even close to him last year in college basketball. That's the bottom line\". Anthony said that he originally planned to stay at Syracuse for two to three seasons, but having already accomplished everything he set out to do, he chose to abandon his collegiate career (with Boeheim's blessing) and declared himself eligible for the 2003 NBA draft. Some of Anthony's highlights in his time with Syracuse include being named Second-Team"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " All-American by the Associated Press as a freshman, leading his team to a 30\u20135 record, capturing the school's first ever NCAA title and being the consensus pick for NCAA Freshman of the Year. He was also named to the All-Big East First Team and was the consensus selection for the Big East Conference Freshman of the Year as so as unanimous selection for Big East All Rookie Team.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003\u20132011).</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003\u20132011).:Rookie season. Anthony's NBA career began on June 26, 2003, when he was chosen third overall in the 2003 NBA draft by the Denver Nuggets. He was selected behind LeBron James (first overall, Cleveland Cavaliers) and Darko Mili\u010di\u0107 (second overall, Detroit Pistons). He made his NBA regular season debut on October 29, 2003, in an 80\u201372 home win against the San Antonio Spurs. Anthony finished the night with 12 points, seven rebounds, and three assists. In just his sixth career NBA game (November 7 versus the Los Angeles Clippers), Anthony scored 30 points, becoming the second youngest player in NBA history to score 30 points or more in a game (19 years, 151 days;"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " Kobe Bryant was the youngest). It was the fewest games a Nuggets rookie took to score 30 points in a contest since the ABA\u2013NBA merger. On February 9, 2004, against the Memphis Grizzlies, Anthony became the third-youngest player to reach the 1,000-point plateau in NBA history with a 20-point effort in an 86\u201383 win. On February 13, 2004, Anthony participated in the Got Milk? Rookie Challenge at All-Star Weekend. On March 30, 2004, he scored 41 points against the Seattle SuperSonics to set a new Denver Nuggets franchise record for most points in a game by a rookie. He also became the second-youngest player (19 years, 305 days) to score at least 40 points in a game in NBA history. After winning the Rookie of the Month award for the Western Conference in the month of April, Anthony became the fourth player in NBA history to capture all six of the Rookie of the Month awards in a season. The others to do so were David Robinson, Tim Duncan and fellow rookie LeBron James. Anthony was also named NBA Player of the Week twice (March 10, 2004 \u2013 March 14, 2004, and April 6, 2004 \u2013 April 10, 2004) and was a unanimous NBA All-"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": "Rookie First Team selection. Anthony averaged 21.0 points per game during the season, which was more than any other rookie. Anthony was second in the NBA Rookie of the Year voting, finishing runner-up to the Cavaliers rookie standout, James. Anthony played a major part in the turnaround of the Denver Nuggets from league laughingstock to playoff contender. In the season before Anthony was drafted by the team, the Nuggets finished with a 17\u201365 record, which tied them for worst in the NBA with the Cleveland Cavaliers. They finished the 2003\u201304 campaign with a 43\u201339 overall record, qualifying them as the eighth seed for the playoffs. Anthony became the first NBA rookie to lead a playoff team in scoring since David Robinson of the San Antonio Spurs during the 1989\u201390 season. In the 2004 NBA Playoffs, the Nuggets faced the top-seeded Minnesota Timberwolves in the First Round. In Anthony's first career playoff game, he had 19 points, six rebounds, and three assists, in a 106\u201392 loss at Minnesota. The Timberwolves eliminated the Nuggets in five games.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003\u20132011).:2004\u201305 season. In Anthony's second season, he averaged 20.8 points per game, ranking him 19th in the NBA"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": ". Anthony placed 16th in the NBA for points per 48 minutes. On December 4, 2004, versus the Miami Heat, Anthony became the third-youngest player in NBA history to reach 2,000 career points. Only James and Bryant were younger when they reached that plateau. Anthony played again in the Got Milk? Rookie Challenge, this time suiting up for the sophomore squad. In front of his home fans of Denver (who were hosting the 2005 All-Star Game), Anthony scored a game-high 31 points to go along with five boards, two assists and two steals, en route to becoming the MVP of the game. With Anthony's help, the Nuggets improved their season record by six games from the previous season, ending with a mark of 49\u201333. The Nuggets finished seventh place in the Western Conference (one spot higher than they finished the previous season). Denver faced the second-seeded San Antonio Spurs in the First Round, winning the first game in San Antonio, 93\u201387. However, the eventual NBA champion Spurs won the next four games, eliminating the Nuggets from the playoffs.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003\u20132011).:2005\u201306 season. Anthony played and started in 80 games during the 2005\u201306 season. He averaged"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " 26.5 points (eighth, NBA), 2.7 assists, 4.9 rebounds and 1.1 steals per game. His eighth-place finish in NBA scoring was the highest finish by a Denver player since the 1990\u201391 season, when Nuggets guard Michael Adams finished the season sixth in NBA scoring. On November 23, 2005, with the Nuggets facing the two-time defending Eastern Conference Champion Detroit Pistons, Anthony hauled down his 1,000th career rebound. A month later, Anthony recorded a then career-high 45 points in a losing effort against the Philadelphia 76ers. On March 17, 2006, versus the Memphis Grizzlies, he scored 33 points to push his career point total over the 5,000 mark. Also, in doing so, he became the second youngest player to accomplish that feat (behind LeBron James). As the month of March came to a close, the Nuggets finished 11\u20135, and Anthony was named as the NBA Player of the Month for March. He also took home Player of the Week honors for March 13, 2006 \u2013 March 19, 2006. During the season, Anthony made five game-winning shots in the last five seconds: at Houston on January 8, 2006; at home versus Phoenix on January 10; at Minnesota on February 24"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": "; at Indiana on March 15; at home versus the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6. All five of those game-winners were made on jump shots, while the shot against Minnesota was a three-point field goal. Anthony also made a shot in the final seconds to force overtime vs. the Dallas Mavericks on January 6. He made shots in the final 22 seconds against the Cleveland Cavaliers on January 18, 2006, and the Philadelphia 76ers on March 9, which gave the Nuggets leads they would never lose. Anthony was named to the All-NBA Third Team. The Nuggets finished the season in third place, winning the Northwest Division for the first time in Anthony's career. Denver faced the sixth-seeded Los Angeles Clippers in the First Round of the playoffs. The Clippers held home court advantage in the series, due to ending the regular season with a better record (Denver finished 44\u201338; Los Angeles finished 47\u201335). The Clippers won the first two games of the series on their home floor. The Nuggets split their games at home in Denver (winning game three; losing game four). Denver then lost game five at Los Angeles, which eliminated the Nuggets from the playoffs. After the season, Anthony signed a 5-year, $80 million extension with the Nuggets"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": ".</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003\u20132011).:2006\u201307 season. Coincidentally, Alex English witnessed Anthony tie his record as English was an Assistant Coach at the time with the Toronto Raptors. After the Chicago victory, Anthony again tied the club record of six-straight 30-point games, failing to break it the second time around, as he scored 24 points in his 16th game (a 98\u201396 home loss to the Atlanta Hawks) on December 6. During a game at Madison Square Garden on December 16, Anthony was one of many players involved in the infamous Knicks\u2013Nuggets brawl. Footage showed Anthony laying a punch on the face of New York's Mardy Collins and subsequently backing away. As a result of his actions, Anthony was suspended for 15 games by NBA commissioner David Stern. Shortly thereafter, the Nuggets traded for Allen Iverson. The duo did not get to play alongside one another until a home game against the Memphis Grizzlies on January 22, which was the day Anthony was allowed to return from his 15-game suspension. Anthony finished the game with 28 points, as he and Iverson combined for 51 points. On February 2, 2007, Anthony and teammate J. R. Smith were involved in a minor car accident."}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " Neither player was injured in the collision. The only information released by the team was that the car Smith was driving belonged to Anthony. Three days later, Anthony recorded his first career triple-double, with 31 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists, in a 113\u2013108 loss to the Phoenix Suns. When the reserves for the Western Conference All-Star team were announced, Anthony was not included on the roster. However, with Yao Ming and Carlos Boozer out with injuries, NBA commissioner David Stern chose Anthony as a replacement (along with Josh Howard). Anthony scored 20 points with nine rebounds in his All-Star debut. Anthony was the first Denver Nugget to be named an All-Star since Antonio McDyess in 2001. Anthony won Player of the Week honors three times during the season (November 20\u201326; November 27 \u2013 December 3; and February 5\u201311), and received Player of the Month honors for April. Anthony finished the season as the league's second leading scorer behind Bryant, with an average of 28.9 points, while adding 6.0 rebounds, 3.8 assists and 1.2 steals per game. He was named to All-NBA Third Team for the second straight year.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003\u20132011).:"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": "2007\u201308 season. On January 24, 2008, Anthony was named to his second consecutive NBA All-Star Game\u2014his first as a starter. He finished as the leading vote-getter among Western Conference forwards (1,723,701 votes) and second in overall voting to Kobe Bryant (2,004,940 votes) among all Western Conference players. On February 8, Anthony scored a then career-high 49 points in a 111\u2013100 home win over the Washington Wizards. He had a field goal percentage of.760 on a 19-of-25 shooting effort, and his shooting percentage was the second highest in the last 13 years for a player who took 25 or more shots in a game (Bryant was first with a.769 field goal percentage on a 20-of-26 shooting effort, in a 99\u201394 road victory over the Houston Rockets on December 21, 2000). On March 27, in a home win over the Dallas Mavericks, Anthony scored his 9,000th career point. He played in 77 games during the regular season, finishing as the NBA's fourth-leading scorer with 25.7 points per game, and had career-highs in rebounds per game (7.4) and steals per game (1."}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": "3). He tied his career-high in blocks per game (0.5), and ended the season with 3.4 assists per game, which was the second-best mark of his career. The Nuggets finished the 2007\u201308 season with exactly 50 wins (50\u201332 overall record, tied for the third-best all-time Nuggets record since the team officially joined the NBA in 1976), following a 120\u2013111 home victory over the Memphis Grizzlies in the last game of the season. It was the first time since the 1987\u201388 NBA season that the Nuggets finished with at least 50 wins in a season. Denver ended up as the eighth seed in the Western Conference of the 2008 Playoffs, and their 50 wins marked the highest win total for an eighth seed in NBA history. It also meant that for the first time in NBA history, all eight playoff seeds in a conference had at least 50 wins. The Nuggets faced the top-seeded Los Angeles Lakers (57\u201325 overall record) in the First Round of the Playoffs. The seven games separating the Nuggets overall record and the Lakers overall record is the closest margin between an eighth seed and a top seed since the NBA went to a 16-team playoff format in 1983\u201384. The Lakers swept the Nuggets in four"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " games, marking the second time in NBA history that a 50-win team was swept in a best-of-seven playoff series in the First Round. For the series, Anthony averaged 22.5 points, 9.5 rebounds (playoff career-high), 2.0 assists and 0.5 steals per game.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003\u20132011).:2008\u201309 season. The 2008\u201309 campaign began with Allen Iverson being traded to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for guard Chauncey Billups. On December 10, 2008, in a 116\u2013105 home win over the Timberwolves, Anthony tied George Gervin for the most points scored in one quarter in NBA history by scoring 33 points in the third quarter. Gervin had set the record when he was competing against David Thompson for the scoring title on the last day of the 1977\u201378 season. Anthony shot 12 of 15 (80%) in the third quarter and finished the game with 45 points, 11 rebounds, three assists, and four steals. The record was broken in January 2015 by Klay Thompson of the Golden State Warriors. On January 4, 2009, Anthony broke a bone in his hand in a game against the Indiana Pacers. He opted to have the hand"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " splinted rather than have surgery; his recovery time was estimated at three to four weeks. He had already missed three games in late December with a sore elbow. Anthony returned from injury and to the Nuggets starting lineup on January 30, 2009, in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats in which he scored 19 points. Anthony was suspended for one game by the Nuggets for staying on the court and refusing to leave the game after coach George Karl benched him during a game against the Pacers. The Nuggets won the Northwest Division and placed second in the Western Conference, finishing the season with a franchise record-tying 54 wins (54\u201328 overall). Anthony averaged 22.8 points per game and made a career-high 37.1% of his shots from three-point range. After losing in five straight playoff appearances (2004\u20132008), on April 29, 2009, Anthony won his first playoff series when the Nuggets beat the New Orleans Hornets at home 107\u201386 where Anthony finished with a playoff career-high 34 points and four steals. In a post-game conference, Anthony said \"Yeah, finally... Took me 5 years to get that gorilla off my back, it's a great feeling.\" The Nuggets beat the Hornets in five games in the First Round of the"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " playoffs and proceeded to beat the Dallas Mavericks 4\u20131 in the Conference Semifinals with Anthony scoring 30 points in a solid game five performance. In the third game of the semifinals, Anthony made a last second three-point shot to give the Nuggets the win after being down by two points (103\u2013105). Denver advanced to the Conference Finals for the first time since 1985 but was eliminated, 4\u20132, by the eventual NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers on his birthday. Anthony was named to the All-NBA Third Team for the third time in his career.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003\u20132011).:2009\u201310 season. In the opening two games of the 2009\u201310 season, Anthony totaled 71 points, scoring 30 points in the home opener and 41 the next night, in wins against division rivals Utah Jazz and Portland Trail Blazers respectively. Anthony became one of three players in the Nuggets' history to open with 70 or more points through two games\u2014tied with Nick Van Exel with 71 points\u2014surpassed only by Alex English who did it twice, in 1985 (79) and 1988 (74). It was also only the second time since 1987 that the Nuggets started the season 2\u20130. In their third game, Anthony scored 42"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " points. It was the first time they went 3\u20130 since 1985. In the month of November, Anthony was named the NBA player of the week and Western Conference Player of the Month, leading the Nuggets to a 12\u20135 start. In the fifteenth regular season game against the Minnesota Timberwolves, Anthony entered the game leading the league in points per game (30.2) and was the only player in the league to score at least 20 points in every game. He finished the game with 22 points which was his fifteenth consecutive game with at least 20 points breaking the previous franchise record of 14 straight set by English. The following game, Anthony scored a career-high 50 points in a home game against the New York Knicks while teammate Chauncey Billups added 32 points in the game, making them only the third duo in NBA history to score at least 50 and 30 points respectively. Two days later, Anthony scored a total of 32 points. On January 21, 2010, Anthony was named as a starter for the 2010 NBA All-Star Game leading the Western Conference ballots in votes for forwards. This was Anthony's third All-Star appearance and second as a starter. He finished the game with a team-high 27 points and 10 rebounds. In the team's"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " first game after the All-Star Game, the Nuggets visited the Cleveland Cavaliers in a highly anticipated game with the Cavaliers having a 13-game winning streak. While LeBron James posted a triple-double of 43 points, 13 rebounds and 15 assists, Anthony compiled 40 points, six rebounds and seven assists in an overtime win as Anthony nailed a jumper over the outstretched arms of James with just 1.9 seconds left in the game, ending the Cavaliers' win streak. On March 26, 2010, Anthony made a game-winning shot at the buzzer, after missing his first attempt, against the Toronto Raptors. The Nuggets concluded the 2009\u201310 regular season with a 53\u201329 record and the Northwest Division title for the second straight season facing the Utah Jazz in the First Round. In Game 1, Anthony scored a playoff-career-high 42 points. This also matched a franchise-playoff high for scoring in a single playoff game, tied with Alex English. Anthony was named to the All-NBA Second Team for the first time in his career.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003\u20132011).:2010\u201311 season. The 2010\u201311 season began with speculation that Anthony had requested a trade. Anthony refused to sign a proposed contract extension. Sources reported"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " that Anthony's preferred destination was the New York Knicks, with other teams such as the New Jersey Nets, Houston Rockets and Atlanta Hawks said to be interested. Anthony's trade request was not initially fulfilled, and he began the season on the Nuggets' roster. On November 15, 2010, Anthony had 20 points and a career-high 22 rebounds for the first 20\u201320 game of his career against the Phoenix Suns. He also hit game-winning jumper at the buzzer against the Bulls on November 26, 2010.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011\u20132017).</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011\u20132017).:2010\u201311 season. On February 22, 2011, Anthony, along with point guard Chauncey Billups, was traded to the New York Knicks in a multi-player deal also involving the Minnesota Timberwolves. Anthony chose to wear number 7 with the Knicks, as his former number 15 was retired by the Knicks in honor of Earl Monroe and Dick McGuire. Anthony's first game with the Knicks was a 114\u2013108 win against the Milwaukee Bucks in which he scored 27 points and had 10 rebounds and an assist. After Anthony's acquisition, the Knicks qualified for the playoffs as the sixth seed in the Eastern Conference and were matched"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " up against the Boston Celtics. During the series, the Knicks struggled with injuries as Amar'e Stoudemire and Billups went down. In game two of the NBA playoffs in Boston, Anthony tied a playoff career high with 42 points and also had 17 rebounds and six assists in a Knicks loss. The Knicks fell to the Boston Celtics in four games in the First Round of the playoffs.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011\u20132017).:2011\u201312 season. The 2011\u201312 season brought new expectations, as the season would be Anthony's first full season as a Knick. The Knicks struggled throughout the season, as injuries derailed the team. Anthony himself missed 11 games; during this stretch, the Knicks inserted Jeremy Lin as the team's starting point guard. This led to a historic stretch of games by Lin, and a period of basketball hysteria known as Linsanity. However, the team found themselves with an 18\u201324 record, leading to the resignation of coach Mike D'Antoni. Anthony was assumed to have a role in the coach's departure, as he was not a good fit in D'Antoni's high paced offense. Mike Woodson took over for D'Antoni; this led to an improvement in Anthony's play"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": ", as he was more suited for Woodson's halfcourt offense. On Easter Sunday, Anthony had arguably his best game in a Knicks uniform as he scored 43 points and hit two clutch three-pointers in a victory over Chicago. Under Woodson, the Knicks finished the season at 18\u20136, a vast improvement from the 18\u201324 record they had under D'Antoni. The Knicks qualified for the playoffs as the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference, and faced off against the eventual champions, the Miami Heat. During the series, the Knicks were hampered by injuries as they were a season before. Tyson Chandler was diagnosed with the flu for game 1, Iman Shumpert tore his ACL, Baron Davis tore his patella tendon, and All-Star Amar'e Stoudemire sustained a laceration on his hand after punching a fire extinguisher out of anger after a loss. In addition, Jeremy Lin had torn his left meniscus before the playoffs started. Despite the injuries, Anthony was able to lead the Knicks to their first playoff win since 2001. In the game, Anthony scored 41 points. The Knicks were eventually eliminated in five games, 4\u20131. Anthony was voted to the All-NBA Third Team for the fourth time in his"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " career alongside teammate Tyson Chandler.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011\u20132017).:2012\u201313 season. On December 3, 2012, Anthony was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the period November 26 to December 2, 2012. On January 7, 2013, Anthony received his second Player of the Week for games played from December 31, 2012, to January 6, 2013. During that time, he led the team to a 2\u20131 record, tallying a league-best 36.0 points per game. The week was highlighted by a pair of 40-point games, first in a loss to Portland (45 points, seven rebounds, four assists) on January 1, and then in a victory over Orlando (40 points, six rebounds and six assists) on January 5. On January 9, 2013, Anthony was suspended for one game without pay for confronting Kevin Garnett after a game on January 7. On January 30, 2013, in a game against the Orlando Magic, Anthony set the Knicks' team-record with 30 straight 20-point games, breaking the old record set by Richie Guerin (29 games). Anthony later extended the record to 31 games after he scored 25 points in a 96\u201386 victory against the Milwaukee Bucks. On"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " March 29, 2013, Anthony recorded 32 points and 11 rebounds in a 111\u2013102 victoryt over the Charlotte Bobcats. His teammate J. R. Smith scored 37 points in the game. On March 31, 2013, Anthony scored 24 points and grabbed 10 rebounds in a win against the Boston Celtics as he recorded a double-double in consecutive games. With the victory, the Knicks won the season series against the Celtics (3\u20131) for the first time since the 2003\u201304 season. On April 2, 2013, Anthony tied his career high by scoring 50 points in a 102\u201390 win over the Miami Heat and became the first player in NBA history to record 50+ points with no baskets in the paint. He followed the next night with 40 points in a 95\u201382 victory over the Atlanta Hawks, and then 41 points against the Milwaukee Bucks two days later, becoming the first Knicks player since Bernard King to score 40+ points in three consecutive games. He also became only the third NBA player to score at least 40 points on at least 60% field-goal shooting in three consecutive games, joining King and Michael Jordan. On April 7, 2013, Anthony scored 36 points and 12 rebounds, nine offensive, as the Knicks tallied their 12th straight win in a"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " 125\u2013120 victory over the Oklahoma City Thunder. By scoring 36 points to Kevin Durant's 27 points, he overtook the latter in the scoring race, upping his season average to 28.44 to Durant's 28.35 points per game. On April 8, 2013, Anthony was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the period April 1\u20137, 2013. He led the Knicks to a 4\u20130 record as part of their 12-game winning streak, during which he averaged 41.8 points per game. No NBA player had scored at least 35 points in five straight games since Kobe Bryant in the 2006\u201307 season. In 2013, Anthony became the first Knicks player with the highest-selling jersey in the NBA, based on sales at the NBA Store and NBAstore.com, since the league started tracking jersey sales in 2001. On April 11, 2013, the Knicks' 13-game winning streak ended with a loss to the Bulls, 118\u2013111. Despite the loss, Anthony scored 36 points on top of a season-high 19 rebounds, and he set a franchise record with six straight games with at least 35 points. On April 15, 2013, Anthony won his second straight Eastern Conference Player of the Week award for games played from April 8 to"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " 15, 2013, when he led the team to a 3\u20131 record. For the week, he averaged a conference-best 32.0 points and a seventh-best 11.5 rebounds per game. He became the 2013 NBA scoring champion with 28.7 points per game after second place scorer and three-time reigning scoring champion Kevin Durant decided to sit out his last regular season game against the Milwaukee Bucks, ending his season with an average of 28.1 points per game. At the close of the regular season, Anthony was named as the Eastern Conference Player of the Month for April. Anthony broke LeBron James' stranglehold on the monthly award after James had received such honors five times that season. In the 2013 NBA Playoffs, Anthony scored 21 points to go with seven rebounds, five assists, two steals and one block against the Boston Celtics, in their First Round playoff series. It was the Knicks' first playoff series win since 2000. Anthony averaged a team-high 29.2 points per game in the series. This was the second highest playoff series average of a Knick player against the Celtics, behind Ewing's 31.6 during their 1989\u201390 First Round series. In the next round, the Knicks were defeated by the Indiana Pacers in six games."}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " On May 23, 2013, Anthony was named to the All-NBA Second Team. It was the second time in Anthony's career that he made the Second Team.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011\u20132017).:2013\u201314 season. Early in the 2013\u201314 NBA season, the Knicks suffered a nine-game losing streak, as the team opened with a 3\u201313 record. Despite the losing record, Anthony continued to play well under the circumstances, averaging 26.3 points, 9.9 rebounds and 1.1 steals per game, nine double-doubles including four straight: against Indiana (30 points and 18 rebounds), Washington (23 and 12), Portland (34 and 15) and LA Clippers (27 and 10). However, at the start of 2014, the Knicks went 4\u20131, including big wins against previous season finalists Miami Heat and San Antonio Spurs. In the victory against the Heat, Anthony and James ended up in a virtual deadlock as the former registered 29 points (shooting 12-of-24), eight rebounds, five assists and two steals as against the latter's 32 points (shooting 12-of-17), five rebounds, six assists, one steal and one block. On January 24, he established"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " his career high, the Knicks' franchise record, and the Madison Square Garden record for single-game scoring with a 62-point, 13-rebound, 0 turnover effort against the Charlotte Bobcats. On January 30, in a 117\u201386 victory against the Cleveland Cavaliers, Anthony became the 50th NBA player to score 19,000 career points. Anthony became the fifth-youngest NBA player to achieve the feat. Anthony was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month for January after leading the conference in scoring with 28.7 points per game while also averaging nine rebounds per contest. On February 16, 2014, Anthony played in his seventh All-Star Game as a starter for the East All-Stars. On March 10, 2014, Anthony won his second Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played March 3\u20139, after he averaged 29.0 points per game, while the Knicks went 3\u20131. For the 2013\u201314 season, Anthony averaged 27.4 points, 8.1 rebounds, and 3.1 assists in a league-leading 38.7 minutes per game, but would miss the NBA playoffs for the first time in his career. On June 23, 2014, Anthony informed the Knicks that he would opt out of his contract and become a free"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " agent. On July 13, 2014, Anthony re-signed with the Knicks to a reported five-year deal.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011\u20132017).:2014\u201315 season. In just the team's third game in the season, Anthony became the 40th member of the 20,000 points club, when he hit a three-pointer early in the first quarter of a 96\u201393 victory over the Charlotte Hornets. He eventually finished with 28 points, hiking his total to 20,025 career points. In the process, he became the 10th active player to achieve the milestone and the sixth youngest in NBA history to reach the milestone just behind LeBron James (28 years, 17 days), Kobe Bryant (29 years, 122 days), Wilt Chamberlain (29 years, 134 days), Michael Jordan (29 years, 326 days) and Oscar Robertson (30 years, 97 days). On January 22, 2015, Anthony was named as a starter in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game, his seventh consecutive start and eight overall alongside LeBron James, Pau Gasol, Kyle Lowry and John Wall. After competing in the All-Star game and scoring 10 points, Anthony was ruled out for the rest of the season on February 18, after undergoing left knee surgery"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": ". Anthony only played 40 games for the season ending with season averages of 24.2 ppg, 6.6 rpg, 3.1 apg and 1.0 spg.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011\u20132017).:2015\u201316 season. On January 20, 2016, in the Knicks' 118\u2013111 overtime win against the Jazz, Anthony recorded 30 points, seven rebounds and nine assists, while passing Larry Bird for 31st place in career points scored. On January 21, Anthony was voted as starter for the 2016 NBA All-Star Game. In the All-Star game Anthony recorded 11 points, 6 rebounds and 1 block in the East's 196\u2013173 loss to the West. On January 23, Anthony moved past Gary Payton as the league's 30th all-time career scoring leader in a 97\u201384 loss to the Charlotte Hornets. In the team's 128\u201397 victory against the Phoenix Suns on March 9, 2016, Anthony scored 23 points with 7 rebounds as he passed another NBA legend, Clyde Drexler, in the career scoring list moving up to No. 29. While Anthony ended the season with an average of 21.8 ppg (1,573 points in 72 games), below his 25.2 p"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": "pg average entering the season, he set a career-high 4.2 apg average (299 assists in 72 games), the first and only time that he averaged over 4.0 apg in his career.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011\u20132017).:2016\u201317 season. On December 9, 2016, in a game against the Sacramento Kings, Anthony became the fifth active player to eclipse the 23,000 point mark. He also became the 29th player in NBA history to hit the scoring milestone. On December 25, 2016, in a Christmas Day game against the Boston Celtics, Anthony moved past Elgin Baylor into 28th place on the NBA career scoring list when he scored 29 points upping his total to 23,156 compared to Baylor's 23,149. In a January 11, 2017, game against the Philadelphia 76ers, which the team lost 98\u201397 on a buzzer-beater, Anthony scored 28 points to move past Robert Parish into 26th place in the NBA career scoring ladder. On January 19, 2017, Anthony scored a Knicks-record 25 points in the second quarter, breaking the old record of 24 points shared by Hall of Famer Willis Reed and Allan Houston. Reed scored his 24 points also in the second"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " quarter, while Houston's 24 points came in the fourth quarter. On January 29, 2017, Anthony scored a season-high 45 points, his first 40-point game of the season, in a quadruple-overtime 142\u2013139 loss to the Atlanta Hawks won. He added six rebounds, four assists and a block. In the February 12, 2017, game against the San Antonio Spurs, where the team eked out a 94\u201390 victory that salvaged the finale of their five-game homestand, Anthony scored a game-high 25 points to move past Charles Barkley into 25th position in the NBA career scoring list. He also had the fifth-most points among active players after Nowitzki, James, Pierce, and Carter, who was No. 24 in the scoring list. It was the 12th time Anthony has scored at least 17 points in his last 13 games that included his season-high of 45 points in a quadruple-OT loss to the Atlanta Hawks. On February 15, 2017, he was announced as the replacement for Kevin Love on the 2017 NBA All-Star Game, thus gaining his tenth All-Star appearance. Anthony played 19 minutes, scored 10 points on a 4-of-8 shooting including 2\u20136 on"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " three-pointers and grabbed three rebounds in the All-Star Game. On March 12, 2017, in a 120\u2013112 loss to Knicks cross-town rivals Brooklyn Nets, Anthony became only the third player to score 10,000 points for two franchises, joining Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Milwaukee Bucks and L.A. Lakers) and Elvin Hayes (San Diego/Houston Rockets and Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets). He began his career with the Denver Nuggets, where he scored a total of 13,970 points in 564 games. Two days later, on March 14, in an 87\u201381 victory over the Indiana Pacers, ending a three-game losing streak, Anthony surpassed the 24,000 career point mark by scoring 22 points with 13 rebounds.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011\u20132017).:2017 off-season. During the 2017 off-season, after multiple conflicts with the then-team president Phil Jackson, Anthony demanded a trade. Originally, the only team for which Anthony was willing to waive his no-trade clause was the Houston Rockets. However, Anthony expanded his list of teams to include the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Oklahoma City Thunder. On September 25, 2017, Anthony was traded to the Thunder in exchange for future"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " teammate Enes Kanter, Doug McDermott and a 2018 second-round pick. During Anthony's seven seasons with the Knicks, the team won one playoff series.</s><s>Professional career.:Oklahoma City Thunder (2017\u20132018). On November 9, 2017, with only 12 points needed to move up in the rankings, Anthony passed Allen Iverson on the NBA all-time scoring list and moved to the 24th spot. He finished the game with 28 points. On November 26, 2017, Anthony passed Ray Allen on the NBA all-time scoring list and moved to 23rd place. On December 11, 2017, Anthony passed Vince Carter for 22nd on the NBA all-time scoring list. On January 27, 2018, Anthony became the 21st NBA player to score 25,000 career points. In addition, he has 1,693 playoff points. On March 19, 2018, in a 132\u2013125 victory over the Toronto Raptors, Anthony scored 15 points to up his career total to 25,289, thereby moving past Reggie Miller into 19th place in the NBA career scoring ladder. On July 25, 2018, the Thunder traded Anthony to the Atlanta Hawks in a three-team trade in which they acquired Dennis Schr\u00f6der from the Hawks and Timoth\u00e9 Lu"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": "wawu-Cabarrot from the Philadelphia 76ers. The trade was widely seen as a cost-cutting move, as it saved the Thunder tens of millions of dollars in luxury tax payments. On July 30, Anthony accepted a contract buyout from the Hawks, and was subsequently placed on waivers.</s><s>Professional career.:Houston Rockets (2018\u20132019). On August 13, 2018, Anthony signed a one-year, $2.4 million veterans minimum contract with the Houston Rockets coached by his former Knicks coach, Mike D'Antoni. On November 15, Rockets general manager Daryl Morey announced that the team was \"parting ways\" with Anthony, but had not released him. He played ten games for Houston, starting twice, but he was held out of the last three for what the club called an unspecified \"illness.\" During that absence, much of his playing time went to rookie Gary Clark. Houston had started the season losing seven of their first 11 games. Morey said that Anthony \"accepted every role\" asked by D'Antoni, but that the \"fit we envisioned when Carmelo chose to sign with the Rockets has not materialized; therefore we thought it was best to move on as any other outcome would have been unfair to"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " him.\" D'Antoni stated that he \"didn't ever want to disrespect [Anthony] and his career. He's going in the Hall of Fame.\" On January 22, 2019, the Rockets traded Anthony, the draft rights to Jon Diebler, and undisclosed cash considerations to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for the draft rights to Tadija Dragi\u0107evi\u0107. This trade allowed the Rockets to alleviate luxury-tax penalties up to $2.6 million. On February 1, he was waived by the Bulls.</s><s>Professional career.:Portland Trail Blazers (2019\u20132021).</s><s>Professional career.:Portland Trail Blazers (2019\u20132021).:2019\u201320 season. On November 19, 2019, Anthony was signed by the Portland Trail Blazers to a one-year, non-guaranteed deal. With his last NBA game having been on November 8, 2018, Anthony made his debut as a Blazer in a 115\u2013104 road loss to the New Orleans Pelicans on November 19; he started and had 10 points to go along with 4 rebounds and 1 block in 24 minutes of play. On November 25, Anthony scored a season-high 25 points along with 8 rebounds in a 117\u201394 road victory over the Chicago Bulls. In the same game"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": ", Anthony moved past Alex English into 18th spot on the NBA's all-time scoring list. A couple of days later Anthony was named Western Conference Player of the Week, in the process becoming the oldest player at 35 years old to win the weekly award since Tim Duncan at 38 won it in 2014\u201315. On December 6, Anthony's contract became fully guaranteed. On January 1, 2020, Anthony bested his season-high by scoring 26 points in a 117\u201393 loss to the New York Knicks. On January 7, Anthony recorded a new season-high 28 points and seven rebounds, and hit the game-winning shot in a 101\u201399 win over the Toronto Raptors. It was Anthony's 26th game winner in the last 30 seconds of a game, better than Kobe Bryant with 22, LeBron James with 20, Dirk Nowitzki with 18 and Dwyane Wade with 16. It was also the 17th time that Anthony has hit a game winner in the last 5 seconds of a game. On January 15, Anthony recorded his third double-double of the season with 18 points and a season-high 12 rebounds in Portland's 117\u2013107 victory over the Rockets. On January 17, Anthony scored 22 points in a 120\u2013112 loss to the Dallas"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " Mavericks, while becoming the 18th player in NBA history to reach the 26,000 points mark. Anthony scored six points in the Trail Blazers' 125\u2013112 win against the Rockets on January 29, and passed Kevin Garnett for 17th place in the NBA's all-time scoring list with a total of 26,073 points. On February 23, Anthony scored a season-high 32 points in a 107\u2013104 victory against the Detroit Pistons. This was the first time that Anthony scored over 30 points since February 25, 2017, when he was playing for the New York Knicks. On August 1, 2020, in the team's 1st game in the NBA restart against the Memphis Grizzlies, Anthony scored 21 points. Anthony ultimately tied Chamberlain for No. 8 all-time with 771 career 20-point games when he scored 21, 20, and 26 points against the Los Angeles Clippers, Philadelphia 76ers and Dallas Mavericks in their 5th, 6th and 7th games in the NBA restart. In the team's sixth game in the NBA restart against the Philadelphia 76ers on August 10, 2020, Anthony scored 20 points with 7 rebounds, 2 steals and a block as he passed Boston Celtics legends John Havlicek for 16th place and ultimately Paul Pierce for"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " 15th in the NBA career scoring ladder with a then-total of 26,411 points. On August 13, 2020, just before the team's last game in the NBA restart against the Brooklyn Nets, Anthony was named the recipient of the 2019\u201320 Maurice Lucas Award. Anthony finished the first round playoff series with averages of 15.2 points, 5.0 rebounds, 2.0 assists, 1.0 steals and 0.4 blocks in five games.</s><s>Professional career.:Portland Trail Blazers (2019\u20132021).:2020\u201321 season. In November 2020, Anthony re-signed with the Trail Blazers on a one-year contract. On January 1, 2021, in the first game of Portland's back-to-back game with the Golden State Warriors, Anthony scored a then season-high 18 points to move past Tim Duncan into 14th place on the NBA career scoring list. On February 2, Anthony scored 21 points in a game against the Washington Wizards and moved past Dominique Wilkins into 13th place on the NBA all-time scoring list. On February 9, Anthony scored 23 points against the Orlando Magic and moved past Oscar Robertson into 12th place on the NBA all-time career scoring list. On February 11, Anthony scored a then"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " season-high 24 points in the 118\u2013114 win against the Philadelphia 76ers. On March 1, Anthony scored a season-high 29 points in a win against the Charlotte Hornets. On March 13, Anthony scored 26 points to move past Hakeem Olajuwon into 11th place on the NBA career scoring list in a win against the Minnesota Timberwolves. On March 19, Anthony scored 18 points off the bench in a victory over Dallas Mavericks and became 11th NBA player to score over 27,000 points. On May 3, Anthony scored 14 points in the 123\u2013114 loss to the Atlanta Hawks and moved past Elvin Hayes into the 10th place on the NBA all-time career scoring list. After the 2020\u201321 season, Anthony received the Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Social Justice Champion Award.</s><s>Professional career.:Los Angeles Lakers (2021\u20132022). On August 6, 2021, Anthony signed with the Los Angeles Lakers. On October 19, he made his Lakers debut, putting up nine points, four rebounds, and two assists in a 121\u2013114 loss to the Golden State Warriors. On October 24, Anthony put up 28 points in a 121\u2013118 win over the Memphis Grizzlies and moved past Moses Malone into the 9th place"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " on the NBA all-time career scoring list. On January 28, 2022, he scored 19 points in a 117\u2013114 loss to the Charlotte Hornets to become the 9th player in NBA history to reach 28,000 points. In a disappointing season due to injuries and inconsistency, the Lakers finished with a 33\u201349 record (11th), and Anthony averaged 13.3 points per game with 37.5 percent three-point shooting in 69 appearances.</s><s>National team career. After his rookie season, Anthony, along with fellow 2003 draftees LeBron James and Dwyane Wade, were chosen as members of the 2004 USA Olympic basketball team alongside veterans Allen Iverson, Stephon Marbury and Tim Duncan that won the bronze medal. He averaged 2.4 points, 1.6 rebounds and 6.8 minutes of playing time while playing in seven of the team's eight games. In 2006, Anthony was named co-captain (along with James and Wade) of Team USA at the 2006 FIBA World Championship. The team won the bronze medal. On August 23, 2006, Anthony set the U.S. scoring record in a game with 35 points against Italy in the said FIBA tournament. The record was previously held by Kenny Anderson with 34 points"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " in 1990. Anthony was named to the FIBA World Championship All-Tournament Team, posting averages of 19.9 points (led team), 3.7 rebounds and 1.6 assists per game. On January 16, 2006, Anthony was chosen as the USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year after his performance at the FIBA World Championship. Anthony was also a member of Team USA during the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship. The team went undefeated, going 10\u20130. He equaled the previous record of 28 points set by Allen Iverson in a qualifying tournament, which was later broken by James, who scored 31 points in the title-clinching win against Argentina. Anthony was also named to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, again alongside James and Wade, with Kobe Bryant and Jason Kidd among others. The team won its games by an average winning margin of 32.2 points, eliminating Australia in the quarterfinals by 31 and beating Argentina by 20 points. Anthony scored 21 points against Argentina, making 3-of-14 field goals and 13-of-13 in free throws, setting USA Olympic game records for made free throws and free throw percentage. In the gold medal game, the United States defeated 2006 World Champion Spain, with Anthony scoring 13 points. Anthony"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " posted averages of 11.5 points, 4.3 rebounds and 1.0 steals per game in eight contests. Anthony also played in the 2016 Olympic Games, his fourth straight stint in the Olympics, which was a record for a US male basketball player, breaking the old record of having played in three Olympiads he shared with James and Robinson. Team USA won the gold medal when they beat Serbia, 96\u201366, in the championship game with Anthony becoming the first player in US men's basketball history to win three gold medals. In the gold medal game against Serbia, Anthony collared seven rebounds to finish with 125 total rebounds in US Olympic history, passing Robinson as Team USA's all-time leader in most rebounds. In summary, Anthony caps his Olympic career as the first man to win three gold medals, career leader in scoring, rebounding and games played, with 31, thereby becoming USA basketball's most decorated Olympian. In recognition of his performances and accomplishments in the tournament, Anthony was named co-USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year (along with Kevin Durant) for the third time in his career.</s><s>Player profile. Anthony plays the small forward position, but he is also capable of playing power forward. His scoring prowess is considered his best asset with"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " his ability to take over any game on the offensive end; he shares the NBA record for second most points scored in one quarter with 33, and holds the New York Knicks single-game franchise scoring record with 62. On offense, Anthony is recognized for being a prolific scorer with a variety of crafty offensive moves. Listed at and, he has strength and quickness to be an immediate and consistent scoring threat in the post. He also likes creating space from his defenders which allows him to step into his jump shot or put the ball on the floor and drive to the basket and get to the free throw line. Anthony is often known for being one of the premier clutch performers in the NBA; during the 2005\u201306 season, Anthony made five game-winning shots in the last five seconds of the fourth quarter or overtime. Dave McMenamin, a staff writer for ESPN, wrote, \"If you were going to choose one player to challenge Bryant for his title of Mr. Clutch, it would have to be Anthony.\" Despite being a prolific scorer, he has been criticized for his defense and has never been named to the NBA All-Defensive Team. Anthony is one of many NBA players who use Idan Ravin as a personal coach and trainer. His relationship with"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " Ravin started when he was 18 years old and preparing for the NBA draft after spending his one year at Syracuse University.</s><s>Personal life. Anthony has two brothers, Robert and Wilford, and a half-sister, Daphne. He had another sister, Michelle, who died in 2010. His mother, Mary, is African American and his father, Carmelo Iriarte, was Puerto Rican. In 2004, Anthony became engaged to Alani \"La La\" Vazquez. Their son, Kiyan Carmelo Anthony, was born on March 7, 2007. Michael Eric Dyson married Anthony and La La on July 10, 2010, at Cipriani's in New York City before 320 guests. VH1 filmed the ceremony for use in a reality series on the couple, titled \"La La's Full Court Wedding\". Anthony resides in Portland, Oregon. He sold his New York property in 2020. Shortly after the end of the 2016\u201317 regular season, TMZ reported that La La had moved out of the couple's apartment and the two were living separately. The two reconciled in December 2018. In June 2021, La La filed for divorce.</s><s>Controversies. In 2004, Anthony was cited for marijuana possession, after inspectors"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " at Denver International Airport found marijuana in his backpack. Charges were later dropped after Anthony's friend, James Cunningham, of St. Louis, signed an affidavit taking responsibility for the marijuana. That same year, Anthony appeared in a video entitled \"Stop Snitchin'\", which warned that residents of Baltimore who collaborated with the police would face violence. Anthony later distanced himself from this video. In 2006, Anthony's friend, Tyler Brandon Smith, was pulled over in Anthony's vehicle and cited for marijuana possession and three traffic violations. Later that year on December 16, he was involved in the infamous Knicks\u2013Nuggets brawl during a game at Madison Square Garden. He was suspended for 15 games as a result. On April 14, 2008, Anthony was arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence, after being pulled over on Interstate 25 in Denver for weaving through lanes and not dimming his lights. Police spokesperson Detective Sharon Hahn said Anthony, who was alone in the car, failed a series of sobriety tests. He was ticketed and then released at police headquarters to a \"sober, responsible party.\" A court date was set for May 14. The Nuggets suspended Anthony for two games due to the arrest. On June 24, 2008, Anthony pleaded guilty to a charge of"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " driving while ability-impaired. The original charge of driving while under the influence was dropped. He was sentenced to one year of probation, 24 hours of community service and US$1,000 in court costs and fines. He has been criticized by South Bronx community activists for aligning himself with Mott Haven developer Keith Rubenstein's efforts to build luxury apartment buildings in the neighborhood, which could lead to gentrification.</s><s>Charity work. In Denver, Anthony was a spokesman for the Family Resource Center and helped organize a Christmas party, entitled \"A Very Melo Christmas,\" for less well-off children. In Baltimore, Anthony hosts an annual 3-on-3 tournament, known as \"Melo's H.O.O.D. (Holding Our Own Destiny) Movement 3 on 3 Challenge\" and is helping fund the revitalization of a local community center for local youth. Anthony opened \"The Carmelo Anthony Youth Development Center\" in Baltimore on December 14, 2006. He contributed $1.5 million to the Living Classrooms Foundation, a non-profit organization that \"provides innovative hands-on-education, job-training, and community service programs for over 35,000 children, youth and young adults in the east Baltimore community.\""}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " After the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Anthony donated $35,000 to relief efforts. He donated $1,000 per point scored against San Antonio and Houston on January 8 and 9, 2005, respectively. Anthony also committed $3 million toward the construction of a newly planned basketball practice facility at his alma mater, Syracuse University. According to the NBA's official website, \"Anthony's gift represents one of the largest individual donations to Syracuse University Athletics and is also believed to be one of largest by a current professional athlete to the school they attended.\" The practice facility will be called the Carmelo K. Anthony Basketball Center. For charitable contributions totaling $4,282,000, Anthony was listed as number eight in \"The Giving Back 30 List of Largest Charitable Donations by Celebrities in 2006\".</s><s>Other activities. Anthony was a guest star in the \"Lost and Found\" episode of \"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide\". He also appeared in the music video for Common's song \"Be\" from the album \"Be\" in 2005. Anthony is the only player to appear on the cover of all three EA Sports basketball franchises (NCAA March Madness, NBA Live and NBA Street). In January 2009, Colorado Sports Hall of Fame"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " selected Anthony as its professional athlete of the year for 2008. He and wrestler Henry Cejudo, also a 2008 gold medalist, were chosen to be the special award headliners for the induction banquet held on April 14, 2009. In spring 2012, Anthony guest starred in several episodes of the Showtime series \"Nurse Jackie\" as a professional baseball player going through drug rehab. He, along with Dwight Howard and Scottie Pippen, also appeared in the 2013 Chinese film \"Amazing\", a joint venture between the NBA and Shanghai Film Group Corporation. In 2003, Anthony signed his first shoe deal with Jordan brand and was paid $3.5 million per year for six years. In 2004, his first signature shoe, the Jordan Carmelo 1.5, was released., thirteen shoes have been released in the Melo line. In 2006, Anthony partnered with Hemelgarn Racing to campaign a car driven by P. J. Chesson in the 2006 IndyCar Series season. Jeff Bucknum joined the team as a second team car, and under the moniker \"Car-Melo\", the two cars qualified for the 2006 Indianapolis 500. However, the team dismantled after a crash of both cars in the Indy 500. In 2014, Anthony made a brief cameo appearance"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " in the eighth episode of the seventh and final season FX series \"Sons of Anarchy\" as a henchman to series antagonist Moses Cartwright. He also participated in a merchandising cooperation with Nickelodeon for the \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" franchise, where he has several guest appearances, namely in the  and as a comic character in the \"Amazing Adventures\" spin-off comics to the 2012 TV series. In 2015, Anthony founded North American Soccer League expansion club Puerto Rico FC. Despite the financial recession in Puerto Rico, Anthony saw this opportunity as a form of community outreach, as well as a long-term investment in a club that could ultimately be profitable. Anthony is also a fan of English football club Arsenal. In April 2021, Anthony launched a production company called Creative 7, which was named after his New York Knicks jersey number 7, which he wore from 2011 to 2017.</s><s>See also. - List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders - List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders - List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders - List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders - List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders - List of National Basketball Association single-game"}, {"title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": " scoring leaders - List of career achievements by Carmelo Anthony - List of Puerto Ricans - List of African-Americans</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Carmelo Anthony", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000474", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Griselda Blanco.", "docs": [{"title": "Griselda Blanco", "text": "<s>Griselda Blanco Griselda Blanco Restrepo (February 14, 1943 \u2013 September 3, 2012), known as \"the Black Widow\", was a Colombian drug lord of the Medell\u00edn Cartel, and in the Miami-based cocaine drug trade and underworld, during the 1970s through the early 2000s. She was shot dead on September 3, 2012, at the age of 69.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life. Griselda Blanco Restrepo was born in Cartagena on the country's north coast. She and her mother, Ana Blanco, moved to Medell\u00edn when she was three years old. Upon arriving there, she adopted a criminal lifestyle. Blanco's former lover, Charles Cosby, recounted that at the age of 11 she allegedly kidnapped, attempted to ransom and eventually shot a child from an upscale flatland neighborhood near her own neighborhood. Blanco had become a pickpocket before she even turned 13. To escape the sexual assaults of her mother's boyfriend, she ran away from home at the age of 19 and resorted to looting in Medell\u00edn until the age of 20.</s><s>Biography.:Drug business. Blanco was a figure in the drug trade from Colombia to Miami"}, {"title": "Griselda Blanco", "text": ", New York and California. In the mid-1970s, she illegally immigrated to the United States with false passports and settled in Queens, New York. She established a sizable cocaine business there and in April 1975, she was indicted on federal drug conspiracy charges along with 30 of her subordinates. She fled to Colombia before she could be arrested, but returned to the United States and settled in Miami in the late 1980s. Her return more or less coincided with the beginning of very public violent conflicts that involved hundreds of murders and killings yearly which were associated with the high crime epidemic that swept the City of Miami in the 1980s. The struggle by law enforcement to put an end to the influx of cocaine into Miami led to the creation of CENTAC 26 (Central Tactical Unit), a joint operation between the Miami-Dade Police Department and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) anti-drug operation. Blanco was involved in the drug-related violence known as the \"Miami Drug War\" or the \"Cocaine Cowboy Wars\" that plagued Miami in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This was a time when cocaine was trafficked more than cannabis. The distribution network, which spanned the United States, earned $80 million per month.</s><s>Biography.:"}, {"title": "Griselda Blanco", "text": "Arrest. On February 17, 1985 Blanco was arrested in her home by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and charged with conspiring to manufacture, import, and distribute cocaine. The case went to trial in federal court in New York City where she was found guilty and sentenced to 15 years. While serving her sentence, she was charged with three counts of first degree murder by the state of Florida. The prosecution made a deal with one of Blanco's most trusted hitmen, Jorge Ayala, who agreed to testify against her. However, the case collapsed due to technicalities relating to a phone sex scandal between Ayala and two female secretaries who worked in the state attorney\u2019s office. In 1998, Blanco pleaded guilty to three counts of second degree murder and was sentenced to 20 years in prison, to run concurrently. In 2002, Blanco suffered a heart attack in prison. In 2004, she was released and deported to Medell\u00edn. Before her murder in 2012, she was last seen in May 2007 at Bogot\u00e1 Airport.</s><s>Death. On the night of 3 September 2012, Blanco bought $150 worth of meat at Cardiso butcher shop on the corner of 29th Street in Medell\u00edn. She died at age of 69 when"}, {"title": "Griselda Blanco", "text": " she was shot in the head and shoulder by a motorcyclist outside the shop.</s><s>Personal life. Blanco's first husband was Carlos Trujillo with whom she had three sons, Dixon, Uber, and Osvaldo, all of them poorly educated. Blanco had her youngest son, Michael Corleone Blanco, with her third husband, Dar\u00edo Sep\u00falveda. Her husband left her in 1983, returned to Colombia, and kidnapped Michael when he and Blanco disagreed over who would have custody. Blanco paid to have Sep\u00falveda assassinated in Colombia, and her son returned to her in Miami. According to the \"Miami New Times\", \"Michael's father and older siblings were all killed before he reached adulthood. His mother was in prison for most of his childhood and teenage years, and he was raised by his maternal grandmother and legal guardians.\" In 2012, Michael was put under house arrest after an arrest in May on two felony counts of cocaine trafficking and conspiracy to traffic in cocaine. He appeared on a 2018 episode of the \"Investigation Discovery\" documentary series, \"Evil Lives Here\", to recount his lonely childhood. In 2019, he was featured in the VH1 docuseries \"Cartel Crew,\" which follows"}, {"title": "Griselda Blanco", "text": " the descendants of drug lords. He also runs a clothing brand, \"Puro Blanco\". According to Michael, his mother became a born-again Christian.</s><s>Popular culture. Blanco has been featured in multiple documentaries, series, films, and songs, including several forthcoming projects. - She features prominently in the documentary films \"Cocaine Cowboys\" (2006) and \"Cocaine Cowboys 2\" (2008; also written as \"Cocaine Cowboys II: Hustlin' With the Godmother\"). - In 2010, Florida rapper Jacki-O released a mixtape \"La Madrina - Griselda Blanco\". - She is portrayed by the Colombian actress Luces Vel\u00e1squez in 2012 television series \"Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord\" as the character of Graciela Rojas. - In 2012, American rapper Westside Gunn formed a record label called Griselda Records, naming it after Blanco. - In a television biographical film \"Cocaine Godmother\", which premiered in 2018 on the Lifetime channel, Blanco is portrayed by Catherine Zeta-Jones. - In 2018, she was mentioned in the chorus of NBA Young Boy's song \"Slime Belief\". - In the 2018 song \"Portland\" by"}, {"title": "Griselda Blanco", "text": " Drake featuring Quavo and Travis Scott, she is mentioned in the second verse. - She is mentioned in the 2019 remix of song \u201cSuge (Yea Yea)\u201d by DaBaby featuring Nicki Minaj. - As of 2020, there were plans to produce a film titled \"The Godmother\", starring Jennifer Lopez as Blanco. - Blanco is to be portrayed by the Colombian-American actress Sofia Vergara in a Netflix limited series titled \"Griselda\", announced in November 2021. - \"Griselda Blanco\", a song by Toronto Drill rappers Pengz and Two Two, was certified Platinum in Canada.</s><s>See also. - List of people deported or removed from the United States - Pablo Escobar - Enedina Arellano F\u00e9lix, another well-known female alleged cartel leader</s><s>Sources. - - \"Pablo Escobar and Colombian Narcoculture\" by Aldona Bialowas Pobutsky</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Griselda Blanco", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Latin America/Africa"}}
{"id": "factscore-000475", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kaoru Kuroki.", "docs": [{"title": "Kaoru Kuroki", "text": "<s>Kaoru Kuroki, is a Japanese former adult video performer and a multi-media personality. Her role as a media counselor expressing outspoken views on sex and society have drawn comparisons to Cicciolina, sex therapist Dr. Ruth, and actress Linda Lovelace.</s><s>Life and career.</s><s>Life and career.:Early life. Kaoru Kuroki (whose stage name translates to \"Fragrant Blacktree\") was born to a conservative, comfortably middle-class family. The daughter of an engineer, Kuroki was a naturally gifted child and showed artistic talent from an early age. She left public school at the age of 15 to attend art college, and later studied Renaissance art history at Yokohama National University. While still attending Yokohama National University, Kuroki began appearing in adult videos (AVs), at first considering this to be another form of art. \"I wanted to approach it purely as a performance art form, but it turned out to be a lot crazier than that. In fact, if I'd continued to see porno video as art without also acknowledging it as just a fuck film, I wouldn't have gone this far.\" She expresses admiration for the films of Nagisa Oshima, Ingmar Bergman, and Bernardo Bert"}, {"title": "Kaoru Kuroki", "text": "olucci, but, while she continues to view her AV performances as a social mission, she contrasts the AV with film. She says the AV \"has a different atmosphere. It's not very sophisticated, in fact it's primitive. It's a bit like eating and menus in restaurants: you're hungry and you have a sudden craving for noodles, so you go and eat noodles. Your appetite is towards a porno video, so you go and rent whatever turns you on. And as with food, viewers can use basic ingredients to 'cook' the desired stimulation from the video themselves.\"</s><s>Life and career.:AV debut. Kuroki's adult video debut was, released in October 1986 by the major AV company Crystal-Eizou, under the innovative AV director and former porn actor, Toru Muranishi. Muranishi is credited as one of the creators of the documentary style often emulated in Japanese AVs. Kuroki, sharing Muranishi's opinion that the AV should have a documentary quality, continued to work with him when he left Crystal-Eizou to found his own company, Diamond Visual. Her videos for Muranishi usually began with her seated, sharply dressed, and addressing the camera in an improvised talk on a subject like sexual"}, {"title": "Kaoru Kuroki", "text": " liberation. This would typically be followed by a modeling segment, either nude or in a swimsuit. The remaining video footage would be taken up with various sexual performances, often involving S&M. Regarding the sex scenes, Bornoff states, \"the peripherals in a Kuroki video are fairly violent stuff. She oscillates between abused sexual slave and the epitome of self-assertion with schizophrenic rapidity. To some, the documentary makes for a jarring experience; the feedback she gets from viewers can be surprising. Some say they almost find her frightening; that they can't get a hard-on.\" Kuroki responds, \"The men who find my videos frightening often recognize the wilder, more uninhibited side of their own girlfriends. In order to liberate themselves, they must first take off their armour. If a man recognizes Kuroki in his wife or girlfriend, he is forced to strip it off in order to deal with her. That's how I liberate both sexes.\"</s><s>Life and career.:Mainstream breakthrough. Kuroki was engaged in video and magazine appearances typical to being an AV model when she caught the attention of the mainstream media in 1988. Her decision to stop shaving her under-arm hair, as a symbolic protest against Japan's long-standing"}, {"title": "Kaoru Kuroki", "text": " censorship of the depiction of pubic hair in print or film, gained Kuroki interviews with the mainstream media. Kuroki concedes that her decision to stop shaving her under-arms worked as a gimmick to help set her apart from the mass of AV girls, but considers it also an expression of femininity and identity. Impressed by her ability to speak intelligently and matter-of-factly about subjects normally considered unmentionable, late-night talk shows began inviting Kuroki as a guest. Soon she had become a popular daytime TV panellist, was appearing in commercials, and served as a large department store's campaign girl. While she was popular with her male audience for her AV appearances, she also appealed to a female audience by expressing feminist view on daytime television. In addition to TV talk shows, Kuroki also had a role in the TV Asahi costume drama which was broadcast on March 3, 1989. Reflecting on her popularity, unprecedented for an AV model up to that time, Kuroki points out that there was a social need for someone like her. \"I talk about life as a woman, but with my background, obviously the focus is on sex. I seem to have become a spokeswoman for the too many women who are embarrassed to talk about"}, {"title": "Kaoru Kuroki", "text": " it.\" In 1988 Kuroki visited Italy where she met Cicciolina, whom she regards as \"sensei\". She was pleased to find that many of their opinions coincided, but was surprised by Cicciolina's discomfort with Kuroki's masochistic tendencies and preference for the S&M genre. Kuroki attributes this to cultural and personal differences, and does not feel that S&M equates to submissiveness. Indeed, Fornander points out that Kuroki made AVs in general, and S&M in particular a feminist issue in Japan. In March 1989, Kuroki teamed with Diamond Visual's new AV star, Kimiko Matsuzaka in the adult video. Later in 1989, in two entries of Diamond Visual's \"How to Sex - Sexual Information\" series of instructional sex videos, Kuroki served as the instructor/lecturer with Matsuzaka performing the physical demonstrations. Kuroki and Matsuzaka were brought together again in Toru Muranishi's December 1990 pink film,, for Xces. After Matsuzaka's retirement from AV appearances in 1990, Kuroki also appeared with Matsuzaka at the Akasaka club, \"Mirukuhooru\" (\"Milk Hall\").</s><s>Retirement and legacy. Kuro"}, {"title": "Kaoru Kuroki", "text": "ki retired from public life in 1994. In a 1994 interview, Kuroki said that she suffered physical violence from Muranishi shortly before her retirement. In the January 2002 issue of the magazine \"Josei Seven\", and the January 2004 issue of \"Shukan Post\", stories and pictures on Kuroki's private life were printed. Kuroki claimed that as an ordinary citizen no longer in the public eye, the magazines needed her permission to print these stories. Kuroki sued the publisher, Shogakukan, for 22 million yen for invasion of privacy. In April, 2007, the presiding judge ruled the articles illegal and awarded Kuroki 1.7 million yen (about $14,000). Shogakukan was reportedly considering appealing the decision. At the height of her popularity, Kuroki's AVs were averaging 17,000 sales a piece, a huge amount by industry standards, exceeding a million dollars. According to Rosemary Iwamura, \"Kaoru changed the image of AV girls; she didn't seem to be making videos because of a lack of options but rather as an informed choice.\" For bringing the AV industry to the attention of mainstream media in Japan, as well as her polite but frank outspokenness on subjects like sex and censorship, Kj"}, {"title": "Kaoru Kuroki", "text": "ell Fornander calls her \"the first high-profile AV actress.\" She permanently changed the way that the AV industry and AV actresses were viewed by the general public in Japan. Kuroki's life is portrayed in Netflix's show \"The Naked Director\", where she is portrayed by actress Misato Morita.</s><s>Sources. - - -  Alt URL - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kaoru Kuroki", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000476", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Isla Fisher.", "docs": [{"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": "<s>Isla Fisher Isla Lang Fisher (; born 3 February 1976) is an Australian actress and author. Born to Scottish parents in Oman, she moved to Australia at age six where she began appearing in television commercials. Fisher came to prominence for her portrayal of Shannon Reed on the Australian soap opera \"Home and Away\" from 1994\u201397, for which she received two Logie Award nominations. After various appearances on television and stage, Fisher made a successful transition to Hollywood with her portrayal of Mary Jane in the 2002 live-action adaptation of \"Scooby-Doo\", and has since played prominent roles in films such as \"Wedding Crashers\" (2005), \"Confessions of a Shopaholic\" (2009), \"Bachelorette\" (2012), \"The Great Gatsby\", \"Now You See Me\" (both 2013), and \"Nocturnal Animals\" (2016). Her other notable credits include \"Swimming Pool\" (2001), \"I Heart Huckabees\" (2004), \"London\" (2005), \"Wedding Daze\" (2006), \"The Lookout\", \"Hot Rod\" (both 2007), \"Definitely, Maybe\" (2008), \"Burke & Hare\" (2010), \""}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": "Visions\" (2015), \"Grimsby\", \"Keeping Up with the Joneses\" (both 2016), \"Tag\" (2018), \"The Beach Bum\", \"Greed\" (both 2019), and \"Blithe Spirit\" (2020). She has also voiced characters in animated films such as \"Horton Hears a Who!\" (2008), \"Rango\" (2011), and \"Rise of the Guardians\" (2012). Outside film, Fisher played a recurring role on the fourth and fifth seasons of \"Arrested Development\" (2013, 2018\u201319), and currently stars as Mary on \"Wolf Like Me\" (2022\u2013present). Fisher has authored two young adult novels and the \"Marge in Charge\" book series. She is married to Sacha Baron Cohen, with whom she has three children.</s><s>Early life. Fisher was born in Muscat, Oman, on 3 February 1976, she is the daughter of Elspeth Reid and Brian Fisher from Scotland. Her father was working as a banker in Oman for the United Nations. Fisher and her family returned to their hometown of Bathgate, Scotland, then moved to Perth, Western Australia, when she was six. She has four brothers, and said that she"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": " had a \"great\" upbringing in Perth with a \"very outdoorsy life\". She has stated that her \"sensibility is Australian\", she has a \"laid-back attitude to life\", and that she feels \"very Australian\". She considers herself a feminist. Her mother and siblings live in Athens, Greece, while her father lives in Frankfurt, Germany. Fisher attended Swanbourne Primary School and Methodist Ladies' College, Perth. She appeared in lead roles in school productions such as \"Little Shop of Horrors\". At 21, she attended L'\u00c9cole Internationale de Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Jacques Lecoq in Paris, where she studied clown, mime, musical theatre and commedia dell'arte.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:1985\u20132001: Early acting credits. Fisher made her first on-screen appearances in commercials on Australian television at the age of 9, and made her professional acting debut in 1993 with two guest-starring roles in the children's television shows \"Bay City\" and \"Paradise Beach\". At 18, with her mother's help, she published two teen novels, \"Bewitched\" and \"Seduced by Fame\". In a 2005 interview with \"Sunday Mirror\", she said that had"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": " she not been successful as an actress, she would probably have been a full-time writer. Between 1994 and 1997, Fisher played Shannon Reed, a young, unconfident bisexual woman who develops anorexia, on the Australian soap opera \"Home and Away\". In a 1996 interview with \"The Sun-Herald\", she spoke of her success and experiences on the show: \"I would be stupid to let it go to my head because it could all end tomorrow and I would just fade back into obscurity [...] I like working on \"Home and Away\" but it's a heavy workload so I get stressed out a lot. We work about 15 hours a day, including the time it takes to learn lines. I know a lot of people work those sort of hours but I think we really feel it because most of us are young and fairly inexperienced [...] But I am very grateful because it is good experience. It's like an apprenticeship, but we do it in front of 20 million people so all our mistakes are up for the world to see.\" For her performance in the series, Fisher received nominations for Most Popular New Talent at the 1995 Logie Awards, and for Most Popular Actress at the 1997 ceremony. After leaving the soap, Fisher enrolled at L'\u00c9cole"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": " Internationale de Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Jacques Lecoq, a theatre and arts training school in Paris, and went on to appear in pantomime in the United Kingdom. She also toured with Darren Day in the musical \"Summer Holiday;\" appeared in the London theatre production of \"Cos\u00ec,\" and played an ill-fated member of an elite group of international students in the German slasher film \"Swimming Pool\" (2001).</s><s>Career.:2002\u20132004: Move to Hollywood. Fisher transitioned to Hollywood in 2002, with the part of the love interest of a cowardly slacker Shaggy Rogers in the live-action film \"Scooby-Doo\". Although \"Scooby-Doo\" received negative reviews, the film was a commercial success, grossing US$275.7 million worldwide. On that early stage in her career, Fisher remarked: \"I only came out on the back of [the movie] \u2014 for the premiere of \"Scooby Doo\". And then, I ended up getting representation and ended up getting a job, almost straight away. So, I was fortunate, in that I didn't have to come out to L.A. and join a queue of however many people, and try to"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": " get work. I came in on the back of what was deemed as a big studio movie that had had extraordinary success\". She subsequently played supporting roles in the independent film \"Dallas 362\" (2003) and the Australian comedy \"The Wannabes\" (also 2003). In his review for the latter, David Rooney of \"Variety\" felt that Fisher \"adds easy charm and a thinly developed hint of romantic interest\", in what he summed as an \"uneven but endearing farce about breaking into showbiz\". In the comedy \"I Heart Huckabees\" (2004), directed by David O. Russell, she played what was described as a \"punchy little part\", by newspaper \"The Age\".</s><s>Career.:2005\u20132009: Breakthrough. Fisher's breakthrough came with the comedy \"Wedding Crashers\" (2005), opposite Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson, taking on the role of the seemingly sexually aggressive and precocious younger daughter of a politician falling in love with an irresponsible wedding crasher. On her part in the film, she remarked: \"It was an interesting character to play, because she was so crazy and lacking in any kind of social etiquette. She doesn't care what anyone thinks.\" For one particular scene"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": ", involving sexual content, she used a body double. \"I negotiated that from the beginning, trying to analyse why. I find pornographic violence, just gratuitous and unnecessary than nudity, because there's nothing more peaceful and beautiful\". The film was favourably received by critics and made US$285.1 million worldwide. \"Empire\" magazine found Fisher to be an \"unexpected, scene-stealing joy\", and her performance earned her the Breakthrough Performance Award at the MTV Movie Awards and two Teen Choice Awards nominations. Fisher appeared as a Manhattan party host in the independent drama \"London\" (2005), opposite Jessica Biel, Chris Evans and Jason Statham. She next starred in the romantic comedy \"Wedding Daze\" (2006), with Jason Biggs, playing a dissatisfied waitress who spontaneously gets engaged to a grieving young man. While \"Wedding Daze\" opened in second place on its UK opening weekend, the film received mediocre reviews from critics. Nevertheless, \"Reel Film Reviews\" found the film to be an \"irreverent, sporadically hilarious romantic comedy that boasts fantastic performances from stars Jason Biggs and Isla Fisher\". In the thriller \"The Lookout\" (2007), opposite Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Matthew Good"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": "e, Fisher played a woman used by a gang leader to seduce a man with lasting mental impairments. Describing on how she took her character, she said: \"[I]t was one of those situations where I read the script and thought, 'This is the take. I don't want to play the clich\u00e9 femme fatale. I don't want to come in and be the woman with the sexual appetite, who wants to take down this man. I want to come in and make her this big beating heart, and innocent \u2014a woman who has no identity, who knows the man she's with, who doesn't have an agenda'. Because every character in the script has an agenda. I thought how interesting if [my character] doesn't have one if she's a victim of her own kindness. So, that was my starting point\". While \"The Lookout\" received a limited release, the film was favourably received. The comedy \"Hot Rod\" (also 2007), with Andy Samberg, saw Fisher star as the college-graduate neighbour on whom an amateur stuntman has a crush. Fisher played a copy girl who becomes romantically involved with an ambitious political consultant in the romantic comedy \"Definitely, Maybe\" (2008), with Ryan Reynolds"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": ", Elizabeth Banks, Rachel Weisz and Abigail Breslin. Reviewers felt the film was a \"refreshing entry into the romantic comedy genre\", and \"The New Yorker\" wrote that the \"interest lies\" in the female characters, concluding: \"Isla Fisher, short, with thick auburn hair, is a changeable free spirit who keeps [the male lead]\u2014and maybe herself\u2014off balance\". Budgeted at US$7 million, \"Definitely, Maybe\" was a commercial success, grossing US$55.4 million worldwide. Fisher also voiced a professor in a city of microscopic creatures in the computer-animated comedy hit \"Horton Hears a Who!\" (2008), featuring Jim Carrey, Steve Carell, Will Arnett, among others. Fisher obtained her first leading film role in the comedy \"Confessions of a Shopaholic\" (2009), where she played a college graduate who works as a financial journalist in New York City to support her shopping addiction. She felt \"apprehensive\" as she took on her first star vehicle, stating: \"I was gobsmacked that anyone would give me my own movie. I am eternally bewildered. Every time I see [producer"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": "] Jerry Bruckheimer, I want to shake him and say: 'Are you mad? Why would you put me on a poster?'\". Upon its release, the film received lukewarm reviews from critics; while \"Time Out\" described her as \"silly and adorable\", \"The Christian Science Monitor\" remarked: \"Isla Fisher is such a bundle of comic energy that watching her spin her wheels in the aggressively unfunny \"Confessions of a Shopaholic\" counts as cruel and unusual punishment \u2014for her as well as for us\". Despite the critical response, the film was a commercial success; it opened with US$15 million on its North America opening weekend and went on to gross US$108.3 million worldwide. Fisher received her third Teen Choice Award nomination.</s><s>Career.:2010\u20132013: Mainstream recognition. In the British black comedy \"Burke and Hare\" (2010), loosely based on the Burke and Hare murders, Fisher starred opposite Simon Pegg and Andy Serkis as a young former prostitute and the love interest of one of the titular characters. The film found a limited audience in theatres, and \"Variety\" wrote that \"Pegg and Fisher, just about holding up their end of the bargain by delivering"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": " the film's portion of sweet romance, are hardly given anything funny to say\", as part of an overall mixed reception. Fisher voiced a hot-tempered but good-hearted desert iguana befriending an eccentric chameleon in the 3D animated Western action comedy \"Rango\" (2011), featuring Johnny Depp, Abigail Breslin and Bill Nighy. The film received positive reviews and made US$245.7 million worldwide. For her role, Fisher won the Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Animated Female. Fisher starred in the comedy \"Bachelorette\" (2012), opposite Kirsten Dunst, Lizzy Caplan and Rebel Wilson, portraying a ditzy party girl and one-third of a trio of troubled women who reunite for the wedding of a friend who was ridiculed in high school. In its review for the film, \"Daily Telegraph\" found Fisher to be \"brilliantly slow as a hot mess whose main ambition is to get coked out of her skull\". Budgeted at US$3 million, \"Bachelorette\" was a commercial success; it grossed US$11.9 million in theaters worldwide and more than US$8 million on VOD. In another voice-over"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": " role, Fisher voiced the Tooth Fairy in what she summed up as an \"animated \"Avengers\"\", the film \"Rise of the Guardians\" (also 2012), which earned her an Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award nomination for Best Animated Female. Fisher found mainstream recognition in 2013, with roles in two highly successful films \u2014\"The Great Gatsby\" and \"Now You See Me\".{{cite news|title=Isla Fisher Talks 'Great Gatsby': 'I Was Nervous She Wouldn't Make An Impact' Also in 2013, Fisher obtained the nine-episode role of an actress in the fourth season of \"Arrested Development\", which was released on Netflix, and appeared opposite Jennifer Aniston, Tim Robbins, and Will Forte in \"Life of Crime\", a film adaptation of Elmore Leonard's 1978 novel \"The Switch\", as the mistress of a wealthy man who refuses to pay the ransom for his kidnapped wife. The film received a limited theatrical release and favorable reviews from critics. Fisher, along with the cast of \"Arrested Development\", received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series, and describing her work on the series as a career highlight, she said:"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": " \"I've been really fortunate in my career to work with a lot of great people and get a lot of great gigs, but my favourite phone call ever was the \"Arrested Development\" one from my agent [...] It was very exciting\".</s><s>Career.:2014\u2013present: Films and writing. In \"Visions\" (2015), an independent horror film, Fisher starred as a pregnant woman who begins to experience supernatural manifestations after moving to a vineyard with her husband. Distributed for a limited release in most international markets, \"Visions\" was released for VOD in North America, and in its review for the film, Spanish newspaper \"Reforma\" wrote: \"Predictable and boring, even Isla Fisher, who is usually pretty good, delivers a very boring performance\". 2016 saw Fisher star in two action comedy films \u2014\"Grimsby\" and \"Keeping Up with the Joneses\". She collaborated for the first time with husband Sacha Baron Cohen in the British film \"Grimsby\", playing the handler of the best MI6 agent, and in \"Keeping Up with the Joneses\", she starred as one half of a suburban couple who begin to suspect their new neighbors are secret agents. Both films were budgeted at over"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": " US$35 million, but only made less than US$30 million at the box office. Based on Austin Wright's novel \"Tony and Susan\", Tom Ford's neo-noir thriller \"Nocturnal Animals\" (2016) featured Fisher as the blighted wife of a motorist inside a violent novel written by a recently divorced man. The film was the winner of the Grand Jury Prize at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival and was an arthouse success. Her third book and first children's novel, \"Marge in Charge\", revolving around a mischievous babysitter with rainbow hair who tends to bend the rules, was published in 2016. The book was met with a positive reception; \"Publishers Weekly\" noted that \"spontaneity and mayhem\" reign in the work, while \"The Daily Express\" found \"the comic tale of [the] anarchic babysitter\" to be \"perfect for reading aloud\". Fisher subsequently authored three follow-ups: \"Marge and the Pirate Baby\", in 2017, \"Marge and the Great Train Rescue\", also in 2017, and \"Marge in Charge and the Stolen Treasure\", in 2018. In 2019, she guest starred in an episode of the tenth season of HBO's \"Curb Your"}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": " Enthusiasm\". In 2020, Fisher starred in the Walt Disney Pictures film \"Godmothered\", which was released on Disney+ on 4 December of that year.