107

107/paper.pdf

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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:2041794b3f9a716c71d0e965d69dad971ec9bd464e10f2586f1f600f06be99ff
+size 1302997

107/replication_package/Code/MATLAB/compute_efficiency.m

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+function results = compute_efficiency(commit_models,no_commit_models, ...
+        no_p_commit_models)
+    % compute efficiency of behavior change & other outcomes from the 
+    % commitment contract and two piece-rate incentives
+    
+    n = length(commit_models);
+    
+    % compute average change in attendance from the contract
+    delta_a_Cs = [];
+    avg_delta_a_C = 0;
+    for i = 1:n
+        
+        avg_delta_a_C = avg_delta_a_C + (commit_models(i).mu .* ...
+            (commit_models(i).avg_att - no_p_commit_models(i).avg_att));
+        delta_a_Cs = [delta_a_Cs, commit_models(i).avg_att - no_p_commit_models(i).avg_att];
+        
+    end
+    results.avg_delta_a_C = avg_delta_a_C;    
+    
+    % compute average period 1 incremental welfare from the contract
+    avg_delta_surplus = 0;
+    for i = 1:n
+        
+        avg_delta_surplus = avg_delta_surplus + (commit_models(i).mu .* ...
+            (commit_models(i).t1_utility - no_p_commit_models(i).t1_utility));
+        
+    end
+    results.avg_delta_surplus = avg_delta_surplus;
+    
+    % compute the surplus just for those who took up the contract
+    mu_commit = 0;
+    for i = 1:n
+        mu_commit = mu_commit + commit_models(i).mu;
+    end
+    results.commit_delta_surplus = avg_delta_surplus / mu_commit;
+    
+    
+    % compute average change in expected benefits from the contract
+    avg_delta_benefits = 0;
+    for i = 1:n
+        
+        avg_delta_benefits = avg_delta_benefits + ...
+            (commit_models(i).mu .* commit_models(i).b .* ...
+            (commit_models(i).avg_att - no_p_commit_models(i).avg_att));
+        
+    end
+    results.avg_delta_benefits = avg_delta_benefits;
+    
+    
+    % compute average change in expected costs from the contract
+    avg_delta_costs = 0;
+    for i = 1:n
+        
+        avg_delta_costs = avg_delta_costs + (commit_models(i).mu .* ...
+            (commit_models(i).avg_costs - no_p_commit_models(i).avg_costs));
+        
+    end
+    results.avg_delta_costs = avg_delta_costs;
+    
+    
+    % compute efficiency of behavior change from the commitment contract
+    results.V_E = results.avg_delta_benefits - results.avg_delta_costs;
+    
+    
+    % compute the optimal r
+    syms r
+    eqns_n = []; % placeholder for numerator
+    eqns_d = []; % placeholder for denominator
+    for k = 1:n
+        
+        eqns_n = [ eqns_n; commit_models(k).mu .* (1 - commit_models(k).beta) .* ...
+            commit_models(k).b .* commit_models(k).beta .* ...
+            commit_models(k).f(commit_models(k).beta .* (commit_models(k).b + r)) ];
+        
+        eqns_n = [ eqns_n; no_commit_models(k).mu .* (1 - no_commit_models(k).beta) .* ...
+            no_commit_models(k).b .* no_commit_models(k).beta .* ...
+            no_commit_models(k).f(no_commit_models(k).beta .* (no_commit_models(k).b + r)) ];
+        
+        eqns_d = [ eqns_d; commit_models(k).mu .* (commit_models(k).beta .^ 2) .* ...
+            commit_models(k).f(commit_models(k).beta .* (commit_models(k).b + r)) ];
+        
+        eqns_d = [ eqns_d; no_commit_models(k).mu .* (no_commit_models(k).beta .^ 2) .* ...
+            no_commit_models(k).f(no_commit_models(k).beta .* (no_commit_models(k).b + r)) ];
+        
+    end
+    r_opt = vpasolve(sum(eqns_n) ./ sum(eqns_d) == r, r);
+    results.r_opt = double(r_opt);
+    
+    
+    % compute outcomes under r_opt
+    results.U_E_r_opt = compute_incentive_efficiency(results.r_opt, ...
+        commit_models, no_commit_models);
+    [results.delta_surplus_r_opt, results.delta_benefits_r_opt, ...
+        results.delta_costs_r_opt, results.delta_att_r_opt] = ...
+        compute_incentive_outcomes(results.r_opt, ...
+        commit_models, no_commit_models);
+    
+    
+    % find the r that generates the same expected change in attendance    
+    syms r
+    eqns = [];
+    for k = 1:n
+        
+        eqns = [ eqns; (commit_models(k).mu .* ...
+            (commit_models(k).F(commit_models(k).beta .* ...
+            (commit_models(k).b + r)) ...
+            - commit_models(k).F(commit_models(k).beta .* ...
+            commit_models(k).b))) ];
+        
+        eqns = [ eqns; (no_commit_models(k).mu .* ...
+            (no_commit_models(k).F(no_commit_models(k).beta .* ...
+            (no_commit_models(k).b + r)) ...
+            - no_commit_models(k).F(no_commit_models(k).beta .* ...
+            no_commit_models(k).b))) ];
+        
+    end
+    r_att = vpasolve(commit_models(1).T .* sum(eqns) == avg_delta_a_C, r);
+    results.r_att = double(r_att);
+    
+    
+    % compute outcomes under r_att
+    results.U_E_r_att = compute_incentive_efficiency(results.r_att, ...
+        commit_models, no_commit_models);
+    [results.delta_surplus_r_att, results.delta_benefits_r_att, ...
+        results.delta_costs_r_att, results.delta_att_r_att] = ...
+        compute_incentive_outcomes(results.r_att, ...
+        commit_models, no_commit_models);
+            
+end
+
+%% Helper functions
+
+function U_E = compute_incentive_efficiency(r, commit_models, ...
+    no_commit_models)
+    % compute the efficiency of behavior change under incentive r
+
+N = length(commit_models);
+U_E = 0;
+inc = [r 0];
+for j = 1:N
+    
+    commit_models(j) = commit_models(j).compute_incentive_behavior(inc);
+    U_E = U_E + commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+        (commit_models(j).net_surplus_r(1) - ...
+        commit_models(j).net_surplus_r(2));
+    
+    no_commit_models(j) = no_commit_models(j).compute_incentive_behavior(inc);
+    U_E = U_E + no_commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+        (no_commit_models(j).net_surplus_r(1) - ...
+        no_commit_models(j).net_surplus_r(2));
+    
+end
+
+end
+
+function [delta_surplus, delta_benefits, delta_costs, delta_a_r] = ...
+    compute_incentive_outcomes(r, commit_models, no_commit_models)
+    % compute the expected change in agent surplus, benefits, and costs
+    % under incentive r
+
+N = length(commit_models);
+delta_surplus = 0;
+delta_benefits = 0;
+delta_costs = 0;
+delta_a_r = 0;
+inc = [r 0];
+for j = 1:N
+    
+    commit_models(j) = commit_models(j).compute_incentive_behavior(inc);
+    no_commit_models(j) = no_commit_models(j).compute_incentive_behavior(inc);
+    
+    % expected change in agent surplus
+    delta_surplus = delta_surplus + commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+        (commit_models(j).surplus_r(1) - ...
+        commit_models(j).surplus_r(2));
+    delta_surplus = delta_surplus + no_commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+        (no_commit_models(j).surplus_r(1) - ...
+        no_commit_models(j).surplus_r(2));
+    
+    % expected change in health benefits
+    delta_benefits = delta_benefits + commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+        (commit_models(j).benefits_r(1) - ...
+        commit_models(j).benefits_r(2));
+    delta_benefits = delta_benefits + no_commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+        (no_commit_models(j).benefits_r(1) - ...
+        no_commit_models(j).benefits_r(2));
+    
+    % expected change in costs
+    delta_costs = delta_costs + commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+        (commit_models(j).costs_r(1) - ...
+        commit_models(j).costs_r(2));
+    delta_costs = delta_costs + no_commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+        (no_commit_models(j).costs_r(1) - ...
+        no_commit_models(j).costs_r(2));
+    
+    % expected change in attendance
+    delta_a_r = delta_a_r + commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+        commit_models(j).change_att_r(1);
+    delta_a_r = delta_a_r + no_commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+        no_commit_models(j).change_att_r(1);
+     
+end
+        
+end

107/replication_package/Code/MATLAB/gymGame.m

@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+classdef gymGame
+    % Defines the outcomes of a T period game with a commitment contract
+    % that imposes penalty p if a_star attendances are not achieved, or
+    % instead with a piece-rate incentive of r per attendance
+    
+    properties
+        
+        % Game properties
+        T;                  % number of periods in game
+        a_star;             % commitment contract attendance threshold
+        p;                  % commitment contract penalty
+        r;                  % per attendance reward
+        
+        % Parameters for individuals taking up the contract
+        lambda;             % 1/mean of exponential cost distribution
+        min_cost;           % lower bound on support of cost distribution 
+        beta;               % actual present focus
+        betatilde;          % perceived present focus
+        b;                  % health benefit
+        mu;                 % fraction of people taking up the contract
+        
+        % Outcomes under commitment contract
+        utilities;          % utilities in each period for each g
+        t1_utility;         % period 1 utility
+        utilities_tilde;    % perceived utilities in each future period
+        att;                % distribution of attendances in simulation
+        avg_att;            % average attendance in simulation
+        avg_costs;          % average aggregate costs incurred
+        avg_t1_att;         % average first period attendance
+        prob_success;       % likelihood of meeting threshold in simulation
+        prob_att_c_b;       % likelihood of attending when cost > benefit
+        prob_att_day;       % likelihood of attending each day
+        
+        % Outcomes under piece-rate incentive(s)
+        prob_att_r;         % probability of attending on a given day
+        att_r;              % expected attendance under incentive r
+        change_att_r;       % expected increase in attendance due to r
+        benefits_r;         % expected health benefits under incentive r
+        costs_r;            % expected costs under incentive r
+        net_surplus_r;      % surplus under incentive r, net of incentive
+        surplus_r;          % total surplus under incentive r
+        
+        % Identifier
+        spec;
+        
+    end
+    
+    properties (Constant)
+        
+        seed = 12345;       % seed for simulation
+        rounds = 10000;     % number of iterations of the simulation
+        
+    end
+    
+    
+    methods
+        
+        function obj = gymGame(properties, parameters, min_cost, title)
+            
+            % input properties
+            obj.T = properties.T;
+            obj.a_star = properties.a_star;
+            obj.p = properties.p;
+            
+            % set parameters from data
+            obj.lambda = parameters.lambda;
+            obj.min_cost = min_cost;
+            obj.beta = parameters.beta;
+            obj.betatilde = parameters.betatilde;
+            obj.b = parameters.b;
+            obj.mu = parameters.mu;
+            
+            % set identifier
+            obj.spec = title;
+            
+            % compute matrix of utilities
+            obj = obj.compute_utilities();
+            
+            % simulate behavior of participants
+            obj = obj.simulate_behavior();
+            
+        end
+        
+        function obj = compute_utilities(obj)
+            
+            V_n = NaN([obj.a_star+1 obj.T]);
+            V_tilde = NaN([obj.a_star+1 obj.T]);
+            
+            % set last period utilities
+            for g = 0:obj.a_star
+                g1 = g + 1; % 1-indexed
+                V_n(g1,obj.T) = obj.compute_T_utility(g, 'actual');
+                V_tilde(g1,obj.T) = obj.compute_T_utility(g, 'perceived');
+            end
+            
+            % set all other period utilities
+            for period = 1:obj.T-1
+                
+                t = obj.T - period; % go backwards
+                start = max(obj.a_star - t + 1, 0);
+                
+                % iterate through remaining attendances
+                for g = start:obj.a_star 
+                    g1 = g + 1; % 1-indexed
+                    
+                    % expected utility difference from attending
+                    delta_V_tilde = V_tilde(max(g1-1,1),t+1) - V_tilde(g1,t+1);
+                    delta_V_n =  V_n(max(g1-1,1),t+1) - V_n(g1,t+1);
+                    
+                    % perceived expected utility at period t
+                    V_tilde(g1,t) = (obj.F(obj.betatilde.*(obj.b + delta_V_tilde)).* ...
+                        (obj.b + delta_V_tilde)) + V_tilde(g1,t+1) - ...
+                        obj.C(obj.betatilde.*(obj.b + delta_V_tilde));
+                    
+                    % actual expected utility at period t
+                    V_n(g1,t) = (obj.F(obj.beta.*(obj.b + delta_V_tilde)).* ...
+                        (obj.b + delta_V_n)) + V_n(g1,t+1) - ...
+                        obj.C(obj.beta.*(obj.b + delta_V_tilde));
+                    
+                end
+                
+            end
+            
+            obj.utilities = V_n;
+            obj.t1_utility = V_n(obj.a_star+1,1); % period 1 utility
+            obj.utilities_tilde = V_tilde;
+            
+        end
+        
+        function V_T = compute_T_utility(obj, g, focus)
+            % compute utility in the last period
+                
+            % set present focus parameter
+            if strcmp(focus, 'actual')
+                
+                B = obj.beta;
+                
+            elseif strcmp(focus, 'perceived')
+                
+                B = obj.betatilde;
+                
+            end
+            
+            if g == 0 % no attendances left
+                
+                V_T = (obj.F(B.*obj.b).*obj.b) - obj.C(B.*obj.b);
+                
+            elseif g == 1 % one attendance left
+                
+                V_T = (obj.F(B.*(obj.b + obj.p)).*obj.b) - ...
+                    obj.C(B.*(obj.b + obj.p)) - ...
+                    ((1 - obj.F(B.*(obj.b + obj.p))).*obj.p);
+                
+            else % more than one attendance left
+                
+                V_T = (obj.F(B.*obj.b).*obj.b) - obj.C(B.*obj.b) - obj.p;
+            end
+            
+        end
+        
+        function obj = simulate_behavior(obj)
+            % simulate behavior through T periods for a number of rounds to
+            % generate estimates of average attendance and the likelihood
+            % of meeting the contract threshold
+            
+            rng(obj.seed); % set seed
+            obj.att = zeros(1,obj.rounds); % default no attendances
+            t1_att = obj.att;
+            att_day = zeros(obj.T,obj.rounds); % default no attendances
+            costs_day = zeros(obj.T,obj.rounds); % default no costs
+            met_goal = zeros(1,obj.rounds); % default failed to meet goal
+            obj.prob_att_c_b = zeros(1,obj.rounds); % default never attend
+            
+            for round = 1:obj.rounds
+                
+                c = obj.cost_draws();   % generate cost draws
+                g = obj.a_star;         % all attendances initially left
+                a = 0;                  % total number of attendances
+                c_b = 0;                % events where cost > benefit
+                att_c_b = 0;            % attendance in those events
+                
+                % check if the DM wants to go to the gym in each period
+                for t = 1:obj.T
+                    g1 = g + 1; % 1-indexed
+                    
+                    if t == obj.T && (g == 0 || g >= 2) % last period, case i
+                        
+                        if c(t) <= (obj.beta * obj.b)
+                            
+                            % update attendances & costs incurred
+                            g = max(g - 1, 0);
+                            a = a + 1;
+                            att_day(t,round) = 1;
+                            costs_day(t,round) = c(t);
+                            
+                            if c(t) > obj.b
+                                % cost is greater than benefit
+                                att_c_b = att_c_b + 1;
+                            end
+                            
+                        end
+                        
+                    elseif t == obj.T && g == 1 % last period, case ii
+                        
+                        if c(t) <= (obj.beta * (obj.b + obj.p))
+                            
+                            % update attendances & costs incurred
+                            g = max(g - 1, 0);
+                            a = a + 1;
+                            att_day(t,round) = 1;
+                            costs_day(t,round) = c(t);
+                            
+                            if c(t) > obj.b
+                                % cost is greater than benefit
+                                att_c_b = att_c_b + 1;
+                            end
+                            
+                        end
+                        
+                    else % all other periods
+                        
+                        if c(t) <= (obj.beta * (obj.b + ...
+                                obj.utilities_tilde(max(g1-1,1),t+1) - ...
+                                obj.utilities_tilde(g1,t+1)))
+                            
+                            % update attendances & costs incurred
+                            g = max(g - 1, 0);
+                            a = a + 1;
+                            att_day(t,round) = 1;
+                            costs_day(t,round) = c(t);
+                            
+                            if c(t) > obj.b
+                                % cost is greater than benefit
+                                att_c_b = att_c_b + 1;
+                            end
+                            
+                        end
+                        
+                    end
+                    
+                    if c(t) > obj.b
+                        % cost is greater than benefit
+                        
+                        c_b = c_b + 1;
+                        
+                    end
+                    
+                    if t == 1 && g < obj.a_star
+                        % period one attendances
+                    
+                        t1_att(round) = 1;
+                    
+                    end
+                    
+                end
+                
+                if g == 0
+                    
+                    met_goal(round) = 1; % input outcome
+                    
+                end
+                
+                obj.att(round) = a; % input attendances
+                obj.prob_att_c_b(round) = att_c_b ./ c_b;  
+                
+            end
+            
+            % return means
+            obj.avg_att = mean(obj.att);
+            obj.avg_t1_att = mean(t1_att);
+            obj.prob_success = mean(met_goal);
+            obj.prob_att_c_b = mean(obj.prob_att_c_b);
+            obj.prob_att_day = sum(att_day,2) ./ obj.rounds;
+            obj.avg_costs = mean(sum(costs_day,1));
+            
+        end
+        
+        function obj = compute_incentive_behavior(obj, r)
+            % compute expected attendance and total surplus given
+            % piece-rate incentive r
+            
+            obj.r = r;
+            
+            % compute expected attendance on a given day
+            obj.prob_att_r = obj.F(obj.beta .* (obj.b + r));
+            prob_att_no_r = obj.F(obj.beta .* (obj.b)); % without incentive
+            
+            % compute expected attendance
+            obj.att_r = obj.T .* obj.prob_att_r;
+            
+            % compute expected increase in attendance
+            obj.change_att_r = obj.T .* (obj.prob_att_r - prob_att_no_r);
+            
+            % compute expected benefits
+            obj.benefits_r = obj.att_r .* obj.b;
+            
+            % compute expected costs
+            obj.costs_r = obj.T .* obj.C(obj.beta .* (obj.b + r));
+            
+            % compute surplus net of incentive
+            obj.net_surplus_r = obj.benefits_r - obj.costs_r;
+            
+            % compute total surplus
+            obj.surplus_r = obj.net_surplus_r + (obj.att_r .* r);
+            
+        end
+        
+        function probability = F(obj, x)
+            % cumulative distribution function of costs
+            
+            z = x - obj.min_cost; 
+            z = gymGame.minzero(z);
+            probability = 1 - exp(-obj.lambda.*z);
+            
+        end
+        
+        function density = f(obj, x)
+            % cost density function
+            % returns zero when given x < lower bound on costs
+           
+            z = x - obj.min_cost;
+            density = obj.lambda.*exp(-obj.lambda.*z);
+            density = density.*heaviside(heaviside(z));
+
+        end
+        
+        function expectation = C(obj, x)
+            % expected cost function
+            
+            z = x - obj.min_cost;
+            z = gymGame.minzero(z);
+            expectation = (1 ./ obj.lambda).*(1 - exp(-obj.lambda.*z)) ...
+                - (z.*exp(-obj.lambda.*z)) + obj.min_cost.*obj.F(x);
+            
+        end
+        
+        function c = cost_draws(obj)
+            % vector of random cost draws for each period
+            
+            mean = 1 ./ obj.lambda;
+            c = exprnd(mean, [1 obj.T]) + obj.min_cost;
+            
+        end
+        
+    end
+    
+    methods(Static)
+        
+        function y = minzero(x)
+            % returns x if x is positive, 0 otherwise
+            
+            y = x .* heaviside(heaviside(x));
+            
+        end
+        
+    end
+    
+end

107/replication_package/Code/Stata/Appendix.do

@@ -0,0 +1,696 @@
+*** APPENDIX TABLES FOR Carrera, Royer, Stehr, Sydnor, and Taubinsky (2021) ***
+*******************************************************************************
+
+*** Initial set-up ***
+clear
+set more off
+
+*** Set directories for data and output ***
+cd "$main/Output"
+/* Note: all tables will output to the working directory. Uses a program from
+   master_do_file_for_analysis.do */
+   
+
+*** Load and clean experimental data ******************************************
+
+*** Load dataset ***
+use "$main/Data/cleaned_commitment_study_data", clear
+
+*** Variable Creation & Cleaning Steps ***
+*** Create an ID variable for use when reshaping long 
+gen id = _n
+
+*** Generate info treatment indicators
+gen first_info = type_of_info=="1-onlygraph" 
+gen new_info = type_of_info=="2-graphplus" 
+gen control_info = (new_info == 0 & first_info == 0) 
+
+*** Generate wave indicators
+gen wave1 = (wave == "fall") 
+gen wave2 = (wave == "winter")
+gen wave3 = (wave == "spring")
+
+*** Define anticommitment/commitment variables for each threshold
+gen anticommit8 = q170 ==2 if q170<.
+gen commit8 = q169 ==2 if q169<.
+gen anticommit12 = chose_anticommit11
+gen commit12 = chose_commit12
+gen anticommit16 = q296==2 if q296<.
+gen commit16 = q295 ==2 if q295<.
+
+*** Rescale percent variable
+foreach var of varlist percent*{
+	replace `var' = `var'/100
+	}
+	
+*** Restrict sample to those exogenously assigned incentives
+keep if flag_low_wtp == 0 & flag_exclude_exog == 0
+
+
+*** Descriptive Statistics (table_descriptive.tex) *****************************
+
+*** Generate variables and labels for the table ***
+gen ft_student = student==1 if student<.
+gen ft_working = working==1 if working<.
+gen fpt_working = working<3 if working<.
+gen advanced_degree = educ==5
+replace married = married==1 if married<.
+recode age  (1 = 24) (2=35.5 ) (3=45.5) (4=57.5) (5=70) , gen(imp_age)
+recode income_cat  (1 = 18000) (2=37500 ) (3=75500) (4=150000) (5=.) , gen(imp_inc)
+
+label var female "Female" 
+label var imp_inc "Household income$^a$"
+label var married "Married"
+label var ft_student "Student, full-time"
+label var fpt_working "Working, full- or part-time"
+label var advanced "Advanced degree$^b$"
+label var imp_age "Age$^a$"
+label var past4 "Visits in the past 4 weeks, recorded"
+label var visits_100 "Visits, recorded"
+label var past100days_went "Visits, self-recollection"
+label var past100days_should "Days that \textit{I should have gone, but didn't}"
+label var days_0 "Best guess of days I will attend in next 4 weeks"
+label var goal "Goal for visits"
+label var flag_confusion "Indicator for inattention during survey"
+
+gen any_info = 0 
+replace any_info=1 if first_info==1 | new_info==1
+gen rowvar = .
+
+*** Produce statistics for the table ***
+local counter=0
+eststo clear
+foreach var of varlist female imp_age ft_student fpt_working married advanced_degree imp_inc past4{
+local counter=`counter'+1
+local varlabel: var label `var'
+label var rowvar "`varlabel'"
+replace rowvar=1
+
+eststo model0, title(""): xi: reg `var' rowvar, noconst
+replace rowvar = any_info
+*estadd matrix p = (.), replace
+
+eststo model1, title(""): xi: reg `var' rowvar if wave1==1, robust
+
+reg `var' rowvar if wave1==0, robust
+eststo model2, title("")
+
+*** Export table
+if `counter'==1 {
+ estout model0 model1 model2 using  "table_descriptive.tex", style(tex) label cells((b( fmt(%9.3f) label("\shortstack{Wave 1 \\ (2)}") pattern(0 1 0)) b( fmt(%9.3f) label("\shortstack{Waves 2-3 \\ (4)}") pattern(0 0 1))  b( fmt(%9.3f) label("\shortstack{Waves 1-3 \\ (1)}") pattern(1 0 0)) p(fmt(%9.2f) pattern(0 1 0) label("\shortstack{P-value \\ (3)}")) p(fmt(%9.2f) pattern(0 0 1) label("\shortstack{P-value \\ (5)}")))) drop(_cons ) margin replace  ///
+title(Descriptive Statistics) mgroups("\shortstack{ \\ Overall mean}" "\shortstack{ \\ Difference in means:\\ Treatment $-$ control}" , pattern(1 1 0) ///
+span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}))  /// 
+mlabels("" "" "") msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01)   ///
+prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{6}{c}}" "\hline" "\addlinespace")   ///
+posthead("\hline" "\addlinespace") substitute(_ \_)
+	}
+	
+	else if `counter'==7 {
+ estout model0 model1 model2 using  "table_descriptive.tex", style(tex) mlabels("" "" "") label cells((b( fmt(%9.0fc))  p(fmt(%9.2f) pattern(0 1 1)))) drop(_cons) margin append eqlabels(none)  ///
+ msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01)  collabels(,none) prefoot() substitute(_ \_)
+	}
+	
+	else if `counter'==8 {
+ estout model0 model1 model2 using  "table_descriptive.tex", style(tex) mlabels("" "" "") label cells((b( fmt(%9.2f))  p(pattern(0 1 1)))) drop(_cons) margin append eqlabels(none)  ///
+ msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01)  collabels(,none) prefoot() substitute(_ \_) ///
+postfoot("\hline" "\addlinespace" "N & 1,248 &  \multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{166 control \\ 174 treated}}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{456 control \\ 452 treated}} \\ "  "\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+	}
+	else if `counter'>=3 & `counter'<=6{
+ estout model0 model1 model2 using  "table_descriptive.tex", style(tex) mlabels("" "" "") label cells((b( fmt(%9.3f)) p(fmt(%9.2f) pattern(0 1 1)))) drop(_cons) margin append eqlabels(none)  ///
+ msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01)  collabels(,none) substitute(_ \_)  
+}
+else {
+ estout model0 model1 model2 using  "table_descriptive.tex", style(tex) mlabels("" "" "") label cells((b( fmt(%9.2f)) p(pattern(0 1 1)))) drop(_cons) margin append eqlabels(none)  ///
+ msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01)  collabels(,none) substitute(_ \_)  
+}
+}
+.
+/* Note: the number of observations was manually entered; N = 1,248;
+Wave 1: 166 Control and 174 Treated; and Waves 2-3: 456 Control and 452 Treated */
+
+
+*** (commit_delta{,_info,_control}.tex) ***************************************
+
+*** Generate additional variables and reshape data ***
+/*** These variables are the amounts, per attendance, by which a person 
+"overpays" for the increase in incentive. Second-order approximation */
+gen delta1=(wtp1) - (days_1+days_0)/2
+gen delta2 = (wtp2-wtp1) - (days_2+days_1)/2
+gen delta3=(wtp3-wtp2) - (days_3+days_2)/2
+gen delta5=(wtp5-wtp3)/(5-3) - (days_5+days_3)/2
+gen delta7=(wtp7-wtp5)/(7-5) - (days_7+days_5)/2
+gen delta12=(wtp12-wtp7)/(12-7) - (days_12+days_7)/2
+gen avg_delta_ex1 = (delta2 + delta3 + delta5 + delta7 + delta12)/5
+
+*** Change in days of expected attendance by incentive
+gen diffa1=(days_1-days_0)
+gen diffa2=(days_2-days_1)
+gen diffa3=(days_3-days_2)
+gen diffa5=(days_5-days_3)/2
+gen diffa7=(days_7-days_5)/2
+gen diffa12=(days_12-days_7)/5
+
+*** Generate z-score and mean ***	
+quietly sum avg_delta_ex1
+gen z_avg_delta_ex1 = (avg_delta_ex1 - r(mean))/r(sd)
+loc mean : di %4.2f r(mean)
+loc sd : di %4.2f r(sd)
+latex_write wtpbcmean `mean' numbers
+latex_write wtpbcsd `sd' numbers
+
+*** Regress behavior change premium on commitment contract take-up ***
+loc k = 1
+foreach restriction in "" "if new_info == 1" "if control_info == 1"{
+
+	forval j = 8(4)16{
+	
+		* Run regression under treatment restriction
+		regress commit`j' z_avg_delta_ex1 wave2 wave3 `restriction', ///
+			vce(cluster id)
+		est store est_cd_`k'
+		loc ++k
+
+		* Store mean & fixed effects information
+		ci means commit`j' if e(sample)
+		local m : di %4.2f r(mean)
+		local se : di %4.2f r(se)
+		estadd local dvmean `m'
+		estadd local dvse "(`se')"
+		estadd local wavefe "Yes"
+		estadd local ccfe "No"
+	
+		}
+		
+	}
+
+preserve
+
+* Reshape data and run regressions
+reshape long commit commitnotanti, i(id) j(t)
+foreach restriction in "" "if new_info == 1" "if control_info == 1"{
+
+	* Run regression under treatment restriction
+	regress commit z_avg_delta_ex1 i.t wave2 wave3 `restriction', ///
+		vce(cluster id)
+	est store est_cd_`k'
+	loc ++k
+
+	* Store mean & fixed effects information
+	ci means commit if e(sample)
+	local m : di %4.2f r(mean)
+	local se : di %4.2f r(se)
+	estadd local dvmean `m'
+	estadd local dvse "(`se')"
+	estadd local wavefe "Yes"
+	estadd local ccfe "Yes"
+	
+	}
+
+restore
+
+*** Export tables
+estout est_cd_1 est_cd_2 est_cd_3 est_cd_10 using "commit_delta.tex", style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) ///
+order(z_avg_delta_ex1) keep(z_avg_delta_ex1) wrap varwidth(25) ///
+mgroups("\shortstack{Take-up of \`\`more'' visits contract}" , pattern(1 0 0 0) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+mlabels("\shortstack{8+ visits \\ (1)}" "\shortstack{12+ visits \\ (2)}" "\shortstack{16+ visits \\ (3)}" "\shortstack{Pooled \\ (4)}",span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+varlabels(z_avg_delta_ex1 "Behavior change premium (z-score)") ///
+cells(b(star fmt(%9.3f))  se(par fmt(%9.3f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+stats(dvmean dvse wavefe ccfe N N_clust, l("Dep. var. mean:" " " "\hline  Wave FEs" "Contract FEs" "N" "Clusters") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+collabels(,none) prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+posthead("\hline") prefoot("\hline") postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+
+estout est_cd_4 est_cd_5 est_cd_6 est_cd_11 using "commit_delta_info.tex", style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) ///
+order(z_avg_delta_ex1) keep(z_avg_delta_ex1) wrap varwidth(25) ///
+mgroups("\shortstack{Take-up of \`\`more'' visits contract}" , pattern(1 0 0 0) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+mlabels("\shortstack{8+ visits \\ (1)}" "\shortstack{12+ visits \\ (2)}" "\shortstack{16+ visits \\ (3)}" "\shortstack{Pooled \\ (4)}",span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+varlabels(z_avg_delta_ex1 "Behavior change premium (z-score)") ///
+cells(b(star fmt(%9.3f))  se(par fmt(%9.3f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+stats(dvmean dvse wavefe ccfe N N_clust, l("Dep. var. mean:" " " "\hline  Wave FEs" "Contract FEs" "N" "Clusters") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+collabels(,none) prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+posthead("\hline") prefoot("\hline") postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+
+estout est_cd_7 est_cd_8 est_cd_9 est_cd_12 using "commit_delta_control.tex", style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) ///
+order(z_avg_delta_ex1) keep(z_avg_delta_ex1) wrap varwidth(25) ///
+mgroups("\shortstack{Take-up of \`\`more'' visits contract}" , pattern(1 0 0 0) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+mlabels("\shortstack{8+ visits \\ (1)}" "\shortstack{12+ visits \\ (2)}" "\shortstack{16+ visits \\ (3)}" "\shortstack{Pooled \\ (4)}",span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+varlabels(z_avg_delta_ex1 "Behavior change premium (z-score)") ///
+cells(b(star fmt(%9.3f))  se(par fmt(%9.3f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+stats(dvmean dvse wavefe ccfe N N_clust, l("Dep. var. mean:" " " "\hline  Wave FEs" "Contract FEs" "N" "Clusters") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+collabels(,none) prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+posthead("\hline") prefoot("\hline") postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+
+
+*** (regs_commitnotanti_pooled.tex) *******************************************
+
+* Generate variable for expected attendace w/incentive given
+gen days_exp = .
+foreach i in 0 1 2 3 5 7{
+	replace days_exp = days_`i' if incentive == `i'
+	}
+	
+* Generate variables for gaps between goal, past, expected, & actual attendance
+gen gap_goal_exp = goal - days_0 // under no incentive
+gen gap_goal_past = goal - past4
+gen gap_actual_exp = visits - days_exp
+
+* Declare restriction for following analysis
+loc restrict "!missing(incentive)"
+		
+* Generate z-scores for variables with constant restriction
+drop z_avg_delta_ex1
+foreach dvar in gap_goal_exp gap_actual_exp avg_delta_ex1{
+	sum `dvar' if `restrict'
+	gen z_`dvar' = (`dvar' - r(mean)) / r(sd) if `restrict'
+	}	
+	
+*** Generate indicators for take-up of the more & not fewer contract ***
+forval i = 8(4)16{
+	gen commitnotanti`i' = (commit`i' == 1 & anticommit`i' == 0) ///
+		if !missing(commit`i')
+	}
+		
+*** Run regressions of take-up of a more but not fewer visits contract ***
+preserve
+
+* Reshape to pool contracts
+reshape long commitnotanti, i(id) j(t)
+
+* Run regressions with constant restriction
+eststo clear
+loc k = 1
+foreach covar in "first_info new_info" "z_avg_delta_ex1 first_info new_info" "z_gap_goal_exp first_info new_info" "z_gap_actual_exp first_info new_info"{
+	reg commitnotanti i.t wave2 wave3 `covar' if `restrict', vce(cluster id)
+	eststo spec_`k'
+	
+	* Store dependent variable mean
+	ci means commitnotanti if `restrict'
+	local m : di %4.2f r(mean)
+	local mpct : di %4.0f r(mean)*100
+	local se : di %4.2f r(se)
+	estadd local dvmean `m'
+	estadd local dvse "(`se')"
+	ci means commitnotanti if `restrict' & control_info == 1
+	local mcontrol : di %4.2f r(mean)
+	local secontrol : di %4.2f r(se)
+	estadd local dvmeancontrol `mcontrol'
+	estadd local dvsecontrol "(`secontrol')"
+	estadd local wavefe "Yes"
+	estadd local ccfe "Yes"
+	
+	loc ++k
+	}
+	
+* Export regression output
+estout spec* using "regs_commitnotanti_pooled.tex", style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) ///
+	drop(8.t 12.t 16.t wave2 wave3 _cons) wrap varwidth(25)  ///
+	order(first_info new_info z_avg_delta_ex1 z_gap_goal_exp z_gap_actual_exp ) ///
+	mgroups("\shortstack{Take-up of \`\`more'' but not \`\`fewer'' \\ visits contracts}", pattern(1 0 0 0) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+	mlabels("(1)" "(2)" "(3)" "(4)",span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+	varlabels(z_avg_delta_ex1 "Behavior change premium (z-score)" z_gap_goal_exp "Goal $-$ exp. attend. (z-score)" z_gap_actual_exp "Actual $-$ exp. attend. (z-score)" first_info "Basic info. treatment" new_info "Enhanced info. treatment" _cons "Constant") ///
+	cells(b(star fmt(%9.3f))  se(par fmt(%9.3f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+	stats(dvmean dvse dvmeancontrol dvsecontrol wavefe ccfe N N_clust, l("Dep. var. mean:" " " "Dep. var. mean," "info. control group:" "\hline Wave FEs" "Contract FEs" "N" "Clusters") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+	collabels(,none) prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+	posthead("\hline") prefoot("\hline") postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+
+restore
+
+
+*** (CCtable_{control,treatment}.tex) *****************************************
+*** This table was created by hand, so no tex output is produced for it *******
+
+foreach restriction in "new_info==1" "control_info==1"{
+	preserve
+	*** Keep either the treatment or control group ***
+	keep if `restriction'
+	
+	if "`restriction'" == "new_info==1" loc name "enhancedtreat"
+	else loc name "control"
+
+	*** Summarize take-up of commitment contracts ***
+	forval X = 8(4)16 {
+		  * Chose "more" contract
+		  summarize commit`X'
+		  * Store number of observations
+		  if `X' == 12 latex_write `name'obs `r(N)' numbers
+		  * Chose "fewer" contract
+		  summarize anticommit`X'
+		  * Chose "more" given chose "fewer"
+		  summarize commit`X' if anticommit`X'==1
+		  * Chose "fewer" given chose "more"
+		  summarize anticommit`X' if commit`X'==1
+		  * Difference between "more" and "more" given chose "fewer" means
+		  gen commit`X'_cdtn = commit`X' if anticommit`X'==1
+		  ttest commit`X'_cdtn = commit`X', unpaired
+		  * Difference between "fewer" and "fewer" given chose "more" means
+		  gen anticommit`X'_cdtn = anticommit`X' if commit`X'==1
+		  ttest anticommit`X'_cdtn = anticommit`X', unpaired
+		}  
+	restore
+	}
+	
+	
+*** (CCtakeupVbeliefs.tex) ****************************************************
+
+*** Regress probability of meeting threshold vs. take-up, all participants ***
+*** Probability of meeting "more" threshold
+reg percent_meet_commit12 commit12, robust
+est store est21
+
+reg percent_meet_commit12 anticommit12, robust
+est store est22
+
+reg percent_meet_commit12 commit12 anticommit12, robust
+est store est23
+
+* Difference of coefficients ("More"-"Fewer")
+test _b[commit]=_b[anticommit]
+nlcom diff: _b[commit]-_b[anticommit], post
+
+* Store differences
+local b : di %4.2f _b[diff]
+local se : di %4.2f _se[diff]
+estadd local diffb "`b'***" : est23 // know significance level via inspection
+estadd local diffse "(`se')" : est23
+
+*** Probability of meeting "fewer" threshold
+reg percent_meet_anticommit commit12, robust
+est store est24
+
+reg percent_meet_anticommit anticommit12, robust
+est store est25
+
+reg percent_meet_anticommit commit12 anticommit12, robust
+est store est26
+
+* Difference of coefficients ("More"-"Fewer")
+test _b[commit]=_b[anticommit]
+nlcom diff: _b[commit]-_b[anticommit], post
+
+* Store differences
+local b : di %4.2f _b[diff]
+local se : di %4.2f _se[diff]
+estadd local diffb "`b'***" : est26 // know significance level via inspection
+estadd local diffse "(`se')" : est26
+
+*** Export table
+estout est21 est22 est23 est24 est25 est26 using CCtakeupVbeliefs.tex, ///
+style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) ///
+cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f))  se(par fmt(%9.2f)) ) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+keep(commit12 anticommit12) order(commit12 anticommit12) ///
+stats(N diffb diffse, l("N" "\hline \`\`More'' $-$ \`\`Fewer''" " ") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+varlabels(commit12 "Commit to \`\`more''" anticommit12 "Commit to \`\`fewer''") ///
+collabels(,none) mlabels("(1)" "(2)" "(3)" "(4)" "(5)" "(6)",span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+mgroups("\shortstack{Subj. prob. succeed in \\ \`\`more'' contract}" "\shortstack{Subj. prob. succeed in \\ \`\`fewer'' contract}", pattern(1 0 0 1 0 0) ///
+span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+posthead("\hline") prefoot() postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+	
+	
+*** (CCcorrelates.tex) ********************************************************
+
+preserve
+*** Reshape data ***
+reshape long commit anticommit, i(id) j(threshold)
+
+*** Further correlates of take-up ***
+* Regress expected attendance on contract take-up
+reg days_0 commit anticommit, robust
+est store est31
+
+* Difference of coefficients ("More"-"Fewer")
+nlcom diff: _b[commit]-_b[anticommit], post
+
+* Store differences
+local b : di %4.2f _b[diff]
+local se : di %4.2f _se[diff]
+estadd local diffb "`b'***" : est31 // know significance level via inspection
+estadd local diffse "(`se')" : est31
+
+
+* Regress past attendance on contract take-up
+reg past4 commit anticommit, robust
+est store est32
+
+* Difference of coefficients ("More"-"Fewer")
+nlcom diff: _b[commit]-_b[anticommit], post
+
+* Store differences
+local b : di %4.2f _b[diff]
+local se : di %4.2f _se[diff]
+estadd local diffb "`b'***" : est32 // know significance level via inspection
+estadd local diffse "(`se')" : est32
+
+
+* Regress goal attendance on contract take-up
+reg goal commit anticommit, robust
+est store est33
+
+* Difference of coefficients ("More"-"Fewer")
+nlcom diff: _b[commit]-_b[anticommit], post
+
+* Store differences
+local b : di %4.2f _b[diff]
+local se : di %4.2f _se[diff]
+estadd local diffb "`b'***" : est33 // know significance level via inspection
+estadd local diffse "(`se')" : est33
+
+
+*** Export table
+estout est31 est32 est33 using CCcorrelates.tex, style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) ///
+cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f))  se(par fmt(%9.2f)) ) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+keep(commit anticommit) order(commit anticommit) ///
+mgroups("Expected attendance" "Past attendance" "Goal attendance", pattern(1 1 1) ///
+span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+stats(N diffb diffse, l("N" "\hline \`\`More'' $-$ \`\`Fewer''" " ") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+varlabels(commit "Chose \`\`more contract''" anticommit "Chose \`\`fewer'' contract") ///
+collabels(,none) mlabels("(1)" "(2)" "(3)") ///
+prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+posthead("\hline") prefoot() postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+	
+restore
+
+
+*** (Exp_{Rates,Corr}.tex) ****************************************************
+*** These tables were created by hand, so no tex output is produced for them **
+
+* Note: Attendance in the following tables is in the absence of incentives
+ 
+cap program drop rate_table corr_table
+*** Create program for table of rates of contract take-up ***
+program rate_table
+    syntax, attendance(string) // for expected vs. actual attendance
+	
+		if "`attendance'" == "expected" local attendance "days_0"
+		else if "`attendance'" == "actual" local attendance "incentive == 0 & visits"
+		else confirm "`attendance'" == "actual" | "`attendance'" == "expected"
+	
+		* Summarize take-up of commitment contracts
+		forval i = 8(4)16 {
+			* (1) Chose "more" contract
+			di("(1) Chose more: `i' visits")
+			summarize commit`i'
+			* (2) Chose "more" given attendance no more than target - 2
+			di("(2) Chose more | att. <= `i' - 2, `i' visits")
+			summarize commit`i' if `attendance' <= `i' - 2
+			* (3) Chose "more" given attendance no more than target - 4
+			di("(3) Chose more | att. <= `i' - 4, `i' visits")
+			summarize commit`i' if `attendance' <= `i' - 4
+			* (4) Chose "fewer" contract
+			di("(4) Chose fewer, `i' visits")
+			summarize anticommit`i'
+			* (5) Chose "fewer" given attendance at least target + 1
+			di("(5) Chose fewer | att. >= `i' + 1, `i' visits")
+			summarize anticommit`i' if `attendance' >= `i' + 1
+			* (6) Chose "fewer" given attendance at least target + 3
+			di("(6) Chose fewer | att. >= `i' + 3, `i' visits")
+			summarize anticommit`i' if `attendance' >= `i' + 3
+			}
+end
+
+* Obtain take-up rates for table
+rate_table, attendance(expected)
+
+*** Create program for table of contract take-up correlations ***
+program corr_table
+    syntax, attendance(string) // for expected vs. actual attendance
+	
+		if "`attendance'" == "expected" local attendance "days_0"
+		else if "`attendance'" == "actual" local attendance "incentive == 0 & visits"
+	
+		* Summarize correlation between take-up more- & fewer-visit contracts
+		forval i = 8(4)16 {
+			* (1) Correlation
+			di("(1) `i' visits")
+			pwcorr commit`i' anticommit`i', sig
+			* (2) Correlation given attendance no more than target - 2
+			di("(2) att. <= `i' - 2, `i' visits")
+			pwcorr commit`i' anticommit`i' if `attendance' <= `i' - 2, sig
+			* (3) Correlation given attendance no more than target - 4
+			di("(3) att. <= `i' - 4, `i' visits")
+			pwcorr commit`i' anticommit`i' if `attendance' <= `i' - 4, sig
+			* (4) Correlation given attendance at least target + 1
+			di("(4) att. >= `i' + 1, `i' visits")
+			pwcorr commit`i' anticommit`i' if `attendance' >= `i' + 1, sig
+			* (5) Correlation given attendance at least target + 3
+			di("(5) att. >= `i' + 3,`i' visits")
+			pwcorr commit`i' anticommit`i' if `attendance' >= `i' + 3, sig
+			* (6) Correlation given attendance no more than 6
+			di("(6) att. <= 6, `i' visits")
+			pwcorr commit`i' anticommit`i' if `attendance' <= 6, sig
+			* (7) Correlation given attendance at least 17
+			di("(7) att. >= 17, `i' visits")
+			pwcorr commit`i' anticommit`i' if `attendance' >= 17, sig
+			}
+end
+	
+* Obtain correlations for table
+corr_table, attendance(expected)
+
+
+*** (bcp_on_behavior_change.tex) **********************************************
+
+preserve
+*** Reshape to long format
+reshape long delta diffa, i(id) j(index)
+
+*** Run regression of behavior change premium on behavior change, excl. $1
+* Without wave fixed effects
+reg delta diffa if index > 1, cluster(id)
+est store bcpbc1
+
+* Store mean & fixed effects information
+estadd local wavefe "No"
+ci means delta if e(sample)
+local m : di %4.2f r(mean)
+loc se : di %4.2f r(se)
+estadd local dvmean `m'
+estadd local dvse "(`se')"
+
+* With wave fixed effects
+reg delta diffa wave? if index > 1, cluster(id) nocons
+est store bcpbc2
+
+* Store mean & fixed effects information
+estadd local wavefe "Yes"
+ci means delta if e(sample)
+local m : di %4.2f r(mean)
+loc se : di %4.2f r(se)
+estadd local dvmean `m'
+estadd local dvse "(`se')"
+
+*** Export table
+estout bcpbc* using "bcp_on_behavior_change.tex", ///
+style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) drop(wave*) ///
+mgroups("\shortstack{Behavior change \\ premium}", pattern(1) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+mlabels("(1)" "(2)", span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+varlabels(diffa "Expected behavior change" _cons "Constant") ///
+cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f))  se(par fmt(%9.2f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+stats(dvmean dvse wavefe N N_clust, l("Dep. var. mean:" " " "\hline Wave FEs" "N" "Clusters") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+collabels(,none) prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+posthead("\hline") prefoot("\hline") postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+
+restore
+
+
+*** (bcp_on_risk_aversion.tex) *************************************************
+
+/* Note: this table is not included in the paper, but the results are
+   referenced in footnote 12. */
+
+*** Generate risk aversion variables
+* Generate indicator for not choosing options with more risk but no addtl. return
+gen risk_averse = risk_aversion <= 5
+
+* Generate indicator for above median risk aversion
+sum risk_aversion, d
+gen abovemed_risk_aversion = risk_aversion <= r(p50)
+
+*** Run regressions on a range of risk aversion variables
+eststo clear
+loc k = 1
+foreach covar in "risk_aversion" "abovemed_risk_aversion" "risk_averse" {
+
+	reg avg_delta_ex1 `covar' wave2 wave3, r
+	eststo spec_`k'
+	loc ++k
+
+	* Store mean & fixed effects information
+	estadd local wavefe "Yes"
+	ci means avg_delta_ex1 if e(sample)
+	local m : di %4.2f r(mean)
+	loc se : di %4.2f r(se)
+	estadd local dvmean `m'
+	estadd local dvse "(`se')"
+	
+	}
+	
+*** Export table
+estout spec* using "bcp_on_risk_aversion.tex", ///
+style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) drop(wave* _cons) ///
+mgroups("\shortstack{Behavior change premium}", pattern(1 0 0) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+mlabels("(1)" "(2)" "(3)", span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+varlabels(risk_aversion "Risk aversion" abovemed_risk_aversion "Above median risk aversion" risk_averse "Risk averse") ///
+cells(b(star fmt(%9.3f))  se(par fmt(%9.3f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+stats(dvmean dvse wavefe N, l("Dep. var. mean:" " " "\hline Wave FEs" "N") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+collabels(,none) prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+posthead("\hline") prefoot("\hline") postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+
+	
+*** Load and clean daily experimental data ************************************
+
+*** Load dataset ***
+use "$main/Data/cleaned_commitment_study_daily_data", clear
+
+*** Variable Creation & Cleaning Steps ***
+*** Generate info treatment indicators
+gen first_info = type_of_info=="1-onlygraph" 
+gen new_info = type_of_info=="2-graphplus" 
+gen control_info = (new_info == 0 & first_info == 0) 
+
+*** Generate wave indicators
+gen wave1 = (wave == "fall") 
+gen wave2 = (wave == "winter")
+gen wave3 = (wave == "spring")
+
+*** Define anticommitment/commitment variables for each threshold
+gen anticommit8 = q170 ==2 if q170<.
+gen commit8 = q169 ==2 if q169<.
+gen anticommit12 = chose_anticommit11
+gen commit12 = chose_commit12
+gen anticommit16 = q296==2 if q296<.
+gen commit16 = q295 ==2 if q295<.
+
+*** Restrict sample to those exogenously assigned incentives
+keep if flag_low_wtp == 0 & flag_exclude_exog == 0	
+
+
+*** (DailyAttIncr.tex) ********************************************************
+
+preserve
+keep if commit12 == 1
+gen got_incentive = 1 if treatment == "threshold80_12"
+replace got_incentive = 0 if treatment == "control"
+tab got_incentive
+keep if !missing(got_incentive)
+gen incentive_day = day*got_incentive
+
+* Run regression of attendance on assignment to contract and day
+reg attended day got_incentive incentive_day wave2 wave3, clus(id)
+est store estday
+estadd local wavefe "Yes"
+restore
+
+* Export regression output
+estout estday using "DailyAttIncr.tex", style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) ///
+order(day got_incentive incentive_day _cons) ///
+drop(wave2 wave3 _cons) ///
+mgroups("\shortstack{Attendance \\ likelihood}", pattern(1) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+mlabels("(1)",span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+varlabels(day "Day" got_incentive "12+ visits contract" incentive_day "Day $\times$ 12+ visits contract") ///
+cells(b(star fmt(%9.3f))  se(par fmt(%9.3f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+stats(wavefe N N_clust, l("Wave FEs" "N" "Clusters") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+collabels(,none) ///
+prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+posthead("\hline") ///
+prefoot("\hline") ///
+postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")