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Family. Fisher first met English comedian and actor Sacha Baron Cohen in 2001 at a party in Sydney. They became engaged in 2004 and were married on 15 March 2010 in a Jewish ceremony in Paris, France. The couple have three children, born in 2007, 2010, and 2015. The family once resided in the United States, and London.</s><s>Personal life.:Religion. Before marrying Baron Cohen, Fisher converted to Judaism (her husband's faith), saying, \"I will definitely have a Jewish wedding just to be with Sacha. I would do anything\u2014move into any religion\u2014to be united in marriage with him. We have a future together and religion comes second to love as far as we are concerned.\" She completed her conversion in early 2007, after three years of study. She took the Hebrew name Ayala (), the Hebrew word for a female deer, and has described herself as keeping the Jewish Sabbath.</s><s>Personal life.:Philanthropy. In 2014 and 2015, Fisher donated her signed shoes for Small Steps Project Celebrity Shoe Auction."}, {"title": "Isla Fisher", "text": " In December 2015, Fisher and her husband Baron Cohen donated \u00a3335,000 (US$500,000) to Save the Children as part of a programme to vaccinate children in Northern Syria against measles, and the same amount to the International Rescue Committee also aimed at helping Syrian refugees.</s><s>Works and publications. - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Isla Fisher", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000477", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Radhika Apte.", "docs": [{"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": "<s>Radhika Apte Radhika Apte (born 7 September 1985) is an Indian actress. She works predominantly in Hindi films, and has appeared in a few Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Bengali, and English-language films. She began acting in theatre and made her film debut with a brief role in the Hindi fantasy, \"Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!\" (2005). Apte's first lead role was in the 2009 Bengali social drama, \"Antaheen\". She gained attention for her supporting roles in three of her 2015 Bollywood productions: \"Badlapur\", the comedy \"Hunterrr\", and the biographical film \"Manjhi - The Mountain Man\". Her leading roles in the 2016 independent films \"Phobia\" and \"Parched\" earned her acclaim. In 2018, Apte starred in three Netflix productionsthe anthology film \"Lust Stories\", the thriller series \"Sacred Games\", and the horror mini-series \"Ghoul\". She was nominated for an International Emmy Award for her work in the first of these. She has since starred in the Netflix films \"Raat Akeli Hai\" (2020) and \"Monica, O My Darling\" (2022"}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": "), and portrayed Noor Inayat Khan in the American film \"A Call to Spy\" (2019). In addition to her work in independent films, Apte has also played the leading lady in mainstream films, such as the Tamil action film \"Kabali\" (2016), the Hindi biographical film \"Pad Man\" (2018), and the Hindi black comedy \"Andhadhun\" (2018), all of which were commercially successful. She has been married to London-based musician, Benedict Taylor, since 2012.</s><s>Early life. Radhika Apte was born in a Marathi speaking family on 7 September 1985 in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Her parents were studying and working as doctors at the Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore when she was born. Her father Dr. Charudutt Apte subsequently became a neurosurgeon and chairman of Sahyadri Hospital, Pune. She is an Economics and Mathematics graduate from Fergusson College, Pune. In Pune, she initially studied in a regular school, and then was homeschooled along with four friends by their parents living in the same building, who did not want their children to go through the regular schooling system. Apte found this"}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": " experience liberating, as it boosted her self-confidence. While growing up in Pune, Apte trained under Kathak exponent, Rohini Bhate, for eight years. It was during this time that Apte became involved in theater in Pune, and decided to go to Mumbai to join films. However, a few months later, Apte got discouraged by her experience in Mumbai and returned to her family in Pune. Apte recounted these times in an interview with Scoop Whoop in 2018, as a learning yet demoralizing experience, wherein she managed with a salary of 8,000 to 10,000 from theater roles and having to put up with odd house owners and roommates in Goregaon, where she lived as a paying guest. During this time, Apte acted in her first film, a Marathi film called \"Gho mala asala hawa\" (2009). This was followed by her first Hindi film, Emiway Bhantai, after which she acted in Rakta Charitra, Rakta Charitra 2, and \"I am\". On returning to Pune, Apte made an overnight decision of going to London for a year, where she studied contemporary dance at London's Trinity"}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": " Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance for a year. Apte said her experience in London was life-changing, as she was exposed to a completely different and liberating way of working professionally. There she met her future husband Benedict, who subsequently moved to Pune with her, travelling regularly to Mumbai for his work while Apte still did not want to return to Mumbai because of her earlier experience. After a year, she finally agreed to move to Mumbai, and her second experience in Mumbai was far more positive, as she no longer felt alone.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early roles (2005\u201310). Apte first appeared with a small role in the Hindi film \"Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!\" in 2005, a project she did \"just for fun\" while still in college. Actor Rahul Bose, who had seen Apte perform in Anahita Oberoi's play \"Bombay Black\", suggested her name to director Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury who cast her in his National award-winning Bengali film \"Antaheen\" along with Aparna Sen, Sharmila Tagore and Rahul Bose. She played the role of Brinda Roy Menon, a TV"}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": " journalist, in \"Antaheen\". Riddhima Seal, writing for \"The Times of India\", called Apte a \"revelation\", further adding \"With eyes that speak a thousand words, her passion for work and the loneliness of her heart as she waits to chat every night with that special stranger just strikes the right chord\". In 2009, Apte had her first Indian release, KBC productions' \"Gho Mala Asla Hava\" by Sumitra Bhave and Sunil Sukthankar, in which she appeared as Savitri, a village girl. She later collaborated with Bhave and Sukthankar again on the Hindi docufiction \"Mor Dekhne Jungle Mein\". It was in that year that she also worked on Jatin Wagle's \"Ek Indian Manoos\", Akash Khurana's \"Life Online\", about \"a bunch of youngsters working in a BPO\" and Amol Palekar's Indian film, \"Samaantar\". In 2010, she was seen in Maneej Premnath's thriller \"The Waiting Room\" and later, appeared in a significant role in Ram Gopal Varma's \"Rakta Charitra\" and its sequel. On"}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": " returning from London, Apte was offered a role in a large blockbuster production Hindi film, but was (in her words) kicked out of it, because they felt she was too fat to be in that film.</s><s>Career.:Breakthrough and rise to prominence (2011\u2013present). In 2011, Apte appeared in the anthology film \"I Am\" and in \"Shor in the City\" under Ekta Kapoor's Balaji Motion Pictures. She worked for the third time with the Bhave-Sukthankar duo on \"Ha Bharat Majha\" (2012), a film inspired by Anna Hazare's movement that was shot in 14 days and screened at various film festivals. Her two other 2012 releases were \"Tukaram\" in Marathi and \"Dhoni\", her maiden Tamil film. For her performance in the latter, she was nominated for SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. In 2013, she was seen in the Bengali film \"Rupkatha Noy\". About her character, she said, \"I play Sananda, an IT engineer, who is a single mother of a three-year-old child. Sananda had a dreadful past, which keeps haunting her\". Apt"}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": "e's first four 2014 releases were \"Postcard\", \"Pendulum\", \"Legend\" and \"Vetri Selvan\" in three languages \u2013 Bengali, Telugu and Tamil, respectively\u2014after which another film of hers, \"Lai Bhaari\", released. \"Pendulum\", which was described by Apte as a \"story on magic realism which takes you through multiple layers of parallel realities, or apparent realities\", had her playing a working woman in a relationship with a younger man, while in \"Vetri Selvan\", she had played the role of a lawyer. \"Legend\" and \"Lai Bhaari\" were commercial successes, the latter breaking the opening weekend box office record and becoming the highest grossing Marathi film of all time. In 2015, Apte gained wider recognition for her roles in six feature films released in the first eight months. In the year's first release, Sriram Raghavan's \"Badlapur\", she had a minor supporting role, for which she shot for six days. Despite appearing only briefly in the latter part of the film, she was widely recognized and appreciated for her performance, with several critics stating that she stood out in the ensemble cast. Rediff's Raja"}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": " Sen, in particular, wrote that she was \"sensational\" and featured in \"possibly the film's finest\" moment. Following a Malayalam release, \"Haram\", her first in the language, and a Telugu release, \"Lion\", she had her next Hindi release, the sex comedy \"Hunterrr\" directed by Harshvardhan Kulkarni. Although the film opened to mixed reviews, Apte again earned praise for her performance. While Shubha Shetty-Saha from mid-day.com described her as \"excellent in an absolutely realistic role\", Filmfare's Rachit Gupta wrote, \"While you're at it, hand one (award) to Radhika Apte...She really comes into her own, in a character that's unconventional and full of surprises\". With \"Badlapur\" and \"Hunterrr\" both achieving commercial success and winning Apte critical acclaim, she grew in popularity, breaking into the mainstream Bollywood scene, with the media dubbing her the \"latest sensation of Bollywood\", Bollywood's new \"go-to girl\"  and the \"new constant in Indian cinema\". HuffPost India wrote, \"Radhika Apte is on her way"}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": " to stardom, whether she likes it or not\". In late August, two more Hindi films of her, Ketan Mehta's critically acclaimed biogeographical film \"Manjhi - The Mountain Man\", based on Dashrath Manjhi, featuring Apte as Manjhi's wife Falguni Devi, and \"Kaun Kitne Paani Mein\", a satire on water scarcity featuring Apte as an agriculture graduate, released a week apart. Her next film was the Tamil gangster-drama \"Kabali\", in which she was featured as the wife of Rajinikanth. Upon the release, her performance received positive feedback from critics, and the film proved to be a major commercial success as well. In 2018, Apte co-starred with Akshay Kumar in R. Balki's comedy-drama \"Pad Man\", based on a short story in Twinkle Khanna's book, \"The Legend of Lakshmi Prasad\". It is inspired by the life of Arunachalam Muruganantham from Tamil Nadu, who campaigned for menstrual hygiene in rural India. Apte's role was that of a shy homemaker whose husband (Kumar) invents low-"}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": "cost sanitary napkins. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV wrote, \"Radhika Apte is, as always, a scene-stealer. She contributes majorly to ensuring that the exchanges between the protagonist and his wife do not veer into corniness.\" Apte made her directorial debut with \"The Sleepwalkers,\" starring Gulshan Devaiah and Shahana Goswami. \"The Sleepwalkers\" is in competition at the Palm Springs International ShortFest 2020, under the Best Midnight Short category. Among Apte's upcoming films are three Hindi language projects, \"The Field\", the feature debut of Rohit Karn Batra, Leena Yadav's \"Parched\", a U.S.-Indian co-production, and \"Bombairiya\", an Indo \u2013 British production  and a Tamil project, \"Ula\".</s><s>Career.:Theatre. Apte is actively involved with theatre and has been part of several stage plays, mostly in Hindi language. She is associated with Mohit Takalkar's theatre troupe \"Aasakta Kalamanch\" in her hometown and has acted in plays like \"Tu\", \"Purnaviram\", \"Matra Ratra\""}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": " and Samuel Beckett's \"That Time\" with Rehan Engineer. She also performed a commercial Hindi play, \"Kanyadaan\", and an English play named \"Bombay Black\". In 2013, she was part of an Indian play named \"Uney Purey Shahar Ek\", which was an adaptation of Girish Karnad's \"Benda Kaalu on Toast\" (\"Baked Beans of Toast\"). She has also stated that she plans to do an English play in London. Apte has said that she prefers to work in experimental theatre.</s><s>Career.:Short films. Radhika Apte has also acted in a number of short films, including \"Darmiyan\", in which she played a college girl, Ekta, and \"Vakratunda Swaha\", which was filmed by \"Ashish Avikunthak\" over a period of 12 years. She played one of the lead roles in Anurag Kashyap's film on eve teasing, \"That Day After Everyday\", which released on YouTube in 2012. She has played the title role in Sujoy Ghosh's 2015 Bengali short film \"Ahalya\".</s><s>Personal life. Apte met Benedict Taylor in 2011 in London during her"}, {"title": "Radhika Apte", "text": " year-long sabbatical when she had gone to learn contemporary dance. Director Sarang Sathaye, a friend of Radhika, in October 2012, said that the two had been living together since a long time and that a registered marriage took place a month before the official ceremony was said to be held in March 2013. Apte has spoken out against sexual harassment in the Indian film industry. She supported the MeToo movement in India, stating that she was hopeful that it could bring about a change if enough major industry figures were to participate.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Radhika Apte", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000478", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Manny Pacquiao.", "docs": [{"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": "<s>Manny Pacquiao Emmanuel \"Manny\" Dapidran Pacquiao Sr. (; born December17, 1978) is a Filipino politician and former professional boxer. Nicknamed \"PacMan\", he is regarded as one of the greatest professional boxers of all time. He previously served as a Senator of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. Pacquiao is the only eight-division world champion in the history of boxing and has won twelve major world titles. He was the first boxer to win the lineal championship in five different weight classes, the first boxer to win major world titles in four of the eight \"glamour divisions\" (flyweight, featherweight, lightweight, and welterweight), and is the only boxer to hold world championships across four decades (1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s). In July 2019, Pacquiao became the oldest welterweight world champion in history at the age of 40, and the first boxer in history to become a recognized four-time welterweight champion after defeating Keith Thurman to win the WBA (Super) welterweight title. As of 2015, Pacquiao's fights had generated $1.2 billion in revenue from his 25 pay-per-view"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " bouts. According to \"Forbes\", he was the second highest paid athlete in the world in 2015. Pacquiao entered politics in 2010 when he was elected as the representative of Sarangani. He held this post for six years until he was elected and assumed office as a senator in 2016. He became the leader of then-ruling PDP\u2013Laban party in 2020 (which is disputed since 2021). On September 19, 2021, Pacquiao officially declared his candidacy for President of the Philippines in the 2022 Philippine presidential election, he ended up losing to Bongbong Marcos. Outside of boxing and politics, Pacquiao was the head coach and a player for the Philippine Basketball Association team Kia/Mahindra for three seasons from 2014 to 2017, before founding the semi-professional Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League. He has also starred in films and has presented television shows. In music, he has released multiple PARI-certified platinum albums and songs; his cover of \"Sometimes When We Touch\" peaked at 19 in the United States on \"Billboard\"'s Adult Contemporary chart after a performance on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\". He is also an Evangelical Christian preacher, philanthropist, and entrepreneur.</s><s>Early life and education."}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " Pacquiao was born in Kibawe, Bukidnon, and raised in General Santos, Philippines. He is the son of Rosalio Pacquiao and actress Dionisia Dapidran. His parents separated when he was in sixth grade, after his father had an affair. He is the fourth of six siblings, one of whom, Alberto \"Bobby\" Pacquiao, is also a politician and former professional boxer. At the age of 14, Pacquiao moved to Manila and lived on the streets, worked as a construction worker and had to pick between eating or sending money to his mother. Pacquiao completed his elementary education at Saavedra Saway Elementary School in General Santos, but dropped out of high school due to extreme and abject poverty. In February 2007, Pacquiao took and passed a high school equivalency exam, and was awarded with a high school diploma by the Department of Education.</s><s>Boxing career.</s><s>Boxing career.:Overview. Manny Pacquiao has an amateur record of 60\u20134 and a record of 62\u20138\u20132 as a professional, with 39 wins by knockout. Boxing historian Bert Sugar ranked Pacquiao as the greatest southpaw fighter of all time. In"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " 2020, Pacquiao topped the Ranker's list of best boxers of the 21st century. Pacquiao made history by being the first boxer ever to win world titles in eight weight divisions, having won twelve major world titles, as well as being the first boxer to win the lineal championship in five different weight classes. Pacquiao is also the first boxer in history to win major world titles in four of the original eight weight classes of boxing, also known as the \"glamour divisions\" (flyweight, featherweight, lightweight and welterweight), and the first boxer ever to become a four-decade world champion, winning world championships across four decades (1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s). Pacquiao was long rated as the best active boxer in the world, pound for pound, by most sporting news and boxing websites, including ESPN, \"Sports Illustrated\", \"Sporting Life\", Yahoo! Sports, About.com, BoxRec and \"The Ring\", beginning from his climb to lightweight until his losses in 2012. He is also the longest reigning top-ten active boxer on \"The Ring\"'s pound for pound list from 2003 to 2016. Pacquiao has generated approximately 20.4 million in pay-"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": "per-view (PPV) buys and $1.3 billion in revenue from 26 PPV-bouts. Per Forbes, he was the world's second highest paid athlete in 2015. Pacquiao signed with Bob Arum's Top Rank from 2015 to 2017 and Al Haymon's Premier Boxing Champions (PBC) promotion on 2018 alongside Paradigm Sports on 2020. On September 29, 2021, Pacquiao announced his retirement from boxing, in a post on social media.</s><s>Boxing career.:Early years. Pacquiao was introduced to boxing at the age of 12 by his maternal uncle Sardo Mejia. According to his autobiography, Pacquiao said watching Mike Tyson's defeat of James \"Buster\" Douglas in 1990 with his Uncle Sardo as an experience that, \"changed my life forever.\" Mejia began training his nephew in a makeshift home gym. After 6 months of training, Pacquiao began boxing in a park in General Santos eventually traveling to other cities to fight higher-ranked opponents. By age 15, he was considered the best junior boxer in the southern Philippines and he moved to Manila. In January 1995, at the age of 16, he made his professional boxing debut as a junior flyweight. Pacquiao"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " stated of his early years, \"\"Many of you know me as a legendary boxer, and I'm proud of that. However, that journey was not always easy. When I was younger, I became a fighter because I had to survive. I had nothing. I had no one to depend on except myself. I realized that boxing was something I was good at, and I trained hard so that I could keep myself and my family alive\".\" On December 4, 1998, at the age of 19, he won his first major title, the World Boxing Council (WBC) flyweight title.</s><s>Boxing career.:Notable fights. Over the course of his decorated career, Pacquiao has defeated 22 world champions: Chatchai Sasakul, Lehlohonolo Ledwaba, Jorge Eli\u00e9cer Julio, Marco Antonio Barrera (twice), \u00c9rik Morales (twice), \u00d3scar Larios, Jorge Sol\u00eds, Juan Manuel M\u00e1rquez (twice), David D\u00edaz, Oscar De La Hoya, Ricky Hatton, Miguel Cotto, Joshua Clottey, Antonio Margarito, Shane Mosley, Brandon R\u00edos, Timothy Bradley (twice), Chris Algieri, Jessie Vargas,"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " Lucas Matthysse, Adrien Broner and Keith Thurman. Pacquiao's most recent bout was against Yordenis Ug\u00e1s in August 2021. Pacquiao also participated in an exhibition match against former world champion Jesus Salud in August 2002 which he won.</s><s>Boxing career.:Notable fights.:Ranking and awards. Pacquiao was named \"Fighter of the Decade\" for the 2000s by the Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA), World Boxing Council (WBC), and World Boxing Organization (WBO). In 2006, 2008, and 2009, he was awarded \"Ring\" magazine, \"ESPN\" and BWAA's Fighter of the Year, and in 2009 and 2011 he won the Best Fighter ESPY Award. BoxRec ranks him as the greatest Asian fighter of all time. In 2016, Pacquiao ranked No. 2 on ESPN's list of top pound for pound boxers of the past 25 years and he ranks No.5 in BoxRec's ranking of the greatest pound for pound boxers of all time. Manny Pacquiao is a holder of six Guinness Book World Records. He has the most consecutive boxing world title fight victories at different weights at 15, between 2005 and 2011; he is named the"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " oldest welterweight boxing world champion when he claimed the WBA Welterweight title aged 40 years 215 days on July 20, 2019; he has the most boxing world titles won in different weight divisions with eight, when he defeated Antonio Margarito (USA) to win the WBC Super Welterweight title on November 13, 2010. He has also held sanctioned belts in the WBC Flyweight, Super Featherweight and Lightweight divisions, plus The Ring Featherweight, IBF Super Bantamweight, IBO and The Ring Light Welterweight and WBO Welterweight. He recorded the highest selling pay-per-view boxing match in a Welterweight title fight at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, on May 2, 2015, and the highest revenue earned from ticket sales for a boxing match from ticket sales title fight at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, on May 2, 2015. Pacquiao became the first Filipino Olympic non-participant to be Team Philippines' flag-bearer during the August 8 opening ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympics at the Beijing National Stadium. Swimmer Miguel Molina, 2005 Southeast Asian Games' Best Male Athlete, yielded the honor to Pacquiao, upon the request"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to the national sports officials on the Philippines at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He had the opportunity to compete in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Brazil, when professional boxers under the age of 40 were allowed to compete in the games for the first time. However Pacquiao, decided not to compete.</s><s>Boxing career.:Earnings. \"Forbes\" listed Pacquiao as the world's equal sixth highest paid athlete, with a total of $40 million or \u20b12 billion pesos from the second half of 2008 to the first half of 2009. Tied with him on the sixth spot was NBA player LeBron James and golfer Phil Mickelson. Pacquiao was again included in \"Forbes\"' list of highest paid athletes from the second half of 2009 to the first half of 2010; he was ranked eighth with an income of $42 million. Pacquiao also won the 2009 ESPY Awards for the Best Fighter category, beating fellow boxer Shane Mosley and Brazilian mixed martial arts fighters Lyoto Machida and Anderson Silva. ESPN Magazine reported that Pacquiao was one of the two top earning athletes for 2010, alongside American Major League Baseball player Alex Rodriguez. According to the magazine's annual"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " salary report of athletes, Pacquiao earned $32 million (approximately PhP 1.38 billion) for his two 2010 boxing matches against Clottey and Margarito.</s><s>Basketball career. On April 17, 2014, Pacquiao, a passionate basketball fan, announced his intention to join the Philippine Basketball Association as the playing coach of Kia Motors Basketball team, an incoming expansion team for the PBA's 2014\u201315 season. As the team's head coach, he asked other teams to not draft him before Kia, and picked himself 11th overall in the first round of the 2014 PBA draft, being the oldest rookie to be ever drafted in the league's history. Pacquiao played basketball as part of his training before his matches and prior to his PBA stint, Pacquiao was named an honorary member of the Boston Celtics and established friendships with Steph Curry and basketball Hall of Famers Kobe Bryant, Kevin Garnett, and Ray Allen. NBA player Karl-Anthony Towns cites Pacquiao as a \"legend\" & visited him along with Klay Thompson at training. On September 4, 2014, Pacquiao trained with the Golden State Warriors at their training facility in preparation for his PBA stint. On February 18, 2015"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": ", Pacquiao played briefly and scored one point when the Sorento pulled a 95\u201384 upset against Purefoods that tapped former NBA player Daniel Orton as their import for the conference, when asked about playing against him he said that Pacquiao as a basketball player was a \"mockery of the game and a joke\". Orton was fined by PBA commissioner Chito Salud and was replaced after a few days. On October 25, 2015, Pacquiao made his first field goal in the PBA in a 108\u201394 loss against the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters. On August 21, 2016, Pacquiao scored a career-high four points in a 97\u201388 victory against the Blackwater Elite, also sinking the first three-point field goal in his career. He appeared rarely in the succeeding seasons as he was focused on other commitments. In 2017, Pacquiao founded the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League, a prominent semi-professional league in the Philippines. In 2018, although being rumored to transfer to Blackwater, Pacquiao officially announced his retirement from the league after playing just ten games in three seasons and scoring less than fifteen career points. In 2019, he announced that he is \"plan"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": "ning to own an NBA team\" after boxing retirement.</s><s>Political career.</s><s>Political career.:House of Representatives (2010\u20132016). On February 12, 2007, Pacquiao announced his campaign for a seat in the Philippine House of Representatives to represent the 1st District of South Cotabato province running as a candidate of the Liberal Party faction under Manila mayor Lito Atienza. Pacquiao, said he was persuaded to run by the local officials of General Santos, hoping he would act as a bridge between their interests and the national government. Ultimately Pacquiao was forced to run under the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (KAMPI), a pro-Arroyo political party by the courts. Pacquiao was defeated in the election by incumbent Rep. Darlene Antonino-Custodio of the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), who said, \"More than anything, I think, people weren't prepared to lose him as their boxing icon.\" In preparation for his political career in the Filipino House of Representatives, Pacquiao enrolled in the Certificate Course in Development, Legislation, and Governance at the Development Academy of the Philippines \u2013 Graduate School of Public and Development Management (DAP-G"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": "SPDM). On November 21, 2009, Pacquiao announced that he would run again for a congressional seat, but this time in Sarangani province, the hometown of his wife Jinkee. In May 2010, Pacquiao was elected to the House of Representatives in the 15th Congress of the Philippines, representing the province of Sarangani. He scored a landslide victory over the wealthy and politically well-entrenched Chiongbian clan that had been in power in the province for more than thirty years. Pacquiao got 120,052 votes while his opponent for the seat, Roy Chiongbian, got 60,899 votes. In 2010, Pacquiao made a speech on human trafficking that earned praise. However, he also received criticism for coming out as uninformed during a discussion of the contentious reproductive health bill that same year. In 2013, he was re-elected to the 16th Congress of the Philippines. He ran unopposed. Additionally, his wife, Jinkee, was also elected as vice-governor of Sarangani, while his younger brother, Rogelio lost his bid as congressman. Because of other commitments, Pacquiao only attended one Congress session on the congress' final leg and was criticized for being the top"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " absentee among lawmakers. Pacquiao filed a total of less than 20 bills in six years, with zero of them passing beyond committee.</s><s>Political career.:Senate (2016\u20132022). On October 5, 2015, Pacquiao formally declared that he was running for senator under the United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) party of vice-president Jejomar Binay. On May 19, 2016, Pacquiao was formally elected as a senator by the Commission on Elections. Pacquiao garnered over 16 million votes, landing at 7th place. Pacquiao earlier aligned himself with the Duterte government. He facilitated on September 18, 2016, the ouster of Leila de Lima (a Duterte critic) from the chairmanship of the Senate Justice committee and criticized de Lima's presentation three days later of an alleged member of the Davao Death Squad. In another Senate hearing, Pacquiao defended then-Davao City Vice Mayor Paolo Duterte from allegations of having a part, along with the vice mayor's alleged drinking buddy Charlie Tan and Kenneth Dong, in a 2017 seized \u20b16.4-billion shipment of illegal drugs from Xiamen, China, into the Philippines. As of 2018, Pacquiao has filed a total of"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " 31 Senate bills during the 17th Congress. And in a bill filed alongside Senator Bato dela Rosa and Bong Go, he backed the return of capital punishment. In June 2019, the Philippine Senate released a data showing Pacquiao as having the worst attendance record among all senators in the 17th Congress, reflecting a struggle Pacquiao had since he was a congressman. Despite the poor attendance, he still managed to enact four laws from the bills he filed. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Pacquiao worked with Alibaba Group co-founder Jack Ma to help bring to the Philippines 50,000 COVID-19 test kits through their respective charity foundations. In December 2020, Pacquiao became acting party president of PDP-Laban, the ruling political party, when Koko Pimentel resigned. However, the position will eventually become disputed between Pacquiao and Energy Secretary Alfonso Cusi. Alfonso Cusi's faction through a vote decided that Pacquiao is no longer party president of PDP-Laban on July 17. Melvin Matibag, the deputy secretary-general of PDP-Laban, defended the vote, saying it was organized because the term limits of the party's officials had already"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " expired. Pacquiao is still regarded by his faction as party president. In May 2021, Senator Pacquiao filed a bill proposing to create the Philippine Boxing and Combat Sports Commission. The move, however, was lambasted by Senator Pia Cayetano who criticized the timing of the proposal in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic. Pacquiao earlier already tried filing the bill during the 17th Congress when Pacquiao and Senator Franklin Drilon made headlines after Pacquiao called out the latter and senior legislator to use his \"common sense\" during an interpellation about the topic while Pacquiao was apparently being coached by his advisers after struggling to answer Drilon. In May 2022, Pacquiao called for the \"speedy release\" of fellow Senator Leila De Lima, who was detained for five years now, after witnesses against De Lima retracted their testimony. Pacquiao had earlier been vocal about De Lima's supposed links to a purported drug lord, Kerwin Espinosa, an allegation that led to De Lima's arrest and detention.</s><s>Political career.:2022 presidential campaign. As early as June 2020, Pacquiao's former promoter Bob Arum declared that the senator expressed that he will run in 2022 in a conversation with"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " him uttering \"Bob, I\u2019m gonna run in 2022 and, when I win, I want you there at my inauguration.'\u201d Speculations quickly spread around a possible Pacquiao run for president, backed by his own expression of interest in a presidential bid. In June 2021, he expressed belief that Duterte's response towards China's claims in the South China Sea was lacking. Duterte rebuked Pacquiao for the statement, saying the latter lacked knowledge in foreign policy. The President also responded to a claim attributed to Pacquiao that the Duterte administration is more corrupt than those by his predecessors; Duterte challenged Pacquiao to name certain individuals or agencies, otherwise he will launch a negative campaign against the senator in the 2022 elections. A month after being asked about the possibility of him running in the postgame interview after losing his final boxing match against Yordenis Ugas, Pacquiao officially announced his presidential bid on September 19, 2021, during the National Assembly of the PDP-Laban, organized by his faction. On October 1, he formally registered his candidacy under the Cebu-based party PROMDI. This was in accordance with the \"MP3 Alliance\" established by PDP Laban under Pacquiao's faction"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " with PROMDI, and the People's Champ Movement. Cusi in response to Pacquiao's filing of candidacy under PROMDI decided that he is no longer a member of PDP-Laban. His platforms include solving corruption and a promise of nationwide housing projects for the poor. Since the campaign period started in February, he had struggled in the presidential surveys with low ratings ranking fourth to fifth among the candidates, dropping to as low as 1.8 percent on the March 2022 poll by Publicus Asia and 8 percent on Pulse Asia with his disapproval rating going up. In March 2022, amid recent news about frontrunner Bongbong Marcos' unsettled estate tax dues amounting to 200 billion pesos, Pacquiao openly challenged Marcos to a one-on-one debate and made remarks against critics saying \"he's not intelligent enough to be president\" saying that \"the most dumb in this country are those who are going to vote for a plunderer\". Pacquiao only placed third in the election with roughly four million votes and later conceded to Marcos, who won by a landslide.</s><s>Entertainment career.</s><s>Entertainment career.:Acting and hosting career. With growing fame, Pacquiao became a celebrity and was obligated to start"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " his acting and hosting career with guest appearances on ABS-CBN shows. He signed a contract as an actor & host with ABS-CBN short-after. In December 2005, Pacquiao took his first lead role in Violett Films' \"Lisensyadong Kamao\" (Licensed Fist). The film is titled so because (according to director Tony Bernal), being a boxer, Pacquiao is licensed to use his hands. Upon the expiration of his contract with ABS-CBN, Pacquiao signed with GMA Network as an actor and host in September 2007. A few months after, he taped his first episode of the network's infotainment show \"Pinoy Records\". His other projects with the network included \"Totoy Bato\" and the sitcom \"Show Me Da Manny\", where he appeared as Marian Rivera's onscreen loveteam, and in which his mother, Dionisia, also appeared. He also hosted his own game show Manny Many Prizes where he gave out prizes to his audience. In 2008, Pacquiao starred with Ara Mina and Valerie Concepcion in \"Anak ng Kumander\" (Child of a Commander). The movie was not a commercial success and was panned"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " by critics. Pacquiao starred in the superhero/comedy film entitled \"Wapakman\", which was released on December 25, 2009, as an entry to the 2009 Metro Manila Film Festival. Like his previous films, \"Wapakman\" was not commercially successful. In 2020, he was cast to portray General Miguel Malvar in the upcoming biopic film \"\" about the Philippine hero, which gained mixed reactions from the Malvar family. Gabriel, grandson of General Malvar's youngest child Pablo, worries that Pacquiao's fame might overshadow his movie character. While Villegas, son of Malvar's daughter Isabel, supports the casting.</s><s>Entertainment career.:Music career. Pacquiao recorded songs to use as entrance music for his fights and released them on two albums that were certified platinum locally in the Philippines. Most of the Tagalog songs of Pacquiao were composed by Lito Camo who wrote Pacquiao's biggest hit and primarily known song \"Para Sayo ang Laban Na 'To\". On November 3, 2009, Pacquiao covered \"Sometimes When We Touch\", originally by Dan Hill, on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\", marking his first singing performance on American TV. He went back to the late-night talk"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " show on March 3, 2010, to cover another song, \"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You\". He would later record Dan Hill's hit in April 2011 as a single which reached number 19 on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart. It made Pacquiao one of the few Southeast Asians to enter a US \"Billboard\" chart. He also appeared with Will Ferrell and sang a version of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" for his third guesting on the show. His appearances on the show led to Canadian rapper Drake impersonating him and making fun of his singing by creating a parody, Pacquiao responded by posting another video of himself singing. In 2015, he released an extended play that featured his own recorded entrance song for his fight against Floyd Mayweather Jr. and shortly announced his retirement from music, being quoted saying \"I love music, but music is not for me\". The following are Manny Pacquiao's albums from 2006 to 2015:</s><s>In popular culture. A film based on Pacquiao's life, \"\", was released on June 21, 2006, featuring Filipino actor Jericho Rosales as Manny Pacquiao and was directed by Joel Lamangan. The film flopped at the box office, grossing a total of only P"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": "4,812,191 (approximately US$99,322), as confirmed by Lamangan. Another film, based on Pacquiao's early life in boxing, \"Kid Kulafu\", was released on April 15, 2015, featuring young actor Robert Villar as Emmanuel \"Manny\" Pacquiao. The film dramatizes the life of the Filipino boxing superstar during his childhood. A documentary entitled \"Manny\", which featured Pacquiao's early life as well as his boxing and political career, was released with Liam Neeson as the narrator. Pacquiao has featured in the \"Fight Night\" boxing video game franchise as a playable character. The playable character Paquito, in the mobile game, \"\" was also inspired from Pacquiao. A skin was also made available for Paquito which changes the character's appearance to that of the real life boxer. Filipino game developer Ranida Games announced in 2021 that a mobile game revolving around Pacquiao's boxing career \"Fighting Pride: The Manny Pacquiao Saga\" is in the works. Pacquiao was one of \"Time's\" 100 most influential people for the year 2009, for his exploits in boxing and his influence among the Filipino people. Pacquiao was also included by"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " \"Forbes\" in its annual Celebrity 100 list for the year 2009, joining Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie and fellow athletes Woods and Bryant. Pacquiao has also appeared on the cover of \"Time\" magazine Asia for their November 16, 2009 issue. According to their five-page feature story, \"(Pacquiao is) a fighter with enough charisma, intelligence and backstory to help rescue a sport lost in the labyrinth of pay-per-view. Global brands like Nike want him in their ads.\" They also added, \"Pacquiao has a myth of origin equal to that of any Greek or Roman hero. He leaves the Philippines to make it even bigger, conquering the world again and again to bring back riches to his family and friends.\" Pacquiao became the eighth Filipino to grace the cover of the prestigious magazine, after former Philippine presidents Manuel L. Quezon, Ramon Magsaysay, Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon Aquino, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Benigno \"Noynoy\" Aquino III and Filipino actress and environmentalist Chin Chin Gutierrez. Pacquiao was also featured on the cover of Reader's Digest Asia, where a seven-page story was written about the Filipino boxing superstar. The issue came"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " out in November 2008, before Pacquiao's fight against De La Hoya. Pacquiao is also mentioned in some hip hop tracks including Kool A.D.'s song entitled \"Manny Pacquiao\" on his mixtape, \"51\". A few notable ones are Pitbull's \"Get It Started\", A$AP Rocky's \"Phoenix\", Bad Meets Evil and Bruno Mars' \"Lighters\", Eminem and Skylar Grey's \"Asshole\", Future's \"Never Gon' Lose\", Migos' \"Chinatown\", Nicki Minaj and Ciara's \"I'm Legit\" and Rick Ross's \"High Definition\", Jelo Acosta's \"Just Like Manny P,\" and Yung Gravy's \"Betty\" to name a few. Pacquiao became the first Filipino athlete to appear on a postage stamp. A video clip of Pacquiao greeting his followers for New Year's Eve was used as a meme in the Internet.</s><s>Controversies.</s><s>Controversies.:Taxation issues. On November 26, 2013, a few days after Pacquiao's victory over Brandon R\u00edos, the Philippine Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) issued a freeze order on all of Pacquiao"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": "'s Philippine bank accounts due to his alleged failure to pay \u20b12.2 billion in taxes for earnings he made in his fights in the United States from 2008 to 2009. A day after the bank account freeze, the BIR also issued an order to freeze all of Pacquiao's Philippine properties, whereupon Pacquiao presented documents to the press showing the income tax for non-resident alien payment by his promoter to the BIR's US counterpart, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), as well as a letter from Bob Arum. In April 2017, Pacquiao, now a senator, approached Philippine authorities in an attempt to settle the case. The BIR had maintained that taxes were due even if all taxes had been paid to the IRS in the first place.</s><s>Controversies.:Homosexuality comments. In February 2016, Pacquiao, in a video statement posted by TV5, made a comment on the issue of same-sex marriage. Pacquiao, in vernacular, described people in same-sex marriages as behaving worse than animals because, he said, animals generally do not have same-sex mating. LGBT celebrities criticized the statements of the senatorial candidate. Pacquiao later apologized and stated that while, as"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " a Christian, he is still against same-sex marriage, which he said is against Biblical teachings, he did not condemn gay people themselves. Nike ended their longtime partnership with Pacquiao, stating his comments against gay people were abhorrent. The Grove at Farmers Market in Los Angeles also banned Pacquiao from the shopping mall. Towards the end of the video, Pacquiao clarified that he is not condemning gay people.</s><s>Personal life. Pacquiao married Jinkee Jamora on May 10, 1999. Together, they have five children, Emmanuel Jr. (Jimuel), Michael Stephen, Mary Divine Grace (Princess) who is a popular YouTube vlogger with millions of subscribers and started the Pacquiao family's network of YouTube content, Queen Elizabeth (Queenie) and Israel. His first son, Jimuel, also rose to celebrity fame as an amateur boxer, model & actor, while his second son, Michael, is a rapper, who has amassed tens of millions of streams with his songs. His daughter, Queenie, was born in the United States. Pacquiao resides in his hometown of General Santos, South Cotabato, Philippines. As the congressman representing the lone district of Sarangani from 2010 to 2016, he officially resided"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " in Kiamba, Sarangani, the hometown of his wife. Upon his election to the Senate of the Philippines, he returned his official residence to General Santos, as Senators are elected on a nationwide basis, rather than by district. Pacquiao has a YouTube channel with 830,000 subscribers as of August 2022. The Pacquiao family constantly posts content about their activities together in their own separate YouTube channels. His daughter, Mary and his wife Jinkee both have one million subscribers and his sons Jimuel and Michael each have fewer than 600,000. On June 25, 2010, Pacquiao completed a 10-day crash course on Development Legislation and Governance at the Graduate School of Public and Development Management of the Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP). Pacquiao was officially enrolled for two semesters at Notre Dame of Dadiangas University (NDDU) in the Academic Year 2007-2008 under the bachelor's degree of business administration major in marketing management program, however, Pacquiao was not able to finish the program and NDDU did not grant him a college degree. From June 8 to 17, 2016, Pacquiao underwent another 9-day Executive Coaching Program crash course conducted by the Development Academy of the Philippines,"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " the Ateneo School of Government, the Asian Institute of Management, and the Philippine Public Safety College after he won a senate seat in 2016. On December 11, 2019, Pacquiao controversially graduated from the University of Makati with a bachelor's degree in political science; majoring in local government administration through the Expanded Tertiary Education Equivalency and Accreditation Program (ETEEAP) of the Philippine Councilors League-Legislative Academy (PCCLA) which allows qualified Filipinos to complete a collegiate-level education via informal education system. Pacquiao reportedly completed the degree in one year, contrary to earlier reports of three months. Raised Catholic, Pacquiao is currently practicing and preaching Evangelical Protestantism. Pacquiao said he once had a dream where he saw a pair of angels and heard the voice of Godthis dream convinced him to become a devout believer. Pacquiao enlisted as a military reservist and was promoted with the rank of colonel in the Reserve Force of the Philippine Army. Prior to being promoted to full colonel after finishing his General Staff Course (GSC) schooling, he held the rank of lieutenant colonel for being a member of the Philippine Congress as per the AFP's regulations for reservist officers. He"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " first entered the army's reserve force on April 27, 2006, as a sergeant. Later, he rose to Technical Sergeant on December 1 of the same year. On October 7, 2007, he became a Master Sergeant, the highest rank for enlisted personnel. On May 4, 2009, he was given the special rank of Senior Master Sergeant and was also designated as the Command Sergeant Major of the 15th Ready Reserve Division. In 2022, Pacquiao graduated from Philippine Christian University, with a master's degree in management, majoring in public administration.</s><s>Awards and recognitions.</s><s>Awards and recognitions.:International. - 2000\u20132009 Boxing Writers Association of America Fighter of the Decade - 2000\u20132009 HBO Fighter of the Decade - 2001\u20132010 World Boxing Council Boxer of the Decade - 2001\u20132010 World Boxing Organization Best Pound-for-Pound Fighter of the Decade - 2006, 2008 and 2009 Boxing Writers Association of America's Fighter of the Year - 2006, 2008 and 2009 ESPN Fighter of the Year - 2006, 2008 and 2009 \"The Ring\" Fighter of the Year - 2007 World Boxing Hall of Fame Fighter of the year - 2008 Sports Illustrated Boxer of the Year - 2008 Yahoo! Sports Fighter of the Year - 2008"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " and 2009 ESPN Star's Champion of Champions - 2008 and 2009 World Boxing Council Boxer of the Year - 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 \"The Ring\" No.1 Pound-for-Pound (year-end) - 2009 ESPN Knockout of the Year (\"in Round 2 against Ricky Hatton\") - 2009 and 2011 ESPY Awards Best Fighter - 2009 and 2015 \"Forbes\" magazine World's Highest-Paid Athletes (ranked 6th and 2nd) - 2009 \"Sports Illustrated\" Fighter of the Year - 2009 \"The Ring\" Knockout of the Year (\"in Round 2 against Ricky Hatton\") - 2009 \"TIME\" 100 Most Influential People (Heroes and Icons Category) - 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2015 \"Forbes\" magazine Celebrity 100 (The World's Most Powerful Celebrity) (ranked 57th, 55th, 33rd and 2nd) - 2010 World Boxing Organization Fighter of the Year - 2010 Yahoo! Sports Boxing's Most Influential (ranked 25th) - 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2015 The Ring Magazine Event of the year - 2011 Las Vegas Walk of Stars Awardee - 2011 Guinness World Records Most boxing world titles in different weight divisions (8 times; since November 13, 2010) - 2012 L"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": "aredo Asian Association Special Recognition Award - 2013 On The Ropes Boxing Awards Comeback Fighter of the Year - 2013 \"The Ring\" magazine Comeback of the Year - 2014, 2015 and 2016 Reader's Digest Asia Pacific Most Trusted Sports Personality - 2014 On The Ropes Boxing Awards Fighter of the Year - 2014 PublicAffairsAsia HP Gold Standard Award for Communicator of the Year - 2015 Asia Society's Asia Game Changer of the Year - 2016 \"Forbes\" magazine Boxing's MVPs (ranked 4th) - 2019 \"Forbes\" magazine Highest Paid Athletes of the Decade (ranked 8th) - 2019 World Boxing News Fighter of the year</s><s>Awards and recognitions.:National. - 2000\u20132009 Philippine Sportswriters Association Athlete of the Decade - 2000\u20132009 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial Boxer of the Decade - 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial Boxer of the Year - 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2008 PSA Sportsman of the Year - 2003 Presidential Medal of Merit - 2003 and 2010 Congressional Medal of Achievement / Distinction / Honor - 2006 Order of Lakandula with the rank of \"Champion for"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " Life\" (\"Kampeon Habambuhay\") - 2006 Eastwood City Walk of Fame Awardee - 2006 36th GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards People's Hero Award - 2008 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial Hall of Fame Awardee - 2008 Philippine Legion of Honor with the rank of \"Officer\" (\"Pinuno\") - 2008 University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) Honorary Award for Sports Excellence - 2009 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial Best Pound For Pound Boxer Award - 2009 25th Philippine Movie Press Club Star Awards for Movies Newsmaker of the Year - 2009 Order of Sikatuna with the rank of \"Datu\" (Grand Cross with Gold Distinction) - 2009 Southwestern University \u2013 honorary Doctorate of Humanities (\"Honoris Causa\" as accorded by the Commission on Higher Education) - 2010\u20132019 Philippine Sportswriters Association Athlete of the Decade - 2011 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial \"Quintessential Athlete\" Award - 2012 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial \"Man of Others\" Award - 2013, 2016 and 2018 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial Award of Distinction - 2015 MEGA Man Magazine Man of the Year - 2017 Bawas Bisyo Youth for"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " Sin Tax Movement Anti-smoking champion - 2018 League of Municipalities of the Philippines \u2013 Cebu \"Cebuano Heritage Award for Manny Pacquiao\" - 2019 50th GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards Global Achievement by a Filipino Award - 2020 Clean Air Philippines Movement, Inc. (CAPMI) \"Clean Air Champion\" award - 2021 Philippine Sportswriters Association Chooks-to-Go Fan Favorite \"Manok ng Bayan\" Award</s><s>Electoral history.</s><s>Basketball stats.</s><s>Basketball stats.:PBA season-by-season averages. \"Correct as of February 18, 2018\"</s><s>Basketball stats.:UNTV Cup season-by-season averages. \"Correct as of February 2, 2019\"</s><s>See also. - List of world flyweight boxing champions - List of world super-bantamweight boxing champions - List of world super-featherweight boxing champions - List of world lightweight boxing champions - List of world welterweight boxing champions - List of world light-middleweight boxing champions - List of boxing triple champions - List of boxing quadruple champions - List of boxing quintuple champions - List of boxing sextuple champions - List of boxing septuple champions - List of Filipino"}, {"title": "Manny Pacquiao", "text": " boxing world champions - List of left-handed boxers - \"The Ring\" pound for pound</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Manny Pacquiao", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000479", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vicky Kaushal.", "docs": [{"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": "<s>Vicky Kaushal Vicky Kaushal (; born 16 May 1988) is an Indian actor known for his work in Hindi films. Kaushal is the recipient of numerous accolades including a National Film Award and two Filmfare Awards, and has appeared in \"Forbes India\" Celebrity 100 list of 2019. After graduating with an engineering degree from Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, He began his film career by assisting Anurag Kashyap in the 2012 crime drama \"Gangs of Wasseypur\" and went on to play minor roles in two of Kashyap's productions. His first leading role was in the 2015 independent drama \"Masaan\", following which he starred in the psychological thriller \"Raman Raghav 2.0\" (2016). Kaushal gained wider recognition in 2018 with supporting roles in \"Raazi\" and \"Sanju\", two of the highest-grossing Hindi films of the year, winning the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for the latter. A starring role as a military officer in the 2019 war film \"\" established Kaushal as a leading actor and won him the National Film Award for Best Actor. He earned critical acclaim for his portrayal of Udham Singh in the biopic \"Sardar"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": " Udham\" (2021), winning the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Critics). In addition to his acting career, Kaushal endorses several brands and products, and has co-hosted and performed at award ceremonies. He is married to actress Katrina Kaif.</s><s>Early life and background. Kaushal was born on 16 May 1988 in a suburban chawl in Mumbai to Sham Kaushal, an action director in Indian films, and Veena Kaushal, a homemaker. His younger brother, Sunny, is also an actor. His family is Punjabi Hindu who hail originally from Hoshiarpur. Kaushal has described himself as a \"regular kid who was interested in studying, playing cricket and watching movies\". His father was keen on his son having a stable career away from show-business and thus, he graduated with an engineering degree in Electronics and Telecommunications from Mumbai's Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology in 2009. During an industrial visit to an IT company in his graduation year, he realised that he had no real interest in an office job and began aspiring to have a career in film. He studied acting at Kishore Namit Kapoor's academy while simultaneously participating in theatre with Manav Kaul's Ar"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": "anya group and Naseeruddin Shah's Motley Productions; doing everything from backstage and announcements to stand-ins. Kaushal would spend the next two years going for various kinds of auditions, but did not get any good opportunities. His first attempt at acting was in a theatrical production titled \"Laal Pencil\" in 2011. Kaushal started his career in films by working as an assistant director to Anurag Kashyap in the two-part crime drama \"Gangs of Wasseypur\" (2012). Kaushal has described fond memories of working with Kashyap, whom he considers as his mentor. He then played minor roles in Kashyap's productions \"Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana\" (2012) and \"Bombay Velvet\" (2015), and the short film \"Geek Out\" (2013).</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early work in independent films (2015\u20132016). Kaushal's first leading role was in the independent drama \"Masaan\" (2015), directed by Neeraj Ghaywan. Kaushal and Ghaywan were both assistants on \"Gangs of Wasseypur\", and he was cast through an audition after Rajkummar"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": " Rao backed out. To play a young man from a low socio-economic class yearning for a better life, Kaushal spent time in Benaras, where the film is set, and observed the mannerisms of local men. The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard segment at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, where it won two awards, including the FIPRESCI Prize. \"Masaan\" earned critical acclaim and \"The New York Times\" considered it to be a leading example of increased realism in Indian cinema. Nikhil Taneja of \"HuffPost\" termed Kaushal's performance \"poignant and memorable\" and Anuj Kumar of \"The Hindu\" wrote that \"he effortlessly conveys both the inferiority complex and the attitude of breaking through the caste cauldron\". His performance won him the IIFA and Screen Awards for Best Male Debut, and a nomination for the Asian Film Award for Best Newcomer, among other accolades. \"Zubaan\", which Kaushal had filmed before \"Masaan\", was screened at the 2015 Busan International Film Festival. His role was that of a grieving man who starts stammering after the suicide of his father. He worked with a speech therapist to"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": " learn stammering patterns and spent time with some of the doctor's patients. After completing work on the film, Kaushal found it difficult to distance from the character and began to stammer in real life. His performance led Justin Chang of \"Variety\" to label him a \"charismatic, naturally engaging talent\". In Kashyap's psychological thriller \"Raman Raghav 2.0\" (2016), Kaushal played a chain-smoking, drug-addicted police officer in pursuit of a serial killer portrayed by Nawazuddin Siddiqui. The troubled and unbalanced character had little in common with Kaushal's own personality, and to convince Kashyap to cast him, he lived in isolation for five days and kept repeating lines from the script. He also severely dehydrated himself and smoked heavily, impacting his health. Kaushal chose the role because he was eager to avoid typecasting from his first two films. The film premiered at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, in the Directors' Fortnight section to a positive response. Writing for Rediff.com, Aseem Chhabra found Kaushal's performance \"brave\" and \"surprising\".</s><s>Career.:Breakthrough and success (2018"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": "\u20132020). Kaushal achieved his breakthrough in 2018. He played the male lead of the romantic comedy \"Love per Square Foot\", India's first original film from Netflix. Shweta Ramakrishnan of \"Firstpost\" considered the chemistry between Kaushal and his co-star Angira Dhar to be the film's highlight. It was screened at the Beijing International Film Festival later in 2019. Kaushal next featured in Meghna Gulzar's spy thriller \"Raazi\" (2018), based on Harinder Sikka's novel \"Calling Sehmat\". Set during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the film tells the real-life story of a young Indian spy (played by Alia Bhatt) who marries a Pakistani army officer (Kaushal). He was drawn to the humanity he found in the story and worked towards conveying both vulnerability and authoritative strength in his character. Meena Iyer of \"Daily News and Analysis\" commended Kaushal for being \"the correct foil\" to Bhatt's character. Kaushal's biggest commercial success of 2018 came with Rajkumar Hirani's \"Sanju\", a biopic of the troubled actor Sanjay Dutt, who was portrayed by Ranbir"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": " Kapoor in the film. Kaushal played his best friend Kamli, a fictionalised amalgamation of various real-life friends of Dutt. In preparation, he spent time with Paresh Ghelani, who served as the primary inspiration for the role. Samrudhi Ghosh of \"India Today\" wrote that he \"holds his own against Ranbir's superlative performance, and shines in the funny as well as emotional scenes\". Both \"Raazi\" and \"Sanju\" proved to be among the highest-grossing Hindi films of 2018, and with earnings of over, the latter ranks among Indian cinema's biggest grossers. For \"Sanju\", Kaushal won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor (tied with Gajraj Rao for \"Badhaai Ho\"). Kaushal's second Netflix production of the year was the anthology film \"Lust Stories\". It consists of four short films dealing with female sexuality; Kaushal was seen in Karan Johar's segment as a newly married man who fails to recognise his wife's (played by Kiara Advani) sexual dissatisfaction. In his final release of the year, Kaushal reunited with Kashyap for \"Manmarziyaan"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": "\", a love triangle set in Punjab, co-starring Taapsee Pannu and Abhishek Bachchan. Kaushal played the role of Vicky Sandhu, a local DJ whose commitment issues lead to conflict in his romantic relationship with Pannu's character. The film premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival and met with positive critical reception. Anupama Chopra took note of how well he used silences to convey his character's pain and desire. Shilpa Jamkhandikar of \"Reuters\" found him to be \"at once petulant, childlike and suddenly cheerful, bringing a vulnerability to Vicky that saves him from being the villain of the piece.\" In 2019, Kaushal starred as a military officer in \"\", an action film based on the 2016 Uri attack, directed by Aditya Dhar and filmed in Serbia. To prepare, he gained muscle weight, practised a ketogenic diet, and underwent five months of military training and mixed martial arts sessions. He injured his arm while filming an action sequence in it. Uday Bhatia of \"Mint\" found Kaushal to be a \"fetching stoic lead\" but bemoaned the lack of depth in his character"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": ". Rajeev Masand took note of the film's jingoism but opined that Kaushal \"brings both the bulked-up physicality and the sort of steely determination that the part requires\". \"Uri\" earned in India, and over worldwide, making it the tenth highest-grossing Indian film domestically. Kaushal was awarded with the National Film Award for Best Actor (shared with Ayushmann Khurrana for \"Andhadhun\") and received his first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. A year later, Kaushal featured alongside Bhumi Pednekar in the horror film \"\" (2020), as a grief-stricken shipping officer. He suffered an accident during the filming of an action sequence and fractured his cheekbone. Saibal Chatterjee of \"NDTV\" found Kaushal to be \"earnest\" in a film he dismissed as a \"horrific misfire\".</s><s>Career.:\"Sardar Udham\" and beyond (2021\u2013present). Kaushal's sole release in 2021 was Shoojit Sircar's \"Sardar Udham\" which premiered digitally on Amazon Prime Video after multiple delays due to the COVID-19 pand"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": "emic. The film is based on the life of Udham Singh, a freedom fighter who assassinated Michael O'Dwyer as revenge for his role in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919. In order to play the younger version of his character, who was 19 years old at the time of the massacre, Kaushal lost over 15 kilograms of weight within two months. The film received critical acclaim, particularly for Kaushal's performance, with Chatterjee calling it his best performance to date. Subhash K. Jha of \"Firstpost\" shared the same opinion, adding \"Kaushal's Udham Singh is a performance laced with grace, tinged with bitterness, and defined by a dormant rage\". For his performance, Kaushal won the IIFA Award for Best Actor and the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Critics), in addition to his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. In 2022, Kaushal played the titular role of a backup dancer and struggling choreographer accused of murder in the comedy thriller \"Govinda Naam Mera\" alongside Bhumi Pednekar and Kiara Advani, which released on Disney+ Hotstar. In a mixed review for the film, \"The Times Of"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": " India\" optioned that Kaushal is \"outstanding in a never-seen avatar that is reminiscent of a quintessential masaledar 90s Bollywood hero\" and commended him for imbuing his character with \"the right amount of energy and comic timing.\" He has completed work on three upcoming projects. He will feature in Laxman Utekar's as-yet untitled next co-starring Sara Ali Khan. He has also completed director Anand Tiwari's as-yet untitled film co-starring Tripti Dimri and Vijay Krishna Acharya's family film \"The Great Indian Family\" opposite Manushi Chhillar. Kaushal will also be playing a brief role in Rajkumar Hirani's immigration drama \"Dunki\", co-starring Shah Rukh Khan and Taapsee Pannu. In his second collaboration with Meghna Gulzar, he will star in a biopic titled \"Sam Bahadur\" on the life of Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw.</s><s>Personal life and off-screen work. Kaushal's personal life has been the subject of extensive tabloid reporting. Although he is known for his media-friendly attitude, he has been guarded about discussing his relationships"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": ". He was first linked to actress Harleen Sethi in 2018. Their break up was reported by the media in early 2019. Kaushal married actress Katrina Kaif on 9 December 2021 in a traditional Hindu ceremony at Six Senses Resort, Fort Barwara in Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan. The wedding attracted substantial media coverage in India. In addition to his acting career, Kaushal has hosted and performed at numerous televised awards shows, including the Filmfare, Zee Cine, and Screen Awards. He also performed at Femina Miss India's 2019 grand finale. He is a celebrity spokesperson of several brands and products, including Havells, Reliance Trends, and Oppo, charging annually per brand. Kaushal is also the brand ambassador for Pearson in India.</s><s>Charity work. Kaushal is also active in charity work and supports a number of causes associated with environmental protection and women's rights. He appeared alongside other celebrities in a music video, produced by the United Nations and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to spread awareness regarding air pollution. He also lent his support to a 2018 Radio City initiative to help with environmental and infrastructure issues in Mumbai and spent a day filling potholes. Kaushal"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": " was one of the speakers at the 2018 edition of We The Women festival by journalist Barkha Dutt and UN Women for women\u2019s empowerment where he spoke in support of the MeToo movement in India. In 2019, he participated in the fourth edition of the Nashik Marathon for gender equality and women's safety. Kaushal extended his support to a football training program for children belonging to low-income families named \"Just For Kicks\" in 2017. In 2019, he visited sepoys in Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh as part of NDTV's reality program \"Jai Jawan\". For Diwali that year, he visited Tata Memorial Centre to celebrate the festival with cancer patients and distribute gifts. During the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020, he contributed to the PM CARES Fund and Maharashtra Chief Minister's Relief Fund and collaborated with the NGO GiveIndia on a fundraiser to provide ration kits to daily wage workers. Kaushal also donated to the Cine and TV Artistes Association (CINTAA) to help artists who were financially effected by the second wave of the pandemic in 2021.</s><s>Artistry and public image. Following his debut, Kaushal was regarded by the media as one of the most"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": " promising newcomers in Hindi cinema. According to \"Firstpost\", while Kaushal did not have the conventional looks by Hindi cinema standards, his \"merit as a performer shone through right from his first film\" and put him in a group of young actors who brought change in the concept of a typical hero. His roles and performances have since been studied by critics. Writing for \"Elle\" in 2019, Rajeev Masand pointed to \"the unmistakable vulnerability in his eyes that comes from 'feeling' and 'living' his parts\". While discussing his career in a 2021 article, Asjad Nazir of \"Eastern Eye\" wrote that Kaushal's \"chameleon-like ability to morph himself into any character has already resulted in an impressive body of work and turned him into the go-to guy for demanding roles that add weight to a major movie.\" Also that year, Alaka Sahani of \"The Indian Express\" described him as \"the most-dependable actor among the current crop\", while \"Filmfare\" magazine hailed him as \"one of the finest actors of this generation.\" Kaushal is a method actor. He is particularly known for his professionalism and full commitment to each role; he severely dehydrated himself and smoked heavily for"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": " \"Raman Raghav 2.0\" and has gone through major physical transformations for several of his roles in films including \"Sanju\", \"Uri : The Surgical Strike\" and \"Sardar Udham\", believing it helps him achieve the \"right look\" and thus benefits his performance. Kaushal's efforts to avoid typecasting by means of diverse parts in various film genres have been lauded by critics. In a 2018 interview with \"The Telegraph\", he explained that \"the idea is to never be repetitive... if I have done a role that's taken me to a certain space emotionally, I won't repeat that\". Bollywood Hungama describes him as \"a perfect mix of versatility, natural talent and dedication\". Kaushal has featured frequently on Rediff.com's annual list of Bollywood's Best Actors. Kaushal has been cited as one of the most attractive Indian celebrities by the media. He topped \"The Times of India\"s listing of the country's most desirable men of 2018, and was ranked at No. 4 in 2019 as well as 2020. In 2018, \"Forbes India\" included him in their 30 Under 30 list as well as their list of 'Tycoons of Tomorrow'. The following year, he"}, {"title": "Vicky Kaushal", "text": " appeared on the magazine's Celebrity 100 list, which ranked him 72nd with an estimated annual income of. Kaushal was also India's most-searched film actor in 2019, according to Google. In 2016 and 2021, he was listed as one of the best-dressed male celebrities by the Indian edition of \"GQ\" magazine.</s><s>Awards and nominations. Kaushal has been the recipient of the National Film Award for Best Actor for \"\" (2019) and two Filmfare Awards: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for \"Sanju\" (2018) and Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Critics) for \"Sardar Udham\" (2021)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vicky Kaushal", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000480", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Karl Urban.", "docs": [{"title": "Karl Urban", "text": "<s>Karl Urban Karl-Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. His career began with appearances in New Zealand films and TV series such as \"\". His first Hollywood role was in the 2002 horror film \"Ghost Ship\". Since then, he has starred in many high-profile movies, including as \u00c9omer in the second and third installments of \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy, Vaako in the second and third installments of \"Riddick\" film series, Leonard McCoy in the \"Star Trek\" reboot film series, Kirill in \"The Bourne Supremacy\" (2004), John \"Reaper\" Grimm in \"Doom\" (2005), Judge Dredd in \"Dredd\" (2012), Gavin Magary in \"Pete's Dragon\" (2016), and Skurge in Marvel Studios' \"\" (2017). In 2013, he starred in the sci-fi series \"Almost Human\". Since 2019, he has starred as Billy Butcher in Amazon's superhero streaming television series \"The Boys\".</s><s>Early life. Urban was born in Wellington, New Zealand. His father, a German immigrant, owned a leather goods store, and his mother once worked for Film Facilities in Wellington. Through his mother, the young"}, {"title": "Karl Urban", "text": " Urban was exposed to classic New Zealand cinema and developed an interest in the film industry. Urban attended St Mark's Church School, where he showed an early love for public performance. His first acting role came at age eight, when he had a single line in one episode of the New Zealand television series \"Pioneer Woman\". Though continuing to take part in school stage productions, he did not act professionally again until after high school. He attended Wellington College in 1986\u20131990. He then enrolled at Victoria University of Wellington in the Bachelor of Arts program but left after one year to pursue a career in acting. Over the next few years, he appeared in several local TV commercials in addition to theater roles in the Wellington area. Eventually, he moved to Auckland where he was offered many guest roles in TV shows (one of which was playing a heroin addict in the police drama \"Shark in the Park\"). Urban then moved briefly to Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia in 1995 before returning to New Zealand the following year.</s><s>Career. Urban's first Hollywood role was in the 2002 horror film \"Ghost Ship\". Since then, he has worked on many high-profile movies, including the second and third installments of \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy (\"\" and \"\")"}, {"title": "Karl Urban", "text": " as \u00c9omer, \"The Bourne Supremacy\" (as Russian Federal Security Service agent Kirill), \"The Chronicles of Riddick\", \"Star Trek\" and \"Doom\". \"The Hollywood Reporter\" speculated that Urban was one of several actors being considered for the part of British secret service agent 007 in \"Casino Royale\", directed by fellow New Zealander Martin Campbell. Urban played John \"Reaper\" Grimm in Universal Pictures' \"Doom\" (based on the first-person shooter video game \"Doom\"), which was released on 21 October 2005. In 2007, he starred in the Viking adventure \"Pathfinder\". A longtime fan of Westerns, he starred as Woodrow Call in \"Comanche Moon\", a television miniseries that aired in early 2008 as a prequel to the \"Lonesome Dove\" miniseries based on Larry McMurtry's book series of the same name. In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", he played Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, a role originated by DeForest Kelley in the original \"\" TV series. A fan of the \"Star Trek\" franchise since childhood, Urban actively pursued a role in the film. His performance was widely embraced by the \"Star Trek\" fan community for"}, {"title": "Karl Urban", "text": " its faithfulness to the spirit of Kelley's McCoy. Urban reprised the role in the 2013 film \"Star Trek Into Darkness\" and the 2016 film \"Star Trek Beyond\". Urban next appeared as CIA agent William Cooper in \"Red\", adapted from the graphic novel of the same name and co-starring Bruce Willis and Helen Mirren. He portrayed Black Hat, a villainous priest-turned-vampire, in the film adaption of the Korean manhwa \"Priest\", released in 3-D in 2011. In 2012, Urban starred as law-enforcing comic book character Judge Dredd in the film \"Dredd\". In an interview with \"Shave\" magazine, Urban described it as a \"high-octane, action-fueled film... about the day in the life of Dredd\". The film was directed by Pete Travis, with a script by Alex Garland. Though it underperformed at the box office, \"Dredd\" was well received by critics. In 2013, Urban starred as Detective John Kennex in \"Almost Human\", a TV series created by J. H. Wyman. The series was set 35 years into the future when cops in the L.A.P.D. are paired up with lifel"}, {"title": "Karl Urban", "text": "ike androids. Urban played a detective who has a dislike for robots but ends up being teamed up with one with emotional feelings. Urban next appeared in the ensemble thriller \"The Loft\", a remake of the Belgian film of the same name. It was filmed in New Orleans and Belgium by the director of the 2008 original, Erik Van Looy. In January 2015, Urban replaced Michael C. Hall as the main antagonist in the 2016 remake of \"Pete's Dragon\". In 2017, he played Skurge in \"\". Also in 2017, Urban played a psychotic cop in the action thriller \"Acts of Vengeance\" opposite Antonio Banderas and Robert Forster. Urban had a cameo as a stormtrooper in in 2019. He voiced the lead role in The Sea Beast in 2022. Since 2019, Urban has starred as William \"Billy\" Butcher in the Amazon Prime series \"The Boys\".</s><s>Personal life. In September 2004, Urban married his longtime partner, Natalie Wihongi, who was his makeup artist for the 2000 television film \"The Privateers\". Together they have two sons; Hunter and Indiana. His second son was named for the eponymous hero of the \"Indiana Jones\" franchise, which he has stated is one of his favourite movie series"}, {"title": "Karl Urban", "text": ". They lived in their NZ$5.25 million mansion in the affluent Herne Bay section of Auckland, New Zealand. The couple announced their separation in June 2014, selling their home for NZ$6.65 million in December 2014. From 2014 to 2018, he was in a relationship with actress Katee Sackhoff.</s><s>Personal life.:Philanthropy. Urban serves as a celebrity ambassador for KidsCan, a charity that currently supports over 16,000 disadvantaged children in New Zealand by providing them with essentials such as food, clothing, and shoes. In May 2022, UNICEF Aotearoa New Zealand welcomed Urban as an official Ambassador to support in raising awareness on children\u2019s rights both in New Zealand and around the world. On 1 June 2020, Urban, together with Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, and Elijah Wood, plus writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson, joined Josh Gad's YouTube series \"Reunited Apart\" which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing, and promotes donations to non-profit charities."}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Karl Urban", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000481", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of RM (rapper).", "docs": [{"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": "<s>RM (rapper) Kim Nam-joon (; born September 12, 1994), known professionally as RM (formerly Rap Monster), is a South Korean rapper, singer-songwriter and record producer. He is the leader of South Korean boy band BTS. RM released his first solo mixtape, \"RM\", in 2015. In 2018, he released his second mixtape, \"Mono\", which peaked at number 26 on the US \"Billboard\" 200 and became the highest-charting album by a Korean soloist in chart history at the time. RM made his official solo debut in 2022 with the release of his studio album \"Indigo\", which featured contributions from Erykah Badu and Anderson.Paak. The album peaked at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200 and is the highest-charting album by a Korean soloist of all-time. He has also collaborated with artists such as Wale, Younha, Warren G, Gaeko, Krizz Kaliko, MFBTY, Fall Out Boy, Primary, and Lil Nas X.</s><s>Early life and education. Kim Nam-joon () was born on September 12, 1994, in Dongjak District, Seoul, South Korea and"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": " grew up in Ilsan District, Goyang, where his family moved when he was aged four or five. The elder of two siblings, he has a younger sister. As a child, RM largely learned English by watching the American sitcom \"Friends\" with his mother. As a student, he actively wrote poetry and often received awards for his writing. He posted his work to an online poetry website for roughly one year, where he received moderate attention. As a result, RM expressed interest in pursuing a literary career but later decided against it. When he was twelve years old, he studied in New Zealand for four months. At age 11, in fifth grade, RM became interested in hip-hop music after hearing Epik High's \"Fly\". Finding that the song had provided him comfort, he decided to look further into the genre. He was introduced to the music of American rapper Eminem by his school teacher, which first sparked RM's interest in lyricism. He would print out lyrics that he felt were \"cool\" and shared them with friends. RM began songwriting at that time, stating that his poetry became lyrics when it combined with music. In 2007, as a first-year middle school student, he began rapping in local amateur hip-hop circles,"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": " creating his first self-composed recording with the program Adobe Audition (then called Cool Edit) and later participating in his first concert in 2008. RM became more active in the underground Korean hip-hop scene under the moniker Runch Randa, releasing a number of tracks and collaborations with other underground rappers such as Zico. As a student, RM had an IQ of 148 and scored in the top 1% of the nation in the university entrance examinations for language, math, foreign language and social studies. Because his parents had been strongly opposed to his interest in a musical career due to his academic achievements, RM initially decided to set music aside to focus on his studies. He eventually convinced his mother to allow him to be a rapper, asking her if \"she wanted to have a son who was a first-place rapper, or a 5,000th-place student\". In March 2019, after graduating from Global Cyber University with a degree in Broadcasting and Entertainment, RM enrolled at Hanyang Cyber University's Master of Business Administration program in Advertising and Media.</s><s>Name. RM selected the name \"Rap Monster\" during his time as an idol trainee. The name derives from the lyrics of a song he wrote, inspired by San E's \"Rap Genius\". The"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": " lyrics contained a segment where San E declares he should be called a \"rap monster\" as he \"raps non-stop\". He adopted the stage name because he felt it was \"cool\". RM has described himself as having a love-hate relationship with the name, feeling that it was not selected for being of \"incredible value\" to him. He formally changed his stage name to \"RM\" in November 2017, as he determined that \"Rap Monster\" was no longer representative of who he was or the music that he creates. In an interview with \"Entertainment Tonight\" in 2019, RM stated that the name \"could symbolize many things\" and \"could have more spectrums to it.\" One meaning that has been suggested is \"Real Me\".</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:2010\u20132013: Joining Big Hit Entertainment and debut with BTS. In 2009, RM auditioned for Big Deal Records, passing the first round along with Samuel Seo but failing the second round after forgetting lyrics. However, following the audition, rapper Sleepy exchanged contact information with RM, whom he later mentioned to Big Hit Entertainment producer Pdogg. In 2010, Sleepy contacted RM, encouraging him to audition for Big Hit Entertainment CEO Bang Si-hy"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": "uk. Bang offered RM, then aged 16, a spot at the record label, which he accepted immediately and without his parents' knowledge. Bang and Pdogg soon began forming a hip hop group that would eventually become the idol group BTS. RM trained for three years with fellow rapper Min Yoon-gi and dancer Jung Ho-seok, later known as Suga and J-Hope, respectively. During this three-year trainee period, RM performed on five pre-debut tracks credited to BTS in 2010 and 2011. He also worked as a songwriter for girl group Glam and helped pen their debut single \"Party (XXO)\", a pro-LGBTQ song that was praised by \"Billboard\" as \"one of the most forward-thinking songs out of a K-pop girl group in the past decade.\" On June 13, 2013, RM made his debut with BTS and has since produced and written lyrics for many tracks on their albums. On August 29, 2013, RM performed the intro track to BTS' first extended play (EP) \"O!RUL8,2?\", which was released as a trailer ahead of the EP's September 11 release, marking his first solo after debuting.</s><s>Career.:"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": "2014\u20132016: First solo collaborations, \"RM\", and \"Problematic Men\". On August 5, 2014, Big Hit Entertainment released a trailer for BTS' first studio album \"Dark & Wild\", which was set to be released on August 20. The rap track, officially credited to BTS as \"Intro: What Am I to You?\", was a solo performed by RM. Through reality television show \"American Hustle Life\", which was used to produce \"Dark & Wild\", RM formed a working relationship with Warren G, who offered to write BTS a beat. In an interview with Korean magazine \"Hip Hop Playa,\" Warren G stated that he had befriended BTS through the program and had kept in touch with the band after they returned to South Korea. On March 4, 2015, RM released a single with Warren G entitled, \"P.D.D (Please Don't Die)\" ahead of his first solo mixtape \"RM\" following an offer by Warren G to collaborate. The track reflected how RM felt towards those who hated and criticized him at the time, which he used to find very upsetting. That same March, RM collaborated with hip hop project group MFBTY, EE and Dino J on the song \"Bucku Bucku"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": "\". He featured in the song's music video and also had a cameo appearance in a music video for another song by MFBTY, \"Bang Diggy Bang Bang\". RM had first formed a lasting working relationship with MFBTY member Tiger JK after meeting and expressing admiration for him on a TV show in 2013, when Tiger JK was promoting his song \"The Cure\". RM was cast as a regular on the Korean variety program \"Problematic Men\", where cast members were given a variety of puzzles and problems to solve and work through by discussing their own thoughts and experiences. The program began airing on February 26, 2015; however, RM left the show after 22 episodes due to BTS' 2015. On March 17, 2015, RM released his first solo mixtape, \"RM\", which ranked 48th on \"Spin\"'s \"50 Best Hip Hop Albums of 2015\". The mixtape addressed a variety of topics, such as RM's past on the track \"Voice\" and the idea that \"you're you and I'm me\" in the track \"Do You\". When discussing the track \"God Rap\", RM described himself as an atheist, believing that only he could determine his fate. The production process for the mixtape lasted around four or five months"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": ", with RM working on it in between BTS' activities. The following year, RM recalled that he had largely written about the negative emotions he had been carrying, such as anger and rage, but stated that the songs are not \"100% under [his] sovereignty\" and that he felt many parts of the mixtape were \"immature\". He also added that he hoped his next mixtape to be something he worked on by himself. Following \"RM\"'s release, he featured along with Kwon Jin-ah on Primary's \"U\" that April. In August, RM collaborated with Marvel for \"Fantastic Four\"'s soundtrack in Korea, releasing the digital single, \"Fantastic\" featuring Mandy Ventrice through Melon, Genie, Naver Music and other music platforms. In August 2016, vocal duo Homme released a single titled \"Dilemma\", which was co-produced by RM and Bang Si-hyuk.</s><s>Career.:2017\u20132021: Second mixtape \"Mono\" and further collaborations. In March 2017, RM collaborated with American rapper Wale on a special socially-charged track called \"Change\", released as a free digital download along with an accompanying music video filmed two weeks prior to the track's"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": " release. The pair first formed a relationship over Twitter, with Wale reaching out to RM in 2016, having seen RM's cover of his track \"Illest Bitch\". RM decided on the topic of \"Change\", saying that though the two rappers were extremely different, their commonality lay in the fact that both America and South Korea had their political and social situations and that both of them wanted the world to change for the better. One month later, RM featured on the track \"Gajah\" with Gaeko of Dynamic Duo. In December, RM collaborated on a remix of Fall Out Boy's song \"Champion\". The track reached number 18 on \"Billboard\"'s Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles and helped RM reach number 46 on the Emerging Artists Chart for the week of January 8, 2018. On December 27, RM made history as the first K-pop artist to chart on the Rock Digital Songs chart, placing at number two. RM released his second mixtape, \"Mono\", which he referred to as a \"playlist\", on October 23, 2018. He became the first Korean artist to rank number one on the Emerging Artists Chart in the United States with its release. The playlist was well-received by critics, who praised RM for"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": " laying \"his deep insecurities bare on songs like 'Tokyo' and 'Seoul'\". The track \"Seoul\" was produced by British electropop duo Honne, who first discovered RM after seeing him recommend their music on Twitter and eventually met him in Seoul following one of their concerts. In November, RM also collaborated with Tiger JK on his last and final album under the stage name Drunken Tiger, featuring on the track \"Timeless\". Tiger JK originally expected RM's lyrics to contain self-praise, which was the trend of rap at the time; RM instead wrote lyrics about leaving behind the historical meaning of Drunken Tiger's name. On March 25, 2019, Honne announced that RM would feature on their remake of \"Crying Over You\" alongside singer BEKA, which was released on March 27. Honne originally released \"Crying Over You\" with BEKA in 2018. The song was originally slated for a January 2019 release but postponed due to \"unforeseen circumstances\". Chinese singer Bibi Zhou was added to the Chinese release, appearing with RM and replacing BEKA. The same day, Big Hit Entertainment released the song \"Persona\" as a trailer for BTS' EP \"\", performed as a solo by RM"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": ". Persona debuted at number 17 on \"Billboard\"'s YouTube Song Chart. Three months later, on July 24, 2019, RM featured on the fourth official remix of Lil Nas X's \"Old Town Road,\" entitled \"Seoul Town Road\", in which he \"infuse[d]...his English-language verse with a surprisingly good Southern twang\". On December 29, it was announced that RM would feature on Younha's track \"Winter Flower\", released on January 6, 2020. RM also featured on \"Don't\", the lead single of Korean singer eAeon's second solo album released on April 30, 2021.</s><s>Career.:2022\u2013present: BTS' second phase and solo debut. During BTS' ninth anniversary celebrations in June 2022, RM announced that the band members would be devoting more attention to individual endeavors going forward and that future music projects would no longer be released for free but commercially instead, complete with promotional activities. He mentioned needing time to think about BTS' new direction, as a group and as growing individuals, stating that while he \"always thought that BTS was different from other groups [...] the problem with K-pop and the whole idol system is that they don't give you time to mature."}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": " You have to keep producing music and keep doing something\"; the band went on an extended break from most group activities shortly afterwards. RM subsequently featured on the single \"Sexy Nukim\" by alt-K-pop group Balming Tiger in September, and released his debut solo studio album, \"Indigo\", led by the single \"Wild Flower\", on December 2. The album peaked at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200, making him the highest-charting Korean soloist in chart history. In 2023, RM traveled to Spain for inspiration for a second solo album. In an interview with EFE while there, he reflected on the search for his own identity, after having followed the dictates of K-pop trends for the past 10 years as part of BTS, additionally revealing that he would \"not be taking on any projects in the near future\" in light of his approaching mandatory military service. RM appeared in Bottega Veneta's Spring/Summer 2023 campaign at the end of March, after attending the brand's Fall 2023 show at Milan Fashion Week a month prior.</s><s>Artistry and impact. RM is a baritone. In 2017, American hip-hop magazine \"XXL\" included him in its list of \"10"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": " Korean Rappers You Should Know\", with writer Peter A. Berry stating that \"Rap Monster rarely fails to live up to his name\". Berry described RM as \"one of the region's most dexterous rappers, capable of switching flows effortlessly as he glides across an array of diverse instrumentals\". Crystal Tai of the \"South China Morning Post\" noted that RM has \"received much praise for his natural flow and lyrics\". Speaking about RM's work, Noiseys Bianca Mendez wrote that \"he's got some \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" [by Kanye West] in him, but he's closer to...Earl Sweatshirt and Chance the Rapper in spirit, and that's exciting\". In January 2020, he was promoted from associate to a full member of the Korea Music Copyright Association. In a survey conducted by Gallup Korea, RM ranked as the 12th most preferred idol of the year for 2018. He ranked 11th in 2019. In 2018, RM was awarded the fifth-class Hwagwan Order of Cultural Merit by the President of South Korea, along with the other members of BTS, for his contributions to spreading Korean culture. In July 2021, he and the members of BTS were appointed Special Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": " Culture by President Moon Jae-in to help \"lead the global agenda for future generations, such as sustainable growth\" and \"expand South Korea's diplomatic efforts and global standing\" in the international community.</s><s>Personal life. RM underwent septoplasty for his nasal septum deviation in 2018 and temporarily withdrew from band activities while recovering from the operation. Since 2018, RM has lived in Hannam-dong, Seoul, South Korea with his bandmates. In November 2019, he bought a property in the Yongsan District of Seoul for \u20a94.9\u00a0billion, then sold it the following year for \u20a95.8\u00a0billion. He later bought another home in Hannam-dong worth US$5.7\u00a0million.</s><s>Personal life.:Philanthropy. For his 25th birthday, RM donated \u20a9100\u00a0million to the Seoul Samsun School to help hearing-impaired students receive music education. In December 2020, the Arts Council of Korea named him one of its ten 2020 Patrons of the Arts in recognition of his \u20a9100\u00a0million donation to the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art for the printing and distribution of various rare art books to schools and libraries in rural and mountainous"}, {"title": "RM (rapper)", "text": " regions. Since September 2021, he has consecutively donated \u20a9100 million annually towards the preservation and restoration of cultural artifacts overseas, through the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA) and the Overseas Cultural Heritage Foundation. His first donation, originally made privately, was used for treatment of a \"hwarot\" owned by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) at the time, while his 2022 donation was used for the creation of an art brochure introducing Korean paintings.</s><s>Discography. Studio albums - \"Indigo\" (2022) Mixtapes - \"RM\" (2015) - \"Mono\" (2018) As songwriter</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "RM (rapper)", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000482", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Xi Jinping.", "docs": [{"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": "<s>Xi Jinping Xi Jinping (; born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has served as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and thus as the paramount leader of China, since 2012. Xi has also served as the president of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 2013. The son of Chinese Communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi was exiled to rural Yanchuan County as a teenager following his father's purge during the Cultural Revolution. He lived in a yaodong in the village of Liangjiahe, Shaanxi province, where he joined the CCP after several failed attempts and worked as the local party secretary. After studying chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student, Xi rose through the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces. Xi was governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, before becoming governor and party secretary of neighboring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. Following the dismissal of the party secretary of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to replace him for a brief period in 2007. He subsequently joined the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the CCP the same year and served as"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " first secretary of the Central Secretariat in October 2007. In 2008, he was designated as Hu Jintao's presumed successor as paramount leader; to that end, Xi was appointed vice president of the PRC and vice chairman of the CMC. He officially received the title of leadership core from the CCP in 2016. Xi is the first CCP general secretary born after the establishment of the PRC. Since assuming power, Xi has introduced far-ranging measures to enforce party discipline and to impose internal unity. His anti-corruption campaign led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired CCP officials, including Zhou Yongkang, a former member of the PSC. He has also enacted or promoted a more aggressive foreign policy, particularly with regard to China's relations with the U.S., the nine-dash line in the South China Sea, the Sino-Indian border dispute, and the political status of Taiwan. He has sought to expand China's African and Eurasian influence through the Belt and Road Initiative. Xi has expanded support for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), advanced military-civil fusion, overseen targeted poverty alleviation programs, and has attempted to reform the property sector. He has also promoted \"common prosperity\", a series of policies designed with stated goal to increase equality"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ", and used the term to justify a broad crackdown and major slew of regulations against the tech and tutoring sectors in 2021. Xi met with Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou in 2015, the first time PRC and Republic of China leaders met, though relations deteriorated after Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the presidential elections in 2016. He responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China with a zero-COVID approach until December 2022, afterwards shifting towards a mitigation strategy. Xi also oversaw the passage of a national security law in Hong Kong, clamping down on political opposition in the city, especially pro-democracy activists. Often described as an authoritarian leader by political and academic observers, Xi's tenure has included an increase of censorship and mass surveillance, deterioration in human rights, including the internment of one million Uyghurs in Xinjiang (which some observers have described as part of a genocide), a cult of personality developing around Xi, and the removal of term limits for the presidency in 2018. Xi's political ideas and principles, known as Xi Jinping Thought, have been incorporated into the party and national constitutions, and he has emphasized the importance of national security and the need for CCP leadership over the country. As"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " the central figure of the fifth generation of leadership of the PRC, Xi has centralized institutional power by taking on multiple positions, including chairing the National Security Commission and new steering committees on economic and social reforms, military restructuring and modernization, and the Internet. He and the CCP Central Committee passed a \"historical resolution\" in November 2021, the third such resolution after Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. In October 2022, Xi secured a third term as CCP General Secretary, the second leader of the CCP to do so (the other being Mao).</s><s>Early life and education. Xi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953, the second son of Xi Zhongxun and his wife Qi Xin. After the founding of the PRC in 1949, Xi's father held a series of posts, including Party propaganda chief, vice-premier, and vice chairperson of the National People's Congress. Xi had two older sisters, Qiaoqiao, born in 1949 and An'an (), born in 1952. Xi's father was from Fuping County, Shaanxi, and Xi could further trace his patrilineal descent from Xiying in Dengzhou, Henan. Xi went to the Beijing No. 25 School, and then Beijing Bayi School"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ", in the 1960s. He became friends with Liu He, who attended Beijing No. 101 School in the same district, who later became China's vice-premier and a close advisor to Xi after he became China's paramount leader. In 1963, when he was aged 10, his father was purged from the CCP and sent to work in a factory in Luoyang, Henan. In May 1966, the Cultural Revolution cut short Xi's secondary education when all secondary classes were halted for students to criticise and fight their teachers. Student militants ransacked the Xi family home and one of Xi's sisters, Xi Heping, committed suicide from the pressure. Later, his mother was forced to publicly denounce his father, as he was paraded before a crowd as an enemy of the revolution. His father was later imprisoned in 1968 when Xi was aged 15. Without the protection of his father, Xi was sent to work in Liangjiahe Village, Wen'anyi, Yanchuan County, Yan'an, Shaanxi, in 1969 in Mao Zedong's Down to the Countryside Movement. He worked as the party secretary of Liangjiahe, where he lived in a cave house. According to people who knew him, this experience led"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " him to feel affinity with the rural poor. After a few months, unable to stand rural life, he ran away to Beijing. He was arrested during a crackdown on deserters from the countryside and sent to a work camp to dig ditches, but later returned to the village, spending a total of seven years there. The misfortunes and suffering of his family in his early years hardened Xi's view of politics. During an interview in 2000, he said, \"People who have little contact with power, who are far from it, always see these things as mysterious and novel. But what I see is not just the superficial things: the power, the flowers, the glory, the applause. I see the bullpens and how people can blow hot and cold. I understand politics on a deeper level.\" The \"bullpens\" () was a reference to Red Guards' detention houses during the Cultural Revolution. After being rejected seven times, Xi joined the Communist Youth League of China in 1971 by befriending a local official. He reunited with his father in 1972, because of a family reunion ordered by premier Zhou Enlai. From 1973, he applied to join the CCP ten times and was finally accepted on his tenth attempt in 1974. From 1975 to 1979"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ", Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student in Beijing. The engineering majors there spent about 15 percent of their time studying Marxism\u2013Leninism\u2013Mao Zedong thought and 5 percent of their time doing farm work and \"learning from the People's Liberation Army\".</s><s>Rise to power. From 1979 to 1982, Xi served as secretary for his father's former subordinate Geng Biao, the then vice premier and secretary-general of the CMC. In 1982, he was sent to Zhengding County in Hebei as deputy party secretary of Zhengding County. He was promoted in 1983 to secretary, becoming the top official of the county. Xi subsequently served in four provinces during his regional political career: Hebei (1982\u20131985), Fujian (1985\u20132002), Zhejiang (2002\u20132007), and Shanghai (2007). Xi held posts in the Fuzhou Municipal Party Committee and became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou in 1990. In 1997, he was named an alternate member of the 15th Central Committee of the CCP. However, of the 151 alternate members of the Central Committee elected at the 15th Party Congress, Xi received the lowest number of votes in favour"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ", placing him last in the rankings of members, ostensibly due to his status as a princeling. From 1998 to 2002, Xi studied Marxist theory and ideological education in Tsinghua University, graduating with a doctorate in law and ideology in 2002. In 1999, he was promoted to the office of Vice Governor of Fujian, and became governor a year later. In Fujian, Xi made efforts to attract investment from Taiwan and to strengthen the private sector of the provincial economy. In February 2000, he and then-provincial party secretary Chen Mingyi were called before the top members of PSC\u00a0\u2013 general secretary Jiang Zemin, premier Zhu Rongji, vice president Hu Jintao and Discipline Inspection secretary Wei Jianxing\u00a0\u2013 to explain aspects of the Yuanhua scandal. In 2002, Xi left Fujian and took up leading political positions in neighbouring Zhejiang. He eventually took over as provincial Party Committee secretary after several months as acting governor, occupying a top provincial office for the first time in his career. In 2002, he was elected a full member of the 16th Central Committee, marking his ascension to the national stage. While in Zhejiang, Xi presided over reported growth rates averaging 14% per year. His career in Zhejiang"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " was marked by a tough and straightforward stance against corrupt officials. This earned him a name in the national media and drew the attention of China's top leaders. Following the dismissal of Shanghai Party secretary Chen Liangyu in September 2006 due to a social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007, where he was the party secretary there for seven months. In Shanghai, Xi avoided controversy and was known for strictly observing party discipline. For example, Shanghai administrators attempted to earn favour with him by arranging a special train to shuttle him between Shanghai and Hangzhou for him to complete handing off his work to his successor as Zhejiang party secretary Zhao Hongzhu. However, Xi reportedly refused to take the train, citing a loosely enforced party regulation that stipulated that special trains can only be reserved for \"national leaders\". While in Shanghai, he worked on preserving unity of the local party organisation. He pledged there would be no 'purges' during his administration, despite the fact many local officials were thought to have been implicated in the Chen Liangyu corruption scandal. On most issues, Xi largely echoed the line of the central leadership.</s><s>Politburo Standing Committee member. Xi was appointed to the nine-man PSC at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007."}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " He was ranked above Li Keqiang, an indication that he was going to succeed Hu Jintao as China's next leader. In addition, Xi also held the first secretary of the CCP's Central Secretariat. This assessment was further supported at the 11th National People's Congress in March 2008, when Xi was elected as vice president of the PRC. Following his elevation, Xi held a broad range of portfolios. He was put in charge of the comprehensive preparations for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, as well as being the central government's leading figure in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, he also became the new president of the Central Party School of the CCP, its cadre-training and ideological education wing. In the wake of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Xi visited disaster areas in Shaanxi and Gansu. He made his first foreign trip as vice president to North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen from 17 to 25 June 2008. After the Olympics, Xi was assigned the post of committee chair for the preparations of the 60th Anniversary Celebrations of the founding of the PRC. He was also reportedly at the helm of a top-level CCP committee dubbed the 6521 Project, which was charged with ensuring social"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " stability during a series of politically sensitive anniversaries in 2009. Xi's position as the apparent successor to become the paramount leader was threatened with the rapid rise of Bo Xilai, the party secretary of Chongqing at the time. Bo was expected to join the PSC at the 18th Party Congress, with most expecting that he would try to eventually maneuver himself into replacing Xi. Bo's policies in Chongqing inspired imitations throughout China and received praise from Xi himself during Xi's visit to Chongqing in 2010. Records of praises from Xi were later erased after he became paramount leader. Bo's downfall would come with the Wang Lijun incident, which opened the door for Xi to come to power without challengers. Xi is considered one of the most successful members of the Princelings, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Chinese Communist revolutionaries. Former prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, when asked about Xi, said he felt he was \"a thoughtful man who has gone through many trials and tribulations\". Lee also commented: \"I would put him in the Nelson Mandela class of persons. A person with enormous emotional stability who does not allow his personal misfortunes or sufferings affect his judgment. In other words"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ", he is impressive\". Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson described Xi as \"the kind of guy who knows how to get things over the goal line\". Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd said that Xi \"has sufficient reformist, party and military background to be very much his own man\".</s><s>Politburo Standing Committee member.:Trips as Vice President. In February 2009, in his capacity as vice-president, Xi Jinping embarked on a tour of Latin America, visiting Mexico, Jamaica, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Malta, after which he returned to China. On 11 February 2009, while visiting Mexico, Xi spoke in front of a group of overseas Chinese and explained China's contributions during the international financial crisis, saying that it was \"the greatest contribution towards the whole of human race, made by China, to prevent its 1.3\u00a0billion people from hunger\". He went on to remark: \"There are some bored foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to do than point fingers at us. First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hunger and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches. What more is there to be said?\" The story was reported on some local television stations."}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " The news led to a flood of discussions on Chinese Internet forums and it was reported that the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was caught off-guard by Xi's remarks, as the actual video was shot by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast on Hong Kong TV, which then turned up on various Internet video websites. In the European Union, Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania from 7 to 21 October 2009. He visited Japan, South Korea, Cambodia, and Myanmar on his Asian trip from 14 to 22 December 2009. He later visited the United States, Ireland and Turkey in February 2012. This visit included meeting with then U.S. president Barack Obama at the White House and then vice president Joe Biden; and stops in California and Iowa, where he met with the family that previously hosted him during his 1985 tour as a Hebei provincial official.</s><s>Leadership.</s><s>Leadership.:Accession to top posts. A few months before his ascendancy to the party leadership, Xi disappeared from official media coverage and cancelled meeting with foreign officials for several weeks beginning on 1 September 2012, causing rumors. He then reappeared on 15 September. On 15 November 2012, Xi was elected to the posts of general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the C"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": "MC by the 18th Central Committee of the CCP. This made him, informally, the paramount leader and the first to be born after the founding of the PRC. The following day Xi led the new line-up of the PSC onto the stage in their first public appearance. The PSC was reduced from nine to seven, with only Xi and Li Keqiang retaining their seats; the other five members were new. In a marked departure from the common practice of Chinese leaders, Xi's first speech as general secretary was plainly worded and did not include any political slogans or mention his predecessors. Xi mentioned the aspirations of the average person, remarking, \"Our people... expect better education, more stable jobs, better income, more reliable social security, medical care of a higher standard, more comfortable living conditions, and a more beautiful environment.\" Xi also vowed to tackle corruption at the highest levels, alluding that it would threaten the CCP's survival; he was reticent about far-reaching economic reforms. In December 2012, Xi visited Guangdong in his first trip outside Beijing since taking the Party leadership. The overarching theme of the trip was to call for further economic reform and a strengthened military. Xi visited the statue of Deng Xiaoping and his trip was"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " described as following in the footsteps of Deng's own southern trip in 1992, which provided the impetus for further economic reforms in China after conservative party leaders stalled many of Deng's reforms in the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. On his trip, Xi consistently alluded to his signature slogan the \"Chinese Dream\". \"This dream can be said to be the dream of a strong nation. And for the military, it is a dream of a strong military\", Xi told sailors. Xi's trip was significant in that he departed from the established convention of Chinese leaders' travel routines in multiple ways. Rather than dining out, Xi and his entourage ate regular hotel buffet. He travelled in a large van with his colleagues rather than a fleet of limousines, and did not restrict traffic on the parts of the highway he travelled. Xi was elected president on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote by the 12th National People's Congress in Beijing. He received 2,952 for, one vote against, and three abstentions. He replaced Hu Jintao, who retired after serving two terms. In his new capacity as president, on 16 March 2013 Xi expressed support for non-interference in China\u2013Sri Lanka relations amid a United Nations Security Council vote"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " to condemn that country over government abuses during the Sri Lankan Civil War. On 17 March, Xi and his new ministers arranged a meeting with the chief executive of Hong Kong, CY Leung, confirming his support for Leung. Within hours of his election, Xi discussed cyber security and North Korea with U.S. President Barack Obama over the phone. Obama announced the visits of treasury and state secretaries Jacob Lew and John F. Kerry to China the following week.</s><s>Leadership.:Anti-corruption campaign. Xi vowed to crack down on corruption almost immediately after he ascended to power at the 18th Party Congress. In his inaugural speech as general secretary, Xi mentioned that fighting corruption was one of the toughest challenges for the party. A few months into his term, Xi outlined the Eight-point Regulation, listing rules intended to curb corruption and waste during official party business; it aimed at stricter discipline on the conduct of party officials. Xi also vowed to root out \"tigers and flies\", that is, high-ranking officials and ordinary party functionaries. Xi initiated cases against former CMC vice-chairmen Xu Caihou and Guo Boxiong, former PSC member and security chief Zhou Yongkang and former Hu Jintao chief aide Ling Jih"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": "ua. Along with new disciplinary chief Wang Qishan, Xi's administration spearheaded the formation of \"centrally-dispatched inspection teams\" (). These were essentially cross-jurisdictional squads of officials whose main task was to gain more in-depth understanding of the operations of provincial and local party organizations, and in the process, also enforce party discipline mandated by Beijing. Many of the work teams also had the effect of identifying and initiating investigations of high-ranking officials. Over one hundred provincial-ministerial level officials were implicated during a massive nationwide anti-corruption campaign. These included former and current regional officials (Su Rong, Bai Enpei, Wan Qingliang), leading figures of state-owned enterprises and central government organs (Song Lin, Liu Tienan), and highly ranked generals in the military (Gu Junshan). In June 2014, the Shanxi provincial political establishment was decimated, with four officials dismissed within a week from the provincial party organization's top ranks. Within the first two years of the campaign alone, over 200,000 low-ranking officials received warnings, fines, and demotions. The campaign has led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired CCP officials, including members of the PSC. Xi's anti-corruption"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " campaign is seen by critics, such as \"The Economist\", as a political tool with the aim of removing potential opponents and consolidating power. Xi's establishment of a new anti-corruption agency, the National Supervision Commission, ranked higher than the supreme court, has been described by Amnesty International's East Asia director as a \"systemic threat to human rights\" that \"places tens of millions of people at the mercy of a secretive and virtually unaccountable system that is above the law.\" Xi has overseen significant reforms of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), CCP's highest internal control institution. He and CCDI Secretary Wang Qishan further institutionalized CCDI's independence from the day-to-day operations of the CCP, improving its ability to function as a \"bona fide\" control body. According to \"The Wall Street Journal\", any anti-corruption punishment to officials at or above the vice ministerial level need approval from Xi. Another article from \"The Wall Street Journal\" said that when he wants to neutralize a political rival, he asks inspectors to prepare hundreds of pages of evidence. The article also said that he sometimes authorizes investigations on close associates of a high-ranking politician to replace them with his own proteges and puts political rivals in"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " less important positions to separate them from their political bases. Reportedly, these tactics have even been used against Wang Qishan, Xi's close friend. According to historian and sinologist Wang Gungwu, Xi Jinping inherited a political party that was faced with pervasive corruption. Xi believed that the amount of corruption at the higher levels of the CCP put both the party and the country at risk of collapse. Wang further adds that Xi has a belief that only the CCP is capable of governing China, and that a collapse of the party would be disastrous for the Chinese people. Xi and the new generational leaders reacted by launching the anti-corruption campaign to eliminate corruption at the higher levels of the government.</s><s>Leadership.:Censorship. Since Xi became the CCP general secretary, censorship, including internet censorship, has been significantly stepped up. Chairing the 2018 China Cyberspace Governance Conference on 20 and 21 April 2018, Xi committed to \"fiercely crack down on criminal offenses including hacking, telecom fraud, and violation of citizens' privacy.\" During a visit to Chinese state media, Xi stated that \"party and government-owned media must hold the family name of the party\" () and that the state media \"must embody the party\u2019s will, safeguard the"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " party\u2019s authority\". His administration has overseen more Internet restrictions imposed in China, and is described as being \"stricter across the board\" on speech than previous administrations. Xi has taken a very strong stand to control internet usage inside China, including Google and Facebook, advocating Internet censorship in the country under the concept of internet sovereignty. The censorship of Wikipedia has also been stringent; as of April 2019, all versions of Wikipedia have been blocked in China. Likewise, the situation for users of Weibo has been described as a change from fearing that individual posts would be deleted, or at worst one's account, to fear of arrest. A law enacted in September 2013 authorized a three-year prison term for bloggers who shared more than 500 times any content considered \"defamatory\". The State Internet Information Department summoned a group of influential bloggers to a seminar instructing them to avoid writing about politics, the CCP, or making statements contradicting official narratives. Many bloggers stopped writing about controversial topics, and Weibo went into decline, with much of its readership shifting to WeChat users speaking to very limited social circles. In 2017, telecommunications carriers in China were instructed by the government to block individuals' use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) by February 2018. Xi has spoken"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " out against \"historical nihilism\", meaning historical viewpoints that challenge the official line of the CCP. Xi said that one of the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union has been historical nihilism. The Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) has established a telephone hotline for people to report acts of historical nihilism, while Toutiao and Douyin urged its user to report instances of historical nihilism. In May 2021, the CAC reported that it removed two million online posts for historical nihilism.</s><s>Leadership.:Consolidation of power. Political observers have called Xi the most powerful Chinese leader since Mao Zedong, especially since the ending of presidential two-term limits in 2018. Xi has notably departed from the collective leadership practices of his post-Mao predecessors. He has centralised his power and created working groups with himself at the head to subvert government bureaucracy, making himself become the unmistakable central figure of the new administration. Beginning in 2013, the CCP under Xi has created a series of Central Leading Groups: supra-ministerial steering committees, designed to bypass existing institutions when making decisions, and ostensibly make policy-making a more efficient process. The most notable new body is the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " Reforms. It has broad jurisdiction over economic restructuring and social reforms, and is said to have displaced some of the power previously held by the State Council and its premier. Xi also became the leader of the Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization, in charge of cyber-security and Internet policy. The Third Plenum held in 2013 also saw the creation of the National Security Commission of the CCP, another body chaired by Xi, which commentators have said would help Xi consolidate over national security affairs. In the opinion of at least one political scientist, Xi \"has surrounded himself with cadres he met while stationed on the coast, Fujian and Shanghai and in Zhejiang.\" Control of Beijing is seen as crucial to Chinese leaders; Xi has selected Cai Qi, one of the cadres mentioned above, to manage the capital. Xi has also been believed to have diluted the authority of premier Li Keqiang, taking authority over the economy which has generally been considered to be the domain of the premier. In March 2018, the National People's Congress (NPC) passed a set of constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, the creation of a National Supervisory Commission, as well as enhancing the central role of the CCP. On 17"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " March 2018, the Chinese legislature reappointed Xi as president, now without term limits; Wang Qishan was appointed vice president. The following day, Li Keqiang was reappointed premier and longtime allies of Xi, Xu Qiliang and Zhang Youxia, were voted in as vice-chairmen of the CMC. Foreign minister Wang Yi was promoted to state councillor and General Wei Fenghe was named defence minister. According to the \"Financial Times\", Xi expressed his views of constitutional amendment at meetings with Chinese officials and foreign dignitaries. Xi explained the decision in terms of needing to align two more powerful posts\u2014general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC\u2014which have no term limits. However, Xi did not say whether he intended to serve as party general secretary, CMC chairman and state president, for three or more terms. In its sixth plenary session in November 2021, CCP adopted a historical resolution, a kind of document that evaluated the party's history. This was the third of its kind after ones adopted by Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, and the document for the first time credited Xi as being the \"main innovator\" of Xi Jinping Thought while also declaring Xi's leadership as being \u201cthe key to the great rejuvenation"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " of the Chinese nation\". In comparison with the other historical resolutions, Xi's one did not herald a major change in how the CCP evaluated its history. To accompany the historical resolution, the CCP promoted the terms Two Establishes and Two Safeguards, calling the CCP to unite around and protect Xi's core status within the party. In 2022, Xi appointed his close ally Wang Xiaohong as the Minister of Public Security, giving him further control over the security establishment. The 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, held between 16 and 22 October 2022, has overseen amendments in the CCP constitution and the re-election of Xi as general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC for a third term, with the overall result of the Congress being further strengthening of Xi's power. The newly amended CCP constitution included the terms two establishes and two safeguards, reinforcing Xi's power. It also included concepts promoted by Xi like common prosperity, \"Chinese-style modernization\" and \"whole-process people\u2019s democracy.\" The new Politburo Standing Committee elected just after the CCP Congress was filled almost completely with people close to Xi, with four out of the seven members of the previous PSC including premier Li Keqiang and CPPCC chairman Wang Yang"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " stepping down. Li Qiang, a close Xi ally, became the second-ranking member of the PSC, and was further promoted to premier in 2023. Other allies of Xi, including Cai Qi, Ding Xuexiang and Li Xi have also joined the PSC, and are expected to become first secretary of the CCP Secretariat, first vice premier and secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection respectively. The only remaining members of the previous PSC except Xi were Zhao Leji and Wang Huning, though their ranking and positions changed, and became the NPC Standing Committee and CPPCC chairmen respectively on 10 March 2023. Xi's re-election made him the first party leader since Mao Zedong to serve more than three terms, though Deng Xiaoping ruled the country informally for a longer period. Xi was further re-elected as the PRC president and chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission on 10 March 2023 during the opening of the 14th National People's Congress.</s><s>Leadership.:Consolidation of power.:Cult of personality. Xi has had a cult of personality constructed around himself since entering office with books, cartoons, pop songs and dance routines honouring his rule. Following Xi's ascension to the leadership core"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " of the CCP, he had been referred to as \"Xi Dada\" (, Uncle or Papa Xi), though this stopped in April 2016. The village of Liangjiahe, where Xi was sent to work, has become a \"modern-day shrine\" decorated with CCP propaganda and murals extolling the formative years of his life. The CCP's Politburo named Xi Jinping \"lingxiu\" (), a reverent term for \"leader\" and a title previously only given to Mao Zedong and his immediate successor Hua Guofeng. He is also sometimes called the \"pilot at the helm\" (). On 25 December 2019, the Politburo officially named Xi as \"People's Leader\" (), a title only Mao had held previously.</s><s>Leadership.:Consolidation of power.:Economy and technology. Xi was initially seen as a market reformist, and the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee under him announced that \"market forces\" would begin to play a \"decisive\" role in allocating resources. This meant that the state would gradually reduce its involvement in the distribution of capital, and restructure China's state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to allow further competition, potentially by attracting foreign and private sector players"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " in industries that were previously highly regulated. This policy aimed to address the bloated state sector that had unduly profited from an earlier round of re-structuring by purchasing assets at below-market prices, assets that were no longer being used productively. Xi also launched the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone in August 2013, which was seen as part of the economic reforms. In However, by 2017, Xi's promise of economic reforms has been said to stall by experts. In 2015, the Chinese stock market bubble popped, which led Xi to use state forces to fix the issue. However, from 2012 to 2022, the share of the market value of China's top listed companies has increased from around 10% to over 40%. He has also overseen the relaxation of restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI) and increased cross-border holdings of stocks and bonds. Xi has increased state control over China's economy, voicing support for SOEs, while also supporting the country's private sector. Under Xi, \"government guidance funds\", public-private investment funds set up by or for government bodies, have raised more than $900 billion for early funding to companies that work in sectors the government deems as strategic. Xi has increased the role of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission at the expense"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " of the State Council. His administration made it easier for banks to issue mortgages, increased foreign participation in the bond market, and increased the national currency renminbi's global role, helping it to join IMF's basket of special drawing right. In the 40th anniversary of the launching of Chinese economic reforms in 2018, he has promised to continue reforms but has warned that nobody \"can dictate to the Chinese people\". Xi has also personally made eradicating extreme poverty through \"targeted poverty alleviation\" a key goal. In 2021, Xi declared a \"complete victory\" over extreme poverty, saying that nearly 100 million people have been lifted out of poverty under his tenure, though some experts said that China's poverty threshold was relatively lower than the one set by the World Bank. In 2020, premier Li Keqiang, citing the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said that China still had 600 million people living with less than 1000 yuan ($140) a month, although an article from \"The Economist\" said that the methodology NBS used was flawed, stating that the figure took the combined income, which was then equally divided. China's economy has grown under Xi, with GDP in nominal terms more than doubling from $8.53 trillion in 2012 to $17.73 trillion"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " in 2021, though the rate of growth has slowed from 7.9% in 2012 to 6% in 2019. Xi has stressed the importance of \"high-quality growth\" rather than \"inflated growth\". His administration pursued a debt-deleveraging campaign, seeking to slow and cut the unsustainable amount of debt China has accrued during its economic growth. Though China's total non-financial-sector debt-to-GDP ratio reached a record 270.9% by 2020 during the COVID-19 crisis, it fell to reach around 262.5% by 2021 before going up again to 273.2% in 2022, mainly due to the pressure put by the zero-COVID policy to local finances. Xi has circulated a policy called \"dual circulation\", meaning reorienting the economy towards domestic consumption while remaining open to foreign trade and investment. Xi has also made boosting productivity in the economy a priority. Xi has attempted to reform the property sector to combat the steep increase in the property prices and to cut Chinese economy's dependence on the real estate sector. In the 19th CCP National Congress, Xi declared \"Houses are built to be inhabited, not for speculation\". In 2020, Xi's government formulated the \"three red lines\" policy that aimed"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " to deleverage the heavily indebted property sector. Xi additionally has supported a property tax, for which he has faced resistance from members of the CCP. Xi's administration has promoted \"Made in China 2025\" plan that aims to make China self-reliant in key technologies, although publicly China de-emphasised this plan due to the outbreak of a trade war with the U.S. Since the outbreak of the trade war in 2018, Xi has revived calls for \"self-reliance\", especially on the matters of technology. In August 2022, Xi's administration has allocated more than $100 billion to support China's efforts at semiconductor independence. The Chinese government has also supported technology companies like Huawei through grants, tax breaks, credit facilities and other forms of assistance, enabling their rise but also leading to countermeasures by the U.S. In November 2020, \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that Xi personally ordered a halt to Ant Group's initial public offering (IPO), in reaction to its founder Jack Ma criticizing government regulation in finance. Xi's administration has also overseen a decrease in offshore IPOs by Chinese companies, with most Chinese IPOs taking place either in Shanghai or Shenzhen as of 2022, and has increasingly directed funding to IPOs of companies that works in"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " sectors it deems as strategic, including electric vehicles, biotechnology, renewable energy, artificial intelligence, semiconductors and other high-technology manufacturing. Since 2021, Xi has promoted the term \"common prosperity\", a term which he defined as an \"essential requirement of socialism\", described as affluence for all and said entailed reasonable adjustments to excess incomes. Common prosperity has been used as the justification for large-scale crackdowns and regulations towards the perceived \"excesses\" of several sectors, most prominently tech and tutoring industries. The examples of actions taken against tech companies have included fining large tech companies and passing of laws such as the Data Security Law. China also banned private tutoring companies from making profits and teaching school syllabus during weekends and holidays, effectively destroying the whole industry. Xi additionally opened a new stock exchange in Beijing targeted for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which was another part of his common prosperity campaign. There have also been other numerous cultural regulations, such as limiting video game usage by minors to 90 minutes during weekdays and 3 hours during weekends, complete banning of cryptocurrency, cracking down on idol worship, fandom and celebrity culture and cracking down on \"sissy men\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" has also reported in October 2021 that Xi had"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " launched a round of inspections of the country's financial institutions, including state-owned banks, investment funds and financial regulators, on whether their ties to private firms had become too close, with the investigations being led by Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.</s><s>Leadership.:Reforms.</s><s>Leadership.:Reforms.:Agenda announcement. In November 2013, at the conclusion of the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee, the Communist Party delivered a far-reaching reform agenda that alluded to changes in both economic and social policy. Xi signaled at the plenum that he was consolidating control of the massive internal security organization that was formerly the domain of Zhou Yongkang. A new National Security Commission was formed with Xi at its helm. The Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms\u2014another \"ad hoc\" policy coordination body led by Xi upgraded to a commission in 2018\u2014was also formed to oversee the implementation of the reform agenda. Termed \"comprehensive deepening reforms\" (), they were said to be the most significant since Deng Xiaoping's 1992 Southern Tour. The plenum also announced economic reforms and resolved to abolish the \"laogai\" system of \"re-education through labour\", which was largely seen as a blot on China"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": "'s human rights record. The system has faced significant criticism for years from domestic critics and foreign observers. In January 2016, a two-child policy replaced the one-child policy, which was in turn was replaced with a three-child policy in May 2021. In July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.</s><s>Leadership.:Reforms.:Political reforms. Xi's administration taken a number of changes to the structure of the CCP and state bodies, especially in a large overhaul in 2018. In March 2014, the CCP Central Committee merged the Office for External Propaganda (OEP), externally known as the State Council Information Office (SCIO), to the CCP's Central Propaganda Department. SCIO is now used by the Central Propaganda Department as an external name under an arrangement called \"one institution with two names\". February earlier that year oversaw the creation of the Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization. The State Internet Information Office (SIIO), previously under the OEP and SCIO, was transferred to the central leading group and renamed in English into the Cyberspace Administration of China. As part of managing the financial system, the Financial Stability and Development Committee, a State Council body, was established in 2017"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ". Chaired by vice premier Liu He during its existence, the committee was disestablished by the newly established Central Financial Commission during the 2023 Party and state reforms. 2018 has seen larger reforms to the bureaucracy. In that year, several central leading groups including reform, cyberspace affairs, finance and economics. and foreign affairs were upgraded to commissions. In the area of media, the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television (SAPPRFT) was renamed into the National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA) with its film, news media and publications being transferred to the Central Propaganda Department. Additionally, the control of China Central Television (CCTV, including its international edition, China Global Television), China National Radio (CNR) and China Radio International (CRI) were transferred to the newly established China Media Group (CMG) under the control of the Central Propaganda Department. Two State Council departments. one dealing with overseas Chinese, and other one dealing with religious affairs, were merged into the United Front Work Department while another commission dealing with ethnic affairs was brought under formal UFWD leadership. 2023 has seen further reforms to the CCP and state bureaucracy, most notably the strengthening of Party control over the financial and technology domains. This included"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " the creation of two CCP bodies for overseeing finance; the Central Financial Commission (CFC), as well as the revival of the Central Financial Work Commission (CFWC) that was previously dissolved in 2002. The CFC would broadly manage the financial system while the CFWC would focus on strengthening the ideological and political role of the CCP in the sector. Additionally, a new CCP Central Science and Technology Commission would be established to broadly oversee the technology sector, while a newly created Social Work Department was tasked with CCP interactions with several sectors, including civic groups, chambers of commerce and industry groups, as well as handling public petition and grievance work. A new Central Hong Kong and Macau Work Office would also be established, with the State Council's Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office being turned into the new body's external name. At the State Council, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission would be replaced by the State Administration of Financial Supervision (SAFS), which would take a much larger responsibility on financial regulation, effectively overseeing all financial activities except the securities industry, which was continued to be regulated by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, now elevated to a government body. Several regulatory responsibilities were also transferred from the People's Bank of China (PBoC) to the SAFS, while the"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " PBoC will also reopen offices around the country that were closed in a previous reorganization.</s><s>Leadership.:Reforms.:Legal reforms. The party under Xi announced a raft of legal reforms at the Fourth Plenum held in the fall 2014, and he called for \"Chinese socialistic rule of law\" immediately afterwards. The party aimed to reform the legal system, which had been perceived as ineffective at delivering justice and affected by corruption, local government interference and lack of constitutional oversight. The plenum, while emphasizing the absolute leadership of the party, also called for a greater role of the constitution in the affairs of state and a strengthening of the role of the National People's Congress Standing Committee in interpreting the constitution. It also called for more transparency in legal proceedings, more involvement of ordinary citizens in the legislative process, and an overall \"professionalization\" of the legal workforce. The party also planned to institute cross-jurisdictional circuit legal tribunals as well as giving provinces consolidated administrative oversight over lower level legal resources, which is intended to reduce local government involvement in legal proceedings.</s><s>Leadership.:Reforms.:Military reforms. Since taking power in 2012, Xi has undertaken an overhaul of the People's Liberation Army. Military-civil fusion has advanced under Xi"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ". Xi has been active in his participation in military affairs, taking a direct hands-on approach to military reform. In addition to being the Chairman of the CMC and leader of the Central Leading Group for Military Reform founded in 2014 to oversee comprehensive military reforms, Xi has delivered numerous high-profile pronouncements vowing to clean up malfeasance and complacency in the military. Xi has repeatedly warned that the depoliticization of the PLA from the CCP would lead to a collapse similar to that of the Soviet Union. Xi held the New Gutian Conference in 2014, gathering China's top military officers, re-emphasizing the principle of \"the party has absolute control over the army\" first established by Mao at the 1929 Gutian Conference. Xi announced a reduction of 300,000 troops from the PLA in 2015, bringing its size to 2 million troops. Xi described this as a gesture of peace, while analysts such as Rory Medcalf have said that the cut was done to reduce costs as well as part of PLA's modernization. On 2016, he reduced the number of theater commands of the PLA from seven to five. He has also abolished the four autonomous general departments of the PLA, replacing them with 15 agencies directly reporting to the CMC. Two new"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " branches of the PLA were created under his reforms, the Strategic Support Force and the Joint Logistics Support Force. On 21 April 2016, Xi was named commander-in-chief of the country's new Joint Operations Command Center of the PLA by Xinhua News Agency and the broadcaster China Central Television. Some analysts interpreted this move as an attempt to display strength and strong leadership and as being more \"political than military\". According to Ni Lexiong, a military affairs expert, Xi \"not only controls the military but also does it in an absolute manner, and that in wartime, he is ready to command personally\". According to a University of California, San Diego expert on Chinese military, Xi \"has been able to take political control of the military to an extent that exceeds what Mao and Deng have done\".</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy. Xi has taken a harder line on security issues as well as foreign affairs, projecting a more nationalistic and assertive China on the world stage. His political program calls for a China more united and confident of its own value system and political structure. Foreign analysts and observers have frequently said that Xi's main foreign policy objective is to restore China's position on the global stage as a great power. Xi advocates \"baseline thinking\" in China's"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " foreign policy: setting explicit red lines that other countries must not cross. In the Chinese perspective, these tough stances on baseline issues reduce strategic uncertainty, preventing other nations from misjudging China's positions or underestimating China's resolve in asserting what it perceives to be in its national interest. Xi stated during the 20th CCP National Congress that he wanted to ensure China \"leads the world in terms of composite national strength and international influence\" by 2049. Xi has promoted \"major-country diplomacy\" (), stating that China is already a \"big power\" and breaking away from previous Chinese leaders who had a more precautious diplomacy. He has adopted a hawkish foreign policy posture called \"wolf warrior diplomacy\", while his foreign policy thoughts are collectively known as \"Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy\". In March 2021, he said that \"the East is rising and the West is declining\" (), saying that the power of the Western world was in decline and their COVID-19 response was an example of this, and that China was entering a period of opportunity because of this. Xi has frequently alluded to \"community with a shared future for mankind\", which Chinese diplomats have said doesn't imply an intention to change the international order, but which foreign observers say China wants a new order"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " that puts it more at the centre. Under Xi, China has, along with Russia, also focused on increasing relations with the Global South in order to blunt the effect of Western sanctions. Xi has put an emphasis on increasing China's \"international discourse power\" () to create a more favorable global opinion of China in the world. In this pursuit, Xi has emphasised the need to \"tell China's story well\" (), meaning expanding China's external propaganda () and communications. Xi has expanded the focus and scope of the united front, which aims to consolidate support for CCP in non-CCP elements both inside and outside China, and has accordingly expanded the United Front Work Department.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Security. Under Xi, China has promoted reformation of the international system, with Xi calling for a \"rejection of hegemonic power structures in global governance\". Addressing a regional conference in Shanghai on 21 May 2014, he called on Asian countries to unite and forge a way together, rather than get involved with third party powers, seen as a reference to the United States. \"Matters in Asia ultimately must be taken care of by Asians. Asia's problems ultimately must be resolved by Asians and Asia's security ultimately must be protected by Asians\", he told the"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " conference. In 2022, Xi proposed the Global Security Initiative (GSI), aiming to create a new global security architecture, incorporating the term \"indivisible security\", a concept also supported by Russia. He has also advocated for international security cooperation; during a meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in September 2021, he spoke out against \"interference in other countries\u2019 internal affairs\", and called for joint cooperation in warding off against \"colour revolutions\".</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Africa. Under Xi, China has cut back lending to Africa after fears that African countries couldn't repay their debts to China. Xi has also promised that China would write off debts of some African countries. In November 2021, Xi promised African nations 1 billion doses of China's COVID-19 vaccines, which was in addition to the 200 million already supplied before. This has been said to be part of China's vaccine diplomacy.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:European Union. China's efforts under Xi has been for the European Union (EU) to stay in a neutral position in their contest with the U.S. China and the EU announced the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) in 2020, although the deal was later frozen due to mutual sanctions over"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " Xinjiang. Xi has supported calls for EU to achieve \"strategic autonomy\", and has also called on the EU to view China \"independently\".</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:India. Relations between China and India had ups and downs under Xi, later deteriorating due to various factors. In 2013, the two countries had a standoff in Depsang for three weeks, which ended with no border change. In 2017, the two countries again had a standoff over a Chinese construction of a road in Doklam, a territory both claimed by Bhutan, India's ally, and China, though by 28 August, both countries mutually disengaged. The most serious crisis in the relationship came when the two countries had a deadly clash in 2020 at the Line of Actual Control, leaving some soldiers dead. The clashes created a serious deterioration in relations, with China seizing a small chunk of territory that India controlled.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Japan. China\u2013Japan relations have initially soured under Xi's administration; the most thorny issue between the two countries remains the dispute over the Senkaku islands, which China calls Diaoyu. In response to Japan's continued robust stance on the issue, China declared an Air Defense Identification Zone in November 2013. However"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ", the relations later started to improve, with Xi being invited to visit in 2020, though the trip was later delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2022, Kyodo News reported that Xi personally decided to let ballistic missiles to land within Japan's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) during the military exercises held around Taiwan, to send a warning to Japan.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Taiwan. In 2015, Xi met with Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou, which marked the first time the political leaders of both sides of the Taiwan Strait have met since the end of the Chinese Civil War in Mainland China in 1950. Xi said that China and Taiwan are \"one family\" that cannot be pulled apart. However, the relations started deteriorating after Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the presidential elections in 2016. In the 19th Party Congress held in 2017, Xi reaffirmed six of the nine principles that had been affirmed continuously since the 16th Party Congress in 2002, with the notable exception of \"Placing hopes on the Taiwan people as a force to help bring about unification\". According to the Brookings Institution, Xi used stronger language on potential Taiwan independence than his predecessors towards previous DPP governments in Taiwan"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ". He said that \"we will never allow any person, any organisation, or any political party to split any part of the Chinese territory from China at any time at any form.\" In March 2018, Xi said that Taiwan would face the \"punishment of history\" for any attempts at separatism. In January 2019, Xi Jinping called on Taiwan to reject its formal independence from China, saying: \"We make no promise to renounce the use of force and reserve the option of taking all necessary means.\" Those options, he said, could be used against \"external interference\". Xi also said that they \"are willing to create broad space for peaceful reunification, but will leave no room for any form of separatist activities.\" President Tsai responded to the speech by saying Taiwan would not accept a one country, two systems arrangement with the mainland, while stressing the need for all cross-strait negotiations to be on a government-to-government basis. In 2022, after the Chinese military exercises around Taiwan, the PRC published a white paper called \"The Taiwan Question and China\u2019s Reunification in the New Era\", which was the first white paper regards to Taiwan since 2000. The paper urged Taiwan to become a special administrative region of the PRC under the one country"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " two systems formula, and said that \"a small number of countries, the U.S. foremost amongst them\" are \"using Taiwan to contain China\". Notably, the new white paper excluded a part that previously said the PRC would not send troops or officials to Taiwan after unification.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Middle East. While China has historically been wary of getting closer to the Middle East countries, Xi has changed this approach. China has grown closer to both Iran and Saudi Arabia under Xi. During a visit to Iran in 2016, Xi proposed a large cooperation program with Iran, a deal that was later signed in 2021. China has also sold ballistic missiles to Saudi Arabia and is helping build 7,000 schools in Iraq. In 2013, Xi proposed a peace deal between Israel and Palestine that entails a two-state solution based on the 1967 borders. Turkey, with whom relations were long strained over Uyghurs, has also grown closer to China. On 10 March 2023, Saudi Arabia and Iran agreed to restore diplomatic ties cut in 2016 after a deal brokered between the two countries by China following secret talks in Beijing.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:North Korea. Under Xi, China has initially taken a more critical stance on North Korea due to"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " its nuclear tests. However, starting in 2018, the relations started to improve due to meetings between Xi and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un. Xi has also supported denuclearization of North Korea, and has voiced support for economic reforms in the country. At the G20 meeting in Japan, Xi called for a \"timely easing\" of sanctions imposed on North Korea. After the 20th CCP National Congress in 2022, \"Rodong Sinmun\", official newspaper of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea, wrote a long editorial praising Xi, titling both Kim and Xi \"Suryong\" (\uc218\ub839), a title historically reserved for North Korea's founder Kim Il-sung.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Russia. Xi has cultivated stronger relations with Russia, particularly in the wake of the Ukraine crisis of 2014. He seems to have developed a strong personal relationship with president Vladimir Putin. Both are viewed as strong leaders with a nationalist orientation who are not afraid to assert themselves against Western interests. Xi attended the opening ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Under Xi, China signed a $400\u00a0billion gas deal with Russia; China has also become Russia's largest trading partner. Xi and Putin met on 4 February 2022 during the run up"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " to the 2022 Beijing Olympics during the massive Russian build-up of force on the Ukrainian border, with the two expressing that the two countries are nearly united in their anti-US alignment and that both nations shared \"no limits\" to their commitments. U.S. officials said that China had asked Russia to wait for the invasion of Ukraine until after the Beijing Olympics ended on 20 February. In April 2022, Xi Jinping expressed opposition to sanctions against Russia. On 15 June 2022, Xi Jinping reasserted China's support for Russia on issues of sovereignty and security. However, Xi also said China is committed to respecting \"the territorial integrity of all countries\", and said China was \"pained to see the flames of war reignited in Europe\". China has additionally kept a distance from Russia's actions, instead putting itself as a neutral party. In February 2023, China released a 12-point peace plan to \"settle the acute crisis in Ukraine\"; the plan was praised by Putin but criticized by the U.S. and European countries. During the war Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy has given a nuanced take to China, saying that the country has the economic leverage to pressure Putin to end the war, adding \"I\u2019m sure that without the Chinese"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " market for the Russian Federation, Russia would be feeling complete economic isolation. That\u2019s something that China can do \u2013 to limit the trade [with Russia] until the war is over.\" In August 2022, Zelenskyy said that since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, Xi Jinping had refused all his requests for direct talks with him. He additionally said that while he would like China to take a different approach to the war in Ukraine, he also wanted the relationship to improve every year and said that China and Ukraine shared similar values.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:South Korea. Xi has initially improved relationships with South Korea, and the two countries signed a free-trade agreement in December 2015. Starting in 2017, China's relationship with South Korea soured over the Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD), a missile defence system, purchase of the latter. which China sees as a threat but which South Korea says is a defence measure against North Korea. Ultimately, South Korea halted the purchase of the THAAD after China imposed unofficial sanctions. China's relations with South Korea improved again under president Moon Jae-in.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Southeast Asia. Since Xi came to power, China has been rapidly building and militarizing"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " islands in the South China Sea, a decision \"Study Times\" of the Central Party School said was personally taken by Xi. In April 2015, new satellite imagery revealed that China was rapidly constructing an airfield on Fiery Cross Reef in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea. In May 2015, U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter warned the government of Xi to halt its rapid island-building in disputed territory in the South China Sea. In November 2014, in a major policy address, Xi called for a decrease in the use of force, preferring dialogue and consultation to solve the current issues plaguing the relationship between China and its South East Asian neighbors.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:United States. Xi has called China\u2013United States relations in the contemporary world a \"new type of great-power relations\", a phrase the Obama administration had been reluctant to embrace. Under his administration the Strategic and Economic Dialogue that began under Hu Jintao has continued. On China\u2013U.S. relations, Xi said, \"If [China and the United States] are in confrontation, it would surely spell disaster for both countries\". The U.S. has been critical of Chinese actions in the South China Sea. In 2014, Chinese hackers compromised the computer"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " system of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, resulting in the theft of approximately 22 million personnel records handled by the office. Xi has also indirectly spoken out critically on the U.S. \"strategic pivot\" to Asia. Relations with the U.S. soured after Donald Trump became president in 2017. Since 2018, U.S. and China have been engaged in an escalating trade war. In 2020, the relations further deteriorated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, Xi has called the U.S. the biggest threat to China's development, saying that \"the biggest source of chaos in the present-day world is the United States\". Xi has also scrapped a previous policy in which China didn't challenge the U.S. in most instances, while Chinese officials said that they now see China as an \"equal\" to the U.S. On 6 March 2023, during a speech to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), Xi said that \"Western countries\u2014led by the U.S.\u2014have implemented all-round containment, encirclement and suppression\" against China, which he said brought \"unprecedentedly severe challenges to our country\u2019s development\".</s><s>Leadership"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ".:Foreign policy.:Foreign trips as paramount leader. Xi made his first foreign trip as China's paramount leader to Russia on 22 March 2013, about a week after he assumed the presidency. He met with President Vladimir Putin and the two leaders discussed trade and energy issues. He then went on to Tanzania, South Africa (where he attended the BRICS summit in Durban), and the Republic of the Congo. Xi visited the United States at Sunnylands Estate in California in a'shirtsleeves summit' with U.S. President Barack Obama in June 2013, although this was not considered a formal state visit. In October 2013, Xi attended the APEC Summit in Bali, Indonesia. In March 2014, Xi made a trip to Western Europe visiting the Netherlands, where he attended the Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, followed by visits to France, Germany and Belgium. He made a state visit to South Korea on 4 July 2014 and met with South Korean President Park Geun-hye. Between 14 and 23 July, Xi attended the BRICS leaders' summit in Brazil and visited Argentina, Venezuela, and Cuba. Xi went on an official state visit to India and met with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in September 2014; he visited New Delhi and also went to Modi's hometown"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " in the state of Gujarat. He went on a state visit to Australia and met with Prime Minister Tony Abbott in November 2014, followed by a visit to the island nation of Fiji. Xi visited Pakistan in April 2015, signing a series of infrastructure deals worth $45\u00a0billion related to the China\u2013Pakistan Economic Corridor. During his visit, Pakistan's highest civilian award, the Nishan-e-Pakistan, was conferred upon him. He then headed to Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia, to attend the Afro-Asian Leaders Summit and the 60th Anniversary events of the Bandung Conference. Xi visited Russia and was the guest-of-honour of Russian president Vladimir Putin at the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade to mark the 70th Anniversary of the victory of the allies in Europe. At the parade, Xi and his wife Peng Liyuan sat next to Putin. On the same trip Xi also visited Kazakhstan and met with that country's president Nursultan Nazarbayev, and also met Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus. In September 2015, Xi made his first state visit to the United States. In October 2015, he made a state visit to the United Kingdom, the first by a Chinese leader in a decade. This followed a visit to China in March 2015 by the"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " Duke of Cambridge. During the state visit, Xi met Queen Elizabeth II, British prime minister David Cameron and other dignitaries. Increased customs, trade, and research collaborations between China and the U.K. were discussed, but more informal events also took place including a visit to Manchester City's football academy. In March 2016, Xi visited the Czech Republic on his way to the United States. In Prague, he met with the Czech president, prime minister and other representatives to promote relations and economic cooperation between the Czech Republic and the PRC. His visit was met by a considerable number of protests by Czechs. In January 2017, Xi became the first Chinese paramount leader to plan to attend the World Economic Forum in Davos. On 17 January, Xi addressed the forum in a high-profile keynote, addressing globalization, the global trade agenda, and China's rising place in the world's economy and international governance; he made a series of pledges about China's defense of \"economic globalization\" and climate change accords. Premier Li Keqiang attended the forum in 2015 and Vice-president Li Yuanchao did so in 2016. During the three-day state visit to the country in 2017 Xi also visited the World Health Organization, the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee."}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " On 20 June 2019, Xi visited Pyongyang, becoming the first Chinese leader to visit North Korea since his predecessor Hu Jintao's visit in 2004. On 27 June, he attended the G20 summit in Osaka. On 17 January 2020, Xi visited Myanmar, meeting president Win Myint, state councillor Aung San Suu Kyi and military leader Min Aung Hlaing in Naypyidaw. Between 2020 and 2022, Xi paused foreign travel, speculated to be due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 14 February 2022, Xi visited Astana, Kazakhstan, his first trip overseas since the start of the pandemic, meeting president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. A day later, he visited Uzbekistan to attend the 2022 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit. There he met with Central Asian leaders as well as Russian president Vladimir Putin, his first since Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Between 15 and 16 November 2022, Xi attended the G20 Summit in Bali, meeting numerous world leaders including the US president Joe Biden, Australian prime minister Antony Albanese, French president Emmanuel Macron and South Korean president Yoon Suk-yeol. Between 16 and 19 November, he attended the APEC Summit in Thailand, meeting leaders including Japanese prime minister"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " Fumio Kishida, New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern, Thai prime minister Prayut Chan-o-cha and US vice president Kamala Harris. Between 7 and 10 December, he visited Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, where he met king Salman, and crown prince and prime minister Mohammed bin Salman. He also met with numerous Arab leaders, including members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. During the meeting, he signed numerous commercial deals with Saudi Arabia and formally elevated the relationship to comprehensive strategic partnership, highest level in China's formal ranking of relations with other countries. Between 20 and 22 March 2023, Xi visited Moscow, Russia, in what was his first trip overseas after the 2023 National People's Congress. The visited came at the backdrop of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, as well as an arrest warrant for Russian president Vladimir Putin issued by the International Criminal Court. During the visit, Xi met with Putin, as well as prime minister Mikhail Mishustin. Putin and Xi signed a joint statement vowing to expand ties, and officially promoted a new \"multipolar world\".</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Economic relations. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was unveiled by Xi in September and October 2013 during visits to Kazakhstan and Indonesia, and"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " was thereafter promoted by Premier Li Keqiang during state visits to Asia and Europe. Xi made the announcement for the initiative while in Astana, Kazakhstan, and called it a \"golden opportunity\". BRI has been called Xi's \"signature project\", involving numerous infrastructure development and investment projects throughout Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. BRI was added to the CCP Constitution at the closing session of the 19th Party Congress on 24 October 2017, further elevating its importance. Since the BRI was launched, China became the world's largest lender, lending about $1 trillion in a decade to almost 150 countries. However, by 2022, many BRI projects have stalled, and most of China's debt became held by countries in financial distress, leading the Chinese leaders to adopt a more conservative approach to BRI, dubbed as \"Belt and Road Initiative 2.0\". Xi officially proposed the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in October 2013 during a visit to Indonesia, which officially launched in January 2016. The membership of the AIIB has included numerous countries, including allies of the United States and Western countries, despite opposition from the US. Since its launch until 2022, AIIB has invested $36.43 billion to 190 projects."}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " Xi's tenure has seen a signing of several free-trade deals, including with Australia in 2014, South Korea in 2015, and the larger Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in 2020. Xi has also expressed his interest in China joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), with China formally applying to join in September 2021.</s><s>Leadership.:National security. Xi has devoted a large amount of work towards national security, calling for a \"holistic national security architecture\" that encompasses \"all aspects of the work of the party and the country\". During a private talk with U.S. president Obama and vice president Biden, he said that China had been a target of \"colour revolutions\", foreshadowing his focus on national security. Since its creation by Xi, the National Security Commission has established local security committees, focusing on dissent. In the name of national security, Xi's government has passed numerous laws including a counterespionage law in 2014, national security and a counterterrorism law in 2015, a cybersecurity law and a law restricting foreign NGOs in 2016, a national intelligence law in 2017, and a data security law in 2021. Under Xi, China's mass surveillance network has dramatically grown, with comprehensive profiles being built for each citizen"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ".</s><s>Leadership.:Hong Kong. During his leadership, Xi has supported and pursued a greater political and economic integration of Hong Kong to mainland China, including through projects such as the Hong Kong\u2013Zhuhai\u2013Macau Bridge. He has pushed for the Greater Bay Area project, which aims to integrate Hong Kong, Macau, and nine other cities in Guangdong. Xi's push for greater integration has created fears of decreasing freedoms in Hong Kong. Many of views held by the central government and eventually implemented in Hong Kong were outlined in a white paper published by the State Council in 2014 named \"The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region\", which outlined that the China's central government has \"comprehensive jurisdiction\" over Hong Kong. Under Xi, the Chinese government also declared the Sino-British Joint Declaration to be legally void. In August 2014, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) made a decision allowing universal suffrage for the 2017 election of the chief executive of Hong Kong, but also requiring the candidates to \"love the country, and love Hong Kong\", as well as other measures that ensured the Chinese leadership would be the ultimate decision-maker on the selection"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ", leading to protests, and the eventual rejection of the reform bill in the Legislative Council due to a walk-out by the pro-Beijing camp to delay to vote. In the 2017 chief executive election, Carrie Lam was victorious, reportedly with the endorsement of the CCP Politburo. Xi has supported the Hong Kong Government and Carrie Lam against the protesters in the 2019\u20132020 Hong Kong protests, which broke out after a proposed bill that would allow extraditions to China. He has defended the Hong Kong police's use of force, saying that \"We sternly support the Hong Kong police to take forceful actions in enforcing the law, and the Hong Kong judiciary to punish in accordance with the law those who have committed violent crimes.