107/replication_package/Code/Stata/Figures.do

@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+*** FIGURES FOR Carrera, Royer, Stehr, Sydnor, and Taubinsky (2021) ***********
+*******************************************************************************
+
+*** Initial set-up ***
+clear
+set more off
+
+*** Set directories for data and output ***
+cd "$main/Output"
+/* Note: all figures will output to the working directory. Uses a program from
+   master_do_file_for_analysis.do */
+
+
+*** (uniform_range.pdf) *******************************************************
+
+set obs 500
+
+*** Generate benefit values ***
+gen b = _n/500
+
+*** Generate commitment contract demand regions for each beta ***
+forvalues beta = 1(1)500 {
+	local B = `beta'/500
+	gen bindingcommit`beta' = ( ((2*b-1)/(2*(b^2))) > `B'*(1-.5*`B') )
+}
+
+*** Reshape data for graphing ***
+reshape long bindingcommit, i(b) j(B)
+replace B = B/500
+
+*** Produce Figure 1 ***
+twoway contour bindingcommit B b if B >= .75 & B <= .95, levels(2) /*
+*/ ccolors(red blue) xlabel(0(.1)1) ylabel(.75(.05).95) /*
+*/ xtitle("Benefit (share of time beneficial)") ytitle("Perceived short-run discount factor") /*
+*/ graphr(color(white) fcolor(white)) bgcolor(white) plotregion(margin(zero)) clegend(off)
+
+*** Export figure
+graph export uniformrange.pdf, replace
+* with descriptive text superimposed in the paper
+
+
+*** Load and clean experimental data ******************************************
+
+*** Load dataset ***
+use "$main/Data/cleaned_commitment_study_data", clear
+
+*** Variable Creation & Cleaning Steps ***
+*** Create an ID variable for use when reshaping long 
+gen id = _n
+
+*** Generate info treatment indicators
+gen first_info = type_of_info=="1-onlygraph" 
+gen new_info = type_of_info=="2-graphplus" 
+gen control_info = (new_info == 0 & first_info == 0) 
+
+*** Generate wave indicators
+gen wave1 = (wave == "fall") 
+gen wave2 = (wave == "winter")
+gen wave3 = (wave == "spring")
+
+*** Define anticommitment/commitment variables for each threshold
+gen anticommit8 = q170 ==2 if q170<.
+gen commit8 = q169 ==2 if q169<.
+gen anticommit12 = chose_anticommit11
+gen commit12 = chose_commit12
+gen anticommit16 = q296==2 if q296<.
+gen commit16 = q295 ==2 if q295<.
+
+*** Restrict sample to those exogenously assigned incentives
+keep if flag_low_wtp == 0 & flag_exclude_exog == 0
+
+
+*** (wtp_ev_tcbench.pdf) ******************************************************
+
+*** Generate additional variables 
+*** Expected value of earnings based on subjective "days" estimate for frequency of visits
+gen ev1 = days_1
+gen ev2 = days_2*2
+gen ev3 = days_3*3
+gen ev5 = days_5*5
+gen ev7 = days_7*7
+gen ev12 = days_12*12
+	
+*** Generate values for the $0 incentive
+gen wtp0 = 0
+gen ev0 = 0
+
+*** Estimate means with 95% confidence intervals
+mat data = J(7, 7, .) // initialize matrix for storing values
+loc row = 1
+foreach p in 0 1 2 3 5 7 12 {
+
+	* Input incentive in first column
+	mat data[`row', 1] = `p'
+	
+	* Input means & CI bounds of WTP in next three columns
+	ci means wtp`p'
+	mat data[`row', 2] = r(mean)
+	mat data[`row', 3] = r(lb)
+	mat data[`row', 4] = r(ub)
+	
+	* Input means & CI bounds of expected earnings in last three columns
+	ci mean ev`p'
+	mat data[`row', 5] = r(mean)
+	mat data[`row', 6] = r(lb)
+	mat data[`row', 7] = r(ub)
+	
+	loc ++row // increment row
+	}
+
+*** Use data stored in matrix
+preserve
+clear
+svmat data
+ren (data*) (incentive wtp wtplb wtpub ev evlb evub)
+
+*** Store certain statistics ***
+* Average expected earnings under $1 incentive
+sum ev if incentive == 1 // EV equals exp. visits under this incentive
+loc avgexp : di %4.2f r(mean)
+latex_write avgexpincone `avgexp' numbers
+* Average WTP for $1 incentive
+sum wtp if incentive == 1
+loc avgwtp : di %4.2f r(mean)
+latex_write avgwtpincone `avgwtp' numbers
+* Difference
+loc diff : di %4.2f `avgwtp'-`avgexp'
+latex_write avgdiffincone `diff' numbers
+
+*** Produce figure ***
+graph twoway (connected ev incentive, lc(black) msymbol(none) mc(none) lp(dash)) /*
+*/ (rcap evub evlb incentive, lc(black) lw(*.5) msize(*2.25)) /*
+*/ (connected wtp incentive, lc(cranberry) mlc(cranberry) mc(none) msymbol(circle) msize(vsmall)) /*
+*/ (rcap wtpub wtplb incentive, lc(cranberry) lw(*.5) msize(*2.25)), /*
+*/ xtitle("Per-visit incentive ($)", height(6)) ylabel(0(25)225, angle(0)) xlabel(1(1)12) /*
+*/ graphr(color(white) fcolor(white)) bgcolor(white) plotregion(margin(zero)) /*
+*/ ytitle("$", height(6)) legend(order(1 3) label(1 "Avg. subjective expected earnings") label(3 "Avg. WTP for that incentive") rows(3)) 
+
+*** Export figure
+graph export wtp_ev_tcbench.pdf, replace
+restore
+
+
+*** (deltas.pdf) **************************************************************
+
+*** Generate additional variables ***
+preserve
+*** Better measures of Commitment as per proposition
+/*** These are the amounts, per attendance, by which a person "overpays" for 
+the increase in incentive. Second-order approximation */
+gen delta1=(wtp1) - (days_1+days_0)/2
+gen delta2 = (wtp2-wtp1) - (days_2+days_1)/2
+gen delta3=(wtp3-wtp2) - (days_3+days_2)/2
+gen delta5=(wtp5-wtp3)/(5-3) - (days_5+days_3)/2
+gen delta7=(wtp7-wtp5)/(7-5) - (days_7+days_5)/2
+gen delta12=(wtp12-wtp7)/(12-7) - (days_12+days_7)/2
+
+gen avg_delta = (delta1 + delta2+delta3 + delta5 + delta7 + delta12)/6
+gen avg_delta_ex1 = (delta2+delta3 + delta5 + delta7 + delta12)/5
+
+// DELTA MEASURES DIFFERENCES FROM TC BENCHMARK
+*** Run the regressions and store results with model names
+quietly reg avg_delta, robust
+est store m1
+loc avgbcp = _b[_cons]
+loc avg : di %4.2f `avgbcp'
+latex_write avgbcp `avg' numbers
+
+quietly reg avg_delta_ex1, robust
+est store m2
+loc avgbcpex1 = _b[_cons]
+loc avg : di %4.2f `avgbcpex1'
+latex_write avgbcpexone `avg' numbers
+
+*** Produce figure: average delta with CI's for the info-control group ***
+coefplot (m1, aseq(Average across incentives))/*
+*/ (m2, aseq(Average excluding $1 incentive)) /*
+*/, xline(0) xlabel(-1(.5)2.5) legend(off) mc(black) offset(0) ciopts(lc(black) /*
+*/ recast(rcap) lp(dash)) grid(none) aseq swap graphr(fcolor(white) color(white)) /*
+*/ xtitle("Behavior change premium ($)", height(6)) plotregion(margin(zero))
+
+*** Export figure
+graph export deltas.pdf, replace
+restore
+
+
+*** (overconfidence.pdf) **********************************************
+
+*** Obtain coefficients for plot ***
+* Generate placeholder
+forval k = 0/12 {
+	gen var`k' = .
+	label variable var`k' `k'
+	}
+
+* Generate estimates
+forval k = 0(1)12 {
+	
+	replace var`k' = 10
+	reg var`k' var`k', nocons
+	eststo m_v_`k'
+
+	if `k' != 4 & `k' != 6 & `k' != 8 & `k' != 9 & `k' != 10 & `k' != 11{
+		replace var`k' = (flag_exclude_exog==0&flag_low_wtp==0)
+		reg days_`k' var`k', robust nocons
+		est store m_days`k'_all
+		}
+
+	if `k' != 1 & `k' != 3 & `k' != 12 & `k' != 4 & `k' != 6 & `k' != 8 & `k' != 9 & `k' != 10 & `k' != 11{
+		replace var`k' = (incentive == `k' &flag_exclude_exog==0 ///
+				&flag_low_wtp==0)
+		reg visits var`k' if incentive == `k', robust nocons
+		est store m_visits`k'_given
+
+		* Store number of observations
+		if `k' == 0 loc num "zero"
+		else if `k' == 2 loc num "two"
+		else if `k' == 5 loc num "five"
+		else loc num "seven"
+		latex_write incentive`num'obs `e(N)' numbers
+		}
+}
+
+*** Produce figure: Overconfidence ***
+*** Beliefs vs reality
+coefplot (m_v_*, offset(0) m(none) lp(none)) /*
+*/ (m_days0_all m_days1_all m_days2_all m_days3_all m_days5_all m_days7_all m_days12_all, offset(0) recast(connected) msize(small) mc(black) lp(dash) lc(black) ciopts(lc(black) recast(rcap) lp(solid)) )/*
+*/ (m_visits0_given m_visits2_given m_visits5_given m_visits7_given, offset(0) recast(connected) msize(small) m(square) mc(red) lc(red) ciopts(lc(red) recast(rcap) lp(dash)) ) /*
+*/, vertical plotregion(margin(zero)) xlabel(1 "0" 2 "1" 3 "2" 4 "3" 5 "4" 6 "5" 7 "6" 8 "7" 9 "8" 10 "9" 11 "10" 12 "11" 13 "12") /*
+*/ graphr(color(white) fcolor(white)) bgcolor(white) xtitle("Per-visit incentive ($)", height(6)) ytitle("Visits", height(6))/*
+*/ ylabel(0(5)22, angle(0)) legend(order(4 6) label(4 "Average expected visits") label(6 "Average realized visits"))  legend(rows(2))
+
+*** Export figure
+graph export overconfidence.pdf, replace
+
+
+*** (overconfidence_treatment.pdf) ********************************************
+
+*** Obtain coefficients for plots ***
+foreach cdtn in "wave1 == 1" "(wave2 == 1 | wave3 == 1)"{
+
+	if "`cdtn'" == "wave1 == 1"{
+		loc treat "first_info"
+		loc name "1"
+		loc tlab "basic"
+		loc excl "5"
+		loc result5_c ""
+		loc result5_t ""
+		}
+	else{
+		loc treat "new_info"
+		loc name "23"
+		loc tlab "enhanced"
+		loc excl "100" 
+		loc result5_c "m_visits5_given_c"
+		loc result5_t "m_visits5_given_t"
+		}
+
+	* Generate estimates
+	forval k = 0(1)12 {
+		
+		replace var`k' = 10
+		reg var`k' var`k', nocons
+		eststo m_v_`k'
+
+		* Information treatment
+		if `k' != 4 & `k' != 6 & `k' != 8 & `k' != 9 & `k' != 10 & `k' != 11{
+			replace var`k' = (flag_exclude_exog==0&flag_low_wtp==0& ///
+				`cdtn'&`treat'==1)
+			reg days_`k' var`k' if `cdtn'&`treat'==1, robust nocons
+			est store m_days`k'_all_t
+			}
+
+		if `k' != 1 & `k' != 3 & `k' != 4 & `k' != 6 & `k' != 8 & `k' != 9 & `k' != 10 & `k' != 11 & `k' != 12 & `k' != `excl'{
+			replace var`k' = (incentive == `k' &flag_exclude_exog==0 ///
+					&flag_low_wtp==0&`cdtn'&`treat'==1)
+			reg visits var`k' if incentive == `k' & `cdtn'&`treat'==1, ///
+				robust nocons
+			est store m_visits`k'_given_t
+			
+			* Store number of observations
+			loc treatobs = e(N)
+			
+			}
+			
+		* Information control
+		if `k' != 4 & `k' != 6 & `k' != 8 & `k' != 9 & `k' != 10 & `k' != 11{
+			replace var`k' = (flag_exclude_exog==0&flag_low_wtp==0& ///
+				`cdtn'&`treat'!=1)
+			reg days_`k' var`k' if `cdtn'&`treat'!=1, robust nocons
+			est store m_days`k'_all_c
+			}
+
+		if `k' != 1 & `k' != 3 & `k' != 4 & `k' != 6 & `k' != 8 & `k' != 9 & `k' != 10 & `k' != 11 & `k' != 12 & `k' != `excl'{
+			replace var`k' = (incentive == `k' &flag_exclude_exog==0 ///
+					&flag_low_wtp==0&`cdtn'&`treat'!=1)
+			reg visits var`k' if incentive == `k' & `cdtn'&`treat'!=1, ///
+				robust nocons
+			est store m_visits`k'_given_c
+			
+			* Store number of observations
+			if `k' == 0 loc num "zero"
+			else if `k' == 2 loc num "two"
+			else if `k' == 5 loc num "five"
+			else loc num "seven"
+			loc bothobs = e(N) + `treatobs'
+			latex_write incentive`num'obs`tlab' `bothobs' numbers
+			
+			}
+			
+		}
+		
+	* Store total observations used
+	sum var0 if `cdtn'&`treat'==1
+	latex_write obs`tlab'treat `r(N)' numbers
+	sum var0 if `cdtn'&`treat'!=1
+	latex_write obs`tlab'control `r(N)' numbers
+		
+	*** Produce figure: Overconfidence ***
+	local jig = .1
+	*** Beliefs vs reality
+	coefplot (m_v_*, offset(0) m(none) lp(none)) /*
+	*/ (m_days0_all_c m_days1_all_c m_days2_all_c m_days3_all_c m_days5_all_c m_days7_all_c m_days12_all_c, offset(-`jig') recast(connected) msize(small) mc(black) lp(dash) lc(black) ciopts(lc(black) recast(rcap) lp(solid)) )/*
+	*/ (m_visits0_given_c m_visits2_given_c `result5_c' m_visits7_given_c, offset(-`jig') recast(connected) msize(small) m(square) mc(black) lc(black) lp(solid) ciopts(lc(black) recast(rcap) lp(dash)) ) /*
+	*/ (m_days0_all_t m_days1_all_t m_days2_all_t m_days3_all_t m_days5_all_t m_days7_all_t m_days12_all_t, offset(`jig') recast(connected) m(Oh) msize(small) mc(blue) lp(dash) lc(blue) ciopts(lc(blue) recast(rcap) lp(solid)) )/*
+	*/ (m_visits0_given_t m_visits2_given_t `result5_t' m_visits7_given_t, offset(`jig') recast(connected) msize(small) m(Sh) mc(blue) lc(blue) lp(solid) ciopts(lc(blue) recast(rcap) lp(dash)) ) /*
+	*/, vertical plotregion(margin(zero)) xlabel(1 "0" 2 "1" 3 "2" 4 "3" 5 "4" 6 "5" 7 "6" 8 "7" 9 "8" 10 "9" 11 "10" 12 "11" 13 "12") /*
+	*/ graphr(color(white) fcolor(white)) bgcolor(white) xtitle("Per-visit incentive ($)", height(6)) ytitle("Visits", height(6))/*
+	*/ ylabel(0(5)22, angle(0)) legend(order(4 6 8 10) label(4 "Average expected visits, information control") label(6 "Average realized visits, information control") label(8 "Average expected visits, `tlab' information treatment") label(10 "Average realized visits, `tlab' information treatment"))  legend(rows(4))
+
+	*** Export figure
+	graph export overconfidence_treatment_wave`name'.pdf, replace
+	eststo clear
+			
+	}
+
+
+*** (exp_actual_under_incentive.pdf) ******************************************
+
+*** Expected attendance w/incentive given vs. actual attendance w/incentive
+* Generate variable for expected attendace w/incentive given
+gen days_exp = .
+foreach i in 0 1 2 3 5 7{
+	replace days_exp = days_`i' if incentive == `i'
+	}	
+
+* Plot with 45-degree line
+preserve
+binscatter visits days_exp, ///
+	ytitle(Actual attendance, height(6)) ///
+	xtitle(Expected attendance under assigned incentive, height(6)) ///
+	xlab(0(5)30) ylab(0(5)30, angle(0)) plotregion(margin(zero)) ///
+	graphregion(color(white)) savedata(binned) replace
+clear
+do binned
+graph addplot function y = x, range(0 30) lpattern(dash) lcolor(gs13) ///
+	xlab(0(5)30) ylab(0(5)30, angle(0)) plotregion(margin(zero))
+graph export "exp_actual_under_incentive.pdf", replace
+restore
+
+* Remove temporary files
+cap erase "binned.csv"
+cap erase "binned.do" 
+	
+
+*** (wtp_exp_attendance.pdf) **************************************************
+
+preserve
+* Reshape to graph each incentive level separately
+reshape long wtp days_, i(id) j(incentive_level)
+
+* Store average increase in attendance per dollar of incentive
+reg days_ incentive_level, clus(id)
+loc incr = _b[incentive_level]
+loc avg : di %4.2f `incr'
+latex_write incrattinc `avg' numbers
+loc stderr : di %4.3f _se[incentive_level]
+latex_write incrattincse `stderr' numbers
+
+* Store behavior change premium per dollar of incentive
+loc bcpinc : di %4.2f `avgbcp'/`incr'
+latex_write avgbcpinc `bcpinc' numbers
+loc bcpincex1 : di %4.2f `avgbcpex1'/`incr'
+latex_write avgbcpexoneinc `bcpincex1' numbers
+
+* Produce plot
+binscatter wtp days_ if incentive_level != 0, by(incentive_level) ///
+	ytitle(WTP for incentive ($), height(6)) ///
+	xtitle(Expected attendance, height(6)) ///
+	xlab(0(5)30) ylab(0(50)300, angle(0)) ///
+	legend(order(1 "1" 2 "2" 3 "3" 4 "5" 5 "7" 6 "12") subtitle(Per-visit incentive ($), size(medsmall)) rows(1)) ///
+	graphregion(color(white)) plotregion(margin(zero))
+	graph export "wtp_exp_attendance.pdf", replace
+	
+restore
+
+
+*** Load and clean daily experimental data ************************************
+
+*** Load dataset ***
+use "$main/Data/cleaned_commitment_study_daily_data", clear
+
+*** Variable Creation & Cleaning Steps ***
+*** Generate info treatment indicators
+gen first_info = type_of_info=="1-onlygraph" 
+gen new_info = type_of_info=="2-graphplus" 
+gen control_info = (new_info == 0 & first_info == 0) 
+
+*** Generate wave indicators
+gen wave1 = (wave == "fall") 
+gen wave2 = (wave == "winter")
+gen wave3 = (wave == "spring")
+
+*** Define anticommitment/commitment variables for each threshold
+gen anticommit8 = q170 ==2 if q170<.
+gen commit8 = q169 ==2 if q169<.
+gen anticommit12 = chose_anticommit11
+gen commit12 = chose_commit12
+gen anticommit16 = q296==2 if q296<.
+gen commit16 = q295 ==2 if q295<.
+
+*** Restrict sample to those exogenously assigned incentives
+keep if flag_low_wtp == 0 & flag_exclude_exog == 0	
+
+
+*** (daily_att_likelihood.pdf) ************************************************
+		
+preserve
+
+* Generate variables and restrict data
+keep if commit12 == 1
+gen got_incentive = 1 if treatment == "threshold80_12"
+replace got_incentive = 0 if treatment == "control"
+keep if !missing(got_incentive)
+gen incentive_day = day*got_incentive
+
+* For trendline of increase in likelihood of attendance
+reg attended day got_incentive incentive_day wave2 wave3, clus(id)
+loc slope = _b[incentive_day]
+loc intercept = _b[got_incentive]
+
+* Average increase in likelihood of attendance from the contract each day
+reg attended ibn.day ibn.day#c.got_incentive, clus(id) nocons
+
+* Produce plot
+coefplot, nolabel vertical keep(*#c.got_incentive) yline(0) omitted baselevels ///
+	ciopts(recast(rcap) lp(dash) lw(thin)) xlab(0(2)28) xtitle("Day", height(6)) ///
+	ylab(-.2(.1).5, angle(0)) ytitle("Change in likelihood of going to the gym", height(4)) ///
+	graphregion(color(white)) bgcolor(white) plotregion(margin(zero))
+graph addplot function y = `slope'*x + `intercept', range(1 28) ///
+	lw(medthick) lp(longdash) lcolor(ebblue*.7) ///
+	xlab(0(2)28) ylab(-.2(.1).5, angle(0)) plotregion(margin(zero))
+	graph export "daily_att_likelihood.pdf", replace	
+
+restore