\" While visiting Macau on 20 December 2019 as part of the 20th anniversary of its return to China, Xi warned of foreign forces interfering in Hong Kong and Macau, while also hinting that Macau could be a model for Hong Kong to follow. In 2020, the NPCSC passed a national security law in Hong Kong that dramatically expanded government clampdown over the opposition in the city; amongst the measures were the dramatic restriction on political opposition and the creation of a central government office outside Hong Kong jurisdiction to oversee the enforcement of the law. This was"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " seem as the culmination of a long-term project under Xi to further closely integrate Hong Kong with the mainland. Xi visited Hong Kong as president in 2017 and 2022, in the 20th and 25th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong respectively. In his 2022 visit, he swore in John Lee as chief executive, a former police officer that was backed by the Chinese government to expand control over the city. While in the city, he said Hong Kong had moved from \"chaos\" to \"stability\". Since John Lee became chief executive, Hong Kong government officials including Lee himself have shown public displays of loyalty towards Xi, similar to the mainland but previously unheard in the city.</s><s>Leadership.:Human rights. According to the Human Rights Watch, Xi has \"started a broad and sustained offensive on human rights\" since he became leader in 2012. The HRW also said that repression in China is \"at its worst level since the Tiananmen Square massacre.\" Since taking power, Xi has cracked down on grassroots activism, with hundreds being detained. He presided over the 709 crackdown on 9 July 2015, which saw more than 200 lawyers, legal assistants and human rights activists being detained. His term has seen the arrest and imprisonment of activists such as Xu Zhiy"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": "ong, as well as numerous others who identified with the New Citizens' Movement. Prominent legal activist Pu Zhiqiang of the Weiquan movement was also arrested and detained. In 2017, the local government of the Jiangxi province told Christians to replace their pictures of Jesus with Xi Jinping as part of a general campaign on unofficial churches in the country. According to local social media, officials \"transformed them from believing in religion to believing in the party\". According to activists, \"Xi is waging the most severe systematic suppression of Christianity in the country since religious freedom was written into the Chinese constitution in 1982\", and according to pastors and a group that monitors religion in China, has involved \"destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers renouncing their faith\". Under Xi, the CCP has embraced assimilationist policies towards ethnic minorities, scaling back affirmative action in the country by 2019, and scrapping a wording in October 2021 that guaranteed the rights of minority children to be educated in their native language, replacing it with one that emphasized teaching the national language. In 2020, Chen Xiaojiang was appointed as head of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, the first Han Chinese head of the body since 1954. On 24 June 2022, Pan Yue, another"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " Han Chinese, became the head of the commission, with him reportedly holding assimilationist policies toward ethnic minorities. Xi outlined his official views relations between the majority Han Chinese and ethnic minorities by saying \"[n]either Han chauvinism nor local ethnic chauvinism is conducive to the development of a community for the Chinese nation\".</s><s>Leadership.:Human rights.:Xinjiang. Following several terrorist attacks in Xinjiang in 2013 and 2014, the CCP leaders help a secret meeting to find a solution to the attacks, leading to Xi to launch the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism in 2014, which involved mass detention, and surveillance of ethnic Uyghurs there. Xi made an inspection tour in Xinjiang between 27 and 30 April in 2014. The program was massively expanded in 2016, after the appointment of Chen Quanguo as the Xinjiang CCP secretary. The campaign included the detainment of 1.8 million people in internment camps, mostly Uyghurs but also including other ethnic and religious minorities, by 2020, and a birth suppression campaign that led to a large drop in the Uyghur birth rate by 2019. Various human rights groups and former inmates have described the camps as \"concentration camps\", where Uyghurs and other minorities have"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " been forcibly assimilated into China's majority ethnic Han society. This program has been called a genocide by some observers, while a report by the UN Human Rights Office said they may amount to crimes against humanity. Internal Chinese government documents leaked to the press in November 2019 showed that Xi personally ordered a security crackdown in Xinjiang, saying that the party must show \"absolutely no mercy\" and that officials use all the \"weapons of the people's democratic dictatorship\" to suppress those \"infected with the virus of extremism\". The papers also showed that Xi repeatedly discussed about Islamic extremism in his speeches, likening it to a \"virus\" or a \"drug\" that could be only addressed by \"a period of painful, interventionary treatment.\" However, he also warned against the discrimination against Uyghurs and rejected proposals to eradicate Islam in China, calling that kind of viewpoint \"biased, even wrong\". Xi's exact role in the building of internment camps has not been publicly reported, though he's widely believed to be behind them and his words have been the source for major justifications in the crackdown in Xinjiang. In the Xinjiang Police Files leaked in 2022, a document quoting Minister of Public Security Zhao Kezhi suggested that Xi had been aware of the internment camps"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ".</s><s>Leadership.:COVID-19 pandemic. On 20 January 2020, Xi commented for the first time on the emerging COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, and ordered \"efforts to curb the spread\" of the virus. He gave premier Li Keqiang some responsibility over the COVID-19 response, in what has been suggested by \"The Wall Street Journal\" was an attempt to potentially insulate himself from criticism if the response failed. The government initially responded to the pandemic with a lockdown and censorship, with the initial response causing widespread backlash within China. He met with Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO), on 28 January. \"Der Spiegel\" reported that in January 2020 Xi pressured Tedros Adhanom to hold off on issuing a global warning about the outbreak of COVID-19 and hold back information on human-to-human transmission of the virus, allegations denied by the WHO. On 5 February, Xi met with Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen in Beijing, the first foreign leader allowed into China since the outbreak. After the COVID-19 outbreak got under control in Wuhan, Xi visited the city on 10 March. After getting"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " the outbreak in Wuhan under control, Xi has favoured what has officially been termed \"dynamic zero-COVID policy\" that aims to control and suppress the virus as much as possible within the country's borders. This has involved local lockdowns and mass-testing. While initially credited for China's suppression of the COVID-19 outbreak, the policy was later criticized by foreign and some domestic observers for being out of touch with the rest of the world and taking a heavy toll on the economy. This approach has especially come under criticism during a 2022 lockdown on Shanghai, which forced millions to their homes and damaged the city's economy, denting the image of Li Qiang, close Xi ally and Party secretary of the city. Conversely, Xi has said that the policy was designed to protect people's life safety. On 23 July 2022, the National Health Commission reported that Xi and other top leaders have taken the local COVID-19 vaccines. At the 20th CCP Congress, Xi confirmed the continuation of the zero-COVID policy, stating he would \"unswervingly\" carry out \"dynamic zero-COVID\" and promising to \"resolutely win the battle,\" though China started a limited easing of the policies in the following weeks. In November 2022,"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " protests broke out against China's COVID-19 policies, with a fire in a high-rise apartment building in \u00dcr\u00fcmqi being the trigger. The protests were held in multiple major cities, with some of the protesters demanding the end of Xi's and the CCP's rule. The protests were mostly suppressed by December, though the government further eased COVID-19 restrictions in the time since. On 7 December 2022, China announced large-scale changes to its COVID-19 policy, including allowing quarantine at home for mild infections, reducing of PCR testing, and decreasing the power of local officials to implement lockdowns.</s><s>Leadership.:Environmental policy. In September 2020, Xi announced that China will \"strengthen its 2030 climate target (NDC), peak emissions before 2030 and aim to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060\". If accomplished, this would lower the expected rise in global temperature by 0.2\u20130.3\u00a0\u00b0C \u2013 \"the biggest single reduction ever estimated by the Climate Action Tracker\". Xi mentioned the link between the COVID-19 pandemic and nature destruction as one of the reasons for the decision, saying that \"Humankind can no longer afford to ignore the repeated warnings of nature.\" On 27 September, Chinese scientists presented a detailed"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " plan how to achieve the target. In September 2021, Xi announced that China will not build \"coal-fired power projects abroad, which was said to be potentially \"pivotal\" in reducing emissions. The Belt and Road Initiative did not include financing such projects already in the first half of 2021. Xi Jinping did not attend COP26 personally. However, a Chinese delegation led by climate change envoy Xie Zhenhua did attend. During the conference, the United States and China agreed on a framework to reduce GHG emission by co-operating on different measures.</s><s>Leadership.:Governance style. Known as a very secretive leader, little is known publicly about how Xi makes political decisions, or how he came to power. Xi's speeches generally get released months or years after they are made. Xi has also never given a press conference since becoming paramount leader, except in rare joint press conferences with foreign leaders. \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that Xi prefers micromanaging in governance, in contrast to previous leaders such as Hu Jintao who left details of major policies to lower-ranking officials. Reportedly, ministerial officials try to get Xi's attention in various ways, with some creating slide shows and audio reports. \"The Wall Street Journal\" also reported that"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " Xi created a performance-review system in 2018 to give evaluations on officials on various measures, including loyalty. According to \"The Economist\", Xi's orders have generally been vague, leaving lower level officials to interpret his words. Chinese state media Xinhua News Agency said that Xi \"personally reviews every draft of major policy documents\" and \"all reports submitted to him, no matter how late in the evening, were returned with instructions the following morning\". Xi called for officials to practice self-criticism which, according to observers, is in order to appear less corrupt and more popular among the people.</s><s>Political positions.</s><s>Political positions.:Chinese Dream. Xi and CCP ideologues coined the phrase \"Chinese Dream\" to describe his overarching plans for China as its leader. Xi first used the phrase during a high-profile visit to the National Museum of China on 29 November 2012, where he and his Standing Committee colleagues were attending a \"national revival\" exhibition. Since then, the phrase has become the signature political slogan of the Xi era. The origin of the term \"Chinese Dream\" is unclear. While the phrase has been used before by journalists and scholars, some publications have posited the term likely drew its inspiration from the concept of the American Dream. \"The Economist"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": "\" noted the abstract and seemingly accessible nature of the concept with no specific overarching policy stipulations may be a deliberate departure from the jargon-heavy ideologies of his predecessors. Xi has linked the \"Chinese Dream\" with the phrase \"great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation\".</s><s>Political positions.:Cultural revival. In recent years, top political leaders of the CCP such as Xi have overseen the rehabilitation of ancient Chinese philosophical figures like Han Fei into the mainstream of Chinese thought alongside Confucianism. At a meeting with other officials in 2013, he quoted Confucius, saying \"he who rules by virtue is like the Pole Star, it maintains its place, and the multitude of stars pay homage.\" While visiting Shandong, the birthplace of Confucius, in November, he told scholars that the Western world was \"suffering a crisis of confidence\" and that the CCP has been \"the loyal inheritor and promoter of China's outstanding traditional culture.\" According to several analysts, Xi's leadership has been characterised by a resurgence of the ancient political philosophy Legalism. Han Fei gained new prominence with favourable citations; one sentence of Han Fei's that Xi quoted appeared thousands of times in official Chinese media at the local, provincial, and national levels. Xi has additionally supported the"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " Neo-Confucian philosopher Wang Yangming, telling local leaders to promote him. Xi has also overseen a revival of traditional Chinese culture, breaking apart from CCP's path, which had often attacked it. He has called traditional culture the \"soul\" of the nation and the \"foundation\" of the CCP's culture. Hanfu, the traditional dress of Han Chinese, has seen a revival under him, associated with the revival of traditional culture.</s><s>Political positions.:Ideology. Xi has said that \"only socialism can save China\". Xi has also declared Deng Xiaoping's socialism with Chinese characteristics to be the \"only correct path to realize national rejuvenation\". According to BBC News, while the CCP was perceived to have abandoned its communist ideology since it initiated economic reforms in the 1970s, Xi is believed by some observers to be more believing in the \"idea of a communist project\", being described as a Marxist\u2013Leninist by former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd. Xi's emphasis on prioritizing ideology has included re-asserting the eventual realization of communism as the Party's goal and reprimanding those who dismiss communism as impractical or irrelevant. Xi described the communist ideal as the \"calcium\" in a Party member's spine, without which the Party member would suffer"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " the \"osteoporosis\" of political decay and be unable to stand upright. Subscribing to the view that socialism will eventually triumph over capitalism, Xi has said \"Marx and Engels's analysis of the basic contradictions of capitalist society is not outdated, nor is the historical materialist view that capitalism is bound to die out and socialism bound to win\". Xi has overseen the increase of \"Socialist Political Economy With Chinese Characteristics\" as a major study topic for academics in China, aiming to decrease the influence of Western-influenced economics. Though he has called a stop to what he considers to be \"disorderly expansion of capital\", he has also said that \"it is necessary to stimulate the vitality of capital of all types, including nonpublic capital, and give full play to its positive role\". Xi has supported greater CCP control over the PRC, saying \"government, the military, society and schools, north, south, east and west \u2013 the party leads them all\". During the 100th anniversary of the CCP in 2021, he said that \"without the Communist Party of China, there would be no new China and no national rejuvenation\", and that \"the leadership of the Party is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics and constitutes the greatest strength"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " of this system\". He has said that China, despite many setbacks, has achieved great progress under the CCP, saying that \"socialism with Chinese characteristics has become the standard-bearer of 21st-century socialist development\". However, he has also warned that it will take a long time for China under the CCP to complete its rejuvenation, and during this timeframe, party members must be vigilant to not let CCP rule collapse. Xi has ruled out a multi-party system for China, saying that \"constitutional monarchy, imperial restoration, parliamentarism, a multi-party system and a presidential system, we considered them, tried them, but none worked\". However, Xi considers China to be a democracy, saying that \"China\u2019s socialist democracy is the most comprehensive, genuine and effective democracy\". China's definition of democracy is different from liberal democracies and is rooted in Marxism\u2013Leninism, and is based on the phrases \"people's democratic dictatorship\" and \"democratic centralism\". Xi has additionally coined the term \"whole-process people's democracy\" which he said was about having \"the people as masters\". Foreign analysts and observers have widely disputed that China is a democracy, saying that it is a one-party authoritarian state and Xi an authoritarian leader. Some observers"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " have called Xi a dictator, citing the large centralisation of power around him unseen compared to his predecessors. Xi has additionally rejected Westernisation as the only way to modernize, instead promoting what he says is \"Chinese-style modernisation\". He has identified five concepts as part of Chinese-style modernisation, including modernisation of a huge population, common prosperity, material and cultural-ethical advancement, harmony between humanity and nature, and peaceful development.</s><s>Political positions.:Ideology.:Document Number Nine. Document No. 9, officially the \u2033Communiqu\u00e9 on the Current State of the Ideological Sphere\u2033, is a confidential internal document widely circulated within the CCP in 2013 by the party's General Office. It was published in July 2012. The document officially warns of promoting seven dangerous Western values: - Western Constitutional Democracy: an attempt to undermine the current leadership and the socialism with Chinese characteristics system of governance; - \"Universal values\" in an attempt to weaken the theoretical foundations of the Party's leadership; - Civil society in an attempt to dismantle the ruling party's social foundation; - Neoliberalism, attempting to change China's Basic Economic System; - West's idea of journalism, challenging China's principle that the media and publishing system should be subject to Party discipline;"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " - Historical nihilism, trying to undermine the history of the CCP and of New China; and - Questioning Reform and Opening and the socialist nature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Although it predates Xi Jinping's formal rise to the top party and state posts, the release of this internal document, which has introduced new topics that were previously not \"off-limits\", was being closely associated with Xi Jinping by \"The New York Times\".</s><s>Political positions.:Ideology.:Xi Jinping Thought. In September 2017, the CCP Central Committee decided that Xi's political philosophies, generally referred to as \"Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era\", would become part of the Party Constitution. Xi first made mention of the \"Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era\" in his opening day speech delivered to the 19th Party Congress in October 2017. His Politburo Standing Committee colleagues, in their own reviews of Xi's keynote address at the Congress, prepended the name \"Xi Jinping\" in front of \"Thought\". On 24 October 2017, at its closing session, the 19th Party Congress approved the incorporation of Xi Jinping Thought into the Constitution of the CCP, while in March 2018, the National People's Congress changed the state constitution"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " to include Xi Jinping Thought. Xi himself has described the Thought as part of the broad framework created around socialism with Chinese characteristics, a term coined by Deng Xiaoping that places China in the primary stage of socialism. In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the Thought is said to be a continuation of Marxism\u2013Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development, as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody \"Marxism adopted to Chinese conditions\" and contemporary considerations. It has additionally been described as the \"21st century Marxism\" by two professors in the Central Party School of the CCP. Wang Huning, a top political adviser and a close ally of Xi, has been described as pivotal to developing Xi Jinping Thought. The concepts and context behind Xi Jinping Thought are elaborated in Xi's \"The Governance of China\" book series, published by the Foreign Languages Press for an international audience. Volume one was published in September 2014, followed by volume two in November 2017. An app for teaching Xi Jinping Thought had become the most popular smartphone app in China in 2019, as the country's ruling CCP launched a new campaign that calls on its cadres to immerse themselves in the political"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " doctrine every day. \"Xuexi Qiangguo\" is now the most downloaded item on Apple's domestic App Store, surpassing in demand social media apps such as WeChat and TikTok. In 2021, the government included Xi Jinping Thought in the curriculum including to students from primary schools to university, which created pushback from parents. For much of the preceding 30 years, political ideology and communist doctrine were not a standard taught in Chinese schools until middle school, and textbooks featured a wider set of Chinese leaders with less emphasis on a single leader like Xi.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Family. Xi's first marriage was to Ke Lingling, the daughter of Ke Hua, China's ambassador to the United Kingdom in the early 1980s. They divorced within a few years. The two were said to fight \"almost every day\", and after the divorce Ke moved to England. In 1987, Xi married the prominent Chinese folk singer Peng Liyuan. Xi and Peng were introduced by friends as many Chinese couples were in the 1980s. Xi was reputedly academic during their courtship, inquiring about singing techniques. Peng Liyuan, a household name in China, was better known to the public than Xi until his political elevation. The couple"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " frequently lived apart due largely to their separate professional lives. Peng has played a much more visible role as China's \"first lady\" compared to her predecessors; for example, Peng hosted U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama on her high-profile visit to China in March 2014. Xi and Peng have a daughter named Xi Mingze, who graduated from Harvard University in the spring of 2015. While at Harvard, she used a pseudonym and studied Psychology and English. Xi's family has a home in Jade Spring Hill, a garden and residential area in north-western Beijing run by the CMC. In June 2012, \"Bloomberg News\" reported that members of Xi's extended family have substantial business interests, although there was no evidence he had intervened to assist them. The \"Bloomberg\" website was blocked in mainland China in response to the article. Since Xi embarked on an anti-corruption campaign, \"The New York Times\" reported members of his family were selling their corporate and real estate investments beginning in 2012. Relatives of highly placed Chinese officials, including seven current and former senior leaders of the Politburo of the CCP, have been named in the Panama Papers, including Deng Jiagui,</s><s>Personal life.:Personality. Peng described Xi as hardworking and down-"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": "to-earth: \"When he comes home, I've never felt as if there's some leader in the house. In my eyes, he's just my husband.\" Xi was described in a 2011 \"Washington Post\" article by those who know him as \"pragmatic, serious, cautious, hard-working, down to earth and low-key\". He was described as a good hand at problem solving and \"seemingly uninterested in the trappings of high office\".</s><s>Public life. It is hard to gauge the opinion of the Chinese public on Xi, as no independent surveys exist in China and social media is heavily censored. However, he is believed to be widely popular in the country. According to a 2014 poll co-sponsored by the Harvard Kennedy School's Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Xi ranked 9 out of 10 in domestic approval ratings. A YouGov poll released in July 2019 found that about 22% of people in mainland China list Xi as the person they admire the most, a plurality, although this figure was less than 5% for residents of Hong Kong. In the spring of 2019, the Pew Research Center made a survey on confidence on Xi Jinping among six-country medians based on Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan,"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " Philippines and South Korea. The survey indicated that a median 29% have confidence in Xi Jinping to do the right thing regarding world affairs, meanwhile a median of 45% have no confidence. These numbers are slightly higher than those of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un (23% confidence, 53% no confidence). A poll by Politico and Morning Consult in 2021 found that 5% of Americans have a favorable opinion of Xi, 38% unfavorable, 17% no opinion and 40%, a plurality, never hearing of him. In 2017, \"The Economist\" named him the most powerful person in the world. In 2018, \"Forbes\" ranked him as the most powerful and influential person in the world, replacing Russian President Vladimir Putin, who had been ranked so for five consecutive years. In 2016 and 2021, Reporters Without Borders, an international non-profit and non-governmental organization with the stated aim of safeguarding the right to freedom of information, included Xi among the list of press freedom predators. Unlike previous Chinese leaders, Chinese state media has given a more encompassing view of Xi's private life, although still strictly controlled. According to Xinhua News Agency, Xi would swim one kilometer and walk every day as long as there was time, and is interested in foreign writers"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": ", especially Russian. He is known to love films and TV shows such as \"Saving Private Ryan\", \"The Departed,\" \"The Godfather\" and \"Game of Thrones,\" also praising the independent film-maker Jia Zhangke. The Chinese state media has also cast him as a fatherly figure and a man of the people, determined to stand up for Chinese interests.</s><s>Honors.</s><s>Honors.:Key to the City. Xi holds a \"key to the city\", an honor granted to attending guests to symbolize their significance, in: - Muscatine, Iowa, United States (26 April 1985) - Montego Bay, Jamaica (13 February 2009) - Muscatine, Iowa, United States (14 February 2012) - (3 June 2013) -, Mexico (5 June 2013) -, Argentina (19 July 2014) -, Czech Republic (29 March 2016) - Madrid, Spain (28 November 2018)</s><s>Honors.:Honorary doctorates. - Nazarbayev University (7 September 2013) - University of Johannesburg (11 April 2019) - Saint Petersburg State University (6 June 2019) - King Saud University (8 December 2022)</s><s>Works. - - - - - - -"}, {"title": "Xi Jinping", "text": " - - - - - -</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Works cited. - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - - - - - includes McGregor, Richard. \"Xi Jinping's Quest to Dominate China.\" \"Foreign Affairs\" 98 (Sept 2019): 18+. - Magnus, George. \"Red Flags: Why Xi's China is in Danger\" (Yale UP, 2018). - - -  Review of comment accompanying Xi's visit. -  Describes Xi Jinping's life. - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Xi Jinping", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000483", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Robert Whittaker (fighter).", "docs": [{"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": "<s>Robert Whittaker (fighter) Robert John Whittaker (born 20 December 1990) is an Australian professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Middleweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he is a former UFC Middleweight Champion. A professional MMA competitor since 2009, Whittaker was a contestant on the first series of \"\" and won the. Whittaker became interim middleweight champion after winning the title at UFC 213; he was promoted to undisputed champion after Georges St-Pierre vacated the UFC Middleweight Championship in 2017. As of January 24, 2023, he is #14 in the UFC men's pound-for-pound rankings, and as of November 15, 2022, he is #2 in the UFC middleweight rankings.</s><s>Background. Whittaker was born at Middlemore Hospital in \u014ct\u0101huhu, Auckland, New Zealand. His father is an Australian of European descent and his mother is of M\u0101ori and Samoan descent. Moving to Australia shortly after, Whittaker's father enrolled Robert, aged seven, and his brother in a Goju-ryu Karate school, to encourage them in self-discipline and self-defence. After training in the discipline for"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": " a little over eight years, and earning his black belt, his father offered him the chance to change to another sport or drop karate entirely. While his brother decided to drop out, Robert chose to switch to a Hapkido gym run by Henry Perez, following his move to Menai. Not long afterwards, Perez transformed his gym into an MMA gym. Having no other choice, Whittaker began training in MMA and was immediately hooked, choosing MMA as his preferred sport over rugby league. Whittaker prefers not to engage in trash-talk outside of the octagon. As he puts it:</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Early career. In 2008 Whittaker signed with Australia's Xtreme Fighting Championships and made his debut 14 March 2009 against fellow pro debutant Chris Tallowin. Whittaker won the fight via TKO in the first round. Whittaker continued his career with Cage Fighting Championships, going 6-0 inside the promotion from 2009 to 2011, with a notable win over fellow \"\" cast member, Ben Alloway. On 30 October 2011 Whittaker lost his first fight when he travelled to Cotai, Macau for Legend Fighting Championships 6: he fought Hoon Kim and lost"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": " via submission in the first round. Whittaker bounced back from the loss and won two consecutive bouts before suffering his second loss to Jesse Juarez, which brought his overall record to 9\u20132.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.:The Ultimate Fighter. In 2012, Whittaker's coach, Henry Perez, put him forward for the first series of, which pitted a team of eight Australians against a team of eight men from the United Kingdom, and he was selected as one of the cast members. In his first fight on the show, Whittaker fought Luke Newman. Whittaker landed a punch flush on the chin of Newman after 19 seconds, knocking him unconscious for several minutes. The win moved him onto the semifinal round. The knockout also earned Whittaker an additional $25,000 for \"Knockout of the Season\". In the semifinal, Whittaker was matched against replacement fighter and fellow Team Australia teammate, Xavier Lucas. Whittaker won via knockout at 1:17 in the first round. The win moved Whittaker into the final round of the competition, which would take place live on.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": " Championship.:Early UFC fights. Whittaker made his UFC debut on 15 December 2012 at UFC on FX 6, which was also known as \"The Ultimate Fighter: The Smashes Finale\". He would fight Brad Scott to determine the welterweight winner of. Whittaker won the fight via unanimous decision to become the first winner of \"The Ultimate Fighter: The Smashes\" alongside Norman Parke, who was the lightweight winner. Whittaker faced Colton Smith on 25 May 2013 at UFC 160. He won the fight by TKO in the third round. Whittaker faced Court McGee on 28 August 2013 at UFC Fight Night 27. He lost the fight via split decision. Whittaker was expected to face Brian Melancon on 7 December 2013 at UFC Fight Night 33. However, Melancon pulled out of the bout citing an injury and subsequently retired. As a result, Whittaker was removed from the card. Whittaker faced Stephen Thompson on 22 February 2014 at UFC 170. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round. Whittaker faced Mike Rhodes on 28 June 2014 at UFC Fight Night 43. He won the fight via unanimous decision.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.:Move to middleweight"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": ". Whittaker faced Clint Hester in a middleweight bout on 8 November 2014 at UFC Fight Night 55. He won the back-and-forth fight via TKO in the second round. The win also earned Whittaker his first \"Fight of the Night\" bonus award. Whittaker faced Brad Tavares on 10 May 2015 at UFC Fight Night 65. He won the fight via knockout in the first round. The win also earned Whittaker his first \"Performance of the Night\" bonus award. Whittaker was expected to face Michael Bisping on 15 November 2015 at UFC 193. However, Bisping pulled out of the fight on 30 September, citing an elbow injury, and was replaced by Uriah Hall. Whittaker defeated Hall by unanimous decision (30\u201327, 30\u201327, and 29\u201328). Whittaker next faced Rafael Natal on 23 April 2016 at UFC 197. Whittaker won the back and forth fight via unanimous decision. Whittaker faced Derek Brunson on 27 November 2016 at UFC Fight Night 101. He won the back and forth fight via first-round TKO. The win also earned him the \"Performance of the Night and\" the \"Fight of the Night bonus awards.\" Whitt"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": "aker faced Ronaldo Souza on 15 April 2017 at UFC on Fox 24. He won by second-round TKO and in the process became the first person to finish Souza since 2008. The win also earned Whittaker his third \"Performance of the Night\" bonus award.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.:UFC Middleweight Champion. Whittaker fought for the interim middleweight title against Yoel Romero on 8 July 2017 at UFC 213, after Michael Bisping announced a nagging knee injury which would go on to keep him on the sidelines for several months. Whittaker won by unanimous decision, and became the first Australian and first New Zealand born fighter to hold a UFC title. This win earned him the \"Fight of the Night\" bonus award. He missed the remainder of 2017, as he was recovering from a medial knee injury to his left leg. On 7 December 2017, then middleweight champion Georges St-Pierre vacated the title after being diagnosed with colitis. As a result, Whittaker was promoted to undisputed champion. He was slated for his first title defence at UFC 221 against former middleweight champion Luke Rockhold on 10 February 2018 at Perth Arena in Australia. On 13 January 2018, it was reported that"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": " Whittaker had pulled out of the event due to an undisclosed injury and would be replaced by Yoel Romero for the interim middleweight championship. The winner of this bout would then face Whittaker in a unification bout. On 20 January 2018, Dana White confirmed that Whittaker was in a serious condition after he was not properly treated from a staph infection in his stomach. A rematch with Romero took place on 9 June 2018 at UFC 225. At the weigh-ins, Romero missed weight, coming in at 186 lbs, 1 pound over the middleweight limit for a title fight. Romero was given additional time to make weight, but he weighed in at 185.2 lbs, 0.2 lbs over the title fight limit. Romero was fined 20% of his fight purse and the fight was contested as a non-title catchweight bout. Whittaker won the fight by a close split decision. Their fight was awarded with 'Fight of The Night' honours. As Romero had failed to make weight, Whittaker received a $100,000 bonus, which would normally have been shared by both fighters. In July 2018, the UFC announced that Whittaker and Kelvin Gastelum had been selected as coaches for Ultimate Fighter 28. On 2 November 2018"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": ", it was announced that Whittaker's next middleweight title defence would be against Kelvin Gastelum, in February at UFC 234. However, Whittaker pulled out of the event a few hours beforehand after he was forced to undergo emergency dual surgery immediately, due to an abdominal hernia of the intestine and a twisted and collapsed bowel. Whittaker faced Israel Adesanya on 6 October 2019 at UFC 243. He lost the bout and the championship via second-round knockout.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.:Post UFC Middleweight Championship. Whittaker was scheduled to face Jared Cannonier on 7 March 2020 at UFC 248. However, on 15 January 2020, it was announced Whittaker pulled out of the bout for undisclosed reasons. In late April 2020, Whittaker revealed in an interview that he withdrew from the bout and training altogether due to burnout. Whittaker faced Darren Till on 26 July 2020 at. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Whittaker faced Jared Cannonier on 24 October 2020 at UFC 254. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Whittaker was scheduled to face Paulo Costa on 17 April 2021 at UFC on ESPN 22. However, on March 16 Costa withdrew from the fight due to"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": " illness, and he was replaced by Kelvin Gastelum. Whittaker won the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award. A rematch between Whittaker and Adesanya for the UFC Middleweight Championship took place on 12 February 2022 at UFC 271. Whittaker lost the bout via unanimous decision. Whittaker was scheduled to face Marvin Vettori June 11, 2022 at UFC 275. However, Whittaker withdrew for undisclosed reasons. The pair was rescheduled to meet at UFC Fight Night 209 on September 3, 2022. Whittaker won the fight via unanimous decision. Whittaker was scheduled to face Paulo Costa on February 12, 2023, at UFC 284. However, Costa disputed the official announcement by the promotion indicating he had never signed a contract and the fight would not take place.</s><s>Freestyle wrestling career. Whittaker began competing in amateur freestyle wrestling tournaments in 2015, when he unexpectedly turned up to compete in the Australia Cup in Canberra. He won each of his three bouts. It was also at the 2015 Australia Cup that Whittaker flagged the possibility of potentially representing Australia in Olympic or Commonwealth wrestling competitions. He returned to the wrestling mat in May 2017 and claimed the Australian National Wrestling"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": " Championships gold medal in the 97\u00a0kg (213\u00a0lbs) division. After winning the national championship, Whittaker entered Australia's 2018 Commonwealth Games 97\u00a0kg qualifying tournament in November 2017. He would once again claim first place in his division and in doing so qualified to represent Australia in the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast, the city in which he made his UFC debut. Following his qualification, Whittaker made it clear he would only compete in the Commonwealth Games if the event did not interfere with his UFC commitments. It was confirmed in March 2018 that Whittaker would be one of eight Australians to compete in the Commonwealth Games wrestling competition in April 2018. However, Whittaker was forced to withdraw from the Games less than three weeks from the event in order not to risk being stripped of his UFC championship title, as the UFC was concerned that an injury incurred during the Commonwealth Games would render him unable to compete for the middleweight championship at UFC 225 against Yoel Romero on 9 June 2018.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:General. - GQ Australia - 2018 GQ Australia Sportsman of the year award</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Mixed martial arts. - Ultimate Fighting Championship - UFC Middleweight"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": " Championship (one time) - Interim UFC Middleweight Championship (one time, first) - First Australian UFC champion - Welterweight Tournament Winner - Knockout of the Season - Fight of the Night (five times) - Performance of the Night (three times) - Superfight Australia - Superfight Australia Welterweight Championship (one time) - MMA Mania.com - UFC/MMA 'Fighter of the Year' 2017 - Top 5 List #2 - Sherdog - 2017 Fighter of the Year - MMA DNA.nl - 2017 Fighter of the Year - 2018 Fight of the Year. - BJPENN.COM - Scrap of the Month for June 2018 - World MMA Awards - 2017 International Fighter of the Year</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Freestyle wrestling. - Australia Cup - Winner - 97\u00a0kg (2015) - Australian National Wrestling Championships - Gold medal - 97\u00a0kg (2017) - Commonwealth Games - Qualified - 97\u00a0kg (2018)</s><s>Personal life. Whittaker and his wife Sofia have three sons, John, Jack and Jace, and a daughter, Lilliana. Whittaker also has legal guardianship of his younger half sister and brothers Kerehi and Henry Matafeo.</s><s>Personal life"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": ".:Representing both Australia and New Zealand. Whittaker once stated in an interview, \"Pretty much all my mother's side is Kiwi and we have a strong Maori heritage. He said further, \"I feel really privileged to have that Maori blood and link to my past. I got my tattoo out of respect to that.\" Whittaker was born in New Zealand and moved to Australia when he was one month old. As stated in an interview, \"My mother wanted to have me back home, so she came back. After I was born we came back to Australia. It's half of who I am, is Maori, and my mum's roots go back to Samoa.\" When asked about his nationality in an interview with the Australian TV programme \"The Project\", he declared that he had an Australian passport but added that he felt as if he represented both countries as an MMA fighter. In an interview with \"GQ Australia\", he stated:</s><s>Personal life.:Youth clinics for community service. Whittaker has held clinics for youths in his spare time at his home gym, Gracie jiu-jitsu at Smeaton Grange, and also visited several remote Australian Indigenous youth communities at inland New South Wales. Through this community service"}, {"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "text": ", he hopes to inspire the younger generation to take up combat sports by being a good role model to them. Whittaker has said \"I want to be a good role model for young up-and-coming athletes, and I want to be a role model to men in general. If I could affect a kid, then this whole journey is amazing. To help them to have some sort of a career path in the sport and fitness industry, and if I could do that for one kid even that would make my day.\"</s><s>Mixed martial arts record.</s><s>Freestyle record.! colspan=\"7\"| Senior Freestyle Matches! Res.! Record! Opponent! Score! Date! Event! Location! style=background:white colspan=7 |! style=background:white colspan=7 |! style=background:white colspan=7 |</s><s>See also. - List of current UFC fighters - List of male mixed martial artists</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000484", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Anurag Kashyap.", "docs": [{"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": "<s>Anurag Kashyap Anurag Kashyap (born 10 September 1972) is an Indian filmmaker and actor known for his works in Hindi cinema. He is the recipient of several accolades, including four Filmfare Awards. For his contributions to film, the Government of France awarded him the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of Arts and letters) in 2013. After writing a television serial, Kashyap got his major break as a co-writer in Ram Gopal Varma's crime drama \"Satya\" (1998) and made his directorial debut with \"Paanch\", which never had a theatrical release due to censorship issues. He then went on to direct \"Black Friday\" (2004), a film based on the by Hussain Zaidi about the 1993 Bombay bombings. Its release was held up for two years by the District Board of Film Certification because of the pending verdict of the case at that time but was released in 2007 to widespread critical appreciation. Kashyap's follow-up, \"No Smoking\" (2007) met with negative reviews and performed poorly at the box-office. His next venture \"Dev.D\" (2009), a modern adaptation of Devdas was a critical and commercial success"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": "; followed by the socio-political drama \"Gulaal\" (2009), and the thriller \"That Girl in Yellow Boots\" (2011). Kashyap's prominence increased with the two-part crime drama, \"Gangs of Wasseypur\" (2012). Kashyap subsequently co-produced the critically acclaimed drama \"The Lunchbox\", and the biographical drama \"Shahid\" (both 2013), the former earned him a BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language nomination. His next films were the anthology \"Bombay Talkies\" (2013), and the drama \"Ugly\" (2014). In 2016, Kashyap directed \"Raman Raghav 2.0\", a film inspired by the serial killer Raman Raghav. His next film was the sports drama \"Mukkabaaz\", which was released in 2018. The same year, he co-directed India's first Netflix Original series, the crime thriller \"Sacred Games\", based on Vikram Chandra's novel of the same name and the romantic drama \"Manmarziyaan\". He is also the co-founder of a film production company, Good Bad Films.</s><s>Early life. Kashyap was born on 10 September 1972 to a Raj"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": "put family in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. His father Sri Prakash Singh is a retired Chief Engineer of the Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited and was posted in Obra Thermal Power Station in Sonbhadra district near Varanasi. He did his early schooling in Green School Dehradun and, age eight onwards, at the Scindia School in Gwalior. Some of the locations used in \"Gangs of Wasseypur\" are also influenced from his own old house where he himself lived with his parents, sister, Anubhuti Kashyap, and brother, Abhinav Kashyap. Abhinav is also a filmmaker, who made his directorial debut with the masala blockbuster, \"Dabangg\" (2010). Anubhuti has been his assistant in most of his films. She made her directorial debut with \"Doctor G\" (2022), a medical campus comedy, starring Ayushmann Khurrana, Rakul Preet Singh, Shefali Shah and Sheeba Chaddha. Owing to his desire to become a scientist, Kashyap went to Delhi for his higher studies and enrolled himself into a zoology course at the"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " Hansraj College (University of Delhi); he graduated in 1993. He then eventually joined the street theatre group, Jana Natya Manch; and did many street plays. The same year, his couple of friends \"urged [him] to catch a de Sica retrospective\" at the International Film Festival of India. In ten days, he saw 55 films at the festival, and Vittorio De Sica's \"Bicycle Thieves\" was the film that influenced him the most.</s><s>Career. After the de Sica experience, Kashyap arrived in Mumbai in 1993 with INR 5,000 in his pocket. Soon the money ran out, and he spent months on the streets, staying in lofts, \"sleeping on beaches,\" \"under a water tank and in the St Xavier's [college] boys hostel.\" He then managed to find work at Prithvi Theatre, but his first play remained incomplete because the director died.</s><s>Career.:Writer and director.</s><s>Career.:Writer and director.:1990\u20131999. In 1995, an acquaintance introduced Kashyap to Shivam Nair. The day they met, Kashyap watched \"Taxi Driver\" (1976) at Nair's place,"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " and the film inspired him to \"write something\". The team of Sriram Raghavan, Sridhar Raghavan and Shiv Subramaniam were working on two projects, one of which was a short TV series, \"Auto Narayan\", based on the life of serial killer Auto Shankar; the second one was a film scripted by Kashyap. \"Auto Narayan\" got delayed because the script written by Subramaniam was not \"working\". Kashyap rewrote the script and got credit for the same, but it was scrapped. In 1997, he wrote the screenplay of Hansal Mehta's first film, \"Jayate\" which failed to find a theatrical release; and episodes of the TV series \"Kabhie Kabhie\" (1997). In 1998, actor Manoj Bajpayee suggested his name to Ram Gopal Varma to write a film. Varma liked Kashyap's \"Auto Narayan\" and hired him, alongside Saurabh Shukla to write the script for his crime film, \"Satya\" (1998). \"Satya\" was a critical and commercial success, and is regarded as one of the best films of Indian cinema. He later collaborated with Varma in"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " scripting \"Kaun\" (1999) and writing dialogues for \"Shool\" (1999). In 1999, he made a short film, titled \"Last Train to Mahakali\" for television.</s><s>Career.:Writer and director.:2000\u20132009. While working with Nair, Kashyap came across files related to the Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders that took place in Pune in 1976, which became the inspiration for his directorial debut \"Paanch\". A crime thriller about a group of five friends of a rock band who turn into criminals. The film faced trouble with the Central Board of Film Certification because the board felt that it dealt unapologetically with sex, drugs and celebrated violence. It was cleared by the Board in 2001, but remains unreleased due to some problems faced by the producer. In these years, he also wrote dialogues for many films including \"Paisa Vasool\" (2004), Mani Ratnam's \"Yuva\" (2004), the Canadian film \"Water\" (2005), \"Main Aisa Hi Hoon\" (2005) and \"Mixed Doubles\" (2006). After a failed attempt to make \"Allwyn Kalicharan\" in 2003, Kashyap started working on \""}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": "Black Friday\", a film based on the by Hussain Zaidi about the 1993 Bombay bombings. The Bombay high court put a stay on the release of the film, until the judgement in the bomb blasts case was delivered. It was decided after a petition filed by a group of 1993 bomb blasts accused, challenging the release of the film based on their case. The film got censorship clearance in 2007, and was released after two years meeting universal acclaim. Nikhat Kazmi gave the film a three star out of five rating and mentioned: \"It was indeed a difficult film to make, yet the director has managed to grapple with all the loose threads and put them together in a composite whole. So much so, the film moves like a taut thriller, without ideology coloring the sepia frames.\" The same year, Kashyap adapted Stephen King's short story \"Quitters, Inc.\" into \"No Smoking\". A surrealistic thriller about a chain-smoker who gets trapped in the maze of a person who guarantees will make him quit smoking. The film starring John Abraham, Ayesha Takia, Ranvir Shorey and Paresh Rawal in the leads with music by Vishal Bhardwaj, premiered at the Rome Film Festival. \"No Smoking\" received an"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " overwhelming negative reception and failed at the box-office. CNN-IBN's Rajeev Masand called it a \"colossal disappointment\". His final release of the year was \"Return of Hanuman\", an animation film about adventures of the Hindu god Hanuman. In 2009, Kashyap had two releases. \"Dev.D\", a contemporary takes on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel \"Devdas\". It was the twelfth film adaptation of the Bengali novel. Starring Abhay Deol who actually pitched the original idea of the film to Kashyap, with Mahie Gill and newcomer Kalki Koechlin portraying the characters of \"Paro\" and Chandramukhi respectively. The film met with generally positive reviews and strong box office results. \"Gulaal\", a political drama, was his final release of that year. Kashyap started working on the film in 2005 and had finished 70\u201380 per cent of the film in 2006, when its producer fell ill. Later on, Zee Motion Pictures took over the project and was finally finished in 2008 and released on 13 March 2009. Anupama Chopra gave the film three stars and referred to Kashyap as \"the Anti-Y"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": "ash Chopra\". Despite positive reviews, the film underperformed at the box office.</s><s>Career.:Writer and director.:2010s. \"Mumbai Cutting\" (2010), an anthology film, was his next directorial venture. It consisted of eleven short films made by eleven directors. He directed one of the short films. It premiered at the 2008 Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles. In 2011, Kashyap directed \"That Girl in Yellow Boots\", a thriller starring Kalki Koechlin who also co-wrote the film with him. The film was screened at many festivals including 2010 Toronto International Film Festival, 67th Venice International Film Festival, Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles and the London Indian Film Festival. Shot in thirteen days, the film was released in September 2011. Roger Ebert gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the character-driven film and the portrayal of its lead alongside the city compared to most Hindi films: \" a film like this provides a radically different view of India than you can find in the pleasures and excesses of Bollywood\". In 2012, Kashyap came up with his ambitious directorial venture \"Gangs of Wasseypur\", which screened at the 2012 Cannes Directors' Fortnight, London Indian"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " Film Festival, Toronto film festival and the Sundance Film Festival in 2013. The film with an ensemble cast, was a two-part crime saga centered on the coal mafia of Dhanbad with the story spanning from the early 1940s to 2009. The first part was released on 22 June, and the second on 8 August 2012, both receiving appreciation from Indian and international critics alike. The combined budget of the two films allowed it to be a box-office success. In 2013, Kashyap directed \"That Day After Everyday\", a 20-minute short film that was released on YouTube; starring Radhika Apte, Geetanjali Thapa and Sandhya Mridul. It showed the story of three working women facing troubles every day, both inside and outside their houses and how they overcome them. Dealing with issues like eve teasing and public molestation, the video got four lakh hits in two days. Speaking about the purpose of the project, Kashyap showed his intention to make people feel angry without offering a solution. The same year he teamed up with Dibakar Banerjee, Zoya Akhtar and Karan Johar to direct \"Murabba\", one of the four segments of anthology film \"Bombay Talkies\"."}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " It was made to celebrate the 100 years of Indian cinema, and was screened at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. The film did not perform well at the box office, but was well received by critics. His next film was \"Ugly\" (2014), a thriller about the kidnapping of a struggling actor's daughter, and the events followed by it. It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, receiving a standing ovation. The film's theatrical release was halted for over a year regarding censorship issues over depiction of smoking in it. Though it was released on 26 December 2014 to generally positive reviews. Kashyap's next release was \"Bombay Velvet\" (2015), a period film set in Bombay in the 1960s, based on Princeton University Historian Gyan Prakash's book \"Mumbai Fables\". It stars Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma and Karan Johar. The film was co-edited by the Academy Award winner editor Thelma Schoonmaker, who is known for her collaboration with Martin Scorsese. Released on 15 May 2015, some critics appreciated its retro-look, performances, styling and music, but criticized its faltered storytelling. It also emerged as a box-office"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " failure. \"Bombay Velvet\" was Kashyap's dream project and its failure was a huge disappointment to him. In an interview with critic Rajeev Masand, Kashyap stated that at one point he wanted to leave India because he felt that people here did not understand his films but then realized that he did not manage the budget of the film. In 2016, Kashyap co-wrote and directed \"Raman Raghav 2.0\", a thriller inspired by the notorious serial killer Raman Raghav. It starred Nawazuddin Siddiqui as the title character along with Vicky Kaushal. The film premiered at the 2016 Sydney Film Festival and the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, in the Director's Fortnight section to a positive response. After working on \"Raman Raghav 2.0\", Kashyap received a script from Vineet Kumar Singh of \"Mukkabaaz\". He did not like the initial script but was excited by a \"10-minute chunk\" that he had not come across before. He then rewrote the script with his team having the 10-minute as a base. Singh trained himself for six months for the film. The film was screened at 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, the Mumbai Film"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " Festival and was released theatrically on 12 January 2018. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV called it \"one of the more important films to have come out of the Mumbai movie industry in recent times.\" In 2018, Kashyap again collaborated with Banerjee, Akhtar and Johar for the anthology film \"Lust Stories\". Based on the theme of lust, it had stories told from the female perspective. Kashyap's story had Radhika Apte and Akash Thosar. The film was released on Netflix on 15 June 2018. It was followed by India's first Netflix Original series, the crime thriller \"Sacred Games\", based on Vikram Chandra's novel of the same name. Kashyap co-directed the series with Vikramaditya Motwane. The show received critical acclaim, with Lincoln Michel of \"GQ\" calling it the \"best Netflix original in years.\" His final directorial venture of the year was \"Manmarziyaan\", a love triangle set in Punjab, starring Abhishek Bachchan, Tapsee Pannu and Vicky Kaushal. Written by Kanika Dhillon, the film was premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in India on"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " 16 September to positive reviews. In December 2019, Kashyap launched the audio web-series titled \"Thriller Factory\" which he directed for Amazon's Audible Suno application. It features voices of Tabu and Nawazuddin Siddiqui.</s><s>Career.:Writer and director.:2020s. The next year, Kashyap reunited with his \"Lust Stories\" team to direct the horror anthology film \"Ghost Stories\". His story was about a pregnant woman going through anxiety. It was released on Netflix on 1 January 2020. He continued his association with Netflix and released his directorial venture \"Choked\" (2020) on the same. Starring Saiyami Kher and Roshan Mathew, the film tells the story of a bank cashier who finds a stash of cash hidden in her kitchen sink. In 2022, Kashyap directed the science fiction thriller \"Dobaaraa\". The film is an official remake of the 2018 Spanish film \"Mirage\"; it opened at the London Indian Film Festival and was released theatrically on 19 August 2022. \"Dobaaraa\" met with mostly positive reviews with Tanul Thakur of \"The Wire\" writing: \"A sharp adaptation, the film is deeper than it"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " cares to admit and never slips into an instructional mode.\" Just months after releasing \"Dobaara\", Kashyap released another directorial venture titled \"Almost Pyaar with DJ Mohabbat\". The musical romantic drama starred Alaya F and debutant Karan Mehta. It had its world premiere at the 2022 Marrakech International Film Festival and the film was released theatrically on 3 February 2023. Anurag Kashyap said in his interview with Baradwaj Rangan at Galatta Plus that he has written 20 films in the Covid-19 Lockdown and been waiting for getting greenlit them as projects.</s><s>Career.:Producer. Kashyap found his production company Anurag Kashyap Films in 2009, which is managed by Guneet Monga. The companies' first film was the critical hit \"Udaan\" (2010), which was screened in the Un Certain Regard category at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. Since then, he has produced a number of projects including \"Shaitan\" (2011), \"Chittagong\" (2012), \"Aiyyaa\" (2012), \"Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana\" (2012) and \"Shorts"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": "\" (2013). He has also co-produced a number of films that have gone on to film festivals, but are yet to release theatrically, including \"Michael\", \"Peddlers\" and \"Monsoon Shootout\". In 2012, Kashyap produced \"The Last Act\", India's first collaborative feature film from twelve directors to make ten-minute short films, with each film being a part of a larger story written by him. In 2013, his company co-produced the critically acclaimed drama \"The Lunchbox\", which was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language; along with the biographical drama \"Shahid\". The same year Kashyap, with Viacom 18 Motion Pictures co-produced five short films with the theme of 'India is Visual Journey'. The short films were \"Moi Marjaani\", \"Chai\", \"Hidden Cricket\", \"Geek Out\" and \"The Epiphany\". He also served as the creative director in the Amitabh Bachchan starrer TV series \"Yudh\" (2014), and subsequently presented two documentary film's, \"The World Before Her\" (2012) and \"Katiyabaaz\" (2014). In 2011 Kashyap co-"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": "founded his director-driven production company Phantom Films with partnership from Vikas Bahl, Vikramaditya Motwane and Madhu Mantena. The companies first film was the period romance \"Lootera\" (2013), starring Ranveer Singh and Sonakshi Sinha. Based O. Henry's short story, \"The Last Leaf\", the film was critically acclaimed. He then went on to collaborate with Karan Johar's Dharma Productions to produce the romantic comedy \"Hasee Toh Phasee\" (2014). The film starring Parineeti Chopra and Sidharth Malhotra was directed by the debutant Vinil Mathew. Kashyap then co-edited and co-produced the comedy drama \"Queen\", starring Kangana Ranaut. The film was a critical and commercial success, it also won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. In 2015, Kashyap co-produced Anushka Sharma's production debut \"NH10\", and the sex comedy \"Hunterrr\". Both films proved to be successes. \"Masaan\", was Phantom's fourth release of the year. The film won the FIPRESCI Award and the Promising Future award at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. The final"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " release of Phantom of 2015 was \"Shaandaar\", which proved to be a box-office flop. In October the same year, Kashyap teamed up with Ridley Scott and Richie Mehta for Google, as the executive producer for the documentary \"India in a Day\". The project was for people across India to film a snapshot of their day and upload it on Google's official website. The following year, Kashyap collaborated again with Ekta Kapoor to produce \"Udta Punjab\" (2016), a crime drama by the director Abhishek Chaubey that documents the substance abuse endemic in the Indian state of Punjab. \"Udta Punjab\" generated controversy when the Central Board of Film Certification demanded extensive censorship before its theatrical release, citing that the portrayal of Punjab in it was negative. After Kashyap filed a lawsuit against the board, the Mumbai High Court cleared the film for exhibition with a single scene cut. His company, Phantom Films, also produced a Gujarati film \"Wrong Side Raju\", that same year. Kashyap co-produced \"Haraamkhor\" (2017), the survival drama \"Trapped\" (2016) and the superhero film \"Bhavesh Joshi Superhero\" ("}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": "2018). Phantom Films was dissolved in October 2018, largely in response to the sexual assault allegation on Vikas Bahl by a former Phantom employee, which was reported in 2015. Kashyap, and the other three founders issued statements on Twitter confirming the company's disbanding and moving on to independent projects. In 2020, Kashyap launched another production company titled Good Bad Films with partnership from Dhruv Jagasia and Akshay Thakker. Their maiden production was \"Choked.\"</s><s>Career.:Actor. Kashyap has made cameo appearances in his films and those of others, including \"Black Friday\", \"No Smoking\", \"Tera Kya Hoga Johnny\" (2008), \"Luck by Chance\" (2009), \"Dev.D\", \"Gulaal\", \"Soundtrack\" (2011), \"Trishna\" (2011), \"Bhoothnath Returns\" (2014), \"Happy New Year\" (2014) and \"I Am\" (2010), playing a child abuser. The same year, he played a police officer in the short film \"Encounter\" (2010), co-starring Nimrat Kaur. In 2011, he playing the full-fledged role of the antagonist Bunty Bhaiya in Tig"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": "manshu Dhulia's crime thriller \"Shagird\" (2011). In 2016, Kashyap starred in AR Murugadoss's \"Akira\", starring Sonakshi Sinha; where he played the role of a corrupt police officer. In 2017, he acted in the short film titled \"Chhuri\", alongside Tisca Chopra and Surveen Chawla. He also played the role of the antagonist in the Tamil-language thriller \"Imaikkaa Nodigal\" (2018) directed by R. Ajay Gnanamuthu. In 2020, Kashyap played an exaggerated version of himself in \"AK vs AK\" directed by Vikramaditya Motwane, opposite Anil Kapoor. He also wrote the dialogues and served as one of the executive producers.</s><s>Personal life. Kashyap was first married to film editor Aarti Bajaj, with whom he has a daughter, Aaliyah Kashyap. They divorced in 2009. He later married actress Kalki Koechlin, whom he first met during the making of \"Dev D\", at her maternal home in Ooty. In 2013, Kashyap and Koechlin announced that:"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " \"they are taking time apart from their more than two-year-old marriage.\" In May 2015, they were divorced at the Bandra family court in Mumbai. When asked about his religious views, Kashyap replied: \"I am an atheist. Cinema is the only religion I believe in.\" On 3 March 2021, the Income Tax Department raided 28 locations in Mumbai and Pune in connection with tax evasion by firm Phantom Films connected to Anurag Kashyap. Income Tax Department said it found discrepancy of around \u20b9300 crore which the Kashyap company official have not been able to explain.</s><s>Style, themes and influences. Kashyap is regarded as an auteur and is credited for pioneering India's indie scene in the early 2000s. While promoting \"Bombay Talkies\" in Anupama Chopra's show, Dibakar Banerjee described Kashyap's aesthetics as \"purely new age or purely Indian\"; projecting \"modern post independence India\" in his films. He prefers shooting on real locations by employing guerrilla-filmmaking techniques with hidden cameras, and often makes his actors improvise their dialogues on set. In \"Ugly\", he did not show the script to any of the lead actors."}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " He frequently uses hand-held camera and experimental soundtracks. Film maker Zoya Akhtar wrote: \"He has a very strong storytelling style and he proved that you could tell a great story with not a lot of money.\" Actor Ranbir Kapoor said, \"All his films may not be big money spinners but the impact Anurag has, his contribution to Indian cinema, is immense.\" Canadian film critic and festival programmer Cameron Bailey has called Kashyap as \"one of the most knowledgeable filmmaker\". The protagonists of his films often deal with excessive drug, smoke or alcohol consumption, personal guilt, extreme rage and arrogance which leads them into self-shattering situations. Often portrays small but strong female characters. Most of his films deal with realistic scenarios and take clues from real incidents. Like the 1976\u201377 Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders reference in \"Paanch\", the 1993 Mumbai bombing in \"Black Friday\", the 1999 Delhi hit-and-run case and DPS MMS Scandal in \"Dev.D\" and the depiction of real life gang wars in \"Gangs of Wasseypur\". \"Ugly\" came from his \"personal guilt\" of not spending enough time with his daughter and the fear of losing her. With several real-"}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": "life incidents like IAS officer whose wife filed a case of brutality against him. A song \"Sylvia\" in \"Bombay Velvet\" was named after the Nanavati case, where Sylvia Nanavati was K. M. Nanavati's wife. Kashyap's work inspired British director Danny Boyle, who has cited \"Black Friday\" and \"Satya\" as the inspirations for his Academy Award-winning film \"Slumdog Millionaire\" (2008). Boyle stated that a chase in one of the opening scenes of \"Slumdog Millionaire\" was based on a \"12-minute police chase through the crowded Dharavi slum\" in \"Black Friday\". He also described \"Satya\" \"slick, often mesmerizing\" portrayal of the Mumbai underworld, which included gritty and realistic \"brutality and urban violence,\" directly influenced the portrayal of the Mumbai underworld in \"Slumdog Millionaire\".</s><s>Awards and honours. On 20 May 2013, Kashyap was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters) by the French government at 2013 Cannes Film Festival, when India was the guest country of the festival to commemorate 100 years of Indian cinema."}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " He has also served as one of the jury members at many film festivals including the 2009 Venice Film Festival, 2013 Sundance Film Festival, 13th Marrakech Film Festival, and the 20th Busan International Film Festival. In 2016, Kashyap was awarded with Yash Bharti Award by the Government of Uttar Pradesh for his contribution in the field of cinema. In 1999, Kashyap shared the Screen Award for Best Screenplay, along with Saurabh Shukla for \"Satya\". The next year, his short film \"Last Train to Mahakali\" won the Special Jury Award at the same awards. His feature film debut \"Black Friday\" won the \"Grand Jury Prize\" at the 3rd Annual Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles, and was a nominee for the Golden Leopard (Best Film) Award at the 57th Locarno International Film Festival. In 2011, Kashyap shared the Best Story and Best Screenplay Award at the 56th Filmfare Awards with Vikramaditya Motwane for \"Udaan\". The next year he shared the Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue with Zeishan Quadri, Sachin Ladia and Akhilesh Jaiswal for \"Gangs of Wasseypur\""}, {"title": "Anurag Kashyap", "text": " at the 58th Filmfare Awards; the film also won the Critics Award Best Movie at the same award show. At the 60th Filmfare Awards, Kashyap won the Filmfare Award for Best Editing with Abhijit Kokate for \"Queen\".</s><s>Filmography. Directed features</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Anurag Kashyap", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000485", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Vijay (actor).", "docs": [{"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": "<s>Vijay (actor) Vijay Chandrasekhar (born 22 June 1974), known professionally as Vijay, is an Indian actor and singer who works predominantly in Tamil cinema. He is among the highest paid actors in India and has featured in \"Forbes India\"'s Celebrity 100 list since 2012. He has played the lead in 66 films and the \"International Business Times\" framed him as a \"consistent performer\". Referred to as \"Thalapathy\", Vijay has a significant following internationally. He has won several awards, including a South Indian International Movie Award.</s><s>Early life and family. Vijay was born as Joseph Vijay Chandrasekhar in a Tamil speaking family on 22 June 1974 in Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu. His father S. A. Chandrasekhar is a Tamil film director and his mother Shoba Chandrasekhar is a playback singer and carnatic vocalist. His father is of Christian descent and his mother is Hindu. Vijay was baptised at the age of 12. Vijay had a sister, Vidhya, who died when she was two years old. Initially attending Fathima Matriculation Higher Secondary School at Kodambakkam, Vijay later joined the Balal"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": "ok Matriculation Higher Secondary School at Virugambakkam and went on to pursue a degree in Visual Communications from Loyola College. While studying, at the age of 18, he asked his father if \"he would launch him\".</s><s>Film career.</s><s>Film career.:1984\u20132003: Child actor and transition into lead roles. At the age of 10, Vijay started his film career as a child actor in \"Vetri\" (1984), making his first paycheck of 500 rupees paid for by actor-and-producer P. S. Veerappa. He then performed as a child actor in films such as \"Kudumbam\" (1984), \"Vasantha Raagam\" (1986), \"Sattam Oru Vilayaattu\" (1987) and \"Ithu Engal Neethi\" (1988). He also performed in \"Naan Sigappu Manithan\" (1985) as a co-star to Rajinikanth, who was the lead actor. Vijay started to play lead roles at the age of 18 starting with \"Naalaiya Theerpu\" (1992). Vijay then appeared in the films \"Sendhoorapandi\", \""}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": "Rasigan\", \"Deva\" and \"Coimbatore Mappillai.\" They were commercially successful, though not critically acclaimed. In 1996, Vijay performed in the Vikraman-directed \"Poove Unakkaga\", which he states gave him his \"initial breaks\" and caused his popularity to \"reach great heights\". In 1997, Vijay acted in \"Kaalamellam Kaathiruppen\" which received positive response from critics, and \"Love Today,\" which was applauded by audiences. He also starred in the films \"Nerrukku Ner\", \"Kadhalukku Mariyadhai\", \"Ninaithen Vandhai\", \"Priyamudan\" and \"Thulladha Manamum Thullum\" which released to positive reviews and were commercially successful. He then performed in \"Nilaave Vaa\". This was followed by the films \"Endrendrum Kadhal\", \"Nenjinile,\" and \"Minsara Kanna\". In 2000, he performed in \"Kannukkul Nilavu\", which was Vijay's 25th critically successful film, alongside two commercially successful romance films, \"Kushi\" and \"Priyamaanavale\". His"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": " next successful films were \"Friends,\" \"Badri\" and \"Shahjahan.\" In 2002, he starred in the action film \"Thamizhan\" alongside Hindi actress Priyanka Chopra. Later, he featured in the romantic film \"Youth\" and the action film \"Bagavathi\". Vijay began 2003 with the comedy film \"Vaseegara\" and the supernatural film \"Pudhiya Geethai\".</s><s>Film career.:2003\u20132011: Star status in Tamil cinema. Following the action-romance flick \"Thirumalai\" in 2003\",\" \"Ghilli\", a film directed by S. Dharani and produced by A. M. Rathnam, was released. It co-starred Trisha and Prakash Raj with Vijay as the lead. \"Ghilli\" was the first Tamil film of all time to gross over 500 million, or 50 crore, in the domestic box office. The film grossed nearly $500,000 in the Malaysian market. \"Ghilli\" also broke the record for the most people seeing a movie in the first week of its release, previously held by M. G. Ramachandran's \"Adimai Penn\" (1969"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": "). \"Ghilli\" received favourable reviews. \"The Hindu\" stated that \"Vijay, the hero whom the masses today identify with, and Prakash Raj, the inimitable villain in tow, this flick, \"Ghilli\"...on a winning track\". \"Ghilli\" was followed by commercially successful films \"Madhurey\" and \"Thirupaachi\" in 2005. Later, Vijay starred in the commercially and critically successful films \"Sachein\", \"Sivakasi\" and \"Pokkiri\". \"Pokkiri\" was one of the highest-grossing films in his career at that time. In late 2007, Vijay starred in the romantic thriller film \"Azhagiya Tamil Magan\", where he played the role of the protagonist and antagonist at the same time. \"Azhagiya Tamil Magan\" collected $1.043 million overseas, a top grosser at overseas box offices in 2007. \"Screen Daily, a\" British magazine, reported that \"Azhagiya Tamil Magan\" had entered the top ten Asian films box office hit chart in Malaysia in 2007. Barring the commercially successful \"Vettaikaaran\" (2009), all of his subsequent releases"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": " from \"Azhagiya Tamil Magan\", \"Kuruvi\" and \"Villu\" were average successes; all three films were more successful overseas. In 2009, Vijay became one of the highest paid actors in South India. In 2010, he acted in the action comedy film \"Sura\", which was a box office failure. Sura was Vijay's 50th film as a lead actor. In early 2011, Vijay joined up with director Siddique for the romantic comedy \"Kaavalan.\" It received positive responses from both viewers and critics, with a box office collection of 102 crore worldwide. \"Kaavalan\" was screened at the Shanghai International Film Festival in China. \"Kaavalan\" was a commercial success in China. During Diwali the same year, his next film, the action film \"Velayudham\", directed by M. Raja and produced by Venu Ravichandran, was released. \"Velayudham\" became one of the top-grossing films of 2011. \"Velayudham\" was a critical success among Japanese audiences.</s><s>Film career.:2012\u2013present: Increased critical and commercial success globally. Vijay's next release in 2012 was \"Nanban\". \"Nan"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": "ban\" was screened at the Melbourne International Film Festival in Australia. Vijay's performance in the film received critical acclaim. \"Nanban\" went on to have a 100-day theatrical run. \"The Indian Express\" reported the film \"Nanban\" grossed 150 crore at the box office. The action thriller \"Thuppakki\", directed by A. R. Murugadoss and produced by S. Dhanu, was released on Diwali 2012 to positive reviews. The film became the third Tamil film to enter the 1 billion club domestically. \"Thuppakki\" became the highest-grossing film of Vijay's career at the time, and the first of his films to gross over 1,800,000,000. \"Thuppakki\" was screened at the Russian film festival. His next film \"Thalaivaa\", directed by A. L. Vijay, was released on 9 August 2013 worldwide to mixed reports, and had a delayed release in Tamil Nadu. \"Thalaivaa\" was overall a box office failure. The film \"Jilla\" released in 2014 and ended up as a box office hit. Vijay again worked with AR Murugadoss in the action thriller \"Kathth"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": "i\". The film released to critical acclaim. The \"Los Angeles Times\" called \"Kaththi\" a \"success in style\". \"Kaththi\" collected 130 crore at the box office. It was the second-highest-grossing Tamil film of 2014. In 2015, the fairy tale fantasy film \"Puli\" was released, directed by Chimbu Deven. \"Puli\" received mixed reviews from critics, though Vijay was praised for venturing into a new genre. \"Puli\" was one of the highest-grossing films of 2015 in its entire run. The film's satellite rights and distribution rights were sold for 100 crore. Since director Deven is a cartoonist, the film's half-demon theme was partially based on Japanese hit anime manga series \"Inuyasha\", similar to which, Vijay played a \"Tiger-demon\" with tiger's teeth and blue eyes. \"The Sydney Morning Herald\" stated Vijay excels as a \"Tiger-demon\" in the film. \"IB Times\" reported \"Puli\" was successful in foreign markets and is regarded as one of the Indian films that took the standard to an international level. The action-thriller \"Theri\" directed by Atlee"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": " was released in April 2016 to mixed reviews from critics and audiences, with one reviewer criticizing the actor's performance and the \"predictable\" storyline. It was the second-highest-grossing Tamil film of 2016 and Vijay's second film to gross over 1,710,000,000. In 2017, the masala film \"Bairavaa\" was released. It received mixed reviews and it collected 115 crore at the box office. His 61st film, the action thriller \"Mersal\", was directed by Atlee and released Diwali of 2017. It was both a critical and commercial success, becoming the first of Vijay's films to gross over 2.5 billion. The film was also released in Japan in the cities of Tokyo, Ebina, Osaka and Nakaya. For his role in \"Mersal\", Vijay was nominated for Best Actor at the National Film Awards UK in 2018. The film won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the same event. The film was Vijay's third film to be released in China after \"Kaavalan\" (2011) and \"Puli\" (2015). The film was also screened at the Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival in South Korea. In 2018 the political film \"Sark"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": "ar\" was released with Vijay in the lead role, directed by AR Murugadoss. Keerthi Suresh played the female supporting role, it being her second collaboration with Vijay after \"Bairavaa\". Following its release on Diwali 2018, \"Sarkar\" broke several collection records and entered the 100 Crore Club within two days. \"The Hollywood Reporter\" mentioned Vijay as a man with \"swag\" in the film. \"Sarkar\" was his second film to gross over 2.5 billion. \"Sarkar\" was released in Spain and screened in France and Japan. \"Bigil\" was released in 2019, directed by Atlee, is a football action film. Vijay underwent \"special training\" for his role in the film. \"Bigil\" was Vijay's last film of the decade. \"Bigil\" received mixed reviews from critics, but Vijay was praised for the portrayal of his characters within the film. It was a commercial success, collecting more than 300 crore, became both the highest-grossing Tamil film of 2019\u2014within three months of its release\u2014and the highest-grossing film of Vijay's career. \"Bigil\" was also the first Tamil"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": " film released in Egypt and Jordan. In 2020, \"Bigil\" was the first Tamil film re-released in Germany. During the same year, Lokesh Kanagaraj was selected as the director of Vijay's film \"Master\" produced by Xavier Britto. \"Master\" was originally scheduled to be released on 9 April 2020, however, it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was released on 13 January 2021 in theatres. \"Master\" was the highest-grossing film in United Arab Emirates (UAE) with a box office collection of $1.4 million within two days, surpassing the Hollywood releases \"Wonder Woman 1984\" and \"Tenet\" within the same country. It was the first Indian film to periodically hold the number one spot globally for its year. The film was screened at the International film festival of Alberta, Canada. Upon release, it received both mixed to positive reviews from viewers and critics. \"Eastern Eye, a\" British magazine, called \"Master\" \"an entertaining massy action film\" but stated that \"the runtime is a bit long\". The film collected 300 crore worldwide and it was declared as a box office hit. The combined gross earnings of \"Mersal\", \"Sark"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": "ar\", \"Bigil\" and \"Master\" was determined to be over 1000 crore according to trade analysts. The dark comedy action film \"Beast\" released theatrically on 13 April 2022 worldwide. \"Beast\" received mixed reviews from critics. Roger Ebert, an American film critic website, reviewed the film \"Beast\" with 3/5 stars and called \"Vijay as a multifaced tiger with a multifaceted avatar\". \"Beast\" was the highest grossing Tamil film in US premiere shows. \"Beast\" made box office collection records in the international markets of New Zealand, Australia and Singapore. The film was commercially successful, collecting 250 crore worldwide, and was one of the most viewed films on Netflix globally in 2022. It was the first Tamil film released theatrically in Uzbekistan. The action drama film \"Varisu\" was produced by Telugu film producer Dil Raju and directed by Vamshi Paidipally. Thaman S composed music and background score for the film. \"Varisu\" released theatrically worldwide on 11 January 2023 to polarizing reviews. \"Varisu\" collected 300 crore at the box office. His upcoming project\", Leo\" is directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj, in his second collaboration with Vijay"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": ". It is scheduled to release on 19 October 2023 in theatres worldwide. The film's soundtrack was composed by Anirudh, in his fourth collaboration with Vijay. \"Leo\" will release in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu and Kannada. His 68th film will be a science-fiction directed by Pradeep Ranganathan.</s><s>Personal life. Vijay married Sangeetha Sornalingam, a Sri Lankan Tamil whom he met in the United Kingdom, on 25 August 1999. They have two children. Vijay's son made a cameo appearance with his father in \"Vettaikaaran\" (2009) and his daughter portrayed a small role as her father's pre-teen daughter in \"Theri\" (2016). On 5 February 2020, the Income Tax Department raided Vijay's residence in Chennai and inquired about potential tax evasion, making note of his investment in immovable properties, which he inherited from the production studio AGS Entertainment. It was reported that Vijay and AGS Entertainment producer Anbu Cheliyan were suspected of undisclosed payments and alleged tax fraud. Nearly 65 crore was seized by the officials from Cheliyan's residence. The investigation took place while Vijay was shooting for his film \"Master"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": "\" in Cuddalore. On 12 March, officials stated that nothing significant was found during the raid. Opponents of the Bharatiya Janata Party accused them of politically targeting Vijay through such raids because he was critical of the them on demonetization and Goods and Services Tax (India) in the film \"Mersal\". On 13 July 2021, the Madras High Court dismissed a writ petition filed by Vijay in 2012 seeking exemption of the Entry Tax for his Rolls-Royce Ghost car that was imported from England. It imposed a fine of \u20b91 lakh which was allotted to the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister's Public COVID relief fund. Justice S.M. Subramaniam said that Vijay's fan base considers him as a hero and he was expected to be one instead of a \"reel\" hero, further calling it an anti-national habit. On 15 July 2021, Vijay filed an appeal against defamatory statements made by the judge against him in Madras High court. On 20 July 2021, Vijay's appeal against the tax exemption case issue and defamatory statements was moved to a different tax bench sector of the court. On 27 July 2021, a two-judge bench of Madras High court stayed"}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": " the earlier passed order by Judge S.M. Subramaniam that included the critical remarks and also stayed the order of a \u20b91 lakh fine amount. On 25 January 2022, the court dismissed and removed the defamatory critical statements made by Judge S.M. Subramaniam against Vijay. On 15 July 2022, the court declared that no fine should be imposed on the car imported by since he had paid the full entry tax before January 2019, closing out the case in the process.</s><s>Personal life.:Wealth. As of 2021, Vijay's net worth is 4200 million or 420 crore. Vijay earned a 100 crore salary for \"Beast\", and also earned an estimated 120 crore\u2014150 crore for \"Varisu\", marking him among the highest paid Indian actors.</s><s>Artistry and honours. Vijay's wax figures were unveiled in several parts of India, especially in Kanyakumari Museum. The \"Arabic Kuthu\" music dance video from the film \"Beast\" garnered 20 million views in 1 day. The song \"Ranjithame\" from \"Varisu\" was well received in Pakistan and Bangladesh. News 18 describes Vijay as a \"versatile actor\" and a \""}, {"title": "Vijay (actor)", "text": "fantastic playback singer, dancer and philanthropist\". Odisha TV reported that \"While fans are crazy for [Vijay's] movies, he has a set of dedicated audience who enjoy his dance moves\". Zee media reported that Vijay amazed audiences with his acting and screen presence. \"The Times of India\" labelled Vijay's dance moves in his film songs as \"energetic and effortless\". Vijay received an honorary doctorate from the Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute in 2007 in honour of his achievements in the film industry. Vijay was awarded the 'Best International Actor of 2018' in the United Kingdom for \"Mersal\".</s><s>See also. - List of dancers</s><s>Further reading. -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Vijay (actor)", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000486", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kajal Aggarwal.", "docs": [{"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": "<s>Kajal Aggarwal Kajal Aggarwal (born 19 June 1985) is an Indian actress and model who mainly appears in Telugu and Tamil language films, in addition to a few Hindi films. Aggarwal has worked in more than 50 films and also received two South Indian International Movie Awards. Aggarwal made her acting debut with the 2004 Hindi film \"Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...\" and had her first Telugu film release in 2007, \"Lakshmi Kalyanam\". In the same year, she starred in the box office hit \"Chandamama\", which earned her recognition. The 2009 Telugu fantasy action film \"Magadheera\" marked a turning point in her career, earning her critical acclaim. It ranks among the highest-grossing Telugu films of all time and fetched her Best Actress nominations at several award ceremonies including South Filmfare Awards. She subsequently starred in Telugu films such as \"Darling\" (2010), \"Brindavanam\" (2010), \"Mr. Perfect\" (2011), \"Businessman\" (2012), \"Naayak\" (2013), \"Baadshah\" (2013), \"Govindudu Andarivadele\" (2014"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": "), \"Temper\" (2015) and \"Khaidi No. 150\" (2017). Kajal also played the female lead in the high-profile Tamil projects \"Naan Mahaan Alla\" (2010), \"Maattrraan\" (2012), \"Thuppakki\" (2012), \"Jilla\" (2014), \"Vivegam\" (2017) and \"Mersal\" (2017). She made a comeback to Hindi cinema with \"Singham\" (2011), which was a hit, while another film \"Special 26\" (2013) was also a box office success. In 2020, a wax figure of Aggarwal was put on display at Madame Tussauds Singapore, making it the first of an actress from South Indian cinema.</s><s>Early life and education. Aggarwal was born and raised in a Punjabi Hindu family settled in Bombay (present-day Mumbai). Her father Suman Aggarwal, is an entrepreneur in the textile business and her mother Vinay Aggarwal is a confectioner, and also Kajal's business manager. Kajal has a younger sister Nisha Aggarwal, an actress in Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam cinema. Aggarwal"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " studied at St. Anne's High School, Fort, Mumbai, and completed her pre-university education at Jai Hind College. She pursued her graduation in mass media, with specialisation in marketing and advertising, from Kishinchand Chellaram College. Having harboured MBA dreams all through her growing years, she intends to achieve a post-graduation degree soon.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Film debut and struggles (2004\u201308). Aggarwal made her acting debut in the 2004 Bollywood film \"Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...\", in which she had a minor supporting role. Aggarwal made her debut in Telugu and played her first leading role in 2007 in Teja's \"Lakshmi Kalyanam\", alongside Kalyan Ram; it did not fare well at the box office. Later that year, she appeared in the Krishna Vamsi-directed \"Chandamama\", which opened to positive reviews and became her first major successful film. In 2008, she had her first Tamil film release, Perarasu's action entertainer \"Pazhani\", opposite Bharath. She had one more Tamil release that year with Venkat Prabhu's comedy-thriller \"S"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": "aroja\", in which she did a guest appearance. Although the film went on to become a commercial as well as a critical success, the film failed to boost her career as her role was too insignificant. Her Telugu releases \"Pourudu\" and \"Aatadista\" opposite Sumanth and Nitin, respectively, did not receive positive reviews, but both were successful at the box office.</s><s>Career.:Public recognition and critical acclaim (2009\u201311). Aggarwal had four releases in 2009. She first starred opposite Vinay Rai in the Tamil film \"Modhi Vilayadu\", which garnered mixed reviews and was a financial failure. She then appeared in the high budget Telugu historical drama \"Magadheera\", alongside Ram Charan Teja, which saw her playing double roles for the first time. The film, directed by S. S. Rajamouli, received overwhelming critical acclaim, while Aggarwal, in particular, was praised for her portrayal of a princess. Aggarwal was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in Telugu and nominated for the award for Best Telugu Actress in the South Scope Awards for her performance. It was highly successful commercially and broke several records, emerging as the highest"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": "-grossing Telugu film of all time. \"Magadheera\" success turned Aggarwal into one of the most sought-after actresses in Telugu cinema. It was released again in Tamil as \"Maaveeran\" in 2011, and was also successful at the box office. Her subsequent releases \"Ganesh Just Ganesh\", opposite Ram and \"Arya 2\" opposite Allu Arjun received mixed reviews from critics, while her performance garnered positive feedback. Aggarwal's first 2010 release was A. Karunakaran's romantic comedy \"Darling\", which featured her alongside Prabhas and received a favourable response, becoming a commercial success at the box office, with Kajal receiving her second Filmfare nomination for Best Actress. Later that year, Aggarwal appeared in the Tamil thriller film \"Naan Mahaan Alla\", opposite Karthi, which was based on a real-life incident and opened to positive reviews. It was a box office success. The chemistry between Karthi and Aggarwal was widely praised. It was later dubbed in Telugu as \"Naa Peru Siva\" in Andhra Pradesh and was a success. Aggarwal's final release in 2010 was another romantic comedy \"Brind"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": "avanam\" opposite Jr. NTR and Samantha, which received critical acclaim and went on to become a commercial success, while fetching Aggarwal the CineMAA Award for Best Actress. In 2011, Aggarwal was paired with Prabhas for the second time in the romantic comedy \"Mr. Perfect\", directed by Dasaradh. The film became a critical and commercial success. Aggarwal's performance as a conservative doctor and her chemistry with Prabhas was praised by critics. Aggarwal received her third Filmfare nomination for Best Actress in Telugu for her performance. In May, she appeared in \"Veera\", replacing Anushka Shetty and starring opposite Ravi Teja for the first time. The film received moderate reviews. In July that year, Aggarwal made her Bollywood comeback after seven years with a leading role in the police story \"Singham\", a remake of the same-titled 2010 Tamil film, opposite Ajay Devgn. It received mixed reviews from critics, as did her portrayal of a Goan girl Kavya Bhosle, with critics stating that Aggarwal had not much to offer in the hero-centric film. Komal Nahta noted that \"Kaajal Aggarwal acts"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " with effortless ease. Her performance is good\", while Filmfare wrote that \"Kajal who looks pretty and has done what she has been told to, but probably deserved a meatier debut\". Nevertheless, the film was a hit at the box office. She was nominated for two awards for her performance: the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut and the Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut. Aggarwal finished 2011 with the Telugu film \"Dhada\", opposite Naga Chaitanya, which failed at the box office.</s><s>Career.:Commercial success (2012\u201314). In early 2012, Aggarwal appeared in the Telugu gangster film \"Businessman\", alongside Mahesh Babu, directed by Puri Jagannadh. A Sankranthi release, it opened to positive reviews and was a commercial success. Aggarwal's performance, though limited, was praised by critics. Aggarwal made a comeback to Tamil cinema later that year with two high-profile action flicks. The first was \"Maattrraan\", directed by K. V. Anand and starring Suriya. The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Her performance was well received; a review carried by \""}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": "The Indian Express\" summarised: \"Kajal does with utmost sincerity as the foreign language translator Anjali. It's this trait and her graceful demeanour which makes Kajal a pleasant watch\". The second was A. R. Murugadoss's \"Thuppakki\", starring Vijay, in which she played a boxer. It received mostly positive reviews from the critics and was a major commercial success, becoming the second Tamil film ever to collect over. Her final release in 2012 was the Telugu romance film \"Sarocharu\", opposite Ravi Teja for the second time. Although her performance was praised by critics, the film received poor reviews and did below-average business at the box office. In early 2013, Aggarwal starred in V. V. Vinayak's action film \"Naayak\", opposite Ram Charan Teja and Amala Paul. Upon release, it received positive reviews and was a major commercial success. Also that year, she starred in the Hindi film \"Special 26\", a heist drama directed by Neeraj Pandey. It went on to be a major critical and commercial success. She later appeared in Srinu Vaitla's \"Baadshah\", opposite Jr. N"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": "TR for the second time in her career. Upon its release, critics appreciated her performance. \"The Times of India\" commented: \"Kajal is as usual an eye-candy. She's got a good role and has done justice to her performance. Also she looks stunning in the songs.\" The film was a financial success. Her final release in 2013 was \"All in All Azhagu Raja\", opposite Karthi, which released on Diwali to negative reviews from critics. In early 2014, Aggarwal starred in R. T. Neason's masala film \"Jilla\", in which she played a police officer. She then featured in a cameo appearance in the Telugu action thriller film \"Yevadu\". Her next release was Krishna Vamsi's family drama \"Govindudu Andarivadele\", which released in October to positive reviews. It grossed at the box office and became one of the highest grossing Telugu films of 2014.</s><s>Career.:Setback and recent work (2015\u2013present). Aggarwal's first release of 2015 was in the Telugu action film \"Temper\", directed by Puri Jagannadh, alongside NTR Jr. The film received positive responses from"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " critics and was a commercial success at the box office. Aggarwal played an animal lover and on her performance, a critic from \"The Times of India\" said: \"Despite her limited role, the actress does well\". Next, she featured in two Tamil films, working with industry-leading actors and directors. In July 2015 she was seen as an entrepreneur in Balaji Mohan's gangster comedy film \"Maari\", opposite Dhanush. Critics rated it as a \"regular masala movie\" and \"Rediff\" noted: \"Kajal Aggarwal does have a significant role to play, but their onscreen chemistry just does not work\". The film became a commercial success. Her other release, Suseenthiran's action film \"Paayum Puli\", alongside Vishal, received mixed reviews and failed at the box office. Reviewers criticised her character stating: \"badly written and has nothing more to do with the script\" She also did a cameo appearance in the bilingual romantic comedy film \"Size Zero\". The year 2016 saw Aggarwal appear in two high-profile Telugu films. She played the lead female role, marking her first collaboration with Pawan Kalyan, in the masala film \"Sardaar"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " Gabbar Singh\", directed by K. S. Ravindra. Critical reaction of the film was mixed to negative, though Aggarwal's performance was positive. A reviewer from the \"Deccan Chronicle\" wrote: \"Kajal Aggarwal plays the perfect princess and looks beautiful and elegant. In fact, she is a breath of air in the film\". The film grossed worldwide. Her second Telugu release was Srikanth Addala's family drama \"Brahmotsavam\", opposite Mahesh Babu, which was a major critical and commercial failure. Among the female leads, her performance as a \"new age girl\" was well received, despite the role having a limited screen time. She next starred opposite Randeep Hooda in the romantic drama Hindi film \"Do Lafzon Ki Kahani\". The film received moderate reviews. In April 2016, she signed another Telugu film directed by Teja, starring opposite Rana Daggubati. In June 2016, she signed for \"Vivegam\", starring opposite Ajith Kumar. In July 2016, she signed for the Telugu film \"Khaidi No. 150\", starring opposite Chiranjeevi for the first time in his 150th film. In late July"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " 2016, she signed to perform her first item number in Koratala Siva's \"Janatha Garage\", starring Mohanlal, Jr NTR, Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Nithya Menen. The shooting of the song took place in mid-August 2016. That song, titled \"Pakka Local\", was well received by the audience. In October 2016, the much delayed Hindi film \"Final Cut of Director\" released, which was supposed to mark her lead debut. The film was dubbed in Tamil and released eight years earlier as \"Bommalattam\". Her next release, \"Kavalai Vendam\", received mixed to positive reviews, but her performance was praised by critics. In December 2016, she signed for Vijay 61, starring opposite Vijay. Aggarwal's first 2017 release was the Telugu-language action drama film \"Khaidi No. 150\", starring opposite Chiranjeevi. It received mostly positive reviews and turned out to be a commercial success, with Aggarwal's performance praised by critics. In January 2017, in a poll conducted by the Hyderabad Times, she topped the list of Most Desirable Women 2016. In 2017, she appeared in the Political drama \"Nene Raju Nene"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " Mantri\", as Radha Jogendhra, a loyal wife who acts as a morale balance to Rana Daggubati's character. Her performance received praise from critics. She then appeared as lead female role in Spy action film, \"Vivegam\", as Yazhini Kumar, a music teacher and loving wife of a spy. Her performance was again praised by critics. She then portrayed the supporting role in Atlee's \"Mersal\" as a doctor, and featured alongside Vijay for the third time in her career and her performance received positive reviews while the film became one of the highest grossing Tamil films of 2017. \"Mersal\" went on to join the 2\u00a0billion club. In 2018, Aggarwal had a leading role in the Telugu film MLA. In April 2018, she signed to a Telugu film which also features Ravi Teja, marking her third collaboration with the actor. She also starred in \"Awe\", where she played a troubled woman. Aggarwal later bagged a role in \"Kavacham\". In 2019, Aggarwal was seen in \"Comali\". She then reunited with director Teja for \"Sita\", where she plays the titular character, an arrogant, selfish"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " businesswoman who manipulates people for business improvement and money. In 2021, her two films released on 19 March, \"Mosagallu\" directed by Jeffery Gee Chin co-starring Vishnu Manchu and Suniel Shetty; and Sanjay Gupta directed Hindi film \"Mumbai Saga\". In 2020, her role in the Telugu film \"Acharya\", co-starring Chiranjeevi, Ram Charan was announced. It is directed by Koratala Siva and produced by Ram Charan and Niranjan Reddy. However, when the trailer released, there was no clip that featured her, which triggered rumours of makers cutting down her role. The rumours were confirmed by the director Koratala Siva in an interview. Her first release in 2022 was \"Hey Sinamika\", directed by Brinda, it has Dulquer Salmaan and Aditi Rao Hydari alongside her. The film released on 3 March 2022. Aggarwal also has an under production film \"Indian 2\", co-starring Kamal Haasan and Rakul Preet Singh.</s><s>Personal life. On 6 October 2020, Aggarwal announced her upcoming marriage to Gautam Kitchlu. On 30 October 2020, the couple"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " got married in a small, private ceremony in her hometown of Mumbai, India, with only the couple's immediate families in attendance. Kajal made her pregnancy official with an Instagram post and was also confirmed by her husband shortly. She gave birth to a boy on 19 April 2022, named Neil.</s><s>Brand endorsements. Aggarwal endorses a large number of brands. Before starting her film career, she had acted in commercials as a model. She represents Celebrity Cricket League as a brand ambassador. In April 2012, Aggarwal was announced as the brand ambassador for Panasonic. In 2013, Aggarwal was signed by Dabur as the brand ambassador of its hair oil brand Dabur Amla Nelli Hair Oil. She also endorses Green Trends, a salon brand in India. She's also associated with PETA and 'Giving Back' NGO. She has featured in television advertisements along with Karthi, endorsing Bru instant coffee. She has endorsed mobile brands such as Samsung Mobile, Poorvika Mobiles and has featured in advertisements for the Secunderabad-based The Chennai Shopping Mall. She endorses several retail and jewellery stores in south India \u2013 RS Brothers in Hyderabad, Chennai Silks, Sri Lakshmi Jewellery AVR in Salem"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " in Pondicherry, Malabar Jewellery, Khazana Jewellery. She is the brand ambassador for Lux, Pond's, Himalaya Herbal Kajal, Parachute advanced Hair oils. She partnered with Aroma Curd and Milk Products and Cherio (juice). She also partnered with indeed, an employment related search engine. She recently became the brand ambassador for edible oils brand, Priya Gold Oils (2020). In July 2022 she began endorsing Mobilla.</s><s>Awards and nominations.</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Filmfare Awards South. The Filmfare Awards South is the South Indian segment of the annual Filmfare Awards, presented by The Times Group to honour artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the South Indian film industry. Nominated - 2009 \u2013 Filmfare Award for Best Actress \u2013 Telugu for \"Magadheera\" - 2010 \u2013 Filmfare Award for Best Actress \u2013 Telugu for \"Darling\" - 2011 \u2013 Filmfare Award for Best Actress \u2013 Telugu for \"Mr. Perfect\" - 2014 \u2013 Filmfare Award for Best Actress \u2013 Telugu for \"Govindudu Andarivadele\"</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Filmfare Awards. Nominated - 2012 \u2013 Filmfare Award for"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " Best Female Debut \u2013 Hindi for \"Singham\"</s><s>Awards and nominations.:South Indian International Movie Awards. Winner - 2013 \u2013 SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Critics) \u2013 Tamil for \"Thuppakki\" - 2013 \u2013 Youth Icon of South Indian Cinema - 2018 \u2013 Best Actress \u2013 Telugu for \"Nene Raju Nene Mantri\" Nominated - 2012 \u2013 SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu) for \"Mr. Perfect\" - 2013 \u2013 SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu) for Businessman - 2014 \u2013 SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu) for \"Baadshah\" - 2013 \u2013 SIIMA Award for Best Actress \u2013 Tamil for \"Thuppakki\". - 2015 \u2013 SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu) for \"Govindudu Andarivadele\"</s><s>Awards and nominations.:CineMAA Awards. The CineMAA Awards are presented annually by the Movie Artists Association Group to honour artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Telugu Cinema. Winner - 2011 \u2013 CineMAA Award for Best Actress \u2013 Telugu for \"Brindaavanam\" (2010) - 2013 \u2013 CineMAA Award for"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " Best Actress -Tamil for \"Thuppakki\" (2012) Nominations - 2010 \u2013 CineMAA Award for Best Actress \u2013 Telugu for \"Magadheera\" (2009) - 2012 \u2013 CineMAA Award for Best Actress \u2013 Telugu for \"Mr. Perfect\" (2011)</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Vijay Awards. Vijay Awards are given by the Tamil television channel STAR Vijay. Winner - Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine-For Thuppakki (2012) Nominated - Vijay Award for Best Actress \u2013 For Thuppakki (2012)</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Cosmopolitan Awards. Awards given by Cosmopolitan magazine. - Winner \u2013 Cosmopolitan People Choice Award for Best Actress \u2013 \"Thuppakki\"</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Edison Awards. - Nominated The Gorgeous Belle \u2013 For Maari (2015) - Winner The Gorgeous Belle of the year (2016)</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2016. - Winner Fashion Icon of the year & Most Popular Female celebrity on Social Media - Winner \u2013 Femina Penn Shakti Awards 2013 - Winner \u2013 Femina Power List South 2016 - Winner \u2013"}, {"title": "Kajal Aggarwal", "text": " Zee Telugu Golden Awards 2017 Best Actress - \"Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2016 \" -Telugu - WinnerHyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2016</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2018. - Winner Actress of the Decade - Winner Best Actress in 2017</s><s>See also. - List of Indian film actresses</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kajal Aggarwal", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000487", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Kiara Advani.", "docs": [{"title": "Kiara Advani", "text": "<s>Kiara Advani Alia Advani (born 31 July 1991), known professionally as Kiara Advani (), is an Indian actress who works in Hindi and Telugu language films. After making her acting debut in the comedy film \"Fugly\" (2014), she played MS Dhoni's wife in the sports biopic \"\" (2016). She gained praise for playing a sexually unsatisfied wife in the Netflix anthology film \"Lust Stories\" (2018) and played the leading lady in the political thriller \"Bharat Ane Nenu\" (2018). Advani received wider attention for starring in the romantic drama \"Kabir Singh\" and the comedy drama \"Good Newwz\", two of the highest-grossing Hindi films of 2019. She won the IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for the latter. This success continued with her roles in the 2021 film \"Shershaah\", for which she was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress, and the 2022 films \"Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2\" and \"Jugjugg Jeeyo\". Advani is married to actor Sidharth Malhotra.</s><s>Early life. Advani was born to Jagdeep Advani, a Sindhi Hindu businessman"}, {"title": "Kiara Advani", "text": " and Genevieve Jaffrey, a teacher whose father was originally from Lucknow and whose mother was of Scottish, Irish, Portuguese, and Spanish ancestry. Her brother, Mishaal, is a musician. She is related to several celebrities through her maternal family. Actors Ashok Kumar and Saeed Jaffrey are her step-great-grandfather and great-uncle, respectively. Advani attended the Cathedral and John Connon School, and later attended Jai Hind College where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in mass communications. Born as Alia Advani, she changed her first name to Kiara prior to the release of her first film, \"Fugly\", in 2014. Her choice of the name was inspired from Priyanka Chopra's character Kiara in the film \"Anjaana Anjaani\" (2010). She has stated that it was Salman Khan's suggestion to change her name, as Alia Bhatt was already an established actress.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early work (2014\u20132019). Advani began her acting career with the Hindi ensemble comedy film \"Fugly\" (2014). Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama wrote, \"Kiara Advani catches you"}, {"title": "Kiara Advani", "text": " completely unaware\" and has the \"combination of looks and talent\". Mehul S Thakkar of \"Deccan Chronicle\" found her \"very striking\" and said that she \"shows a lot of promise\". \"Fugly\" underperformed at the box office. Two years later, Advani appeared in the sports drama \"\" (2016), a biopic of cricketer MS Dhoni who served as the former captain of Indian cricket team. She had a supporting role opposite Sushant Singh Rajput (who essayed Dhoni), as the real-life character of his wife, hotel manager Sakshi Rawat. \"M. S. Dhoni: The Untold Story\" was a major commercial success with global revenues of over. Advani then starred in Abbas\u2013Mustan's action thriller \"Machine\" (2017). It failed at the box office. She next collaborated with filmmaker Karan Johar, for their first of many films, in the Netflix anthological film \"Lust Stories\" (2018), where she starred opposite Vicky Kaushal as his sexually dissatisfied wife. Writing for \"NDTV\", Raja Sen found her to be \"positively lovely\" in it. She also featured with Shahid Kapoor in the music"}, {"title": "Kiara Advani", "text": " video \"Urvashi\", sung by Yo Yo Honey Singh. Advani expanded to Telugu cinema in 2018, appearing with Mahesh Babu in the action film \"Bharat Ane Nenu\" from Koratala Siva, about a student who unexpectedly becomes the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh. Janani K of \"India Today\" opined that she \"shines in her brief role\" but added that her character was \"more of an eye-candy who doesn't add any purpose to the story\". The film grossed worldwide, making it one of Telugu cinema's highest grossers. She, however, failed to replicate this success with her second Telugu film, \"Vinaya Vidheya Rama\", co-starring Ram Charan. In a scathing review for \"The Hindu\", Sangeetha Devi Dundoo wrote, \"It isn't Kiara Advani's fault that she looks lost in the melee.\" In the same year, she had a guest appearance in Abhishek Varman's ensemble period film \"Kalank\", produced by Johar.</s><s>Career.:Rise to prominence (2019\u2013present). Advani received wider attention later in 2019 for Sandeep Reddy V"}, {"title": "Kiara Advani", "text": "anga's romantic drama \"Kabir Singh\", starring Shahid Kapoor. The film had a worldwide gross of over becoming her highest-grossing release, but critics panned it due to its depiction of misogyny and toxic masculinity. Rajeev Masand bemoaned that her passive character \"offers the actress little to work with\". She then starred in the comedy \"Good Newwz\" alongside Akshay Kumar, Kareena Kapoor Khan and Diljit Dosanjh, about two couples tryst with in vitro fertilization. Namrata Joshi opined, \"Dosanjh and Advani are all about the amplification of the boisterous, kitschy Punjabi stereotype but they play it with an infectious cheer.\" Both \"Kabir Singh\" and \"Good Newwz\" grossed over each domestically, ranking among the year's highest-grossing films. She won the IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in \"Good Newwz\". In 2020, Advani starred in Johar's production \"Guilty\", a Netflix film about sexual assault. Ektaa Malik of \"The Indian Express\" believed that she had been \"reduced to the 'tortured-artistic-creat"}, {"title": "Kiara Advani", "text": "ive' types\" She then played the wife of Akshay Kumar's character in Raghava Lawrence's horror comedy \"Laxmii\", in which Kumar's character gets possessed by a transgender ghost. \"Laxmii\" was released digitally on Disney+ Hotstar owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, and met with negative reviews. Even so, it attained a strong viewership on the platform. In her final release of 2020, Advani starred in the unremarkable romantic comedy \"Indoo Ki Jawani\" (2020). Advani next featured in the war film \"Shershaah\" (2021), based on the life of army officer Vikram Batra (played by Sidharth Malhotra), in which she played Batra's girlfriend. The film released digitally on Amazon Prime Video, on which it became the most-streamed Indian film. Anna M. M. Vetticad of \"Firstpost\" opined that Advani \"sparkles\" in her brief role. She received a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. The following year, she appeared with Kartik Aaryan and Tabu in the comedy horror film \"Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2\". Shalini Langer of"}, {"title": "Kiara Advani", "text": " \"The Indian Express\" wrote that she \"has little to do except pop up now and then\". The film emerged as one of her most commercially successful, with worldwide earnings of over. Advani starred alongside an ensemble cast in \"Jugjugg Jeeyo\", a comedy-drama about divorce, in which Varun Dhawan and her played an unhappily married couple. Writing for \"Hindustan Times\", Monika Rawal Kukreja commended her \"restrained performance\" in it. It earned worldwide. She then starred in the comic thriller \"Govinda Naam Mera\", with Vicky Kaushal and Bhumi Pednekar, which released digitally on Disney+ Hotstar. Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com opined that \"Kiara Advani's energy is capable of far more heavy lifting than it gets credit for.\" Advani will next appear in the Telugu film \"Game Changer\" directed by S. Shankar, co-starring Ram Charan. She will also reunite with Kartik Aaryan in the romantic drama \"Satyaprem Ki Katha\".</s><s>Personal life and media image. Despite persistent rumours of dating actor Sidharth Malhotra since 2020,"}, {"title": "Kiara Advani", "text": " Advani did not publicly speak about the relationship. On 7 February 2023, they married in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan in a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony. Their wedding received widespread media attention, resulting in their official wedding pictures being the most liked Instagram post in India till date. In 2019, Advani took part of the campaign as brand ambassador for Giordano handbags. In 2020, Advani collaborated with Myntra. In 2022, she took part with Spanish retailer Mango in India in a campaign with endorse the brand's Spring-Summer-22 collection. In 2023, Advani became the new face of the mango drink brand, Slice. Advani ranked 30th in \"GQ India\"s listing of the 30 most influential young Indians. She is frequently featured in The Times of India listing of the \"Most Desirable Woman\"; she ranked sixth in 2019 and fourth in 2020. In March 2023, Advani performed at the opening ceremony of the Women's Premier League alongside Kriti Sanon and AP Dhillon.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Films. - \"All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Kiara Advani", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000488", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.", "docs": [{"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": "<s>Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Ali Jinnah (, ; born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25\u00a0December 1876 \u2013 11\u00a0September 1948) was a barrister, politician and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the Dominion of Pakistan's first governor-general until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as the \"Quaid-i-Azam\" (\"Great Leader\") and \"Baba-i-Qaum\" (\"Father of the Nation\"). His birthday is observed as a national holiday in Pakistan. Born at Wazir Mansion in Karachi, Jinnah was trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London, England. Upon his return to India, he enrolled at the Bombay High Court, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu\u2013Muslim unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " became a key leader in the All-India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of \"satyagraha\", which he regarded as political anarchy. By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that the Muslims of the subcontinent should have their own state to avoid the possible marginalised status they may gain in an independent Hindu\u2013Muslim state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation for Indian Muslims. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the provincial elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula that would allow the entirety of British India to be united as a single state following independence, leading all parties to agree instead to the independence of a predominantly Hindu India, and for a Muslim-majority state of Pakistan. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from neighbouring India to Pakistan after the two states' independence, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Innumerable streets, roads and localities in the world are named after Jinnah. Several universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Jinnah's name. According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah remains Pakistan's greatest leader.</s><s>Early years.</s><s>Early years.:Family and childhood. Jinnah's given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai, and he likely was born in 1876, to Jinnahbhai Poonja and his wife Mithibai, in a rented apartment on the second floor of Wazir Mansion near Karachi, now in Sindh, Pakistan but then within the Bombay Presidency of British India. Jinnah's paternal grandfather was from Paneli Moti village in Gondal state in Kathiawar peninsula (now in Gujarat, India). He was of a Gujarati Khoja Nizari Isma'ili Shi\u2019a Muslim background, though Jinnah later followed"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " the Twelver Shi'a teachings. After his death, his relatives and other witnesses claimed that he had converted in later life to the Sunni sect of Islam. His sectarian affiliation at the time of his death was disputed in multiple court cases. Jinnah was from a wealthy merchant background. His father was a merchant and was born to a family of textile weavers in the village of Paneli in the princely state of Gondal (Kathiawar, Gujarat); his mother was also of that village. They had moved to Karachi in 1875, having married before their departure. Karachi was then enjoying an economic boom: the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 meant it was 200 nautical miles closer to Europe for shipping than Bombay. Jinnah was the second child; he had three brothers and three sisters, including his younger sister Fatima Jinnah. The parents were native Gujarati speakers, and the children also came to speak Kutchi and English. Jinnah was not fluent in Gujarati, his mother-tongue, nor in Urdu; he was more fluent in English. Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings, where they settled or if they met with their brother as he advanced in his legal and political careers"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": ". He has sometimes been referred to as a Muhajir by some writers because of his Gujarati ethnicity. However, labelling him a \"Muhajir\" is equivocal due to its official definition referring to Muslim refugees who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition. As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in Bombay with an aunt and may have attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, later on studying at the Cathedral and John Connon School. In Karachi, he attended the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam and the Christian Missionary Society High School. He gained his matriculation from Bombay University at the high school. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistan's founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at the police court, listening to the proceedings, and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for lack of other illumination. His official biographer, Hector Bolitho, writing in 1954, interviewed surviving boyhood associates, and obtained a tale that the young Jinnah discouraged other children from playing marbles in the dust, urging them to rise up, keep their hands and clothes clean, and play cricket"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " instead.</s><s>Early years.:Education in England. In 1892, Sir Frederick Leigh Croft, a business associate of Jinnahbhai Poonja, offered young Jinnah a London apprenticeship with his firm, Graham's Shipping and Trading Company. He accepted the position despite the opposition of his mother, who before he left, had him enter an arranged marriage with his cousin, two years his junior from the ancestral village of Paneli, Emibai Jinnah. Jinnah's mother and first wife both died during his absence in England. Although the apprenticeship in London was considered a great opportunity for Jinnah, one reason for sending him overseas was a legal proceeding against his father, which placed the family's property at risk of being sequestered by the court. In 1893, the Jinnahbhai family moved to Bombay. Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the business apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. The aspiring barrister joined Lincoln's Inn, later stating that the reason he chose Lincoln's over the other Inns of Court was that over the main entrance to Lincoln's Inn were the names of the world's great"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " lawgivers, including Muhammad. Jinnah's biographer Stanley Wolpert notes that there is no such inscription, but inside (covering the wall at one end of New Hall, also called the Great Hall, which is where students, Bar and Bench lunch and dine) is a mural showing Muhammad and other lawgivers, and speculates that Jinnah may have edited the story in his own mind to avoid mentioning a pictorial depiction which would be offensive to many Muslims. Jinnah's legal education followed the pupillage (legal apprenticeship) system, which had been in force there for centuries. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, as well as from studying lawbooks. During this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah. During his student years in England, Jinnah was influenced by 19th-century British liberalism, like many other future Indian independence leaders. His main intellectual references were peoples like Bentham, Mill, Spencer, and Comte. This political education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation, and progressive politics. He became an admirer of the Parsi British Indian political leaders Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": ". Naoroji had become the first British Member of Parliament of Indian extraction shortly before Jinnah's arrival, triumphing with a majority of three votes in Finsbury Central. Jinnah listened to Naoroji's maiden speech in the House of Commons from the visitor's gallery. The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life, but also greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah abandoned local garb for Western-style clothing, and throughout his life he was always impeccably dressed in public. His suits were designed by Savile Row tailor Henry Poole & Co. He came to own over 200 suits, which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars, and as a barrister took pride in never wearing the same silk tie twice. Even when he was dying, he insisted on being formally dressed, \"I will not travel in my pyjamas.\" In his later years he was usually seen wearing a Karakul hat which subsequently came to be known as the \"Jinnah cap\". Dissatisfied with the law, Jinnah briefly embarked on a stage career with a Shakespearean company, but resigned after receiving a stern letter from his father. In 1895, at age 19, he"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " became the youngest British Indian to be called to the bar in England. Although he returned to Karachi, he remained there only a short time before moving to Bombay.</s><s>Legal and early political career.</s><s>Legal and early political career.:Barrister. At the age of 20, Jinnah began his practice in Bombay, the only Muslim barrister in the city. English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. His first three years in the law, from 1897 to 1900, brought him few briefs. His first step towards a brighter career occurred when the acting Advocate General of Bombay, John Molesworth MacPherson, invited Jinnah to work from his chambers. In 1900, P. H. Dastoor, a Bombay presidency magistrate, left the post temporarily and Jinnah succeeded in getting the interim position. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. Jinnah politely declined the offer, stating that he planned to earn 1,500 rupees a day\u2014a huge sum at that time\u2014which he eventually did. Nevertheless, as Governor-General of Pakistan, he would refuse to accept a large salary, fixing it at 1 rupee per month"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": ". As a lawyer, Jinnah gained fame for his skilled handling of the 1908 \"Caucus Case\". This controversy arose out of Bombay municipal elections, which Indians alleged were rigged by a \"caucus\" of Europeans to keep Sir Pherozeshah Mehta out of the council. Jinnah gained great esteem from leading the case for Sir Pherozeshah, himself a noted barrister. Although Jinnah did not win the Caucus Case, he posted a successful record, becoming well known for his advocacy and legal logic. In 1908, his factional foe in the Indian National Congress, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was arrested for sedition. Before Tilak unsuccessfully represented himself at trial, he engaged Jinnah in an attempt to secure his release on bail. Jinnah did not succeed, but obtained an acquittal for Tilak when he was charged with sedition again in 1916. One of Jinnah's fellow barristers from the Bombay High Court remembered that \"Jinnah's faith in himself was incredible\"; he recalled that on being admonished by a judge with \"Mr. Jinnah, remember that you are not addressing a third-class magistrate\", Jinnah shot back, \"My Lord, allow me to warn you that you are not"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " addressing a third-class pleader.\" Another of his fellow barristers described him, saying:</s><s>Legal and early political career.:Trade unionist. Jinnah was also a supporter of working class causes and an active trade unionist. He was elected President of All India Postal Staff Union in 1925 whose membership was 70,000. According to All Pakistan Labour Federation's publication \"Productive Role of Trade Unions and Industrial Relations\", being a member of Legislative Assembly, Jinnah pleaded forcefully for rights of workers and struggled for getting a \"living wage and fair conditions\" for them. He also played an important role in enactment of Trade Union act of 1926 which gave trade union movement legal cover to organise themselves.</s><s>Legal and early political career.:Rising leader. In 1857, many Indians had risen in revolt against British rule. In the aftermath of the conflict, some Anglo-Indians, as well as Indians in Britain, called for greater self-government for the subcontinent, resulting in the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Most founding members had been educated in Britain, and were content with the minimal reform efforts being made by the government. Muslims were not enthusiastic about calls for democratic institutions in British India, as they constituted a quarter to"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " a third of the population, outnumbered by the Hindus. Early meetings of the Congress contained a minority of Muslims, mostly from the elite. Jinnah devoted much of his time to his law practice in the early 1900s, but remained politically involved. Jinnah began political life by attending the Congress's twentieth annual meeting, in Bombay in December 1904. He was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu\u2013Muslim unity in achieving self-government, and following such leaders as Mehta, Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale. They were opposed by leaders such as Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai, who sought quick action towards independence. In 1906, a delegation of Muslim leaders, known as the Simla Delegation, headed by the Aga Khan called on the new Viceroy of India, Lord Minto, to assure him of their loyalty and to ask for assurances that in any political reforms they would be protected from the \"unsympathetic [Hindu] majority\". Dissatisfied with this, Jinnah wrote a letter to the editor of the newspaper \"Gujarati\", asking what right the members of the delegation had to speak for Indian Muslims, as they were unelected and self-appointed"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": ". When many of the same leaders met in Dacca in December of that year to form the All-India Muslim League to advocate for their community's interests, Jinnah was again opposed. The Aga Khan later wrote that it was \"freakishly ironic\" that Jinnah, who would lead the League to independence, \"came out in bitter hostility toward all that I and my friends had done\u00a0... He said that our principle of separate electorates was dividing the nation against itself.\" In its earliest years, however, the League was not influential; Minto refused to consider it as the Muslim community's representative, and it was ineffective in preventing the 1911 repeal of the partition of Bengal, an action seen as a blow to Muslim interests. Although Jinnah initially opposed separate electorates for Muslims, he used this means to gain his first elective office in 1909, as Bombay's Muslim representative on the Imperial Legislative Council. He was a compromise candidate when two older, better-known Muslims who were seeking the post deadlocked. The council, which had been expanded to 60 members as part of reforms enacted by Minto, recommended legislation to the Viceroy. Only officials could vote in the council; non-official members, such as Jinnah, had no vote."}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " Throughout his legal career, Jinnah practised probate law (with many clients from India's nobility), and in 1911 introduced the Wakf Validation Act to place Muslim religious trusts on a sound legal footing under British Indian law. Two years later, the measure passed, the first act sponsored by non-officials to pass the council and be enacted by the Viceroy. Jinnah was also appointed to a committee which helped to establish the Indian Military Academy in Dehra Dun. In December 1912, Jinnah addressed the annual meeting of the Muslim League although he was not yet a member. He joined the following year, although he remained a member of the Congress as well and stressed that League membership took second priority to the \"greater national cause\" of an independent India. In April 1913, he again went to Britain, with Gokhale, to meet with officials on behalf of the Congress. Gokhale, a Hindu, later stated that Jinnah \"has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu\u2013Muslim Unity\". Jinnah led another delegation of the Congress to London in 1914, but due to the start of the First World War in August 1914, found officials little interested in Indian reforms"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": ". By coincidence, he was in Britain at the same time as a man who would become a great political rival of his, Mohandas Gandhi, a Hindu lawyer who had become well known for advocating \"satyagraha\", non-violent non-co-operation, while in South Africa. Jinnah attended a reception for Gandhi where the two men met and talked with each other for the first time. Shortly afterwords, Jinnah returned home to India in January 1915.</s><s>Legal and early political career.:Farewell to Congress. Jinnah's moderate faction in the Congress was undermined by the deaths of Mehta and Gokhale in 1915; he was further isolated by the fact that Naoroji was in London, where he remained until his death in 1917. Nevertheless, Jinnah worked to bring the Congress and League together. In 1916, with Jinnah now president of the Muslim League, the two organisations signed the Lucknow Pact, setting quotas for Muslim and Hindu representation in the various provinces. Although the pact was never fully implemented, its signing ushered in a period of co-operation between the Congress and the League. During the war, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " freedoms. Jinnah played an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League in 1916. Along with political leaders Annie Besant and Tilak, Jinnah demanded \"home rule\" for India\u2014the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia, although, with the war, Britain's politicians were not interested in considering Indian constitutional reform. British Cabinet minister Edwin Montagu recalled Jinnah in his memoirs, \"young, perfectly mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with dialectics, and insistent on the whole of his scheme\". In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife Rattanbai Petit (\"Ruttie\"), 24 years his junior. She was the fashionable young daughter of his friend Sir Dinshaw Petit, and was part of an elite Parsi family of Bombay. There was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai's family and the Parsi community, as well as from some Muslim religious leaders. Rattanbai defied her family and nominally converted to Islam, adopting (though never using) the name Maryam Jinnah, resulting in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided at South Court Mansion in"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " Bombay, and frequently travelled across India and Europe. The couple's only child, daughter Dina, was born on 15 August 1919. The couple separated prior to Ruttie's death in 1929, and subsequently Jinnah's sister Fatima looked after him and his child. Relations between Indians and British were strained in 1919 when the Imperial Legislative Council extended emergency wartime restrictions on civil liberties; Jinnah resigned from it when it did. There was unrest across India, which worsened after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, in which British Indian Army troops fired upon a protest meeting, killing hundreds. In the wake of Amritsar, Gandhi, who had returned to India and become a widely respected leader and highly influential in the Congress, called for \"satyagraha\" against the British. Gandhi's proposal gained broad Hindu support, and was also attractive to many Muslims of the Khilafat faction. These Muslims, supported by Gandhi, sought retention of the Ottoman caliphate, which supplied spiritual leadership to many Muslims. The caliph was the Ottoman Emperor, who would be deprived of both offices following his nation's defeat in the First World War. Gandhi had achieved considerable popularity among Muslims because of his work during the war on behalf of killed or"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " imprisoned Muslims. Unlike Jinnah and other leaders of the Congress, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothing, did his best to use an Indian language instead of English, and was deeply rooted in Indian culture. Gandhi's local style of leadership gained great popularity with the Indian people. Jinnah criticised Gandhi's Khilafat advocacy, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry. Jinnah regarded Gandhi's proposed \"satyagraha\" campaign as political anarchy, and believed that self-government should be secured through constitutional means. He opposed Gandhi, but the tide of Indian opinion was against him. At the 1920 session of the Congress in Nagpur, Jinnah was shouted down by the delegates, who passed Gandhi's proposal, pledging \"satyagraha\" until India was independent. Jinnah did not attend the subsequent League meeting, held in the same city, which passed a similar resolution. Because of the action of the Congress in endorsing Gandhi's campaign, Jinnah resigned from it, leaving all positions except in the Muslim League.</s><s>Wilderness years; interlude in England. The alliance between Gandhi and the Khilafat faction did not last long, and the campaign of resistance proved less effective than hoped, as India's institutions continued to function"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": ". Jinnah sought alternative political ideas, and contemplated organising a new political party as a rival to the Congress. In September 1923, Jinnah was elected as Muslim member for Bombay in the new Central Legislative Assembly. He showed much skill as a parliamentarian, organising many Indian members to work with the Swaraj Party, and continued to press demands for full responsible government. In 1925, as recognition for his legislative activities, he was offered a knighthood by Lord Reading, who was retiring from the Viceroyalty. He replied: \"I prefer to be plain Mr Jinnah.\" In 1927, the British Government, under Conservative Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, undertook a decennial review of Indian policy mandated by the Government of India Act 1919. The review began two years early as Baldwin feared he would lose the next election (which he did, in 1929). The Cabinet was influenced by minister Winston Churchill, who strongly opposed self-government for India, and members hoped that by having the commission appointed early, the policies for India which they favoured would survive their government. The resulting commission, led by Liberal MP John Simon, though with a majority of Conservatives, arrived in India in March 1928. They were met with a boycott by India's leaders, Muslim and Hindu alike, angered at"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " the British refusal to include their representatives on the commission. A minority of Muslims, though, withdrew from the League, choosing to welcome the Simon Commission and repudiating Jinnah. Most members of the League's executive council remained loyal to Jinnah, attending the League meeting in December 1927 and January 1928 which confirmed him as the League's permanent president. At that session, Jinnah told the delegates that \"A constitutional war has been declared on Great Britain. Negotiations for a settlement are not to come from our side\u00a0... By appointing an exclusively white Commission, [Secretary of State for India] Lord Birkenhead has declared our unfitness for self-government.\" Birkenhead in 1928 challenged Indians to come up with their own proposal for constitutional change for India; in response, the Congress convened a committee under the leadership of Motilal Nehru. The Nehru Report favoured constituencies based on geography on the ground that being dependent on each other for election would bind the communities closer together. Jinnah, though he believed separate electorates, based on religion, necessary to ensure Muslims had a voice in the government, was willing to compromise on this point, but talks between the two parties failed. He put forth proposals that he hoped might satisfy a broad range of Muslims and reunite"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " the League, calling for mandatory representation for Muslims in legislatures and cabinets. These became known as his Fourteen Points. He could not secure adoption of the Fourteen Points, as the League meeting in Delhi at which he hoped to gain a vote instead dissolved into chaotic argument. After Baldwin was defeated at the 1929 British parliamentary election, Ramsay MacDonald of the Labour Party became prime minister. MacDonald desired a conference of Indian and British leaders in London to discuss India's future, a course of action supported by Jinnah. Three Round Table Conferences followed over as many years, none of which resulted in a settlement. Jinnah was a delegate to the first two conferences, but was not invited to the last. He remained in Britain for most of the period 1930 through 1934, practising as a barrister before the Privy Council, where he dealt with a number of India-related cases. His biographers disagree over why he remained so long in Britain\u2014Wolpert asserts that had Jinnah been made a Law Lord, he would have stayed for life, and that Jinnah alternatively sought a parliamentary seat. Early biographer Hector Bolitho denied that Jinnah sought to enter the British Parliament, while Jaswant Singh deems Jinnah's time in Britain as a break or sabbatical"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " from the Indian struggle. Bolitho called this period \"Jinnah's years of order and contemplation, wedged in between the time of early struggle, and the final storm of conquest\". In 1931, Fatima Jinnah joined her brother in England. From then on, Muhammad Jinnah would receive personal care and support from her as he aged and began to suffer from the lung ailments which would kill him. She lived and travelled with him, and became a close advisor. Muhammad Jinnah's daughter, Dina, was educated in England and India. Jinnah later became estranged from Dina after she decided to marry a Parsi, Neville Wadia from a prominent Parsi business family. Wadia is the son Sir Ness Wadia and Dr. Homi Wadia. When Jinnah urged Dina to marry a Muslim, she reminded him that he had married a woman not raised in his faith. Jinnah continued to correspond cordially with his daughter, but their personal relationship was strained, and she did not come to Pakistan in his lifetime, but only for his funeral.</s><s>Return to politics. The early 1930s saw a resurgence in Indian Muslim nationalism, which came to a head with the Pakistan Declaration. In 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the United"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " Provinces, began to urge Jinnah to return and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organisation which had fallen into inactivity. He remained titular president of the League, but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year. Among those who met with Jinnah to seek his return was Liaquat Ali Khan, who would be a major political associate of Jinnah in the years to come and the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. At Jinnah's request, Liaquat discussed the return with a large number of Muslim politicians and confirmed his recommendation to Jinnah. In early 1934, Jinnah relocated to the subcontinent, though he shuttled between London and India on business for the next few years, selling his house in Hampstead and closing his legal practice in Britain. Muslims of Bombay elected Jinnah, though then absent in London, as their representative to the Central Legislative Assembly in October 1934. The British Parliament's Government of India Act 1935 gave considerable power to India's provinces, with a weak central parliament in New Delhi, which had no authority over such matters as foreign policy, defence, and much of the budget. Full power remained"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " in the hands of the Viceroy, however, who could dissolve legislatures and rule by decree. The League reluctantly accepted the scheme, though expressing reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress was much better prepared for the provincial elections in 1937, and the League failed to win a majority even of the Muslim seats in any of the provinces where members of that faith held a majority. It did win a majority of the Muslim seats in Delhi, but could not form a government anywhere, though it was part of the ruling coalition in Bengal. The Congress and its allies formed the government even in the North-West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.), where the League won no seats despite the fact that almost all residents were Muslim. According to Jaswant Singh, \"the events of 1937 had a tremendous, almost a traumatic effect upon Jinnah\". Despite his beliefs of twenty years that Muslims could protect their rights in a united India through separate electorates, provincial boundaries drawn to preserve Muslim majorities, and by other protections of minority rights, Muslim voters had failed to unite, with the issues Jinnah hoped to bring forward lost amid factional fighting. Singh notes the effect of the 1937 elections on Muslim political opinion, \"when the Congress formed a government with almost all of the Muslim ML"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": "As sitting on the Opposition benches, non-Congress Muslims were suddenly faced with this stark reality of near-total political powerlessness. It was brought home to them, like a bolt of lightning, that even if the Congress did not win a single Muslim seat\u00a0... as long as it won an absolute majority in the House, on the strength of the general seats, it could and would form a government entirely on its own\u00a0...\" In the next two years, Jinnah worked to build support among Muslims for the League. He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and Punjabi provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi (\"the centre\"). He worked to expand the League, reducing the cost of membership to two annas ( of a rupee), half of what it cost to join the Congress. He restructured the League along the lines of the Congress, putting most power in a Working Committee, which he appointed. By December 1939, Liaquat estimated that the League had three million two-anna members.</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.:Background to independence. Until the late 1930s, most Muslims of the British Raj expected, upon independence, to be part of a unitary state encompassing"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " all of British India, as did the Hindus and others who advocated self-government. Despite this, other nationalist proposals were being made. In a speech given at Allahabad to a League session in 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal called for a state for Muslims in British India. Choudhary Rahmat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state \"Pakistan\" in the Indus Valley, with other names given to Muslim-majority areas elsewhere in India. Jinnah and Iqbal corresponded in 1936 and 1937; in subsequent years, Jinnah credited Iqbal as his mentor, and used Iqbal's imagery and rhetoric in his speeches. Although many leaders of the Congress sought a strong central government for an Indian state, some Muslim politicians, including Jinnah, were unwilling to accept this without powerful protections for their community. Other Muslims supported the Congress, which officially advocated a secular state upon independence, though the traditionalist wing (including politicians such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Vallabhbhai Patel) believed that an independent India should enact laws such as banning the killing of cows and making Hindi a national language. The failure of the Congress leadership to disavow Hindu communalists worried Congress-supporting Muslims. Nevertheless, the Congress enjoyed considerable"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " Muslim support up to about 1937. Events which separated the communities included the failed attempt to form a coalition government including the Congress and the League in the United Provinces following the 1937 election. According to historian Ian Talbot, \"The provincial Congress governments made no effort to understand and respect their Muslim populations' cultural and religious sensibilities. The Muslim League's claims that it alone could safeguard Muslim interests thus received a major boost. Significantly it was only after this period of Congress rule that it [the League] took up the demand for a Pakistan state\u00a0...\" Balraj Puri in his journal article about Jinnah suggests that the Muslim League president, after the 1937 vote, turned to the idea of partition in \"sheer desperation\". Historian Akbar S. Ahmed suggests that Jinnah abandoned hope of reconciliation with the Congress as he \"rediscover[ed] his own Islamic roots, his own sense of identity, of culture and history, which would come increasingly to the fore in the final years of his life\". Jinnah also increasingly adopted Muslim dress in the late 1930s. In the wake of the 1937 balloting, Jinnah demanded that the question of power sharing be settled on an all-India basis, and that he, as president of the League, be accepted"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " as the sole spokesman for the Muslim community.</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.:Iqbal's influence on Jinnah. The well documented influence of Iqbal on Jinnah, with regard to taking the lead in creating Pakistan, has been described as \"significant\", \"powerful\" and even \"unquestionable\" by scholars. Iqbal has also been cited as an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London and re-enter the politics of India. Initially, however, Iqbal and Jinnah were opponents, as Iqbal believed Jinnah did not care about the crises confronting the Muslim community during the British Raj. According to Akbar S. Ahmed, this began to change during Iqbal's final years prior to his death in 1938. Iqbal gradually succeeded in converting Jinnah over to his view, who eventually accepted Iqbal as his \"\"mentor\"\". Ahmed comments that in his annotations to Iqbal's letters, Jinnah expressed solidarity with Iqbal's view: that Indian Muslims required a separate homeland. Iqbal's influence also gave Jinnah a deeper appreciation for Muslim identity. The evidence of this influence began to be revealed from 1937 onwards. Jinnah not only began to"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " echo Iqbal in his speeches, he started using Islamic symbolism and began directing his addresses to the underprivileged. Ahmed noted a change in Jinnah's words: while he still advocated freedom of religion and protection of the minorities, the model he was now aspiring to was that of the Prophet Muhammad, rather than that of a secular politician. Ahmed further avers that those scholars who have painted the later Jinnah as secular have misread his speeches which, he argues, must be read in the context of Islamic history and culture. Accordingly, Jinnah's imagery of the Pakistan began to become clear that it was to have an Islamic nature. This change has been seen to last for the rest of Jinnah's life. He continued to borrow ideas \"directly from Iqbal\u2014including his thoughts on Muslim unity, on Islamic ideals of liberty, justice and equality, on economics, and even on practices such as prayers\". In a speech in 1940, two years after the death of Iqbal, Jinnah expressed his preference for implementing Iqbal's vision for an Islamic Pakistan even if it meant he himself would never lead a nation. Jinnah stated, \"If I live to see the ideal of a Muslim state being achieved in India, and I was then offered"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " to make a choice between the works of Iqbal and the rulership of the Muslim state, I would prefer the former.\"</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.:Second World War and Lahore Resolution. On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announced the commencement of war with Nazi Germany. The following day, the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, without consulting Indian political leaders, announced that India had entered the war along with Britain. There were widespread protests in India. After meeting with Jinnah and with Gandhi, Linlithgow announced that negotiations on self-government were suspended for the duration of the war. The Congress on 14 September demanded immediate independence with a constituent assembly to decide a constitution; when this was refused, its eight provincial governments resigned on 10 November and governors in those provinces thereafter ruled by decree for the remainder of the war. Jinnah, on the other hand, was more willing to accommodate the British, and they in turn increasingly recognised him and the League as the representatives of India's Muslims. Jinnah later stated, \"after the war began,\u00a0... I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi.\" Although the League"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " did not actively support the British war effort, neither did they try to obstruct it. With the British and Muslims to some extent co-operating, the Viceroy asked Jinnah for an expression of the Muslim League's position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. To come up with such a position, the League's Working Committee met for four days in February 1940 to set out terms of reference to a constitutional sub-committee. The Working Committee asked that the sub-committee return with a proposal that would result in \"independent dominions in direct relationship with Great Britain\" where Muslims were dominant. On 6 February, Jinnah informed the Viceroy that the Muslim League would be demanding partition instead of the federation contemplated in the 1935 Act. The Lahore Resolution (sometimes called the \"Pakistan Resolution\", although it does not contain that name), based on the sub-committee's work, embraced the Two-Nation Theory and called for a union of the Muslim-majority provinces in the northwest of British India, with complete autonomy. Similar rights were to be granted to the Muslim-majority areas in the east, and unspecified protections given to Muslim minorities in other provinces. The resolution was passed by the League session in Lahore on 23 March"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " 1940. Gandhi's reaction to the Lahore Resolution was muted; he called it \"baffling\", but told his disciples that Muslims, in common with other people of India, had the right to self-determination. Leaders of the Congress were more vocal; Jawaharlal Nehru referred to Lahore as \"Jinnah's fantastic proposals\" while Chakravarti Rajagopalachari deemed Jinnah's views on partition \"a sign of a diseased mentality\". Linlithgow met with Jinnah in June 1940, soon after Winston Churchill became the British prime minister, and in August offered both the Congress and the League a deal whereby in exchange for full support for the war, Linlithgow would allow Indian representation on his major war councils. The Viceroy promised a representative body after the war to determine India's future, and that no future settlement would be imposed over the objections of a large part of the population. This was satisfactory to neither the Congress nor the League, though Jinnah was pleased that the British had moved towards recognising Jinnah as the representative of the Muslim community's interests. Jinnah was reluctant to make specific proposals as to the boundaries of Pakistan, or its relationships with Britain and with the rest of the subcontinent"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": ", fearing that any precise plan would divide the League. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 brought the United States into the war. In the following months, the Japanese advanced in Southeast Asia, and the British Cabinet sent a mission led by Sir Stafford Cripps to try to conciliate the Indians and cause them to fully back the war. Cripps proposed giving some provinces what was dubbed the \"local option\" to remain outside of an Indian central government either for a period of time or permanently, to become dominions on their own or be part of another confederation. The Muslim League was far from certain of winning the legislative votes that would be required for mixed provinces such as Bengal and Punjab to secede, and Jinnah rejected the proposals as not sufficiently recognising Pakistan's right to exist. The Congress also rejected the Cripps plan, demanding immediate concessions which Cripps was not prepared to give. Despite the rejection, Jinnah and the League saw the Cripps proposal as recognising Pakistan in principle. The Congress followed the failed Cripps mission by demanding, in August 1942, that the British immediately \"Quit India\", proclaiming a mass campaign of \"satyagraha\" until they did. The British promptly arrested most major leaders of"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " the Congress and imprisoned them for the remainder of the war. Gandhi, however, was placed on house arrest in one of the Aga Khan's palaces prior to his release for health reasons in 1944. With the Congress leaders absent from the political scene, Jinnah warned against the threat of Hindu domination and maintained his Pakistan demand without going into great detail about what that would entail. Jinnah also worked to increase the League's political control at the provincial level. He helped to found the newspaper \"Dawn\" in the early 1940s in Delhi; it helped to spread the League's message and eventually became the major English-language newspaper of Pakistan. In September 1944, Jinnah hosted Gandhi, recently released from confinement, at his home on Malabar Hill in Bombay. Two weeks of talks between them followed, which resulted in no agreement. Jinnah insisted on Pakistan being conceded prior to the British departure and to come into being immediately, while Gandhi proposed that plebiscites on partition occur sometime after a united India gained its independence. In early 1945, Liaquat and the Congress leader Bhulabhai Desai met, with Jinnah's approval, and agreed that after the war, the Congress and the League should form an interim government with the members of the Executive"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " Council of the Viceroy to be nominated by the Congress and the League in equal numbers. When the Congress leadership were released from prison in June 1945, they repudiated the agreement and censured Desai for acting without proper authority.</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.:Postwar. Field Marshal Viscount Wavell succeeded Linlithgow as Viceroy in 1943. In June 1945, following the release of the Congress leaders, Wavell called for a conference, and invited the leading figures from the various communities to meet with him at Simla. He proposed a temporary government along the lines which Liaquat and Desai had agreed. However, Wavell was unwilling to guarantee that only the League's candidates would be placed in the seats reserved for Muslims. All other invited groups submitted lists of candidates to the Viceroy. Wavell cut the conference short in mid-July without further seeking an agreement; with a British general election imminent, Churchill's government did not feel it could proceed. British voters returned Clement Attlee and his Labour Party to government later in July. Attlee and his Secretary of State for India, Lord Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, immediately ordered a review of the Indian situation. Jinnah had no comment on the change of government"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": ", but called a meeting of his Working Committee and issued a statement calling for new elections in India. The League held influence at the provincial level in the Muslim-majority states mostly by alliance, and Jinnah believed that, given the opportunity, the League would improve its electoral standing and lend added support to his claim to be the sole spokesman for the Muslims. Wavell returned to India in September after consultation with his new masters in London; elections, both for the centre and for the provinces, were announced soon after. The British indicated that formation of a constitution-making body would follow the votes. The Muslim League declared that they would campaign on a single issue: Pakistan. Speaking in Ahmedabad, Jinnah echoed this, \"Pakistan is a matter of life or death for us.\" In the December 1945 elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the League won every seat reserved for Muslims. In the provincial elections in January 1946, the League took 75% of the Muslim vote, an increase from 4.4% in 1937. According to his biographer Bolitho, \"This was Jinnah's glorious hour: his arduous political campaigns, his robust beliefs and claims, were at last justified.\" Wolpert wrote that the League election showing \"appeared to prove the"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " universal appeal of Pakistan among Muslims of the subcontinent\". The Congress dominated the central assembly nevertheless, though it lost four seats from its previous strength. In February 1946, the British Cabinet resolved to send a delegation to India to negotiate with leaders there. This Cabinet Mission included Cripps and Pethick-Lawrence. The highest-level delegation to try to break the deadlock, it arrived in New Delhi in late March. Little negotiation had been done since the previous October because of the elections in India. The British in May released a plan for a united Indian state comprising substantially autonomous provinces, and called for \"groups\" of provinces formed on the basis of religion. Matters such as defence, external relations and communications would be handled by a central authority. Provinces would have the option of leaving the union entirely, and there would be an interim government with representation from the Congress and the League. Jinnah and his Working Committee accepted this plan in June, but it fell apart over the question of how many members of the interim government the Congress and the League would have, and over the Congress's desire to include a Muslim member in its representation. Before leaving India, the British ministers stated that they intended to inaugurate an interim government even if one of the major groups was"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " unwilling to participate. The Congress soon joined the new Indian ministry. The League was slower to do so, not entering until October 1946. In agreeing to have the League join the government, Jinnah abandoned his demands for parity with the Congress and a veto on matters concerning Muslims. The new ministry met amid a backdrop of rioting, especially in Calcutta. The Congress wanted the Viceroy to immediately summon the constituent assembly and begin the work of writing a constitution and felt that the League ministers should either join in the request or resign from the government. Wavell attempted to save the situation by flying leaders such as Jinnah, Liaquat, and Jawaharlal Nehru to London in December 1946. At the end of the talks, participants issued a statement that the constitution would not be forced on any unwilling parts of India. On the way back from London, Jinnah and Liaquat stopped in Cairo for several days of pan-Islamic meetings. The Congress endorsed the joint statement from the London conference over the angry dissent from some elements. The League refused to do so, and took no part in the constitutional discussions. Jinnah had been willing to consider some continued links to Hindustan (as the Hindu-majority state which would be formed on partition was sometimes"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " referred to), such as a joint military or communications. However, by December 1946, he insisted on a fully sovereign Pakistan with dominion status. Following the failure of the London trip, Jinnah was in no hurry to reach an agreement, considering that time would allow him to gain the undivided provinces of Bengal and Punjab for Pakistan, but these wealthy, populous provinces had sizeable non-Muslim minorities, complicating a settlement. The Attlee ministry desired a rapid British departure from the subcontinent, but had little confidence in Wavell to achieve that end. Beginning in December 1946, British officials began looking for a viceregal successor to Wavell, and soon fixed on Admiral Lord Mountbatten of Burma, a war leader popular among Conservatives as the great-grandson of Queen Victoria and among Labour for his political views.</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.:Mountbatten and independence. On 20 February 1947, Attlee announced Mountbatten's appointment, and that Britain would transfer power in India not later than June 1948. Mountbatten took office as Viceroy on 24 March 1947, two days after his arrival in India. By then, the Congress had come around to the idea of partition. Nehru stated in 1960, \"the truth is that we"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " were tired men and we were getting on in years\u00a0... The plan for partition offered a way out and we took it.\" Leaders of the Congress decided that having loosely tied Muslim-majority provinces as part of a future India was not worth the loss of the powerful government at the centre which they desired. However, the Congress insisted that if Pakistan were to become independent, Bengal and Punjab would have to be divided. Mountbatten had been warned in his briefing papers that Jinnah would be his \"toughest customer\" who had proved a chronic nuisance because \"no one in this country [India] had so far gotten into Jinnah's mind\". The men met over six days beginning on 5 April. The sessions began lightly when Jinnah, photographed between Louis and Edwina Mountbatten, quipped \"A rose between two thorns\" which the Viceroy took, perhaps gratuitously, as evidence that the Muslim leader had pre-planned his joke but had expected the vicereine to stand in the middle. Mountbatten was not favourably impressed with Jinnah, repeatedly expressing frustration to his staff about Jinnah's insistence on Pakistan in the face of all argument. Jinnah feared that at the end of the British presence in the subcontinent,"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " they would turn control over to the Congress-dominated constituent assembly, putting Muslims at a disadvantage in attempting to win autonomy. He demanded that Mountbatten divide the army prior to independence, which would take at least a year. Mountbatten had hoped that the post-independence arrangements would include a common defence force, but Jinnah saw it as essential that a sovereign state should have its own forces. Mountbatten met with Liaquat the day of his final session with Jinnah, and concluded, as he told Attlee and the Cabinet in May, that \"it had become clear that the Muslim League would resort to arms if Pakistan in some form were not conceded.\" The Viceroy was also influenced by negative Muslim reaction to the constitutional report of the assembly, which envisioned broad powers for the post-independence central government. On 2 June, the final plan was given by the Viceroy to Indian leaders: on 15 August, the British would turn over power to two dominions. The provinces would vote on whether to continue in the existing constituent assembly or to have a new one, that is, to join Pakistan. Bengal and Punjab would also vote, both on the question of which assembly to join, and on the partition. A boundary commission would determine the final lines"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " in the partitioned provinces. Plebiscites would take place in the North-West Frontier Province (which did not have a League government despite an overwhelmingly Muslim population), and in the majority-Muslim Sylhet district of Assam, adjacent to eastern Bengal. On 3 June, Mountbatten, Nehru, Jinnah and Sikh leader Baldev Singh made the formal announcement by radio. Jinnah concluded his address with \"\"Pakistan Zindabad\u00a0\"\" (Long live Pakistan), which was not in the script. In the weeks which followed Punjab and Bengal cast the votes which resulted in partition. Sylhet and the N.W.F.P. voted to cast their lots with Pakistan, a decision joined by the assemblies in Sind and Baluchistan. On 4 July 1947, Liaquat asked Mountbatten on Jinnah's behalf to recommend to the British king, George VI, that Jinnah be appointed Pakistan's first governor-general. This request angered Mountbatten, who had hoped to have that position in both dominions\u2014he would be India's first post-independence governor-general\u2014but Jinnah felt that Mountbatten would be likely to favour the new Hindu-majority state because of his closeness to Nehru. In addition, the governor"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": "-general would initially be a powerful figure, and Jinnah did not trust anyone else to take that office. Although the Boundary Commission, led by British lawyer Sir Cyril Radcliffe, had not yet reported, there were already massive movements of populations between the nations-to-be, as well as sectarian violence. Jinnah arranged to sell his house in Bombay and procured a new one in Karachi. On 7 August, Jinnah, with his sister and close staff, flew from Delhi to Karachi in Mountbatten's plane, and as the plane taxied, he was heard to murmur, \"That's the end of that.\" On 11 August, he presided over the new constituent assembly for Pakistan at Karachi, and addressed them, \"You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan\u00a0... You may belong to any religion or caste or creed\u2014that has nothing to do with the business of the State... I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.\" On 14 August, Pakistan became independent; Jinnah led the celebrations in Karachi. One observer wrote, \"here indeed is Pakistan's King Emperor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Speaker and Prime Minister concentrated into one formidable \"Quaid-e-Azam\".\"</s><s>Governor-General. The Radcliffe Commission, dividing Bengal and Punjab, completed its work and reported to Mountbatten on 12 August; the last Viceroy held the maps until the 17th, not wanting to spoil the independence celebrations in both nations. There had already been ethnically charged violence and movement of populations; publication of the Radcliffe Line dividing the new nations sparked mass migration, murder, and ethnic cleansing. Many on the \"wrong side\" of the lines fled or were murdered, or murdered others, hoping to make facts on the ground which would reverse the commission's verdict. Radcliffe wrote in his report that he knew that neither side would be happy with his award; he declined his fee for the work. Christopher Beaumont, Radcliffe's private secretary, later wrote that Mountbatten \"must take the blame\u2014though not the sole blame\u2014for the massacres in the Punjab in which between 500,000"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " to a million men, women and children perished\". As many as 14,500,000 people relocated between India and Pakistan during and after partition. Jinnah did what he could for the eight million people who migrated to Pakistan; although by now over 70 and frail from lung ailments, he travelled across West Pakistan and personally supervised the provision of aid. According to Ahmed, \"What Pakistan needed desperately in those early months was a symbol of the state, one that would unify people and give them the courage and resolve to succeed.\" Among the restive regions of the new nation was the North-West Frontier Province. The referendum there in July 1947 had been tainted by low turnout as less than 10 per cent of the population were allowed to vote. On 22 August 1947, just after a week of becoming governor general, Jinnah dissolved the elected government of Dr. Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan. Later on, Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in place by Jinnah in the Pashtun-dominated province despite him being a Kashmiri. On 12 August 1948 the Babrra massacre in Charsadda occurred resulting in the death of 400 people aligned with the Khudai Khidmatgar movement. Along with Liaquat and Abdur Rab Nishtar, Jinnah"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " represented Pakistan's interests in the Division Council to appropriately divide public assets between India and Pakistan. Pakistan was supposed to receive one-sixth of the pre-independence government's assets, carefully divided by agreement, even specifying how many sheets of paper each side would receive. The new Indian state, however, was slow to deliver, hoping for the collapse of the nascent Pakistani government, and reunion. Few members of the Indian Civil Service and the Indian Police Service had chosen Pakistan, resulting in staff shortages. Partition meant that for some farmers, the markets to sell their crops were on the other side of an international border. There were shortages of machinery, not all of which was made in Pakistan. In addition to the massive refugee problem, the new government sought to save abandoned crops, establish security in a chaotic situation, and provide basic services. According to economist Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin in her study of Pakistan, \"although Pakistan was born in bloodshed and turmoil, it survived in the initial and difficult months after partition only because of the tremendous sacrifices made by its people and the selfless efforts of its great leader.