107/replication_package/Code/Stata/Parameter estimates.do

@@ -0,0 +1,1156 @@
+*** PARAMETER ESTIMATES FOR Carrera, Royer, Stehr, Sydnor, and Taubinsky (2021)
+*******************************************************************************
+
+*** Initial set-up ***
+clear
+set more off
+
+*** Set directories for data and output ***
+cd "$main/Output"
+/* Note: outputs to the working directory. Uses a program from 
+   master_do_file_for_analysis.do */
+
+
+*** Load and clean experimental data ******************************************
+
+*** Load dataset ***
+use "$main/Data/cleaned_commitment_study_data", clear
+
+*** Variable Creation & Cleaning Steps ***
+*** Create an ID variable for use when reshaping long 
+gen id = _n
+
+*** Generate info treatment indicators
+gen first_info = type_of_info=="1-onlygraph" 
+gen new_info = type_of_info=="2-graphplus" 
+gen control_info = (new_info == 0 & first_info == 0) 
+
+*** Generate wave indicators
+gen wave1 = (wave == "fall") 
+gen wave2 = (wave == "winter")
+gen wave3 = (wave == "spring")
+
+*** Define anticommitment/commitment variables for each threshold
+gen anticommit8 = q170 ==2 if q170<.
+gen commit8 = q169 ==2 if q169<.
+gen anticommit12 = chose_anticommit11
+gen commit12 = chose_commit12
+gen anticommit16 = q296==2 if q296<.
+gen commit16 = q295 ==2 if q295<.
+
+*** Generate additional variables ***
+/*** These variables are the amounts, per attendance, by which a person 
+"overpays" for the increase in incentive. Second-order approximation */
+gen delta1=(wtp1) - (days_1+days_0)/2
+gen delta2 = (wtp2-wtp1) - (days_2+days_1)/2
+gen delta3=(wtp3-wtp2) - (days_3+days_2)/2
+gen delta5=(wtp5-wtp3)/(5-3) - (days_5+days_3)/2
+gen delta7=(wtp7-wtp5)/(7-5) - (days_7+days_5)/2
+gen delta12=(wtp12-wtp7)/(12-7) - (days_12+days_7)/2
+
+gen avg_delta = (delta1 + delta2+delta3 + delta5 + delta7 + delta12)/6
+gen avg_delta_ex1 = (delta2+delta3 + delta5 + delta7 + delta12)/5
+
+*** Change in days by incentive
+gen diffa1=(days_1-days_0)
+gen diffa2=(days_2-days_1)
+gen diffa3=(days_3-days_2)
+gen diffa5=(days_5-days_3)/2
+gen diffa7=(days_7-days_5)/2
+gen diffa12=(days_12-days_7)/5
+gen avg_diffa=(diffa1+diffa2+diffa3+diffa5+diffa7+diffa12)/6
+gen avg_diffa_ex1=(diffa2+diffa3+diffa5+diffa7+diffa12)/5
+
+*** Indicator for rejecting 12+ visits contract
+gen nocommit12 = !commit12
+
+*** Generate estimates for graphing below ***
+foreach k in 0 1 2 3 5 7 12{
+
+	foreach cdtn in "" "&commit12==1" "&first_info!=1" "&commit12==1&first_info!=1"{
+	
+		if "`cdtn'" == "" loc n ""
+		else if "`cdtn'" == "&commit12==1" loc n "_c12"
+		else if "`cdtn'" == "&first_info!=1" loc n "_inf"
+		else loc n "_infc12"
+
+		ci means days_`k' if flag_exclude_exog==0&flag_low_wtp==0 `cdtn'
+		* Store estimates in unique variables
+		local mean = r(mean)
+		local ub = r(ub)
+		local lb = r(lb)
+		gen mean_days`n'_`k' = `mean'
+		gen ub_days`n'_`k' = `ub'
+		gen lb_days`n'_`k' = `lb'
+		
+
+		if `k' != 1 & `k' != 3 & `k' != 12{
+			ci means visits if incentive == `k' &flag_exclude_exog==0& ///
+				flag_low_wtp==0 `cdtn'
+			* Store estimates in unique variables
+			local mean = r(mean)
+			local ub = r(ub)
+			local lb = r(lb)
+			gen mean_visits`n'_`k' = `mean'
+			gen ub_visits`n'_`k' = `ub'
+			gen lb_visits`n'_`k' = `lb'
+			
+			if "`n'" == "_inf"{
+				* Store number of observations
+				if `k' == 0 loc num "zero"
+				else if `k' == 2 loc num "two"
+				else if `k' == 5 loc num "five"
+				else loc num "seven"
+				latex_write incentive`num'infobs `r(N)' numbers
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+*For heterogeneity analysis
+sum commit12 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.
+loc totalobs = r(N)
+sum commit12 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&(control_info==1|new_info==1)
+loc obs : di %5.0fc `r(N)'
+latex_write minfoavgobspe `obs' numbers
+loc obs : di %5.0fc `totalobs'-`r(N)'
+latex_write infodropobs `obs' numbers
+sum commit12 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&(control_info==1|new_info==1)&flag_confusion!=1
+loc obs : di %5.0fc `r(N)'
+latex_write minfoavgnoconfusedobspe `obs' numbers
+
+*** Reshape data and generate additional variables ***
+preserve
+reshape long days_ mean_days_ ub_days_ lb_days_ ///
+	mean_visits_ ub_visits_ lb_visits_ ///
+	mean_days_c12_ ub_days_c12_ lb_days_c12_ ///
+	mean_visits_c12_ ub_visits_c12_ lb_visits_c12_ ///
+	mean_days_inf_ ub_days_inf_ lb_days_inf_ ///
+	mean_visits_inf_ ub_visits_inf_ lb_visits_inf_ ///
+	mean_days_infc12_ ub_days_infc12_ lb_days_infc12_ ///
+	mean_visits_infc12_ ub_visits_infc12_ lb_visits_infc12_, i(id) j(prize)
+rename days_ days
+gen prize2=prize^2
+gen incentivesq=incentive^2
+
+gen visits12=visits>=12
+gen getcommit=treatment=="threshold80_12"
+
+** Create programs to write to latex file **
+** NOTE: these are specific to the commands run below **
+cap program drop latex_write_gmm latex_write_nlcom 
+
+program define latex_write_gmm
+loc obs : di %5.0fc `e(N_clust)'
+latex_write `1'obspe `obs' `2'
+loc k = 1 // lambda is in the first position
+foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta {
+	if `k' == 1 loc fig : di %4.3f [`param']_cons
+	else loc fig : di %4.2f [`param']_cons // store estimate
+	latex_write `param'`1' `fig' `2'
+	matrix temp = e(V)
+	loc lb : di %4.2f [`param']_cons - invnormal(0.975)*sqrt(el(temp,`k',`k'))
+	loc ub : di %4.2f [`param']_cons + invnormal(0.975)*sqrt(el(temp,`k',`k'))
+	loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')"
+	latex_write `param'`1'CI "`ci'" `2'
+	loc ++k
+	}
+end
+
+program define latex_write_nlcom
+	matrix tempb = r(b)
+	matrix tempv = r(V)
+	loc fig : di %4.2f tempb[1,1]
+	loc lb : di %4.2f tempb[1,1] - invnormal(0.975)*sqrt(tempv[1,1])
+	loc ub : di %4.2f tempb[1,1] + invnormal(0.975)*sqrt(tempv[1,1])
+	loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')"
+	latex_write `1' `fig' `2'
+	latex_write `1'CI "`ci'" `2'
+end
+
+
+********** Structural estimates ***********************************************
+
+foreach v in "" "+5" "-10" "+0"{ // minimal cost draws of 0, -5, and 10
+
+*declare locals for naming different versions & storing results
+if "`v'" == ""{
+	loc o ""
+	loc lx "numbers_struct"
+	}
+else if "`v'" == "+5"{
+	loc o "V"
+	loc lx "numbers_struct_appx"
+	}
+else if "`v'" == "-10"{
+	loc o "X"
+	loc lx "numbers_struct_appx"
+	}
+else{
+	loc o "noconfused"
+	loc lx "numbers_struct_appx"
+	drop if flag_confusion==1 // dropping those flagged for possible confusion
+	}
+
+********* Overall estimates ***************************************************
+gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=., ///
+instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+latex_write_gmm all`o' `lx' // store estimates
+
+*actual internality:
+nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom aintall`o' `lx' // store estimates
+
+*naivete statistic:
+nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+latex_write_nlcom naiveall`o' `lx' // store estimates
+
+*expected cost
+nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom expcostall`o' `lx' // store estimate
+
+
+if "`v'" == ""{ // only for baseline
+*compute approx. error in behavior change premium from assumptions
+foreach p in 1 2 3 5 7{ // baseline incentive level
+
+	*increase in incentive
+	if `p' == 1 | `p' == 2 loc delta = 1
+	else if `p' == 3 | `p' == 5 loc delta = 2
+	else loc delta = 5
+	
+	* compute error numerator
+	loc error_numerator = ///
+		`delta' - ( ( exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*([b]_cons + `p')) / ([lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons) ) * (1 - exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*`delta')) ) - ///
+		( `delta' * ( 1 - ( exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*([b]_cons + `p')) * ( (1 + exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*`delta')) / 2 ) ) ) )
+		
+	* compute error denominator
+	loc error_denominator = ///
+		( (1 - [betatilde]_cons) * ( [b]_cons*exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*([b]_cons + `p')) ) * (1 - exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*`delta')) ) + ///
+		( (1 - [betatilde]_cons) * exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*[b]_cons) * ( `p' + ( (1/([lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons)) * (1 - (1 + ([lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*`delta'))*exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*`delta') ) ) ) )
+		
+	*compute the error in percentage terms
+	loc error : di %4.2f abs(`error_numerator'/`error_denominator')*100
+	
+	* export error
+	if `p' == 1 & `delta' == 1 loc errorname "poneDone"
+	else if `p' == 2 & `delta' == 1 loc errorname "ptwoDone"
+	else if `p' == 3 & `delta' == 2 loc errorname "pthreeDtwo"
+	else if `p' == 5 & `delta' == 2 loc errorname "pfiveDtwo"
+	else loc errorname "psevenDfive"
+	latex_write `errorname'error `error' numbers_struct 
+	
+	}
+}
+
+*generate 95% CIs for model values 
+if "`v'" == ""{ // generate plotting variable in the first loop only
+	global obs = _N
+	loc num = _N+241
+	set obs `num'
+	gen plot_incentive = .
+	forval i = 0(.05)12.05{
+		qui replace plot_incentive = `i' if _n == $obs + (`i'*20) + 1
+		}
+	}
+if "`v'" != "+0"{
+	predictnl mean_days_pred`o' = 28*(1-exp(-[lambda]_cons*([betatilde]_cons*([b]_cons+plot_incentive)`v'))) ///
+		if _n > $obs, ci(lb_days_pred`o' ub_days_pred`o') level(95)
+	predictnl mean_visits_pred`o' = 28*(1-exp(-[lambda]_cons*([beta]_cons*([b]_cons+plot_incentive)`v'))) ///
+		if _n > $obs, ci(lb_visits_pred`o' ub_visits_pred`o') level(95)
+
+	*plot model with actual data
+	twoway (conn mean_days_pred`o' plot_incentive, lcolor(black) m(none)) ///
+		(conn ub_days_pred`o' plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(conn lb_days_pred`o' plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(sc mean_days_ prize, msize(small) color(black)) ///
+		(rcap ub_days_ lb_days_ prize, lcolor(black) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)) ///
+		(conn mean_visits_pred`o' plot_incentive, lcolor(red) m(none)) ///
+		(conn ub_visits_pred`o' plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(conn lb_visits_pred`o' plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(sc mean_visits_ prize, m(square) msize(small) color(red)) ///
+		(rcap ub_visits_ lb_visits_ prize, lcolor(red) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)), ///
+		xlab(0(1)12) ylabel(0(5)22, angle(0)) ///
+		xtitle("Per-visit incentive ($)", height(6)) ytitle("Visits", height(6)) ///
+		graphregion(color(white)) plotregion(margin(sides)) ///
+		legend(order(1 2 6 7 4 9) label(1 "Predicted expected visits") label(2 "Prediction 95% CI") label(4 "Average expected visits") label(6 "Predicted realized visits") label(7 "Prediction 95% CI") label(9 "Average realized visits")) legend(rows(3))	
+	graph export overconfidence_estimates`o'.pdf, replace
+	}
+
+
+********* Waves exclusions ****************************************************
+if "`v'" == ""{ // only for baseline
+
+	foreach i in 1 3{ // loop through wave number to be excluded
+	
+		if `i' == 1 loc wname "wtwothree"
+		else loc wname "wonetwo"
+	
+		gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+		(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+		(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+		(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+		(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+		(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+		(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+		if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&wave`i'==0, ///
+		instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+		from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+		latex_write_gmm `wname' `lx' // store estimates
+
+		*actual internality:
+		nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+		latex_write_nlcom aint`wname' `lx' // store estimates
+
+		*naivete statistic:
+		nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+		latex_write_nlcom naive`wname' `lx' // store estimates
+
+		*expected cost
+		nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+		latex_write_nlcom expcost`wname' `lx' // store estimate
+		
+		}
+	}
+
+	
+********** Information ********************************************************
+* information control group
+gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&control_info==1, ///
+instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+latex_write_gmm control`o' `lx'
+
+*actual internality:
+nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom aintcontrol`o' `lx'
+
+*naivete statistic:
+nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+latex_write_nlcom naivecontrol`o' `lx'
+
+*expected cost
+nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom expcostcontrol`o' `lx' // store estimate
+
+* enhanced information treatment group
+gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&new_info==1, ///
+instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+latex_write_gmm treat`o' `lx'
+
+*actual internality:
+nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom ainttreat`o' `lx'
+
+*naivete statistic:
+nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+latex_write_nlcom naivetreat`o' `lx'
+
+*expected cost
+nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom expcosttreat`o' `lx'
+
+
+********** Past attendance ****************************************************
+if "`v'" == ""{ // generate in first loop only
+sum past4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.,d
+loc q1past4=r(p25)
+loc medpast4=r(p50)
+loc q3past4=r(p75)
+gen abovemedpast4=past4>=`medpast4'
+gen belowmedpast4=past4<`medpast4'
+gen qpast4=1 if past4<`q1past4'
+replace qpast4=2 if past4>=`q1past4'&past4<`medpast4'
+replace qpast4=3 if past4>=`medpast4'&past4<`q3past4'
+replace qpast4=4 if past4>=`q3past4'
+}
+
+*by median
+foreach r in "0" "1"{
+
+if "`r'"=="0" loc name "bm"
+else loc name "am"
+
+gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&abovemedpast4==`r', ///
+instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+latex_write_gmm `name'`o' `lx'
+
+*actual internality:
+nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom aint`name'`o' `lx'
+
+*naivete statistic:
+nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+latex_write_nlcom naive`name'`o' `lx'
+
+*expected cost
+nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom expcost`name'`o' `lx'
+
+}	
+
+
+*by median, info treatment, and take-up of 12+ contract - averages with CIs
+loc name "het`o'"
+
+*share in each group
+sum commit12 if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=. 
+loc propcommit12het = r(mean)
+sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==1
+loc meanam = r(mean)
+sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==1&abovemedpast4==1
+loc propamctrlcommit`o' = `meanam'*r(mean)*`propcommit12het'
+loc propaminfocommit`o' = `meanam'*(1 - r(mean))*`propcommit12het'
+sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==1&abovemedpast4==0
+loc propbmctrlcommit`o' = (1 - `meanam')*r(mean)*`propcommit12het'
+loc propbminfocommit`o' = (1 - `meanam')*(1 - r(mean))*`propcommit12het'
+sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==0
+loc meanam = r(mean)
+sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==0&abovemedpast4==1
+loc propamctrlnocommit`o' = `meanam'*r(mean)*(1 - `propcommit12het')
+loc propaminfonocommit`o' = `meanam'*(1 - r(mean))*(1 - `propcommit12het')
+sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==0&abovemedpast4==0
+loc propbmctrlnocommit`o' = (1 - `meanam')*r(mean)*(1 - `propcommit12het')
+loc propbminfonocommit`o' = (1 - `meanam')*(1 - r(mean))*(1 - `propcommit12het')
+
+gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda0}*({betatilde0}*({b0}+prize)`v')))*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-days*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda0}*({beta0}*({b0}+incentive)`v')))*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-visits*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq3: (1-{betatilde0})*diffa2*({b0}+(1+2)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta2*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq4: (1-{betatilde0})*diffa3*({b0}+(2+3)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta3*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq5: (1-{betatilde0})*diffa5*({b0}+(3+5)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta5*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq6: (1-{betatilde0})*diffa7*({b0}+(5+7)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta7*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq7: (1-{betatilde0})*diffa12*({b0}+(7+12)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta12*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq1b:28*(1-exp(-{lambda1}*({betatilde1}*({b1}+prize)`v')))*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-days*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq2b: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda1}*({beta1}*({b1}+incentive)`v')))*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-visits*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq3b: (1-{betatilde1})*diffa2*({b1}+(1+2)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta2*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq4b: (1-{betatilde1})*diffa3*({b1}+(2+3)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta3*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq5b: (1-{betatilde1})*diffa5*({b1}+(3+5)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta5*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq6b: (1-{betatilde1})*diffa7*({b1}+(5+7)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta7*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq7b: (1-{betatilde1})*diffa12*({b1}+(7+12)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta12*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq1c:28*(1-exp(-{lambda2}*({betatilde2}*({b2}+prize)`v')))*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-days*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq2c: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda2}*({beta2}*({b2}+incentive)`v')))*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-visits*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq3c: (1-{betatilde2})*diffa2*({b2}+(1+2)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta2*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq4c: (1-{betatilde2})*diffa3*({b2}+(2+3)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta3*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq5c: (1-{betatilde2})*diffa5*({b2}+(3+5)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta5*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq6c: (1-{betatilde2})*diffa7*({b2}+(5+7)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta7*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq7c: (1-{betatilde2})*diffa12*({b2}+(7+12)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta12*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq1d:28*(1-exp(-{lambda3}*({betatilde3}*({b3}+prize)`v')))*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-days*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq2d: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda3}*({beta3}*({b3}+incentive)`v')))*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-visits*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq3d: (1-{betatilde3})*diffa2*({b3}+(1+2)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta2*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq4d: (1-{betatilde3})*diffa3*({b3}+(2+3)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta3*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq5d: (1-{betatilde3})*diffa5*({b3}+(3+5)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta5*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq6d: (1-{betatilde3})*diffa7*({b3}+(5+7)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta7*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq7d: (1-{betatilde3})*diffa12*({b3}+(7+12)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta12*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) ///
+(eq1e:28*(1-exp(-{lambda4}*({betatilde4}*({b4}+prize)`v')))*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-days*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq2e: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda4}*({beta4}*({b4}+incentive)`v')))*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-visits*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq3e: (1-{betatilde4})*diffa2*({b4}+(1+2)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta2*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq4e: (1-{betatilde4})*diffa3*({b4}+(2+3)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta3*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq5e: (1-{betatilde4})*diffa5*({b4}+(3+5)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta5*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq6e: (1-{betatilde4})*diffa7*({b4}+(5+7)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta7*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq7e: (1-{betatilde4})*diffa12*({b4}+(7+12)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta12*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq1f:28*(1-exp(-{lambda5}*({betatilde5}*({b5}+prize)`v')))*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-days*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq2f: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda5}*({beta5}*({b5}+incentive)`v')))*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-visits*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq3f: (1-{betatilde5})*diffa2*({b5}+(1+2)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta2*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq4f: (1-{betatilde5})*diffa3*({b5}+(2+3)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta3*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq5f: (1-{betatilde5})*diffa5*({b5}+(3+5)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta5*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq6f: (1-{betatilde5})*diffa7*({b5}+(5+7)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta7*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq7f: (1-{betatilde5})*diffa12*({b5}+(7+12)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta12*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq1g:28*(1-exp(-{lambda6}*({betatilde6}*({b6}+prize)`v')))*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-days*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq2g: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda6}*({beta6}*({b6}+incentive)`v')))*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-visits*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq3g: (1-{betatilde6})*diffa2*({b6}+(1+2)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta2*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq4g: (1-{betatilde6})*diffa3*({b6}+(2+3)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta3*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq5g: (1-{betatilde6})*diffa5*({b6}+(3+5)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta5*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq6g: (1-{betatilde6})*diffa7*({b6}+(5+7)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta7*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq7g: (1-{betatilde6})*diffa12*({b6}+(7+12)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta12*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq1h:28*(1-exp(-{lambda7}*({betatilde7}*({b7}+prize)`v')))*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-days*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq2h: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda7}*({beta7}*({b7}+incentive)`v')))*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-visits*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq3h: (1-{betatilde7})*diffa2*({b7}+(1+2)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta2*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq4h: (1-{betatilde7})*diffa3*({b7}+(2+3)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta3*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq5h: (1-{betatilde7})*diffa5*({b7}+(3+5)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta5*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq6h: (1-{betatilde7})*diffa7*({b7}+(5+7)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta7*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+(eq7h: (1-{betatilde7})*diffa12*({b7}+(7+12)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta12*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) ///
+if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&(control_info==1|new_info==1), ///
+instruments(eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+instruments(eq1b: prize prize2) instruments(eq2b:incentive incentivesq) ///
+instruments(eq1c: prize prize2) instruments(eq2c:incentive incentivesq) ///
+instruments(eq1d: prize prize2) instruments(eq2d:incentive incentivesq) ///
+instruments(eq1e: prize prize2) instruments(eq2e:incentive incentivesq) ///
+instruments(eq1f: prize prize2) instruments(eq2f:incentive incentivesq) ///
+instruments(eq1g: prize prize2) instruments(eq2g:incentive incentivesq) ///
+instruments(eq1h: prize prize2) instruments(eq2h:incentive incentivesq) ///
+from (b7 8 b6 8 b5 8 b4 8 b3 8 b2 8 b1 8 b0 8 lambda7 0.06 lambda6 0.06 lambda5 0.06 lambda4 0.06 lambda3 0.06 lambda2 0.06 lambda1 0.06 lambda0 0.06 beta7 0.5 beta6 0.5 beta5 0.5 beta4 0.5 beta3 0.5 beta2 0.5 beta1 0.5 beta0 0.5 betatilde7 0.8 betatilde6 0.8 betatilde5 0.8 betatilde4 0.8 betatilde3 0.8 betatilde2 0.8 betatilde1 0.8 betatilde0 0.8) ///
+ vce(cluster id) winitial(identity)
+foreach p in b lambda beta betatilde{
+	nlcom [`p'0]_cons*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+		[`p'1]_cons*`propaminfocommit`o'' + ///
+		[`p'2]_cons*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+		[`p'3]_cons*`propbminfocommit`o'' + ///
+		[`p'4]_cons*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+		[`p'5]_cons*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + ///
+		[`p'6]_cons*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+		[`p'7]_cons*`propbminfonocommit`o''
+	latex_write_nlcom `p'minfoavg`name' `lx'
+	}
+
+*actual internality:
+nlcom (1-[beta0]_cons)*[b0]_cons*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[beta1]_cons)*[b1]_cons*`propaminfocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[beta2]_cons)*[b2]_cons*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[beta3]_cons)*[b3]_cons*`propbminfocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[beta4]_cons)*[b4]_cons*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[beta5]_cons)*[b5]_cons*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[beta6]_cons)*[b6]_cons*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[beta7]_cons)*[b7]_cons*`propbminfonocommit`o''
+latex_write_nlcom aintminfoavg`name' `lx'
+
+*naivete statistic:
+nlcom (1-[betatilde0]_cons)/(1-[beta0]_cons)*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[betatilde1]_cons)/(1-[beta1]_cons)*`propaminfocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[betatilde2]_cons)/(1-[beta2]_cons)*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[betatilde3]_cons)/(1-[beta3]_cons)*`propbminfocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[betatilde4]_cons)/(1-[beta4]_cons)*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[betatilde5]_cons)/(1-[beta5]_cons)*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[betatilde6]_cons)/(1-[beta6]_cons)*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1-[betatilde7]_cons)/(1-[beta7]_cons)*`propbminfonocommit`o''
+latex_write_nlcom naiveminfoavg`name' `lx'
+
+*expected cost
+nlcom (1/[lambda0]_cons)*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+	(1/[lambda1]_cons)*`propaminfocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1/[lambda2]_cons)*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+	(1/[lambda3]_cons)*`propbminfocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1/[lambda4]_cons)*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1/[lambda5]_cons)*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1/[lambda6]_cons)*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+	(1/[lambda7]_cons)*`propbminfonocommit`o''
+latex_write_nlcom expcostminfoavg`name' `lx'
+
+if "`v'" != "+0"{
+	*generate 95% CIs for model values
+	predictnl mean_days_minfo`name'_pred = ///
+		28*((1-exp(-[lambda0]_cons*([betatilde0]_cons*([b0]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda1]_cons*([betatilde1]_cons*([b1]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propaminfocommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda2]_cons*([betatilde2]_cons*([b2]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda3]_cons*([betatilde3]_cons*([b3]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbminfocommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda4]_cons*([betatilde4]_cons*([b4]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda5]_cons*([betatilde5]_cons*([b5]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda6]_cons*([betatilde6]_cons*([b6]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda7]_cons*([betatilde7]_cons*([b7]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbminfonocommit`o'') ///
+		if _n > $obs, ci(lb_days_minfo`name'_pred ub_days_minfo`name'_pred) level(95)
+	predictnl mean_visits_minfo`name'_pred = ///
+		28*((1-exp(-[lambda0]_cons*([beta0]_cons*([b0]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda1]_cons*([beta1]_cons*([b1]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propaminfocommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda2]_cons*([beta2]_cons*([b2]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda3]_cons*([beta3]_cons*([b3]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbminfocommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda4]_cons*([beta4]_cons*([b4]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda5]_cons*([beta5]_cons*([b5]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda6]_cons*([beta6]_cons*([b6]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + ///
+			(1-exp(-[lambda7]_cons*([beta7]_cons*([b7]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbminfonocommit`o'')	///
+		if _n > $obs, ci(lb_visits_minfo`name'_pred ub_visits_minfo`name'_pred) level(95)
+
+	*plot model with actual data
+	twoway (conn mean_days_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lcolor(black) m(none)) ///
+		(conn ub_days_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(conn lb_days_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(sc mean_days_inf_ prize, msize(small) color(black)) ///
+		(rcap ub_days_inf_ lb_days_inf_ prize, lcolor(black) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)) ///
+		(conn mean_visits_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lcolor(red) m(none)) ///
+		(conn ub_visits_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(conn lb_visits_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(sc mean_visits_inf_ prize, m(square) msize(small) color(red)) ///
+		(rcap ub_visits_inf_ lb_visits_inf_ prize, lcolor(red) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)), ///
+		xlab(0(1)12) ylabel(0(5)22, angle(0)) ///
+		xtitle("Per-visit incentive ($)", height(6)) ytitle("Visits", height(6)) ///
+		graphregion(color(white)) plotregion(margin(sides)) ///
+		legend(order(1 2 6 7 4 9) label(1 "Predicted expected visits") label(2 "Prediction 95% CI") label(4 "Average expected visits") label(6 "Predicted realized visits") label(7 "Prediction 95% CI") label(9 "Average realized visits")) legend(rows(3))		
+	graph export overconfidence_estimates_past4_info_`name'.pdf, replace
+
+	*by median and take-up of commitment contract
+	forval j = 8(4)16{
+
+		if `j' == 8 loc x "e"
+		else if `j' == 12 loc x ""
+		else loc x "s"
+
+		foreach r in "0&commit`j'==1" "1&commit`j'==1" "0&commit`j'==0" "1&commit`j'==0"{
+
+		if "`r'"=="0&commit`j'==1" loc name "bmcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==1" loc name "amcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="0&commit`j'==0" loc name "bmnocommit`x'`o'"
+		else loc name "amnocommit`x'`o'"
+
+		gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+		(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+		(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+		(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+		(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+		(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+		(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+		if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&abovemedpast4==`r', ///
+		instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+		from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+		foreach p in b lambda beta betatilde{
+			loc `p'`name' = [`p']_cons
+			}
+		}
+
+		*share in each group
+		sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1
+		loc propamcommit`x'`o' = r(mean)
+		loc propbmcommit`x'`o' = 1 - r(mean)
+		loc propmavgcommit`x'`o' = 1
+		sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0
+		loc propamnocommit`x'`o' = r(mean)
+		loc propbmnocommit`x'`o' = 1 - r(mean)
+
+	}
+
+	*by quartile of past attendance and take-up of commitment contract (for export)
+	forval j = 8(4)16{
+
+		if `j' == 8 loc x "e"
+		else if `j' == 12 loc x ""
+		else loc x "s"
+
+		foreach r in "1&commit`j'==1" "2&commit`j'==1" "3&commit`j'==1" "4&commit`j'==1" "1&commit`j'==0" "2&commit`j'==0" "3&commit`j'==0" "4&commit`j'==0"{
+
+		if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==1" loc name "qfstcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==1" loc name "qsndcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==1" loc name "qthdcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="4&commit`j'==1" loc name "qfthcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==0" loc name "qfstnocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==0" loc name "qsndnocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==0" loc name "qthdnocommit`x'`o'"
+		else loc name "qfthnocommit`x'`o'"
+
+		gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+		(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+		(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+		(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+		(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+		(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+		(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+		if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&qpast4==`r', ///
+		instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+		from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+		foreach p in b lambda beta betatilde{
+			loc `p'`name' = [`p']_cons
+			}
+		}
+
+		*share in each group
+		sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==0&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1
+		loc propqfstcommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmcommit`x'`o''
+		loc propqsndcommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmcommit`x'`o''
+		sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1
+		loc propqthdcommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamcommit`x'`o''
+		loc propqfthcommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamcommit`x'`o''
+		sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==0&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0
+		loc propqfstnocommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o''
+		loc propqsndnocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o''
+		sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0
+		loc propqthdnocommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamnocommit`x'`o''
+		loc propqfthnocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamnocommit`x'`o''
+		
+	}
+
+	*by median, info treatment, & take-up of each commitment contract
+	forval j = 8(4)16{
+
+		if `j' == 8 loc x "e"
+		else if `j' == 12 loc x ""
+		else loc x "s"
+		
+		foreach r in "0&control_info==1&commit`j'==1" "0&new_info==1&commit`j'==1" "1&control_info==1&commit`j'==1" "1&new_info==1&commit`j'==1" "0&control_info==1&commit`j'==0" "0&new_info==1&commit`j'==0" "1&control_info==1&commit`j'==0" "1&new_info==1&commit`j'==0" {
+
+		if "`r'"=="0&control_info==1&commit`j'==1" loc name "bmctrlcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="0&new_info==1&commit`j'==1" loc name "bminfocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="1&control_info==1&commit`j'==1" loc name "amctrlcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="1&new_info==1&commit`j'==1" loc name "aminfocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="0&control_info==1&commit`j'==0" loc name "bmctrlnocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="0&new_info==1&commit`j'==0" loc name "bminfonocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="1&control_info==1&commit`j'==0" loc name "amctrlnocommit`x'`o'"
+		else loc name "aminfonocommit`x'`o'"
+
+		gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+		(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+		(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+		(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+		(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+		(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+		(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+		if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&abovemedpast4==`r', ///
+		instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+		from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+		foreach p in b lambda beta betatilde{
+			loc `p'`name' = [`p']_cons
+			}
+		}
+
+		*share in each group
+		sum commit`j' if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.
+		loc propcommit
+		sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1
+		loc meanam = r(mean)
+		sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1&abovemedpast4==1
+		loc propamctrlcommit`x'`o' = `meanam'*r(mean)
+		loc propaminfocommit`x'`o' = `meanam'*(1 - r(mean))
+		sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1&abovemedpast4==0
+		loc propbmctrlcommit`x'`o' = (1 - `meanam')*r(mean)
+		loc propbminfocommit`x'`o' = (1 - `meanam')*(1 - r(mean))
+		sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0
+		loc meanam = r(mean)
+		sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0&abovemedpast4==1
+		loc propamctrlnocommit`x'`o' = `meanam'*r(mean)
+		loc propaminfonocommit`x'`o' = `meanam'*(1 - r(mean))
+		sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0&abovemedpast4==0	
+		loc propbmctrlnocommit`x'`o' = (1 - `meanam')*r(mean)
+		loc propbminfonocommit`x'`o' = (1 - `meanam')*(1 - r(mean))
+		
+		}
+		
+	*by quartile, info treatment, & take-up of 12 visit commitment contract	
+	loc j = 12 // for 12+ visits contract only
+	loc x ""
+	foreach r in "1&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" "2&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" "3&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" "4&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" "1&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" "2&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" "3&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" "4&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" {
+
+		if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" loc name "qfstctrlcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" loc name "qsndctrlcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" loc name "qthdctrlcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="4&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" loc name "qfthctrlcommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==0&control_info==1" loc name "qfstctrlnocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==0&control_info==1" loc name "qsndctrlnocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==0&control_info==1" loc name "qthdctrlnocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="4&commit`j'==0&control_info==1" loc name "qfthctrlnocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" loc name "qfstinfocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" loc name "qsndinfocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" loc name "qthdinfocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="4&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" loc name "qfthinfocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==0&new_info==1" loc name "qfstinfonocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==0&new_info==1" loc name "qsndinfonocommit`x'`o'"
+		else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==0&new_info==1" loc name "qthdinfonocommit`x'`o'"
+		else loc name "qfthinfonocommit`x'`o'"
+
+		gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+		(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+		(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+		(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+		(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+		(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+		(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+		if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&qpast4==`r', ///
+		instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+		from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+		foreach p in b lambda beta betatilde{
+			loc `p'`name' = [`p']_cons
+			}
+		}
+
+	*share in each group
+	forval k = 1/4{
+		sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0&qpast4==`k'
+		loc propctrlq`k' = r(mean)
+		}
+	sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==0&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1
+	loc propqfstctrlcommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmcommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq1'
+	loc propqfstinfocommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmcommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq1')
+	loc propqsndctrlcommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmcommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq2'
+	loc propqsndinfocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmcommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq2')
+	sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1
+	loc propqthdctrlcommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamcommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq3'
+	loc propqthdinfocommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamcommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq3')
+	loc propqfthctrlcommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamcommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq4'
+	loc propqfthinfocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamcommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq4')
+	sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==0&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0
+	loc propqfstctrlnocommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq1'
+	loc propqfstinfonocommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq1')
+	loc propqsndctrlnocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq2'
+	loc propqsndinfonocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq2')
+	sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0
+	loc propqthdctrlnocommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamnocommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq3'
+	loc propqthdinfonocommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamnocommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq3')
+	loc propqfthctrlnocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamnocommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq4'
+	loc propqfthinfonocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamnocommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq4')
+
+	}
+
+
+********** Commitment contract - 12 visits ************************************
+
+gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==1, ///
+instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+latex_write_gmm twelve`o' `lx'
+
+*for export
+foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta {
+	loc `param'commit12`o' = [`param']_cons
+	}
+
+*actual internality:
+nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom ainttwelve`o' `lx'
+
+*naivete statistic:
+nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+latex_write_nlcom naivetwelve`o' `lx'
+
+*expected cost
+nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom expcosttwelve`o' `lx'
+
+*take-up rate
+sum commit12 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=. 
+loc propcommit12`o' = r(mean)
+loc propnocommit12`o' = 1 - r(mean) 
+
+if "`v'" == ""{ // baseline only
+
+	*generate 95% CIs for model values
+	predictnl mean_days_c12_pred = ///
+		28*(1-exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*([b]_cons+plot_incentive))) ///
+		if _n > $obs, ci(lb_days_c12_pred ub_days_c12_pred) level(95)
+	predictnl mean_visits_c12_pred = ///
+		28*(1-exp(-[lambda]_cons*[beta]_cons*([b]_cons+plot_incentive))) ///
+		if _n > $obs, ci(lb_visits_c12_pred ub_visits_c12_pred) level(95)
+
+	*plot model with actual data
+	twoway (conn mean_days_c12_pred plot_incentive, lcolor(black) m(none)) ///
+		(conn ub_days_c12_pred plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(conn lb_days_c12_pred plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(sc mean_days_c12_ prize, msize(small) color(black)) ///
+		(rcap ub_days_c12_ lb_days_c12_ prize, lcolor(black) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)) ///
+		(conn mean_visits_c12_pred plot_incentive, lcolor(red) m(none)) ///
+		(conn ub_visits_c12_pred plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(conn lb_visits_c12_pred plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) ///
+		(sc mean_visits_c12_ prize, m(square) msize(small) color(red)) ///
+		(rcap ub_visits_c12_ lb_visits_c12_ prize, lcolor(red) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)), ///
+		xlab(0(1)12) ylabel(0(5)22, angle(0)) ///
+		xtitle("Per-visit incentive ($)", height(6)) ytitle("Visits", height(6)) ///
+		graphregion(color(white)) plotregion(margin(sides)) ///
+		legend(order(1 2 6 7 4 9) label(1 "Predicted expected visits") label(2 "Prediction 95% CI") label(4 "Average expected visits") label(6 "Predicted realized visits") label(7 "Prediction 95% CI") label(9 "Average realized visits")) legend(rows(3))	
+	graph export overconfidence_estimates_commit12.pdf, replace
+
+	**lower bound on how bad commitment contracts are:
+	loc internalityC12=(1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+	* impact on visits
+	reg visits getcommit if wave3==1&(getcommit==1|incentive==0)&commit12==1
+	loc internalityBenefit=_b[getcommit]*`internalityC12'
+	di `internalityBenefit'
+	* financial loss
+	qui sum visits12 if commit12==1&getcommit==1
+	loc lose=1-r(mean)
+	loc dollarslost=`lose'*80
+	di `dollarslost'
+	* net loss:
+	di `dollarslost'-`internalityBenefit'
+
+}
+
+*rejected contract
+if "`v'" != "+0"{
+	gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+	(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+	(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+	(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+	(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+	(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+	(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+	if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==0, ///
+	instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+	from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+	if "`v'" == "" latex_write_gmm notwelve `lx' // baseline only
+
+	*for export
+	foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta {
+		loc `param'nocommit12`o' = [`param']_cons
+		}
+
+	if "`v'" == ""{ // baseline only
+		*actual internality:
+		nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+		latex_write_nlcom aintnotwelve `lx'
+
+		*naivete statistic:
+		nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+		latex_write_nlcom naivenotwelve `lx'
+
+		*expected cost
+		nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+		latex_write_nlcom expcostnotwelve `lx'
+		}
+	}
+
+
+********** Commitment contract - 8 visits *************************************
+
+gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit8==1, ///
+instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+latex_write_gmm eight`o' `lx'
+
+*for export
+foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta {
+	loc `param'commit8`o' = [`param']_cons
+	}
+
+*actual internality:
+nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom ainteight`o' `lx'
+
+*naivete statistic:
+nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+latex_write_nlcom naiveeight`o' `lx'
+
+*expected cost
+nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom expcosteight`o' `lx'
+
+*take-up rate
+sum commit8 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=. 
+loc propcommit8`o' = r(mean)
+loc propnocommit8`o' = 1 -r(mean)
+
+
+* rejected contract
+if "`v'" != "+0"{
+	gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+	(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+	(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+	(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+	(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+	(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+	(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+	if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit8==0, ///
+	instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+	from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+	if "`v'" == "" latex_write_gmm noeight `lx' // baseline only
+
+	*for export
+	foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta {
+		loc `param'nocommit8`o' = [`param']_cons
+		}
+
+	if "`v'" == ""{ // baseline only
+		*actual internality:
+		nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+		latex_write_nlcom aintnoeight `lx'
+
+		*naivete statistic:
+		nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+		latex_write_nlcom naivenoeight `lx'
+
+		*expected cost
+		nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+		latex_write_nlcom expcostnoeight `lx'
+		}
+	}
+
+
+********** Commitment contract - 16 visits ************************************
+
+gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit16==1, ///
+instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+latex_write_gmm sixteen`o' `lx'
+
+*for export
+foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta {
+	loc `param'commit16`o' = [`param']_cons
+	}
+
+*actual internality:
+nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom aintsixteen`o' `lx'
+
+*naivete statistic:
+nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+latex_write_nlcom naivesixteen`o' `lx'
+
+*expected cost
+nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+latex_write_nlcom expcostsixteen`o' `lx'
+
+*take-up rate
+sum commit16 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=. 
+loc propcommit16`o' = r(mean)
+loc propnocommit16`o' = 1 -r(mean)
+
+
+* rejected contract
+if "`v'" != "+0"{
+	gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) ///
+	(eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) ///
+	(eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) ///
+	(eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) ///
+	(eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) ///
+	(eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) ///
+	(eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) ///
+	if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit16==0, ///
+	instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) ///
+	from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog
+	if "`v'" == "" latex_write_gmm nosixteen `lx' // baseline only
+
+	*for export
+	foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta {
+		loc `param'nocommit16`o' = [`param']_cons
+		}
+
+	if "`v'" == ""{ // baseline only
+		*actual internality:
+		nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons
+		latex_write_nlcom aintnosixteen `lx'
+
+		*naivete statistic:
+		nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons)
+		latex_write_nlcom naivenosixteen `lx'
+
+		*expected cost
+		nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons
+		latex_write_nlcom expcostnosixteen `lx'
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+	
+restore
+
+
+********** Export estimates from each subsample to a file *********************
+
+foreach o in "" "V" "X"{
+
+	foreach f in bmcommit`o' amcommit`o' bmnocommit`o' amnocommit`o' ///
+		bmcommite`o' amcommite`o' bmnocommite`o' amnocommite`o' ///
+		bmcommits`o' amcommits`o' bmnocommits`o' amnocommits`o' ///
+		qfstcommit`o' qsndcommit`o' qthdcommit`o' qfthcommit`o' ///
+		qfstnocommit`o' qsndnocommit`o' qthdnocommit`o' qfthnocommit`o' ///
+		qfstcommite`o' qsndcommite`o' qthdcommite`o' qfthcommite`o' ///
+		qfstnocommite`o' qsndnocommite`o' qthdnocommite`o' qfthnocommite`o' ///
+		qfstcommits`o' qsndcommits`o' qthdcommits`o' qfthcommits`o' ///
+		qfstnocommits`o' qsndnocommits`o' qthdnocommits`o' qfthnocommits`o' ///
+		qfstctrlcommit`o' qsndctrlcommit`o' qthdctrlcommit`o' qfthctrlcommit`o' ///
+		qfstinfocommit`o' qsndinfocommit`o' qthdinfocommit`o' qfthinfocommit`o' ///
+		bmctrlcommit`o' bminfocommit`o' amctrlcommit`o' aminfocommit`o' ///
+		bmctrlnocommit`o' bminfonocommit`o' amctrlnocommit`o' aminfonocommit`o' ///
+		bmctrlcommite`o' bminfocommite`o' amctrlcommite`o' aminfocommite`o' ///
+		bmctrlnocommite`o' bminfonocommite`o' amctrlnocommite`o' aminfonocommite`o' ///
+		bmctrlcommits`o' bminfocommits`o' amctrlcommits`o' aminfocommits`o' ///
+		bmctrlnocommits`o' bminfonocommits`o' amctrlnocommits`o' aminfonocommits`o' ///
+		commit12`o' nocommit12`o' commit8`o' nocommit8`o' commit16`o' nocommit16`o'{
+
+		preserve
+		clear
+		set obs 1
+		foreach p in lambda beta betatilde b prop{
+			gen `p' = ``p'`f''
+			}
+		outsheet using "parameter_estimates/`f'.csv", comma replace
+		restore
+		}
+		
+	}
+	
+	
+********** Empirical moments **************************************************
+
+preserve
+* restrict sample
+keep if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0
+
+*generate variables
+gen got_contract = 1 if treatment == "threshold80_12"
+replace got_contract = 0 if treatment == "control"
+gen success = visits >= 12
+
+*change in attendance due to contract
+reg visits got_contract wave? if commit12==1
+matrix temp = r(table)'
+loc b : di %4.2f temp[1,1]
+loc lb : di %4.2f temp[1,5]
+loc ub : di %4.2f temp[1,6]
+loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')"
+latex_write empirDaC `b' numbers
+latex_write empirDaCCI "`ci'" numbers
+
+*probability of meeting threshold (with and w/out the contract)
+reg success wave? if commit12==1&treatment=="control"
+matrix temp = r(table)'
+loc b : di %4.2f temp[4,1]
+loc lb : di %4.2f temp[4,5]
+loc ub : di %4.2f temp[4,6]
+loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')"
+latex_write empirctrlPmeet `b' numbers
+latex_write empirctrlPmeetCI "`ci'" numbers
+
+reg success if commit12==1&treatment=="threshold80_12"
+matrix temp = r(table)'
+loc b : di %4.2f temp[1,1]
+loc lb : di %4.2f temp[1,5]
+loc ub : di %4.2f temp[1,6]
+loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')"
+latex_write empirtreatPmeet `b' numbers
+latex_write empirtreatPmeetCI "`ci'" numbers
+
+*change in probability of meeting threshold
+reg success got_contract wave? if commit12==1
+matrix temp = r(table)'
+loc b : di %4.2f temp[1,1]
+loc lb : di %4.2f temp[1,5]
+loc ub : di %4.2f temp[1,6]
+loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')"
+latex_write empirDmeet `b' numbers
+latex_write empirDmeetCI "`ci'" numbers
+restore