\" The Indian Princely States were advised by the departing British to choose whether to join Pakistan or India. Most did so prior to independence, but the holdouts contributed"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " to what have become lasting divisions between the two nations. Indian leaders were angered at Jinnah's attempts to convince the princes of Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bhopal and Indore to accede to Pakistan\u2014the latter three princely states did not border Pakistan. Jodhpur bordered it and had both a Hindu majority population and a Hindu ruler. The coastal princely state of Junagadh, which had a majority-Hindu population, did accede to Pakistan in September 1947, with its ruler's \"dewan\", Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, personally delivering the accession papers to Jinnah. But the two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh\u2014Mangrol and Babariawad\u2014declared their independence from Junagadh and acceded to India. In response, the nawab of Junagadh militarily occupied the two states. Subsequently, the Indian army occupied the principality in November, forcing its former leaders, including Bhutto, to flee to Pakistan, beginning the politically powerful Bhutto family. The most contentious of the disputes was, and continues to be, that over the princely state of Kashmir. It had a Muslim-majority"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " population and a Hindu maharaja, Sir Hari Singh, who stalled his decision on which nation to join. With the population in revolt in October 1947, aided by Pakistani irregulars, the maharaja acceded to India; Indian troops were airlifted in. Jinnah objected to this action, and ordered that Pakistani troops move into Kashmir. The Pakistani Army was still commanded by British officers, and the commanding officer, General Sir Douglas Gracey, refused the order, stating that he would not move into what he considered the territory of another nation without approval from higher authority, which was not forthcoming. Jinnah withdrew the order. This did not stop the violence there, which broke into Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Some historians allege that Jinnah's courting the rulers of Hindu-majority states and his gambit with Junagadh are evidence of ill-intent towards India, as Jinnah had promoted separation by religion, yet tried to gain the accession of Hindu-majority states. In his book \"Patel: A Life\", Rajmohan Gandhi asserts that Jinnah hoped for a plebiscite in Junagadh, knowing Pakistan would lose, in the hope the principle would be established for Kashmir. However, when Mountbatten proposed to"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " Jinnah that, in all the princely States where the ruler did not accede to a Dominion corresponding to the majority population (which would have included Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir), the accession should be decided by an 'impartial reference to the will of the people', Jinnah rejected the offer. Despite the, issued at India's request for a plebiscite in Kashmir after the withdrawal of Pakistani forces, this has never occurred. In January 1948, the Indian government finally agreed to pay Pakistan its share of British India's assets. They were impelled by Gandhi, who threatened a fast until death. Only days later, on 30 January, Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who believed that Gandhi was pro-Muslim. After hearing about Gandhi's murder on the following day, Jinnah publicly made a brief statement of condolence, calling Gandhi \"one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community\". In February 1948, in a radio talk broadcast addressed to the people of the US, Jinnah expressed his views regarding Pakistan's constitution to be in the following way: In March, Jinnah, despite his declining health, made his only post-independence visit to East Pakistan. In a speech before a crowd estimated at"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " 300,000, Jinnah stated (in English) that Urdu alone should be the national language, believing a single language was needed for a nation to remain united. The Bengali-speaking people of East Pakistan strongly opposed this policy, and in 1971 the official language issue was a factor in the region's secession to form the country of Bangladesh.</s><s>Illness and death. From the 1930s, Jinnah suffered from tuberculosis; only his sister and a few others close to him were aware of his condition. Jinnah believed public knowledge of his lung ailments would hurt him politically. In a 1938 letter, he wrote to a supporter that \"you must have read in the papers how during my tours\u00a0... I suffered, which was not because there was anything wrong with me, but the irregularities [of the schedule] and over-strain told upon my health\". Many years later, Mountbatten stated that if he had known Jinnah was so physically ill, he would have stalled, hoping Jinnah's death would avert partition. Fatima Jinnah later wrote, \"even in his hour of triumph, the \"Quaid-e-Azam\" was gravely ill\u00a0... He worked in a frenzy to consolidate Pakistan. And, of course, he totally"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " neglected his health\u00a0...\" Jinnah worked with a tin of Craven \"A\" cigarettes at his desk, of which he had smoked 50 or more a day for the previous 30 years, as well as a box of Cuban cigars. As his health got worse, he took longer and longer rest breaks in the private wing of Government House in Karachi, where only he, Fatima and the servants were allowed. In June 1948, he and Fatima flew to Quetta, in the mountains of Balochistan, where the weather was cooler than in Karachi. He could not completely rest there, addressing the officers at the Command and Staff College saying, \"you, along with the other Forces of Pakistan, are the custodians of the life, property and honour of the people of Pakistan.\" He returned to Karachi for the 1 July opening ceremony for the State Bank of Pakistan, at which he spoke. A reception by the Canadian trade commissioner that evening in honour of Dominion Day was the last public event he attended. On 6 July 1948, Jinnah returned to Quetta, but at the advice of doctors, soon journeyed to an even higher retreat at Ziarat. Jinnah had always been reluctant to undergo medical treatment but realising his condition was getting worse, the Pakistani government"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " sent the best doctors it could find to treat him. Tests confirmed tuberculosis, and also showed evidence of advanced lung cancer. He was treated with the new \"miracle drug\" of streptomycin, but it did not help. Jinnah's condition continued to deteriorate despite the Eid prayers of his people. He was moved to the lower altitude of Quetta on 13 August, the eve of Independence Day, for which a ghost-written statement for him was released. Despite an increase in appetite (he then weighed just over ), it was clear to his doctors that if he was to return to Karachi in life, he would have to do so very soon. Jinnah, however, was reluctant to go, not wishing his aides to see him as an invalid on a stretcher. By 9 September, Jinnah had also developed pneumonia. Doctors urged him to return to Karachi, where he could receive better care, and with his agreement, he was flown there on the morning of 11 September. Dr Ilahi Bux, his personal physician, believed that Jinnah's change of mind was caused by foreknowledge of death. The plane landed at Karachi that afternoon, to be met by Jinnah's limousine, and an ambulance into which Jinnah's stretcher"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " was placed. The ambulance broke down on the road into town, and the Governor-General and those with him waited for another to arrive; he could not be placed in the car as he could not sit up. They waited by the roadside in oppressive heat as trucks and buses passed by, unsuitable for transporting the dying man and with their occupants not knowing of Jinnah's presence. After an hour, the replacement ambulance came, and transported Jinnah to Government House, arriving there over two hours after the landing. Jinnah died later that night at 10:20\u00a0pm at his home in Karachi on 11 September 1948 at the age of 71, just over a year after Pakistan's creation. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru stated upon Jinnah's death, \"How shall we judge him? I have been very angry with him often during the past years. But now there is no bitterness in my thought of him, only a great sadness for all that has been\u00a0... he succeeded in his quest and gained his objective, but at what a cost and with what a difference from what he had imagined.\" Jinnah was buried on 12 September 1948 amid official mourning in both India and Pakistan; a million people gathered for his funeral led by Shabbir Ahmad Usman"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": "i. Indian Governor-General Rajagopalachari cancelled an official reception that day in honour of the late leader. Today, Jinnah rests in a large marble mausoleum, Mazar-e-Quaid, in Karachi.</s><s>Illness and death.:Aftermath. In the 1965 presidential election, Fatima Jinnah, by then known as \"Madar-e-Millat\" (\"Mother of the Nation\"), became the presidential candidate of a coalition of political parties that opposed the rule of President Ayub Khan, but was not successful. The Jinnah House in Malabar Hill, Bombay, is in the possession of the Government of India, but the issue of its ownership has been disputed by the Government of Pakistan. Jinnah had personally requested Prime Minister Nehru to preserve the house, hoping one day he could return to Bombay. There are proposals for the house to be offered to the government of Pakistan to establish a consulate in the city as a goodwill gesture, but Dina Wadia had also staked a claim on the property. After Jinnah died, his sister Fatima asked the court to execute Jinnah's will under Shia Islamic law. This subsequently became part of the argument in Pakistan about Jinnah's religious affiliation. Vali"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " Nasr says Jinnah \"was an Ismaili by birth and a Twelver Shia by confession, though not a religiously observant man.\" In a 1970 legal challenge, Hussain Ali Ganji Walji claimed Jinnah had converted to Sunni Islam. Witness Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada stated in court that Jinnah converted to Sunni Islam in 1901 when his sisters married Sunnis. In 1970, Liaquat Ali Khan and Fatima Jinnah's joint affidavit that Jinnah was Shia was rejected. But in 1976 the court rejected Walji's claim that Jinnah was Sunni; effectively accepting him as a Shia. In 1984 a high court bench reversed the 1976 verdict and maintained that \"the \"Quaid\" was definitely not a Shia\", which suggested that Jinnah was Sunni. According to the journalist Khaled Ahmed, Jinnah publicly had a non-sectarian stance and \"was at pains to gather the Muslims of India under the banner of a general Muslim faith and not under a divisive sectarian identity.\" Liaquat H. Merchant, Jinnah's grandnephew, writes that \"the Quaid was not a Shia; he was also not a Sunni, he was simply a Muslim\". An eminent lawyer who practised in the Bombay High Court until 1940 testified"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " that Jinnah used to pray as an orthodox Sunni. According to Akbar Ahmed, Jinnah became a firm Sunni Muslim by the end of his life.</s><s>Legacy. Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan. According to Mohiuddin, \"He was and continues to be as highly honored in Pakistan as [first US president] George Washington is in the United States\u00a0... Pakistan owes its very existence to his drive, tenacity, and judgment\u00a0... Jinnah's importance in the creation of Pakistan was monumental and immeasurable.\" Stanley Wolpert, giving a speech in honour of Jinnah in 1998, deemed him Pakistan's greatest leader. According to Jaswant Singh, \"With Jinnah's death Pakistan lost its moorings. In India there will not easily arrive another Gandhi, nor in Pakistan another Jinnah.\" Malik writes, \"As long as Jinnah was alive, he could persuade and even pressure regional leaders toward greater mutual accommodation, but after his death, the lack of consensus on the distribution of political power and economic resources often turned controversial.\" According to Mohiuddin, \"Jinnah's death deprived Pakistan of a leader who could have enhanced stability and democratic governance\u00a0... The rocky road to democracy in Pakistan and the relatively smooth one in India can"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " in some measure be ascribed to Pakistan's tragedy of losing an incorruptible and highly revered leader so soon after independence.\" His birthday is observed as a national holiday, Quaid-e-Azam Day, in Pakistan. Jinnah earned the title \"Quaid-e-Azam\" (meaning \"Great Leader\"). His other title is \"Baba-i-Qaum\" (Father of the Nation). The former title was reportedly given to Jinnah at first by Mian Ferozuddin Ahmed. It became an official title by effect of a resolution passed on 11 August 1947 by Liaquat Ali Khan in the Pakistan Constituent Assembly. Within a few days of Pakistan's creation Jinnah's name was read in the khutba at mosques as Amir-ul-Millat, a traditional title of Muslim rulers. The civil awards of Pakistan includes an 'Order of Quaid-i-Azam'. The Jinnah Society also confers the 'Jinnah Award' annually to a person that renders outstanding and meritorious services to Pakistan and its people. Jinnah is depicted on all Pakistani rupee currency, and is the namesake of many Pakistani public institutions. The former Quaid-i-Azam International Airport in Karachi, now"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " called the Jinnah International Airport, is Pakistan's busiest. One of the largest streets in the Turkish capital Ankara, Cinnah Caddesi, is named after him, as is the Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway in Tehran, Iran. The royalist government of Iran also released a stamp commemorating the centennial of Jinnah's birth in 1976. In Chicago, a portion of Devon Avenue was named \"Mohammed Ali Jinnah Way\". A section of Coney Island Avenue in Brooklyn, New York was also named 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way' in honour of the founder of Pakistan. The Mazar-e-Quaid, Jinnah's mausoleum, is among Karachi's landmarks. The \"Jinnah Tower\" in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, was built to commemorate Jinnah. There is a considerable amount of scholarship on Jinnah which stems from Pakistan; according to Akbar S. Ahmed, it is not widely read outside the country and usually avoids even the slightest criticism of Jinnah. According to Ahmed, some books published about Jinnah outside Pakistan mention that he consumed alcohol, but this is omitted from books published inside Pakistan. Ahmed suggests that depicting the \"Quaid\" drinking would weaken Jinnah's Islamic identity"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": ", and by extension, Pakistan's. Some sources allege he gave up alcohol near the end of his life. The professor Maya Tudor concluded that \"Jinnah could not be described as a practicing Muslim\" given his consumption of pork, use of alcohol, and usage of interest.{{cite book |last1=Tudor |first1=Maya |title=The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan According to historian Ayesha Jalal, while there is a tendency towards hagiography in the Pakistani view of Jinnah, in India he is viewed negatively. Ahmed deems Jinnah \"the most maligned person in recent Indian history\u00a0... In India, many see him as the demon who divided the land.\" Even many Indian Muslims see Jinnah negatively, blaming him for their woes as a minority in that state. Some historians such as Jalal and H. M. Seervai assert that Jinnah never wanted the partition of India\u2014it was the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. They contend that Jinnah only used the Pakistan demand in an attempt to mobilise support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims. Francis Mudie, the last British Governor of Sindh"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": ", in Jinnah's honour once said: In judging Jinnah, we must remember what he was up against. He had against him not only the wealth and brains of the Hindus, but also nearly the whole of British officialdom, and most of the Home politicians, who made the great mistake of refusing to take Pakistan seriously. Never was his position really examined. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, according to Yasser Latif Hamdani and Eamon Murphy, is associated with his call for Direct Action Day, which resulted in bloodshed and communal violence that culminated in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. This incident and Jinnah's role, according to these authors, is viewed with contempt especially in India. Jinnah has gained the admiration of Indian nationalist politicians such as Lal Krishna Advani, whose comments praising Jinnah caused an uproar in his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Indian politician Jaswant Singh's book \"\" (2009) caused controversy in India. The book was based on Jinnah's ideology and alleged that Nehru's desire for a powerful centre led to Partition. Upon the book release, Singh was expelled from his membership of Bharatiya Janata Party, to which he responded that BJP is \"narrow-minded\" and has \""}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": "limited thoughts\". Jinnah was the central figure of the 1998 film \"Jinnah\", which was based on Jinnah's life and his struggle for the creation of Pakistan. Christopher Lee, who portrayed Jinnah, called his performance the best of his career. The 1954 Hector Bolitho's book \"Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan\" prompted Fatima Jinnah to release a book, titled \"My Brother\" (1987), as she thought that Bolitho's book had failed to express the political aspects of Jinnah. The book received positive reception in Pakistan. \"Jinnah of Pakistan\" (1984) by Stanley Wolpert is regarded as one of the best biographical books on Jinnah. The view of Jinnah in the West has been shaped to some extent by his portrayal in Sir Richard Attenborough's 1982 film, \"Gandhi\". The film was dedicated to Nehru and Mountbatten and was given considerable support by Nehru's daughter, the Indian prime minister, Indira Gandhi. It portrays Jinnah (played by Alyque Padamsee) in an unflattering light, who seems to act out of jealousy of Gandhi. Padamsee later stated that his portrayal was not historically accurate. In a journal article on Pakistan's first"}, {"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "text": " governor-general, historian R. J. Moore wrote that Jinnah is universally recognised as central to the creation of Pakistan. Stanley Wolpert summarises the profound effect that Jinnah had on the world:</s><s>See also. - List of peace activists - List of civil rights leaders</s><s>References and notes.</s><s>References and notes.:General and cited references. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - - - - -</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000489", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Joel Edgerton.", "docs": [{"title": "Joel Edgerton", "text": "<s>Joel Edgerton Joel Edgerton (born 23 June 1974) is an Australian actor and filmmaker. He is best known  for his appearance in the \"Star Wars\" films \"Attack of the Clones\" (2002) and \"Revenge of the Sith\" (2005) as a young Owen Lars, a role he reprised in the Disney+ series \"Obi-Wan Kenobi\" (2022). Edgerton also appeared in \"King Arthur\" (2004) as Gawain, \"Warrior\" (2011), \"Zero Dark Thirty\" (2012), \"The Great Gatsby\" (2013), \"Black Mass\" (2015), \"Loving\" (2016), \"Bright\" (2017), \"Red Sparrow\" (2018), \"The King\" (2019), \"The Stranger\" (2022), and the limited series \"The Underground Railroad\" (2021). In Australia, Edgerton portrayed Will McGill in the drama series \"The Secret Life of Us\" (2001\u201302), for which he won the AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama. He has appeared in several Australian films, such as \"The Square\" (2008), \"Animal Kingdom\" (2010), for which he won the AACTA"}, {"title": "Joel Edgerton", "text": " Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, \"Wish You Were Here\" (2012), and \"Felony\" (2013). In 2015, Edgerton received a nomination for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing \u2013 First-Time Feature Film for \"The Gift\", a psychological horror-thriller film he wrote, directed, co-produced, and in which he co-starred. Edgerton garnered further critical acclaim for his performance as Richard Loving in the 2016 historical drama \"Loving\", for which he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. In 2018, he wrote, directed, and starred in the drama \"Boy Erased\", about gay conversion therapy. The following year's \"The King\", which he co-wrote and starred in, was released on Netflix.</s><s>Early life. Edgerton was born in Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia the son of Michael, a solicitor and property developer, and Marianne (\"n\u00e9e\" van Dort) Edgerton. His mother is a Dutch immigrant, who was born in The Hague. He graduated from The Hills Grammar School in 1991. He attended the Nepean Drama School at the University of Western Sydney, before moving on to"}, {"title": "Joel Edgerton", "text": " various stage productions, including at Sydney Theatre Company.</s><s>Career. Edgerton has appeared in such films as \"Erskineville Kings\", \"King Arthur\" and \"Ned Kelly\". In the \"Star Wars\" franchise, he played a young Owen Lars in \"\" (2002) and \"\" (2005) and reprised the role in the Disney+ series \"Obi-Wan Kenobi\". He played Will on \"The Secret Life of Us\", for which he won an AACTA Award in 2002. In 2005, he lent his voice to the title character of \"The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello\", an Academy Award-nominated animated short film. The same year, he appeared as the son of a deceased shoemaker in the British comedy \"Kinky Boots\". He appeared in \"Smokin' Aces\" (2006). Edgerton appeared in the film \"Whisper\" (2007), \"The Square\" (which he co-wrote and was directed by his brother Nash Edgerton), \"Acolytes\", and \"Separation City\". In 2009, he starred alongside as Stanley in the Sydney Theatre Company's acclaimed production of \"A Streetcar Named Desire\". He appeared in a production of the same play"}, {"title": "Joel Edgerton", "text": " at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in December 2009. He appeared in the crime drama film \"Animal Kingdom\" as Barry Baz Brown in 2010 in which he won an AFI award. He starred as fictional MMA fighter Brendan Conlon in the film \"Warrior\" (2011). In February 2010, Edgerton was cast in Matthijs van Heijningen Jr.'s 2011 prequel to \"The Thing\", portraying helicopter pilot Sam Carter. He played Tom Buchanan in Baz Luhrmann's 2013 remake of \"The Great Gatsby\". He was honoured for his work in international roles with the 2011 Australians in Film Breakthrough Award. In 2013, it was revealed that Edgerton and David Mich\u00f4d had collaborated on writing an adaptation of Shakespeare's \"Henriad\" plays, \"Henry IV, Part 1\", \"Henry IV, Part 2\" and \"Henry V\", for Warner Bros. Pictures. In 2014, Edgerton starred in the biblical film \"\", as Ramesses II, Moses' adoptive brother, who became a notorious king. Edgerton directed, starred in, wrote, and produced the thriller \"The Gift\", which was released on 7 August 2015. He co-starred in the 2015 film \"Black Mass\" as John Connolly"}, {"title": "Joel Edgerton", "text": ", FBI contact and childhood friend of notorious gangster Whitey Bulger. In 2016, he starred in the Jeff Nichols films \"Midnight Special\" and \"Loving\", and in 2017, he starred in the film \"Bright\" as Officer Nick Jacoby, an orc who is a police officer. He will reprise the character in the sequel along with Will Smith, directed by Louis Leterrier for Netflix. In 2018, Edgerton headlined Francis Lawrence's thriller film \"Red Sparrow\" with Jennifer Lawrence, and based on the book by Jason Matthews. He plays Nathaniel Nash, a CIA agent who becomes involved with a Russian spy Dominika Egorova (Lawrence). In February 2018, Timoth\u00e9e Chalamet joined the cast of \"The King\", with Brad Pitt, Dede Gardner, and Jeremy Kleiner producing, alongside Liz Watts, under their Plan B Entertainment banner. In March 2018, Edgerton joined the cast of the film. In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, it was announced that a new film, \"The Unknown Man\", will begin filming in South Australia as soon as enough of the COVID-19 restrictions are lifted. Directed by Thomas M. Wright, it will also star Sean Harris"}, {"title": "Joel Edgerton", "text": ". In September 2020, Edgerton was tapped to star in and executive produce limited series \"The Florida Man\" based on a novel of the same name by Tom Cooper. In 2021, Edgerton starred in the medieval fantasy film \"The Green Knight\" written and directed by David Lowery. In March 2023, Edgerton began filming the period drama \"The Brutalist\" directed by Brady Corbet, in which he will star as L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Toth, a Hungarian-born Jewish architect who survived the Holocaust and emigrated to the United States with his wife, portrayed by Marion Cotillard.</s><s>Philanthropy. Edgerton has been a distinguished ambassador for The Fred Hollows Foundation for a number of years and has strong personal ties to the organisation, which works to restore people's sight in poor countries and to improve the health of Aboriginal Australians. In 2012, he visited Nepal, where he saw sight restored first hand. He has described social activism and his involvement with The Fred Hollows Foundation as \"an escape\" from the \"materialistic life\" that often surrounds an actor. The Fred Hollows Foundation is an international non-profit organization which educates and provides equipment for undersupported surgeons to help cure avoidable blindness.</s>"}, {"title": "Joel Edgerton", "text": "<s>Personal life. Edgerton's brother, Nash, is a stuntman and filmmaker. Both he and his brother are a part of the Australian film collective Blue-Tongue Films. Nash directed Joel in 2018's \"Gringo\". In 2018, Edgerton began a relationship with Christine Centenera, fashion director of \"Vogue Australia\". They have known each other since the late 1990s. Their twins were born in May 2021.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Joel Edgerton", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000490", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Damon Herriman.", "docs": [{"title": "Damon Herriman", "text": "<s>Damon Herriman Damon Herriman is an Australian actor. He is known for his film and television work in Australia and the United States. He is perhaps best known for his portrayal of Dewey Crowe in \"Justified\". In 2019, he portrayed the cult leader and criminal Charles Manson in both the Netflix series \"Mindhunter\" and in the Quentin Tarantino film \"Once Upon a Time in Hollywood\".</s><s>Early life. Damon Herriman was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He began acting in local television commercials at the age of eight, but it was not until he was cast as Frank Errol in \"The Sullivans\" two years later that his career began to take off. He continued to work solidly as a child actor, with a return to \"The Sullivans\" a year later, as well as the Australian series \"The Patchwork Hero\", \"Sara Dane\", \"For the Term of His Natural Life\" and \"Taurus Rising.\" He received three Logie Award nominations for his performance in \"The Sullivans\".</s><s>Career. After appearing in \"The Flying Doctors\", for which he won the Penguin Award for Excellence in a Performance by a Juvenile, and the children's mini"}, {"title": "Damon Herriman", "text": "-series \"Elly & Jools\", Herriman was cast as Mark Jorgensen, the bespectacled best friend of Ben Mendelsohn's Danny Clark in the Australian cult comedy classic \"The Big Steal\". As well as continuing to work solidly in film, television and theatre, Herriman has also written and/or directed many successful short films, including the Tropfest finalists \"They\" and \"The Date\". In 2004, he won the Best Screenplay award at Flickerfest for the short film \"Soar\", in which he also performed. He was a performer and contributing writer on the ABC sketch comedy series, \"The Elegant Gentleman's Guide to Knife Fighting\". Herriman's other Australian work includes playing Claudia Karvan's workmate and friend George Wagstaffe in the critically acclaimed Foxtel series \"Love My Way\"; Marcus Dwyer in the comedy series, \"Laid\"; simpleton Reg in the Australian feature, \"100 Bloody Acres\"; as well as the title role in the ABC telemovie, \"The Outlaw Michael Howe\". In 2014, he was seen as manager Chris Murphy in the miniseries \"\", as well as appearing in Josh Lawson's debut feature, \"The Little Death\". Other"}, {"title": "Damon Herriman", "text": " recent Australian credits include Abe Forsythe's feature, \"Down Under\"; the Foxtel series, \"Secret City\" and \"Mr Inbetween\"; the Oscar nominated short, \"The Eleven O'Clock\"; the ABC telemovie, \"Riot\"; Jennifer Kent's second feature, \"The Nightingale\"; and the Foxtel mini-series, \"Lambs of God\". In 2019 he won the AACTA award for Best Lead Actor in a film for his performance in \"Judy and Punch\". His American career began in 2004, playing the creepy roadkill truck driver in the US horror film \"House of Wax\". Since 2005 he has worked regularly in the United States, starting with such productions as \"The Unit\"; \"Redbelt\" (both written and directed by David Mamet); \"Breaking Bad\"; \"Wilfred\"; \"Cold Case\"; and mysterious hitman Mr. Jones on the CBS crime series, \"Vegas\". He played the convicted kidnapper of the Lindbergh baby, Bruno Hauptmann, in the Clint Eastwood-directed \"J. Edgar\" (2011), and one of the Cavendish gang in Gore Verbinski's \"The Lone Ranger\" (2013). Next he appeared in the Vince Gilligan/David"}, {"title": "Damon Herriman", "text": " Shore series for CBS, \"Battle Creek\"; the homeless Romeo in the Starz limited series, \"Flesh and Bone\"; and the violent hitman Buddy in the first season of the HBO/Cinemax series, \"Quarry\". In 2019, he played Charles Manson in both Quentin Tarantino's film \"Once Upon a Time in Hollywood\" and the television series \"Mindhunter\". In 2019, he appeared as Paul Allen Brown in Steven Conrad's Epix series \"Perpetual Grace, LTD\". In 2021, he was the voice of Kabal in \"Mortal Kombat\", with stuntman Daniel Nelson portraying the character in the suit.</s><s>Awards. In 2018 he was awarded the Orry-Kelly Award, recognising a body of work that contributes to Australia's national identity.</s><s>Other works.</s><s>Other works.:Music. - 2015: \"Raining Gold\" \u2013 ARO (Aimee Osbourne)</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Damon Herriman", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000491", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Rohit Sharma.", "docs": [{"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": "<s>Rohit Sharma Rohit Gurunath Sharma (born 30 April 1987), is an Indian international cricketer and the current captain of India men\u2019s cricket team in all formats. Considered one of the best batsmen of his generation and one of greatest opening batters of all time, - - - - - - - - -  Sharma is known for his timing, elegance, six-hitting abilities and leadership skills. He plays as a right-handed batsman for India national cricket team in international cricket, Mumbai Indians in IPL and for Mumbai in domestic cricket. Rohit also captains Mumbai Indians and the team has won 5 titles under his leadership, the most by any team. Sharma currently holds the world record for the highest individual score (264) in a One Day International (ODI) match and is the only player to have scored three double-centuries in ODIs and also holds the record for scoring most hundreds (five) in a single Cricket World Cup, for which he won the ICC Men's ODI Cricketer of the Year award in 2019. Sharma has received two national honours, the Arjuna Award in 2015 and the prestigious Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna in 2020. Under his captaincy, India won"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " the 2018 Asia Cup, the seventh time the country won the title. Outside cricket, Sharma is an active supporter of animal welfare campaigns. He is the official Rhino Ambassador for WWF-India and is a member of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). He has worked with PETA in its campaign to raise awareness of the plight of homeless cats and dogs in India.</s><s>Early life. Sharma was born on 30 April 1987 in Bansod, Nagpur, Maharashtra. His mother, Purnima Sharma, is from Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. His father, Gurunath Sharma, worked as a caretaker of a transport firm storehouse. Sharma was raised by his grandparents and uncles in Borivali because of his father's low income. He would visit his parents, who lived in a single-room house in Dombivli, only during weekends. He has a younger brother, Vishal Sharma. Sharma joined a cricket camp in 1999 with his uncle's money. Dinesh Lad, his coach at the camp, asked him to change his school to Swami Vivekanand International School, where Lad was the coach and the cricket facilities were better than those at Sharma\u2019s old school. Sharma recollect"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": "s, \"I told him I couldn't afford it, but he got me a scholarship. So for four years I didn't pay a penny, and did well in my cricket\". Sharma started as an off-spinner who could bat a bit before Lad noticed his batting ability and promoted him from number eight to open the innings. He excelled in the Harris and Giles Shield school cricket tournaments, scoring a century on debut as an opener.</s><s>Youth and domestic first-class career. Sharma made his List A debut for West Zone against Central Zone in the Deodhar Trophy at Gwalior in March 2005. Batting at number eight, he scored 31 not out as West Zone won by 3 wickets with 24 balls remaining. Cheteshwar Pujara and Ravindra Jadeja made their debuts in the same match. It was Sharma's unbeaten innings of 142 in 123 balls against North Zone at the Maharanna Bhupal College Ground in Udaipur in the same tournament that brought him into the limelight. He visited Abu Dhabi and Australia with the India A squad and was then included among India's 30-member probables list for the upcoming ICC Champions Trophy tournament, although he did not make the final squad. Sharma made his"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " first-class debut for India A against New Zealand A at Darwin in July 2006. He scored 57 and 22 as India won by 3 wickets. He made his Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai in the 2006\u201307 season and scored 205 off 267 balls against Gujarat. Mumbai went on to win the tournament with Sharma scoring a half-century (57) in his second innings in the final against Bengal. Sharma has spent his entire domestic first-class career at Mumbai. In December 2009, he made his highest career score of 309 not out in the Ranji Trophy against Gujarat. In October 2013, upon the retirement of Ajit Agarkar, he was appointed team captain ahead of the 2013\u201314 season.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Test matches. In November 2013, during Sachin Tendulkar's farewell series, Sharma made his Test debut at Eden Gardens in Kolkata against West Indies and scored 177, the second-highest score on debut by an Indian to Shikhar Dhawan (187). He followed it up with 111 (not out) in the second Test at his home ground, the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. Having been out of the Test team since 2017\u201318, Sharma went on the 2018\u201319 tour"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " of Australia after he had earned a recall earlier. Chief selector M. S. K. Prasad said the reason for his recall was that his natural game suited the bouncy Australian pitches. Sharma played in the first Test in Adelaide, scoring 37 and 1 in an Indian victory. During the first Test, he sustained a minor injury which saw him miss the second Test in Perth. He recovered for the Boxing Day third Test at Melbourne and scored 63 (not out) to help India total 443/7 and win both the Test and the series. After the third Test, Sharma had to return to India for the birth of his daughter. In October 2019, in the third Test against South Africa, Sharma scored his 2,000th run and his first double century in Tests. He made 212 in the first innings of the match. Sharma was named as vice-captain of India's Test team during the tour of Australia in 2020, replacing Cheteshwar Pujara. Sharma had a successful home series against England in 2021. Instrumental in his team's comeback after a defeat in the first Test at Chennai, he scored a century, one that \"The Guardian\" termed \"deserves to be considered one of the greatest this century.\" He put on 167 runs with"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " Ajinkya Rahane for the fourth wicket while making 161 runs in an innings that included 18 fours and two sixes. India went on to win the Test by 317 runs. He top-scored for his side in both innings of the low-scoring third Test in Ahmedabad with scores of 66 and 25 contributing to his team's win. Sharma finished the series aggregating 345 runs, the most for India, at an average of 58. He went on to score his first overseas Test century on 4 September 2021 with an innings of 127 against England at The Oval, also reaching the milestone of 3,000 runs in Test cricket. Sharma was appointed captain of India's Test team in February 2022, succeeding Virat Kohli, ahead of a two-match series against Sri Lanka. Sunil Gavaskar praised his leadership and Chetan Sharma, India's chairman of selectors, said: \"We will groom future captains under him\".</s><s>International career.:2015 and 2019 Cricket World Cups. In March 2015, Sharma made his first appearance in the Cricket World Cup and played in eight matches for India in the 2015 tournament in Australia. India reached the semi-final stage where they were defeated by Australia. Sharma scored 330 runs in the tournament with one century"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": ", a score of 137 in the quarter-final against Bangladesh. On 15 April 2019, Sharma was appointed vice-captain of India's squad for the 2019 World Cup in England. In the opening match against South Africa, he scored 122, including his 12,000th run in international cricket. He followed it up with centuries against Pakistan, England and Bangladesh. In the match against Sri Lanka, hitting yet another century, he became the first batsman to score five centuries in a single World Cup tournament, and equalled Tendulkar's record for the most centuries (6) in all World Cup matches. Sharma totalled 648 runs in the tournament to finish as the leading run-scorer and win the ICC's Golden Bat award, the third Indian player to do so.</s><s>International career.:Other one-day international matches. Sharma made his full international debut in a one-day match against Ireland in Belfast on 23 June 2007. This was part of the 2007 Future Cup competition which also involved South Africa. He was number seven in the batting order but did not bat as India won the game by 9 wickets. He scored his maiden ODI half-century (52) against Pakistan at Jaipur on 18 November 2007 and was selected for the Indian"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " squad going to the 2007\u201308 Commonwealth Bank Series in Australia. In that series, he scored 235 runs at an average of 33.57 with 2 fifties, including 66 in the first final at Sydney when he partnered Sachin Tendulkar for most of India's successful run chase. After that, however, his ODI performances suffered a downturn and he lost his middle-order position to Suresh Raina. Later, Virat Kohli took his position as the reserve batsman. In December 2009, following his triple century in the Ranji Trophy, he was recalled to the ODI team for the tri-nations tournament in Bangladesh as Tendulkar opted to rest in the series. He scored his maiden ODI century (114) against Zimbabwe on 28 May 2010 and followed it up with another century in the next match of the tri-series against Sri Lanka on 30 May 2010 by scoring 101 not out. He had a run of poor form in South Africa just before the 2011 World Cup and as a consequence he was left out of India's squad for the tournament. Sharma was recalled to the limited-overs squad for the tour of the West Indies in June and July 2011. In the first match at Queen's Park Oval, he scored 68 ("}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": "not out) from 75 balls with three fours and a six. In the third match at the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua, he scored a match-winning 86 off 91 balls after India had been reduced to 92 for 6. He had a disastrous loss of form in 2012 and scored only 168 runs in the whole calendar year at the very low average of 12.92 with just a single half-century. Even so, his captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni showed faith in him, and his career was revived in 2013. Dhoni decided to move him up the batting order to open the innings with Shikhar Dhawan in the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. The pairing was a success and India won the competition, defeating hosts England in the final. His good form continued and, later in the year against Australia, he scored 141 (not out) in Jaipur. He followed that with 209 off 158 balls in Bangalore and established a then-world record for the most sixes (16) in a one-day international innings (since beaten by Eoin Morgan of England with 17). On 13 November 2014, playing against Sri Lanka at Eden Gardens in Kolkata, Sharma broke the world record for the highest score in a one-day international"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " innings with 264 from 173 deliveries. In December 2017, India's captain Virat Kohli was rested for the series against Sri Lanka, in preparation for India's tour to South Africa, which began in the first week of January 2018. In his place, Sharma was appointed team captain and India under his leadership won the series 2\u20131, their eighth consecutive series win since defeating Zimbabwe in June 2016. Sharma also hit his third ODI double-century in this series, scoring 208 (not out) to extend his record of most ODI double-centuries by a player. In September 2018, in the absence of many top players including regular captain Virat Kohli, Sharma led India to win the 2018 Asia Cup, where they defeated Bangladesh in the final. On 12 January 2019, in the opening match against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground, Sharma scored 133 but it was in vain as India lost by 34 runs. It was his 22nd century in one-day internationals. At Delhi on 13 March 2019, in the fifth and final match of a home series against Australia, Sharma scored 56 including his 8,000th run in one-day internationals. It was his 200th innings. In 2019, he scored the most runs in ODIs by any bats"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": "man, with 1,490 runs in the calendar year, including 7 centuries. In November 2020, Sharma was nominated for the ICC Men's ODI Cricketer of the Decade award. In July 2022, Sharma became the first Indian captain to lead their team to both T20I and ODI series wins in England. He became the 3rd Indian captain to win an ODI series in England, and the first since 2014.</s><s>International career.:Twenty20 international matches. Sharma was included in the Indian squad for the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and made his mark by scoring an unbeaten 50 from 40 deliveries against hosts South Africa in the quarter-finals. This enabled India to win the match by 37 runs and they went on to defeat Pakistan in the final, when Sharma scored 30 (not out) from 16 deliveries. On 2 October 2015, during the South African tour of India, Sharma scored 106 in the first Twenty20 international at HPCA Stadium in Dharamshala. With that, he became the second Indian cricketer to have scored centuries in all three formats of international cricket. In December 2017, in a series against Sri Lanka, Sharma scored the joint-fastest T20I century, in 35 balls, ending with 118 from 43"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " deliveries, equaling the record of David Miller. This was also his second century in Twenty20 internationals. On 8 July 2018, during a series in England, Sharma became the second Indian batsman, after Virat Kohli, to score 2,000 runs in a Twenty20 international career. He was the fifth batsman worldwide to achieve the feat; the others besides Kohli were Brendon McCullum, Martin Guptill and Shoaib Malik. He also scored his third T20I century during this series, equaling the then-record for most T20I centuries, held by Colin Munro. In March 2018, he led Team India to win the Nidahas Trophy under his captaincy. In November 2018, in a series against West Indies, he scored his fourth T20I century, creating a new record for the most centuries by a player in T20I cricket. In November 2019, in the opening match of the series against Bangladesh, Sharma became the most-capped cricketer for India in T20Is, playing in his 99th match. In the next match of the series, he became the first male cricketer for India to play in 100 T20Is. In November 2020, Sharma was nominated for the ICC"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " Men's T20I Cricketer of the Decade award. In July 2022, Sharma became the first captain in T20I history to lead their team to 14 consecutive victories. With his participation in the 2022 T20 World Cup in Australia, Sharma became the only Indian cricketer to have played in every edition of the tournament since its inception in 2007. On 27 October 2022, Sharma broke the record for most sixes by an Indian batsman in T20 World Cups, previously held by Yuvraj Singh, hitting his 34th six against Netherlands at Sydney Cricket Ground.</s><s>Indian Premier League. Sharma joined the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2008 when he was signed by the Deccan Chargers franchise, based in Hyderabad, for the sum of US$750,000 a year. In the 2011 auction, he was sold for US$2 million to the Mumbai Indians. He scored his only IPL century in the 2012 tournament with 109 (not out) against the Kolkata Knight Riders. Under his leadership, Mumbai has won the IPL in 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020; they also won the former Champions League Twenty20 competition in 2013. Sharma has been one of the most successful players in the IPL as"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " captain since 2013 of the Mumbai Indians, who have won the tournament five times under his leadership. He is currently (March 2022) one of six players who have scored 5,000 career runs in the competition. Sharma has 5,611 runs with one century and 40 half centuries and is the third-highest run scorer after Virat Kohli (6,283) and Shikhar Dhawan (5,784).</s><s>Playing style. Sharma is an aggressive batsman but plays with style and elegance. He is usually an opening batsman in limited overs cricket, but has played most of his Test cricket as a middle-order batsman. In limited overs cricket, Sharma is widely recognised as one of the format's most outstanding batsmen. And for his attacking batting and six hitting abilities he often referred as Hitman. Sunil Gavaskar considers Sharma to have a batting style similar to those of Virender Sehwag and Viv Richards. In his column for \"The Times of India\" in November 2018, Gavaskar said: While Sharma is not a regular bowler, he can bowl right arm off spin. He usually fields in the slips and has said this is a part of his game which he works very hard on for improvement.</s>"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": "<s>Achievements. Sharma holds the world record for the highest individual score by a batsman playing in a one-day international match, having scored 264 against Sri Lanka at Eden Gardens, Kolkata, on 13 November 2014. He is the only player to have scored three double-centuries in this form of international cricket. In January 2020, Sharma was named as the ODI Player of the Year by the International Cricket Council (ICC). During the 2019 World Cup, Sharma became the only batsman to scored five centuries in a single edition of the Cricket World Cup. On 5 October 2019, during a Test match against South Africa, Sharma became the first batsman to score two centuries in a match on his first appearance as an opening batsman. In the same series, he broke Shimron Hetmyer's record for the highest number of sixes in a Test series.</s><s>Achievements.:National honours. - 2015 \u2013 Arjuna Award - 2020 \u2013 Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna</s><s>Achievements.:Sporting honours. - ICC Men's ODI Cricketer of the Year: 2019 - ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year: 2014 (12th man), 2016, 2017, 2018,"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " 2019 - ICC Men's ODI Team of the Decade: 2011\u20132020 - ICC Men's T20I Team of the Decade: 2011\u20132020 - ICC Men's Test Team of the Year: 2021 For his achievements on India's tour of England in 2021, Sharma was selected by \"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack\" as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in its 2022 edition.</s><s>Outside cricket.</s><s>Outside cricket.:Personal life. Sharma married his longtime girlfriend, Ritika Sajdeh on 13 December 2015. They have one child, a girl born on 30 December 2018. He is a practitioner of the meditation technique Sahaj Marg. He practices an Eggetarian diet  but is known to have eaten beef at least once since.</s><s>Outside cricket.:Commercial endorsements. Sharma has been sponsored by several brands including CEAT and the Swiss watchmaker Hublot. In his career, Sharma has endorsed many other brands including Maggi, Fair and Lovely, Lay's, Nissan, energy drink Relentless, Nasivion nasal spray, Aristocrat by VIP Industries, Adidas and Oppo mobiles.</s><s>Outside cricket.:Philanthropy. Sharma engages in numerous philanthropic activities,"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " promoting various causes such as animal welfare, health, and children. He is particularly vocal about the protection of animals and has supported various initiatives and organisations to promote the cause. In February 2015, Sharma joined People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) to support sterilisation of homeless cats and dogs. When supporting the cause Sharma said, \"Sterilisation is important because I feel that if we can stop (the homeless-animal crisis), there will be control of population among the street dogs\". In September 2015, along with Hollywood actors Matt LeBlanc and Salma Hayek, Sharma joined an anti-poaching campaign in Kenya to save the wild animals of Africa including the last surviving northern white rhinoceros. When joining the campaign Sharma said, \"I have been a member of PETA and when I was informed about the cause, I thought it is my duty to join the anti-poaching drive. That's what got me to Nairobi. I was fascinated to have a look at Sudan (the last northern white rhino) and the sniffer dogs who catch hold of the poachers\". In November 2017, Sharma in a video on social media said that he had agreed with an online store to merchandise mobile phone covers and other items"}, {"title": "Rohit Sharma", "text": " that would use his name and ODI jersey no. 45. Sharma also told his Twitter followers: \"All proceeds from your purchases would go to an animal charity of my choice\". In 2018 on \"World Rhino Day\", Sharma was announced as the WWF-India Rhino Ambassador. Ravi Singh, the CEO and Secretary General of WWF-India, said \"We welcome Rohit into the WWF family\". After taking a pledge for the cause of rhino conservation, Sharma said, \"My love for rhinos sparked when I first heard about Sudan, the last male northern white African rhino who passed away this year thus leading to the inevitable extinction of the entire species and that broke my heart. As the world and I mourned for my fallen friend Sudan, I researched the best way for me to help prevent something like this happening and the best way I know how is to create awareness. After getting in touch with WWF I learnt that 82% of the world\u2019s rhinos reside in India and I am honoured to be WWF-India\u2019s rhino ambassador to spread awareness and do my bit to contribute to the protection and survival of the rhino and help make this world a better place for them.\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Rohit Sharma", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000492", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of 14th Dalai Lama.", "docs": [{"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "<s>14th Dalai Lama The 14th Dalai Lama (spiritual name Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, known as Tenzin Gyatso; n\u00e9 Lhamo Thondup; born 6 July 1935), known to the Tibetan people as Gyalwa Rinpoche, is the current Dalai Lama, also the highest spiritual leader and head of the country of Tibet since 1940. He is considered a living Bodhisattva, specifically, an emanation of Avalokite\u015bvara in Sanskrit and Chenrezig in Tibetan. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by the Ganden Tripa. The central government of Tibet, the Ganden Phodrang, invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959. The 14th Dalai Lama was born to a farming family in Taktser (Hongya Village), in the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo (administratively Qinghai Province, Republic of China). He was selected as the tulku of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937 and formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama in a public declaration near the town of Bumchen in 1939."}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " As with the recognition process for his predecessor, a Golden Urn selection process was not used. His enthronement ceremony was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940 and he eventually assumed full temporal (political) duties on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, after the People's Republic of China's occupation of Tibet. The Tibetan government administered the historic Tibetan regions of \u00dc-Tsang, Kham and Amdo. Subsequent to the Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, during the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the Dalai Lama escaped to India, where he currently lives in exile while remaining the most important spiritual leader of Tibet. On 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama established the independent Tibetan government in exile in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie, which then moved in May 1960 to Dharamshala, where he resides. He retired as political head in 2011 to make way for a democratic government, the Central Tibetan Administration. The Dalai Lama advocates for the welfare of Tibetans and since the early 1970s has called for the Middle Way Approach with China to peacefully resolve the issue of Tibet. The Dalai Lama travels worldwide to give Tibetan Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism teachings, and his Kalachakra teachings and initiations are"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " international events. He also attends conferences on a wide range of subjects, including the relationship between religion and science, meets with other world leaders, religious leaders, philosophers and scientists, online and in person. His work includes focus on the environment, economics, women's rights, nonviolence, interfaith dialogue, physics, astronomy, Buddhism and science, cognitive neuroscience, reproductive health and sexuality. The Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, and the US Congressional Gold Medal in 2006. \"Time\" magazine named the Dalai Lama one of the \"Children of Mahatma Gandhi\" and Gandhi's spiritual heir to nonviolence.</s><s>Early life and background. Lhamo Thondup was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser, or Chija Tagtser, at the edge of the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo in Qinghai Province. He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood and one of the three supposed reincarnated Rinpoches in the same family. His eldest sister Tsering Dolma, was sixteen years his senior and was midwife to his mother at his birth. She would accompany him into exile and found Tibetan Children's Villages. His eldest brother, Thupten"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " Jigme Norbu, had been recognised at the age of three by the 13th Dalai Lama as the reincarnation of the high Lama, the 6th Taktser Rinpoche. His fifth brother, Tendzin Choegyal, had been recognised as the 16th Ngari Rinpoche. His sister, Jetsun Pema, spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project. The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was \"a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language\", a form of Central Plains Mandarin, and his family speak neither Amdo Tibetan nor Lhasa Tibetan. After the demise of the 13th Dalai Lama, in 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management was published by the Central Government. In 1936, the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas was published by the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission of the Central Government. Article 3 states that death of lamas, including the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, should be reported to the commission, soul boys should be located and checked by the commission, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should invite officials from the Central Government to take care"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " of the sitting-in-the-bed ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be sought from current lama families. This article echoes what the Qianlong Emperor described in The Discourse of Lama to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas. Based on custom and regulation, the regent was actively involved in the search for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new incarnation when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old. Sir Basil Gould, British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir Charles Alfred Bell, former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Amongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the thirteenth Dalai Lama, at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The Regent, Reting Rinpoche, shortly afterwards had a vision at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "tso which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from there to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang Rinpoche, went first to meet the Panchen Lama, who had been stuck in Jyekundo, in northern Kham. The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama. He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a \"fearless\" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great Kumbum Monastery with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision\u2014the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived. The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " time, the village of Taktser stood right on the \"real border\" between the region of Amdo and China. According to the search lore, when the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old mala that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said \"if you know who I am, you can have it.\" The child said \"Sera Lama, Sera Lama\" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others. From 1936 the Hui 'Ma Clique' Muslim warlord Ma Bufang ruled Qinghai as its governor under the nominal authority of the Republic of China central government. According to an interview with"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had seized this north-east corner of Amdo in the name of Chiang Kai-shek's weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of Qinghai. Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects. When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining. He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge. Ma Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery, then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared amongst them, to let them go to Lhasa. Kew"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "tsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum when a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: one hundred thousand each for government officials, the commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; twenty thousand for the escort; and only ten thousand for Ma Bufang himself, he said. Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army. Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas. The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa. The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions. On 22 September 1938, representatives of Tibet Office in Beijing informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission that 3 candidates were found and ceremony of Golden Urn would be held in Tibet. Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet on a journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Dhondup, now 4 years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Kashag, and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939. The ordination (pabbajja) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were arranged by Reting Rinpoche and according to the Dalai Lama \"I received my ordination from Kyabj\u00e9 Ling Rinpoch\u00e9 in the Jokhang in Lhasa.\" There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time. The family of the 14th Dalai Lama was"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " elevated to the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy and acquired land and serf holdings, as with the families of previous Dalai Lamas. In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam Prayer Festival. He passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level \"geshe\" degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. The Dalai Lama, whose name means \"Ocean of Wisdom,\" is known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche, \"The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master;\" Kundun, \"The Presence;\" and Yizhin Norbu, \"The Wish-Fulfilling Gem.\" His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him \"His Holiness the Dalai Lama\", the style employed on the Dalai Lama's website. According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including Reting Rinpoche, Tathag Rinpoche, Ling Rinpoche and lastly Trijang Rinpoche, who became junior tutor when he was nineteen. At the age of 11 he met the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer, who"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " became his videographer and tutor about the world outside Lhasa. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama. Historically the Dalai Lamas or their regents held political and religious leadership over Tibet from Lhasa with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the 5th Dalai Lama's rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705\u20131750), during which period the Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or Ganden Phodrang. Until 1912 however, when the 13th Dalai Lama declared the complete independence of Tibet, their rule was generally subject to patronage and protection of firstly Mongol kings (1642\u20131720) and then the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1720\u20131912). During the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist Goldstein writes: Afterwards in 1939, at the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. The traditional ceremony enthroning the 14th Dalai Lama was attended by observing Chinese and foreign dignitaries after a traditional Tibetan recognition processes. Sir Basil Gould, the British representative of the Government of India, has left a"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " highly detailed account of the ceremonies surrounding the enthronement of the 14th Dalai Lama in Chapter 16 of his memoir, The Jewel in the Lotus. Gould disputes the Chinese claim to have presided over it. He criticised the Chinese account as follows: Tibetan scholar Nyima Gyaincain wrote that based on Tibetan tradition, there was no such thing as presiding over an event, and wrote that the word \"\u4e3b\u6301 (preside or organize)\" was used in many places in communication documents. The meaning of the word was different than what we understand today. He added that Wu Zhongxin spent a lot of time and energy on the event, his effect of presiding over or organizing the event was very obvious. After his enthronement, the Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, his summer residence, both of which are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942. Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet. Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Ts"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "ang monastery in 1941. He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery. In October 1950 the army of the People's Republic of China marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in warlord-controlled Kham. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama assumed full temporal (political) power as ruler of Tibet.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China. The Dalai Lama's formal rule as head of the government in Tibet was brief although he was enthroned as spiritual leader on February 22, 1940. When Chinese cadres entered Tibet in 1950, with a crisis looming, the Dalai Lama was asked to assume the role of head of state at the age of 15, which he did on November 17, 1950. Customarily the Dalai Lama would typically assume control at about the age of 20. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the Seventeen Point Agreement without his authorization in 1951. The Dalai Lama believes the draft agreement was written by China. Tibetan representatives were not allowed to suggest any alterations and China did not allow the Tibetan representatives to communicate with the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Tibetan delegation was"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " not authorized by Lhasa to sign, but ultimately submitted to pressure from the Chinese to sign anyway, using seals specifically made for the purpose. The Seventeen Point Agreement recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, but China allowed the Dalai Lama to continue to rule Tibet internally, and it allowed the system of feudal peasantry to persist. \"So even if it were agreed that serfdom and feudalism existed in Tibet, this would be little different other than in technicalities from conditions in any other \"premodern\" peasant society, including most of China at that time. The power of the Chinese argument therefore lies in its implication that serfdom, and with it feudalism, is inseparable from extreme abuse,\" \"based on serfdom, it was not necessarily feudal, and [Goldstein] refutes any automatic link with extreme abuse.\" \"Evidence to support this linkage has not been found by scholars other than those close to Chinese governmental circles.\" The nineteen year old Dalai Lama toured China for almost a year from 1954 to 1955, meeting many of the revolutionary leaders and the top echelon of the Chinese communist leadership who created modern China. He learned Chinese and socialist ideals, as explained by his Chinese hosts, on a tour of China showcasing the benefits of socialism and the"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " effective governance provided to turn the large, impoverished nation into a modern and egalitarian society, which impressed him. In September 1954, he went to the Chinese capital to meet Chairman Mao Zedong with the 10th Panchen Lama and attend the first session of the National People's Congress as a delegate, primarily discussing China's constitution. On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a Vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, a post he officially held until 1964.\uff08\u4e00\u4e5d\u516d\u56db\u5e74\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u5341\u4e03\u65e5\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u5168\u4f53\u4f1a\u8bae\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e94\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u901a\u8fc7\uff09: \"\u897f\u85cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4efb\u59d4\u5458\u8fbe\u8d56\u5587\u561b\u00b7\u4e39\u589e\u5609\u63aa\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e5d\u5e74\u53d1\u52a8\u53db\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u6b66\u88c5\u53db\u4e71\u3002\u5728\u9003"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "\u5f80\u56fd\u5916\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6d41\u4ea1\u4f2a\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u516c\u5e03\u4f2a\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5370\u5ea6\u53cd\u52a8\u6d3e\u5bf9\u6211\u56fd\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\uff0c\u5e76\u79ef\u6781\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u9003\u4ea1\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u6b8b\u532a\u9a9a\u6270\u7956\u56fd\u8fb9\u5883\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u65e9\u5df2\u81ea\u7edd\u4e8e\u7956\u56fd\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b7b\u5fc3\u584c\u5730\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u53cd\u52a8\u6d3e\u4f5c\u8d70\u72d7\u7684\u53db\u56fd\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u6839\u636e\u897f\u85cf\u5730\u65b9\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "\u51b3\u5b9a\u64a4\u9500\u8fbe\u8d56\u5587\u561b\u00b7\u4e39\u589e\u5609\u63aa\u7684\u897f\u85cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u7b79\u5907\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4efb\u59d4\u5458\u548c\u59d4\u5458\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u3002\" On 17 December 1964, the 151st meeting of the plenary session of the State Council approved: The Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, chairman of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee, launched a treasonous counter-revolutionary armed rebellion in 1959. After fleeing abroad, he organized a pseudo-government in exile, promulgated a pseudo-constitution, supported the Indian reactionaries' aggression against our country, and actively organized and trained bandits who fled abroad to harass the motherland's borders. All this proves that he has terminated himself from the motherland and the people, and he is a traitor who is desperately running for the imperialism and foreign reactionaries. The State Council decided to remove the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso's duties as chairman and member of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee in accordance with the request of the local people"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " in Tibet. In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the Buddha's Birthday, the Dalai Lama asked the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, if he would allow him political asylum should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist stance agreed upon with its 1954 treaty with China. Long called a \"splitist\" and \"traitor\" by China, the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China. In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet, the US Ambassador to China \"encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences\". The Chinese Foreign Ministry has warned the US and other countries to \"shun\" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses trade negotiations and human rights talks as an incentive to do so. China sporadically bans images of the Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for owning photos of him in Tibet. Tibet Autonomous Region government job candidates must strongly denounce the Dalai Lama, as announced on the Tibet"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " Autonomous Region government's online education platform, \"Support the (Communist) Party's leadership, resolutely implement the [Chinese Communist] Party's line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand\". The Dalai Lama is a target of Chinese state sponsored hacking. Security experts claim \"targeting Tibetan activists is a strong indicator of official Chinese government involvement\" since economic information is the primary goal of private Chinese hackers. In 2009 the personal office of the Dalai Lama asked researchers at the Munk Center for International Studies at the University of Toronto to check its computers for malicious software. This led to uncovering GhostNet, a large-scale cyber spying operation which infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including embassies, foreign ministries, other government offices, and organizations affiliated with the Dalai Lama in India, Brussels, London and New York, and believed to be focusing on the governments of South and Southeast Asia. A second cyberspy network, Shadow Network,"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " was discovered by the same researchers in 2010. Stolen documents included a years worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email, and classified government material relating to India, West Africa, the Russian Federation, the Middle East, and NATO. \"Sophisticated\" hackers were linked to universities in China, Beijing again denied involvement. Chinese hackers posing as The New York Times, Amnesty International and other organization's reporters targeted the private office of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Parliament members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organizations, among others, in 2019.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Exile to India. At the outset of the 1959 Tibetan uprising, fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the CIA's Special Activities Division, crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April. Some time later he set up the Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamshala, India, which is often referred to as \"\"Little Lhasa\"\". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements. He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the language, history, religion"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": ", and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959 and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life. The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, all before the People's Republic was allowed representation at the United Nations. The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of Tibetans. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, creating an elected parliament and an administration to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for Tibetology in the world. In 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " citizen twice in its history. In 2021, it was revealed that the Dalai Lama's inner circle were listed in the Pegasus project data as having been targeted with spyware on their phones. Analysis strongly indicates potential targets were selected by the Indian government.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:International advocacy. At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington, D.C., the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic \"zone of peace\" without nuclear weapons, and with support for human rights. The plan would come to be known as the \"Strasbourg proposal\", because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet \"in association with the People's Republic of China.\" This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return. In the 1970s, the Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " he \"must [come back] as a Chinese citizen... that is, patriotism\". The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Russian state prevented the Dalai Lama from fulfilling an invitation to the traditionally Buddhist republic of Kalmykia. The President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chen Shui-bian, attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei. In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the 2008 Tibetan violence that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had \"lost faith\" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was \"up to the Tibetan people\" to decide what to do. Thirty Taiwanese indigenous peoples protested against the Dalai Lama during his visit to Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot and denounced it as politically motivated. The Dalai Lama is an advocate for a world free of nuclear weapons, and currently serves on the Advisory Council of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. The Dalai Lama has voiced his support for"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Teaching activities, public talks. Despite becoming 80 years old in 2015, he maintains a busy international lecture and teaching schedule. His public talks and teachings are usually webcast live in multiple languages, via an inviting organisation's website, or on the Dalai Lama's own website. Scores of his past teaching videos can be viewed there, as well as public talks, conferences, interviews, dialogues and panel discussions. The Dalai Lama's best known teaching subject is the Kalachakra tantra which, as of 2014, he had conferred a total of 33 times, most often in India's upper Himalayan regions but also in the Western world. The Kalachakra (Wheel of Time) is one of the most complex teachings of Buddhism, sometimes taking two weeks to confer, and he often confers it on very large audiences, up to 200,000 students and disciples at a time. The Dalai Lama is the author of numerous books on Buddhism, many of them on general Buddhist subjects but also including books on particular topics like Dzogchen, a Nying"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "ma practice. In his essay \"The Ethic of Compassion\" (1999), the Dalai Lama expresses his belief that if we only reserve compassion for those that we love, we are ignoring the responsibility of sharing these characteristics of respect and empathy with those we do not have relationships with, which cannot allow us to \"cultivate love.\" He elaborates upon this idea by writing that although it takes time to develop a higher level of compassion, eventually we will recognize that the quality of empathy will become a part of life and promote our quality as humans and inner strength. He frequently accepts requests from students to visit various countries worldwide in order to give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based on classical Buddhist texts and commentaries, and most often those written by the 17 pandits or great masters of the Nalanda tradition, such as Nagarjuna, Kamalashila, Shantideva, Atisha, Aryadeva and so on. The Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of these Nalanda masters, in fact he often asserts that 'Tibetan Buddhism' is based on the Buddhist tradition of Nalanda monastery in ancient India, since the texts written by those 17 Nalanda pandits or masters, to whom he"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " has composed a poem of invocation, were brought to Tibet and translated into Tibetan when Buddhism was first established there and have remained central to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism ever since. As examples of other teachings, in London in 1984 he was invited to give teachings on the Twelve Links of Dependent Arising, and on Dzogchen, which he gave at Camden Town Hall; in 1988 he was in London once more to give a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in general, called 'A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism'. Again in London in 1996 he taught the Four Noble Truths, the basis and foundation of Buddhism accepted by all Buddhists, at the combined invitation of 27 different Buddhist organisations of all schools and traditions belonging to the Network of Buddhist Organisations UK. In India, the Dalai Lama gives religious teachings and talks in Dharamsala and numerous other locations including the monasteries in the Tibetan refugee settlements, in response to specific requests from Tibetan monastic institutions, Indian academic, religious and business associations, groups of students and individual/private/lay devotees. In India, no fees are charged to attend these teachings since costs are covered by requesting sponsors. When he travels abroad to give teachings there is usually a ticket fee calculated by the inviting organization to"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " cover the costs involved and any surplus is normally to be donated to recognised charities. He has frequently visited and lectured at colleges and universities, some of which have conferred honorary degrees upon him. Dozens of videos of recorded webcasts of the Dalai Lama's public talks on general subjects for non-Buddhists like peace, happiness and compassion, modern ethics, the environment, economic and social issues, gender, the empowerment of women and so forth can be viewed in his office's archive.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Interfaith dialogue. The Dalai Lama met Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. He met Pope John Paul II in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met a delegation of Jewish teachers in Dharamshala for an extensive interfaith dialogue. He has since visited Israel three times, and in 2006 met the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met Pope Benedict XVI privately. He has met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Robert Runcie, and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, Gordon B. Hinckley, who at the time was the president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as well as senior Eastern Orthodox Church, Muslim,"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " Hindu, Jewish, and Sikh officials. The Dalai Lama is also currently a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of The Elijah Interfaith Institute and participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders in Amritsar, India, on 26 November 2007 to discuss the topic of Love and Forgiveness. In 2009, the Dalai Lama inaugurated an interfaith \"World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony\" conference at Gujarat's Mahuva religions, according to Morari Bapu. In 2010, the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of scholars, launched the Common Ground Project, in Bloomington, Indiana (USA), which was planned by himself and Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad of Jordan during several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book \"Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism\". In 2019, the Dalai Lama fully-sponsored the first-ever 'Celebrating Diversity in the Muslim World' conference in New Delhi on behalf of the Muslims of Ladakh.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute. The Dalai Lama's lifelong interest in science and technology dates from his childhood in Lhasa, Tibet, when he was fascinated by mechanical objects like clocks, watches, telescopes"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": ", film projectors, clockwork soldiers and motor cars, and loved to repair, disassemble and reassemble them. Once, observing the Moon through a telescope as a child, he realised it was a crater-pocked lump of rock and not a heavenly body emitting its own light as Tibetan cosmologists had taught him. He has also said that had he not been brought up as a monk he would probably have been an engineer. On his first trip to the west in 1973 he asked to visit Cambridge University's astrophysics department in the UK and he sought out renowned scientists such as Sir Karl Popper, David Bohm and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker, who taught him the basics of science. The Dalai Lama sees important common ground between science and Buddhism in having the same approach to challenge dogma on the basis of empirical evidence that comes from observation and analysis of phenomena. His growing wish to develop meaningful scientific dialogue to explore the Buddhism and science interface led to invitations for him to attend relevant conferences on his visits to the west, including the Alpbach Symposia on Consciousness in 1983 where he met and had discussions with the late Chilean neuroscientist Francisco J. Varela. Also in 1983, the American social entrepreneur and innovator R"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": ". Adam Engle, who had become aware of the Dalai Lama's deep interest in science, was already considering the idea of facilitating for him a serious dialogue with a selection of appropriate scientists. In 1984 Engle formally offered to the Dalai Lama's office to organise a week-long, formal dialogue for him with a suitable team of scientists, provided that the Dalai Lama would wish to fully participate in such a dialogue. Within 48 hours the Dalai Lama confirmed to Engle that he was \"truly interested in participating in something substantial about science\" so Engle proceeded with launching the project. Francisco Varela, having heard about Engle's proposal, then called him to tell him of his earlier discussions with the Dalai Lama and to offer his scientific collaboration to the project. Engle accepted, and Varela assisted him to assemble his team of six specialist scientists for the first 'Mind and Life' dialogue on the cognitive sciences, which was eventually held with the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamsala in 1987. This five-day event was so successful that at the end the Dalai Lama told Engle he would very much like to repeat it again in the future. Engle then started work on arranging a second dialogue, this time with neuroscientists in California,"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " and the discussions from the first event were edited and published as Mind and Life's first book, \"\"Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind\".