107/replication_package/Code/Stata/Tables.do

@@ -0,0 +1,708 @@
+*** TABLES FOR Carrera, Royer, Stehr, Sydnor, and Taubinsky (2021) ************
+*******************************************************************************
+
+*** Initial set-up ***
+clear
+eststo clear
+set more off
+
+*** Set directory for output ***
+cd "$main/Output"
+/* Note: all tables will output to the working directory. Uses a program from
+   master_do_file_for_analysis.do */
+
+
+*** Load and clean experimental data ******************************************
+
+*** Load dataset ***
+use "$main/Data/cleaned_commitment_study_data", clear
+
+*** Variable Creation & Cleaning Steps ***
+*** Create an ID variable for use when reshaping long 
+gen id = _n
+
+*** Generate info treatment indicators
+gen first_info = type_of_info=="1-onlygraph" 
+gen new_info = type_of_info=="2-graphplus" 
+gen control_info = (new_info == 0 & first_info == 0) 
+
+*** Generate wave indicators
+gen wave1 = (wave == "fall") 
+gen wave2 = (wave == "winter")
+gen wave3 = (wave == "spring")
+
+*** Define anticommitment/commitment variables for each threshold
+gen anticommit8 = q170 ==2 if q170<.
+gen commit8 = q169 ==2 if q169<.
+gen anticommit12 = chose_anticommit11
+gen commit12 = chose_commit12
+gen anticommit16 = q296==2 if q296<.
+gen commit16 = q295 ==2 if q295<.
+
+*** Rescale percent variable
+foreach var of varlist percent*{
+	replace `var' = `var'/100
+	}
+	
+*** Store number of observations in exclusions
+sum flag_low_wtp
+loc lowwtp `r(sum)'
+latex_write lowwtpobs `lowwtp' numbers
+sum flag_exclude_exog
+loc endog `r(sum)'
+latex_write nexogobs `endog' numbers
+loc totalexcl = `lowwtp' + `endog'
+latex_write excludeobs `totalexcl' numbers
+
+* Wave 3
+sum flag_low_wtp if wave3 == 1
+latex_write lowwtpobswthree `r(sum)' numbers
+sum flag_exclude_exog if wave3 == 1
+latex_write nexogobswthree `r(sum)' numbers
+
+*** Store number of participants in each wave before exclusions
+forval i = 1/3{
+
+	if `i' == 1 loc wname "wone"
+	else if `i' == 2 loc wname "wtwo"
+	else loc wname "wthree"
+
+	sum wave`i' if wave`i' == 1
+	loc obs = r(N)
+	latex_write `wname'obs `obs' numbers
+	}
+
+*** Store share of participants who prefer nothing to contingent $80
+sum prefer80contingent_to_0
+loc pctpreferzero : di %2.1f (1-r(mean))*100
+latex_write pctpreferzero `pctpreferzero' numbers
+	
+*** Restrict sample to those exogenously assigned incentives
+keep if flag_low_wtp == 0 & flag_exclude_exog == 0
+
+
+*** Descriptive Statistics (appendix_descriptive_stats.tex) *******************
+
+*** Generate variables and labels for the table ***
+gen ft_student = student==1 if student<.
+gen ft_working = working==1 if working<.
+gen fpt_working = working<3 if working<.
+gen advanced_degree = educ==5
+replace married = married==1 if married<.
+recode age  (1 = 24) (2=35.5 ) (3=45.5) (4=57.5) (5=70) , gen(imp_age)
+recode income_cat  (1 = 18000) (2=37500 ) (3=75500) (4=150000) (5=.) , gen(imp_inc)
+
+label var female "Female" 
+label var imp_inc "Household income$^a$"
+label var married "Married"
+label var ft_student "Student, full-time"
+label var fpt_working "Working, full- or part-time"
+label var advanced "Advanced degree$^b$"
+label var imp_age "Age$^a$"
+label var past4 "Visits in the past 4 weeks, recorded"
+label var visits_100 "$\hspace{0.5cm}$ Visits, recorded"
+label var past100days_went "$\hspace{0.5cm}$ Visits, self-recollection"
+label var past100days_should "Days that \textit{I should have gone, but didn't}"
+label var days_0 "Best guess of days I will attend in next 4 weeks"
+label var goal "Goal for visits in next 4 weeks"
+
+gen wave_num = "Wave 1" if wave=="fall"
+replace wave_num="Wave 2" if wave=="winter"
+replace wave_num="Wave 3" if wave=="spring"
+tab wave_num // N = 1248 (340 in Wave 1, 509 in Wave 2, 399 in Wave 3)
+
+*** Produce statistics for the table ***
+estpost tabstat female imp_age ft_student fpt_working married advanced_degree imp_inc past4, by(wave_num)  statistics(mean sd) columns(statistics)
+
+*** Export table
+#delimit;
+estout . using `"appendix_descriptive_stats.tex"' ,
+cells(mean(fmt(%3.2fc %3.2fc %3.2fc %3.2fc %3.2fc %3.2fc %8.0gc %3.2fc) star) 
+sd(fmt(%3.2fc %3.2fc %3.2fc %3.2fc %3.2fc %3.2fc %8.0gc %3.2fc) par))
+starlevels(\sym{*} 0.05 \sym{**} 0.01 \sym{***} 0.001, label(" \(p<@\)"))
+varwidth(20) modelwidth(12) unstack delimiter(&) end(\\)
+prehead(`"{"' `"\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}"' `"\begin{tabular}{l*{@E}{c}}"' `"\hline"') posthead("\hline")
+postfoot(`"\hline"' `"\addlinespace"' `"N & 340 & 509 & 399 & 1,248 \\"'  `"\hline\hline"' `"\end{tabular}"' `"}"' )
+label varlabels(_cons Constant, end("" [1em]) nolast) mlabels(none) nonumbers
+collabels(none) substitute(_ \_ "\_cons " \_cons "Total" "Overall")
+interaction(" $\times$ ") notype level(95) style(tex) replace;
+
+#delimit cr
+
+
+*** (CCtable.tex) *************************************************************
+*** This table was created by hand, so no tex output is produced for it *******
+
+local commitlist "8 12 16"
+
+*** Summarize take-up of commitment contracts ***
+foreach X of local commitlist {
+  * Declare local for labeling
+  if `X' == 8 loc num "eight"
+  else if `X' == 12 loc num "twelve"
+  else loc num "sixteen"
+  * Chose "more" contract
+  summarize commit`X'
+  * Store mean and number of observations
+  loc takeup = round(r(mean)*100)
+  loc takeup : di %2.0f `takeup'
+  latex_write commit`num'rate `takeup' numbers
+  local obsnum : di %5.0fc `r(N)'
+  if r(N) > 1000 loc obsnum = subinstr("`obsnum'",",","{,}",.)
+  latex_write commit`num'obs `obsnum' numbers
+  * Chose "fewer" contract
+  summarize anticommit`X'
+  * Chose "more" given chose "fewer"
+  summarize commit`X' if anticommit`X'==1
+  * Chose "fewer" given chose "more"
+  summarize anticommit`X' if commit`X'==1
+  * Difference between "more" and "more" given chose "fewer" means
+  gen commit`X'_cdtn = commit`X' if anticommit`X'==1
+  ttest commit`X'_cdtn = commit`X', unpaired
+  * Difference between "fewer" and "fewer" given chose "more" means
+  gen anticommit`X'_cdtn = anticommit`X' if commit`X'==1
+  ttest anticommit`X'_cdtn = anticommit`X', unpaired
+}  
+
+
+*** (CCBeliefs2.tex) **********************************************************
+
+*** Regress expected days vs. probability of meeting threshold, all participants
+reg days_0 percent_meet_commit12, robust
+est store est11
+
+reg days_0 percent_meet_anticommit, robust
+est store est12
+
+reg days_0 percent_meet_commit12 percent_meet_anticommit, robust
+est store est13
+
+* Difference of coefficients ("More"-"Fewer")
+nlcom diff: _b[percent_meet_commit12]-_b[percent_meet_anticommit], post
+
+* Store differences
+local b : di %4.2f _b[diff]
+local se : di %4.2f _se[diff]
+estadd local diffb "`b'***" : est13 // know significance level via inspection
+estadd local diffse "(`se')" : est13
+
+*** Regress expected days vs. probability of meeting threshold, chose commit & anticommit
+reg days_0 percent_meet_commit12 percent_meet_anticommit ///
+	if commit12 == 1 & anticommit12 == 1, robust
+est store est14
+
+* Difference of coefficients ("More"-"Fewer")
+nlcom diff: _b[percent_meet_commit12]-_b[percent_meet_anticommit], post
+
+* Store differences
+local b : di %4.2f _b[diff]
+local se : di %4.2f _se[diff]
+estadd local diffb "`b'***" : est14 // know significance level via inspection
+estadd local diffse "(`se')" : est14
+
+*** Export table
+estout est11 est12 est13 est14 using CCBeliefs2.tex, style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) ///
+cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f))  se(par fmt(%9.2f)) ) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+keep(percent_meet_commit12 percent_meet_anticommit) wrap varwidth(25) ///
+order(percent_meet_commit12 percent_meet_anticommit) ///
+mgroups("Subjective expected attendance without incentives", pattern(1 0 0 0) ///
+span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+stats(N diffb diffse, l("N" "\hline \`\`More'' $-$ \`\`Fewer''" " ") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+varlabels(percent_meet_commit12 "Subj. prob. succeed in \lq\lq more\rq\rq\, contract" percent_meet_anticommit "Subj. prob. succeed in \lq\lq fewer\rq\rq\, contract") ///
+collabels(,none) mlabels("(1)" "(2)" "(3)" "(4)") ///
+prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+posthead("\hline") prefoot() postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+
+
+*** (regs_{avg_delta_ex_1,commit}_all.tex) ************************************
+	
+*** Generate variable for expected attendace w/incentive given
+gen days_exp = .
+foreach i in 0 1 2 3 5 7{
+	replace days_exp = days_`i' if incentive == `i'
+	}
+	
+*** Generate variables for gaps between goal, past, expected, & actual attendance
+gen gap_goal_exp = goal - days_0 // under no incentive
+gen gap_goal_past = goal - past4
+gen gap_actual_exp = visits - days_exp
+
+
+*** Generate behavior change premium variables (second-order approximation)
+gen delta1=(wtp1) - (days_1+days_0)/2
+gen delta2 = (wtp2-wtp1) - (days_2+days_1)/2
+gen delta3=(wtp3-wtp2) - (days_3+days_2)/2
+gen delta5=(wtp5-wtp3)/(5-3) - (days_5+days_3)/2
+gen delta7=(wtp7-wtp5)/(7-5) - (days_7+days_5)/2
+gen delta12=(wtp12-wtp7)/(12-7) - (days_12+days_7)/2
+gen avg_delta_ex1 = (delta2 + delta3 + delta5 + delta7 + delta12)/5
+	
+
+** Store number of observations without an incentive
+gen got_contract = (incentive == .)
+sum got_contract
+latex_write gotcontractobs `r(sum)' numbers
+
+
+*** Perform series of analyses for whole sample
+
+* Declare restriction for following analysis
+loc restrict "!missing(incentive)"
+	
+* Store means and standard deviations
+foreach v in gap_goal_exp gap_actual_exp{
+	if "`v'" == "gap_goal_exp" loc name "goalexp"
+	else loc name "actexp"
+	sum `v' if `restrict'
+	loc mean : di %4.2f r(mean)
+	loc sd : di %4.2f r(sd)
+	latex_write `name'mean `mean' numbers
+	latex_write `name'sd `sd' numbers
+	}
+	
+* Generate z-scores for variables with constant restriction
+foreach dvar in gap_goal_exp gap_actual_exp avg_delta_ex1{
+	sum `dvar' if `restrict'
+	gen z_`dvar' = (`dvar' - r(mean)) / r(sd) if `restrict'
+	}
+	
+* Run regressions of behavior change premium with regressors & constant restriction
+eststo clear
+loc k = 1
+foreach controls in "" "female i.income_cat married ft_student fpt_working advanced i.age_cat"{
+	foreach covar in "first_info new_info" "first_info new_info z_gap_goal_exp" "first_info new_info z_gap_actual_exp"{
+
+		* Run regression
+		reg avg_delta_ex1 wave2 wave3 `covar' `controls' if `restrict', r
+		eststo spec_`k'
+		
+		* Store coefficients from certain regressions
+		if `k' == 1{
+			loc coeff : di %4.2f _b[new_info]
+			latex_write enhinfobcpcoeff `coeff' numbers
+			}
+		else if `k' == 2{
+			loc coeff : di %4.2f _b[z_gap_goal_exp]
+			latex_write goalexpbcpcoeff `coeff' numbers
+			}
+		else if `k' == 3{
+			loc coeff : di %4.2f _b[z_gap_actual_exp]
+			latex_write actualexpbcpcoeff `coeff' numbers
+			}
+		
+		* Store dependent variable mean
+		ci means avg_delta_ex1 if `restrict' & !missing(gap_actual_exp)
+		local m : di %4.2f r(mean)
+		local se : di %4.2f r(se)
+		estadd local dvmean `m'
+		estadd local dvse "(`se')"
+		ci means avg_delta_ex1 if `restrict' & !missing(gap_actual_exp) & ///
+			control_info == 1
+		local mcontrol : di %4.2f r(mean)
+		local secontrol : di %4.2f r(se)
+		estadd local dvmeancontrol `mcontrol'
+		if `k' == 1 latex_write bcpinfoctrlmean `mcontrol' numbers
+		estadd local dvsecontrol "(`secontrol')"
+		estadd local wavefe "Yes"
+		if `k' == 1 latex_write bcpregmean `m' numbers
+		if "`controls'" != "" estadd local ctrl "Yes"
+		
+		loc ++k
+		}
+	}
+			
+* Export regression output
+estout spec_1 spec_2 spec_3 using "regs_avg_delta_ex1_all.tex", style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) ///
+	keep(first_info new_info z_gap_goal_exp z_gap_actual_exp) wrap varwidth(25) ///
+	order(first_info new_info z_gap_goal_exp z_gap_actual_exp) ///
+	mgroups("\shortstack{Behavior change premium}", pattern(1 0 0) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+	mlabels("(1)" "(2)" "(3)" "(4)",span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+	varlabels(z_gap_goal_exp "Goal $-$ exp. attend. (z-score)" z_gap_actual_exp "Actual $-$ exp. attend. (z-score)" first_info "Basic info. treatment" new_info "Enhanced info. treatment" _cons "Constant") ///
+	cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f))  se(par fmt(%9.2f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+	stats(dvmean dvse dvmeancontrol dvsecontrol wavefe N, l("Dep. var. mean:" " " "Dep. var. mean," "info. control group:" "\hline Wave FEs" "N") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+	collabels(,none) prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+	posthead("\hline") prefoot("\hline") postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+	
+* Export regression output with demographic controls
+estout spec_4 spec_5 spec_6 using "regs_avg_delta_ex1_all_demo.tex", style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) ///
+	keep(first_info new_info z_gap_goal_exp z_gap_actual_exp) ///
+	wrap varwidth(25) order(first_info new_info z_gap_goal_exp z_gap_actual_exp) ///
+	mgroups("\shortstack{Behavior change premium}", pattern(1 0 0) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+	mlabels("(1)" "(2)" "(3)" "(4)",span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+	varlabels(z_gap_goal_exp "Goal $-$ exp. attend. (z-score)" z_gap_actual_exp "Actual $-$ exp. attend. (z-score)" first_info "Basic info. treatment" new_info "Enhanced info. treatment" _cons "Constant") ///
+	cells(b(star fmt(%9.2f))  se(par fmt(%9.2f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+	stats(dvmean dvse dvmeancontrol dvsecontrol ctrl wavefe N, l("Dep. var. mean:" " " "Dep. var. mean," "info. control group:" "\hline Demographic controls" "Wave FEs" "N") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+	collabels(,none) prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+	posthead("\hline") prefoot("\hline") postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+
+		
+* Run regressions of contract take-up on regressors with a constant restriction
+preserve
+
+* Reshape to pool contracts
+reshape long commit, i(id) j(t)
+
+* Run regressions with constant restriction
+eststo clear
+loc k = 1
+foreach controls in "" "female i.income_cat married ft_student fpt_working  advanced i.age_cat"{
+	foreach covar in "first_info new_info" "z_avg_delta_ex1 first_info new_info" "z_gap_goal_exp first_info new_info" "z_gap_actual_exp first_info new_info"{
+		
+		* Run regression
+		reg commit i.t wave2 wave3 `covar' `controls' if `restrict', vce(cluster id)
+		eststo spec_commit`k'
+		
+		* Store coefficients from certain regressions
+		if `k' == 1{
+			loc coeff : di %2.1f abs(_b[new_info]*100)
+			latex_write enhinfoMCcoeff `coeff' numbers
+			}
+		else if `k' == 2{
+			loc coeff : di %2.0f _b[z_avg_delta_ex1]*100
+			latex_write bcpMCcoeff `coeff' numbers
+			}
+		else if `k' == 3{
+			loc coeff : di %2.1f _b[z_gap_goal_exp]*100
+			latex_write goalexpMCcoeff `coeff' numbers
+			}
+		
+		* Store dependent variable mean
+		ci means commit if `restrict'
+		local m : di %4.2f r(mean)
+		local mpct : di %4.0f r(mean)*100
+		local se : di %4.2f r(se)
+		estadd local dvmean `m'
+		estadd local dvse "(`se')"
+		ci means commit if `restrict' & control_info == 1
+		local mcontrol : di %4.2f r(mean)
+		local secontrol : di %4.2f r(se)
+		estadd local dvmeancontrol `mcontrol'
+		estadd local dvsecontrol "(`secontrol')"
+		estadd local wavefe "Yes"
+		estadd local ccfe "Yes"
+		if `k' == 1{
+			latex_write MCregmean `m' numbers
+			latex_write MCregmeanPCT `mpct' numbers
+			}
+		if "`controls'" != "" estadd local ctrl "Yes"
+		
+		loc ++k
+		}
+	}
+	
+* Export regression output
+estout spec_commit1 spec_commit2 spec_commit3 spec_commit4 using "regs_commit_pooled_all.tex", ///
+	style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) wrap varwidth(25) ///
+	keep(first_info new_info z_avg_delta_ex1 z_gap_goal_exp z_gap_actual_exp) ///
+	order(first_info new_info z_avg_delta_ex1 z_gap_goal_exp z_gap_actual_exp) ///
+	mgroups("\shortstack{Take-up of \`\`more'' visits contracts}", pattern(1 0 0 0) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+	mlabels("(1)" "(2)" "(3)" "(4)",span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+	varlabels(z_avg_delta_ex1 "Behavior change premium (z-score)" z_gap_goal_exp "Goal $-$ exp. attend. (z-score)" z_gap_actual_exp "Actual $-$ exp. attend. (z-score)" first_info "Basic info. treatment" new_info "Enhanced info. treatment" _cons "Constant") ///
+	cells(b(star fmt(%9.3f))  se(par fmt(%9.3f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+	stats(dvmean dvse dvmeancontrol dvsecontrol wavefe ccfe N N_clust, l("Dep. var. mean:" " " "Dep. var. mean," "info. control group:" "\hline Wave FEs" "Contract FEs" "N" "Clusters") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+	collabels(,none) prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+	posthead("\hline") prefoot("\hline") postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+	
+* Export regression output with demographic controls
+estout spec_commit5 spec_commit6 spec_commit7 spec_commit8 using "regs_commit_pooled_all_demo.tex", ///
+	style(tex) margin replace eqlabels(none) wrap varwidth(25) ///
+	keep(first_info new_info z_avg_delta_ex1 z_gap_goal_exp z_gap_actual_exp) ///
+	order(first_info new_info z_avg_delta_ex1 z_gap_goal_exp z_gap_actual_exp) ///
+	mgroups("\shortstack{Take-up of \`\`more'' visits contracts}", pattern(1 0 0 0) span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+	mlabels("(1)" "(2)" "(3)" "(4)",span prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(})) ///
+	varlabels(z_avg_delta_ex1 "Behavior change premium (z-score)" z_gap_goal_exp "Goal $-$ exp. attend. (z-score)" z_gap_actual_exp "Actual $-$ exp. attend. (z-score)" first_info "Basic info. treatment" new_info "Enhanced info. treatment" _cons "Constant") ///
+	cells(b(star fmt(%9.3f))  se(par fmt(%9.3f))) msign(--) starlevels(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stardetach ///
+	stats(dvmean dvse dvmeancontrol dvsecontrol ctrl wavefe ccfe N N_clust, l("Dep. var. mean:" " " "Dep. var. mean," "info. control group:" "\hline Demographic controls" "Wave FEs" "Contract FEs" "N" "Clusters") fmt(%8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc %8.0fc)) ///
+	collabels(,none) prehead( "\begin{tabular}{l*{@M}{r @{} l}}" "\hline") ///
+	posthead("\hline") prefoot("\hline") postfoot("\hline\hline" "\end{tabular}")
+
+restore
+
+	
+*** additions to numbers.tex **************************************************
+
+*** Change in visits due to 12-visit contract assignment ***
+* Generate variable for comparing treatment with control
+gen gotcontract = 1 if treatment == "threshold80_12"
+replace gotcontract = 0 if treatment == "control"
+
+* Test for difference and store mean difference by take-up of contract
+ttest visits if wave3 == 1 & commit12 == 1, by(gotcontract)
+loc takeup : di %3.2f r(mu_2)-r(mu_1)
+latex_write wantgottwelvediff `takeup' numbers
+
+ttest visits if wave3 == 1 & commit12 == 0, by(gotcontract)
+loc takeup : di %3.2f r(mu_2)-r(mu_1)
+latex_write rejectgottwelvediff `takeup' numbers
+
+* Store percentage of those who took up & got the contract who met the threshold
+gen wantedgot12visits = visits if treatment == "threshold80_12" & commit12 == 1
+gen under12 = wantedgot12visits < 12 if !missing(wantedgot12visits)
+sum under12
+loc pctunder : di %2.0f round(r(mean)*100)
+latex_write pctundertwelve `pctunder' numbers
+
+
+*** Statistics about WTPs at the slider maximum ***
+* Reshape data for one observation per participant per incentive
+preserve
+keep wtp* maxwtp* id
+reshape long wtp maxwtp, i(id) j(incentive)
+
+* Generate a variable for the maximum slider value
+gen maxval = incentive*30
+
+* Store percentage of participants who maxed out slider
+gen slidermaxed = !missing(maxwtp)
+sum slidermaxed
+loc pctmaxed : di %2.1f r(mean)*100
+latex_write pctmaxed `pctmaxed' numbers
+
+* Generate variables for fill-in-blank answers relation to maximum slider value
+gen overmaxval = maxwtp > maxval if !missing(maxwtp)
+gen atmaxval = maxwtp == maxval if !missing(maxwtp)
+gen belowmaxval = maxwtp < maxval if !missing(maxwtp)
+
+* Store percent of participants in each category
+foreach relation in over at below{
+	sum `relation'maxval
+	loc pct`relation'max : di %2.0f r(mean)*100
+	latex_write pct`relation'max `pct`relation'max' numbers
+	}
+restore
+
+
+*** Share of individual behavior change value measures that are negative ***
+* Reshape data for one observation per participant per incentive increase
+preserve
+keep delta* id
+reshape long delta, i(id) j(inc)
+
+* Estimate and store relevant statistic
+gen delta_negative = delta < 0
+sum delta_negative
+loc pctdeltaneg : di %2.0f r(mean)*100
+latex_write pctdeltaneg `pctdeltaneg' numbers
+restore
+
+
+*** Additional summary statistics ***
+* Percent female and male
+sum female
+loc pctfemale : di %2.0f r(mean)*100
+loc pctfemalealt : di %2.1f r(mean)*100
+loc pctmalealt : di %2.1f (1 - r(mean))*100
+loc fracfemale : di %4.3f r(mean)
+loc fracmale : di %4.3f (1 - r(mean))
+foreach stat in pctfemale pctfemalealt pctmalealt fracfemale fracmale{
+	latex_write `stat' ``stat'' numbers 
+	}
+
+* Mean imputed age
+sum imp_age
+loc meanage : di %2.0f r(mean)
+latex_write meanage `meanage' numbers
+
+* Percent students
+sum ft_student
+loc pctstudent : di %2.0f r(mean)*100
+latex_write pctstudent `pctstudent' numbers
+
+* Percent working
+sum fpt_working
+loc pctworking : di %2.0f r(mean)*100
+latex_write pctworking `pctworking' numbers
+
+* Percent married
+sum married
+loc pctmarried : di %2.0f r(mean)*100
+latex_write pctmarried `pctmarried' numbers
+
+* Mean visits recorded in past 100 days
+sum visits_100
+loc meanpastvisits : di %2.0f r(mean)
+latex_write meanpastvisits `meanpastvisits' numbers
+
+* Mean visits recalled in past 100 days
+sum past100days_went
+loc meanpastvisitsrecall : di %2.0f r(mean)
+latex_write meanpastvisitsrecall `meanpastvisitsrecall' numbers
+
+* Attention check 
+gen failed_attention = passed_attention_check == 0
+sum failed
+loc pctfailed : di %2.1f r(mean)*100
+latex_write pctfailedac `pctfailed' numbers
+
+* Chose dominated option
+sum areyousure_prefer0_to_20
+loc dom20 = r(N)
+sum areyousure_prefer0_to_80
+loc dom80 = r(N)
+sum id
+loc pctdominated : di %2.1f ((`dom20' + `dom80')/r(N))*100
+latex_write pctchosedom `pctdominated' numbers
+
+* Comprehension check
+gen failed_cc = passed_comprehension_check == 0
+sum failed_cc
+loc pctfailed : di %2.1f r(mean)*100
+latex_write pctfailedcc `pctfailed' numbers
+
+* Numeracy check
+gen passed_nc = 1 if !missing(q137) & !missing(q138)
+replace passed_nc = 0 if (q138 == "133" | q138 == "133333" | q138 == "200000" | ///
+ q138 == "2500" | q138 == "40,000" | q138 == "40,000.00" | ///
+ q138 == "$400,00.00" | q138 == "400" | q138 == "400,00" | q138 == "40000" | ///
+ q138 == "4000000" | q138 == "500,000" | q138 == "50000" | q138 == "800000" | ///
+ q138 == "four") & !missing(passed_nc)
+replace passed_nc = 0 if q137 != 100 & !missing(passed_nc)
+sum passed_nc
+loc pctpassed : di %2.1f r(mean)*100
+latex_write passednumeracy `pctpassed' numbers
+
+* Take-up of contract for fewer visits with & without exclusions above
+preserve
+reshape long commit anticommit, i(id) j(t)
+sum anticommit
+loc takeup : di %2.0f r(mean)*100
+latex_write anticommitrate `takeup' numbers
+
+sum anticommit if passed_comprehension_check == 1 ///
+	& passed_attention_check == 1 & missing(areyousure_prefer0_to_20) ///
+	& missing(areyousure_prefer0_to_80)
+loc takeup : di %2.0f r(mean)*100
+latex_write anticommitrateexcl `takeup' numbers
+restore
+
+* Range of percent take-up of contracts for fewer visits
+loc anticommitpctmin = 1 // initialize for contract with lowest take-up
+loc anticommitpctmax = 0 // initialize for contract with highest take-up
+forval i = 8(4)16{
+	sum anticommit`i'
+	if r(mean) > `anticommitpctmax' loc anticommitpctmax = r(mean)
+	if r(mean) < `anticommitpctmin' loc anticommitpctmin = r(mean)
+	}
+foreach stat in min max{
+	loc anticommitpct`stat' : di %4.0f `anticommitpct`stat''*100
+	latex_write anticommitpct`stat' `anticommitpct`stat'' numbers
+	}
+
+* Number of participants in waves 2 & 3
+gen wave23 = (wave2 | wave3)
+sum wave23
+loc obs = r(mean)*r(N)
+latex_write wtwothreeobs `obs' numbers
+
+* Average expected visits for different incentives
+sum days_0
+loc avgzero : di %2.1f r(mean)
+latex_write avgexpnoinc `avgzero' numbers
+sum days_7
+loc avgseven : di %2.1f r(mean)
+latex_write avgexpseveninc `avgseven' numbers
+loc diff : di %2.1f `avgseven'-`avgzero'
+latex_write avgexpdiffseven `diff' numbers
+
+* Average actual visits for different incentives
+sum visits if incentive==0
+loc avgzero : di %2.1f r(mean)
+latex_write avgactnoinc `avgzero' numbers
+sum visits if incentive==7
+loc avgseven : di %2.1f r(mean)
+latex_write avgactseveninc `avgseven' numbers
+loc diff : di %2.1f `avgseven'-`avgzero'
+latex_write avgactdiffseven `diff' numbers
+
+* Regression of attendance on average past attendance
+reg visits past4
+matrix temp = r(table)'
+loc b : di %4.3f temp[1,1]
+loc se : di %4.3f temp[1,2]
+latex_write attcoeff `b' numbers
+latex_write attcoeffse `se' numbers
+
+* Effect of $2 piece-rate incentive
+gen got_2 = 1 if incentive == 2
+replace got_2 = 0 if treatment == "control"
+* On expectations
+ttest days_2 == days_0
+* On realized attendance
+ttest visits, by(got_2) unpaired
+
+
+*** Generate pairwise correlation estimates with bootstrapping ***
+* Pairwise correlation of behavior change premium at each incentive level
+capture program drop avg_pwcorr_bcp
+program define avg_pwcorr_bcp, rclass
+
+	* Initialize values
+	loc m = 0
+	loc agg_corr = 0
+	
+	* Loop through each incentive level
+	foreach j in 1 2 3 5 7 {
+		foreach k in 2 3 5 7 12 {
+			if `j' < `k'{
+				pwcorr delta`j' delta`k'
+				loc agg_corr = `agg_corr' + r(rho)
+				loc ++m
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		
+	* Average pairwise correlation
+	return scalar avg_pwcorr = `agg_corr'/`m'
+	
+end
+
+* Generate estimates with bootstrapping
+bootstrap avg_pwcorr_bcp = r(avg_pwcorr), reps(1000) cluster(id) seed(12345) ///
+	nodrop level(95): avg_pwcorr_bcp
+estat bootstrap, all
+
+* Store estimates
+matrix temp_b = e(b)
+loc avg : di %3.2f temp_b[1,1]
+latex_write avgbcpcorr `avg' numbers
+matrix temp_se = e(se)
+loc stderr : di %3.2f temp_se[1,1]
+latex_write avgbcpcorrse `stderr' numbers
+
+
+* Pairwise correlation of take-up of each more-visits contract
+capture program drop avg_pwcorr_mc
+program define avg_pwcorr_mc, rclass
+
+	* Initialize values
+	loc m = 0
+	loc agg_corr = 0
+	
+	* Loop through each more-visits contract
+	foreach j in 8 12 {
+		foreach k in 12 16 {
+			if `j' < `k'{
+				pwcorr commit`j' commit`k'
+				loc agg_corr = `agg_corr' + r(rho)
+				loc ++m
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		
+	* Average pairwise correlation
+	return scalar avg_pwcorr = `agg_corr'/`m'
+	
+end
+
+* Generate estimates with bootstrapping
+bootstrap avg_pwcorr_mc = r(avg_pwcorr), reps(1000) cluster(id) seed(12345) ///
+	nodrop level(95): avg_pwcorr_mc
+estat bootstrap, all
+	
+* Store estimates
+matrix temp_b = e(b)
+loc avg : di %3.2f temp_b[1,1]
+latex_write avgMCcorr `avg' numbers
+matrix temp_se = e(se)
+loc stderr : di %3.2f temp_se[1,1]
+latex_write avgMCcorrse `stderr' numbers

107/replication_package/Code/master_do_file_for_analysis.do

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+*** MASTER ANALYSIS FILE FOR Carrera, Royer, Stehr, Sydnor, and Taubinsky (2021)
+*******************************************************************************
+
+** Initial set-up **
+clear all
+set more off
+
+** Set main directory to location of replication folder **
+cd ..
+global main "`c(pwd)'"
+// NOTE: If you start a new Stata session by opening this do file, your working
+// directory will typically default to the Code subfolder. The code above will 
+// then correctly set the main directory. If that is not the case, then please
+// uncomment and edit the code below to manually choose the correct location.
+// if "`c(os)'" == "MacOSX" global main "/Users/`c(username)'/Downloads/Who_Chooses_Commitment_Replication"
+// else global main "C:/Users/`c(username)'/Downloads/Who_Chooses_Commitment_Replication"
+
+** Install necessary packages **
+foreach pkg in eststo binscatter coefplot{
+	cap which `pkg'
+	if _rc ssc install `pkg'
+	}
+
+** Create a program to write commands to latex files **
+cap program drop latex_write
+program define latex_write
+	if "`c(os)'" == "MacOSX" local command '\newcommand{\\`1'}{`2'}'
+	else local command \newcommand{\\`1'}{`2'}
+	! echo `command'  >> "`3'.tex"
+end
+
+** Remove old versions of files **
+cap rm "$main/Output/numbers.tex"
+cap rm "$main/Output/numbers_struct.tex" 
+cap rm "$main/Output/numbers_struct_appx.tex"
+
+** Run analysis files **
+do "$main/Code/Stata/Tables"
+do "$main/Code/Stata/Figures"
+do "$main/Code/Stata/Appendix"
+do "$main/Code/Stata/Parameter estimates"

107/replication_package/Code/run_simulations.m

@@ -0,0 +1,1205 @@
+function run_simulations()
+% Runs simulations of commitment contract game for different populations
+
+% NOTE: If you start a MATLAB session by opening this file, your current
+% folder will typically default to the Code subfolder. If that is not the
+% case, MATLAB will usually prompt you to change it to that folder when you
+% run this file. You can also edit the code below to manually choose the
+% correct location. 
+% cd '/Users/Your Name/Downloads/Who_Chooses_Commitment_Replication/Code'
+
+% declare global
+global OUTPUT; 
+OUTPUT = '../Output';
+
+% add path to intermediate files
+addpath('MATLAB');
+
+% delete old output file
+numbersfile = [OUTPUT '/simulations.tex'];
+if (exist(numbersfile,'file')), delete(numbersfile); end 
+
+
+%% Set game properties
+
+% Game properties from experimental design
+props12.a_star = 12;
+props12.T = 28;
+props12.p = 80;
+
+% Alternate contract threshold properties
+props8 = props12;
+props8.a_star = 8;
+props16 = props12;
+props16.a_star = 16;
+
+% Game properties with no penalty (equivalent to no contract)
+props12NoP = props12;
+props12NoP.p = 0;
+props8NoP = props8;
+props8NoP.p = 0;
+props16NoP = props16;
+props16NoP.p = 0;
+
+% Set lower bound on support of cost distribution
+minC = 0;
+
+
+%% Instantiate games for attendance comparisons
+
+% chose 12+ visit contract
+params12 = load_parameters('commit12');
+game12 = gymGame(props12, params12, minC, 'chose 12+ contract');
+mu12 = params12.mu; % store share of pop. in chose 12+ contract group
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (below vs. above median)
+params12AM = load_parameters('amcommit');
+game12AM = gymGame(props12, params12AM, minC, 'chose 12+, above med. att.');
+params12BM = load_parameters('bmcommit');
+game12BM = gymGame(props12, params12BM, minC, 'chose 12+, below med. att.');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (quartiles)
+params12Q1 = load_parameters('qfstcommit');
+game12Q1 = gymGame(props12, params12Q1, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att.');
+params12Q2 = load_parameters('qsndcommit');
+game12Q2 = gymGame(props12, params12Q2, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att.');
+params12Q3 = load_parameters('qthdcommit');
+game12Q3 = gymGame(props12, params12Q3, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att.');
+params12Q4 = load_parameters('qfthcommit');
+game12Q4 = gymGame(props12, params12Q4, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att.');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (median) & info treatment
+params12AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfocommit');
+game12AMInfo = gymGame(props12, params12AMInfo, minC, 'chose 12+, above med. att., info treat');
+params12AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlcommit');
+game12AMControl = gymGame(props12, params12AMControl, minC, 'chose 12+, above med. att., control');
+params12BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfocommit');
+game12BMInfo = gymGame(props12, params12BMInfo, minC, 'chose 12+, below med. att., info treat');
+params12BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlcommit');
+game12BMControl = gymGame(props12, params12BMControl, minC, 'chose 12+, below med. att., control');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (quartiles) & info treatment
+params12Q1Info = load_parameters('qfstinfocommit');
+game12Q1Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q1Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att., info treat');
+params12Q1Control = load_parameters('qfstctrlcommit');
+game12Q1Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q1Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att., control');
+params12Q2Info = load_parameters('qsndinfocommit');
+game12Q2Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q2Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att., info treat');
+params12Q2Control = load_parameters('qsndctrlcommit');
+game12Q2Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q2Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att., control');
+params12Q3Info = load_parameters('qthdinfocommit');
+game12Q3Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q3Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att., info treat');
+params12Q3Control = load_parameters('qthdctrlcommit');
+game12Q3Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q3Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att., control');
+params12Q4Info = load_parameters('qfthinfocommit');
+game12Q4Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q4Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att., info treat');
+params12Q4Control = load_parameters('qfthctrlcommit');
+game12Q4Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q4Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att., control');
+
+% add no penalty versions of the above games
+% note: the no penalty contracts are equivalent to no contract being 
+% assigned due to these populations' rejection of the contract
+game12NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12, minC, 'chose 12+, no penalty');
+game12AMNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12AM, minC, 'chose 12+, above med. att., no penalty');
+game12BMNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12BM, minC, 'chose 12+, below med. att., no penalty');
+game12Q1NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q1, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att., no penalty');
+game12Q2NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q2, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att., no penalty');
+game12Q3NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q3, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att., no penalty');
+game12Q4NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q4, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att., no penalty');
+game12AMInfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, above med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12AMControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, above med. att., control, no penalty');
+game12BMInfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, below med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12BMControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, below med. att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q1InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q1Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q1 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q1ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q1Control, ...
+    minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q2InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q2Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q2 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q2ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q2Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q2 att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q3InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q3Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q3 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q3ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q3Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q3 att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q4InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q4Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q4 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q4ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q4Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q4 att., control, no penalty');
+
+
+%% Compare attendance outcomes across different simulated populations
+
+% chose 12+ visit contract
+mc(1) = game12;
+mc(1).mu = 1; % homogeneous population
+mcnp(1) = game12NoP;
+mcnp(1).mu = 1; % homogeneous population
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'all')
+
+% with hetereogenity along past attendance (above vs. below median)
+mc = [game12AM game12BM];
+mcnp = [game12AMNoP game12BMNoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'matt')
+
+% with hetereogenity along past attendance (quartile)
+mc = [game12Q1 game12Q2 game12Q3 game12Q4];
+mcnp = [game12Q1NoP game12Q2NoP game12Q3NoP game12Q4NoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'qatt')
+
+% with heterogeneity along past attendance (median) & info treatment
+mc = [game12AMInfo game12AMControl game12BMInfo game12BMControl];
+mcnp = [game12AMInfoNoP game12AMControlNoP game12BMInfoNoP game12BMControlNoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'mattinfo')
+
+% with heterogeneity along past attendance (quartile) & info treatment
+mc = [game12Q1Info game12Q1Control game12Q2Info game12Q2Control ...
+    game12Q3Info game12Q3Control game12Q4Info game12Q4Control];
+mcnp = [game12Q1InfoNoP game12Q1ControlNoP game12Q2InfoNoP game12Q2ControlNoP ...
+    game12Q3InfoNoP game12Q3ControlNoP game12Q4InfoNoP game12Q4ControlNoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'qattinfo')
+
+
+%% Instantiate games for welfare/efficiency comparisons
+% with heterogeneity along past attendance (median) & info treatment
+
+% add 8+ contract versions (with & without penalty)
+params8AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfocommite');
+game8AMInfo = gymGame(props8, params8AMInfo, minC, 'chose 8+, above med. att., info treat');
+game8AMInfoNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, above med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params8AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlcommite');
+game8AMControl = gymGame(props8, params8AMControl, minC, 'chose 8+, above med. att., control');
+game8AMControlNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, above med. att., control, no penalty');
+params8BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfocommite');
+game8BMInfo = gymGame(props8, params8BMInfo, minC, 'chose 8+, below med. att., info treat');
+game8BMInfoNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, below med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params8BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlcommite');
+game8BMControl = gymGame(props8, params8BMControl, minC, 'chose 8+, below med. att., control');
+game8BMControlNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, below med. att., control, no penalty');
+
+% add 16+ contract versions (with & without penalty)
+params16AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfocommits');
+game16AMInfo = gymGame(props16, params16AMInfo, minC, 'chose 16+, above med. att., info treat');
+game16AMInfoNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, above med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params16AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlcommits');
+game16AMControl = gymGame(props16, params16AMControl, minC, 'chose 16+, above med. att., control');
+game16AMControlNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, above med. att., control, no penalty');
+params16BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfocommits');
+game16BMInfo = gymGame(props16, params16BMInfo, minC, 'chose 16+, below med. att., info treat');
+game16BMInfoNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, below med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params16BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlcommits');
+game16BMControl = gymGame(props16, params16BMControl, minC, 'chose 16+, below med. att., control');
+game16BMControlNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, below med. att., control, no penalty');
+
+% add versions for those who rejected the commitment contracts
+paramsNo12AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfonocommit');
+gameNo12AMInfo = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, above med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo12AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlnocommit');
+gameNo12AMControl = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12AMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, above med. att., control');
+paramsNo12BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfonocommit');
+gameNo12BMInfo = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, below med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo12BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlnocommit');
+gameNo12BMControl = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12BMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, below med. att., control');
+paramsNo8AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfonocommite');
+gameNo8AMInfo = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, above med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo8AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlnocommite');
+gameNo8AMControl = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8AMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, above med. att., control');
+paramsNo8BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfonocommite');
+gameNo8BMInfo = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, below med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo8BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlnocommite');
+gameNo8BMControl = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8BMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, below med. att., control');
+paramsNo16AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfonocommits');
+gameNo16AMInfo = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, above med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo16AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlnocommits');
+gameNo16AMControl = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16AMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, above med. att., control');
+paramsNo16BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfonocommits');
+gameNo16BMInfo = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, below med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo16BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlnocommits');
+gameNo16BMControl = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16BMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, below med. att., control');
+
+% store share of population that chose each contract
+params8 = load_parameters('commit8');
+mu8 = params8.mu; 
+params16 = load_parameters('commit16');
+mu16 = params16.mu; 
+
+
+%% Compare welfare/efficiency outcomes across different contracts/incentives
+% with heterogeneity along past attendance (median) & info treatment
+
+% under the 12+ visit contract
+mc = [game12AMInfo game12AMControl game12BMInfo game12BMControl];
+mnc = [gameNo12AMInfo gameNo12AMControl gameNo12BMInfo gameNo12BMControl];
+mcnp = [game12AMInfoNoP game12AMControlNoP game12BMInfoNoP game12BMControlNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu12;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu12;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu12);
+end
+Results12 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 8+ visit contract
+mc = [game8AMInfo game8AMControl game8BMInfo game8BMControl];
+mnc = [gameNo8AMInfo gameNo8AMControl gameNo8BMInfo gameNo8BMControl];
+mcnp = [game8AMInfoNoP game8AMControlNoP game8BMInfoNoP game8BMControlNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu8;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu8;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu8);
+end
+Results8 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 16+ visit contract
+mc = [game16AMInfo game16AMControl game16BMInfo game16BMControl];
+mnc = [gameNo16AMInfo gameNo16AMControl gameNo16BMInfo gameNo16BMControl];
+mcnp = [game16AMInfoNoP game16AMControlNoP game16BMInfoNoP game16BMControlNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu16;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu16;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu16);
+end
+Results16 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% export results
+export_efficiency_results(Results8, Results12, Results16, 'het');
+
+
+%% Instantiate games for welfare/efficiency comparisons
+% with homogeneity & heterogeneity along past attendance & treatment
+
+% add 8+ contract versions (with & without penalty)
+% with homogeneity
+params8 = load_parameters('commit8');
+game8 = gymGame(props8, params8, minC, 'chose 8+ contract');
+game8NoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8, minC, 'chose 8+ contract, no penalty');
+% with heterogeneity along past attendance (below vs. above median)
+params8AM = load_parameters('amcommite');
+game8AM = gymGame(props8, params8AM, minC, 'chose 8+, above med. att.');
+game8AMNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8AM, minC, 'chose 8+, above med. att., no penalty');
+params8BM = load_parameters('bmcommite');
+game8BM = gymGame(props8, params8BM, minC, 'chose 8+, below med. att.');
+game8BMNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8BM, minC, 'chose 8+, below med. att., no penalty');
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (quartiles)
+params8Q1 = load_parameters('qfstcommite');
+game8Q1 = gymGame(props8, params8Q1, minC, 'chose 8+, q1 att.');
+game8Q1NoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8Q1, minC, 'chose 8+, q1 att., no penalty');
+params8Q2 = load_parameters('qsndcommite');
+game8Q2 = gymGame(props8, params8Q2, minC, 'chose 8+, q2 att.');
+game8Q2NoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8Q2, minC, 'chose 8+, q2 att., no penalty');
+params8Q3 = load_parameters('qthdcommite');
+game8Q3 = gymGame(props8, params8Q3, minC, 'chose 8+, q3 att.');
+game8Q3NoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8Q3, minC, 'chose 8+, q3 att., no penalty');
+params8Q4 = load_parameters('qfthcommite');
+game8Q4 = gymGame(props8, params8Q4, minC, 'chose 8+, q4 att.');
+game8Q4NoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8Q4, minC, 'chose 8+, q4 att., no penalty');
+
+% add 16+ contract versions (with & without penalty)
+% with homogeneity
+params16 = load_parameters('commit16');
+game16 = gymGame(props16, params16, minC, 'chose 16+ contract');
+game16NoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16, minC, 'chose 16+ contract, no penalty');
+% with heterogeneity along past attendance (below vs. above median)
+params16AM = load_parameters('amcommits');
+game16AM = gymGame(props16, params16AM, minC, 'chose 16+, above med. att.');
+game16AMNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16AM, minC, 'chose 16+, above med. att., no penalty');
+params16BM = load_parameters('bmcommits');
+game16BM = gymGame(props16, params16BM, minC, 'chose 16+, below med. att.');
+game16BMNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16BM, minC, 'chose 16+, below med. att., no penalty');
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (quartiles)
+params16Q1 = load_parameters('qfstcommits');
+game16Q1 = gymGame(props16, params16Q1, minC, 'chose 16+, q1 att.');
+game16Q1NoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16Q1, minC, 'chose 16+, q1 att., no penalty');
+params16Q2 = load_parameters('qsndcommits');
+game16Q2 = gymGame(props16, params16Q2, minC, 'chose 16+, q2 att.');
+game16Q2NoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16Q2, minC, 'chose 16+, q2 att., no penalty');
+params16Q3 = load_parameters('qthdcommits');
+game16Q3 = gymGame(props16, params16Q3, minC, 'chose 16+, q3 att.');
+game16Q3NoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16Q3, minC, 'chose 16+, q3 att., no penalty');
+params16Q4 = load_parameters('qfthcommits');
+game16Q4 = gymGame(props16, params16Q4, minC, 'chose 16+, q4 att.');
+game16Q4NoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16Q4, minC, 'chose 16+, q4 att., no penalty');
+
+% add versions for those who rejected the commitment contracts
+% 8+ visits contract
+paramsNo8 = load_parameters('nocommit8');
+gameNo8 = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8, minC, 'rejected 8+ contract');
+paramsNo8AM = load_parameters('amnocommite');
+gameNo8AM = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8AM, minC, 'rejected 8+, above med. att.');
+paramsNo8BM = load_parameters('bmnocommite');
+gameNo8BM = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8BM, minC, 'rejected 8+, below med. att.');
+paramsNo8Q1 = load_parameters('qfstnocommite');
+gameNo8Q1 = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8Q1, minC, 'rejected 8+, q1 att.');
+paramsNo8Q2 = load_parameters('qsndnocommite');
+gameNo8Q2 = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8Q2, minC, 'rejected 8+, q2 att.');
+paramsNo8Q3 = load_parameters('qthdnocommite');
+gameNo8Q3 = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8Q3, minC, 'rejected 8+, q3 att.');
+paramsNo8Q4 = load_parameters('qfthnocommite');
+gameNo8Q4 = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8Q4, minC, 'rejected 8+, q4 att.');
+% 12+ visits contract
+paramsNo12 = load_parameters('nocommit12');
+gameNo12 = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12, minC, 'rejected 12+ contract');
+paramsNo12AM = load_parameters('amnocommit');
+gameNo12AM = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12AM, minC, 'rejected 12+, above med. att.');
+paramsNo12BM = load_parameters('bmnocommit');
+gameNo12BM = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12BM, minC, 'rejected 12+, below med. att.');
+paramsNo12Q1 = load_parameters('qfstnocommit');
+gameNo12Q1 = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12Q1, minC, 'rejected 12+, q1 att.');
+paramsNo12Q2 = load_parameters('qsndnocommit');
+gameNo12Q2 = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12Q2, minC, 'rejected 12+, q2 att.');
+paramsNo12Q3 = load_parameters('qthdnocommit');
+gameNo12Q3 = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12Q3, minC, 'rejected 12+, q3 att.');
+paramsNo12Q4 = load_parameters('qfthnocommit');
+gameNo12Q4 = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12Q4, minC, 'rejected 12+, q4 att.');
+% 16+ visits contract
+paramsNo16 = load_parameters('nocommit16');
+gameNo16 = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16, minC, 'rejected 16+ contract');
+paramsNo16AM = load_parameters('amnocommits');
+gameNo16AM = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16AM, minC, 'rejected 16+, above med. att.');
+paramsNo16BM = load_parameters('bmnocommits');
+gameNo16BM = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16BM, minC, 'rejected 16+, below med. att.');
+paramsNo16Q1 = load_parameters('qfstnocommits');
+gameNo16Q1 = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16Q1, minC, 'rejected 16+, q1 att.');
+paramsNo16Q2 = load_parameters('qsndnocommits');
+gameNo16Q2 = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16Q2, minC, 'rejected 16+, q2 att.');
+paramsNo16Q3 = load_parameters('qthdnocommits');
+gameNo16Q3 = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16Q3, minC, 'rejected 16+, q3 att.');
+paramsNo16Q4 = load_parameters('qfthnocommits');
+gameNo16Q4 = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16Q4, minC, 'rejected 16+, q4 att.');
+
+
+%% Compare welfare/efficiency outcomes across different contracts/incentives
+% with homogeneity & heterogeneity along past attendance & treatment
+
+% HOMOGENEITY
+% under the 12+ visit contract
+mc = game12;
+mnc = gameNo12;
+mcnp = game12NoP;
+Results12 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 8+ visit contract
+mc = game8;
+mnc = gameNo8;
+mcnp = game8NoP;
+Results8 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 16+ visit contract
+mc = game16;
+mnc = gameNo16;
+mcnp = game16NoP;
+Results16 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% export results
+export_efficiency_results(Results8, Results12, Results16, 'hom');
+
+
+% HETEROGENEITY ALONG PAST ATTENDANCE (MEDIAN)
+% under the 12+ visit contract
+mc = [game12AM game12BM];
+mnc = [gameNo12AM gameNo12BM];
+mcnp = [game12AMNoP game12BMNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu12;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu12;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu12);
+end
+Results12 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 8+ visit contract
+mc = [game8AM game8BM];
+mnc = [gameNo8AM gameNo8BM];
+mcnp = [game8AMNoP game8BMNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu8;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu8;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu8);
+end
+Results8 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 16+ visit contract
+mc = [game16AM game16BM];
+mnc = [gameNo16AM gameNo16BM];
+mcnp = [game16AMNoP game16BMNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu16;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu16;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu16);
+end
+Results16 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% export results
+export_efficiency_results(Results8, Results12, Results16, 'med');
+
+
+% HETEROGENEITY ALONG PAST ATTENDANCE (QUARTILE)
+% under the 12+ visit contract
+mc = [game12Q1 game12Q2 game12Q3 game12Q4];
+mnc = [gameNo12Q1 gameNo12Q2 gameNo12Q3 gameNo12Q4];
+mcnp = [game12Q1NoP game12Q2NoP game12Q3NoP game12Q4NoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu12;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu12;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu12);
+end
+Results12 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 8+ visit contract
+mc = [game8Q1 game8Q2 game8Q3 game8Q4];
+mnc = [gameNo8Q1 gameNo8Q2 gameNo8Q3 gameNo8Q4];
+mcnp = [game8Q1NoP game8Q2NoP game8Q3NoP game8Q4NoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu8;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu8;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu8);
+end
+Results8 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 16+ visit contract
+mc = [game16Q1 game16Q2 game16Q3 game16Q4];
+mnc = [gameNo16Q1 gameNo16Q2 gameNo16Q3 gameNo16Q4];
+mcnp = [game16Q1NoP game16Q2NoP game16Q3NoP game16Q4NoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu16;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu16;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu16);
+end
+Results16 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% export results
+export_efficiency_results(Results8, Results12, Results16, 'qrt');
+
+
+%% Plot the average probability of attending each day
+
+% generate plot for 12+ visit contract
+mc = [game12AMInfo game12AMControl game12BMInfo game12BMControl];
+plot_att_prob(mc,'daily_att_prob_commit12');
+
+
+%% Results with a minimal cost draw of $10
+
+% Set lower bound on support of cost distribution
+minC = 10;
+
+% INSTANTIATE GAMES
+% chose 12+ visit contract
+params12 = load_parameters('commit12X');
+game12 = gymGame(props12, params12, minC, 'chose 12+ contract');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (below vs. above median)
+params12AM = load_parameters('amcommitX');
+game12AM = gymGame(props12, params12AM, minC, 'chose 12+, above med. att.');
+params12BM = load_parameters('bmcommitX');
+game12BM = gymGame(props12, params12BM, minC, 'chose 12+, below med. att.');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (quartiles)
+params12Q1 = load_parameters('qfstcommitX');
+game12Q1 = gymGame(props12, params12Q1, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att.');
+params12Q2 = load_parameters('qsndcommitX');
+game12Q2 = gymGame(props12, params12Q2, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att.');
+params12Q3 = load_parameters('qthdcommitX');
+game12Q3 = gymGame(props12, params12Q3, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att.');
+params12Q4 = load_parameters('qfthcommitX');
+game12Q4 = gymGame(props12, params12Q4, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att.');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (median) & info treatment
+params12AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfocommitX');
+game12AMInfo = gymGame(props12, params12AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, above med. att., info treat');
+params12AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlcommitX');
+game12AMControl = gymGame(props12, params12AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, above med. att., control');
+params12BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfocommitX');
+game12BMInfo = gymGame(props12, params12BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, below med. att., info treat');
+params12BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlcommitX');
+game12BMControl = gymGame(props12, params12BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, below med. att., control');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (quartiles) & info treatment
+params12Q1Info = load_parameters('qfstinfocommitX');
+game12Q1Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q1Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att., info treat');
+params12Q1Control = load_parameters('qfstctrlcommitX');
+game12Q1Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q1Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att., control');
+params12Q2Info = load_parameters('qsndinfocommitX');
+game12Q2Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q2Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att., info treat');
+params12Q2Control = load_parameters('qsndctrlcommitX');
+game12Q2Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q2Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att., control');
+params12Q3Info = load_parameters('qthdinfocommitX');
+game12Q3Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q3Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att., info treat');
+params12Q3Control = load_parameters('qthdctrlcommitX');
+game12Q3Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q3Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att., control');
+params12Q4Info = load_parameters('qfthinfocommitX');
+game12Q4Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q4Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att., info treat');
+params12Q4Control = load_parameters('qfthctrlcommitX');
+game12Q4Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q4Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att., control');
+
+% add no penalty versions of the above games
+game12NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12, minC, 'chose 12+, no penalty');
+game12AMNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12AM, minC, 'chose 12+, above med. att., no penalty');
+game12BMNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12BM, minC, 'chose 12+, below med. att., no penalty');
+game12Q1NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q1, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att., no penalty');
+game12Q2NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q2, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att., no penalty');
+game12Q3NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q3, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att., no penalty');
+game12Q4NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q4, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att., no penalty');
+game12AMInfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, above med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12AMControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, above med. att., control, no penalty');
+game12BMInfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, below med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12BMControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, below med. att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q1InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q1Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q1 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q1ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q1Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q1 att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q2InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q2Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q2 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q2ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q2Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q2 att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q3InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q3Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q3 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q3ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q3Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q3 att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q4InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q4Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q4 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q4ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q4Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q4 att., control, no penalty');
+
+% add 8+ contract versions (with & without penalty)
+params8AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfocommiteX');
+game8AMInfo = gymGame(props8, params8AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, above med. att., info treat');
+game8AMInfoNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, above med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params8AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlcommiteX');
+game8AMControl = gymGame(props8, params8AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, above med. att., control');
+game8AMControlNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, above med. att., control, no penalty');
+params8BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfocommiteX');
+game8BMInfo = gymGame(props8, params8BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, below med. att., info treat');
+game8BMInfoNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, below med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params8BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlcommiteX');
+game8BMControl = gymGame(props8, params8BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, below med. att., control');
+game8BMControlNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, below med. att., control, no penalty');
+
+% add 16+ contract versions (with & without penalty)
+params16AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfocommitsX');
+game16AMInfo = gymGame(props16, params16AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, above med. att., info treat');
+game16AMInfoNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, above med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params16AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlcommitsX');
+game16AMControl = gymGame(props16, params16AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, above med. att., control');
+game16AMControlNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, above med. att., control, no penalty');
+params16BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfocommitsX');
+game16BMInfo = gymGame(props16, params16BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, below med. att., info treat');
+game16BMInfoNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, below med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params16BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlcommitsX');
+game16BMControl = gymGame(props16, params16BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, below med. att., control');
+game16BMControlNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, below med. att., control, no penalty');
+
+% add versions for those who rejected the commitment contracts
+paramsNo12AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfonocommitX');
+gameNo12AMInfo = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, above med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo12AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlnocommitX');
+gameNo12AMControl = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12AMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, above med. att., control');
+paramsNo12BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfonocommitX');
+gameNo12BMInfo = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, below med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo12BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlnocommitX');
+gameNo12BMControl = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12BMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, below med. att., control');
+paramsNo8AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfonocommiteX');
+gameNo8AMInfo = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, above med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo8AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlnocommiteX');
+gameNo8AMControl = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8AMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, above med. att., control');
+paramsNo8BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfonocommiteX');
+gameNo8BMInfo = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, below med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo8BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlnocommiteX');
+gameNo8BMControl = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8BMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, below med. att., control');
+paramsNo16AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfonocommitsX');
+gameNo16AMInfo = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, above med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo16AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlnocommitsX');
+gameNo16AMControl = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16AMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, above med. att., control');
+paramsNo16BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfonocommitsX');
+gameNo16BMInfo = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, below med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo16BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlnocommitsX');
+gameNo16BMControl = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16BMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, below med. att., control');
+
+
+% store share of population that chose each contract
+params8 = load_parameters('commit8X');
+mu8 = params8.mu; 
+params12 = load_parameters('commit12X');
+mu12 = params12.mu; 
+params16 = load_parameters('commit16X');
+mu16 = params16.mu;
+
+
+% GENERATE ATTENDANCE RESULTS
+% chose 12+ visit contract
+mc = game12;
+mc.mu = 1; % homogeneous population
+mcnp = game12NoP;
+mcnp.mu = 1; % homogeneous population
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'allX')
+
+% with hetereogenity along past attendance (above vs. below median)
+mc = [game12AM game12BM];
+mcnp = [game12AMNoP game12BMNoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'mattX')
+
+% with hetereogenity along past attendance (quartile)
+mc = [game12Q1 game12Q2 game12Q3 game12Q4];
+mcnp = [game12Q1NoP game12Q2NoP game12Q3NoP game12Q4NoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'qattX')
+
+% with heterogeneity along past attendance (median) & info treatment
+mc = [game12AMInfo game12AMControl game12BMInfo game12BMControl];
+mcnp = [game12AMInfoNoP game12AMControlNoP game12BMInfoNoP game12BMControlNoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'mattinfoX')
+
+% with heterogeneity along past attendance (quartile) & info treatment
+mc = [game12Q1Info game12Q1Control game12Q2Info game12Q2Control ...
+    game12Q3Info game12Q3Control game12Q4Info game12Q4Control];
+mcnp = [game12Q1InfoNoP game12Q1ControlNoP game12Q2InfoNoP game12Q2ControlNoP ...
+    game12Q3InfoNoP game12Q3ControlNoP game12Q4InfoNoP game12Q4ControlNoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'qattinfoX')
+
+
+% GENERATE WELFARE/EFFICIENCY RESULTS
+% under the 12+ visit contract
+mc = [game12AMInfo game12AMControl game12BMInfo game12BMControl];
+mnc = [gameNo12AMInfo gameNo12AMControl gameNo12BMInfo gameNo12BMControl];
+mcnp = [game12AMInfoNoP game12AMControlNoP game12BMInfoNoP game12BMControlNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu12;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu12;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu12);
+end
+Results12 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 8+ visit contract
+mc = [game8AMInfo game8AMControl game8BMInfo game8BMControl];
+mnc = [gameNo8AMInfo gameNo8AMControl gameNo8BMInfo gameNo8BMControl];
+mcnp = [game8AMInfoNoP game8AMControlNoP game8BMInfoNoP game8BMControlNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu8;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu8;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu8);
+end
+Results8 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 16+ visit contract
+mc = [game16AMInfo game16AMControl game16BMInfo game16BMControl];
+mnc = [gameNo16AMInfo gameNo16AMControl gameNo16BMInfo gameNo16BMControl];
+mcnp = [game16AMInfoNoP game16AMControlNoP game16BMInfoNoP game16BMControlNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu16;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu16;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu16);
+end
+Results16 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% export results
+export_efficiency_results(Results8, Results12, Results16, 'hetX');
+
+
+%% Results with a minimal cost draw of -$5
+
+% Set lower bound on support of cost distribution
+minC = -5;
+
+% INSTANTIATE GAMES
+% chose 12+ visit contract
+params12 = load_parameters('commit12V');
+game12 = gymGame(props12, params12, minC, 'chose 12+ contract');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (below vs. above median)
+params12AM = load_parameters('amcommitV');
+game12AM = gymGame(props12, params12AM, minC, 'chose 12+, above med. att.');
+params12BM = load_parameters('bmcommitV');
+game12BM = gymGame(props12, params12BM, minC, 'chose 12+, below med. att.');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (quartiles)
+params12Q1 = load_parameters('qfstcommitV');
+game12Q1 = gymGame(props12, params12Q1, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att.');
+params12Q2 = load_parameters('qsndcommitV');
+game12Q2 = gymGame(props12, params12Q2, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att.');
+params12Q3 = load_parameters('qthdcommitV');
+game12Q3 = gymGame(props12, params12Q3, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att.');
+params12Q4 = load_parameters('qfthcommitV');
+game12Q4 = gymGame(props12, params12Q4, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att.');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (median) & info treatment
+params12AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfocommitV');
+game12AMInfo = gymGame(props12, params12AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, above med. att., info treat');
+params12AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlcommitV');
+game12AMControl = gymGame(props12, params12AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, above med. att., control');
+params12BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfocommitV');
+game12BMInfo = gymGame(props12, params12BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, below med. att., info treat');
+params12BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlcommitV');
+game12BMControl = gymGame(props12, params12BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, below med. att., control');
+
+% add heterogeneity along past attendance (quartiles) & info treatment
+params12Q1Info = load_parameters('qfstinfocommitV');
+game12Q1Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q1Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att., info treat');
+params12Q1Control = load_parameters('qfstctrlcommitV');
+game12Q1Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q1Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att., control');
+params12Q2Info = load_parameters('qsndinfocommitV');
+game12Q2Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q2Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att., info treat');
+params12Q2Control = load_parameters('qsndctrlcommitV');
+game12Q2Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q2Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att., control');
+params12Q3Info = load_parameters('qthdinfocommitV');
+game12Q3Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q3Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att., info treat');
+params12Q3Control = load_parameters('qthdctrlcommitV');
+game12Q3Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q3Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att., control');
+params12Q4Info = load_parameters('qfthinfocommitV');
+game12Q4Info = gymGame(props12, params12Q4Info, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att., info treat');
+params12Q4Control = load_parameters('qfthctrlcommitV');
+game12Q4Control = gymGame(props12, params12Q4Control, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att., control');
+
+% add no penalty versions of the above games
+game12NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12, minC, 'chose 12+, no penalty');
+game12AMNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12AM, minC, 'chose 12+, above med. att., no penalty');
+game12BMNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12BM, minC, 'chose 12+, below med. att., no penalty');
+game12Q1NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q1, minC, 'chose 12+, q1 att., no penalty');
+game12Q2NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q2, minC, 'chose 12+, q2 att., no penalty');
+game12Q3NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q3, minC, 'chose 12+, q3 att., no penalty');
+game12Q4NoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q4, minC, 'chose 12+, q4 att., no penalty');
+game12AMInfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, above med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12AMControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, above med. att., control, no penalty');
+game12BMInfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, below med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12BMControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, below med. att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q1InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q1Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q1 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q1ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q1Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q1 att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q2InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q2Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q2 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q2ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q2Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q2 att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q3InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q3Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q3 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q3ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q3Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q3 att., control, no penalty');
+game12Q4InfoNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q4Info, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q4 att., info treat, no penalty');
+game12Q4ControlNoP = gymGame(props12NoP, params12Q4Control, minC, ...
+    'chose 12+, q4 att., control, no penalty');
+
+% add 8+ contract versions (with & without penalty)
+params8AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfocommiteV');
+game8AMInfo = gymGame(props8, params8AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, above med. att., info treat');
+game8AMInfoNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, above med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params8AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlcommiteV');
+game8AMControl = gymGame(props8, params8AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, above med. att., control');
+game8AMControlNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, above med. att., control, no penalty');
+params8BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfocommiteV');
+game8BMInfo = gymGame(props8, params8BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, below med. att., info treat');
+game8BMInfoNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, below med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params8BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlcommiteV');
+game8BMControl = gymGame(props8, params8BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, below med. att., control');
+game8BMControlNoP = gymGame(props8NoP, params8BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 8+, below med. att., control, no penalty');
+
+% add 16+ contract versions (with & without penalty)
+params16AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfocommitsV');
+game16AMInfo = gymGame(props16, params16AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, above med. att., info treat');
+game16AMInfoNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, above med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params16AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlcommitsV');
+game16AMControl = gymGame(props16, params16AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, above med. att., control');
+game16AMControlNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16AMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, above med. att., control, no penalty');
+params16BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfocommitsV');
+game16BMInfo = gymGame(props16, params16BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, below med. att., info treat');
+game16BMInfoNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, below med. att., info treat, no penalty');
+params16BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlcommitsV');
+game16BMControl = gymGame(props16, params16BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, below med. att., control');
+game16BMControlNoP = gymGame(props16NoP, params16BMControl, minC, ...
+    'chose 16+, below med. att., control, no penalty');
+
+% add versions for those who rejected the commitment contracts
+paramsNo12AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfonocommitV');
+gameNo12AMInfo = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, above med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo12AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlnocommitV');
+gameNo12AMControl = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12AMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, above med. att., control');
+paramsNo12BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfonocommitV');
+gameNo12BMInfo = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, below med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo12BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlnocommitV');
+gameNo12BMControl = gymGame(props12NoP, paramsNo12BMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 12+, below med. att., control');
+paramsNo8AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfonocommiteV');
+gameNo8AMInfo = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, above med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo8AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlnocommiteV');
+gameNo8AMControl = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8AMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, above med. att., control');
+paramsNo8BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfonocommiteV');
+gameNo8BMInfo = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, below med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo8BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlnocommiteV');
+gameNo8BMControl = gymGame(props8NoP, paramsNo8BMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 8+, below med. att., control');
+paramsNo16AMInfo = load_parameters('aminfonocommitsV');
+gameNo16AMInfo = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16AMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, above med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo16AMControl = load_parameters('amctrlnocommitsV');
+gameNo16AMControl = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16AMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, above med. att., control');
+paramsNo16BMInfo = load_parameters('bminfonocommitsV');
+gameNo16BMInfo = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16BMInfo, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, below med. att., info treat');
+paramsNo16BMControl = load_parameters('bmctrlnocommitsV');
+gameNo16BMControl = gymGame(props16NoP, paramsNo16BMControl, minC, ...
+    'rejected 16+, below med. att., control');
+
+
+% store share of population that chose each contract
+params8 = load_parameters('commit8V');
+mu8 = params8.mu; 
+params12 = load_parameters('commit12V');
+mu12 = params12.mu; 
+params16 = load_parameters('commit16V');
+mu16 = params16.mu;
+
+
+% GENERATE ATTENDANCE RESULTS
+% chose 12+ visit contract
+mc = game12;
+mc.mu = 1; % homogeneous population
+mcnp = game12NoP;
+mcnp.mu = 1; % homogeneous population
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'allV')
+
+% with hetereogenity along past attendance (above vs. below median)
+mc = [game12AM game12BM];
+mcnp = [game12AMNoP game12BMNoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'mattV')
+
+% with hetereogenity along past attendance (quartile)
+mc = [game12Q1 game12Q2 game12Q3 game12Q4];
+mcnp = [game12Q1NoP game12Q2NoP game12Q3NoP game12Q4NoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'qattV')
+
+% with heterogeneity along past attendance (median) & info treatment
+mc = [game12AMInfo game12AMControl game12BMInfo game12BMControl];
+mcnp = [game12AMInfoNoP game12AMControlNoP game12BMInfoNoP game12BMControlNoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'mattinfoV')
+
+% with heterogeneity along past attendance (quartile) & info treatment
+mc = [game12Q1Info game12Q1Control game12Q2Info game12Q2Control ...
+    game12Q3Info game12Q3Control game12Q4Info game12Q4Control];
+mcnp = [game12Q1InfoNoP game12Q1ControlNoP game12Q2InfoNoP game12Q2ControlNoP ...
+    game12Q3InfoNoP game12Q3ControlNoP game12Q4InfoNoP game12Q4ControlNoP];
+simulate_attendance(mc,mcnp,'qattinfoV')
+
+
+% GENERATE WELFARE/EFFICIENCY RESULTS
+% under the 12+ visit contract
+mc = [game12AMInfo game12AMControl game12BMInfo game12BMControl];
+mnc = [gameNo12AMInfo gameNo12AMControl gameNo12BMInfo gameNo12BMControl];
+mcnp = [game12AMInfoNoP game12AMControlNoP game12BMInfoNoP game12BMControlNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu12;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu12;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu12);
+end
+Results12 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 8+ visit contract
+mc = [game8AMInfo game8AMControl game8BMInfo game8BMControl];
+mnc = [gameNo8AMInfo gameNo8AMControl gameNo8BMInfo gameNo8BMControl];
+mcnp = [game8AMInfoNoP game8AMControlNoP game8BMInfoNoP game8BMControlNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu8;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu8;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu8);
+end
+Results8 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% under the 16+ visit contract
+mc = [game16AMInfo game16AMControl game16BMInfo game16BMControl];
+mnc = [gameNo16AMInfo gameNo16AMControl gameNo16BMInfo gameNo16BMControl];
+mcnp = [game16AMInfoNoP game16AMControlNoP game16BMInfoNoP game16BMControlNoP];
+for m = 1:length(mc) % rescale mu's as a share of whole population
+    mc(m).mu = mc(m).mu .* mu16;
+    mcnp(m).mu = mcnp(m).mu .* mu16;
+    mnc(m).mu = mnc(m).mu .* (1 - mu16);
+end
+Results16 = compute_efficiency(mc,mnc,mcnp);
+
+% export results
+export_efficiency_results(Results8, Results12, Results16, 'hetV');
+
+
+%% Helper functions
+
+function parameters = load_parameters(title)
+    % reads in parameters estimated in Stata
+
+    file = strcat(OUTPUT,'/parameter_estimates/',title,'.csv');
+
+    % read file into vector
+    P = readmatrix(file);
+
+    % set parameter values from vector
+    parameters.lambda = P(1);
+    parameters.beta = P(2);
+    parameters.betatilde = P(3);
+    parameters.b = P(4);
+    parameters.mu = P(5);
+
+end
+
+function simulate_attendance(commit_models, no_p_commit_models, name)
+    % simulate attendance with & without the commitment contract
+    
+    % average change in attendance
+    DaC = 0;
+    for i = 1:length(commit_models)
+       
+        DaC = DaC + commit_models(i).mu .* (commit_models(i).avg_att - ...
+            no_p_commit_models(i).avg_att);
+        
+    end
+    
+    % average probabilities of success with & without the contract
+    prob_c = 0;
+    prob_nop = 0;
+    for i = 1:length(commit_models)
+        
+        prob_c = prob_c + commit_models(i).mu .* ...
+            commit_models(i).prob_success;
+        
+        prob_nop = prob_nop + no_p_commit_models(i).mu .* ...
+            no_p_commit_models(i).prob_success;
+        
+    end
+    prob_diff = prob_c - prob_nop;
+    
+    % export results
+    latex_command(strcat('DaC',name),DaC,'%1.2f');
+    latex_command(strcat('probc',name),prob_c,'%1.2f');
+    latex_command(strcat('probnop',name),prob_nop,'%1.2f');
+    latex_command(strcat('Dprob',name),prob_diff,'%1.2f'); 
+        
+end
+
+function export_efficiency_results(results8, results12, results16, name)
+    % exports welfare/efficiency outcomes
+    
+    % for the optimal piece-rate incentive (12+ visit contract)
+    latex_command(strcat('Ropt',name),results12.r_opt,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DaRopt',name),results12.delta_att_r_opt,'%3.2f');
+    latex_command(strcat('DsurplusRopt',name),results12.delta_surplus_r_opt,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DbenefitsRopt',name),results12.delta_benefits_r_opt,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DcostsRopt',name),results12.delta_costs_r_opt,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DeffRopt',name),results12.U_E_r_opt,'currency');
+    
+    % for the 12+ visit contract
+    latex_command(strcat('DaCT',name),results12.avg_delta_a_C,'%3.2f');
+    latex_command(strcat('DcommitsurplusCT',name),results12.commit_delta_surplus,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DsurplusCT',name),results12.avg_delta_surplus,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DbenefitsCT',name),results12.avg_delta_benefits,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DcostsCT',name),results12.avg_delta_costs,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DeffCT',name),results12.V_E,'currency');
+    
+    % for the attendance-equivalent incentive (12+ visit contract)
+    latex_command(strcat('RattT',name),results12.r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DaRattT',name),results12.delta_att_r_att,'%3.2f');
+    latex_command(strcat('DsurplusRattT',name),results12.delta_surplus_r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DbenefitsRattT',name),results12.delta_benefits_r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DcostsRattT',name),results12.delta_costs_r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DeffRattT',name),results12.U_E_r_att,'currency');
+    
+    % for the 8+ visit contract
+    latex_command(strcat('DaCE',name),results8.avg_delta_a_C,'%3.2f');
+    latex_command(strcat('DcommitsurplusCE',name),results8.commit_delta_surplus,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DsurplusCE',name),results8.avg_delta_surplus,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DbenefitsCE',name),results8.avg_delta_benefits,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DcostsCE',name),results8.avg_delta_costs,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DeffCE',name),results8.V_E,'currency');
+    
+    % for the attendance-equivalent incentive (8+ visit contract)
+    latex_command(strcat('RattE',name),results8.r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DaRattE',name),results8.delta_att_r_att,'%3.2f');
+    latex_command(strcat('DsurplusRattE',name),results8.delta_surplus_r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DbenefitsRattE',name),results8.delta_benefits_r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DcostsRattE',name),results8.delta_costs_r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DeffRattE',name),results8.U_E_r_att,'currency');
+    
+    % for the 16+ visit contract
+    latex_command(strcat('DaCS',name),results16.avg_delta_a_C,'%3.2f');
+    latex_command(strcat('DcommitsurplusCS',name),results16.commit_delta_surplus,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DsurplusCS',name),results16.avg_delta_surplus,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DbenefitsCS',name),results16.avg_delta_benefits,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DcostsCS',name),results16.avg_delta_costs,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DeffCS',name),results16.V_E,'currency');
+    
+    % for the attendance-equivalent incentive (16+ visit contract)
+    latex_command(strcat('RattS',name),results16.r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DaRattS',name),results16.delta_att_r_att,'%3.2f');
+    latex_command(strcat('DsurplusRattS',name),results16.delta_surplus_r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DbenefitsRattS',name),results16.delta_benefits_r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DcostsRattS',name),results16.delta_costs_r_att,'currency');
+    latex_command(strcat('DeffRattS',name),results16.U_E_r_att,'currency');
+     
+end
+
+function plot_att_prob(commit_models, name)
+    % plot the average probability of attending each day
+        
+    % contract threshold
+    a_star = commit_models(1).a_star;
+    
+     % average probability for each day over all naive groups
+     probs = zeros(commit_models(1).T,1);
+     for i = 1:length(probs)
+     
+         p = 0;
+         for j = 1:length(commit_models)
+             
+             p = p + commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+                 commit_models(j).prob_att_day(i);
+             
+         end
+         probs(i) = p;
+     
+     end
+     
+     % average probability without the contract or present bias
+     noc_prob = 0;
+     noc_nopb_prob = 0;
+     for j = 1:length(commit_models)
+             
+         noc_prob = noc_prob + commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+             commit_models(j).F(commit_models(j).beta .* commit_models(j).b);
+         
+         noc_nopb_prob = noc_nopb_prob + commit_models(j).mu .* ...
+             commit_models(j).F(commit_models(j).b);
+             
+     end
+     
+     plot(repmat(noc_prob,length(probs),1),'LineStyle','--', ...
+         'Color','#D95319');
+     hold on
+     plot(probs,'LineStyle','-','Color','#0072BD');
+     hold on
+     plot(repmat(noc_nopb_prob,length(probs),1),'LineStyle','-.', ...
+         'Color','#EDB120');
+     xticks(linspace(0,28,15));
+     xlim([0 28])
+     ylim([0 1]);
+     xlabel('Day');
+     label2 = "With " + num2str(a_star) + "+ visits contract";
+     ylabel('Probability of going to the gym');
+     legend({'Baseline',label2, 'First best'}, ...
+          'location','northwest');
+     set(gcf,'color','w');
+     fpath = [OUTPUT '/' name '.pdf'];
+     fig = gcf;
+     fig.PaperPositionMode = 'auto';
+     fig_pos = fig.PaperPosition;
+     fig.PaperSize = [fig_pos(3) fig_pos(4)];
+     print(fig,fpath,'-dpdf');
+     close;
+        
+end
+
+function latex_command(name, value, format)
+    % outputs figures to a tex file
+    
+    if strcmp(format, 'currency')
+        curr = java.util.Locale.CANADA; % preserves negative sign
+        j = java.text.NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(curr); % format
+        value = char(j.format(value));
+        value = strrep(value,'$','\$');
+    else
+        value = compose(format, value);
+    end
+    
+    if ismac
+        input = strcat('\\\newcommand{\\',name,'}{',value,'}');
+    else
+        input = strcat('\\newcommand{\',name,'}{',value,'}');
+    end
+  
+    file = [OUTPUT '/simulations.tex'];
+    command = strcat('echo ',input,'  >> ',file);
+    system(char(command));
+
+end
+
+end

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107/replication_package/Other/commitment.bib