\" As Mind and Life Institute's remit expanded, Engle formalised the organisation as a non-profit foundation after the third dialogue, held in 1990, which initiated the undertaking of neurobiological research programmes in the United States under scientific conditions. Over the following decades, as of 2014 at least 28 dialogues between the Dalai Lama and panels of various world-renowned scientists have followed, held in various countries and covering diverse themes, from the nature of consciousness to cosmology and from quantum mechanics to the neuroplasticity of the brain. Sponsors and partners in these dialogues have included the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, the Mayo Clinic, and Zurich University. Apart from time spent teaching Buddhism and fulfilling responsibilities to his Tibetan followers, the Dalai Lama has probably spent, and continues to spend, more of his time and resources investigating the interface between Buddhism and science through the ongoing series of Mind and Life dialogues and its spin-offs than on any other single activity. As the institute's Cofounder and the Honorary chairman he has personally presided over and participated in"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " all its dialogues, which continue to expand worldwide. These activities have given rise to dozens of DVD sets of the dialogues and books he has authored on them such as \"Ethics for the New Millennium\" and \"The Universe in a Single Atom\", as well as scientific papers and university research programmes. On the Tibetan and Buddhist side, science subjects have been added to the curriculum for Tibetan monastic educational institutions and scholarship. On the Western side, university and research programmes initiated by these dialogues and funded with millions of dollars in grants from the Dalai Lama Trust include the Emory-Tibet Partnership, Stanford School of Medicine's Centre for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARES) and the Centre for Investigating Healthy Minds, amongst others. In 2019, Emory University's Center for Contemplative Sciences and Compassion-Based Ethics, in partnership with The Dalai Lama Trust and the Vana Foundation of India, launched an international SEE Learning (Social, Emotional and Ethical Learning) program in New Delhi, India, a school curriculum for all classes from kindergarten to Std XII that builds on psychologist Daniel Goleman's work on emotional intelligence in the early 1990s. SEE learning focuses on developing critical thinking, ethical reasoning and compassion"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " and stresses on commonalities rather than on the differences. In particular, the Mind and Life Education Humanities & Social Sciences initiatives have been instrumental in developing the emerging field of Contemplative Science, by researching, for example, the effects of contemplative practice on the human brain, behaviour and biology. In his 2005 book \"The Universe in a Single Atom\" and elsewhere, and to mark his commitment to scientific truth and its ultimate ascendancy over religious belief, unusually for a major religious leader the Dalai Lama advises his Buddhist followers: \"If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims.\" He has also cited examples of archaic Buddhist ideas he has abandoned himself on this basis. These activities have even had an impact in the Chinese capital. In 2013 an 'academic dialogue' with a Chinese scientist, a Tibetan 'living Buddha' and a professor of Religion took place in Beijing. Entitled \"High-end dialogue: ancient Buddhism and modern science\" it addressed the same considerations that interest the Dalai Lama, described as 'discussing about the similarities between Buddhism and modern science'.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Personal meditation practice. The Dalai Lama uses various meditation techniques, including analytic"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " meditation and emptiness meditation. He has said that the aim of meditation is</s><s>Social stances.</s><s>Social stances.:Tibetan independence. Despite initially advocating for Tibetan independence from 1961 to 1974, the Dalai Lama no longer supports it. Instead he advocates for more meaningful autonomy for Tibetans within the People's Republic of China. This approach is known as the \"Middle Way\". In a speech at Kolkata in 2017, the Dalai Lama stated that Tibetans wanted to stay with China and they did not desire independence. He said that he believed that China after opening up, had changed 40 to 50 percent of what it was earlier, and that Tibetans wanted to get more development from China. In October 2020, the Dalai Lama stated that he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said \"I prefer the concept of a'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, The Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs, we can live in harmony\".</s><s>Social stances.:Abortion. The Dalai Lama has said that, from the perspective of the Buddhist precepts, abortion is an act of killing. In 1993"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": ", he clarified a more nuanced position, stating, \"...it depends on the circumstances. If the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent, these are cases where there can be an exception. I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance.\"</s><s>Social stances.:Death penalty. The Dalai Lama has repeatedly expressed his opposition to the death penalty, saying that it contradicts the Buddhist philosophy of non-violence and that it expresses anger, not compassion. During a 2005 visit to Japan, a country which has the death penalty, the Dalai Lama called for the abolition of the death penalty and said in his address, \"Criminals, people who commit crimes, usually society rejects these people. They are also part of society. Give them some form of punishment to say they were wrong, but show them they are part of society and can change. Show them compassion.\" The Dalai Lama has also praised U.S. states that have abolished the death penalty.</s><s>Social stances.:Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India. The Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of nonviolence and religious harmony throughout the world. \"I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " the world over.\" He has said that democracy has deep roots in India. He says he considers India the master and Tibet its disciple, as great scholars went from India to Tibet to teach Buddhism. He has noted that millions of people lost their lives in violence and the economies of many countries were ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century. \"Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and dialogue.\" The Dalai Lama has also critiqued proselytization and certain types of conversion, believing the practices to be contrary to the fundamental ideas of religious harmony and spiritual practice. He has stated that \"It's very important that our religious traditions live in harmony with one another and I don't think proselytizing contributes to this. Just as fighting and killing in the name of religion are very sad, it's not appropriate to use religion as a ground or a means for defeating others.\" In particular, he has critiqued Christian approaches to conversion in Asia, stating that he has \"come across situations where serving the people is a cover for proselytization.\" The Dalai Lama has labeled such practices counter to the \"message of Christ\" and has emphasized that such individuals \"practice conversion like a kind of war against peoples and cultures.\" In a statement with Hindu religious"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " leaders, he expressed that he opposes \"conversions by any religious tradition using various methods of enticement.\" In 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the World Conference on Human Rights and made a speech titled \"Human Rights and Universal Responsibility\". In 2001, in response to a question from a Seattle schoolgirl, the Dalai Lama said that it is permissible to shoot someone in self-defense (if the person was \"trying to kill you\") and he emphasized that the shot should not be fatal. In 2013, the Dalai Lama criticised Buddhist monks' attacks on Muslims in Myanmar and rejected violence by Buddhists, saying: \"Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith.... All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems.\" In May 2013, he said \"Really, killing people in the name of religion is unthinkable, very sad.\" In May 2015, the Dalai Lama called on Myanmar's Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi to do more to help the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, said that he had urged Suu Kyi to address the"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " Rohingyas' plight in two previous private meetings and had been rebuffed. In 2017, after Chinese dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo died of organ failure while in Chinese government custody, the Dalai Lama said he was \"deeply saddened\" and that he believed that Liu's \"unceasing efforts in the cause of freedom will bear fruit before long.\" The Dalai Lama has consistently praised India. In December 2018, he said Muslim countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan and Syria should learn about religion from India for peace in the world. When asked in 2019 about attacks on the minority community in India including a recent one against a Muslim family in Gurgaon, he said: \"There are always a few mischievous people, but that does not mean it a symbol of that nation\". He reiterated in December 2021 that India was a role model for religious harmony in the world.</s><s>Social stances.:Diet and animal welfare. The Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try vegetarianism or at least reduce their consumption of meat. In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been omnivores, including the Dalai Lamas. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available and vegetarianism is widespread. He spent many years as a vegetarian, but after contracting hepatitis in India and suffering from weakness, his doctors told him to return to eating meat which he now does twice a week. This attracted public attention when, during a visit to the White House, he was offered a vegetarian menu but declined by replying, as he is known to do on occasion when dining in the company of non-vegetarians, \"I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian\". His own home kitchen, however, is completely vegetarian. In 2009, the English singer Paul McCartney wrote a letter to the Dalai Lama inquiring why he was not a vegetarian. As McCartney later told The Guardian, \"He wrote back very kindly, saying,'my doctors tell me that I must eat meat'. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right. [...] I think now he's vegetarian most of the time. I think he's now being told, the more he meets doctors from the west, that he can get his protein somewhere else. [...] It just doesn't seem right \u2013 the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "'t harm sentient beings... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'\"</s><s>Social stances.:Economics and political stance. The Dalai Lama has referred to himself as a Marxist and has articulated criticisms of capitalism. He reports hearing of communism when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of the Mongolian People's Republic. It was only when he went on his trip to Beijing that he learned about Marxist theory from his interpreter Baba Phuntsog Wangyal of the Tibetan Communist Party. At that time, he reports, \"I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a Communist Party member\", citing his favorite concepts of self-sufficiency and equal distribution of wealth. He does not believe that China implemented \"true Marxist policy\", and thinks the historical communist states such as the Soviet Union \"were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the Workers' International\". Moreover, he believes one flaw of historically \"Marxist regimes\" is that they place too much emphasis on destroying the ruling class, and not enough on compassion. He finds Marxism superior to capitalism, believing the latter is only concerned with \"how to make profits\", whereas the former has \"moral ethics\". Stating in 1993: On the"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " relations between India and Pakistan, the Dalai Lama in October 2019 said: \"There is a difference between Indian and Pakistani Prime Minister's speech at the UN. Indian prime prime minister talks about peace and you know what his Pakistan counterpart said. Getting China's political support is Pakistan's compulsion. But Pakistan also needs India. Pakistani leaders should calm down and think beyond emotions and should follow a realistic approach\".</s><s>Social stances.:Environment. The Dalai Lama is outspoken in his concerns about environmental problems, frequently giving public talks on themes related to the environment. He has pointed out that many rivers in Asia originate in Tibet, and that the melting of Himalayan glaciers could affect the countries in which the rivers flow. He acknowledged official Chinese laws against deforestation in Tibet, but lamented they can be ignored due to possible corruption. He was quoted as saying \"ecology should be part of our daily life\"; personally, he takes showers instead of baths, and turns lights off when he leaves a room. Around 2005, he started campaigning for wildlife conservation, including by issuing a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments. The Dalai Lama supports the anti-whaling position in the whaling controversy, but has criticized the activities of groups such as the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (which carries out"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " acts of what it calls aggressive nonviolence against property). Before the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, he urged national leaders to put aside domestic concerns and take collective action against climate change.</s><s>Social stances.:Sexuality. The Dalai Lama's stances on topics of sexuality have changed over time. A monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that sex offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and \"more independence, more freedom\". He has said that problems arising from conjugal life sometimes even lead to suicide or murder. He has asserted that all religions have the same view about adultery. In his discussions of the traditional Buddhist view on appropriate sexual behavior, he explains the concept of \"right organ in the right object at the right time\", which historically has been interpreted as indicating that oral, manual and anal sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) are not appropriate in Buddhism or for Buddhists. However, he also says that in modern times all common, consensual sexual practices that do not cause harm to others are ethically acceptable and that society should accept and respect people who are gay or transgender from a secular point of view. In a 1994 interview with \"OUT Magazine\", the Dalai Lama clarified his personal opinion on the matter by saying, \"If"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " someone comes to me and asks whether homosexuality is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?' If you both agree, then I think I would say, 'If two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay.'\" However, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor Evan Solomon on \"\" about whether homosexuality is acceptable in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama responded that \"it is sexual misconduct\". In his 1996 book \"Beyond Dogma\", he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate sexual act as follows: \"A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else... Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact.\" He elaborated in 1997, conceding that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him. He also conveyed his own \"willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context\". In 2006, the Dalai Lama has expressed concern at \"reports of violence and discrimination against\" LGBT people and urged \"respect, tolerance and the full recognition of human rights for all\". In"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " a 2014 interview with Larry King, the Dalai Lama expressed his acceptance for same-sex marriage, stating that it is a personal matter and is acceptable in his view.</s><s>Social stances.:Women's rights. In 2007, he said that the next Dalai Lama could possibly be a woman: \"If a woman reveals herself as more useful the lama could very well be reincarnated in this form.\" In 2009, on gender equality and sexism, the Dalai Lama proclaimed at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee: \"I call myself a feminist. Isn't that what you call someone who fights for women's rights?\" He also said that by nature, women are more compassionate \"based on their biology and ability to nurture and birth children\". He called on women to \"lead and create a more compassionate world\", citing the good works of nurses and mothers. At a 2014 appearance at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in Mumbai, the Dalai Lama said, \"Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others' suffering, their leadership may be more effective.\" In 2015, he said in a BBC interview that if a female succeeded him, \"that female must be attractive, otherwise it is not much use,\" and when asked if he was joking, replied, \"No."}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " True!\" He followed with a joke about his current success being due to his own appearance. His office later released a statement of apology citing the interaction as a translation error.</s><s>Social stances.:Health. In 2013, at the Culture of Compassion event in Derry, Northern Ireland, the Dalai Lama said that \"Warm-heartedness is a key factor for healthy individuals, healthy families and healthy communities.\"</s><s>Social stances.:Health.:Response to COVID-19. In a 2020 statement in \"Time\" magazine on the COVID-19 pandemic, the Dalai Lama said that the pandemic must be combated with compassion, empirical science, prayer, and the courage of healthcare workers. He emphasized \"emotional disarmament\" (seeing things with a clear and realistic perspective, without fear or rage) and wrote: \"The outbreak of this terrible coronavirus has shown that what happens to one person can soon affect every other being. But it also reminds us that a compassionate or constructive act \u2013 whether working in hospitals or just observing social distancing \u2013 has the potential to help many.\"</s><s>Social stances.:Immigration. In September 2018, speaking at a conference in Malm\u00f6, Sweden, home to a large immigrant population, the Dalai Lama said"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " \"I think Europe belongs to the Europeans\", but also that Europe was \"morally responsible\" for helping \"a refugee really facing danger against their life\". He stated that Europe has a responsibility to refugees to \"receive them, help them, educate them\", but that they should aim to return to their places of origin and that \"they ultimately should rebuild their own country\". Speaking to German reporters in 2016, the Dalai Lama said there are \"too many\" refugees in Europe, adding that \"Europe, for example Germany, cannot become an Arab country.\" He also said that \"Germany is Germany\".</s><s>Retirement and succession plans. In May 2011, the Dalai Lama retired from the Central Tibetan Administration. In September 2011, the Dalai Lama issued the following statement concerning his succession and reincarnation: When I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, and re-evaluate whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not. On that basis we will take a decision. If it is decided that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should continue and there is a need for the Fifteenth Dalai Lama to be recognized, responsibility for doing so will primarily rest on the concerned officers"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " of the Dalai Lama's Gaden Phodrang Trust. They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned beings and carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with past tradition. I shall leave clear written instructions about this. Bear in mind that, apart from the reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no recognition or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for political ends by anyone, including those in the People's Republic of China. In October 2011, the Dalai Lama repeated his statement in an interview with Canadian CTV News. He added that Chinese laws banning the selection of successors based on reincarnation will not impact his decisions. \"Naturally my next life is entirely up to me. No one else. And also this is not a political matter\", he said in the interview. The Dalai Lama also added that he has not decided on whether he would reincarnate or be the last Dalai Lama. In an interview with the German newspaper \"Welt am Sonntag\" published on 7 September 2014 the Dalai Lama stated \"the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose\", and that \"We had"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " a Dalai Lama for almost five centuries. The 14th Dalai Lama now is very popular. Let us then finish with a popular Dalai Lama.\" Gyatso has also expressed fear that the Chinese government would manipulate any reincarnation selection in order to choose a successor that would go along with their political goals. In response the Chinese government implied that it would select another Dalai Lama regardless of his decision.</s><s>CIA Tibetan program. In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7\u00a0million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through a Central Intelligence Agency program. When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 to comment on the CIA Tibetan program, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, \"thousands of lives were lost in the resistance\" and further, that \"the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese.\" As part of the program the Dalai Lama received 180,000 dollars a year from 1959 till 1974 for his own personal use. His administration's reception of CIA funding has become one of the grounds for some state-run Chinese newspapers to discredit him along with the"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " Tibetan independence movement. In his autobiography \"Freedom in Exile\", the Dalai Lama criticized the CIA again for supporting the Tibetan independence movement \"not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all communist governments\". In 1999, the Dalai Lama said that the CIA Tibetan program had been harmful for Tibet because it was primarily aimed at serving American interests, and \"once the American policy toward China changed, they stopped their help.\"</s><s>Criticism.</s><s>Criticism.:Ties to India. The Chinese press has criticized the Dalai Lama for his close ties with India. His 2010 remarks at the International Buddhist Conference in Gujarat saying that he was \"Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality\" and referral to himself as a \"son of India\" in particular led the \"People's Daily\" to opine, \"Since the Dalai Lama deems himself an Indian rather than Chinese, then why is he entitled to represent the voice of the Tibetan people?\" Dhundup Gyalpo of the \"Tibet Sun\" replied that Tibetan religion could be traced back to Nalanda in India, and that Tibetans have no connection to Chinese \"apart... from a handful of culinary dishes\". The \"People's"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " Daily\" stressed the links between Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism had accused the Dalai Lama of \"betraying southern Tibet to India\". In 2008, the Dalai Lama said for the first time that the territory India claims and administers as part of Arunachal Pradesh is part of India, citing the disputed 1914 Simla Accord.</s><s>Criticism.:Shugden controversy. The Dorje Shugden Controversy reappeared in the Gelug school by the publication of the \"Yellow Book\" in 1976, containing stories about wrathful acts of \"Dorje Shugden\" against Gelugpas who also practiced Nyingma teachings. In response, the 14th Dalai Lama, a Gelugpa himself and advocate of an \"inclusive\" approach to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism, started to speak out against the practice of Dorje Shugden in 1978. The controversy has attracted attention in the West because of demonstrations held in 2008 and 2014 by Dorje Shugden practitioners. A 2015 Reuters investigation determined \"that the religious sect behind the protests has the backing of the Communist Party\" and that the \"group has emerged as an instrument in Beijing's long campaign to undermine support for the Dalai Lama\". After the Reuters investigation revealed that China backs it, the"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " Shugden group halted operations and disbanded.</s><s>Criticism.:Sexism. In 2010, the Dalai Lama told a reporter that the first time someone asked him about the possibility of a female Dalai Lama, he said \u201cif she is an ugly female, she won\u2019t be very effective, will she?\u201d In 2015 he said at one occasion, \"more than 50 years ago\" in Paris, he said the line to a reporter of a women's magazine, that \"if female Dalai Lama comes, the face should be very, very attractive.\" In 2019, when he was asked about the comment, he repeated it with a laugh, saying that although the real beauty is inner beauty, for human beings, the appearance is also very important. In response to the controversy sparked by the interview, his office released a statement to clarify his remarks and put them into context, expressing that the Dalai Lama \"is deeply sorry that people have been hurt by what he said and offers his sincere apologies.\" The statement explains, the original context of the Dalai Lama's referring to the physical appearance of a female successor was The statement also noted, the Dalai Lama \"consistently emphasizes the need for people to connect with each other on a deeper human level, rather than getting"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " caught up in preconceptions based on superficial appearances.\" Nevertheless, many felt that the apology did nothing to address his repeated similar comments throughout the leader's life, finding them sexist.</s><s>Criticism.:Gedhun Choekyi Nyima. In April 2018, the Dalai Lama confirmed the official Chinese claims about Gedhun Choekyi Nyima by saying that he knew from \"reliable sources\" that the Panchen Lama he had recognized was alive and receiving normal education. He said he hoped that the Chinese-recognised Panchen Lama (Gyaincain Norbu) studied well under the guidance of a good teacher, adding that there were instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, of a reincarnated lama taking more than one manifestation.</s><s>Public image. The Dalai Lama places highly in global surveys of the world's most admired men, ranking with Pope Francis as among the world's religious leaders cited as the most admired. The Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his charismatic personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his universalist values, and international sympathy for the Tibetans. In the 1990s, many films were released by the American film industry about Tibet, including biopics of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the Fall of Communism. The most notable films, \"Kundun\" and \"Seven Years in Tibet\" (both released in 1997), portrayed \"an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm \u2013 a Dalai Lama sworn to non-violence\": portrayals the Chinese government decried as ahistorical. The Dalai Lama has his own pages on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. The Dalai Lama has tried to mobilize international support for Tibetan activities. The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western support for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors Richard Gere and Steven Seagal, as well as lawmakers from several major countries. Photos of the Dalai Lama were banned after March 1959 Lhasa protests until after the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976. In 1996 the Chinese Communist Party once again reinstated the total prohibition of any photo of the 14th Dalai Lama. According to the Tibet Information Network, \"authorities in Tibet have begun banning photographs of the exiled Dalai Lama in monasteries and public places, according to reports from a monitoring group and a Tibetan newspaper. Plainclothes police went to"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " hotels and restaurants in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, on 22 and 23 April and ordered Tibetans to remove pictures of the Dalai Lama...\" The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today.</s><s>Public image.:In the media. The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including: - \"10 Questions for the Dalai Lama\" (2006, documentary) - \"Dalai Lama Renaissance\" (2007, documentary) - \"The Sun Behind the Clouds\" (2010) - \"Bringing Tibet Home\" (2013) - \"Monk with a Camera\" (2014, documentary) - \"Dalai Lama Awakening\" (2014) - \"Compassion in Action\" (2014) He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including: - \"Kundun\", 1997 film directed by Martin Scorsese - \"Seven Years in Tibet\", 1997 film starring Brad Pitt and David Thewlis - \"Klovn\" \"Dalai Lama\" Season 1, Episode 4 (2005) - \"Red Dwarf\" episode \"Meltdown\" (1991) - \"Song of Tibet\", 2000 film directed by Xie Fei. - The Great Escape \"14th Dalai Lama\" (2018) on Epic - \""}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "Dalai Lama\", episode of the Indian television series \"Mega Icons\" (2019\u201320) on National Geographic. The Dalai Lama was featured on 5 March 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show \"Last Week Tonight\", in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama, focusing on the topics of Tibetan sovereignty, Tibetan self-immolations, and his succession plans. A biographical graphic novel, \"Man of Peace,\" also envisaging the Dalai Lama's return to Tibet, was published by Tibet House US. \"The Extraordinary Life of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama: An Illuminated Journey,\" illustrations and text by artist Rima Fujita, narrated by the Dalai Lama, was published by Simon and Schuster in 2021.</s><s>Public image.:Awards and honours. The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards and honors worldwide over his spiritual and political career. For a more complete list see Awards and honors presented to the 14th Dalai Lama. After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, the Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded him the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for \"the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution\" and \"in"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi\". He has also been awarded the: - 1959 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership; - 1994 Freedom Medal from the Roosevelt Institute; - 2005 Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom; - 2007 Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by the American Congress and President. The Chinese government declared this would have \"an extremely serious impact\" on relations with the United States; - 2006 by the Republic of Kalmykia for outstanding services and significant contribution to the spiritual revival and prosperity of the republic. - 2007 Ahimsa Award from the Institute of Jainology in recognition of individuals who embody and promote the principles of Ahimsa (Non-violence); and in - 2012, by the Tuvan Republic in recognition of the contribution to the upbringing of high spiritual and cultural tolerance, strengthening interreligious and interethnic harmony. - 2012, the Templeton Prize. He donated the prize money to the charity Save the Children. In 2006, he became one of only six people ever to be granted Honorary Citizenship of Canada. In 2007 he was named Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, the first time he accepted a university appointment. He is"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " the chief Patron of the Maha Bodhi Society of India, conferred upon him at the 2008 Annual General Meeting of the Maha Bodhi Society of India.</s><s>Publications. - \"My Land and My People: The Autobiography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama\". Ed. David Howarth. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962. - \"Deity Yoga: In Action and Performance Tantras\". Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1987. - \"Tantra in Tibet\". Co-authored with Tsong-kha-pa, Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1987. - \"The Dalai Lama at Harvard\". Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1988. - \"Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama\", London: Little, Brown and Co., 1990, - \"My Tibet\", co-authored with photographer Galen Rowell, 1990, - \"The Path to Enlightenment\". Ed. and trans. Glenn H. Mullin. Snow Lion, 1994. - \"Essential Teachings\", North Atlantic Books, 1995, - \"The World of Tibetan Buddhism\", translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, foreword by Richard Gere, Wisdom Publications, 1995, -"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " \"Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion\", photographs by Phil Borges with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso, 1996, - \"Healing Anger: The Power of Patience from a Buddhist Perspective\". Trans. Thupten Jinpa. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1997, - \"The Gelug/Kagy\u00fc Tradition of Mahamudra\", co-authored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997, - \"The Art of Happiness\", co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Riverhead Books, 1998, - \"The Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus\", translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 1998, - \"Kalachakra Tantra: Rite of Initiation\", edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 1999, - \"MindScience: An East\u2013West Dialogue\", with contributions by Herbert Benson, Daniel Goleman, Robert Thurman, and Howard Gardner, Wisdom Publications, 1999, - \"The Power of Buddhism\", co-authored with Jean-Claude Carri\u00e8re, 1999, - \"Opening the Eye of New Awareness\", Translated by Donald S. Lopez, Jr"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "., Wisdom Publications, 1999, - \"Ethics for the New Millennium\", Riverhead Books, 1999, - \"Consciousness at the Crossroads\". Ed. Zara Houshmand, Robert B. Livingston, B. Alan Wallace. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, B. Alan Wallace. Snow Lion, 1999. - \"Ancient Wisdom, Modern World: Ethics for the New Millennium\", Little, Brown/Abacus Press, 2000, - \"Dzogchen: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection\", translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa and Richard Barron, Snow Lion Publications, 2000, - \"The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect\", Translated by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 2000, - \"Answers: Discussions with Western Buddhists\". Ed. and trans. Jose Cabezon. Snow Lion, 2001. - \"The Compassionate Life\", Wisdom Publications, 2001, - \"Violence and Compassion: Dialogues on Life Today\", with Jean-Claude Carriere, Doubleday, 2001, - \"Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life as it Could Be\", Coauthored with Fabien Ouaki, Wisdom"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " Publications, 2001, - \"An Open Heart\", edited by Nicholas Vreeland; Little, Brown; 2001, - \"The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life\", Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press, 2002, - \"Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying\", edited by Francisco Varela, Wisdom Publications, 2002, - \"Essence of the Heart Sutra: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Wisdom Teachings\", edited by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2002, - \"The Pocket Dalai Lama\". Ed. Mary Craig. Shambhala Pocket Classics, 2002. - \"The Buddhism of Tibet\". Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins, Anne C. Klein. Snow Lion, 2002. - \"The Art of Happiness at Work\", co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Riverhead, 2003, - \"Stages of Meditation\" (commentary on the Bh\u0101van\u0101krama). Trans. Ven. Geshe Lobsang Jordhen, Losang Choephel Ganchenpa, Jeremy Russell. Snow Lion, 2003. - \"Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions)\", co-authored with Eugen Drewermann, PhD, Patmos Verlag, 2003, - \"The Path to Bliss\". Ed. and trans. Thupten Jinpa, Christine Cox. Snow Lion, 2003. - \"How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life\", translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2003, - \"The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys\", coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverbed Books, 2004, - \"The New Physics and Cosmology: Dialogues with the Dalai Lama\", edited by Arthur Zajonc, with contributions by David Finkelstein, George Greenstein, Piet Hut, Tu Wei-ming, Anton Zeilinger, B. Alan Wallace and Thupten Jinpa, Oxford University Press, 2004, - \"Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection\". Ed. Patrick Gaffney. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, Richard Barron (Chokyi Nyima). Snow Lion, 2004. - \"Practicing Wisdom: The Perfection of Shantideva's Bodhisattva Way\", translated by Geshe Thupt"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "en Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2004, - \"Lighting the Way\". Snow Lion, 2005. - \"The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality\", Morgan Road Books, 2005, - \"How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships\", translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Atria Books, 2005, - \"Living Wisdom with His Holiness the Dalai Lama\", with Don Farber, Sounds True, 2006, - \"Mind in Comfort and Ease: The Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection\". Ed. Patrick Gaffney. Trans. Matthieu Ricard, Richard Barron and Adam Pearcey. Wisdom Publications, 2007, - \"How to See Yourself as You Really Are\", translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2007, - \"The Leader's Way\", co-authored with Laurens van den Muyzenberg, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2008, - \"My Spiritual Autobiography\" compiled by from speeches and interviews of the 14th Dalai Lama, 2009, - \"\", Mariner Books, 2012, - \"The Wisdom of Compassion: Stories of Remarkable Encounters and Timeless Insights\", coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverhead Books, 2012, - \"My Appeal"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " to the World\", presented by Sofia Stril-Rever, translated from the French by Sebastian Houssiaux, Tibet House US, 2015, - \"The Book of Joy: Lasting Happiness in a Changing World\", coauthored by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, 2016, - \"Behind the Smile: The Hidden Side of the Dalai Lama\", by Maxime Vivas (author), translated from the French book \"Not So Zen\", Long River Press 2013,</s><s>Discography. - \"Inner World\" (2020)</s><s>See also. - Golden Urn - The Discourse of Lama - Awards and honors presented to the 14th Dalai Lama - List of organizations of Tibetans in exile - Chinese intelligence activity abroad#Modes of operation - Dalai Lama Center for Peace and Education - Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama - History of Tibet (1950\u2013present) - Human rights in Tibet - Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China - Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 - Sinicization of Tibet - Chinese occupation of Tibet - Period of de facto Tibetan independence - List of overseas visits by Tenzin Gyatso the 14th Dalai Lama outside India - List of peace activists - List of Nobel laure"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": "ates - List of refugees - Templeton Prize lauretes - List of rulers of Tibet - Religious persecution - Freedom of religion in China - Tibet Fund - Tibet House - Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama - Tibetan art - Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy - Tibetan culture - Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts - Mind & Life Institute</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - Craig, Mary. \"Kundun: A Biography of the Family of the Dalai Lama\" (1997) Counterpoint. Calcutta.. - Bell, Sir Charles (1946). \"Portrait of the Dalai Lama\" Wm. Collins, London, 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London.. - Iyer, Pico. \"The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama\" (2008) Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. - - Knaus, Robert Kenneth. \"Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival\" (1999) PublicAffairs.. - - - Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). \"The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation\", pp.\u00a0452\u2013515. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe,"}, {"title": "14th Dalai Lama", "text": " New Mexico.. - Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). \"Tibet & Its History\". 1st edition 1962. 2nd edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications, Boston. (pbk). - Shakya, Tsering. \"The Dragon in the Land of Snows\" (1999) Columbia University Press.. - United States. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. The Dalai Lama: What He Means for Tibetans Today: Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, 13 July 2011. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "14th Dalai Lama", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000493", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Ahn Jae-hyun.", "docs": [{"title": "Ahn Jae-hyun", "text": "<s>Ahn Jae-hyun Ahn Jae-hyun (; born July 1, 1987) is a South Korean model and actor. He is best known for his roles in television dramas such as \"You're All Surrounded\" (2014), \"Blood\" (2015), \"Cinderella with Four Knights\" (2016), \"Reunited Worlds\" (2017), \"The Beauty Inside\" (2018), and \"Love with Flaws\" (2019).</s><s>Career. Ahn Jae-hyun began his entertainment career as a fashion model in 2009, appearing in runway shows, magazine editorials and commercials. He gained recognition in 2011 while playing a delivery man in the cable variety show \"Lee Soo-geun and Kim Byung-man's High Society\". He also appeared in several music videos, including \"Sad Song\" by Baek A-yeon, \"Please Don't\" by K.Will, and \"Gone Not Around Any Longer\" by Sistar19. In 2013, Ahn's popularity rose while playing actress Jun Ji-hyun's younger brother in the hit drama \"My Love from Another Star\". This led to more acting offers in 2014, including a role in police comedy \"You're All Surrounded"}, {"title": "Ahn Jae-hyun", "text": "\" and the webtoon film adaptation \"Fashion King\". The same year, he was appointed to be MC for Mnet's weekly music program \"M Countdown\". In 2015, Ahn played his first leading role as a vampire doctor in \"Blood\", and appeared in the two-episode fantasy drama \"Snow Lotus Flower\" alongside Lee Ji-ah. In 2016, Ahn starred in tvN's romantic comedy series \"Cinderella with Four Knights\", playing a chaebol and playboy vying for the main female lead's heart. He won the Top Excellence Award at the 9th Korea Drama Awards for his performance. He also joined the cast of travel reality show \"New Journey to the West\", replacing Lee Seung-gi who enlisted in the army. The same year, he starred in the Chinese romance film \"Perfect Imperfection\" alongside Taiwanese actress Ady An. In 2017, Ahn was cast as the second lead in SBS's fantasy romance drama \"Reunited Worlds\". In 2018, Ahn was cast in the romance melodrama \"The Beauty Inside\". In 2019, Ahn returned to the small screen with a lead role in the romantic comedy drama \"Love with Flaws\" starring opposite Oh Yeon-seo. In 2022"}, {"title": "Ahn Jae-hyun", "text": ", An will publish his first photo essay \"List of Things to Remember\", which will go on sale June 8, 2022 at offline bookstores nationwide. Later in February 2023, Ahn donated 10 million won from the 2022 exhibition to help orphans who have suffered from the coronavirus.</s><s>Personal life. On March 11, 2016, Ahn was confirmed to be dating his \"Blood\" co-star Ku Hye-sun since April 2015. The couple officially registered their marriage at the Gangnam district office on May 20, 2016, and married on May 21, 2016. They announced that instead of holding a wedding party, they would donate money to the pediatric ward of Severance Hospital, one of the oldest and biggest hospitals in Korea. The pair later appeared in the reality show \"Newlywed Diary\" produced by Na Young-seok, showcasing their married life. In August 2019, it was reported Ahn requested a divorce from his wife. Ahn submitted an application to the Seoul Family Court on September 9, 2019 for divorce against Ku, and it was delivered to Ku on September 18, 2019. On October 21, 2019, he deleted all the photos on his Instagram account, which was speculated by the media to be an attempt to prevent further unnecessary"}, {"title": "Ahn Jae-hyun", "text": " issues and controversy about the divorce ahead of his upcoming TV series \"Love with Flaws\".</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Ahn Jae-hyun", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000494", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Lokesh Kanagaraj.", "docs": [{"title": "Lokesh Kanagaraj", "text": "<s>Lokesh Kanagaraj Lokesh Kanagaraj is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in Tamil films. He started his career with a short film in the 2016 anthology \"Aviyal.\" He later directed his first feature film \"Maanagaram\" (2017). He created the Lokesh Cinematic Universe franchise with his films \"Kaithi\" (2019) and \"Vikram\" (2022). His upcoming film, \"Leo\", marks his second collaboration with Vijay after \"Master\" (2021).</s><s>Early life. Lokesh Kanagaraj was born in Kinathukadavu, Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. In PSG College of Arts and Science, he majored in Fashion Technology before pursuing an MBA. He did his schooling in Palanayiammal Matric Hr. Sec. School Kalliyapuram, Pollachi. He is an ex-bank employee. He pursued his passion towards film making by participating in a corporate short film competition. The judge of the competition was Karthik Subbaraj. Impressed with his short film, he encouraged Lokesh to pursue a directorial career making films.</s><s>Career"}, {"title": "Lokesh Kanagaraj", "text": ". In 2016, his short film, \"Kalam\", was included in the anthology film, \"Aviyal\", produced by Karthick Subbaraj. In 2017, he made his directorial feature debut with the hyperlink film, \"Maanagaram\". In late 2018, he began working on a film for Dream Warrior Pictures, the same production company behind \"Maanagaram\". With Karthi in the lead role, the action-thriller was titled \"Kaithi\". His next after \"Kaithi\" was the action-drama film, \"Master\", starring Vijay and Vijay Sethupathi. It was released on 13 January 2021, a day before the Pongal festival. It opened to mostly positive reviews and emerged as a commercial success. \"Master\" was the highest grossing Tamil film of 2021.Highest-grossing Indian films of 2021 He then directed \"Vikram\" (2022), starring Kamal Haasan, Vijay Sethupathi, and Fahadh Faasil. Following the huge success of the film, he is actively creating the Lokesh Cinematic Universe, on the basis of carrying the story forward from \"Kaithi\" and \"Vikram\". His"}, {"title": "Lokesh Kanagaraj", "text": " next directorial after \"Vikram\" will be Vijay's 67th film, \"Leo\".</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Lokesh Kanagaraj", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000495", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Joji (musician).", "docs": [{"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": "<s>Joji (musician), known professionally as Joji and formerly for playing the characters Filthy Frank and Pink Guy, is a Japanese singer-songwriter, rapper, former comedian, and YouTuber. Miller's music has been described as a mix between R&B, lo-fi, and trip hop. Miller created \"The Filthy Frank Show\" on YouTube in 2011 shortly after moving to the United States, gaining recognition for playing oddball characters on the comedy channels TVFilthyFrank, TooDamnFilthy, and DizastaMusic. The channels, which featured comedy hip hop, rants, extreme challenges, and ukulele and dance performances, are noted for their shock humor and prolific virality. Miller's videos helped popularize the Harlem Shake, which contributed to the commercial success of Baauer's song of the same name which led to the production of memes and collaborations with YouTubers. As Pink Guy, Miller released two comedy studio albums and an extended play between 2014 and 2017. In late 2017, Miller ended \"The Filthy Frank Show\" to pursue a music career under the name Joji. His debut album, \"Ballads 1\", was released in 2018 and featured the single \"Slow Dancing in the Dark\"."}, {"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": " His second album, \"Nectar\" (2020), contained the singles \"Sanctuary\" and \"Run\". In 2022, he released the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 top-ten single \"Glimpse of Us\", his highest-charting song, which was later featured on his third album, \"Smithereens\" (2022).</s><s>Early life. George Kusunoki Miller was born in Osaka, Japan. His father is Australian and his mother is Japanese. He attended Canadian Academy, an international school in Kobe, Japan, where he graduated in 2012. At age 18, he left Japan and travelled to the United States.</s><s>YouTube career.</s><s>YouTube career.:\"The Filthy Frank Show\" (2011\u20132017). Miller created the \"Filthy Frank\" character during his time on his DizastaMusic YouTube channel, on which he created sketch comedy-based content. The channel started gaining popularity after his 2012 conceptualization of Filthy Frank, a character who was described as the anti-vlogger of YouTube by Miller. The first known video on this particular channel (before his creation of the Frank character) was uploaded on 19 June 2008, and was titled \"Lil Jon falls off a table\". The Diz"}, {"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": "astaMusic channel has over 1 million subscribers and 177 million views. On 15 August 2014, Miller uploaded a video to the DizastaMusic channel announcing that he would not be posting any more video content onto the channel due to the risk of losing the channel due to the numerous copyright and community strikes it received. He also announced that future \"Filthy Frank\" content would be uploaded to a new channel he had created called TVFilthyFrank. Miller's channel TVFilthyFrank had many different series, such as \"Food\" (\u548c\u98df\u30e9\u30c3\u30d7), \"Japanese 101\", \"Wild Games\" and \"Loser Reads Hater Comments\". This channel currently has a total of 7.76\u00a0million subscribers and over one billion views. Miller created a third channel, TooDamnFilthy, on 1 July 2014. On this channel he had two series, \"Japanese 101\", which was also featured on his main channel, and \"Cringe of the Week\", which was usually abbreviated to \"COTW\"., TooDamnFilthy has 2.33\u00a0million subscribers and 332 million views. Miller made attempts to maintain his privacy, such as deleting the video \"Filthy Frank Exposes Himself?\", where he revealed himself to be a college student"}, {"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": " in Brooklyn, New York City, and that he did not want to reveal personal information for fear of not being able to get a job later on due to the nature of his show. On 27 September 2017, Miller announced the release of his first and currently only book, titled \"Francis of the Filth\", which addresses things uncovered in \"The Filthy Frank Show\", and serves as a culmination of the series. On 29 December 2017, Miller released a statement on Twitter explaining that he had stopped producing Filthy Frank content due to both \"serious health conditions\" and his lack of interest in continuing the show. In September 2018, Miller stated in a BBC Radio 1 interview that he had no choice but to stop producing comedy due to his health condition.</s><s>Music career.</s><s>Music career.:Pink Guy (2014\u20132017). Miller always had a passion for music composition. He has expressed that even before his YouTube career, he had an interest in creating music and created his YouTube channel as a means of promoting it. In an interview with \"Pigeons and Planes\", he said, \"I've always wanted to make normal music. I just started the YouTube channel to kind of bump my music. But then Filthy Frank and the Pink Guy stuff ended up getting"}, {"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": " way bigger than I thought so I had to kind of roll with it.\" Miller's music under Pink Guy is often comical, staying true to the nature of his YouTube channel. His debut album, \"Pink Season\", debuted at number 70 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Under his comedy rap stage name, Pink Guy, Miller has produced one mixtape, one album, and one extended play, \"Pink Guy\", \"Pink Season\", and \"\", respectively. On 16 March 2017, Miller performed for the first time as Pink Guy at SXSW. Future plans were stated to include a \"long overdue\" tour, a third Pink Guy album and more progress on his personal music outside of the Pink Guy character. However, as of 29 December 2017, Joji has ceased production of all Filthy Frank-related content, including Pink Guy music.</s><s>Music career.:Joji (2015\u2013present). Aside from the comedic and often rap-based music he created under the Pink Guy alias, Miller also created more serious and traditional music under another stage name, Joji, which became his primary focus in late 2017. Speaking on his transition from his YouTube career to his music career as Joji, Miller said to \"Billboard\" \"now I get to do stuff"}, {"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": " that I want to hear.\" In the article by \"Billboard\", he specified that 'Joji' isn't a character like Filthy Frank and Pink Guy. \"I guess that's the difference,\" he continues. \"Joji's just me.\" During his time growing up in Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan, Miller began to produce music and sing with friends as a side-hobby and a way to pass the time. After relocating to Manhattan, New York, Miller expanded upon his music career by starting his Pink Guy persona, which paved the way for his Joji persona. Miller originally announced his Joji album on 3 May 2014 alongside the first Pink Guy album. However, Miller subtly cancelled the project until he began releasing music under the name PinkOmega. Miller released two songs as PinkOmega: \"Dumplings\" on 4 June 2015 and \"wefllagn.ii 5\" on 28 August 2015, both of which were later released on the Pink Guy album \"Pink Season\", the latter being re-titled \"We Fall Again\". Miller intended to keep the music made under Joji a secret from his fanbase due to them mainly wanting his comedic music. In late 2015, two singles were released, titled \"Thom"}, {"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": "\" and \"You Suck Charlie\"; both were released under a false alias, but it was quickly leaked that the user behind the account was Miller, which prompted him in January 2016 to publicly announce on Instagram that he was releasing a full-length commercial project titled \"Chloe Burbank: Volume 1\". In the same post, he linked his SoundCloud account. Joji began releasing music under 88rising in 2017; the songs \"I Don't Wanna Waste My Time\" (on 26 April), \"Rain on Me\" (on 19 July), and \"Will He\" (on 17 October). Joji was featured in the song \"Nomadic\" with the Chinese rap group Higher Brothers. Miller performed live as Joji for the first time on 18 May 2017 in Los Angeles. The event was streamed by the Boiler Room. On 17 October 2017, Miller released the debut single from his debut commercial project, \"In Tongues.\" The single, titled \"Will He\", was released on platforms Spotify and iTunes. Miller's debut project under the moniker Joji, an EP titled \"In Tongues\", was released on 3 November 2017 by Empire Distribution. A deluxe version of the EP was released on 14 February 2018 with 8 remixes of songs from the EP"}, {"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": " along with the release of \"Plastic Taste\" and \"I Don't Wanna Waste My Time\" as part of the track listing. Joji released the song \"Yeah Right\" in May 2018, becoming his first to chart on a \"Billboard\" chart, peaking at 23 on the \"Billboard\" R&B Songs chart. Miller debuted \"Ballads 1\" under the label 88rising on 26 October 2018, which quickly peaked the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums Chart. Shortly after its release, Miller announced a North American tour, spanning 9 dates in early 2019. At that time, he was already on tour for \"Ballads 1\" in Europe. On 4 June 2019, Miller announced his new single titled \"Sanctuary\" through his Instagram page and released it on 14 June. It was accompanied by a music video, which was uploaded to 88rising's official YouTube channel. Joji was featured in the song \"Where Does the Time Go?\" with Indonesian rapper Rich Brian on his second album \"The Sailor\". On 30 January 2020, Miller announced another new single, \"Run\", which released at midnight on 6 February, alongside a music video released later that day. On 2 March, he performed the song on"}, {"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": " \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\". On 16 April, Joji announced another new single, \"Gimme Love\", which released at midnight, and along with announced his upcoming album \"Nectar\", which was initially set to be released on 10 July 2020. However, on 12 June 2020, Joji announced that the album had been pushed back to 25 September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 9 June 2022, Joji released a new single titled \"Glimpse of Us\", which peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100. On 26 August, he released a second single called \"Yukon (Interlude)\". On 4 November, Joji released his album \"Smithereens\", alongside the single \"Die For You\". To promote the album, Joji has been touring in North America since September 2022.</s><s>Artistry. Joji's music has been described as trip hop and lo-fi that blends elements of trap, folk, electronic, and R&B. His songs have been characterized as having \"down tempo, melancholic themes and soulful vocals\" with \"minimalistic production\". Joji himself classifies his work as dark love songs, with his 2020 album, \"Nectar\", dissect"}, {"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": "ing clich\u00e9 tropes and topics. He has been compared to electronic artist James Blake, whom he has cited as an influence alongside Radiohead, Shlohmo and Donald Glover. In an interview with \"Pigeons and Planes\", Miller said that his music was inspired by his time growing up in Osaka and by boom bap instrumentals he listened to while attending Canadian Academy.</s><s>Impact. Miller's web-show has had a significant impact on internet culture and is responsible for creating many internet memes. Filthy Frank has been hailed as \"the epitome of odd.\" Miller's videos had widespread impact, which included starting a viral dance craze known as the Harlem Shake in 2013, which was directly responsible for the debut of Baauer's \"Harlem Shake\" song atop the \"Billboard\" Hot 100.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio albums. As Joji - \"Ballads 1\" (2018) - \"Nectar\" (2020) - \"Smithereens\" (2022) As Pink Guy - \"Pink Guy\" (2014) - \"Pink Season\" (2017)</s><s>Tours. - Ballads 1 Tour (2018\u20132019) - Nectar: The Finale (2021\u20132022"}, {"title": "Joji (musician)", "text": ") - Smithereens Tour (2022\u20132023)</s><s>See also. - List of YouTubers</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Joji (musician)", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000496", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Iggy Azalea.", "docs": [{"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "<s>Iggy Azalea Amethyst Amelia Kelly (born 7 June 1990), known professionally as Iggy Azalea (), is an Australian rapper. At the age of 16, she moved from Australia to the United States in order to pursue a career in music. Azalea earned public recognition after releasing the music videos for her songs \"Pussy\" and \"Two Times\" on YouTube, both of which gained rapid popularity. Azalea shortly after released her debut mixtape, \"Ignorant Art\" (2011), and subsequently signed a recording contract with American rapper T.I.'s Grand Hustle label. Azalea's debut studio album, \"The New Classic\" (2014), peaked among the top five on several charts worldwide, but received mixed reviews from within the industry. The album eventually topped the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, making Azalea the first non-American female rapper to reach the top of the chart. \"The New Classic\" was preceded by Azalea's debut single \"Work\" and chart-topping single \"Fancy\" (featuring Charli XCX), which hit the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Azalea was featured on"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " Ariana Grande's 2014 single \"Problem\", which peaked at number two behind \"Fancy\". With these hits, Azalea became the second musical act (behind The Beatles) to rank at number one and two simultaneously on the Hot 100 with their debut appearances on the chart. In addition, she achieved three top ten hits simultaneously on the Hot 100 with the aforementioned songs and the album's fifth single, \"Black Widow\" (featuring Rita Ora), which debuted later that year. After her debut album, Azalea released a slew of singles to build anticipation for her intended second album, \"Digital Distortion.\" However, a series of conflicts with her label, as well as personal conflicts, resulted in the project being cancelled. Consequently, Azalea switched labels, releasing the EP \"Survive the Summer\" (2018) under Island Records. Further disagreements led to Azalea becoming an independent artist and creating her own label, Bad Dreams, through a distribution deal with Empire. Her second album, \"In My Defense\", was released in 2019, followed by another EP, \"Wicked Lips\", that same year, and a third studio album, \"The End of an Era\", in 2021. Azalea's accolades include two American Music Awards,"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " three Billboard Music Awards, an MTV Video Music Award, a People's Choice Award, four Teen Choice Awards and four Grammy Award nominations. Azalea's official YouTube channel has accumulated 3.4\u00a0billion views, with 15 music videos receiving over 100\u00a0million views on Vevo.</s><s>Early life and education. Amethyst Amelia Kelly was born in Sydney and grew up in Mullumbimby, New South Wales. Her father, Brendan Kelly, was an Irish-Australian painter and comic artist, while her mother, Tanya, cleaned holiday houses and hotels. Azalea lived in a house that her father built by hand from mud-bricks, surrounded by of land. She has two siblings named Mathias and Emerald Kelly. According to Azalea, she has some Aboriginal Australian ancestry: \"My family came to Australia on the First Fleet. My family's been in that country for a long time, over 100 years. If your family's lived in Australia for a long time, everyone has a little bit of [Aboriginal blood]. I know my family does because we have an eye condition that only Aboriginal people have.\" Azalea has also said that her father \"made her look at [art] as a teenager\", which has always"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " influenced her life and work. She began rapping at age 14. Before embarking on a solo career, Azalea formed a group with two other girls from her neighborhood: \"I was like, I could be the rapper. This could be like TLC. I'll be Left Eye.\" Azalea eventually decided to disband the group because the other girls were not taking it seriously: \"I take everything I do serious [sic]. I'm too competitive.\" In pursuit of her desire to move to America, Azalea dropped out of high school. She worked and saved the money she earned by cleaning hotel rooms and holiday houses with her mother. She claims to have hated school, which, apart from art class, only made her miserable. She also said she had no friends and was teased for her homemade outfits. Azalea traveled to the United States in 2006, shortly before she turned 16. She told her parents she was going \"on a holiday\" with a friend, but eventually decided to stay and shortly afterward told them she was not coming back home: \"I was drawn to America because I felt like an outsider in my own country, I was in love with hip hop, and America is the birthplace of that, so I figured the closer I was"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " to the music, the happier I'd be. I was right.\" She recalled, \"My mum was crying, saying, 'Just be safe.' I was thinking, 'I'm going by myself. I'm fucking crazy!'.\" After she arrived in the US, she received her General Educational Development (GED), and resided in the country on a visa waiver for six years, returning to Australia every three months to renew it. Azalea worked in the US illegally until February 2013 when she was granted a five-year O visa. She chose the name Iggy after her dog. In 2018, Azalea was approved as a permanent U.S. resident.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:2006\u20132012: Career beginnings, \"Glory\", and \"Ignorant Art\". When she first arrived in the United States in 2006, she stayed in Miami, Florida, and afterward lived briefly in Houston, Texas. Azalea settled for a few years in Atlanta, Georgia, working with a member of the rap collective Dungeon Family named Backbone. During that period, she met future collaborators FKi and Natalie Sims. She said people would laugh at her because \"they thought my raps sucked\", but having grown up getting laughed at"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": ", she was able to shrug it off. Meanwhile, she had met someone from Interscope Records who encouraged her move to Los Angeles during the summer of 2010. Interscope would eventually go on to manage her for a brief period of time. It was during this time that she adopted her stage name, which she created from the name of her childhood dog, Iggy, and the street she grew up on, Azalea Street, where her family lives to this day. She also started making stop motion animated videos with freestyle rap because she felt like she had found her sound. On 27 September 2011, Azalea released her first full-length project, a mixtape titled \"Ignorant Art\", saying she made it \"with the intent to make people question and redefine old ideals.\" Her song \"Pussy\" was included on the mixtape, alongside guest appearances from YG, Joe Moses, Chevy Jones, and Problem. In November 2011, she released a music video for her song \"My World\", directed by Alex/2tone. The video features a cameo appearance from character actor and former wrestler Tiny Lister, which earned her more attention due to its rising popularity online. \"It's supposed to have like, all the ridiculous"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "ness of a big-budget '90s video, but then chopped and screwed\", said Azalea, of the video. In December 2011, Azalea revealed she would release her debut studio album, \"The New Classic\", as soon as she signed a major record label deal: \"Once that's sorted out and I establish an overall sound and direction for the album, I will be able to know what artists would make for a dynamic collaboration.\" On 11 January 2012, Azalea released the music video for \"The Last Song\", her third video from \"Ignorant Art\". In an interview with \"Billboard\", released on 27 January, Azalea hinted at an Interscope Records signing, while also revealing hopes of releasing \"The New Classic\" in June, and for her debut single to precede it in March. Azalea reached out to rapper T.I., for the direction of her debut album. T.I. was set to executive produce \"The New Classic\", soon after a phone call the two had. At the time, Azalea was eyeing a summer release for \"The New Classic\": \"Hopefully if all goes to plan, my album will be out in June and I'll have it recorded by the end of"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " the month.\" However, after Interscope did not allow T.I. to be an ongoing part of her deal, Azalea opted not to sign with the major label and stay independently signed to Grand Hustle Records, until the release of her first album, which had then been postponed. In early 2012, Azalea was featured on the cover of \"XXL\", as part of its annual \"Top 10 Freshman List\", along with fellow up-and-coming rappers French Montana, Machine Gun Kelly, Danny Brown, Hopsin, and Roscoe Dash. On 1 March 2012, T.I. announced he signed Azalea to Grand Hustle Records, along with rappers Chip and Trae tha Truth. On 26 March 2012, Azalea posted \"Murda Bizness\", the intended lead single for \"The New Classic\", on her YouTube account. The song was produced by Bei Maejor and features a verse from her Grand Hustle label-boss T.I. In April 2012, via her Twitter feed, Azalea announced plans to release an extended play (EP) entitled \"Glory\", later in May: \"I'm just onto something right now, the last two weeks and it's glory. Az"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "aleans need something new.\" Also in April, Azalea starred alongside Grammy-nominated producer Diplo and FKi in the world's first fully interactive shoppable music video for Canadian fashion retailer, SSENSE. In May 2012, it was confirmed by T.I. on MTV's HipHopPov that Azalea had not yet secured distribution for her deal with Grand Hustle Records, and was described by T.I. as a \"free agent\". It was later revealed in the interview that she was in negotiation with labels other than Interscope, possibly Def Jam Recordings (wherein Bu Thiam, whom of which originally placed a bid to sign her is VP of A&R). Azalea was also featured on Steve Aoki and Angger Dimas' collaborative electronic track \"Beat Down\", which was released on 31 May 2012. On 24 June 2012, Azalea released \"Millionaire Misfits\", the second offering from her EP \"Glory\"; the first being \"Murda Bizness\". On 21 July, the official music video for \"Murda Bizness\" was released online. \"Glory\", although not released in May, as it was originally scheduled, was released"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " 30 July 2012. Azalea was also one of the acts on MTV's 2012 Closer to My Dreams Tour, along with Tyga and Kirko Bangz. On 28 September 2012, Azalea announced she would be releasing her second mixtape on 11 October 2012. Titling it \"TrapGold\", the mixtape was produced entirely by Diplo and FKi. She later premiered teaser visuals for the track \"Bac 2 Tha Future (My Time)\", On 9 October 2012, Azalea made her US national television debut, appearing alongside T.I., B.o.B and other Grand Hustle artists in a cypher at the 2012 BET Hip Hop Awards. Later that month, she embarked on yet another North American mini-concert tour with Roc Nation singer-songwriter Rita Ora, on her Ora Tour. Azalea then headlined a tour in Europe to support \"TrapGold\". On 16 December 2012, Azalea performed live alongside Natasha Bedingfield and Bootsy Collins, covering Deee-Lite's 1990 hit disco song \"Groove Is in the Heart\", on the annual television series \"VH1 Divas\".</s><s>Career.:2013\u20132014: Breakthrough and \"The New"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " Classic\". In January and February 2013, Azalea worked on tour while still working on her upcoming singles and summer release of \"The New Classic.\" She was the opening act for Rita Ora's Radioactive Tour, in the United Kingdom. As part of her set for Ora's Radioactive Tour, Azalea premiered her commercial debut single \"Work\", which also serves as the lead single for her debut album. The single premiered on BBC Radio 1Xtra on 11 February 2013. On 13 February 2013, it was announced Azalea had signed a record deal with Mercury Records. The music video for her debut single \"Work\", was directed by Jonas & Fran\u00e7ois and released 13 March 2013. In March 2013, Azalea also joined renowned rapper Nas, on the European leg of his Life Is Good Tour. On 15 April 2013, Vevo announced Azalea as its second LIFT artist of 2013 and that she would film live festival performances, fashion and style pieces and behind-the-scenes interviews as part of the eight-week-long campaign. It was also revealed that the music video for her second single, \"Bounce\", would premiere on Vevo at the end of the month. On 16 March 2013, it was announced that Az"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "alea would perform in the benefit concert \"Chime for Change\", scheduled to take place on 1 June in London, alongside Beyonc\u00e9, Jennifer Lopez and others. On 23 April 2013, Azalea announced that she had signed a solo record deal with Island Def Jam. On 26 April 2013, \"Bounce\" premiered on BBC Radio 1. She also noted that the third international single taken from her debut album would be entitled \"Change Your Life\" and feature a verse from T.I. Azalea also confirmed that she was not signed to Grand Hustle Records; however, heavily affiliated with the label. On 25 May 2013, Azalea performed an acclaimed carnival themed set on the \"In New Music We Trust\" stage as part of Radio 1's Big Weekend in Derry, Northern Ireland. The setlist contained songs from previous EPs and album material such as \"Bounce\" and \"Work\". The show was the start of a short set of UK pre-album promotional appearances. In June 2013, Azalea confirmed that the album was nearly finished and that the release was expected in September 2013. On 29 July 2013, Azalea revealed she will be opening for Beyonc\u00e9 on the 17-date Australia leg of her Mrs. Carter Show"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " World Tour in October and November. The third single from \"The New Classic\", titled \"Change Your Life\", was premiered by BBC Radio 1Xtra's MistaJam, on 19 August 2013. On 3 October 2013, Azalea made her first appearance on BET's \"106 & Park\", where she was interviewed and performed \"Change Your Life\", alongside T.I. Azalea's debut album was slated for an October 2013 release, but in an interview with Australia's \"Herald Sun\" she revealed that due to other commitments such as supporting Beyonc\u00e9 on her Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, her record label would not allow her to release \"The New Classic\" until March 2014. She said: \"The official date? Fucked if I know! It's done, it's so depressing to say this but it's the beginning of March, it's so far away but I just have to accept that.\" She explained the reasons behind the delay: \"It was supposed to be October but obviously I'm going on tour with Beyonc\u00e9 and they said I'm not allowed to put an album out while I'm on tour because I'll be trapped in Australia and I won't be able to do any TV appearances and I thought that's fair enough, that"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "'s three weeks and then they said 'You can't put an album out around Christmas time, that's a bad time' and I said 'What about January?' 'Well nobody gets back off holidays and then it's the BRIT Awards, you can't release an album, it's terrible for marketing' which brings me to February.\" On 10 November 2013, Azalea performed \"Blurred Lines\" with Robin Thicke at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards. On 5 December 2013, an unfinished song by Azalea titled \"Leave It\", allegedly produced by DJ Mustard, was leaked. Azalea later revealed the song was in fact produced by The Invisible Men and The Arcade, whom she collaborated with on the entire album. In February 2014, Azalea announced that she would be releasing a new single titled \"Fancy\", featuring English singer-songwriter Charli XCX. The song was premiered on BBC Radio 1 Xtra at 7\u00a0pm GMT on 6 February 2014. After the song's premiere, it was revealed \"Fancy\" was the song that had leaked titled \"Leave It\". On 17 February 2014, the song was serviced to urban contemporary radio in the United Kingdom as the album's fourth single. The music video for"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " \"Fancy\", inspired by the 1995 American comedy film \"Clueless\" was released on 4 March. \"Fancy\" went on to become Azalea's most successful single to date, becoming her first single to chart on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It also reached number-one on \"Billboard\"'s Hot Rap Songs chart, as well as number-one the US Dance Club Play chart. After much delay and speculation, \"The New Classic\" was finally released on 21 April 2014. Upon its release, the album debuted at number-three on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, with first-week sales of 52,000 copies in the United States. \"The New Classic\" was the highest-charting female rap album since Nicki Minaj's \"\" (2012). \"The New Classic\" also attained the highest number for a female rapper's debut album since Minaj's \"Pink Friday\" (2010), which had entered at number-two with 375,000 copies sold. Azalea was then featured on American singer Ariana Grande's single \"Problem\", which was released on 28 April 2014. The song was released as the lead single from Grande's second studio album. Shortly after, Azalea also appeared on Jennifer"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " Lopez's single \"Booty\". On 28 May 2014, \"The New Classic\"s fourth single \"Fancy\", reached number-one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, with Azalea being the fourth solo female rapper ever to top the Hot 100. On the same day, \"Problem\" rose to number-two on the Hot 100, with Azalea becoming the only artist since the Beatles, to rank at numbers one and two simultaneously, with their first two respective Hot 100 entries. \"Fancy\" also topped the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs chart. On 24 June 2014, Azalea's song \"Black Widow\", featuring Rita Ora, was serviced to rhythmic contemporary radio, as her debut album's fifth single in the US. It eventually peaked at number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. A reissue of \"The New Classic\", titled \"Reclassified\", was released in November 2014; featuring five new songs, including new singles \"Beg for It\" and \"Trouble\". On 10 December 2014, when reflecting on the year she'd had and the struggles she faced in the years before, Azalea announced plans of an arena tour for 2015 and a second"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " studio album via her Twitter account. The same day, she revealed the title of the tour, The Great Escape Tour, and the concept behind it, which is Azalea picturing herself as \"a musical escape artist for people\". Azalea also stated that the name of the tour went along with the title of her upcoming second studio album, which would also be promoted on the tour.</s><s>Career.:2015\u20132018: Career setbacks and \"Survive the Summer\". Azalea declared she had started to work on her second studio album in January 2015. On 4 May 2015, she released a duet with Britney Spears titled \"Pretty Girls\". On 29 May 2015, it was reported that The Great Escape Tour had been canceled and there would be a new tour planned around Azalea's new album to be released in 2016. Azalea later clarified she \"had a different creative change of heart\" and would also be taking a break to figure out the progression she wanted for her sound and visuals. In June, when asked details on her new music, she explained she had scrapped six months of work to start from scratch. On 30 August, Azalea performed \"Cool for the Summer\" with Demi Lovato at the 2015 MTV Video Music"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " Awards, after a collaboration between the two was announced for Lovato's fifth studio album, \"Confident\" (2015). In October 2015, Azalea revealed the initial title of her second album to be \"Digital Distortion\". A buzz track off the album, \"Azillion\", was made available for free streaming on SoundCloud on 9 January 2016. The project's lead single, \"Team\", was released on 18 March 2016 along with a dance video. An accompanying music video premiered on 31 March. In March 2016, Azalea revealed she had started a production company, having \"bought the rights to a couple of books that I really like, and also some television shows from Australia that I really believed in and was a fan of when I was a kid, and I had some ideas to rework [them].\" In July 2016, she announced that her company, Azalea Street Productions, had signed a deal to create original content for NBCUniversal. In February 2017, it was announced the company optioned the book \"Bad Girls Gone\" for a film that Azalea would produce but nothing materialized. On 12 June 2016, Seven Network revealed that Azalea had signed on to be a judge replacing Chris Isaak on \"The X Factor Australia"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "\" for its eighth season, broadcast from October to November 2016. In September 2016, Azalea explained she was delaying the release of her album to 2017, despite it initially being set for July 2016, after ending the relationship with her fianc\u00e9 Nick Young, stating: \"[I] just needed to have some me time to get my life in order and process the changes that are happening in my private life.\" She also mentioned wanting to record new songs that reflected her mindset: \"when I wrote [my album] I was about to get married... I don't want to go and promote my album and get asked about my relationship that has just crumbled.\" Azalea released two singles, \"Mo Bounce\" and \"Switch\", on 24 March 2017 and 19 May 2017 respectively. The latter track features Brazilian singer Anitta. Azalea promoted \"Switch\" through a performance on the 2017 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards. On 7 November 2017, Azalea stated that she was not allowed to release music until January 2018, as she signed with a new label. She additionally announced the new title of her second album, \"Surviving the Summer\", and released four new tracks for free download via WeTransfer. The media has dubbed the songs as a four-track"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " mixtape or EP called \"4 My Ratz\". In January 2018, Azalea announced the title of the lead single from \"Surviving the Summer\", \"Savior\" featuring Quavo, which was released on 2 February 2018. On 8 June 2018, the rapper revealed that \"Survive the Summer\" would be an EP. She also stated that the reason behind the postponed release date\u2014originally for 2 June, then 30 June release\u2014was the change of president of her record label, Island Records. On 5 July, Azalea released two tracks from the EP: \"Tokyo Snow Trip\" and \"Kream\", the latter featuring Tyga. \"Survive the Summer\" was released on 3 August 2018, and debuted at number 144 on the \"Billboard\" 200. On 3 November 2018, Azalea tweeted that she had left Island Records, which she had signed to in 2017, and established her own record label, which was then named New Classic Records. Two weeks later, she announced she had signed a $2.7\u00a0million dollar distribution deal with an unidentified company. She stated that she would be an independent artist, be able to sign other artists, and own all her masters, with the exception of her music licensed under"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " Universal. On 20 November 2018, it was announced that she had signed a partnership deal with Empire Distribution. She would later rename her record label Bad Dreams in January 2019.</s><s>Career.:2019: \"In My Defense\" and \"Wicked Lips\". Azalea announced in early February 2019 that she had completed work on her second studio album, \"In My Defense\". She further stated her plans to release it in the spring of that year. On 27 February, Azalea announced that \"Sally Walker\" would be the first single off of the album. On the same day, her previous single, \"Kream\", was certified gold for selling 500,000 copies in the US. At the end of March 2019, 14 days after Azalea's new single was released, \"Sally Walker\" had accumulated over 38\u00a0million views on YouTube had a combined total sales of over 82,000 copies sold on all platforms and had debuted on \"Billboard\"s Hot 100 Chart at number 62, making it the highest-charting single from Azalea on the \"Billboard\" charts since \"Team\" released in 2016, which had charted at number 42. Azalea promoted the song with a performance on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\""}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " during his Las Vegas shows. On 3 May 2019, Azalea released the album's official second single, \"Started\", along with its official music video. Shortly afterward, a collaboration with VVAVES titled \"Boys Like You\" was released. On 24 June 2019, Azalea announced via Twitter that her album \"In My Defense\" would be released on 19 July 2019. Pre-orders for the album began on 28 June 2019. Azalea appeared on the cover of \"Cosmopolitan\" in August. On 27 September 2019, Azalea announced she would be releasing a new extended play. In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Azalea stated she was not sure if she would tour to promote the record but that she plans to begin recording new material in September, with hopes of putting it out next year. She later announced on her Twitter that she planned on releasing a new extended play on 15 November 2019 entitled \"Wicked Lips\" following the release of its lead single, \"Lola\". Following a few minor delays, the EP was released on 2 December. The EP was written primarily by Azalea with Noah Cyrus co-writing \"The Girls\", which featured Pabllo Vittar.</s><s>Career.:"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "2020\u2013present: \"The End of an Era\". In the summer of 2020, Azalea announced her third studio album, \"The End of an Era\". On 20 August 2020, Azalea released the original lead single, \"Dance Like Nobody's Watching\", a collaboration with Tinashe. Following its underperformance, Azalea scrapped the song from \"The End of an Era\" and released the album's new lead single \"Sip It\" with Tyga in April 2021. In June 2021, Azalea tweeted that \"The End of an Era\" would be released in August of the same year. Later in June, Pitbull announced his I Feel Good Tour with Azalea as an opening act. On 15 July 2021, Azalea announced that she would take a hiatus from music after the release of \"The End of an Era\". One year later, on 8 August 2022, Azalea announced that she would resume her musical activity.</s><s>Artistry.</s><s>Artistry.:Musical style and influences. Although Azalea is Australian, she raps with a Southern U.S. accent. When she first moved to America, she was involved in the Southern hip hop scene of Miami and later Atlanta, which made"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " it easy for her to cultivate the Southern influence in her music: \"I lived in the South for five years; you pick up things from your surroundings and teachers. The people who taught me to rap are all from the South and so was the music I had listened to as a teen.\" While Azalea's debut extended play, \"Glory\", was intended to focus on hardcore rap, the EP also touched up on other genres including electronic dance music. Music critics have defined her singles \"Fancy\" and \"Team\" as electro-hop. At the age of 11, Azalea was infatuated with hip hop when she heard Tupac Shakur's \"Baby Don't Cry (Keep Ya Head Up II)\": \"It was the song that made me fall in love with music and also what sparked my Tupac fascination. That would later make me pick up my own pen and write songs.\" In her early interviews, Azalea regularly mentioned Shakur's influence: \"I was sickly obsessed. I had every picture of Tupac ever printed on my wall.\" She has credited Beyonc\u00e9 as an influence and Missy Elliott as the female rapper who she is influenced by and admires the most. Outside of music, her fashion sense is influenced by"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " Grace Kelly, Lil' Kim, Gwen Stefani, Fran Drescher, Eve, Trina, Fergie, Christina Aguilera, and the Spice Girls, with Azalea stating that Mel B and Victoria Beckham are her favorite Spice Girls.</s><s>Artistry.:Music videos. Azalea is often noted for her cinema-quality music videos which are often comedic and contain satire. Azalea has paid homage to a number of cult films from the 1990s and early 2000s in her music videos, among the most notable examples being \"Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\" (1997) in \"Work\" (2013), \"Showgirls\" (1995) in \"Change Your Life\" (2013), \"Clueless\" (1995) in \"Fancy\" (2014), \"Kill Bill\" (2003) in \"Black Widow\" (2014), \"Earth Girls Are Easy\" (1988) in \"Pretty Girls\" (2015), and \"Romy and Michele's High School Reunion\" (1997) in \"Fuck It Up\" (2019), among others. Alongside those film references, eras of cinema are referenced in several other videos including the Bollywood-themed video for \"Bounce\" (2013) and the 1980"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "s cop comedy-inspired video for \"Trouble\" (2015). Additionally, the video for \"Murda Bizness\" (2012) is reminiscent of the pageant culture shown in reality series \"Toddlers & Tiaras\". Azalea has also been credited as a director for some of her music videos and often mentions the importance she attributes to them: \"For me, visuals are as important as the music, I just love escapism and giving people something to escape to. To me, that's what art is.\"</s><s>Artistry.:Public image. After initially resisting suggestions to try modeling, Azalea signed with talent agency Wilhelmina Models in 2012. She featured in promotional ads for Los Angeles-based lifestyle brand Dim Mak's 2012 fall/winter collection. Also in 2012, Azalea was the face of Levi's \"Go Forth\" campaign. Azalea also appeared in House of Holland's first eyewear collection campaign. In July 2014, MTV announced that Azalea would be the host of the revived \"House of Style\". Azalea appeared in the seventh installment of \"The Fast and the Furious\" film series, \"Furious 7\", released in 2015. In August 2014, the \"New York"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " Post\"s Page Six reported that Azalea had formed a footwear collaboration with Steve Madden. Their shoe collection was unveiled in February 2015. In October 2014, Azalea and her boyfriend Nick Young were announced as the new faces of Forever 21's 2014 holiday campaign. In April 2015, she signed on to be the 100th-birthday ambassador of Australian underwear and clothing company Bonds. In 2018, Azalea was announced as Monster Products's new spokesperson and starred in their Super Bowl LII commercial.</s><s>Controversy.</s><s>Controversy.:Accusations of cultural appropriation. In 2012, Azalea caused controversy for her song \"D.R.U.G.S\", a remix of Kendrick Lamar's \"Look Out for Detox\", having adapted one of its lyrics to \"When the relay starts, I'm a runaway slave / Master\", leading her to release a letter online apologizing, stating that it was a \"tacky and careless thing to say.\" According to the British newspaper \"The Guardian\", there have been \"accusations of racism against Azalea focused on her... insensitivity to the complexities of race relations and cultural appropriation.\" \"Salon\" writer Brittney Cooper critiqued Azalea's \"co-"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "optation and appropriation of sonic Southern Blackness, particularly the sonic Blackness of Southern Black women.\" Her use of an African-American English accent has been compared to blackface and part of a \"broad, vague area of white people pretending to be black: those who do it culturally, rather than cosmetically\" but also conversely as \"wilful ignorance\". Both supporters and critics of Azalea's rise to fame in the hip hop industry noted that it was important to be inclusive while acknowledging and respecting the role of African-Americans in pioneering hip hop. After being asked to analyze and compare her speaking and rapping voice, linguistics professor David Crystal said Azalea might be doing it unconsciously to accommodate to the American rapping style, adding: \"There are hardly any echoes of [Azalea's] original Australian accent in her speaking voice\u2014just the odd word (e.g. \"own\", \"believe\") and inflection. She has developed a mixed accent (like so many people have these days) as a result of her traveling around.\" When asked about the validity to the criticisms leveled against her, Azalea stated: \"Do you not like me because I rap with an American accent and I'm not American? Well,"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " that's valid on some level because that's your opinion and I can't change that\", continuing, \"But I'm not trying to sound black\u2014I just grew up in a country where on TV and in music and film, everyone was American or any Australian person in them put on an American accent. So I never saw it as strange at all.\" In 2021, after Azalea released the music video for her song \"Iam the Stripclub\", some Twitter commentators accused her of blackfishing or \"imitating a black female aesthetic\"; Azalea called the allegations \"ridiculous and baseless\" and said that she had worn the same Armani foundation for the past three years \"in every video since 'Sally Walker'\". Her makeup artist Eros J. Gomez took to Twitter to defend and clarify that Azalea was using the same foundation in all the music video scenes.</s><s>Controversy.:Comments on racism. In 2018, Azalea claimed that the history of racism in the United States causes its audiences to dismiss her, and claimed that she, \"grew up in a situation that didn't involve any privilege and I worked really hard\", later reiterating on U.S. race relations: \"I make 'black'"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " music. I don't want people to think it's not something I care about. I want to make music for girls in the gym.\" She stated, \"It's important for music to reflect what is going on socially and for there to be those kinds of voices within the industry. But I want to be that person you can listen to for four minutes and not think about that stuff at all, and it's important to have that too [...] I'm not here to offer that commentary, but that doesn't mean I don't care.\" In 2016, she lamented, \"Many people think I still live in that bubble and that I don't understand that the United States is set up in a way that doesn't benefit minorities. I've lived here for 10 years now, and I don't want it to be that way either. I'm marrying a black man and my children will be half black\u2014 of course I care about these things.\" She further dismissed the legitimacy of the racial controversy, citing sexism as the true cause of criticism. In a feature covering Azalea's career, Clover Hope wrote, \"Rather than seeing race as an issue, Iggy focused on the trend of women in rap being over-policed and accused of not writing their own rhymes,"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " while in the process overlooking how artists like herself and Macklemore hold a broader industry advantage, even as they feel like outcasts in their field.\" In 2016, Azalea was planning to release her second album titled, \"Digital Distortion\", explaining its concept: addressing the criticisms against her: \"some of them were fair and some of them, I think, were unfair. I just think it's interesting that we live in this age of digital distortion where we're all distorting each other and distorting ourselves and our perception of who we all are, and none of it is really accurate anymore.\" She later credited the support she received from fellow rappers as giving her motivation facing the controversial claims in the media: \"I grew up loving Missy Elliot, loving Lil' Kim or Trina and so I'm lucky I have those women I really idolized support me. So, I get a little bit confident in that, knowing the people I look up to appreciate what I'm doing.\"</s><s>Personal life. In March 2015, while talking about her body shape with \"Vogue\", Azalea revealed she had undergone breast augmentation, saying, \"I did change something: Four months ago, I got bigger boobs! I'd thought about it my entire life"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "\", adding she was sick of having to sew padding into her stage costumes and wanted to be able to wear lingerie without wiring. After initially resolving never to discuss it publicly as she didn't want other girls to feel bad about their bodies, she concluded, \"But then, I decided I wasn't into secret-keeping.\" In August 2015, she talked about having a nose job with \"Seventeen\" magazine, adding, \"Your perception of yourself can change a lot over time, so I think it's important to wait and make sure it's the right choice. Plastic surgery is an emotional journey.... There are things that I didn't like about myself that I changed through surgery. There are other things I dislike but I've learned to accept. It's important to remember you can't change everything. You can never be perfect.\" In March 2018, Azalea was approved for permanent residence in the United States.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships. In late 2011, Azalea began dating American rapper A$AP Rocky, whom she met through American record producer Chase N. Cashe. She confirmed that they were dating in a January 2012 interview with \"Vibe\" and, around this time, got the title of Rocky's breakout mixtape \"Live"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": ". Love. A$AP\" tattooed on her fingers. She claimed she and Rocky both had tattoos dedicated to the relationship, but his tattoos were not visible. In July 2012, Rocky stated they were no longer dating, with Azalea later removing her tattoo after years with the word A$AP crossed out. In November 2013, Azalea began a relationship with Los Angeles Lakers basketball player Nick Young. Azalea and Young were featured in the March 2014 issue of \"GQ\" magazine. They lived together in Tarzana, California. On 1 June 2015, they announced their engagement. On 19 June 2016, Azalea announced that she and Young had split after a video leaked on the internet showing Young bragging about cheating on Azalea. In 2016, she briefly dated Moroccan-American rapper French Montana. In late 2018, Azalea began dating American rapper Playboi Carti. The couple reportedly split in December 2019. However, in June 2020, Azalea announced she had given birth to a son with Carti. That October, she released a statement saying, \"I'm raising my son alone & I'm not in a relationship.\" Later in December, Azalea revealed that Carti had cheated on her and missed their son"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "'s birth. He later refused to sign their son's birth certificate.</s><s>Awards and nominations. Iggy Azalea has been nominated for numerous major music awards. Azalea was the first female and first non-American rapper to be featured on \"XXL\"'s \"Top 10 Freshman List\". In 2014, she received two American Music Awards in the Rap/Hip-Hop categories, along with four more nominations, and one MTV Video Music Award for her collaboration with Ariana Grande, along with seven more nominations, making her the most nominated artist at these respective award show editions. She has also won three Teen Choice Awards and one MTV Europe Music Award. Azalea won the 2014 ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist and the 2015 People's Choice Award for Favorite Hip-Hop Artist. In November 2014, she was placed at number-one on the \"Maxim\" Hot 100 list in Australia because \"few Aussies, female or otherwise, have had a bigger 2014 than Iggy.\" Azalea also ranked at number 46 on the 2014 edition of the AMID (Australasian Music Industry Directory) Power 50, a list that compiles the most influential figures in the Australasian music world. Azalea received four nominations"}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": " at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, including Best New Artist, Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance for \"Fancy\" and Best Rap Album for \"The New Classic\". Azalea joined the list of the 9th Annual \"Billboard\" Women in Music honorees as a chart-topper. In late 2014, it was announced she was placed at number-one on \"Billboard\" Year-End's Top New Artists chart. In 2015, Azalea also led the 2015 iHeartRadio Music Awards nominations with five. She received twelve nominations at the 2015 \"Billboard\" Music Awards. In 2016, Azalea was presented with the Woman of the Year award by \"GQ Australia\". In 2020, Iggy Azalea was listed at number 50 in \"Rolling Stone Australia\"s \"50 Greatest Australian Artists of All Time\" issue.</s><s>Discography. - \"The New Classic\" (2014) - \"In My Defense\" (2019) - \"The End of an Era\" (2021) - \"Hotter Than Hell\" (2023)</s><s>Tours.</s><s>Tours.:Headlining. - The New Classic Tour (2014) Cancelled tours - Great Escape Tour ("}, {"title": "Iggy Azalea", "text": "2015) - Bad Girls Tour (2018)</s><s>Tours.:Opening act. - \"XXL\" Freshmen Live Tour (2012) - Tyga \u2013 MTV Jams Presents: Closer to My Dreams Tour (2012) - Rita Ora \u2013 Ora Tour (2012) - Rita Ora \u2013 Radioactive Tour (2013) - Nas \u2013 Life Is Good Tour (2013) - Beyonc\u00e9 \u2013 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (2013) - Pitbull - I Feel Good Tour (2021) - Pitbull - Can't Stop Us Now Summer Tour (2022)</s><s>See also. - List of artists who reached number one in the United States</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Iggy Azalea", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000497", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Jackie Shroff.", "docs": [{"title": "Jackie Shroff", "text": "<s>Jackie Shroff Jaikishan Kakubhai Shroff (born 1 February 1957), popularly known as Jackie Shroff, is an Indian actor and former model. He has been in the Bollywood industry for over four decades, and, has appeared in over 220 films in 13 languages namely Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, Bhojpuri, Konkani, Odia, Gujarati and English. He has won four Filmfare Awards among other accolades. He became an overnight star with Subhash Ghai's \"Hero\" (1983) film, and eventually established himself as one of the leading men of Indian cinema from 1980s to 1990s.</s><s>Early and personal life. Shroff was born as Jaikishan Kakubhai Shroff in Bombay (present Mumbai), India. His father, Kakubhai Haribhai Shroff, was Gujarati, while his mother was a Turkmen who fled from Kazakhstan (then the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic under the Russian Soviet Union) during a coup. His maternal grandmother escaped to Ladakh along with her seven daughters when there was a coup in Kazakhstan. They migrated to"}, {"title": "Jackie Shroff", "text": " Delhi, and finally to Mumbai. His father came from a Gujarati family of merchants and traders. However, they lost all of their money in the stock market and his father had to leave home at the age of 17. His father met his mother when both were teenagers and got married. As a youngster, he modelled in a few advertisements including Savage perfumes. It was one of his classmates in school who gave Shroff his name \"Jackie\" and then filmmaker Subhash Ghai stuck to this name when he launched him in the film \"Hero\". Shroff regularly revisits his childhood home in Teen Batti. Shroff married his longtime girlfriend Ayesha Dutt, a model who later became a film producer, on her birthday, 5 June 1987. The couple runs a media company Jackie Shroff Entertainment Limited. They jointly owned 10% shares in Sony TV from its launch until 2012, when they sold their stake and ended their 15-year-long association with Sony TV. They have two children: a daughter Krishna Shroff, and a son, Bollywood actor Tiger Shroff.</s><s>Career. Jackie Shroff dropped out of school after his 11th standard as his family did not have much money. He"}, {"title": "Jackie Shroff", "text": " tried his hand working as an apprentice chef at Taj Hotels and as a flight attendant at Air India, but he was rejected from both places because of his lack of qualifications. He then started working as a travel agent in a local company called \"Trade Wings\" near Jehangir Art Gallery. An advertising agency accountant spotted him at the bus stand and asked him if he would be interested in modelling. The next day, Shroff went to the advertising agency (National advertising agency) located in the same building as Davar's college near Flora Fountain for the photo shoot during his lunch time. This photo shoot for a suit shirt launched Shroff on his modelling path. In 1982, Shroff made his acting debut in Dev Anand's movie \"Swami Dada\". In 1983, Subhash Ghai cast him in the lead role for the movie \"Hero\", paired against Meenakshi Sheshadri. The film was a major critical and commercial success, and one of the highest grossers of 1983. By \"Hero\", both Shroff and Seshadri had become overnight stars.  He continued to work in Subhash Ghai movies, irrespective of any role that was offered. After \"Hero\", he did several other films,"}, {"title": "Jackie Shroff", "text": " such as \"Andar Baahar\". \"Jaanoo\" and \"Yudh\" were successful. In 1986 he did \"Karma\" which became the highest-grossing film of 1986. His next film to be released was \"Kaash\". Later films, such as \"Dahleez\" and \"Sachch\u00e9 K\u00e1 Bol-B\u00e1l\u00e1\" were critically acclaimed, but failed at the box office. But he came back to success through films such as \"Ram Lakhan\", \"Tridev\" and \"Parinda\", which won him filmfare award for best actor. In the 90s he was part of successful films such as \"Saudagar\", \"Angaar\", \"Sapne Sajan Ke\", \"Gardish\", \"Khalnayak\", \"1942: A Love Story\", \"Rangeela\", \"Agnisakshi\", \"Border\" & \"Shapath\". In 2006, Shroff acted in the children's film \"Bhoot Unkle\". In 2010 he appeared in film \"Bhoot and Friends\". In 2011 he did a cameo role in film \"Shraddha In The Name Of God\" directed by Gurubhai Thakkar"}, {"title": "Jackie Shroff", "text": ". In 2017, Shroff made his debut in Konkani, acting in the film \"Soul Curry\", which even won him an award. Subsequently, he is to act in another Konkani film scheduled to release in 2019, titled \"Kantaar\". In October 2018, he acted in a short film, \"The Playboy Mr. Sawhney\". He was also seen in \"Paltan\". He is to feature in many films in 2019, like \"Firrkie\", \"Bharat\", \"Saaho\", and \"Romeo Akbar Walter\". He is also going to star in \"Prasthanam\", which Hindi remake of Telugu film with same name alongside Ali Fazal and Sanjay Dutt.</s><s>Career.:Television. Shroff has hosted many television shows like \"Lehrein\", \"Chirtrahar\" and \"Missing\". Dealing with stories of missing people who were never found, \"Missing\" was popular for its creative narration by Shroff. The show was broadcast on Sony TV, of which he owned some shares. Shroff was also a judge on the magic show \"India's Magic Star\", broadcast on Indian channel STAR One. The show began on"}, {"title": "Jackie Shroff", "text": " 3 July 2010 and ended on 5 September 2010. In 2014, Shroff and his son Tiger Shroff made an appearance on \"Comedy Nights with Kapil\". In 2019 Shroff made his digital debut with the series \"Criminal Justice\".</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Social activism. He has an organic farm, where he grows organic plants, trees and herbs. He is also the brand ambassador of Thalassemia India and over the years has supported many causes like HIV/AIDS awareness and abolishment of female foeticide. He has also funded the treatment and education of many underprivileged children. On 5 March 2021, Shroff donated an ambulance to a Lonavala-based animal shelter in the memory of his late pet dog Rocky.</s><s>Awards and accolades. - 1990: Won: Filmfare Award for Best Actor \u2013 \"Parinda\" - 1994: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Actor \u2013 \"Gardish\" - 1994: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor \u2013 \"Khalnayak\" - 1995: Won: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor \u2013 \"\" - 1996: Won: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor \u2013 \"Rangeela\" - 1997"}, {"title": "Jackie Shroff", "text": ": Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor \u2013 \"Agni Sakshi\" - 2002: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor \u2013 \"Yaadein\" - 2001: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role \u2013 \"Mission Kashmir\" - 2003: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor \u2013 \"Devdas\" - 2007: Special Honour Jury Award for outstanding contribution to Indian cinema - 2011: Won: Vikatan Awards for Best Villain \u2013 \"Aaranya Kaandam\" - 2014: Won: The Original Rockstar GQ - 2016: Won: HT Most Stylish Living Legend Award. - 2017: Won: Raj Kapoor Award \u2013 Received by actress Raakhee: 30 April 2017. - 2017: Won: Received the 20th anniversary of JP Dutta's Border movie Award: 12 June 2017. - 2017: Won: Recipient of National Award-Hindi Cinema Gaurav Samman at Vigyan Bhawan - 2018: Won: Filmfare Short Film Award for Best Actor \u2014 \"Khujli\" - 2018: Won: Best Actor Award for the Konkani film \"Soul Curry\" at Goa State Awards ceremony He has received a"}, {"title": "Jackie Shroff", "text": " Doctor of Arts for his valuable contribution in the field of Cinema from the Invertis University.</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Jackie Shroff", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000498", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Cha Eun-woo.", "docs": [{"title": "Cha Eun-woo", "text": "<s>Cha Eun-woo Lee Dong-min (; born March 30, 1997), known professionally as Cha Eun-woo (), is a South Korean singer, actor, and model under the label Fantagio. He is a member of the South Korean boy band Astro.</s><s>Early life. Cha Eun-woo was born on March 30, 1997, in the city of Gunpo, Gyeonggi Province. He attended Suri Middle School and Suri High School before graduating from Hanlim Multi Art School in 2016. He studied at Sungkyunkwan University, majoring in performing arts.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:2013\u20132015: Career beginnings. Cha debuted as an actor with a minor role in the film \"My Brilliant Life\". He was the fourth trainee to be officially introduced with the Fantagio iTeen Photo Test Cut. In August 2015, Cha, along with the other members of Astro, participated in the web-drama \"To Be Continued\".</s><s>Career.:2016\u2013present: Debut with Astro, solo activities and rising popularity. Astro debuted on February 23, 2016, with the EP \"Spring Up\". In August, Cha participated in the Chuseok special variety"}, {"title": "Cha Eun-woo", "text": " show, \"Replies That Make Us Flutter\". In September, he participated in another Chuseok pilot program, \"Boomshakalaka\". Cha was announced as a host of \"Show! Music Core\" alongside Kim Sae-ron, Lee Soo-min and Xiyeon from 2016 to 2018. In 2016, he also starred in the web drama \"My Romantic Some Recipe\". In 2017, Cha was cast in the KBS2 drama \"Hit the Top\" and starred in the web drama \"Sweet Revenge\". In 2018, Cha starred in the web drama \"Top Management\". He was later cast in the JTBC romantic comedy series \"Gangnam Beauty\", his first leading role on television. He saw a rise in popularity after the series aired and was included in GQ Korea's \"Men of the Year\". In 2019, Cha starred in the historical drama \"Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung\" alongside Shin Se-kyung. He played the role of an royal price who became a romance novelist, and won the Excellence Award for an Actor and Best Couple Award with Shin at the MBC Drama Awards. In December, he was announced as a cast member of the new variety show \"Handsome Tigers\""}, {"title": "Cha Eun-woo", "text": " alongside Joy, Lee Sang-yoon, Yoo Seon-ho, and Seo Jang-hoon. In April 2020, Cha joined SBS television show \"Master in the House\" as a fixed cast member. At the 2020 SBS Entertainment Awards, he won the Rookie Award for his role on the show. In December 2020, he starred in the tvN coming-of-age romance drama \"True Beauty\" based on the webtoon of the same name, playing high school student alongside Moon Ga-young. In June 2021, he left \"Master in the House\". In November 2021, Cha released \"Don't Cry, My Love\", a ballad song featuring a piano performance, for the official soundtrack of the comic \"Under The Oak Tree\". In 2022, Cha recorded \"Focus on Me\" for the soundtrack of the Kakao webtoon \"The Villainess Is a Marionette\", released on February 22. He then played the role of a Navy officer in Hwang In-ho's urban terror action film \"Decibel\" which was released in November 2022. Later that year he starred in TVING drama \"Island\" alongside Kim Nam-gil, Lee Da-hee and Sung Joon, playing the role of an"}, {"title": "Cha Eun-woo", "text": " exorcist priest. On December 30, Fantagio released an official statement and stated that Cha had decided to renew his contract with the agency. In 2023, Cha is set to star in the webtoon-based fantasy romance drama drama \"A Good Day to Be a Dog\".</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Endorsements. In February 2021, Cha became Penshoppe's international ambassador. In March, he was selected as the brand model for Noona Holdak Chicken. In May, Cha was chosen as a new model for clothing brand O'Neill.{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/COjdHHBJBQD/?igshid=18c35kt9kby3g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/oneillkorea/2568024244451808259_2568024239183950265 |archive-date=December 23, 2021 |url-access=subscription|title=Cha Eun-Woo has been chosen As The New Model For Leisure Sports Brand O'Neill In January 2022, Cha became the muse for the hair styling brand Dashu."}, {"title": "Cha Eun-woo", "text": " The next two months, he became as a new brand ambassador for Ms Glow, and Mister Potato. In April 2022, Cha modeled for contemporary men's clothing brand Liberclassy. In June, Cha became a brand ambassador for Dior Beauty, announced after attending Jean-Michel Othoniel's exhibition. In December, there was a post announcing Cha became a brand ambassador for Dior. In January 2023, Cha became a regional brand ambassador for Skechers, this partnership covers seven key Asia-Pacific markets for Skechers: Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.  Dior Beauty post announcing welcome Cha as the first global ambassador for Dior Capture Totale the new Serum. In February, Cha and actress Han So-hee were selected as CF models together for global clothing brand Giordano.  Cha launches the global campaign 2023 NEW Liens collection Liens Evidence, featuring a bridge that connects two people who express different emotions. that can be experienced in important moments of life With Chaumet's unique artistic sense.{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/144/0000864801?lfrom=twitter|title"}, {"title": "Cha Eun-woo", "text": "=\ucc28\uc740\uc6b0, \uc790\uc720\ub85c\uc6b4 \ub0a8\uc790</s><s>Other ventures.:Philanthropy. In April 2019, Cha donated million to help support the victims of the Sokcho Fire. In February 2020, It was revealed that Cha had donated million to help those affected by COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. In June 2022, Cha participated as a special audio guide for the art exhibit of Sir Michael Craig-Martin & even donated some proceeds for cancer patients at the national cancer center. In November 2022, it was announced that Cha will hold a photo exhibition at the end of the year and will donate all profits to help the underprivileged.</s><s>Impact and influence. In November 2018, Cha was included as one of GQ Korea's Men of the Year. In 2019, he ranked seventh\u2014with 44,178,474 points\u2014in the Most Accumulated Points On Male Idol Brand Reputation. In the K-pop Radar Year-End Chart of 2019, Cha was named as the male \"Hot Instagrammer\". In April 2021, Cha placed 17th on \"Forbes\" Korea Power Celebrity and sixth in the SNS category. In April 2022,"}, {"title": "Cha Eun-woo", "text": " after Cha was selected to represent contemporary men's clothing brand Liberclassy, traffic to the company's mall increased by 806% in the first week of April from the previous week, and the brand also saw an increase in social media engagement. An official from Liberclassy said, \"The Cha Eunwoo effect was seen as more than 70 million won in sales generated for pre-application alone\". In January 2023, Cha was the Top Male Influencer in Fashion in 2022, and the only male to make it into the Top 10 influencers with $82.5 Million EMV, as reported by Lefty.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Songwriting credits. \"\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Cha Eun-woo", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}
{"id": "factscore-000499", "prompt": "Question: Tell me a bio of Nick Kyrgios.", "docs": [{"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "<s>Nick Kyrgios Nicholas Hilmy Kyrgios ( ; born 27 April 1995) is an Australian professional tennis player. In singles, Kyrgios' career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 13 was achieved on 24 October 2016. He has won seven ATP Tour singles titles, including the 2019 and 2022 Washington Open, and reached eleven finals, most notably a major final at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships, and a Masters 1000 final at the 2017 Cincinnati Masters. In doubles, during his professional career, Kyrgios has a career-high ranking of world No. 11, achieved on 7 November 2022, winning a major doubles title at the 2022 Australian Open and reaching the semifinals of the Miami Open, both times partnering Thanasi Kokkinakis. In singles, he reached a major final at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships and three major quarterfinals (at 2014 Wimbledon, upsetting then-world No. 1 Rafael Nadal en route, the 2015 Australian Open and the 2022 US Open, upsetting then-world No. 1 Daniil Medvedev en route). Kyrgios is only the third player, after Dominik Hrbat\u00fd and Lleyton Hewitt, to have beaten each one of the Big Three (Novak Djokovic,"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Roger Federer, and Rafael Nadal) the first time he played against them. Although Kyrgios has received praise for his perceived entertaining style of play, he is a controversial player whose matches have featured \"epic displays of ranting, racquet-wrecking, and trash-talking\". According to \"Tennishead\" magazine, he has received more fines for his temperamental on-court behaviour than any other player in ATP history. His actions have included swearing and smashing his racquet, as well as insults and verbal altercations with the crowd, with umpires, with his opponents and with his supporters. In his junior career, Kyrgios won the singles event at the 2013 Australian Open and the doubles events at the 2012 French Open, 2012 Wimbledon Championships and 2013 Wimbledon Championships.</s><s>Early life and family. Kyrgios was born on 27 April 1995 in Canberra, Australia, to a father of Greek origin, George, and a Malay mother, Norlaila (\"Nill\"). His father is a self-employed house painter, and his mother is a computer engineer. His mother was born in Malaysia as a member of the Selangor royal family, but she dropped her title as a princess when she moved to Australia in"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " her twenties. His older sister Halimah works in dance and musical theatre and as a voice and performance coach based in Hong Kong. Kyrgios attended Radford College until Year 8 and completed his Year 12 certificate in 2012 at Daramalan College in Canberra. He also played basketball in his early teens before deciding to focus solely on tennis when he was 14 years old. Two years later, he received a full scholarship at the Australian Institute of Sport, where he was able to further develop his tennis. In 2013, Kyrgios relocated his training base from Canberra to Melbourne Park in an attempt to further his career with better facilities and hitting partners. A year later, Tennis ACT announced a $27\u00a0million redevelopment of the Lyneham Tennis Centre in Canberra to lure Kyrgios back home and host Davis Cup and Fed Cup ties. Kyrgios confirmed in January 2015 that he would return home and base himself in Canberra. He also donated $10,000 towards the Lyneham Tennis Centre redevelopment.</s><s>Junior career. Kyrgios played his first junior match in 2008 at the age of 13 at a grade 4 tournament in Australia. He won his first ITF junior tour title in Fiji in June 2010, aged 15. He started to compete more regularly on"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " the junior tour in 2011, making his junior grand slam debut at the 2011 Australian Open. During 2012 he won two junior grand slam doubles titles and rose to junior world number three, though he withdrew from the Australian Open Men's Wildcard Playoff due to injury. Moving into 2013, he gained the number 1 junior ranking by defeating Wayne Montgomery in the Traralgon International final. A week later he entered the Australian Open as the juniors number 3 seed and progressed to the final against fellow Australian Thanasi Kokkinakis. After saving two set points in the first set, Kyrgios won his first and only junior grand slam title. He also won Wimbledon junior doubles with Kokkinakis.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:2012\u20132013: Turning pro. In 2012, in his first-round qualifying match at the Australian Open, Kyrgios won the first set in a tiebreak, but his opponent Mathieu Rodrigues cruised through the second and third sets to defeat him. Kyrgios then competed on the 2012 ITF Men's Circuit for the rest of the season, competing in tournaments in Australia, Germany, Japan and Slovenia. At the end of the season, he had reached a semifinal and a quarterfinal in Australian tournaments"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": ". He finished the year ranked No. 838. In 2013, he started the season by playing at the 2013 Brisbane International, losing in the first round of qualifying to James Duckworth. He then lost in the first round of qualifying at the 2013 Australian Open to Bradley Klahn in straight sets. After winning the Boys' Singles, Kyrgios said his goal was to reach the top 300 by the end of the year. At the 2013 Nature's Way Sydney Tennis International, he defeated fellow Australian Matt Reid in straight sets in the finals to win his first challenger tour title at the age of 17. Kyrgios was given a wildcard into the qualifying competition of the 2013 French Open, but on 20 May it was announced that John Millman was withdrawing from the main draw due to injury; such that, Kyrgios' wildcard was raised to the main draw. This meant he would compete in a main draw of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time. In the first round Kyrgios had the biggest win of his career to date against the former world No. 8 Radek \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek in three sets, each ending in tiebreaks, giving him the first ATP Tour level win of his career. Although he"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " lost to Marin \u010cili\u0107 in the following round, his ranking rose to No. 213. Kyrgios later qualified for the 2013 US Open, where he was beaten by fourth seed David Ferrer in his opening match. He reached a new career high of No. 186 on 9 September 2013. In October, Kyrgios made the semifinal of the 2013 Sacramento Challenger, before falling to Tim Smyczek. He ended the year with a singles ranking of 182.</s><s>Professional career.:2014: Wimbledon quarterfinal. At the beginning of the 2014 season, Kyrgios was set to debut at the 2014 Brisbane International as a wildcard, but withdrew due to a shoulder injury. On 8 January, Kyrgios was awarded a wildcard into the 2014 Australian Open, where he won his first round match against Benjamin Becker. However, he lost in the second round to Beno\u00eet Paire, in five sets. Kyrgios received a wildcard into the 2014 U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships, where he lost his first round match to Tim Smyczek in three sets. Kyrgios was then forced to withdraw from numerous ATP tournaments in Delray Beach and Acapulco due to an elbow injury. At the 2014"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Sarasota Open, Kyrgios reached the final by defeating Jarmere Jenkins, Rub\u00e9n Ram\u00edrez Hidalgo, Donald Young and Daniel Kosakowski. He defeated Filip Krajinovi\u0107 in straight sets for his second career challenger title. Following this, Kyrgios defeated Jack Sock to win the 2014 Savannah Challenger. As a wildcard at the 2014 French Open, Kyrgios was defeated in the first round in straight by Milos Raonic. Kyrgios then won his fourth career challenger title at the 2014 Aegon Nottingham Challenge, beating fellow Australian Sam Groth in straight-set tiebreaks. In June, Kyrgios received a wildcard to the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. After defeating St\u00e9phane Robert in the first round, he went on to beat Richard Gasquet in a five-set second-round thriller; wherein, he lost the first two sets and saved nine match points. In the third round, Kyrgios beat Ji\u0159\u00ed Vesel\u00fd, before going on to record the biggest win of his career so far by beating World No. 1 Rafael Nadal in four sets \u2013\u2013 becoming the first male debutant to reach the Wimbledon quarterfinals since Florian Mayer, in 2004. The'shot"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " of the match' was a rear-forehand, half-volley winner from between Kyrgios' legs that David Polkinghorne, of \"The Canberra Times,\" called \"freakish\" and \"audacious\". Kyrgios subsequently lost to Milos Raonic in four sets in the quarterfinals. This Wimbledon performance helped Kyrgios break into the top 100 of the ATP World Rankings for the first time in his career: i.e. Kyrgios' ranking rose to No. 66. Post-Wimbledon, at the Rogers Cup tournament in Toronto, Kyrgios earned his first ATP World Tour Masters event win, with a first round victory over Santiago Giraldo in straight sets. However, Kyrgios lost in the second round to Andy Murray, winning just four games. In the US Open, Kyrgios made it to the third round, defeating Mikhail Youzhny and Andreas Seppi on his way, before losing to 16th seed Tommy Robredo. Kyrgios later played in the Malaysian Open, but lost in the first round. He skipped the rest of the season, citing burnout. He ended the year ranked No. 52 in the world, and the No. 2 ranked Australian behind Lleyton"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Hewitt.</s><s>Professional career.:2015: First final, top 30. Kyrgios started the season off at the Sydney International, but lost his opening match against Jerzy Janowicz in three tightly contested sets. During the 2015 Australian Open, Kyrgios received direct entry for the first time due to his ranking. In his opening match, he defeated Federico Delbonis in a five-set thriller, before going on to beat Ivo Karlovi\u0107 and Malek Jaziri in second and third rounds, respectively. He then faced Andreas Seppi, who had just beaten Roger Federer in his previous match, in the fourth round. Kyrgios fell two sets behind and faced down a match point in the fourth set but, recovered to win in five sets. As a result, Kyrgios became the first teenage male to reach two Grand Slam quarterfinals since Federer in 2001, the first Australian male to reach the quarterfinals since Hewitt in 2005, and the first Australian of any gender to reach the quarterfinals since Jelena Dokic in 2009. In the quarterfinals, Kyrgios lost to eventual finalist Andy Murray in straight sets. After the tournament, he reached a career-high ranking of no. 35 in"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " the world. He later withdrew from tournaments in Marseille and Dubai due to a back injury he suffered during the Australian Open. In Indian Wells, he served for the match against Grigor Dimitrov, but rolled his ankle and ultimately lost. Kyrgios returned in the Barcelona Open. After receiving a bye in the first round, he lost in three sets to fellow 19-year-old Elias Ymer. At the Estoril Open, Kyrgios reached the final of an ATP tournament for the first time in his career, after defeating Albert Ramos Vi\u00f1olas, Filip Krajinovi\u0107, Robin Haase and Pablo Carre\u00f1o Busta. He then lost the final to Richard Gasquet, in straight sets. At the Madrid Open a week later, Kyrgios defeated world No. 2 and 17-time Grand Slam champion Roger Federer in the second round, after saving two match points in the final set tiebreak. He then had a three-set loss to John Isner in the third round. At this point, until his finalist appearance at Estoril and third round finish in Madrid, Kyrgios had the unique distinction of having won more matches in Grand Slams (10) than on the regular ATP Tour (2). At"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " the French Open, Kyrgios was seeded 29th, his first Grand Slam seeding. He won in straight sets in the first round against Denis Istomin. He then received a walkover into the third round, after Kyle Edmund withdrew with injury. In the third round, he lost in straight sets to third seed Andy Murray. In the doubles, Kyrgios and partner Mahesh Bhupathi lost in the first round to wildcards Thanasi Kokkinakis and Lucas Pouille. At the 2015 Wimbledon Championships, Kyrgios opened with straight-set victories over Diego Schwartzman and Juan M\u00f3naco in the first and second rounds, respectively. In the third round, despite losing the first set, he advanced past seventh seed Milos Raonic \u2013\u2013before losing to Gasquet in the fourth round, squandering set points in the fourth. He also played mixed doubles with Madison Keys, but only reached the second round During the tournament, he was involved in several controversies, all of which resulted in code violation warnings. During his first round match with Schwartzman, Kyrgios threatened to stop play following a disputed line call. In the following match, a linesman heard him say \"dirty scum\"; Kyrgios said his words"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " were not directed at the umpire. During his third round match against Raonic he smashed his racket, which bounced into the stands, following a missed break point. Kyrgios fell out of the top 40 in the rankings following the tournament.</s><s>Professional career.:2016: Hopman Cup champion, 3 titles, top 15. At the 2016 Hopman Cup, Kygrios partnered with Daria Gavrilova, as part of the Australia Green team. During the round robin, Australia Green won 3\u20130 against Germany, with Kyrgios winning both his singles match against Alexander Zverev andmixed doubles match with Gavrilova. The Australian Green team next faced off against Great Britain; where Kyrgios recorded his first-ever win over Andy Murray (in straight sets) and also won the doubles, claiming a 2\u20131 win over the British team. Following this, he went on to win the Hopman Cup alongside Gavrilova, defeating Ukraine in the final \u2013\u2013 marking Kyrgios' first title on the World Tour. At the 2016 Australian Open he claimed straight-set wins over Pablo Carre\u00f1o Busta and Pablo Cuevas before losing to sixth-ranked Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych in the third round"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " in 4 sets. Kyrgios won his maiden ATP title at the Open 13 in Marseille by defeating Gasquet in the quarterfinal, Berdych in the semi-final and lastly, \u010cili\u0107 in the final, all in straight sets. Notably, Kyrgios finished the tournament without having his serve broken. During the Dubai Tennis Championships Kyrgios reached the semifinals, where he retired against Stan Wawrinka. At the 2016 Indian Wells tournament, he lost in the first round to Albert Ramos Vi\u00f1olas. At the 2016 Miami Open Kyrgios reached his first ATP World Tour Masters 1000 semifinal, with straight-set wins over Marcos Baghdati, Tim Smyczek, Andrey Kuznetsov and Milos Raonic \u2013\u2013 before losing in the semis to Kei Nishikori. Following Miami Open, Kyrgios entered the top 20 for the first time, becoming the youngest player to do so since \u010cili\u0107 seven years earlier. At the French Open, Kyrgios entered as the 14th seed and went on to beat Marco Cecchinato and Igor Sijsling, reaching the third round; however, he lost to 9th seed Gasquet. Similarly, at Wimbledon (as the 15"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "th seed), he advanced to the fourth round after defeating Radek \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek, Dustin Brown and Feliciano L\u00f3pez \u2013\u2013 losing to eventual champion Murray. In Atlanta, as the second seed, Kyrgios advanced to the final after defeating wildcard Jared Donaldson, Fernando Verdasco and Yoshihito Nishioka. In the final, Kyrgios faced three-time defending champion Isner and defeated him to win his second ATP title. Kyrgios reached a career-high ranking of No. 16 following the tournament. At the US Open, Kyrgios reached the third round against Illya Marchenko before retiring with a hip injury that had also affected him in previous rounds. He returned with a straight-set win in his rubber for Australia in the Davis Cup World Group playoff. In October, after a second-round loss to Kevin Anderson at the 2016 Chengdu Open, Kyrgios bounced back by winning his first ATP World Tour 500 series title in Tokyo, at the 2016 Japan Open Tennis Championships, beating David Goffin.</s><s>Professional career.:2017: First Masters final. At the 2017 Australian Open, Kyrgios was seeded 14th. He defeated Gast\u00e3o Elias before falling to Andreas Se"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "ppi in round two, despite leading by two sets to love. At the Mexican Open, Kyrgios defeated Novak Djokovic in straight sets in the quarter-finals. Djokovic managed to win just 20.5% of return points in the match, his lowest ever in a tour match. Kyrgios fell to eventual champion Sam Querrey in 3 sets in the semifinals. Kyrgios defeated Djokovic again in straight sets in the fourth round of the Indian Wells Masters tournament. He then withdrew from his quarterfinal match with Federer due to illness. He moved to Miami, where he beat Goffin and Zverev before losing in the semifinals in three tiebreak sets to Federer in three hours and ten minutes. Kyrgios then participated in Madrid, where he lost in straight sets in the third round to Nadal. At Roland Garros, Kyrgios lost to Kevin Anderson in the second round after winning the first set. He then withdrew from his first-round matches at Queen's Club, Wimbledon and Washington due to injuries. After his recent slump in form, Kyrgios then reached the third round of the Montreal Masters, where he lost to Zverev in straight sets. In the Cincinnati Masters, Kyrg"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "ios made it to the quarterfinals, where he defeated world No. 2 Nadal in straight sets. He followed that up with a victory over Ferrer to reach his first Masters 1000 final, where he lost to Grigor Dimitrov in straight sets. At the China Open, he was crushed by Nadal in the final. Kyrgios's record against Nadal fell to 2\u20133 with this loss. In the inaugural 2017 Laver Cup, Kyrgios competed for Team World, replacing Milos Raonic following his withdrawal from the tournament. In doubles, Kyrgios partnered with Jack Sock, defeating Tomas Berdych and Rafael Nadal and earning Team World's only point on Day 1. In singles, Kyrgios defeated Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych, earning Team World's only points on Day 2. Kyrgios went on to play a match tie-break with Roger Federer on Day 3, which would have forced a deciding doubles match. However, Federer defended the match point and went on to win: resulting in an overall victory for Team Europe (15\u20139).</s><s>Professional career.:2018: Clay season absence. In his first tournament of the season at the 2018 Brisbane International, Kyrgios received a bye into the"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " second round due to being the 3rd seed. In his first competitive match since the 2017 European Open, Kyrgios lost the first set to his compatriot Matthew Ebden in a tiebreak but found his form and won in three sets. He reached the final, defeating Ryan Harrison to win his first title since Tokyo 2016. The win returned him to the top 20, at no. 17. In the third round of the 2018 Australian Open, Kyrgios defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in four sets. He was then beaten by Grigor Dimitrov in tight four setter, with the latter winning three tiebreaks. Kyrgios served 36 aces in that match. After the Australian Open, Alexander Zverev defeated Kyrgios in four sets at the Davis Cup. It was soon revealed that he was playing with an elbow injury. In light of this, he cancelled appearances at the Delray Beach Open and Indian Wells Masters tournament. He resumed his season at the Miami Open, defeating Du\u0161an Lajovi\u0107 and Fabio Fognini in straight sets before falling to Zverev in straight sets. Kyrgios weathered a lackluster clay season and did not play at the French Open, citing the elbow injury that spoiled the first quarter"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " of 2018. Kyrgios and Jackson Withrow of the USA were knocked out of the first round doubles match by Sriram Balaji and Vishnu Vardhan. His next tournament, the Stuttgart Open, saw him reach the semifinals, falling to eventual champion Federer. After Stuttgart, Kyrgios entered the Queen's Club Championships. His won his first-round match over former world No. 1 Murray. This was notable as it was Murray's return to the tour since Wimbledon 2017 and Kyrgios's first professional win over Murray after five prior attempts. He was defeated in the semifinals by \u010cili\u0107 in two tiebreaks. At Wimbledon, Kyrgios defeated Istomin and Haase but lost to Nishikori in straight sets in the third round. His campaign in the 2018 US Open generated controversy. In his second-round match, Kyrgios appeared to be given advice by umpire Mohammed Lahyani that seemed to turn the tide in match against Pierre-Hugues Herbert, which he won. Kyrgios's US Open run ended in the next round with a loss to Federer, who saw him out in straight sets. At the annual Laver Cup, Kyrgios was defeated by Federer"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " in straight sets. He then won the doubles with Jack Sock against Grigor Dimitrov and David Goffin. At the Shanghai Open, he was accused of tanking by the chair umpire before losing to world No. 104 Bradley Klahn. His last event on the ATP tour was a wildcard draw at the Kremlin Cup. He defeated Andrey Rublev in three sets before withdrawing against his next opponent, Mirza Ba\u0161i\u0107, citing an elbow injury. He also revealed weeks later that he was seeing psychologists to improve his mental health.</s><s>Professional career.:2019: Two titles, a default, and a suspension. Kyrgios began 2019 at the Brisbane International, where, in a rematch of last year's final, he defeated Ryan Harrison in the round of 32. He subsequently lost to J\u00e9r\u00e9my Chardy. His middling performance in his home country culminated in a straight-sets opening round loss to Milos Raonic at the 2019 Australian Open. Kyrgios won the 2019 Mexican Open in Acapulco (his fifth title), after beating three top 10 players (i.e. Nadal, Isner and Zverev) and three-time Grand Slam champion Stan Wawrinka, en route. His"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Miami Open campaign was full of controversy: a victory over Du\u0161an Lajovi\u0107 in the third round involved two successful underarm serves and an altercation with a spectator, and the follow-up loss to Borna \u0106ori\u0107 in the round of 16 involved another argument with a spectator and both players smashing racquets. Following his loss, he acknowledged his opponent's more disciplined nature and questioned his own motivation. In Rome, Kyrgios beat Daniil Medvedev but then lost his next match to Casper Ruud by default in the third set when he threw a chair on the court after swearing at a linesperson. He forfeited the rankings points and prize money, but no further penalties were imposed. At Wimbledon, Kyrgios defeated compatriot Jordan Thompson in a five-setter, but then lost to Nadal in four sets in the second round. Kyrgios won his sixth title in Washington beating two top 10 players en route. He overcame first seed Stefanos Tsitsipas in the semi-final in three sets, and third seed Daniil Medvedev in the final in straight sets. At the US Open, Kyrgios progressed to the third round where he lost to Andrey Rublev in straight sets in another"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " controversial match, complaining that he was being blinded by the stadium lights while serving. At the annual Laver Cup, Kyrgios was again defeated by Federer, this time in a closer three-set match with a deciding match tiebreak. He teamed up with Jack Sock once again for the doubles, which they won against Rafael Nadal and Stefanos Tsitsipas. Following the incident at the 2019 Cincinnati Masters tournament, where Kyrgios was fined $113,000 for five separate incidents of unsportsmanlike conduct, the ATP conducted an investigation into his behaviour. The investigation ended on September 26, and he was issued a 16-week suspended ban, a $25,000 fine, and a six-month probationary period. Although Kyrgios had corrected his comments by saying that \"corrupt\" was not the right choice of words, the ATP explained that a second investigation had taken place after his comments at the US Open.</s><s>Professional career.:2020: Longest career match. At the 2020 Australian Open, Kyrgios was seeded 23rd. In the first round, he beat Lorenzo Sonego in straight sets before defeating Gilles Simon in four sets in the second round. In the third round, he defeated Karen Khachan"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "ov in the longest match of both his career and the 2020 Australian Open, lasting 4 hours and 26 minutes. He then played Rafael Nadal in the fourth round, which he lost in four sets. Kyrgios played alongside Amanda Anisimova in the mixed doubles, where they ended up losing in the second round. At the 2020 Mexican Open, Kyrgios attempted to defend his 2019 title, but retired from his first round match against Ugo Humbert, due to a wrist injury. Kyrgios withdrew from the 2020 US Open, choosing to avoid taking health risks amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Kyrgios ended 2020 with a singles rank of No. 45.</s><s>Professional career.:2021: Tournament withdrawals, knee injury. At the 2021 Australian Open, Kyrgios lost in the third round to Dominic Thiem despite at one stage leading by two sets to love. In April, Kyrgios announced he would play in the Mallorca Open. He followed this by also announcing that he would play in the Stuttgart Open, but withdrew from both tournaments. He entered Wimbledon to continue his return to competitive tennis, and won his opening match against 21st-seeded Ugo Humbert in a five-set"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " match that stretched out over two days. In the second round Kyrgios beat Gianluca Mager in straight sets. In the third round against F\u00e9lix Auger-Aliassime, with the match tied at one set each, he retired after the second set due to an abdominal injury. Kyrgios failed to defend his title in Washington, losing in the first round to Mackenzie McDonald in straight sets. At the US Open, he lost in the first round to Roberto Bautista Agut in straight sets. Kyrgios then competed for Team World at the Laver Cup for the fourth consecutive year. He lost his singles match to Stefanos Tsitsipas and partnered John Isner in doubles, where they lost to Tsitsipas and Andrey Rublev. After the conclusion of the Laver Cup, on 28 September 2021, Kyrgios announced he was ending his 2021 season due to a knee injury. He ended 2021 with a singles ranking of 93.</s><s>Professional career.:2022: Wimbledon final, Australian Open doubles title, ATP Finals and return to Top 20. Kyrgios withdrew from the Melbourne Summer Set ATP 250 tournament after feeling run down for four days due to asthma. On January 10, he tested positive"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " for COVID-19 and had also to withdraw from the Sydney Tennis Classic. As a result, he dropped to No. 114 on the ATP rankings, the first time he had been out of the top 100 since June 2014. At the 2022 Australian Open, he won his first round match in straight sets against qualifier Liam Broady. He was subsequently defeated in the second round by top seed Daniil Medvedev over four sets. In doubles, Kyrgios partnered with Thanasi Kokkinakis to defeat the world No. 1 doubles team, Nikola Mekti\u0107 and Mate Pavi\u0107, en route to the quarter-finals. Following their success in the quarter-finals and semi-finals, this set up the first all-Australian doubles final (since 1980) against Matthew Ebden and Max Purcell. Kyrgios and Kokkinakis won in straight sets, becoming the first all-Australian men's doubles champions (at the Australian Open) since The Woodies in 1997. Moreover, Kyrgios and Kokkinakis are the first wildcard pairing in the Open era to win the Australian Open men's doubles title. As a result, Kyrgios moved to the top 40 in the doubles rankings on 31 January 2022, rising 219 spots. Kyrg"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "ios next received a wildcard into the main draw at Indian Wells, California. He beat Sebasti\u00e1n B\u00e1ez and Federico Delbonis, in straight sets, to get to the third round; where he then beat world No. 8 Casper Ruud. He received a walkover in the fourth round following the withdrawal of Jannik Sinner, but then lost in 3 sets to Rafael Nadal in the quarterfinals. He had less success in doubles (partnered Kokkinakis), as the pair lost in the second round to eventual champions John Isner and Jack Sock. In Miami, he advanced to the fourth round, but was beaten in straight sets by Jannik Sinner. In doubles, Kyrgios and Kokkinakis finished up in the semifinals, again losing to the eventual champions Isner and Hubert Hurkacz. Kyrgios then reached the semifinals in Houston, his sole clay court event of the year, losing to Reilly Opelka in the semifinals. In Stuttgart, his first grass tournament of the year, Kyrgios reached the semi-finals where he lost to Andy Murray. In Halle, Kyrgios beat second seed and world No. 6 Stefanos Tsitsipas and sixth"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " seed Pablo Carreno Busta on his way to his third tour-level semifinal of 2022, before losing to Hubert Hurkacz. At the 2022 Wimbledon Championships, Kyrgios beat wildcard Paul Jubb in 5 sets, but was fined US$10,000 for verbally abusing a line judge and spitting in the direction of a spectator. He then went on to beat Filip Krajinovi\u0107 and Tsitsipas (for the second time during the grass season), to reach the fourth round. Following this, Kyrgios beat Brandon Nakashima to reach his first major quarterfinal since the 2015 Australian Open. He followed this with a shut out win over Cristian Gar\u00edn and reached his first ever Major semifinal. Kyrgios then reached his first major final after Rafael Nadal withdrew from the semifinals, becoming the first player in the Open Era to get a walkover into the Wimbledon final. Kyrgios lost the Wimbledon final to Novak Djokovic in a competitive match lasting over three hours. In Atlanta, Kyrgios withdrew from the singles tournament, but went on to win his second doubles title with Kokkinakis, defeating fellow Australians Jason Kubler and John Peers in straight sets. In Washington, Kyr"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "gios won his first singles title in 3 years and his second Washington Open singles title \u2013\u2013 defeating Marcos Giron, Tommy Paul, Reilly Opelka, Frances Tiafoe and Mikael Ymer en route to the final against Yoshihito Nishioka, where he won in straight sets. In the doubles, Kyrgios partnered with Jack Sock, where after receiving a walkover in the semifinals, they defeated Ivan Dodig and Austin Krajicek to win the Washington Open doubles title. As a result, Kyrgios became the first player to win both the singles and doubles titles at Washington in the same year in the tournament's history. At the Canadian Open, Kyrgios defeated top seed Daniil Medvedev in the second round. Next he defeated his compatriot Alex de Minaur but eventually lost to Hubert Hurkacz in the quarterfinals. At the Cincinnati Masters, Kyrgios was defeated in the second round by Taylor Fritz in a match only lasting 51 minutes. At the US Open, Kyrgios defeated Thanasi Kokkinakis, Benjamin Bonzi and wildcard JJ Wolf to reach the fourth round at the US Open for the first time in his career. He then defeated world No.1 Dan"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "ill Medvedev in four sets to reach the quarterfinals at the event for the first time. With his win over Medvedev, Kyrgios became the first player to beat the world No. 1 twice within the same year, since Pat Cash in 1987. In the quarterfinals, he faced off against Russian 27th seed Karen Khachanov, losing a closely fought match in five sets. Despite the loss, Kyrgios returned to the Top 20 for the first time since February 2020 and reclaimed the No.1 Australian position, overtaking Alex De Minaur. In October, Kyrgios reached the quarterfinals of the Japan Open, but withdrew before his clash with Taylor Fritz, citing a knee problem as the cause for his exit. Kyrgios, along with doubles partner Thanasi Kokkinakis qualified for the 2022 ATP Finals in Turin after being guaranteed a spot under the Grand Slam champion provision. The pair failed to progress past the round robin stage of the event after recording a 1-2 win-loss record. Kyrgios ended the season ranked No. 22 in singles and No. 13 in doubles. This was Kyrgios' highest end-of-year doubles ranking of his career.</s><s>Professional career.:20"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "23: Knee injury and Australian Open withdrawal. Kyrgios was scheduled to participate in the inaugural United Cup to begin his season, representing Australia, however withdrew on the eve of the event following an ankle injury. Kyrgios subsequently withdrew from the Adelaide International 2 event the following week as a precaution in the lead up to the Australian Open. On 13 January, Kyrgios competed in an exhibition match against Novak Djokovic on Rod Laver Arena in a Fast4 format. Kyrgios defeated Djokovic in three-sets in front of a sold-out crowd. Just days later, on the eve of the 2023 Australian Open, Kyrgios withdrew from the event due to a knee injury. He revealed a cyst caused by a tear in his lateral meniscus will require arthroscopic surgery.</s><s>National representation.</s><s>National representation.:ATP Cup. Kyrgios played in the inaugural ATP Cup in 2020 in Brisbane and in the Sydney finals. He won three straight singles matches against Jan-Lennard Struff of Germany, Stefanos Tsitsipas of Greece and Cameron Norrie of Great Britain respectively, as well as a doubles match alongside Alex de Minaur to defeat Great Britain in the quarter-finals"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": ". He eventually lost to Roberto Bautista Agut in the semi-finals against Spain in straight sets.</s><s>National representation.:Davis Cup. Kyrgios made his Davis Cup debut for Australia in September 2013 against Poland at the age of 18. He replaced Marinko Matosevic after defeating him in a playoff during the lead-up to the tie. He was selected to pair with Chris Guccione in the crucial doubles rubber. They lost to Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski in five sets. He then went on to win his first singles rubber, after Micha\u0142 Przysi\u0119\u017cny retired five games into the match. After the media attention he attracted during Wimbledon 2015, Kyrgios lost the second rubber of the quarter-final tie against Kazakhstan. His most publicised quote during this match was his comment \"I don't want to be here\". Kyrgios was then replaced by Sam Groth in the reverse singles rubber. He was dumped from the Davis Cup squad due to play their semi-final tie against Great Britain. He returned to the Davis Cup team in September 2016 for Australia's emphatic World Group playoff victory against Slovakia. In 2019, Kyrgios was left out of the Davis"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Cup team for their qualifier in Adelaide, which they won against Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was re-added to the team later in the year for the Davis Cup Finals in Spain. In Spain, he won his singles rubbers against Colombia and Belgium to advance to the quarter-finals against Canada. He then withdrew from the quarter-finals due to injury and was replaced by John Millman in his singles rubber, which he lost. Australia ended up losing the tie 1\u20132.</s><s>National representation.:Olympics. Kyrgios qualified for his first Olympics at Rio 2016 but withdrew from the event due to differences with the Australian Olympic Committee. Kyrgios said in July 2021 that he would not compete in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.</s><s>Style of play. Kyrgios has been described as having an unusually aggressive game. While growing up, he was overweight, asthmatic, and has stated he \u201chad to work out a way to be more aggressive than the average player\u201d. Former British no. 1 John Lloyd described watching Kyrgios as a \"pleasure\" because of \"the mixture and the flair\", adding that his character is one which attracts fans. \"The Guardian\" has described his playing style as \"powerfully"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " flamboyant, sometimes ridiculously-brilliant game, which is something to behold\". In 2017, the ATP rated Kygrios as the fifth best server in the history of professional tennis \u2013 with better results than current players such as Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer. He reaches speeds up to and wins 78.8% of his first-serve points. His second serve is also one of the best on the ATP Tour and often hit at above. He sometimes tries for aces, on both his first and second serves. Goran Ivani\u0161evi\u0107 has said \u201c[Kygrios] is a tennis genius. You can\u2019t prepare for Nick Kygrios, he is the best server in the game by far. It\u2019s impossible to create tactics [against him].\u201dHe has an effective forehand and (two-handed) backhand and is also able to mix up his shot selection using spin, slices and dropshots. While his game suits grass and hard courts, he reached his first ATP Tour final on clay in Estoril.</s><s>Style of play.:Underarm serve. Kyrgios first used the underarm serve at the 2019 Mexican Open during his match with"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Rafael Nadal, who subsequently claimed it was not within the spirit of the game, and accused Kyrgios of \"lacking respect\" for his opponent and the crowd. Kyrgios has been credited for reintroducing the underarm serve into the ATP Tour, and he has now used the underarm serve more frequently than any other player in professional tennis.</s><s>Coaching history. Kyrgios has had a number of different coaches and mentors throughout his career. He tends to try one coach and then another, but prefers to do things his own way. In an interview with \"The New Yorker\" in 2017, he said: \u201cEvery coach I had tried to tame me, tried to make me play more disciplined, tried to make me do drills. I\u2019ve just been kind of playing on instinct. I feel like it\u2019s been successful, so I don\u2019t know why there\u2019s a good reason to stop that.\u201d In his junior and early professional career, Kyrgios was coached by former Australian professional tennis player and then-ACT national academy coach Todd Larkham, who was Kyrgios' first coach. Larkham had coached Kyrgios from age 10\u201317. In 2013 it was reported"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " that he was coached by former Australian professional tennis player Desmond Tyson, and later New Zealand tennis coach Simon Rea who worked for Tennis Australia. Under Rea Kyrgios reached a Grand Slam Quarter-final (Wimbledon) for the first time in his career. In 2014 Kyrgios was re-united with former coach Todd Larkham alongside former Australian professional doubles player Joshua Eagle. Kyrgios' cited reasons to change coaches were to spend more time at his home in Canberra. In June 2015 Kyrgios parted with Larkham, less than a week before his appearance at Wimbledon. Two months later, in the lead-up to the US Open, Kyrgios brought in Lleyton Hewitt for temporary coaching and mentoring. Kyrgios continued not having a coach for the remainder of 2015 and throughout 2016. In May 2017, almost two years without a coach, Kyrgios hired French former professional tennis player S\u00e9bastien Grosjean. Grosjean was allegedly hired on a part-time basis, and held the position until the end of the year. Since 2017 Kyrgios has been without a head coach, and in 2020 stated: \u201cAnd, for me, I don't have a goal of"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " winning grand slams. I just want to do it my way, have fun with it and just play. So to get a coach for me is just pointless. Because I don't want to waste their time almost. I just don't think a coach is ready \u2013 and I'm not going to put them through it too cause it would just be a nightmare. Where I'm at my career now, it's just too far gone, I think for a coach, 'cause I'm too set in my ways and I just don't like to listen to advice, to be honest.\u201d Throughout his career Kyrgios has had offers by many former professional players, and coaches, to coach him. Some include Jimmy Connors (2016), Pete Sampras (2016) and John McEnroe (2017, 2020).</s><s>Reputation.</s><s>Reputation.:Early career. Kyrgios won his first challenger tour title at the age of 17. His childhood coach, Andrew Bulley, said he was a \"super competitor\" who \"trained with a better intensity than the other kids. He always turned up and gave it 100 per cent.\" His parents used to take him to every regional competition in Australia they could enlist him in. As an 18 year old,"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " his father George Kyrgios, said: \"As a junior he was always playing older kids and you could just see him adjusting. He's a perfectionist and has been pretty hard on himself along the way.\" Top French player, Richard Gasquet, beat the 18 year old Kyrgios in the 2014 Davis Cup World Group tie and said afterwards: He's got a great attitude and a wonderful personality. I think he will be a prominent player in the future. Andrew Bulley believes the support of Kyrgios' close knit family was a critical factor in his attitude and motivation at the time. He was close to his family and friends, but as he rose through the rankings, playing in tournaments all over the world meant that he was away from home for long periods. He said: \u201cI was winning, losing, going through relationship problems, dealing with other problems and I was pushing (family) away because you feel like the world\u2019s against you. I\u2019m going seven months a year abroad in a new place every week. That\u2019s why tennis is so hard in my opinion.\" According to his mother, Nill Kyrgios, this was a very hard time for her son as a result of the criticism and pressure he was"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " under.</s><s>Reputation.:Current public perception. Kyrgios is now known as a talented but mercurial and hot-tempered player. He has been accused of tanking, verbal abuse, and unsportsmanlike conduct by umpires, match referees, the media and by former tennis players, including John McEnroe. In 2019, the Associated Press described Kyrgios as \"a volatile sort who has repeatedly got in trouble for on-court actions\". He is also known for his authenticity and individuality, and has been described by three-time Wimbledon champion John Newcombe as an \"exceptional talent\" and \"a real individual\". Kyrgios has openly said that he \"does not love tennis\" and has a greater interest in basketball. He openly critiqued his dedication to the sport after his exit at the 2017 US Open to fellow Australian John Millman, saying that he is \"not dedicated to the game at all\" and \"There are players out there that are more dedicated, that want to get better, that strive to get better every day, the one-percenters. I'm not that guy.\" At the 2015 Wimbledon Championships, after he failed to return numerous serves, Kyrgios was accused of tanking\u2014"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "deliberately not playing up to his abilities\u2014during the second set of his fourth-round loss to Gasquet. Kyrgios was booed by the crowd for his perceived lack of effort, but denied the accusations, stating \"of course I tried\". In October 2016 Kyrgios was fined $32,900 (on top of an earlier fine of $21,659\u2014$13,127 for lack of effort, $6,563 for verbal abuse of a spectator, and $1,969 for unsportsmanlike conduct) and banned for eight weeks for \"lack of best efforts\" against unseeded Mischa Zverev in the second round of the Shanghai Rolex Masters. He threw the match 6\u20133, 6\u20131, in 48 minutes, at one point asking the umpire: \"Can you call time so I can finish this match and go home?\" When later asked during a press conference if he thought he owed the fans a better effort, he responded: \"What does that even mean? I'm good at hitting a tennis ball at the net. Big deal. I don't owe them anything. If you don't like it, I didn't ask you to come watch. Just leave.\" Some commentators believe Kyrgios is"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " more committed than he claims. After a string of successes in 2017, Kyrgios attributed his greater consistency that year to an improved work ethic. He said: \"I've made an effort to try and put in the work every day. It hasn't been easy.\" However, he continues to cause controversy on the court. Hugh van Cuylenburg, founder of the Resilience Project in Australia says Kyrgios is deliberately provocative and thrives when there is chaos around him: \u201cSome people thrive in a hostile environment because it tricks them into the right level of arousal and reminds them of how much they care and how much they want to win \u2013 and Kyrgios is one of those.\u201d Kyrgios produced some of the best performances of his career at Wimbledon in 2022. After losing to Djokovic in the final, Kyrgios said: \u201cIt\u2019s taken me 10 years \u2013 almost 10 years \u2013 in my career to finally get to the point of playing for a grand slam and coming up short, but my level is right there.\" When asked if this had made him hungry for more grand slam finals, he replied \"no, it was exhausting!\", provoking laughter among the crowds.</s><s>Reputation.:Opinions on"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Kyrgios held by other tennis professionals.</s><s>Reputation.:Opinions on Kyrgios held by other tennis professionals.:Players, coaches and commentators. John Newcombe, former Australian world No. 1 in both singles and doubles, remarked that: \"Nick is an exceptional talent and he doesn't beat to the same drum as everyone else \u2013 he's a real individual.\" Tim Henman, former British No.1 (1996, 1999\u20132005) prior to Andy Murray, stated that: \"Kyrgios is a performer, an entertainer and will go out and play the tennis he is capable of. He can beat anyone because he is seriously talented. He is a bit different and speaks his mind.\" Paul Annacone, Roger Federer's former coach, has been quoted as saying: \"I think Nick is the most talented player since Roger jumped on the scene\u201d. Novak Djokovic after beating Kyrgios in the 2022 Wimbledon final: \"I really respect you a lot. I think you are a phenomenal tennis player and athlete, an amazing talent.\" Coco Gauff, during a press-conference at Flushing Meadows, praised Kyrgios for practicing with her at the Miami Open despite already having concluded a two-hour"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " long practice with Frances Tiafoe, noting that:\u201cI know there's things on the court that he does that people don't agree with. I probably don't agree with some things,\u201d Gauff said. \u201cBut it's just things like [hitting with a young kid] that stands out for me.\" \"It's just moments like that that people don't really see about him. So I think people paint him as a bad guy. I feel around the grounds, at least my experience of him, he's not.\" \"If he keeps it up, I think he can go far... I always, always root for him, no matter who he's playing, to be honest.\"</s><s>Reputation.:Opinions on Kyrgios held by other tennis professionals.:John McEnroe. John McEnroe has also praised Kyrgios's talent. In late 2018 on the Seven Network's \"Sunday Night\" show in Australia, McEnroe said that Kyrgios is \"the most talented player [he's] seen in the last ten years\" but that Kyrgios may \"run himself out\", if he continued not to commit himself to tennis. While hosting a radio call-in show during the 2021 Wimbledon"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Championships on BBC Radio 5 Live McEnroe stated that if he could choose any player on the current tour to coach he would pick Kyrgios. However, McEnroe has also criticised Kyrgios's behaviour several times. Following his loss to Murray at the 2016 Wimbledon championships, McEnroe criticised his temperament, saying: \"Kyrgios has to look in the mirror if he wants to become a top player and win Slams.\" He questioned his attitude towards the sport as Kyrgios was reportedly seen watching compatriot Hewitt in a doubles match shortly before his match with Murray. Two months later and following his exit from the US Open, Kyrgios was further criticised by McEnroe. He called on Kyrgios to retire from the sport, saying: \"Nick Kyrgios, if you don't want to be a professional tennis player, do something else.\" The comments came shortly after his third round defeat by Illya Marchenko, in which he retired due to a hip injury. McEnroe commented: \"He's hurt because he's not training enough.\"</s><s>Reputation.:Off the court.</s><s>Reputation.:Off the court.:Persona outside professional tennis. Those who know Kyrgios personally say his off-"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "court personality is very different from his on-court antics. Hugh van Cuylenburg, founder of the Resilience Project says: \u201cEveryone who has ever met him say he\u2019s a sensational person who cares deeply about other people. He doesn\u2019t seek recognition or publicity for the good things he does.\"On a similar note, fellow Australian, Jason Kubler, said:\u201cEvery time I see him, he\u2019s smiling. Every time I\u2019m around him, it seems like I\u2019m laughing. So it\u2019s kind of weird when I read or see the comments about him, knowing him the way I do. He's just one of those people if you were to hang around him or spend any sort of quality time with him, you\u2019d fall in love with him.\u201d</s><s>Reputation.:Off the court.:Response to Australian bushfires. Kyrgios pledged to donate $200 for every ace he served during the summer, which was subsequently taken up by other Australian tennis players. Kyrgios also asked Tennis Australia to hold an exhibition match before the 2020 Australian Open to raise more funds. Numerous top tennis players participated including Caroline Wozniacki, Serena Williams, Coco"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Gauff, Alexander Zverev, Stefanos Tsitsipas, Naomi Osaka, Dominic Thiem, Petra Kvitova, Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer. This brought the Aces for Bushfire Relief total to almost $5 million.</s><s>Reputation.:Off the court.:Criticism and support for Djokovic. In June 2020, Kyrgios publicly criticized Djokovic for organizing the controversial charity tennis tournament at which Djokovic and numerous other tennis players tested positive for Covid-19, calling it a \"boneheaded decision\". In January 2021, Kyrgios called Djokovic a \"tool\" after he issued a wish-list of requirements for players forced to quarantine when they arrive in the country to play in the Australian Open. A year later, when Djokovic was detained by the Australian government after entering the country unvaccinated, Kyrgios spoke up for him, declaring: \u201cHe\u2019s a human, I just don\u2019t think how we\u2019re going about it is the right way and that\u2019s coming from someone who we\u2019ve had run in and comments about each other, but it\u2019s not right.\u201d He"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " also praised Djokovic for his generous response to the bush fire disasters. In June 2022, after Djokovic beat Kyrgios in the Wimbledon final, Kyrgios called Djokovic \"a bit of a god\" after which Djokovic jokingly declared his relationship with Nick Kyrgios \"officially a bromance\".</s><s>Reputation.:Controversial incidents. Kyrgios has been involved in numerous controversial incidents during tennis matches, including occasions when he has made disrespectful comments to, or about, his opponent, the umpire, the lines judges, ball boys/girls and members of the audience. During a match at the 2015 Rogers Cup, Kyrgios generated considerable controversy for insults he directed at Stan Wawrinka in the middle of the match. Kyrgios, speaking aloud but not directly to Wawrinka, said: \"Kokkinakis banged your girlfriend. Sorry to tell you that, mate\". Microphones also picked up Kyrgios saying under his breath that Wawrinka, 30 at the time, was \"banging 18-year-olds\". After the match, Wawrinka said he found the comments \"unacceptable\" and urged action be taken against Kyrgios. Kyrg"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": "ios was fined $13,127 and given suspended penalties of $32,818 and a 28-day ban, pending further breaches by the ATP. He claimed he later apologised to Wawrinka though Wawrinka denied this claim. Kyrgios's mother shut down her Twitter account several hours after this incident after personal criticisms were levelled at her. She indicated that her son's insults had been made in retaliation, and that Wawrinka accused her son of \"faking an injury\" during a previous match between the two. Following a review, the ATP handed down a 28-day suspended sentence, to expire after six months. Kyrgios would also have received a $25,000 fine had he incurred a further fine for \"verbal or physical abuse\" during that six-month period. At the same tournament he received a $3,281 fine for unsportsmanlike conduct for a comment he made to a ball person. Kyrgios has also been warned and fined for various other instances of inappropriate behaviour. He was given three code violations for audible obscenities and racket-smashing at the 2014 US Open (one more would have disqualified him), fined $4,926 for audible obscenities and racket-smashing at"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " the 2015 Australian Open, fined $12,470 for unsportsmanlike conduct and $2,625 for swearing at the 2015 Wimbledon, fined $4,370 for swearing at the 2016 Australian Open (he also took a phone call while on court during a mixed doubles match), fined $6,200 for swearing at the 2016 French Open, and fined $8,690 for swearing at the 2016 Wimbledon. At the 2018 Queen's Club Championships, Kyrgios was issued a $17,500 fine after \"miming masturbation with his water bottle\" during a changeover in his semifinal match against \u010cili\u0107. At the 2019 Rome Masters, Kyrgios was defaulted from his second round encounter with Casper Ruud after swearing at a line judge, kicking a bottle, and hurling a chair onto court. Kyrgios was subsequently fined \u20ac20,000 and forfeited all prize money and points earned during the event, and told to cover the costs of his hospitality. In June 2019, Kyrgios was assessed three fines totaling $17,500 for unsportsmanlike conduct at the 2019 Queen's Club Championships. Kyrgios was fined $113,000 for five separate incidents of unsportsmanlike conduct at the 2019 Cincinnati"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Masters tournament. During the second set, Kyrgios felt that the shot clock, which counts down the time allowed between points, had been started too early, and delivered an expletive-laden rant at umpire Fergus Murphy, saying Murphy was \"the worst, hands down\". He then walked off court, claiming he needed to use the restroom, but instead used the time to smash two racquets on the floor in a corridor. At the end of the match Kyrgios told Murphy he was \"a fucking tool\", did not shake his hand, made a vulgar gesture, and appeared to spit at him. The fine set an ATP record. Kyrgios was fined $25,000 for unsportsmanlike conduct and an audible obscenity in his quarter-final match against Rafael Nadal at the 2022 Indian Wells Masters, in which Kyrgios had received a point penalty for swearing at a fan during the match, and had repeatedly clashed with the crowd and umpire Carlos Bernardes. At the 2022 Miami Open, Kyrgios was fined $47,000 for unsportsmanlike conduct during his loss to Jannik Sinner. Kyrgios had again clashed with Bernardes, who had given him a point penalty and then a game"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " penalty during the match. Kyrgios was fined $4,000 by the All England Club after his controversial match with Stefanos Tsitsipas in the third-round of the 2022 Wimbledon championships. According to one source, \"the entire match was heated and had several high-tension moments\". Kyrgios halted play after Tsitsipas hit a backhand into the crowd, possibly hitting a fan. Kyrgios stopped play for several minutes, yelling and swearing at the umpire, claiming he should have defaulted Tstisipas. Tsitsipas criticised Kyrgios at the press conference afterwards calling him a bully. Kyrgios was fined $7,500 at the 2022 US Open, the biggest fine in the tournament's history, after yelling, and later spitting, at his player's box during his second round match against Benjamin Bonzi.</s><s>Reputation.:Mental health issues. At age 19, ranked 144th in the world, he received a wildcard entry to play at Wimbledon and beat then-world No. 1 Nadal in the fourth round. Beating Nadal, the first time he played against him, brought international attention. From then on he was told: \"you\u2019re the next"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " big thing in tennis.\" Kyrgios admits he didn\u2019t know how to deal with the pressure. He told the \"Turn Up the Talk\" podcast in May this year: \"I kept trying, trying and trying, just ended up snowballing into this dark cloud.\" Things became so difficult for him that Kyrgios posted on Instagram that in 2018 he suffered from depression and engaged in self-harm and had suicidal ideation. In an interview on the \"Turn Up The Talk\" podcast, he explained that in 2019, even when he was winning tournaments: \u201c[I was] probably drinking 20 to 30 drinks every night \u2013 you know, just in my room on my own \u2013 waking up [and] playing.\" Kyrgios said that \"winning tournaments seemed to \u2018just mask all of it\u2019, which was the \u2018darkest thing ever\u2019.\" Struggling to cope, he sought professional help and saw three or four different psychologists.</s><s>Endorsements. Kyrgios has endorsement deals with several companies, including Yonex, Nike and Beats. Bonds distanced itself from Kyrgios during his controversies of 2015. Malaysia Airlines ended their partnership after Kyrgios was suspended and fined for tanking in the 2016 Shanghai"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " Rolex Masters. Kyrgios is the founding contributor of the athlete direct publishing website \"PlayersVoice\", and has also invested financially in the digital platform.</s><s>Personal life. Kyrgios is a Greek Orthodox Christian and wears a gold cross with three pendants \u2013 a cross, a tennis racquet and a piece of jade. His father wears a similar cross. Kyrgios is an avid fan of the Boston Celtics in the NBA and a life-long supporter of Tottenham Hotspur in English football's Premier League. Kyrgios also supports the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League., in January 2023, Kyrgios joined the ownership group of South East Melbourne Phoenix of the NBL. Kyrgios has followed a vegan diet since at least early 2020. He said that seeing the loss of animal life during the intense bushfires across Australia reinforced his choice of diet. Kyrgios has spoken about his battle with mental health, including depression and self-harm. He also admitted that in the past he abused drugs and alcohol.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships. Kyrgios was previously in an on-again, off-again relationship with Croatian-Australian tennis player Ajla Tomljanovi\u0107. In December 2021, Kyrgios"}, {"title": "Nick Kyrgios", "text": " started dating social-media influencer and interior designer Costeen Hatzi.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships.:Common Assault Case. In 2020, Kyrgios entered into a relationship with Chiara Passari, separating in late 2021 after police had to separate the two in a hotel quarantine argument. In 2022, it was announced that Kyrgios was summoned to appear in court, in Australia on 2 August 2022, to face a charge of common assault, for allegedly grabbing Passari in December 2021. In 2023, Kyrgios pled guilty to the assault charge but was not convicted, as Magistrate Beth Campbell stated that he had \"acted poorly in the heat of the moment,\" and that the case was \"at the lower end of the scale of common assault.\"</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Grand Slam tournament performance timelines.</s><s>Career statistics.:Grand Slam tournament performance timelines.:Singles. \"Current through the 2022 US Open.\"</s>"}], "source": "factscore", "metadata": {"entity": "Nick Kyrgios", "frequency": "very freq", "region": "Asia/Pacific"}}