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+%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk.
+%% https://bibdesk.sourceforge.io/
+
+%% Created for Afras Sial at 2021-07-27 10:03:21 -0600 
+
+
+%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) 
+
+
+@comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:biblatex;}
+
+
+
+@article{zhang2021,
+	author = {Zhang, Qing and Greiner, Ben},
+	date-added = {2021-07-25 15:46:06 -0600},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 15:47:09 -0600},
+	journal = {Economic Letters},
+	nameorder = {random},
+	pages = {Article 109982},
+	title = {Time Inconsistency, Sophistication, and Commitment: An Experimental Study},
+	volume = {203},
+	year = {2021}}
+
+@article{oettingen2015,
+	author = {Oettingen, Gabriele and Kappes, Heather Barry and Guttenberg, Katie B. and Gollwitzer, Peter M.},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:35:38 -0600},
+	eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ejsp.2090},
+	journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {218-229},
+	title = {Self-regulation of Time Management: Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions},
+	volume = {45},
+	year = {2015},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejsp.2090},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2090}}
+
+@article{levy2020,
+	author = {Matthew R. Levy and Psquale Schiraldi},
+	date-added = {2021-03-03 13:21:20 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-03-03 13:21:44 -0500},
+	journal = {working paper},
+	title = {Identification of intertemporal preferences in history-dependent dynamic discrete choice models},
+	year = {2020}}
+
+@article{magnac2002,
+	author = {Thiery Magnac and David Thesmar},
+	date-added = {2021-03-03 13:12:22 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-03-03 13:13:07 -0500},
+	journal = {Econometrica},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {801-816},
+	title = {Identifying Dynamic Discrete Decision Processes},
+	volume = {70},
+	year = {2002}}
+
+@article{abbring2020,
+	author = {Jaap H. Abbring and Oystein Daljord},
+	date-added = {2021-03-03 13:10:51 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-03-03 13:11:54 -0500},
+	journal = {Quantitative Economics},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {471-501},
+	title = {Identifying the Discount Factor in Dynamic Discrete Choice Models},
+	volume = {11},
+	year = {2020}}
+
+@unpublished{huffman2020,
+	author = {David Huffman and Collin Raymond and Julia Shvets},
+	date-added = {2021-02-23 17:27:43 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 15:28:46 -0600},
+	note = {Working Paper},
+	title = {Persistent Overconfidence and Biased Memory: Evidence from Managers},
+	year = {2020}}
+
+@article{schwartzstein2014,
+	author = {Joshua Schwartzstein},
+	date-added = {2021-02-23 17:22:56 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-02-23 17:24:00 -0500},
+	journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
+	number = {6},
+	pages = {1423-1452},
+	title = {Selective Attention and Learning},
+	volume = {12},
+	year = {2014}}
+
+@article{hanna2014,
+	author = {Rema Hanna and Sendhil Mullainathan and Joshua Schwartzstein},
+	date-added = {2021-02-23 17:20:08 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-02-23 17:22:20 -0500},
+	journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {1311-1353},
+	title = {Learning Through Noticing: Theory and Evidence from a Field Experiment},
+	volume = {129},
+	year = {2014}}
+
+@article{Echenique2019,
+	author = {Federico Echenique and Kota Saito},
+	date-added = {2021-02-11 15:26:15 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-02-11 15:26:53 -0500},
+	journal = {Economic Theory},
+	number = {4},
+	pages = {811-826},
+	title = {General Luce Model},
+	volume = {68},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{Milgrom2002,
+	author = {Paul Milgrom and Ilya Segal},
+	date-added = {2020-09-25 17:26:17 -0400},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 15:08:18 -0600},
+	journal = {Econometrica},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {583-601},
+	title = {Envelope Theorems for Arbitrary Choice Sets},
+	volume = {70},
+	year = {2002}}
+
+@article{Gruber2001,
+	author = {Gruber, Jonathan and K{\H{o}}szegi, Botond},
+	date-added = {2020-09-20 18:59:53 -0400},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-20 19:00:50 -0400},
+	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	number = {4},
+	pages = {1261-1305},
+	title = {Is Addiction Rational? Theory and Evidence?},
+	volume = {116},
+	year = {2001}}
+
+@unpublished{Imai2020,
+	author = {Imai, Taisuke and Tom Rutter and Colin Camerer},
+	date-added = {2020-09-14 19:44:33 -0400},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-14 19:44:33 -0400},
+	month = {April},
+	note = {Working Paper},
+	title = {Meta-Analysis of Present-Bias Estimation Using Convex Time Budget},
+	year = {2020}}
+
+@article{bisin2020,
+	author = {Bisin, Alberto and Hyndman, Kyle},
+	date-added = {2020-08-28 16:25:30 -0600},
+	date-modified = {2020-08-28 16:26:07 -0600},
+	journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
+	pages = {339--357},
+	title = {Present-Bias, Procrastination and Deadlines in a Field Experiment},
+	volume = {119},
+	year = {2020}}
+
+@unpublished{avery2019,
+	author = {Avery, Mallory and Giuntella, Osea and Jiao, Peiran},
+	date-added = {2020-08-26 16:38:51 -0600},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 11:59:26 -0600},
+	note = {IZA Discussion Paper, No. 12772},
+	title = {Why Don't We Sleep Enough? A Field Experiment among College Students},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{beshears2020,
+	author = {Beshears, John and Choi, James J. and Harris, Christopher and Laibson, David and Madrian, Brigitte C. and Sakong, Jung},
+	date-added = {2020-08-26 16:28:22 -0600},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 13:44:16 -0600},
+	journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
+	pages = {Article 104144},
+	publisher = {Elsevier},
+	title = {Which Early Withdrawal Penalty Attracts the Most Deposits to a Commitment Savings Account?},
+	volume = {183},
+	year = {2020}}
+
+@article{BernheimRangel2009,
+	author = {B. Douglas Bernheim and Antonio Rangel},
+	date-added = {2020-08-25 19:17:14 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-08-25 19:17:14 +0000},
+	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	month = {February},
+	number = {1},
+	pages = {51-104},
+	title = {Beyond Revealed Preference: Choice-Theoretic Foundations for Behavioral Welfare Economics},
+	volume = {124},
+	year = {2009},
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+
+@article{Bernheim2016,
+	author = {B. Douglas Bernheim},
+	date-added = {2020-08-25 19:17:12 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-08-25 19:17:12 +0000},
+	journal = {Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis},
+	number = {1},
+	pages = {12-68},
+	title = {The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: A Unified Approach to Behavioral Welfare Economics},
+	volume = {7},
+	year = {2016},
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+
+@unpublished{schwartzstein2021,
+	author = {Tristan Gagnon-Bartsch and Matthew Rabin and Joshua Schwartzstein},
+	date-added = {2020-08-23 22:49:41 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 15:44:08 -0600},
+	note = {Working Paper},
+	title = {Channeled Attention and Stable Errors},
+	year = {2021}}
+
+@unpublished{ShuiAnsubel2005,
+	author = {Haiyan Shui and Lawrence M. Ausubel},
+	date-added = {2020-08-19 20:52:52 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-08-19 20:52:52 +0000},
+	note = {Working Paper},
+	title = {Time Inconsistency in the Credit Card Market},
+	year = {2005},
+	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}
+
+@unpublished{Mahajanetal2020,
+	author = {Mahajan, Aprajit and Michel, Christian and Tarozzi, Alessandro},
+	date-added = {2020-08-19 20:52:37 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 11:58:45 -0600},
+	note = {NBER Working Paper 27198},
+	title = {Identification of Time-Inconsistent Models: The Case of Insecticide Treated Nets},
+	year = {2020}}
+
+@unpublished{FangSilverman2004,
+	author = {Hanming Fang and Dan Silverman},
+	date-added = {2020-08-19 20:52:23 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-08-19 20:52:23 +0000},
+	month = {July},
+	note = {Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 1465},
+	title = {Time Inconsistency and Welfare Program Participation: Evidence from the NLSY},
+	year = {2004}}
+
+@unpublished{Auglenblick2018,
+	author = {Ned Augenblick},
+	date-added = {2020-08-19 20:52:05 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-08-19 20:52:05 +0000},
+	note = {Working Paper},
+	title = {Short-Term Discounting of Unpleasant Tasks},
+	year = {2018},
+	Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDSAQIDBFxyZWxhdGl2ZVBhdGhZYWxpYXNEYXRhXxBxLi4vLi4vLi4vLi4vLi4vRHJvcGJveC9QYXlkYXkvTGl0ZXJhdHVyZS9BdWdlbmJsaWNrIDIwMTggV1AgLSBTaG9ydC1UZXJtIFRpbWUgRGlzY291bnRpbmcgb2YgVW5wbGVhc2FudCBUYXNrcy5wZGZPEQJOAAAAAAJOAAIAAAxNYWNpbnRvc2ggSEQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQkQAAf////8fQXVnZW5ibGljayAyMDE4IFdQI0ZGRkZGRkZGLnBkZgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA/////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFAAQAAAogY3UAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACkxpdGVyYXR1cmUAAgBvLzpVc2VyczpyYWpiOkRyb3Bib3g6UGF5ZGF5OkxpdGVyYXR1cmU6QXVnZW5ibGljayAyMDE4IFdQIC0gU2hvcnQtVGVybSBUaW1lIERpc2NvdW50aW5nIG9mIFVucGxlYXNhbnQgVGFza3MucGRmAAAOAJIASABBAHUAZwBlAG4AYgBsAGkAYwBrACAAMgAwADEAOAAgAFcAUAAgAC0AIABTAGgAbwByAHQALQBUAGUAcgBtACAAVABpAG0AZQAgAEQAaQBzAGMAbwB1AG4AdABpAG4AZwAgAG8AZgAgAFUAbgBwAGwAZQBhAHMAYQBuAHQAIABUAGEAcwBrAHMALgBwAGQAZgAPABoADABNAGEAYwBpAG4AdABvAHMAaAAgAEgARAASAG1Vc2Vycy9yYWpiL0Ryb3Bib3gvUGF5ZGF5L0xpdGVyYXR1cmUvQXVnZW5ibGljayAyMDE4IFdQIC0gU2hvcnQtVGVybSBUaW1lIERpc2NvdW50aW5nIG9mIFVucGxlYXNhbnQgVGFza3MucGRmAAATAAEvAAAVAAIAC///AAAACAANABoAJACYAAAAAAAAAgEAAAAAAAAABQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuo=}}
+
+@unpublished{AclandLevy2012,
+	author = {Dan Acland and Matthew R. Levy},
+	date-added = {2020-08-19 20:51:15 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-08-19 20:51:15 +0000},
+	note = {Working Paper: GSPP13-002},
+	title = {Naivet{\'e}, Projection Bias, and Habit Formation in Gym Attendance},
+	year = {2012},
+	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}
+
+@unpublished{SkibaTobacman2018,
+	author = {Paige Marta Skiba and Jeremy Tobacman},
+	date-added = {2020-08-19 20:49:49 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 11:26:15 -0600},
+	note = {Working Paper},
+	title = {Payday Loans, Uncertainty, and Discounting: Explaining Patterns of Borrowing, Repayment, and Default},
+	year = {2018}}
+
+@unpublished{Chaloupka2019,
+	author = {Chaloupka, Frank J. and Matthew R. Levy and White, Justin S.},
+	date-added = {2020-08-19 20:49:17 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 11:58:29 -0600},
+	note = {NBER Working Paper 26522},
+	title = {Estimating Biases in Smoking Cessation: Evidence from a Field Experiment},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{moser2019,
+	author = {Christian Moser and Pedro Olea de Souza e Silva},
+	date-added = {2019-11-22 19:22:23 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-22 19:23:03 +0000},
+	journal = {working paper},
+	title = {Optimal Paternalistic Savings Policies},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{beshears2017,
+	author = {John Beshears and James Choi and Chirstopher Clayton and Christopher Harris and David Laibson and Brigitte Madrian},
+	date-added = {2019-11-22 19:20:19 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-22 19:21:09 +0000},
+	journal = {working paper},
+	title = {Optimal Illuquidity},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{lizzeri2017,
+	author = {Allesandro Lizzeri and Leeat Yariv},
+	date-added = {2019-11-22 19:18:57 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-22 19:19:46 +0000},
+	journal = {American Economic Journal: Microeconomics},
+	number = {3},
+	title = {Collective Self-Control},
+	volume = {9},
+	year = {2017}}
+
+@article{bisin2015,
+	author = {Alberto Bisin and Alessandro Lizzeri and Leeat Yariv},
+	date-added = {2019-11-22 19:17:30 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-22 19:23:33 +0000},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
+	number = {6},
+	pages = {1711-1737},
+	title = {Government Policy with Time Inconsistent Voters},
+	volume = {105},
+	year = {2015}}
+
+@article{alan2015,
+	author = {Alan, Sule and Ertac, Seda},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 18:02:42 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-07 18:02:54 -0500},
+	journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization},
+	pages = {111--122},
+	title = {Patience, self-control and the demand for commitment: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment},
+	volume = {115},
+	year = {2015}}
+
+@article{sadoffjebo2019,
+	author = {Sadoff, Sally and Samek, Anya},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 17:21:44 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-07 17:23:33 -0500},
+	journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization},
+	pages = {90--109},
+	title = {Can Interventions Affect Commitment Demand? A Field Experiment on Food Choice},
+	volume = {158},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@unpublished{karlan2017,
+	author = {Karlan, Dean and Linden, Leigh L.},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 17:15:59 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 13:51:54 -0600},
+	note = {NBER Working Paper 19863},
+	title = {Loose Knots: Strong Versus Weak Commitments to Save for Education in Uganda},
+	year = {2017}}
+
+@article{houser2018,
+	author = {Houser, Daniel and Schunk, Daniel and Winter, Joachim and Xiao, Erte},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 17:11:15 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-07 17:11:23 -0500},
+	journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
+	pages = {329--344},
+	rating = {5},
+	title = {Temptation and Commitment in the Laboratory},
+	volume = {107},
+	year = {2018}}
+
+@unpublished{ek2020,
+	author = {Ek, Claes and Samahita, Margaret},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 17:08:27 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 15:57:32 -0600},
+	note = {Working Paper},
+	title = {Pessimism and Overcommitment},
+	year = {2020}}
+
+@article{dupas2013,
+	author = {Dupas, Pascaline and Robinson, Jonathan},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 17:06:52 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-07 17:07:10 -0500},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
+	number = {4},
+	pages = {1138--71},
+	title = {Why Don't the Poor Save More? Evidence from Health Savings Experiments},
+	volume = {103},
+	year = {2013}}
+
+@unpublished{chow2011,
+	author = {Chow, Vinci},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 17:05:12 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 13:46:59 -0600},
+	note = {Unpublished},
+	title = {Demand for a Commitment Device in Online Gaming},
+	year = {2011}}
+
+@article{casaburi2019,
+	author = {Casaburi, Lorenzo and Macchiavello, Rocco},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 17:03:27 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-07 17:03:50 -0500},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {523--55},
+	title = {Demand and Supply of Infrequent Payments as a Commitment Device: Evidence from Kenya},
+	volume = {109},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{brune2016,
+	author = {Brune, Lasse and Gin{\'e}, Xavier and Goldberg, Jessica and Yang, Dean},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 17:02:04 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-07 17:02:22 -0500},
+	journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {187--220},
+	publisher = {University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL},
+	title = {Facilitating Savings for Agriculture: Field Experimental Evidence from Malawi},
+	volume = {64},
+	year = {2016}}
+
+@article{brune2021,
+	author = {Brune, Lasse and Chyn, Eric and Kerwin, Jason T.},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 16:59:32 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 15:51:33 -0600},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
+	title = {Pay Me Later: A Simple Employer-Based Saving Scheme},
+	year = {Forthcoming}}
+
+@article{bonein2015,
+	author = {Bonein, Aur{\'e}lie and Denant-Bo{\`e}mont, Laurent},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 16:41:31 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-07 16:41:55 -0500},
+	journal = {Experimental Economics},
+	number = {4},
+	pages = {543--568},
+	publisher = {Springer},
+	title = {Self-Control, Commitment and Peer Pressure: A Laboratory Experiment},
+	volume = {18},
+	year = {2015}}
+
+@unpublished{bhattacharya2015,
+	author = {Bhattacharya, Jay and Garber, Alan M. and Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D.},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 16:20:57 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 13:45:46 -0600},
+	note = {NBER Working Paper 21406},
+	title = {Nudges in Exercise Commitment Contracts: A Randomized Trial},
+	year = {2015}}
+
+@article{ariely2002,
+	author = {Ariely, Dan and Wertenbroch, Klaus},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 16:09:10 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-07 16:09:55 -0500},
+	journal = {Psychological Science},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {219--224},
+	title = {Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment},
+	volume = {13},
+	year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{afzal2019,
+	author = {Afzal, Uzma and D'Adda, Giovanna and Fafchamps, Marcel and Quinn, Simon R. and Said, Farah},
+	date-added = {2019-11-07 16:02:35 -0500},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 13:37:55 -0600},
+	note = {NBER Working Paper 25802},
+	title = {Implicit and Explicit Commitment in Credit and Saving Contracts: A Field Experiment},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{deQuidt2018,
+	author = {Jonathan de Quidt and Johannes Haushofer and Christopher Roth},
+	date-added = {2019-11-06 19:20:14 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-06 19:21:02 +0000},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
+	number = {11},
+	pages = {3266-3302},
+	title = {Measuring and Bounding Experimenter Demand},
+	volume = {108},
+	year = {2018}}
+
+@unpublished{toussaert2019,
+	author = {S{\'e}verine Toussaert},
+	date-added = {2019-11-02 20:51:23 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 11:43:51 -0600},
+	note = {Unpublished},
+	title = {Revealing Temptation Through Menu Choice: Field Evidence},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{woodford2019,
+	author = {Michael Woodford},
+	date-added = {2019-11-02 20:50:01 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 12:06:36 -0600},
+	journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
+	pages = {579--601},
+	title = {Modeling Imprecision in Perception, Valuation and Choice},
+	volume = {12},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{Andreoni2012,
+	author = {James Andreoni and Charles Sprenger},
+	date-added = {2019-08-21 02:48:26 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-08-21 02:49:20 +0000},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
+	number = {7},
+	pages = {3333-3356},
+	title = {Estimating Time Preferences from Convex Budgets},
+	volume = {102},
+	year = {2012}}
+
+@article{Andreoni2019,
+	author = {James Andreoni and Deniz Aydin and Blake Barton and B. Douglas Bernheim and Jeffrey Naecker},
+	date-added = {2019-08-18 22:53:15 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-08-18 22:54:18 +0000},
+	journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
+	title = {When fair isn't fair: Understanding choice reversals involving social preferences},
+	year = {forthcoming}}
+
+@article{Bernheim2015,
+	author = {B. Douglas Bernheim and Debraj Ray and Sevin Yeltekin},
+	date-added = {2019-08-18 22:51:58 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-08-18 22:53:04 +0000},
+	journal = {Econometrica},
+	number = {5},
+	pages = {1877-1911},
+	title = {Poverty and Self-Control},
+	volume = {83},
+	year = {2015}}
+
+@unpublished{Skiba2018,
+	author = {Paige Marta Skiba and Jeremy Tobacman},
+	date-added = {2019-07-31 23:17:14 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 12:02:26 -0600},
+	note = {Working Paper},
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+	year = {2018}}
+
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+	author = {Charles Sprenger},
+	date-added = {2019-07-24 22:02:55 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-07-24 22:04:03 +0000},
+	journal = {American Economic Revew: Papers and Proceedings},
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+	pages = {280-285},
+	title = {Judging Experimental Evidence on Dynamic Inconsistency},
+	volume = {105},
+	year = {2015}}
+
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+	date-added = {2019-07-24 21:58:38 +0000},
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+	year = {2020}}
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+	date-modified = {2019-07-24 00:51:44 +0000},
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+	year = {2019}}
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+	date-added = {2019-06-20 23:57:54 +0000},
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+	year = {Forthcoming}}
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+	year = {2005}}
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+	eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/qje/119/2/10.1162/0033553041382111/2/119-2-353.pdf},
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+	year = {2018}}
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+	year = {Forthcoming}}
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+	year = {2007}}
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+	journal = {Management Science},
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+	pages = {146--160},
+	publisher = {INFORMS},
+	title = {Naivet{\'e}, Projection Bias, and Habit Formation in Gym Attendance},
+	volume = {61},
+	year = {2015}}
+
+@unpublished{frydman2019,
+	author = {Cary Frydman and Lawrence J. Jin},
+	date-added = {2019-05-30 17:17:57 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 12:10:11 -0600},
+	note = {Working Paper},
+	title = {Efficient Coding and Risky Choice},
+	year = {2019}}
+
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+	author = {Xue-Xin Wei and Alan A. Stocker},
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+	pages = {1509-1517},
+	title = {A Bayesian Observer Model Constrained by Efficient Coding Can Explain Anti-Bayesian Percepts},
+	volume = {18},
+	year = {2015}}
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+	pages = {365-396},
+	title = {Commitment vs. Flexibility},
+	volume = {74},
+	year = {2006}}
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+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 11:45:08 -0600},
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+	year = {2012}}
+
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+	author = {Carroll, Gabriel D and Choi, James J and Laibson, David and Madrian, Brigitte C and Metrick, Andrew},
+	date-added = {2019-05-30 15:40:53 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-30 15:40:53 +0000},
+	journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	keywords = {behavioral},
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+	year = {2009},
+	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}
+
+@article{strotz,
+	author = {R. H. Strotz},
+	date-added = {2019-05-30 15:24:10 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 12:06:46 -0600},
+	journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {165--180},
+	title = {Myopia and Inconsistency in Dynamic Utility Maximization},
+	volume = {23},
+	year = {1955}}
+
+@article{Laibson2018,
+	author = {David Laibson},
+	date-added = {2019-05-30 15:19:46 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-30 15:20:39 +0000},
+	journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
+	pages = {1-21},
+	title = {Private Paternalism, the Commitment Puzzle, and Model-Free Equilibrum},
+	volume = {108},
+	year = {2018}}
+
+@incollection{laibson2017,
+	author = {Keith M. Ericson and David Laibson},
+	booktitle = {Handbook of Behavioral Economics},
+	date-added = {2019-05-30 15:16:25 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-08-31 01:28:35 +0000},
+	editor = {B. Douglas Bernheim and Stefano DellaVigna and David Laibson},
+	publisher = {Elsevier},
+	title = {Intertemporal Choice},
+	volume = {2},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{Laibson2015,
+	author = {David Laibson},
+	date-added = {2019-05-30 15:16:16 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-30 15:16:16 +0000},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
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+	pages = {267-272},
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+	volume = {105},
+	year = {2015}}
+
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+	address = {New York},
+	author = {B. Douglas Bernheim and Dmitry Taubinsky},
+	booktitle = {The Handbook of Behavioral Economics},
+	date-added = {2019-05-30 15:15:09 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-30 15:15:09 +0000},
+	editor = {B. Douglas Bernheim and Stefano DellaVigna and David Laibson},
+	publisher = {Elsevier},
+	title = {Behavioral Public Economics},
+	volume = {1},
+	year = {2018}}
+
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+	author = {Laibson, David},
+	date-added = {2019-05-30 15:15:02 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-30 15:15:02 +0000},
+	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	keywords = {behavioral},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {443--478},
+	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
+	title = {Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting},
+	volume = {112},
+	year = {1997},
+	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}
+
+@article{Benabou2004,
+	author = {Roland Benabou and Jean Tirole},
+	date-added = {2019-05-28 17:47:55 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-28 17:48:26 +0000},
+	journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
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+	pages = {848-887},
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+	volume = {112},
+	year = {2004}}
+
+@article{Benabou2002,
+	author = {Roland Benabou and Jean Tirole},
+	date-added = {2019-05-28 17:47:17 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-28 17:47:51 +0000},
+	journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {871-915},
+	title = {Self-Confidence and Personal Motivation},
+	volume = {117},
+	year = {2002}}
+
+@unpublished{Woodford2012,
+	author = {Michael Woodford},
+	date-added = {2019-05-28 17:45:04 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-08 17:31:22 -0500},
+	note = {Unpublished},
+	title = {Inattentive Valuation and Reference-Dependent Choice},
+	year = {2012}}
+
+@article{Paserman2008,
+	author = {Paserman, M. Daniele},
+	date-added = {2019-05-28 17:44:42 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 15:14:29 -0600},
+	journal = {The Economic Journal},
+	number = {531},
+	pages = {1418--1452},
+	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
+	title = {Job Search and Hyperbolic Discounting: Structural Estimation and Policy Evaluation},
+	volume = {118},
+	year = {2008},
+	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}
+
+@article{Gruber2004,
+	author = {Gruber, Jonathan and K{\H{o}}szegi, Botond},
+	date-added = {2019-05-28 17:44:25 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-28 17:44:25 +0000},
+	journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
+	keywords = {behavioral, opt_nudge},
+	number = {9},
+	pages = {1959--1987},
+	publisher = {Elsevier},
+	title = {Tax incidence when individuals are time-inconsistent: the case of cigarette excise taxes},
+	volume = {88},
+	year = {2004},
+	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}
+
+@article{gabaix2014,
+	author = {Xavier Gabaix},
+	date-added = {2019-05-28 17:44:15 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-28 17:44:15 +0000},
+	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	number = {4},
+	pages = {1661-1710},
+	title = {A Sparsity Based Model of Bounded Rationality},
+	volume = {129},
+	year = {2014}}
+
+@article{DellaVigna2009,
+	author = {DellaVigna, Stefano},
+	date-added = {2019-05-28 17:44:01 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-28 17:44:01 +0000},
+	journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
+	keywords = {behavioral},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {315--372},
+	publisher = {Citeseer},
+	title = {Psychology and Economics: Evidence from the Field},
+	volume = {47},
+	year = {2009},
+	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}
+
+@article{DellaVigna2005,
+	author = {DellaVigna, Stefano and Paserman, M Daniele},
+	date-added = {2019-05-28 17:43:57 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-28 17:43:57 +0000},
+	journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
+	number = {3},
+	title = {Job Search and Impatience},
+	volume = {23},
+	year = {2005},
+	Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDSAQIDBFxyZWxhdGl2ZVBhdGhZYWxpYXNEYXRhXxB9Li4vLi4vLi4vLi4vLi4vTGlicmFyeS9Nb2JpbGUgRG9jdW1lbnRzLzRZNjgyNzJMTjh+Y29tfnJlYWRkbGV+UmVhZGRsZURvY3NJUGFkL0RvY3VtZW50cy9MaWJyYXJ5L0RlbGxhVmlnbmFfUGFzZXJtYW5fMjAwNS5wZGZPEQJYAAAAAAJYAAIAAAxCTE9DS1dPT0QtSEQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADNGKcfSCsAAAE6Y9wcRGVsbGFWaWduYV9QYXNlcm1hbl8yMDA1LnBkZgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAfTXBNCSCZ8AAAAAAAAAAAAFAAYAAAkgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB0xpYnJhcnkAABAACAAAzRjtbwAAABEACAAA0JJP7wAAAAEAHAE6Y9wA2GEcANhhGwAXMLgAA1XpAANVzwADVcYAAgCLQkxPQ0tXT09ELUhEOlVzZXJzOgBibG9ja3dvb2Q6AExpYnJhcnk6AE1vYmlsZSBEb2N1bWVudHM6ADRZNjgyNzJMTjh+Y29tfnJlYWRkbGV+UiNEODYxMUI6AERvY3VtZW50czoATGlicmFyeToARGVsbGFWaWduYV9QYXNlcm1hbl8yMDA1LnBkZgAADgA6ABwARABlAGwAbABhAFYAaQBnAG4AYQBfAFAAYQBzAGUAcgBtAGEAbgBfADIAMAAwADUALgBwAGQAZgAPABoADABCAEwATwBDAEsAVwBPAE8ARAAtAEgARAASAH5Vc2Vycy9ibG9ja3dvb2QvTGlicmFyeS9Nb2JpbGUgRG9jdW1lbnRzLzRZNjgyNzJMTjh+Y29tfnJlYWRkbGV+UmVhZGRsZURvY3NJUGFkL0RvY3VtZW50cy9MaWJyYXJ5L0RlbGxhVmlnbmFfUGFzZXJtYW5fMjAwNS5wZGYAEwABLwAAFQACABD//wAAAAgADQAaACQApAAAAAAAAAIBAAAAAAAAAAUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMA}}
+
+@article{Beshears2008,
+	author = {Beshears, John and Choi, James J and Laibson, David and Madrian, Brigitte C},
+	date-added = {2019-05-28 17:43:25 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-28 17:43:25 +0000},
+	journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
+	keywords = {behavioral, opt_nudge},
+	number = {8},
+	pages = {1787--1794},
+	publisher = {Elsevier},
+	title = {How are preferences revealed?},
+	volume = {92},
+	year = {2008},
+	Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDSAQIDBFxyZWxhdGl2ZVBhdGhZYWxpYXNEYXRhXxB3Li4vLi4vLi4vLi4vLi4vTGlicmFyeS9Nb2JpbGUgRG9jdW1lbnRzLzRZNjgyNzJMTjh+Y29tfnJlYWRkbGV+UmVhZGRsZURvY3NJUGFkL0RvY3VtZW50cy9MaWJyYXJ5L0Jlc2hlYXJzX2V0YWxfMjAwOC5wZGZPEQJAAAAAAAJAAAIAAAxCTE9DS1dPT0QtSEQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADNGKcfSCsAAAE6Y9wWQmVzaGVhcnNfZXRhbF8yMDA4LnBkZgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUZH4M+R0zoAAAAAAAAAAAAFAAYAAAkgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB0xpYnJhcnkAABAACAAAzRjtbwAAABEACAAAz5ILegAAAAEAHAE6Y9wA2GEcANhhGwAXMLgAA1XpAANVzwADVcYAAgCFQkxPQ0tXT09ELUhEOlVzZXJzOgBibG9ja3dvb2Q6AExpYnJhcnk6AE1vYmlsZSBEb2N1bWVudHM6ADRZNjgyNzJMTjh+Y29tfnJlYWRkbGV+UiNEODYxMUI6AERvY3VtZW50czoATGlicmFyeToAQmVzaGVhcnNfZXRhbF8yMDA4LnBkZgAADgAuABYAQgBlAHMAaABlAGEAcgBzAF8AZQB0AGEAbABfADIAMAAwADgALgBwAGQAZgAPABoADABCAEwATwBDAEsAVwBPAE8ARAAtAEgARAASAHhVc2Vycy9ibG9ja3dvb2QvTGlicmFyeS9Nb2JpbGUgRG9jdW1lbnRzLzRZNjgyNzJMTjh+Y29tfnJlYWRkbGV+UmVhZGRsZURvY3NJUGFkL0RvY3VtZW50cy9MaWJyYXJ5L0Jlc2hlYXJzX2V0YWxfMjAwOC5wZGYAEwABLwAAFQACABD//wAAAAgADQAaACQAngAAAAAAAAIBAAAAAAAAAAUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALi}}
+
+@article{milkman2014,
+	author = {Katherine L. Milkman and Julia A. Minson and Kevin G. M. Volpp},
+	date-added = {2019-05-27 23:31:27 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-27 23:32:23 +0000},
+	journal = {Management Science},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {283-299},
+	title = {Holding the Hunger Games Hostage at the Gym: An Evaluations of Temptation Bundling},
+	volume = {60},
+	year = {2014}}
+
+@article{Sun2014,
+	author = {Kai Sun and Jing Song and Larry M. Manheim and Rowland W. Chang and Kent C. Kwoh and Pamela A. Semanik and Charles B. Eaton and Dorothy D. Dunlop},
+	date-added = {2019-05-27 15:30:58 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-27 15:32:50 +0000},
+	journal = {Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {264-270},
+	title = {Relationship of Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines with Quality Adjusted Life Years},
+	volume = {44},
+	year = {2014}}
+
+@article{Blair1989,
+	author = {Steven N. Blair and Harold W. Kohl and Ralph S. Paffenbarger and Debra G. Clark and Kenneth H. Cooper and Larry W. Gibbons},
+	date-added = {2019-05-27 15:27:17 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-27 15:30:15 +0000},
+	journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},
+	number = {17},
+	pages = {2395-2401},
+	title = {Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality A Prospective Study of Healthy Men and Women},
+	volume = {262},
+	year = {1989}}
+
+@article{Neumann2014,
+	author = {Peter J. Neumann and Joushua T. Cohen and Milton C. Weinstein},
+	date-added = {2019-05-27 15:25:01 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-27 16:19:07 +0000},
+	journal = {The New England Journal of Medicine},
+	number = {9},
+	pages = {796-797},
+	title = {Updating Cost-Effectiveness: The Curious Resilience of the \$50,000 per-QALY-Threshold},
+	volume = {371},
+	year = {2014}}
+
+@article{hansen1982,
+	author = {Lars Peter Hansen},
+	date-added = {2019-05-21 00:45:18 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-21 00:46:51 +0000},
+	journal = {Econometrica},
+	number = {4},
+	pages = {1029-1054},
+	title = {Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators},
+	volume = {50},
+	year = {1982}}
+
+@article{Odonoghue2001,
+	author = {Ted O'Donoghue and Matthew Rabin},
+	date-added = {2019-05-16 01:58:22 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-16 01:59:28 +0000},
+	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	number = {1},
+	pages = {121-160},
+	title = {Choice and Procrastination},
+	volume = {116},
+	year = {2001}}
+
+@article{Gul2001,
+	author = {Faruk Gul and Wolfgang Pesendorfer},
+	date-added = {2019-05-16 01:56:09 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-16 01:56:55 +0000},
+	journal = {Econometrica},
+	number = {6},
+	pages = {1403-1435},
+	title = {Temptation and Self-Control},
+	volume = {69},
+	year = {2001}}
+
+@article{fudenberg2006,
+	author = {Drew Fudenberg and David K. Levine},
+	date-added = {2019-05-16 01:42:58 +0000},
+	date-modified = {2019-05-16 01:44:06 +0000},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
+	number = {5},
+	pages = {1449-1476},
+	title = {A Dual-Self Model of Impulse Control},
+	volume = {96},
+	year = {2006}}
+
+@article{kaur2015,
+	abstract = {Self-control problems change the logic of agency theory by partly aligning the interests of the firm and worker: both now value contracts that elicit future effort. Findings from a year-long field experiment with full-time data entry workers support this idea. First, workers increase output by voluntarily choosing dominated contracts (which penalize low output but give no additional rewards for high output). Second, effort increases closer to (randomly assigned) paydays. Third, the contract and payday effects are strongly correlated within workers, and this correlation grows with experience. We suggest that workplace features such as high-powered incentives or effort monitoring may provide self-control benefits.},
+	author = {Kaur, Supreet and Kremer, Michael and Mullainathan, Sendhil},
+	date = {2015-12-01},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:38:16 -0600},
+	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\4V5JVZ8H\\Kaur et al. - 2015 - Self-Control at Work.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\MXNGT7AR\\683822.html:text/html},
+	issn = {0022-3808},
+	journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
+	journaltitle = {Journal of Political Economy},
+	number = {6},
+	pages = {1227--1277},
+	shortjournal = {Journal of Political Economy},
+	title = {Self-Control at Work},
+	volume = {123},
+	year = {2015},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/683822},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1086/683822}}
+
+@article{heidhues2009,
+	author = {Paul Heidhues and Botond K{\H{o}}szegi},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 13:51:28 -0600},
+	file = {Heidhues and K{\H o}szegi - 2009 - Futile Attempts at Self-Control.pdf:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\H58JLC29\\Heidhues and K{\H o}szegi - 2009 - Futile Attempts at Self-Control.pdf:application/pdf},
+	issn = {1542-4766, 1542-4774},
+	journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
+	journaltitle = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {423--434},
+	title = {Futile Attempts at Self-Control},
+	volume = {7},
+	year = {2009},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://academic.oup.com/jeea/article-lookup/doi/10.1162/JEEA.2009.7.2-3.423},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2009.7.2-3.423}}
+
+@article{exley2017,
+	abstract = {Previous research often interprets the choice to restrict one's future opportunity set as evidence for sophisticated time inconsistency. We propose an additional mechanism that may contribute to the demand for commitment technology: the desire to signal to others. We present a field experiment where participants can choose to give up money if they do not follow through with an action. When commitment choices are made public rather than kept private, we find significantly higher uptake rates.Data are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2501.This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.},
+	author = {Exley, Christine L. and Naecker, Jeffrey K.},
+	date = {2017-10},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:37:46 -0600},
+	file = {Full Text:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\NTHW4TIQ\\Exley and Naecker - 2016 - Observability Increases the Demand for Commitment .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\HZ5VZSAR\\mnsc.2016.html:text/html},
+	issn = {0025-1909},
+	journal = {Management Science},
+	journaltitle = {Management Science},
+	number = {10},
+	pages = {3262--3267},
+	shortjournal = {Management Science},
+	title = {Observability Increases the Demand for Commitment Devices},
+	volume = {63},
+	year = {2017},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2501},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2501}}
+
+@article{mckelvey1995,
+	abstract = {We investigate the use of standard statistical models for quantal choice in a game theoretic setting. Players choose strategies based on relative expected utility and assume other players do so as well. We define a quantal response equilibrium ({ORE}) as a fixed point of this process and establish existence. For a logit specification of the error structure, we show that as the error goes to zero, {QRE} approaches a subset of Nash equilibria and also implies a unique selection from the set of Nash equilibria in generic games. We fit the model to a variety of experimental data sets by using maximum likelihood estimation. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C19, C44, C72, C92.},
+	author = {{McKelvey}, Richard D. and Palfrey, Thomas R.},
+	date = {1995-07-01},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:35:01 -0600},
+	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\PY3UMW6N\\McKelvey and Palfrey - 1995 - Quantal Response Equilibria for Normal Form Games.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\RMXG4CF9\\S0899825685710238.html:text/html},
+	issn = {0899-8256},
+	journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
+	journaltitle = {Games and Economic Behavior},
+	number = {1},
+	pages = {6--38},
+	shortjournal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
+	title = {Quantal Response Equilibria for Normal Form Games},
+	volume = {10},
+	year = {1995},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899825685710238},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1006/game.1995.1023}}
+
+@article{khaw2017,
+	abstract = {The theory of expected utility maximization ({EUM}) explains risk aversion as due to diminishing marginal utility of wealth. However, observed choices between risky lotteries are difficult to reconcile with {EUM}: for example, in the laboratory, subjects' responses on individual trials involve a random element, and cannot be predicted purely from the terms offered; and subjects often appear to be too risk averse with regard to small gambles (while still accepting sufficiently favorable large gambles) to be consistent with any utility-of-wealth function. We propose a unified explanation for both anomalies, similar to the explanation given for related phenomena in the case of perceptual judgments: they result from judgments based on imprecise (and noisy) mental representation of the decision situation. In this model, risk aversion is predicted without any need for a nonlinear utility-of-wealth function, and instead results from a sort of perceptual bias --- but one that represents an optimal Bayesian decision, given the limitations of the mental representation of the situation. We propose a specific quantitative model of the mental representation of a simple lottery choice problem, based on other evidence regarding numerical cognition, and test its ability to explain the choice frequencies that we observe in a laboratory experiment.},
+	author = {Khaw, Mel Win and Li, Ziang and Woodford, Michael},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 15:05:51 -0600},
+	journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
+	number = {4},
+	pages = {1979--2013},
+	title = {Cognitive Imprecision and Small-Stakes Risk Aversion},
+	volume = {88},
+	year = {2021},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23294},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3386/w23294}}
+
+@article{john2020,
+	abstract = {Commitment products can remedy self-control problems. However, imperfect
+knowledge about their preferences may (discontinuously) lead individuals to select into
+incentive-incompatible commitments, which reduce their welfare. I conducted a field
+experiment in which low-income individuals were randomly offered a new installmentsavings commitment account. Individuals chose a personalized savings plan and a default
+penalty themselves. A majority appears to choose a harmful contract: While the average
+effect on bank savings is large, 55% of clients default and incur monetary losses. A possible
+explanation is that the chosen penalties were too low (the commitment was too weak) to
+overcome clients' self-control problems. Measures of sophisticated hyperbolic discounting
+correlate negatively with take-up and default, and positively with penalty choices. This
+finding is consistent with theoretical predictions that partial sophisticates adopt weak
+commitments and then default, whereas full sophisticates are more cautious about committing, but better able to choose incentive-compatible contracts.},
+	author = {John, Anett},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:40:33 -0600},
+	file = {John - When Commitment Fails -- Evidence from a Field Expe.pdf:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\R92E3DTR\\John - When Commitment Fails -- Evidence from a Field Expe.pdf:application/pdf},
+	journal = {Management Science},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {503--529},
+	title = {When Commitment Fails: Evidence from a Field Experiment},
+	volume = {66},
+	year = {2020}}
+
+@article{gine2010,
+	abstract = {We designed and tested a voluntary commitment product to help smokers quit smoking. The product ({CARES}) offered smokers a savings account in which they deposit funds for six months, after which they take a urine test for nicotine and cotinine. If they pass, their money is returned; otherwise, their money is forfeited to charity. Of
+smokers offered {CARES}, 11 percent took up, and smokers randomly offered {CARES} were 3 percentage points more likely to pass the 6-month test than the control group. More importantly, this effect
+persisted in surprise tests at 12 months, indicating that {CARES} produced
+lasting smoking cessation. ({JEL} D12, I12, O15)},
+	author = {Xavier Gin{\'e} and Dean Karlan and Jonathan Zinman},
+	date = {2010-10},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:38:00 -0600},
+	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\PKT3RAEU\\Gin{\'e} et al. - 2010 - Put Your Money Where Your Butt Is A Commitment Co.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\UV43SVEF\\articles.html:text/html},
+	issn = {1945-7782},
+	journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
+	keywords = {Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Health Production, Economic Development: Human Resources, Human Development, Income Distribution, Migration},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {4},
+	pages = {213--235},
+	shorttitle = {Put Your Money Where Your Butt Is},
+	title = {Put Your Money Where Your Butt Is: A Commitment Contract for Smoking Cessation},
+	volume = {2},
+	year = {2010},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.2.4.213},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.4.213}}
+
+@article{schwartz2014,
+	abstract = {We tested a voluntary self-control commitment device to help grocery shoppers make healthier food purchases. Participants, who were already enrolled in a large-scale incentive program that discounts the price of eligible groceries by 25\%, were offered the chance to put their discount on the line. Agreeing households pledged that they would increase their purchases of healthy food by 5 percentage points above their household baseline for each of 6 months. If they reached that goal, their discount was awarded as usual; otherwise, their discount was forfeited for that month. Thirty-six percent of households that were offered the binding commitment agreed; they subsequently showed an average 3.5-percentage-point increase in healthy grocery items purchased in each of the 6 months; households that declined the commitment and control-group households that were given a hypothetical option to precommit did not show such an increase. These results suggest that self-aware consumers will seize opportunities to create restrictive choice environments for themselves, even at some risk of financial loss.},
+	author = {Schwartz, Janet and Mochon, Daniel and Wyper, Lauren and Maroba, Josiase and Patel, Deepak and Ariely, Dan},
+	date = {2014-02-01},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 10:03:19 -0600},
+	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\V4UUC7SM\\Schwartz et al. - 2014 - Healthier by Precommitment.pdf:application/pdf},
+	issn = {0956-7976},
+	journal = {Psychological Science},
+	journaltitle = {Psychological Science},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {538--546},
+	shortjournal = {Psychol Sci},
+	title = {Healthier by Precommitment},
+	volume = {25},
+	year = {2014},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613510950}}
+
+@article{royer2015,
+	abstract = {Financial incentives have shown strong positive short-run effects for problematic health behaviors that likely stem from time inconsistency. However, the effects often disappear once incentive programs end. This paper analyzes the results of a large-scale workplace field experiment to examine whether self-funded commitment contracts can improve the long-run effects of an incentive program. A four week incentive program targeting use of the company gym generated only small lasting effects on behavior. Those that also offered a commitment contract at the end of the program, however, showed demand for commitment and significant long-run changes, detectable even several years after the incentive ended. ({JEL} D03, I10, J32)},
+	author = {Royer, Heather and Stehr, Mark and Sydnor, Justin},
+	date = {2015-07},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:35:54 -0600},
+	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\HJLEPIQR\\Royer et al. - 2015 - Incentives, Commitments, and Habit Formation in Ex.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\3KSB5EKY\\articles.html:text/html},
+	issn = {1945-7782},
+	journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
+	journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
+	keywords = {Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles, Health: General, Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits, Private Pensions, Retirement Plans},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {51--84},
+	shorttitle = {Incentives, Commitments, and Habit Formation in Exercise},
+	title = {Incentives, Commitments, and Habit Formation in Exercise: Evidence from a Field Experiment with Workers at a Fortune-500 Company},
+	volume = {7},
+	year = {2015},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20130327},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20130327}}
+
+@article{augenblick2015,
+	abstract = {Experimental tests of dynamically inconsistent time preferences have largely relied on choices over time-dated monetary rewards. Several recent studies have failed to find the standard patterns of present bias. However, such monetary studies contain often-discussed confounds. In this article, we sidestep these confounds and investigate choices over consumption (real effort) in a longitudinal experiment. We pair this effort study with a companion monetary discounting study. We confirm very limited time inconsistency in monetary choices. However, subjects show considerably more present bias in effort. Furthermore, present bias in the allocation of work has predictive power for demand of a meaningfully binding commitment device. Therefore our findings validate a key implication of models of dynamic inconsistency, with corresponding policy implications. {JEL} Codes: C91, D12, D81.},
+	author = {Augenblick, Ned and Niederle, Muriel and Sprenger, Charles},
+	date = {2015},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 13:41:06 -0600},
+	file = {RePEc Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\XKUP7B2D\\v_3a130_3ay_3a2015_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a1067-1115..html:text/html},
+	journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	journaltitle = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {1067--1115},
+	shorttitle = {Working over Time},
+	title = {Working Over Time: Dynamic Inconsistency in Real Effort Tasks},
+	urldate = {2019-03-24},
+	volume = {130},
+	year = {2015},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/oupqjecon/v_3a130_3ay_3a2015_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a1067-1115..htm}}
+
+@article{kaur2010,
+	author = {Kaur, Supreet and Kremer, Michael and Mullainathan, Sendhil},
+	date = {2010},
+	issn = {0002-8282},
+	journal = {The American Economic Review},
+	journaltitle = {The American Economic Review},
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {624--628},
+	title = {Self-Control and the Development of Work Arrangements},
+	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/27805070},
+	urldate = {2019-03-24},
+	volume = {100},
+	year = {2010},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/27805070}}
+
+@article{sadoffsprenger2019,
+	abstract = {Despite the great deal of research on dynamic inconsistency in time preferences, few studies have ventured into investigating the question in a natural context. To address this gap, we conduct a natural field experiment with over 200 customers at a grocery store to investigate dynamic inconsistency and the demand for commitment in food choice. Over a 3 week time period, subjects are invited to allocate and re-allocate food items received as part of a grocery delivery program. We observe substantial dynamic inconsistency in our experiment, as well as a demand for commitment among a non-negligible number of subjects. Interestingly, individuals who demand commitment are more likely to be dynamically consistent in their prior behavior. For academics, our work provides direct evidence of dynamic inconsistency in consumption choices in the field and points towards potential extensions to models of temptation. For policy-makers, our findings provide insights on innovations to alter food choices.},
+	author = {Sadoff, Sally and Samek, Anya Savikhin and Sprenger, Charles},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-07 17:32:29 -0500},
+	journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
+	pages = {1--35},
+	title = {Dynamic Inconsistency in Food Choice: Experimental Evidence from a Food Desert},
+	year = {2019},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2572821}}
+
+@article{acland2018,
+	abstract = {Abstract We conduct an experiment on an online game, exploring the effect on gameplay behavior of voluntary commitment devices that allow players to limit their gameplay. Approximately 25\% of players use the devices. Median and 75th percentile device users use devices approximately 60 and 100\% of the time, respectively. Players who chose to use the device were those who had previously played longer and more frequently than those who chose not to use the device. Offering the commitment devices decreased session length and session frequency by 2.8 and 6.1\%, respectively, while increasing weeks of play by 5.5\%. Our results are consistent with some players having self-identified self-control problems, leading to longer and more frequent play than they would prefer, and to demand for commitment, and also with commitment devices creating a more rewarding experience, leading to longer-lasting involvement with the game. Our results suggest incentivizing or requiring commitment devices in computer games.},
+	author = {Acland, Dan and Chow, Vinci},
+	date = {2018},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 13:41:44 -0600},
+	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\ES8572PM\\v4y2018i1d10.1007_s40881-018-0048-3.html:text/html},
+	journal = {Journal of the Economic Science Association},
+	keywords = {Commitment devices, Libertarian paternalism, Online experiment, Online games, Self-control},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {1},
+	pages = {46--62},
+	shorttitle = {Self-control and demand for commitment in online game playing},
+	title = {Self-Control and Demand for Commitment in Online Game Playing: Evidence from a Field Experiment},
+	urldate = {2019-03-24},
+	volume = {4},
+	year = {2018},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jesaex/v4y2018i1d10.1007_s40881-018-0048-3.html}}
+
+@article{toussaert2018,
+	abstract = {Unlike present-biased individuals, agents who suffer self-control costs as in Gul and Pesendorfer, 2001 may choose to restrict their choice set even when they expect to resist temptation. To identify these self-control types, I design an experiment in which the temptation was to read a story during a tedious task. The identification strategy relies on a two-step procedure. First, I measure commitment demand by eliciting subjects' preferences over menus that did or did not allow access to the story. I then implement preferences using a random mechanism, allowing to observe subjects who faced the choice yet preferred commitment. A quarter to a third of subjects can be classified as self-control types according to their menu preferences. When confronted with the choice, virtually all of them behaved as they anticipated and resisted temptation. These findings suggest that policies restricting the availability of tempting options could have larger welfare benefits than predicted by standard models of present bias.},
+	author = {Toussaert, S{\'e}verine},
+	date = {2018},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:36:34 -0600},
+	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\EN9G3BBN\\Toussaert - 2018 - Eliciting Temptation and Self-Control Through Menu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\HM6CP22U\\ECTA14172.html:text/html},
+	issn = {1468-0262},
+	journal = {Econometrica},
+	journaltitle = {Econometrica},
+	keywords = {curiosity, experiment, menu choice, self-control, Temptation},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {859--889},
+	rights = {{\copyright} 2018 The Econometric Society},
+	shorttitle = {Eliciting Temptation and Self-Control Through Menu Choices},
+	title = {Eliciting Temptation and Self-Control Through Menu Choices: A Lab Experiment},
+	volume = {86},
+	year = {2018},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3982/ECTA14172},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA14172}}
+
+@article{schilbach2019,
+	author = {Schilbach, Frank},
+	date = {2019},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:36:14 -0600},
+	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\R5QWSEVK\\articles.html:text/html},
+	issn = {0002-8282},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
+	journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {4},
+	pages = {1290--1322},
+	shorttitle = {Alcohol and Self-Control},
+	title = {Alcohol and Self-Control: A Field Experiment in India},
+	volume = {109},
+	year = {2019},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20170458},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20170458}}
+
+@article{sadoffjpe2019,
+	abstract = {A large literature examines the use of recipient contribution requirements in social programs to target people who most need and value aid. Yet little is known about public support for such requirements. In a field experiment with a nationally representative sample, we examine the effect of recipient contributions on charitable donations to a food aid program. The response to recipient monetary contributions is non-monotonic: donations increase when recipients make small monetary contributions and return to baseline under large recipient contributions. Recipient time contribution requirements also increase program support. Results from additional treatments suggest that individuals use contribution requirements to increase both allocative efficiency (screening recipients who most value the good) and targeting efficiency (screening recipients most in need). Our work informs the design of social programs, which must respond to the preferences of voters and donors who provide political and financial support.},
+	author = {Sadoff, Sally and Samek, Anya},
+	date = {2019-01-01},
+	date-modified = {2019-11-07 17:23:41 -0500},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.10.011},
+	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\IL4MJZE3\\Sadoff and Samek - 2019 - The effect of recipient contribution requirements .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\EELHFDGY\\S0047272718302093.html:text/html},
+	issn = {0047-2727},
+	journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
+	journaltitle = {Journal of Public Economics},
+	keywords = {Charitable giving, Experiment, Recipient contributions, Social programs},
+	pages = {1--16},
+	shortjournal = {Journal of Public Economics},
+	title = {The effect of recipient contribution requirements on support for social programs},
+	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272718302093},
+	urldate = {2019-03-24},
+	volume = {169},
+	year = {2019},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272718302093},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.10.011}}
+
+@article{augenblick2019,
+	abstract = {Abstract.  We experimentally investigate the time-inconsistent taste for immediate gratification and future-preference misprediction. Across 7 weeks, 100 partic},
+	author = {Augenblick, Ned and Rabin, Matthew},
+	date = {2019},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:30:22 -0600},
+	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\7ES28D7L\\4996235.html:text/html},
+	journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
+	journaltitle = {The Review of Economic Studies},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {941-975},
+	shortjournal = {Rev Econ Stud},
+	title = {An Experiment on Time Preference and Misprediction in Unpleasant Tasks},
+	urldate = {2019-03-24},
+	volume = {86},
+	year = {2019},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://academic.oup.com/restud/advance-article/doi/10.1093/restud/rdy019/4996235},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy019}}
+
+@article{odonoghue1999,
+	abstract = {The authors examine self-control problems--modeled as time-inconsistent, present-biased preferences--in a model where a person must do an activity exactly once. They emphasize two distinctions: do activities involve immediate costs or immediate rewards, and are people sophisticated or naive about future self-control problems? Naive people procrastinate immediate-cost activities and preproperate--do too soon--immediate-reward activities. Sophistication mitigates procrastination but exacerbates preproperation. Moreover, with immediate costs, a small present bias can severely harm only naive people, whereas with immediate rewards it can severely harm only sophisticated people. Lessons for savings, addiction, and elsewhere are discussed.},
+	author = {O'Donoghue, Ted and Rabin, Matthew},
+	date = {1999-03},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:35:20 -0600},
+	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\FJYALIDC\\O'Donoghue and Rabin - 1999 - Doing It Now or Later.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\BN2M6H4I\\articles.html:text/html},
+	issn = {0002-8282},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
+	journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
+	keywords = {Intertemporal Consumer Choice, Life Cycle Models and Saving, Consumer Economics: Theory},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {1},
+	pages = {103--124},
+	title = {Doing It Now or Later},
+	volume = {89},
+	year = {1999},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.89.1.103},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.1.103}}
+
+@incollection{harberger1964,
+	author = {Harberger, Arnold},
+	booktitle = {The role of direct and indirect taxes in the Federal Reserve System},
+	date-modified = {2020-09-08 11:44:42 -0600},
+	pages = {25--80},
+	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
+	title = {Taxation, Resource Allocation, and Welfare},
+	year = {1964}}
+
+@article{dellavigna2006,
+	abstract = {How do consumers choose from a menu of contracts? We analyze a novel dataset
+from three U.S. health clubs with information on both the contractual choice and the
+day-to-day attendance decisions of 7,752 members over three years. The observed
+consumer behavior is difficult to reconcile with standard preferences and beliefs.
+First, members who choose a contract with a flat monthly fee of over \$70 attend on
+average 4.3 times per month. They pay a price per expected visit of more than \$17,
+even though they could pay \$10 per visit using a 10-visit pass. On average, these
+users forgo savings of \$600 during their membership. Second, consumers who
+choose a monthly contract are 17 percent more likely to stay enrolled beyond one
+year than users committing for a year. This is surprising because monthly members
+pay higher fees for the option to cancel each month. We also document cancellation
+delays and attendance expectations, among other findings. Leading explanations for
+our findings are overconfidence about future self-control or about future efficiency.
+Overconfident agents overestimate attendance as well as the cancellation probability
+of automatically renewed contracts. Our results suggest that making inferences
+from observed contract choice under the rational expectation hypothesis can
+lead to biases in the estimation of consumer preferences. ({JEL} D00, D12, D91)},
+	author = {{DellaVigna}, Stefano and Malmendier, Ulrike},
+	date = {2006-06},
+	doi = {10.1257/aer.96.3.694},
+	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\VDQMANZE\\DellaVigna and Malmendier - 2006 - Paying Not to Go to the Gym.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\56JPPJ6J\\articles.html:text/html},
+	issn = {0002-8282},
+	journal = {American Economic Review},
+	journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {694--719},
+	title = {Paying Not to Go to the Gym},
+	url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.96.3.694},
+	urldate = {2019-03-24},
+	volume = {96},
+	year = {2006},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.96.3.694},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.694}}
+
+@article{carrera2018b,
+	abstract = {Recent large-scale randomized experiments find that helping people form implementation intentions by asking when and where they plan to act increases one-time actions, such as vaccinations, preventative screenings and voting. We investigate the effect of a simple scalable planning intervention on a repeated behavior using a randomized design involving 877 subjects at a private gym. Subjects were randomized into i) a treatment group who selected the days and times they intended to attend the gym over the next two weeks or ii) a control group who instead recorded their days of exercise in the prior two weeks. In contrast to recent studies, we find that the planning intervention did not have a positive effect on behavior. We observe a tightly estimated null effect even though the majority of subjects believed that planning is helpful and despite clear evidence that they engaged with the planning process.},
+	author = {Carrera, Mariana and Royer, Heather and Stehr, Mark and Sydnor, Justin and Taubinsky, Dmitry},
+	date = {2018-11},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.09.002},
+	issn = {1879-1646},
+	journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
+	journaltitle = {Journal of Health Economics},
+	keywords = {Behavioral economics, Exercise, Health behaviors, Implementation intentions, Nudge, Physical activity, Planning},
+	pages = {95--104},
+	pmid = {30336306},
+	shortjournal = {J Health Econ},
+	shorttitle = {The limits of simple implementation intentions},
+	title = {The limits of simple implementation intentions: Evidence from a field experiment on making plans to exercise},
+	volume = {62},
+	year = {2018},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.09.002}}
+
+@article{carrera2018a,
+	author = {Carrera, Mariana and Royer, Heather and Stehr, Mark and Sydnor, Justin},
+	journal = {Journal of health economics},
+	pages = {202--214},
+	publisher = {Elsevier},
+	title = {Can financial incentives help people trying to establish new habits? Experimental evidence with new gym members},
+	volume = {58},
+	year = {2018}}
+
+@article{odonoghue2006,
+	author = {O'Donoghue, Ted and Rabin, Matthew},
+	date = {2006},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-25 15:13:08 -0600},
+	file = {RePEc Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\GAJAQAC6\\v_3a90_3ay_3a2006_3ai_3a10-11_3ap_3a1825-1849.html:text/html},
+	issn = {0047-2727},
+	journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
+	journaltitle = {Journal of Public Economics},
+	number = {10},
+	pages = {1825--1849},
+	title = {Optimal Sin Taxes},
+	urldate = {2019-03-24},
+	volume = {90},
+	year = {2006},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeepubeco/v_3a90_3ay_3a2006_3ai_3a10-11_3ap_3a1825-1849.htm}}
+
+@article{allcott2019,
+	abstract = {A common objection to ``sin taxes''---corrective taxes on goods that are thought to be overconsumed, such as cigarettes, alcohol, and sugary drinks---is that they often fall disproportionately on low-income consumers. This paper studies the interaction between corrective and redistributive motives in a general optimal taxation framework. We show that the implications of regressivity hinge on why consumption decreases with income. If the consumption-income relationship is driven by income effects, then regressivity is optimally offset by targeted transfers or income tax reforms, not by moderating the level of the sin tax. If the relationship is instead driven by between-income preference heterogeneity, the optimal sin tax depends on the demand elasticity: if demand is more elastic, then progressive benefits from reduced over-consumption can make the optimal sin tax larger than if there were no distributional concerns, while if demand is less elastic, the optimal tax is reduced. As an application, we estimate the optimal nationwide tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, using Nielsen Homescan data and a specially designed survey measuring nutrition knowledge and self-control. Our empirical estimates of elasticities, preference heterogeneity, incorrect beliefs, and self-control imply that current city-level taxes in Berkeley, San Francisco, and elsewhere are actually lower than the social optimum.},
+	author = {Allcott, Hunt and Lockwood, Benjamin B. and Taubinsky, Dmitry},
+	date = {2019},
+	date-modified = {2019-08-21 02:51:11 +0000},
+	file = {Allcott et al. - Regressive Sin Taxes, with an Application to the O.pdf:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\GVHCX85V\\Allcott et al. - Regressive Sin Taxes, with an Application to the O.pdf:application/pdf},
+	journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	langid = {english},
+	number = {3},
+	pages = {1557-1626},
+	title = {Regressive Sin Taxes, with an Application to the Optimal Soda Tax},
+	volume = {134},
+	year = {2019}}
+
+@article{ashraf2006,
+	abstract = {Abstract.  We designed a commitment savings product for a Philippine bank and implemented it using a randomized control methodology. The savings product was int},
+	author = {Ashraf, Nava and Karlan, Dean and Yin, Wesley},
+	date-modified = {2021-07-27 01:37:03 -0600},
+	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\YWIB7XEU\\Ashraf et al. - 2006 - Tying Odysseus to the Mast Evidence From a Commit.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\w63k131\\Zotero\\storage\\K75LMRUE\\1884028.html:text/html},
+	issn = {0033-5533},
+	journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
+	language = {en},
+	month = may,
+	number = {2},
+	pages = {635--672},
+	shorttitle = {Tying {Odysseus} to the {Mast}},
+	title = {Tying {Odysseus} to the {Mast}: {Evidence} {From} a {Commitment} {Savings} {Product} in the {Philippines}},
+	volume = {121},
+	year = {2006},
+	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/121/2/635/1884028},
+	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.635}}

107/replication_package/Other/econ-aea.bst

@@ -0,0 +1,3600 @@
+%% aea.bst: BibTeX style file for journals of American Economic Association (AEA).
+%
+% Author: Shiro Takeda
+% Maintainer: Shiro Takeda
+% Copyright (C) 2001-2018 Shiro Takeda
+% First-written:       <2007/07/28>
+% Version: 2.9
+% Keywords: TeX, BibTeX, bst 
+% URL: https://github.com/ShiroTakeda/econ-bst
+
+% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
+% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
+% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
+% The latest version of this license is in
+%   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
+% version 2005/12/01 or later.
+%
+% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
+% 
+% The Current Maintainer of this work is Shiro Takeda.
+
+%% Main features of aea.bst
+
+% "aea.bst" is a BibTeX style file for journals of American Economic
+% Association such as
+% - The American Economic Review
+% - Papers and Proceedins
+% - Journal of Economic Literature
+% - American Economics Journals
+% 
+% AEA Style Guide is found at the following site:
+% https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/aer/submissions/accepted-articles/styleguide
+
+% "aea.bst" is created from "econ.bst" which is distributed from
+% https://github.com/ShiroTakeda/econ-bst
+
+% version number
+FUNCTION {econ.version} { "2.9" }
+
+% File name
+FUNCTION {econ.file} { "aer.bst" }
+
+% Debug mode. Non-zero makes debug mode on.
+FUNCTION {econ.debug}
+{ #0 }    % Debug mode off (default).
+% { #1 }    % Debug mode on.
+
+ENTRY
+  %%% Declaration of field
+  { access address author booktitle chapter doi edition editor howpublished
+    institution journal key month note number organization pages publisher
+    school series title type url volume year
+  % Fields specific to econ.bst
+    order absorder nameorder
+  }
+
+  % Definition of entry variable.  The entry variable is a variable which has
+  % different values according to different entries.
+  %% Integer entry variable:
+  { order.cited }
+
+  %% String entry variable
+  { label cyear flabel alabel extra.label sort.label sort.label.abb
+    extra.label.bysame nameorder.temp jname }
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%
+%%      Functions for customization:
+%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Use \bysame or not.
+%
+% If set to #0, \bysame is not used.
+% If set to #1, \bysame is used 
+% If set to #2, \bysame is used (alternative abbreviation style).
+%
+% Note that integer number is expressed as # + integer in bst file.
+% \bysame is the function that abbreviates succession of the same authors' name by ---.
+%
+% See econ-sample.pdf for details.
+% 
+FUNCTION {bst.use.bysame}
+{ #0 }    % Not use \bysame
+% { #1 }    % -> Use \bysame (default)
+% { #2 }    % -> Use \bysame of alternative style.
+
+% The definition of \bysame command.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.bysame.definition}
+{ "\hskip.3em \leavevmode\rule[.5ex]{3em}{.3pt}\hskip0.5em" } % (default)
+% { "\leavevmode\hbox to\leftmargin{\hrulefill\,\,}" } % If you set #2 to bst.use.bysame, use this.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% The order of fist and last name.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.author.name}
+{ #0 }    % (default)
+% { #1 }
+% { #2 }
+
+% Case of #0: First author -> last-first, other authors -> first-last. 
+% Fujita, Masahisa, Paul R. Krugman, and Anthony J. Venables. 
+
+% Case of #1: All authors -> last-first
+% Fujita, Masahisa, Krugman, Paul R., and Venables, Anthony J.
+
+% Case of #2: All authors -> first-last
+% Masahisa Fujita, Paul R. Krugman, and Anthony J. Venables.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Abbreviate first name of authors (editors):
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.first.name.initial}
+{ #0 }    % #0 -> full letters (default).
+% { #1 }    % Non-zero -> initial letter only.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Decapitalize of strings in title field.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.title.lower.case}
+{ #0 }    % If #0, not decapitalize title (default).
+% { #1 }    % If non-#0, decapitalize title
+
+% Hide title filed.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.hide.title}
+{ #0 }    % #0 -> Title field is displayed (default)
+% { #1 }    % Non-zer -> Title field is hidden 
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Hide month.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.hide.month}
+{ #0 }    % #0 -> show month field (default).
+% { #1 }    % non-#0 -> hide month field.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Attach number index like plain.bst.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.use.number.index}
+{ #0 }    % Not use number index (default).
+% { #1 }    % Non-#0 -> Use number index
+
+% The string before number index:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.number.index.pre}
+{ "[" }    % (default)
+
+% The string after number index.  Adjustment is recommended.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.number.index.post}
+{ "]\hskip1.0em " }    % (default)
+
+% Maximum digit of number index:
+% If the number of reference items >= 100, set 3 to this function.
+% If the number of reference items < 100, set 2 to this function.
+% If the number of reference items < 10, set 1 to this function.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.number.index.digit}
+{ "2" }    % (default)
+% { "3" }
+
+% The functions below are used to adjust space and postion.  If you use fonts
+% other than computer modern fonts, you had better make adjustments.
+%
+% Setting for bst.number.index.digit = 1:
+FUNCTION {bst.number.index.bibhang.one}
+{ "2.05em" }    % (default)
+% Setting for bst.number.index.digit = 2:
+FUNCTION {bst.number.index.bibhang.ten}
+{ "2.55em" }    % (default)
+% Setting for bst.number.index.digit = 3:
+FUNCTION {bst.number.index.bibhang.hund}
+{ "3.05em" }    % (default).
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Position of "year":
+%
+% You can choose the position of year by this function.
+%
+% If set to #0, year is placed right after "author".
+% If set to non-zero, year is placed at the end (before note field) except for
+% aritcle type entry. 
+%
+% In article type entry, the position of year changes according to the
+% following rule:
+% 
+% #1 -> year is placed at the end.
+% #2 -> year is placed after journal name in aritcle type entry.
+% #3 -> year is placed after volume in aritcle type entry.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.year.position}
+{ #0 }    % (default).
+% { #1 }    % Last place before note.
+% { #2 }    % After journal name for aticle type entry.
+% { #3 }    % After volume for aticle type entry.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% If 0, references are sorted by old documents -> recent documents.  If
+% non-zero, reverse order.
+FUNCTION {bst.reverse.year}
+{ #0 }    % Normal order (old -> recent) (default).
+% { #1 }    % inverse order (recent -> old)
+
+% If non-zero, sort references by using year field as the primary key
+% (chronological sorting).
+FUNCTION {bst.sort.year}
+{ #0 }    % Normal case: year is used as the sorting key next to author (default).
+% { #1 }    % year is used as the primary sorting key.
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% If non-zero, references are listed in citation order.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.no.sort}
+{ #0 }    % (default)
+% { #1 }    % listed in citation order.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Non-zero -> sort references by entry type (article, book, incollection etc.)
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.sort.entry.type}
+{ #0 }    % #0 -> Normal (not sort references by entry type) (default).
+% { #1 }    % Non-zero -> sort references by entry type.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% 0 -> use absorder field to sort items.  Otherwise, ignore absorder field.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.notuse.absorder.field}
+{ #0 }    % #0 -> Use absorder (default).
+% { #1 }    % Non-#0 -> Not use absorder.
+%
+% Order of priority to sort items
+% 
+% absorder -> author -> year -> order -> month -> title
+%
+% wehre absorder and order fields are specific to econ.bst.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% 0 -> use order field to sort items.  Otherwise, ignore order field.
+% Note: order field is specific to econ.bst.
+FUNCTION {bst.notuse.order.field}
+{ #0 }    % #0 -> Use order field (default).
+% { #1 }    % Non-#0 -> not use order field.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%     and
+
+%%% String used to separate author names in references.
+%
+% String replaced with _ in "Mr. A _ Mr. B "
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.and}
+{ ", and " }
+% { " and " }    % (default)
+
+%%% String used to separate author names in references (more than two authors).
+%
+% String replaced with _ in "Mr. A, Mr. B _ Mr. C"
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.ands}
+{ ", and " }    % (default)
+
+%%% String used to separate author names in citation part.
+%
+% String replaced with _ in "Mr. A _ Mr. B "
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.cite.and}
+{ " and " }    % (default)
+
+%%% String used to separate author names in citation part (more than two authors).
+%
+% String replaced with _ in "Mr. A, Mr. B _ Mr. C"
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.cite.ands}
+{ ", and " }
+% { " and " }    % (default)
+
+%%% If you want to use random author order for some bibliography entries, set
+% non-zero to this function.
+% 
+FUNCTION {bst.use.nameorder}
+{ #1 }  % Use random order (default)
+% { #0 }        % Not use random order
+
+%%% String used to separate author names in references for the entry of random
+% author order.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.and.nameorder}
+{ " \textcircled{r} " }    % (default)
+
+%%% String used to separate author names in citation part for the entry of
+% random author order
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.cite.and.nameorder}
+{ " \textcircled{r} " }    % (default)
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Author names in the citation part are abbreviated by et al. if the number of
+% authors is greater or equal to bst.and.others.num.
+FUNCTION {bst.and.others.num}
+{ #3 }    % If the number of authors is greater or equal to three (default).
+
+% If the number of authors is greater or equal to bst.max.author.num, only
+% first author is listed and other authors' names are abbreviated as "et al.".
+FUNCTION {bst.max.author.num}
+{ #12 }    % If the number of authors is greater or equal to 12 (default).
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Strings used when abbreviating multiple-authors in citation part.
+FUNCTION {bst.and.others}
+{ " et~al." }    % (default)
+
+% Strings used when abbreviating multiple-authors in citation part for entries
+% with random author order.
+FUNCTION {bst.and.others.nameorder}
+{ " \textcircled{r}~al." }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       author 
+
+% The string before author:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.author.pre}
+{ "\textbf{" }
+% { "" }    % (default)
+
+% The string after author:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.author.post}
+{ ".}" }
+% { "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       year
+
+% The string before year only for aritcle type entry.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.year.pre}
+{ " " }
+% { " (" }    % (default)
+
+% The string after year only for aritcle type entry.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.year.post}
+{ ". " }
+% { ") " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after year for non-article type entry (book, incollection etc)
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.year.na.pre}
+{ " " }
+% { " (" }    % (default)
+
+% The string after year for non-article type entry (book, incollection etc)
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.year.na.post}
+{ ". " }
+% { ") " }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       title (except for title in book)
+
+% The string before title:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.title.pre}
+{ "``" }    % (default)
+
+% The string after title:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.title.post}
+{ ".''" }
+% { ",''" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       tile for book:
+
+% The string before book title:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.book.pre}
+{ " \textit{" }    % (default)
+
+% The string after book title:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.book.post}
+{ "}." }
+% { "}" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       booktitle
+
+% The string before booktitle:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.btitle.pre}
+{ " \textit{" }    % (default)
+
+% The string after booktitle:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.btitle.post}
+{ "}," }
+% { "}" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       journal name
+
+% The string before journal name:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.journal.pre}
+{ " \textit{" }    % (default)
+
+% The string after journal name:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.journal.post}
+{ "}" }    % (default)
+
+% Use the abbreviated journal name
+%
+% If set to #0, do not use abbreviated journal name.
+% If set to non-#0, use abbreviated journal name.
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.journal.name.abb}
+{ #0 }    % (default)
+% { #1 }
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       editor notation:
+
+% The string that indicates multiple editors:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.editors}
+{ " eds. " }    % (default)
+
+% The string that indicates single editor:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.editor}
+{ " ed. " }    % (default)
+
+% Order of editor and booktitle in incollection and inproceedings entries.
+%
+% If set to #0:         editors -> booktitle order
+% If set to non-zero:   booktitle -> editors order
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.editor.btitle.order}
+{ #1 }
+% { #0 }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       edition
+
+% The string before edition:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.edition.pre}
+{ ", " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after edition:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.edition.post}
+{ " edition" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       volume
+
+% The string before volume:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.volume.pre}
+{ " " }
+% { ", " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after volume:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.volume.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       number
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Hide number.  If non-zero, number is suppressed. 
+FUNCTION {bst.hide.number}
+{ #0 }    % #0 -> show number field (default)
+% { #1 }    % non-#0 -> Hide number field.
+
+% The string before number:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.number.pre}
+{ " (" }    % (default)
+
+% The string after number:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.number.post}
+{ "): " }
+% { ")" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       in 
+
+% In
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.in}
+{ " In " }
+% { " in " }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       page
+
+% The string before page (multiple pages):
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.pages.pre}
+{ " " }
+% { ", pp." }    % (default)
+
+% The string before page:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.page.pre}
+{ "" }
+% { ", " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after page (multiple pages):
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.pages.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+% The string after page:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.page.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       chapter
+
+% The string before chapter:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.chapter.pre}
+{ ", Chap." }    % (default)
+
+% The string after chapter:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.chapter.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       month
+
+% The string before month:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.month.pre}
+{ ", " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after month:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.month.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       address
+% The string before address:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.address.pre}
+{ ", " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after address:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.address.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+% You can choose the order of address and publisher by this function.
+%
+% If #0,        address -> publisher order (the default value).
+% If non-zero,  publisher -> address order.
+
+FUNCTION {bst.address.position}
+{ #0 }    % Address is placed before publisher (default)
+% { #1 }    % Address is placed after publisher 
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       publisher
+
+% The string before publisher:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.publisher.pre}
+{ ": " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after publisher:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.publisher.post}
+{ ", " }
+% { "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       series
+
+% The string before series:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.series.pre}
+{ ", " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after series:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.series.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       organization
+
+% The string before organization:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.organization.pre}
+{ ", " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after organization:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.organization.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       school
+
+% The string before school:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.school.pre}
+{ ", " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after school:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.school.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       institution
+
+% The string before institution:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.institution.pre}
+{ ", " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after institution:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.institution.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       howpublished
+
+% The string before howpublished:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.howpublished.pre}
+{ " " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after howpublished:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.howpublished.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       url
+
+% Show or Hide url.  If non-zero, url is displayed. Otherwise, url is suppressed. 
+FUNCTION {bst.show.url}
+{ #1 }    % non-#0 -> Show url field (default)
+% { #0 }    % #0 -> Not show url field.
+
+% The string before url:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.url.pre}
+{ ", \url{" }	% (default)
+
+% The string after url:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.url.post}
+{ "}" }    % (default)
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       Access
+
+% This setting is valid only if there are "access" field in bib
+% files. The value of access field indicates accessed date for URL.
+
+% The string before access.
+FUNCTION {bst.access.pre}
+{ ", accessed on " } % (default)
+
+% The string after access.
+FUNCTION {bst.access.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       DOI (digital object identifier)
+
+% This setting is valid only if there are "doi" field in bib files.
+
+% Show or Hide DOI.  If non-zero, DOI is displayed. Otherwise, DOI is suppressed. 
+FUNCTION {bst.show.doi}
+{ #1 }    % non-#0 -> Show DOI field (default)
+% { #0 }    % #0 -> Not show DOI field.
+
+% The string before DOI:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.doi.pre}
+{ ". \href{http://dx.doi.org/" doi * "}{\urlstyle{rm} \nolinkurl{" * }
+% { ", \href{http://dx.doi.org/" doi * "}{\urlstyle{rm} \nolinkurl{" * } % (default)
+
+% The string after DOI:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.doi.post}
+{ "}}" }    % (default)
+
+% How to show URL and DOI fields when both fields exist.
+%
+% #0 -> Both fields are displayed
+% #1 -> Only URL field is displayed
+% #2 -> Only DOI field is displayed
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.url.doi}
+% { #0 }    % -> Both fields are displayed
+% { #1 }    % -> Only URL field is displayed
+{ #2 }    % (default) --> Only DOI field is displayed 
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       Other functions:
+
+% The string before note.
+FUNCTION {bst.note.pre}
+{ ", " }    % (default)
+
+% The string after note.
+FUNCTION {bst.note.post}
+{ "" }    % (default)
+
+% The string that represents Technical report:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.techrep}
+{ "Technical Report" }    % (default)
+
+% The string that represents master thesis:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.mthesis}
+{ " Master's thesis" }    % (default)
+
+% The string that represents phd thesis:
+%
+FUNCTION {bst.phdthesis}
+{ " Ph.D. dissertation" }    % (default)
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%
+%%      Functions for customization end here:
+%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION {bst.first}
+{ "1st" }
+
+FUNCTION {bst.second}
+{ "2nd" }
+
+FUNCTION {bst.third}
+{ "3rd" }
+
+FUNCTION {bst.fourth}
+{ "4th" }
+
+FUNCTION {bst.fifth}
+{ "5th" }
+
+FUNCTION {bst.st}
+{ "st" }
+
+FUNCTION {bst.nd}
+{ "nd" }
+
+FUNCTION {bst.rd}
+{ "rd" }
+
+FUNCTION {bst.th}
+{ "th" }
+
+%%%%% memo by Takeda
+
+% "a" 'b := indicates substituting string "a" for variable b.
+
+% Integer number #0, #1,...
+
+%%% Function definition:
+%
+% FUNCTION {name}
+% { 's :=
+%
+% }
+%
+% This is the definition of a function named "name".   The function "name" is
+% used in the following way 
+%
+% "foo" name
+% "foo" is an argument for the function "name".
+%
+% About the definition of a function with more than two arguments, see the
+% definition of "chop.word".
+
+%%% Declaration of variables:
+
+%% String global variables:
+STRINGS { s t tt }
+STRINGS { year.num }
+STRINGS { preone preten }
+STRINGS { last.sort.label next.extra prev.author prev.author.aer this.author }
+STRINGS { hang }
+STRINGS { item.type }
+STRINGS { tempa tempb }
+
+%% Integer global variables:
+INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames name.num }
+INTEGERS { multiresult }
+INTEGERS { index }
+INTEGERS { len }
+INTEGERS { last.extra.num }
+INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }
+INTEGERS { last.period.comma }
+INTEGERS { len1.aer len2.aer i.aer }
+
+%%% Definition of functions:
+FUNCTION {not}
+{   { #0 }
+    { #1 }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {and}
+{   'skip$
+    { pop$ #0 }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {or}
+{   { pop$ #1 }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% Initialize variables:
+FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
+{ #0 'before.all :=
+  #1 'mid.sentence :=
+  #2 'after.sentence :=
+  #3 'after.block :=
+}
+
+%%% Remove comma and add period:
+%
+%%%
+FUNCTION {add.period.x}
+{ duplicate$
+  #-1 #1 substring$ "," =
+    { #-2 global.max$ substring$ "." * }
+    { duplicate$
+      #-1 #2 substring$ ". " =
+        { #-3 global.max$ substring$ "." * }
+        { duplicate$
+          #-1 #2 substring$ ", " =
+            { #-3 global.max$ substring$ "." * }
+            { duplicate$
+              #-1 #2 substring$ ",'" =
+                { #-3 global.max$ substring$ ".'" * }
+                { duplicate$
+                  #-1 #2 substring$ ".'" =
+                    { #-3 global.max$ substring$ ".'" * }
+                    { duplicate$
+                      #-1 #2 substring$ ".~" =
+                        { #-3 global.max$ substring$ ".~" * }
+                        { duplicate$
+                          #-1 #2 substring$ ",~" =
+                            { #-3 global.max$ substring$ ".~" * }
+                            { duplicate$
+                              #-1 #3 substring$ ",''" =
+                                { #-4 global.max$ substring$ ".''" * }
+                                { duplicate$
+                                  #-1 #3 substring$ ".''" =
+                                    { #-4 global.max$ substring$ ".''" * }
+                                    { add.period$ }
+                                  if$
+                                }
+                              if$
+                            }
+                          if$
+                        }
+                      if$
+                    }
+                  if$
+                }
+              if$
+            }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
+{ 's :=
+  % mid.sentence
+  output.state mid.sentence =
+    { ", " * write$ }
+    % not mid.sentence
+    { output.state after.block =
+        % after.block
+        { add.period.x " " * write$ }
+        % before.all
+        { output.state before.all =
+            'write$
+            { add.period.x " " * write$ }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+      % not mid.sentence, set to mid.sentence
+      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
+    }
+  if$
+  s
+}
+
+%%% If the last character is period or comma, set non-zero to
+%%% last.period.comma.
+FUNCTION {period.comma.p}
+{ duplicate$ 't :=
+  t #-1 #1 substring$ "." = 
+  t #-1 #1 substring$ "," = or
+  t #-1 #1 substring$ ":" = or 
+  t #-1 #2 substring$ ".'" = or
+  t #-1 #2 substring$ ",'" = or
+  t #-1 #3 substring$ ".''" = or
+  t #-1 #3 substring$ ",''" = or
+  t #-1 #2 substring$ ".~" = or
+  t #-1 #2 substring$ ",~" = or
+    { #1 'last.period.comma := }
+    { #0 'last.period.comma := }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% remove unnecessary comma.
+FUNCTION {remove.pre.comma}
+{ 's :=
+  s empty$
+    { "" }
+    { s #1 #1 substring$ "," = 
+       { s #2 global.max$ substring$ }
+       { s #1 #1 substring$ "." = 
+          { s #2 global.max$ substring$ }
+          's
+         if$
+       }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% output.nonnull.nocomma is the same as output.nonnull except that it does
+%%% not add commas even in mid.sentence.
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull.nocomma}
+{ 's :=
+  output.state mid.sentence =
+    % mid.sentence
+    { period.comma.p "" * write$ }
+
+    % not mid.sentence
+    { output.state after.block =
+        % after.block
+        { add.period.x " " * write$ }
+        % before.all
+        { output.state before.all =
+            'write$
+            { add.period$ " " * write$ }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
+    }
+  if$
+  last.period.comma #0 =
+    { s }
+    { s remove.pre.comma }
+  if$
+}
+
+% Not used in the current econ.bst.
+% FUNCTION {output}
+% { duplicate$ empty$
+%     'pop$
+%     'output.nonnull
+%   if$
+% }
+
+FUNCTION {output.nocomma}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    'pop$
+    'output.nonnull.nocomma
+  if$
+}
+
+% Not used in the current econ.bst.
+% FUNCTION {output.check}
+% { 't :=
+%   duplicate$ empty$
+%     { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+%     'output.nonnull
+%   if$
+% }
+
+FUNCTION {output.check.nocomma}
+{ 't :=
+  duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+    'output.nonnull.nocomma
+  if$
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%% Format in bbl file:
+
+% \harvarditem[Brezis et~al.]{Brezis, Krugman and
+%   Tsiddon}{1993}{brezis93:_leapf_inter_compet}
+% Brezis, Elise~S., Paul~R. Krugman, and Daniel Tsiddon  (1993) ``Leapfrogging in
+%   International Competition: A Theory of Cycles in National Technological
+%   Leadership.'', {\em American Economic Review.}, Vol.~83. No.~5. pp.
+%   1211--1219.
+
+% \harvarditem[abbreviated citation]{full citation}{year}{keyword} ...
+
+%%% Add period and newline.
+FUNCTION {fin.entry}
+{ add.period.x
+  write$
+  newline$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.block}
+{ output.state before.all =
+    'skip$
+    { after.block 'output.state := }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.sentence}
+{ output.state after.block =
+    'skip$
+    { output.state before.all =
+        'skip$
+        { after.sentence 'output.state := }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.block.check}
+{ empty$
+    'skip$
+    'new.block
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {field.or.null}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "" }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% booktitle
+FUNCTION {format.btitle}
+{ booktitle empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.btitle.pre booktitle * bst.btitle.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {journal.name.sub}
+{ 't :=
+  t #1 #4 substring$ "The " =
+    % Use #30 to handle with the long journal name.
+    { t #5 #30 substring$ 't := }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  t
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.journal.name.abb}
+{ journal 's :=
+  journal 'jname :=
+  s journal.name.sub 's :=
+  bst.journal.name.abb #0 =
+    'skip$
+    { 
+       s "Academic Management Review" =
+        { "Acad. Manage. J." 'jname := }
+        'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  jname
+}
+
+%%% journal
+FUNCTION {format.journal}
+{ journal empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.journal.pre format.journal.name.abb * bst.journal.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% title for book
+FUNCTION {format.book}
+{ title empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.book.pre title * bst.book.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.url}
+{ url empty$
+    { "" }
+    { type$ "online" = bst.show.url or
+        { bst.url.pre url * bst.url.post *
+          access empty$
+             { "" * }
+             { bst.access.pre * access * bst.access.post * }
+          if$
+        }
+        { "" }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.doi}
+{ doi empty$ bst.show.doi not or
+    { "" }
+    { bst.doi.pre doi * bst.doi.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.url.doi}
+{ url empty$
+    { format.doi }
+    { doi empty$
+        { format.url }
+        { bst.url.doi #0 =
+            { format.url output.nocomma
+              format.doi }
+            { bst.url.doi #1 =
+                { format.url } 
+                { format.doi }
+              if$
+            }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% and others
+FUNCTION {bst.and.others.output}
+{ nameorder.temp "random" =
+  bst.use.nameorder #0 = not and
+    { bst.and.others.nameorder }
+    { bst.and.others }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% author and editor
+
+%%% name
+FUNCTION {format.names}
+{ 's :=
+  % insert 1 to nameptr.
+  #1 'nameptr :=
+  % Set the number of authors to numnames.
+  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+  numnames 'namesleft :=
+  % Repeat if namesleft > 0
+  { namesleft #0 > }
+
+  { nameptr #1 =
+      % First author
+      { bst.author.name #0 =
+        bst.author.name #1 =
+        or
+           { bst.first.name.initial #0 = 
+            { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, ff}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := }
+            { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, f.}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := }
+           if$
+         }
+           { bst.first.name.initial #0 = 
+              { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := }
+              { s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := }
+           if$
+         }
+        if$
+      }
+      % The second or later authors
+      { bst.author.name #0 =
+        bst.author.name #2 =
+        or
+           { bst.first.name.initial #0 = 
+              { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := }
+              { s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := }
+             if$
+           }
+           { bst.first.name.initial #0 = 
+                { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, ff}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := }
+                { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, f.}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := }
+             if$
+           }
+        if$
+      }
+    if$
+    
+    nameptr #1 >
+      % The second or later authors
+      { numnames bst.max.author.num >
+          { bst.and.others * 
+            #1 'namesleft :=  }
+          { nameorder.temp "random" =
+            bst.use.nameorder #0 = not and
+              { bst.and.nameorder * t * }
+              { namesleft #1 >
+                  % More than one authors left
+                  { ", " * t * }
+                  % Only one author left
+                  { t "others" =
+                      { bst.and.others.output * }
+                      { numnames #2 =
+                          % Entry with two authors
+                          { bst.and * t * }
+                          { bst.ands * t * }
+                        if$
+                      }
+                    if$
+                  }
+                if$
+              }
+            if$
+          }
+        if$
+      }
+      't
+    if$
+    nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+    namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+  }
+  while$
+}
+
+% remove successive periods (commas) from author
+FUNCTION {remove.ss.period.auth}
+{ 's :=
+  s format.names 'tempa :=
+  bst.author.post 'tempb :=
+  tempb #1 #1 substring$ "}" =
+    { tempa tempb * }
+    { tempa #-1 #1 substring$ tempb #1 #1 substring$ = 
+        { tempa tempb #2 global.max$ substring$ * }
+        { tempa tempb * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% <prev name list> <new name list> compare.names <modified name list>
+FUNCTION {compare.names.aer}
+{ 's :=
+  'tempa :=
+
+%   "current.author = " s * "\\" * write$ newline$
+%   "prev.author = " tempa * "\\" * write$ newline$
+
+  tempa num.names$ 'len1.aer :=  % len1 = the number of previous authors
+  s num.names$ 'len2.aer :=         % len2 = the number of current authors
+
+% len1.aer := min(len1.aer,len2.aer)
+% len1 -> min{ the number of previous authors, the number of current authors }
+  len1.aer len2.aer >
+    { len2.aer 'len1.aer := }
+    { }
+  if$
+
+% start with an empty string, then while the components are the same
+% add "\bysame"
+  ""
+  #1 'i.aer :=
+
+  { i.aer len1.aer > not }
+    { tempa i.aer "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$
+      s i.aer "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$
+      =
+        { #1 i.aer <
+            { " and " * }       % \bysame �ŏȗ����钘�҂̑O�ɂ‚� and 
+            { }
+          if$
+          "\bysame{}" *
+          i.aer #1 + 'i.aer := } 
+        { #-1 'len1.aer := }
+      if$
+    }
+  while$
+
+% add the rest of the second string
+  { i.aer len2.aer > not }
+    { #1 i.aer <
+        { " and " * }
+        { }
+      if$
+      s i.aer "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ *
+      i.aer #1 + 'i.aer :=
+    }
+  while$
+}
+
+%%% author
+FUNCTION {format.authors}
+{ author empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.use.bysame #2 =
+        { prev.author.aer author compare.names.aer 's :=
+          author 'prev.author.aer := }
+        { author 's := }
+      if$
+      extra.label.bysame "bysame" =
+        { "\bysame " }
+        { bst.author.pre s remove.ss.period.auth * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% editor
+FUNCTION {format.editors}
+{ editor empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.use.bysame #2 =
+        { prev.author.aer editor compare.names.aer 's :=
+          editor 'prev.author.aer := }
+        { editor 's := }
+      if$
+      extra.label.bysame "bysame" =
+        { "\bysame " }
+        { bst.author.pre s remove.ss.period.auth * }
+      if$
+      s num.names$ #1 >
+       { bst.editors * }
+       { bst.editor * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.authors.alt}
+{ author empty$
+    { "" }
+    { extra.label.bysame "bysame" =
+        {"\bysame "}
+        { bst.author.pre author remove.ss.period.auth * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% editor
+FUNCTION {format.editors.alt}
+{ editor empty$
+    { "" }
+    { extra.label.bysame "bysame" =
+        { "\bysame " }
+        { bst.author.pre editor remove.ss.period.auth * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% format.in.ed.booktitle
+FUNCTION {format.editors.x}
+{ editor empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.editor.btitle.order #0 =
+        { "" }
+        { editor num.names$ #1 >
+           { " edited by " }
+           { " edited by " }
+%            { bst.editors " by " * }
+%            { bst.editor  " by " * }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+      editor format.names *
+      bst.editor.btitle.order #0 =
+        { editor num.names$ #1 >
+           { bst.editors * }
+           { bst.editor * }
+          if$
+        }
+        { "" * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% Remove commas in the cases like "?." and "?,".
+FUNCTION {remove.irrelevant.period.comma}
+{ 's :=
+  s empty$
+    { "" }
+    { s #-1 #3 substring$ "?,'" =
+      s #-1 #3 substring$ "?.'" = or
+        { s #-3 global.max$ substring$ "'" * }
+        { s #-1 #4 substring$ "?,''" =
+          s #-1 #4 substring$ "?.''" = or
+            { s #-4 global.max$ substring$ "''" * }
+            { s #-1 #2 substring$ "?," =
+              s #-1 #2 substring$ "?." = or
+                { s #-2 global.max$ substring$ "" * }
+                { s #-1 #3 substring$ "?,~" =
+                  s #-1 #3 substring$ "?.~" = or
+                    { s #-4 global.max$ substring$ "?~" * }
+                    's
+                  if$
+                }
+              if$
+            }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% title
+FUNCTION {format.title.sub}
+{ bst.title.lower.case #0 =
+     { bst.title.pre title * bst.title.post * }
+     { bst.title.pre title "t" change.case$ * bst.title.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% title
+FUNCTION {format.title}
+{ title empty$
+  bst.hide.title #0 = not or
+    { "" }
+    { format.title.sub remove.irrelevant.period.comma }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% title for misc.
+FUNCTION {format.misc.title}
+{ title empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.title.pre title * bst.title.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+% Convert "-" to "--" (for pages field)
+FUNCTION {n.dashify}
+{ 't :=
+  ""
+  %% while$
+  { t empty$ not }
+  { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
+      { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
+          { "--" *
+            t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+          }
+          { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
+            { "-" *
+              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+            }
+            while$
+          }
+        if$
+      }
+      { t #1 #1 substring$ *
+       t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+      }
+    if$
+  }
+  while$
+}
+
+%%% year
+FUNCTION {format.year}
+{ year empty$
+    { "there's no year in " cite$ * warning$
+      ", " }
+    { type$ "article" =
+        { bst.year.pre year * extra.label * bst.year.post * }
+        { bst.year.na.pre year * extra.label * bst.year.na.post * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% page for book
+FUNCTION {format.book.pages}
+{ pages empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.pages.pre pages * bst.pages.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% Attach tie for the string with two or less characters.
+FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
+{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
+    { "~" }
+    { " " }
+  if$
+  swap$ * *
+}
+
+FUNCTION {either.or.check}
+{ empty$
+    'pop$
+    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% volume for book
+FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
+{ volume empty$
+    { "" }
+%     { bst.volume.pre volume * bst.volume.post *
+    { " Volume " volume * "." *
+      series empty$
+        'skip$
+        %% If there is series field
+        { " of " * series * bst.series.post * }
+      if$
+%       "volume and number" number either.or.check
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% series
+FUNCTION {output.series}
+{ series empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.series.pre series * bst.series.post * }
+ if$
+}
+
+%%% number and series
+FUNCTION {format.number.series}
+{ volume empty$
+    { number empty$
+      bst.hide.month #0 = not or
+        % number is empty
+        { series empty$
+            { "" }
+            % series is not empty.
+            { output.series }
+          if$
+        }
+        % number is not empty$
+        { series empty$
+            { bst.number.pre number * bst.number.post * }
+            % series is not empty.
+            { bst.in bst.series.pre * series * bst.series.post *
+              bst.number.pre * number * bst.number.post * }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+    { "" }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% Number or not.
+FUNCTION {is.num}
+{ chr.to.int$
+  duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not
+  swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and
+}
+
+FUNCTION {extract.num}
+{ duplicate$ 't :=
+  "" 's :=
+  { t empty$ not }
+  { t #1 #1 substring$
+    t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+    duplicate$ is.num
+      { s swap$ * 's := }
+      { pop$ "" 't := }
+    if$
+  }
+  while$
+  s empty$
+    'skip$
+    { pop$ s }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%      edition
+
+% Convert edition to 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th etc
+FUNCTION {eng.ord}
+{ duplicate$ "1" swap$ *
+  #-2 #1 substring$ "1" =
+     { bst.th * }
+     { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$
+       duplicate$ "1" =
+         { pop$ bst.st * }
+         { duplicate$ "2" =
+             { pop$ bst.nd * }
+             { "3" =
+                 { bst.rd * }
+                 { bst.th * }
+               if$
+             }
+           if$
+          }
+       if$
+     }
+   if$
+}
+
+% Convert first, second etc in edition field to 1st, 2nd (from jfm.bst)
+FUNCTION {convert.edition}
+{ edition extract.num "l" change.case$ 's :=
+  s "first" = s "1" = or
+    { bst.first }
+    { s "second" = s "2" = or
+        { bst.second }
+        { s "third" = s "3" = or
+            { bst.third }
+            { s "fourth" = s "4" = or
+                { bst.fourth }
+                { s "fifth" = s "5" = or
+                    { bst.fifth }
+                    { s #1 #1 substring$ is.num
+                        { s eng.ord }
+                        { edition }
+                      if$
+                    }
+                  if$
+                }
+              if$
+            }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% edition
+FUNCTION {format.edition}
+{ edition empty$
+    { "" }
+    { output.state mid.sentence =
+        { bst.edition.pre convert.edition "l" change.case$ * bst.edition.post * }
+        { bst.edition.pre convert.edition "t" change.case$ * bst.edition.post * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% month
+FUNCTION {format.month}
+{ month empty$
+  bst.hide.month #0 = not or
+    { "" }
+    { bst.month.pre month * bst.month.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% year and month
+FUNCTION {format.date}
+{ format.month format.year *
+}
+
+%%% Is multiple pages like 1-100?
+FUNCTION { multi.page.check }
+{ 't :=
+  #0 'multiresult :=
+    { multiresult not
+      t empty$ not
+      and
+    }
+    { t #1 #1 substring$
+      duplicate$ "-" =
+      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
+      swap$ "+" =
+      or or
+        { #1 'multiresult := }
+        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
+      if$
+    }
+  while$
+  multiresult
+}
+
+%%% pages
+FUNCTION {format.pages}
+{ pages empty$
+    { "" }
+    { pages multi.page.check
+      { bst.pages.pre pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect * bst.pages.post }
+      { bst.page.pre pages tie.or.space.connect * bst.page.post }
+     if$
+    }
+ if$
+}
+
+%%% number
+FUNCTION {format.number}
+{ number empty$
+  bst.hide.number #0 = not or
+    { "" }
+    { bst.number.pre number * bst.number.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% volume
+FUNCTION {format.volume}
+{ volume empty$
+    'skip$
+    { bst.volume.pre volume * bst.volume.post *
+      bst.year.position #3 =
+        { format.year * }
+        'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% number, page
+FUNCTION {format.number.pages}
+{ number empty$
+    { format.pages }
+    { format.number format.pages * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% volume, page
+FUNCTION {format.volume.pages}
+{ volume empty$
+    { format.pages }
+    { format.volume format.pages * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% volume, number, page
+FUNCTION {format.volume.number.pages}
+{ volume empty$
+    { number empty$
+        { format.pages }
+        { format.number format.pages * }
+      if$
+    }
+    { number empty$
+        { format.volume format.pages * }
+        { format.volume format.number * format.pages * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% volume, number, page
+FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
+{ volume empty$
+    %% volume is empty.
+    { number empty$
+        %% number is empty.
+        { pages empty$
+            % warning
+            { "there is no volume, number, and pages in " cite$ * warning$ "" } 
+            { "" format.pages * }
+         if$
+        }
+        %% number is not empty.
+        % warning
+        { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$
+          format.number.pages }
+     if$
+    }
+    %% volume is not empty.
+    { number empty$
+        %% number is empty.
+        { format.volume.pages }
+        %% number is not empty.
+        { format.volume.number.pages }
+     if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% chapter
+FUNCTION {format.chapter}
+{ chapter empty$
+    { "" }
+    { type empty$
+        { bst.chapter.pre chapter tie.or.space.connect * bst.chapter.post }
+        { ", " * type " " * chapter * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% chapter, pages
+FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
+{ chapter empty$
+    { pages empty$
+        { "" }
+        { "" format.pages * }
+      if$
+    }
+    { pages empty$
+        { "" format.chapter * }
+        { "" format.chapter * format.pages * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% editor and booktitle
+FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
+{ booktitle empty$
+    { "" }
+    { editor empty$
+        { bst.in format.btitle * }
+        { bst.editor.btitle.order #0 =
+            { bst.in format.editors.x * " " * format.btitle * }
+            { bst.in format.btitle * " " * format.editors.x * }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% howpublished
+FUNCTION {format.howpublished}
+{ howpublished empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.howpublished.pre howpublished * bst.howpublished.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% address
+FUNCTION {format.address}
+{ address empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.address.pre address * bst.address.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% publisher
+FUNCTION {format.publisher}
+{ publisher empty$
+    { "" }
+    { address empty$
+        { ", " publisher * bst.publisher.post * }
+        { bst.publisher.pre publisher * bst.publisher.post * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% organization
+FUNCTION {format.organization}
+{ organization empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.organization.pre organization * bst.organization.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%% publisher and address
+FUNCTION {output.publisher.address}
+{ address empty$
+    { format.publisher "publisher" output.check.nocomma }
+    { bst.address.position #0 = 
+        { format.address output.nocomma
+          format.publisher "publisher" output.check.nocomma }
+        { format.publisher "publisher" output.check.nocomma
+          format.address output.nocomma }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%% address, organization, publisher
+FUNCTION {output.address.organization.publisher}
+{ address empty$
+    %% address is empty
+    { organization empty$
+        %% organization is empty
+        { publisher empty$
+            'skip$
+            { format.publisher "publisher" output.check.nocomma }
+          if$
+        }
+        %% organization is not empty
+        { publisher empty$
+            { format.organization "organization" output.check.nocomma }
+            { format.organization "organization" output.check.nocomma
+              format.publisher "publisher" output.check.nocomma }
+          if$
+        }
+     if$
+    }
+    %% address is not empty
+    { organization empty$
+        %% organization is empty
+        { publisher empty$
+            %% publisher is empty
+            { format.address output.nocomma }
+            %% publisher is not empty
+            { bst.address.position #0 =
+                { format.address output.nocomma
+                  format.publisher "publisher" output.check.nocomma }
+                { format.publisher "publisher" output.check.nocomma
+                  format.address output.nocomma }
+              if$
+            }
+         if$
+        }
+        %% organization is not empty
+        { publisher empty$
+            %% publisher is empty
+            { format.organization "organization" output.check.nocomma
+              format.address output.nocomma }
+            %% publisher is not empty
+            { format.organization "organization" output.check.nocomma
+              bst.address.position #0 = 
+                { format.address output.nocomma
+                  format.publisher "publisher" output.check.nocomma }
+                { format.publisher "publisher" output.check.nocomma
+                  format.address output.nocomma }
+              if$
+            }
+         if$
+        }
+     if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% misc
+FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
+{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
+  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
+  and and and and and
+  key empty$ not and
+    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
+{ type empty$
+    'skip$
+    { pop$ " " type * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
+{ type empty$
+    { bst.techrep }
+    { " " type * }
+  if$
+  number empty$
+    { "t" change.case$ }
+    { number tie.or.space.connect }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% phdthesis
+FUNCTION {format.phd}
+{ bst.phdthesis }
+
+%%% mastersthesis
+FUNCTION {format.mthesis}
+{ bst.mthesis }
+
+%%% school
+FUNCTION {format.school}
+{ school empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.school.pre school * bst.school.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% institution
+FUNCTION {format.institution}
+{ institution empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.institution.pre institution * bst.institution.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% remove first ? characters.
+FUNCTION {chop.word}
+{ 's :=
+  'len :=
+  s #1 len substring$ =
+    { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
+    's
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.note}
+{ note empty$
+    { "" }
+    { bst.note.pre note * bst.note.post * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%        \havarditem
+
+FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
+{ newline$
+  "\harvarditem[" write$
+  alabel write$                 % alabel <- abbreviated citation
+  "]{" write$
+  flabel write$                 % flabel <- full citation
+  "}{" write$
+  cyear write$
+  % cyear = year
+  "}{" write$
+  cite$ write$                  % cite$ -> pusch keyword
+  "}" write$
+  % If number index is on
+  bst.use.number.index #0 =
+     'skip$
+     { index #1 + 'index :=
+       "" 'preone :=
+       "" 'preten :=
+       bst.number.index.digit "1" =
+         'skip$
+         { bst.number.index.digit "2" =
+           { "\hskip0.5em" 'preone := }
+           { bst.number.index.digit "3" =
+              { "\hskip1em" 'preone :=
+                "\hskip0.5em" 'preten := }
+              'skip$
+             if$
+           }
+         if$
+         }
+       if$  
+     }
+  if$
+  newline$
+  before.all 'output.state :=
+  ""
+  % number index
+  bst.use.number.index #0 =
+     'skip$
+     { index #10 <
+         % Insert spaces according to digit of number index.
+         { preone }
+         { index #100 <
+             { preten }
+             { "" }
+           if$
+         }
+       if$
+       bst.number.index.pre * index int.to.str$ * bst.number.index.post * write$
+     }
+ if$
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%        article
+
+FUNCTION {article}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check.nocomma
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.title "title" output.check.nocomma
+
+  format.journal "journal" output.check.nocomma
+  bst.year.position #2 =
+    { format.date output.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.vol.num.pages output.nocomma
+
+  bst.year.position #1 =
+    { format.date output.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%        book
+
+FUNCTION {book}
+{ output.bibitem
+  author empty$
+    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check.nocomma }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull.nocomma
+      "author and editor" editor either.or.check 
+    }
+  if$
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.book "title" output.check.nocomma
+
+  format.bvolume output.nocomma
+  format.number.series output.nocomma
+  output.publisher.address
+
+  format.edition output.nocomma
+  format.book.pages output.nocomma
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%        booklet
+
+FUNCTION {booklet}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors output.nocomma
+  format.year output.nocomma
+  format.misc.title "title" output.check.nocomma
+  format.howpublished output.nocomma
+  format.address output.nocomma
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       inbook
+
+FUNCTION {inbook}
+{ output.bibitem
+  author empty$
+    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check.nocomma }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull.nocomma
+      "author and editor" editor either.or.check
+    }
+  if$
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+%   format.book remove.pre.comma "title" output.check.nocomma
+  format.book "title" output.check.nocomma
+  format.edition output.nocomma
+
+  format.bvolume output.nocomma
+  format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check.nocomma
+  format.number.series output.nocomma
+  output.publisher.address
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       incollection
+
+FUNCTION {incollection}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check.nocomma
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.title "title" output.check.nocomma
+
+  format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check.nocomma
+  format.bvolume output.nocomma
+  format.edition output.nocomma
+  format.chapter.pages output.nocomma
+  output.address.organization.publisher
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       inproceedings
+
+FUNCTION {inproceedings}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check.nocomma
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.title "title" output.check.nocomma
+
+  format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check.nocomma
+  format.bvolume output.nocomma
+  format.number.series output.nocomma
+  format.pages output.nocomma
+  output.address.organization.publisher
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.date output.nocomma }
+    { format.month output.nocomma }
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       conference
+
+FUNCTION {conference}
+{ inproceedings }
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       manual
+FUNCTION {manual}
+{ output.bibitem
+  author empty$
+    { organization empty$
+        'skip$
+        { organization output.nonnull.nocomma
+          address output.nocomma
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull.nocomma }
+  if$
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.book "title" output.check.nocomma
+  author empty$
+    { organization empty$
+        { format.address new.block.check
+          format.address output.nocomma
+        }
+        'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+    { output.address.organization.publisher }
+  if$
+  format.edition output.nocomma
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       mastersthesis
+
+FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check.nocomma
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.title "title" output.check.nocomma
+  format.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull.nocomma
+  format.school "school" output.check.nocomma
+  format.address output.nocomma
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       misc
+
+FUNCTION {misc}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check.nocomma
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.misc.title output.nocomma
+  format.howpublished output.nocomma
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.date output.nocomma }
+    { format.month output.nocomma }
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+  
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+  empty.misc.check
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       Online
+
+FUNCTION {online}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check.nocomma
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.misc.title output.nocomma
+  format.howpublished output.nocomma
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.date output.nocomma }
+    { format.month output.nocomma }
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+  
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+  empty.misc.check
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       phdthesis
+
+FUNCTION {phdthesis}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check.nocomma
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.book "title" output.check.nocomma
+  format.phd
+  format.thesis.type output.nonnull.nocomma
+  format.school "school" output.check.nocomma
+  address empty$
+    'skip$
+    { format.address output.nocomma }
+  if$
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       proceedings
+
+FUNCTION {proceedings}
+{ output.bibitem
+  editor empty$
+    { organization output.nocomma }
+    { format.editors output.nonnull.nocomma }
+  if$
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.btitle remove.pre.comma "title" output.check.nocomma
+  format.bvolume output.nocomma
+  format.number.series output.nocomma
+  output.address.organization.publisher
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       techreport
+
+FUNCTION {techreport}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check.nocomma
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.title "title" output.check.nocomma
+  format.tr.number output.nonnull.nocomma
+  format.institution "institution" output.check.nocomma
+  format.address output.nocomma
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note output.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       unpublished
+
+FUNCTION {unpublished}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check.nocomma
+  bst.year.position #0 =
+    { format.year "year" output.check.nocomma }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  format.title "title" output.check.nocomma
+
+  bst.year.position #0 = not
+    { format.date remove.pre.comma output.nocomma }
+    { month empty$
+        'skip$
+        { format.month remove.pre.comma output.nocomma }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+
+  format.url.doi output.nocomma
+
+  format.note "note" output.check.nocomma
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {default.type}
+{ misc }
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%       Alias for month names:
+
+MACRO {jan} {"January"}
+MACRO {feb} {"February"}
+MACRO {mar} {"March"}
+MACRO {apr} {"April"}
+MACRO {may} {"May"}
+MACRO {jun} {"June"}
+MACRO {jul} {"July"}
+MACRO {aug} {"August"}
+MACRO {sep} {"September"}
+MACRO {oct} {"October"}
+MACRO {nov} {"November"}
+MACRO {dec} {"December"}
+
+%%% Read entries:
+READ
+
+%%% Variable for remembering the order of citation.
+INTEGERS { order.num }
+FUNCTION {initialize.order.num}
+{
+  #1 'order.num :=
+}
+%%% Initialize a variables
+EXECUTE {initialize.order.num}
+
+%%% Variable for remembering the order of citation.
+FUNCTION {set.order.cited}
+{
+  order.num 'order.cited :=
+  #1 order.num + 'order.num :=
+}
+%%% Iterate for all entries:
+ITERATE {set.order.cited}
+
+%%% check the value of nameorder field.
+FUNCTION {set.nameorder}
+{ nameorder empty$
+    { "" 'nameorder.temp := }
+    { nameorder 'nameorder.temp := }
+  if$
+}
+%%% Iterate for all entries:
+ITERATE {set.nameorder}
+
+%%% Remove symbols and convert to lowercase.
+FUNCTION {sortify}
+{ purify$ "l" change.case$ }
+
+%%% names for sorting
+FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
+{ 's :=
+  #1 'nameptr :=
+  ""
+  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+  numnames 'namesleft :=
+    { namesleft #0 > }
+    { nameptr #1 >
+        { ", " * }
+        'skip$
+      if$
+      s nameptr "{ll}{ f}{ j}" format.name$ 't :=
+      nameptr numnames = t "others" = and
+        { bst.and.others.output *}
+        { t sortify * }
+      if$
+      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+    }
+  while$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {sort.format.names.abb}
+{ 's :=
+  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+  numnames bst.and.others.num <
+     { s sort.format.names }
+     { s #1 "{ll}{ f}{ j}" format.name$ " zz " * }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% Label for full author name.
+FUNCTION {format.lab.names.full}
+{ 's :=
+  #1 'nameptr :=
+  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+  numnames 'namesleft :=
+  { namesleft #0 > }
+      { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ 't :=
+        nameptr #1 >
+          { namesleft #1 >
+              { nameorder.temp "random" = bst.use.nameorder #0 = not and
+                  { bst.and.nameorder * t * }
+                  { ", " * t * }
+                if$
+              }
+              { t "others" =
+                  { bst.and.others.output * }
+                  { numnames #2 > 
+                      { nameorder.temp "random" = bst.use.nameorder #0 = not and
+                          { bst.cite.and.nameorder * t * }
+                          { bst.cite.ands * t * }
+                        if$
+                      }
+                      { nameorder.temp "random" = bst.use.nameorder #0 = not and
+                          { bst.cite.and.nameorder * t * }
+                          { bst.cite.and * t * }
+                        if$
+                      }
+                    if$
+                  }
+                if$
+              }   
+            if$
+          }
+          't
+        if$
+        nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+        namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+      }
+  while$
+  numnames #1 > #1 #2 = and {", eds" *} {} if$
+  numnames #1 = #1 #2 = and {", ed" *} {} if$
+}
+
+%%% laberl for abbreviated author name.
+FUNCTION {format.lab.names.abb}
+{ 's :=
+   s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+   numnames bst.and.others.num <
+     % if the number of authors is less than bst.and.others.num, full name.
+     { s format.lab.names.full }
+     % if the number of authors is equal or more than bst.and.others.num, abbreviated name.
+     { s #1 "{ll}" format.name$ bst.and.others.output * }
+   if$
+}
+
+%%% abbreviated author
+FUNCTION {author.key.label.abb}
+{ author empty$
+    { key empty$
+        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+        { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.lab.names.abb }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% full author
+FUNCTION {author.key.label.full}
+{ author empty$
+    { key empty$
+        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+        { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.lab.names.full }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.names.full.wo.and}
+{ 's :=
+  #1 'nameptr :=
+  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+  numnames 'namesleft :=
+  { namesleft #0 > }
+      { s nameptr "{ll}{, ff}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
+        nameptr #1 >
+          { namesleft #1 >
+              { " " * t * }
+              { t "others" =
+                  { " " * }
+                  { numnames #2 > 
+                      { " " * t * }
+                      { " " * t * }
+                    if$
+                  }
+                if$
+              }   
+            if$
+          }
+          't
+        if$
+        nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+        namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+      }
+  while$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.key.full.wo.and}
+{ author empty$
+    { key empty$
+        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+        { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.names.full.wo.and }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full.wo.and}
+{ author empty$
+    { editor empty$
+        { key empty$
+            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+            { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+          if$
+        }
+        { editor format.names.full.wo.and }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.names.full.wo.and }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {editor.key.organization.key.full.wo.and}
+{ editor empty$
+    { key empty$
+        { organization empty$
+            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+            { "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
+          if$
+        }
+        { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { editor format.names.full.wo.and }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.key.organization.key.full.wo.and}
+{ author empty$
+    { key empty$
+        { organization empty$
+            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+            { "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
+          if$
+        }
+        { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.names.full.wo.and }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% abbreviated author
+FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label.abb}
+{ author empty$
+    { editor empty$
+        { key empty$
+            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+            { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+          if$
+        }
+        { editor format.lab.names.abb }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.lab.names.abb }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% full author
+FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label.full}
+{ author empty$
+    { editor empty$
+        { key empty$
+            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+            { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+          if$
+        }
+        { editor format.lab.names.full }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.lab.names.full }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.key.organization.label.full}
+{ author empty$
+    { key empty$
+        { organization empty$
+            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+            { "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
+          if$
+        }
+        { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.lab.names.full }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.key.organization.label.abb}
+{ author empty$
+    { key empty$
+        { organization empty$
+            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+            { "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
+          if$
+        }
+        { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.lab.names.abb }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {editor.key.organization.label.full}
+{ editor empty$
+    { key empty$
+        { organization empty$
+            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+            { "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
+          if$
+        }
+        { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { editor format.lab.names.full }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {editor.key.organization.label.abb}
+{ editor empty$
+    { key empty$
+        { organization empty$
+            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+            { "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
+          if$
+        }
+        { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+      if$
+    }
+    { editor format.lab.names.abb }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% Convert numbers: 0->9, 1->8, 2->7,..., 9->0
+FUNCTION {reverse.num}
+{ 's :=
+  s "1" =
+    { "8" 'year.num := }
+    { s "2" =
+        { "7" 'year.num := }
+        { s "3" =
+            { "6" 'year.num := }
+            { s "4" =
+                { "5" 'year.num := }
+                { s "5" =
+                    { "4" 'year.num := }
+                    { s "6" =
+                        { "3" 'year.num := }
+                        { s "7" =
+                            { "2" 'year.num := }
+                            { s "8" =
+                                { "1" 'year.num := }
+                                { s "9" =
+                                    { "0" 'year.num := }
+                                    { s "0" =
+                                        { "9" 'year.num := }
+                                        { "9" 'year.num := }
+                                    if$
+                                    }
+                                if$
+                                }
+                            if$
+                            }
+                        if$
+                        }
+                    if$
+                    }
+                if$
+                }
+            if$
+            }
+        if$
+        }
+    if$
+    }
+  if$
+  year.num
+}
+
+%%% Convert year (large number -> small number)
+FUNCTION {convert.year}
+{ 't := 
+  bst.reverse.year #0 =
+    { t 'tt := }
+    { t #1 #1 substring$ reverse.num 
+      t #2 #1 substring$ reverse.num *
+      t #3 #1 substring$ reverse.num *
+      t #4 #1 substring$ reverse.num * 'tt := }
+  if$
+  tt
+}
+
+%%% cyear
+FUNCTION {calc.cyear}
+{ type$ "book" =
+  type$ "inbook" =
+  or
+    'author.editor.key.full.wo.and
+    { type$ "proceedings" =
+        'editor.key.organization.key.full.wo.and
+        { type$ "manual" =
+            'author.key.organization.key.full.wo.and
+            'author.key.full.wo.and
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  duplicate$
+  year empty$
+    { "2199" 'cyear := }
+    { year 'cyear := }
+  if$
+  year empty$
+    { " " "2199" convert.year * field.or.null * }
+    { " " year convert.year * field.or.null * }
+  if$
+  sortify 'sort.label :=
+  % For debug
+  econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "sort.label = ``\texttt{" write$
+      sort.label write$
+      "}''\\" write$
+      newline$
+    }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+ pop$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {calc.sort.label.abb}
+{ author empty$
+    { editor empty$
+       { "" }
+       { editor 's := }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author 's := }
+  if$
+  s sort.format.names.abb 't :=
+  year empty$
+    { t sortify " " * "2199" convert.year * 'sort.label.abb := }
+    { t sortify " " * year convert.year * 'sort.label.abb := }
+  if$
+  econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "sort.label.abb = ``\texttt{" write$
+      sort.label.abb write$
+      "}''\\" write$
+      newline$
+    }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% flabel
+FUNCTION {calc.flabel}
+{ type$ "book" =
+  type$ "inbook" =
+  or
+    'author.editor.key.label.full
+    { type$ "proceedings" =
+        'editor.key.organization.label.full
+        { type$ "manual" =
+            'author.key.organization.label.full
+            'author.key.label.full
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  'flabel :=
+  author empty$
+    'skip$
+    { author num.names$ 'numnames :=
+      numnames bst.max.author.num >
+        { alabel 'flabel := }
+        'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  % For debug
+  econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "flabel = ``\texttt{" write$
+      flabel write$
+      "}''\\" write$
+      newline$
+    }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+%%% alabel
+FUNCTION {calc.alabel}
+{ type$ "book" =
+  type$ "inbook" =
+  or
+    'author.editor.key.label.abb
+    { type$ "proceedings" =
+        'editor.key.organization.label.abb
+        { type$ "manual" =
+            'author.key.organization.label.abb
+            'author.key.label.abb
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  'alabel :=
+  % For debug
+  econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "alabel = ``\texttt{" write$
+      alabel write$
+      "}''\\" write$
+      newline$
+    }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+%%% title for sorting
+FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
+{ 't :=
+  "A " #2
+    "An " #3
+      "The " #4 t chop.word
+    chop.word
+  chop.word
+  sortify
+  #1 global.max$ substring$
+}
+
+%%% author for sorting
+FUNCTION {author.sort}
+{ author empty$
+    { key empty$
+        { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
+          ""
+        }
+        { key sortify }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author sort.format.names }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% editor for sorting
+FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
+{ author empty$
+    { editor empty$
+        { key empty$
+            { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+              ""
+            }
+            { key sortify }
+          if$
+        }
+        { editor sort.format.names }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author sort.format.names }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.organization.sort}
+{ author empty$
+    { organization empty$
+        { key empty$
+            { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+              ""
+            }
+            { key sortify }
+          if$
+        }
+        { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author sort.format.names }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort}
+{ editor empty$
+    { organization empty$
+        { key empty$
+            { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+              ""
+            }
+            { key sortify }
+          if$
+        }
+        { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
+      if$
+    }
+    { editor sort.format.names }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% 1,...,9 -> 001,...,009
+%%% 10,...,99 -> 010,...,099
+FUNCTION {add.zero.to.number}
+{ 's :=
+    s text.length$ #1 =
+      { "00" s * }
+      { s text.length$ #2 =
+          { "0" s * }
+          { s }
+        if$
+      }
+   if$
+}
+
+%% entry type
+FUNCTION {bst.sort.entry.type.order}
+{ 'item.type :=
+  item.type "article" =
+    { "01" }
+    { item.type "book" =
+        { "02" }
+        { item.type "booklet" =
+            { "03" }
+            { item.type "comment" =
+                { "04" }
+                { item.type "conference" =
+                    { "05" }
+                    { item.type "inbook" =
+                        { "06" }
+                        { item.type "incollection" =
+                            { "07" }
+                            { item.type "inproceedings" =
+                                { "08" }
+                                { item.type "manual" =
+                                    { "09" }
+                                    { item.type "masterthesis" =
+                                        { "10" }
+                                        { item.type "misc" =
+                                           { "11" }
+                                           { item.type "phdthesis" =
+                                              { "12" }
+                                              { item.type "proceedings" =
+                                                 { "13" }
+                                                 { item.type "techreport" =
+                                                    { "14" }
+                                                    { item.type "unpublished" =
+                                                       { "15" }
+                                                       { "16" }
+                                                      if$
+                                                    }
+                                                   if$
+                                                 }
+                                                if$
+                                              }
+                                             if$
+                                           }
+                                          if$
+                                        }
+                                      if$
+                                    }
+                                if$
+                                }
+                            if$
+                            }
+                        if$
+                        }
+                    if$
+                    }
+                if$
+                }
+            if$
+            }
+        if$
+        }
+    if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+%%% Create sort.key$: absorder -> author -> year -> order -> month -> title.
+FUNCTION {presort.one}
+{
+  bst.no.sort #0 = not
+    { order.cited int.to.str$ add.zero.to.number " " * }
+    { "" }
+  if$
+  bst.sort.year #0 = not
+    %% Use year field as the primary sorting key.
+    { year convert.year * }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  bst.sort.entry.type #0 = not
+    { type$ bst.sort.entry.type.order * " " * }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  absorder empty$
+    { "/// " * }
+    { bst.notuse.absorder.field #0 =
+       { absorder "999" =
+          { "zzz " * }
+          { absorder add.zero.to.number "000" =
+             { "/// " * }
+             { absorder add.zero.to.number * " " * }
+            if$
+          }
+         if$
+       }
+       { "/// " * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  " " *
+  sort.label.abb *
+  " " *  
+  type$ "book" = type$ "inbook" = or
+    'author.editor.sort
+    { type$ "proceedings" =
+        'editor.organization.sort
+        { type$ "manual" =
+            'author.organization.sort
+            'author.sort
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  * " " *
+  " "
+  order empty$
+    { "/// " * }
+    { bst.notuse.order.field #0 =
+       { order "999" =
+          { "zzz " * }
+          { order add.zero.to.number "000" =
+             { "/// " * }
+             { order add.zero.to.number * " " * }
+            if$
+          }
+         if$
+       }
+       { "/// " * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  month empty$
+    { * "/// " * }
+       { month "999" =
+          { * month add.zero.to.number * "zzz " * }
+          { month add.zero.to.number "000" =
+             { * month add.zero.to.number * "/// " * }
+             { * month add.zero.to.number * " " * }
+            if$
+          }
+         if$
+       }
+  if$
+  title field.or.null sort.format.title
+  *
+  #1 entry.max$ substring$
+  'sort.key$ :=
+  % For debug
+  econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "``\texttt{" write$
+      sort.key$ write$
+      "}''\\" write$
+      newline$
+    }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {presort.two}
+{
+  bst.no.sort #0 = not
+    { order.cited int.to.str$ add.zero.to.number " " * }
+    { "" }
+  if$
+  bst.sort.year #0 = not
+    %% Use year field as the primary sorting key.
+    { year convert.year * }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  bst.sort.entry.type #0 = not
+    { type$ bst.sort.entry.type.order * " " * }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  absorder empty$
+    { "/// " * }
+    { bst.notuse.absorder.field #0 =
+       { absorder "999" =
+          { "zzz " * }
+          { absorder add.zero.to.number "000" =
+             { "/// " * }
+             { absorder add.zero.to.number * " " * }
+            if$
+          }
+         if$
+       }
+       { "/// " * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  " " * sort.label * " "
+  order empty$
+    { "/// " * }
+    { bst.notuse.order.field #0 =
+       { order "999" =
+          { "zzz " * }
+          { order add.zero.to.number "000" =
+             { "/// " * }
+             { order add.zero.to.number * " " * }
+            if$
+          }
+         if$
+       }
+       { "/// " * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  month empty$
+    { * "/// " * }
+       { month "999" =
+          { * month add.zero.to.number * "zzz " * }
+          { month add.zero.to.number "000" =
+             { * month add.zero.to.number * "/// " * }
+             { * month add.zero.to.number * " " * }
+            if$
+          }
+         if$
+       }
+  if$
+  title field.or.null sort.format.title
+  *
+  #1 entry.max$ substring$
+  'sort.key$ :=
+  % For debug
+  econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "``\texttt{" write$
+      sort.key$ write$
+      "}''\\" write$
+      newline$
+    }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+%%% Codes for debugging
+FUNCTION {calc.alabel.mess}
+{ econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "\textbf{Iteration of calc.alabel: alabel = }\\" write$
+      newline$ }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+}
+FUNCTION {calc.flabel.mess}
+{ econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "\textbf{Iteration of calc.flabel: flabel = }\\" write$
+      newline$ }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+}
+FUNCTION {presort.one.mess}
+{ econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "\textbf{Iteration of presort (1st time): \$sort.key = }\\" write$
+      newline$ }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {presort.two.mess}
+{ econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "\textbf{Iteration of presort (2nd time): \$sort.key = }\\" write$
+      newline$ }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {calc.cyear.mess}
+{ econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "\textbf{Iteration of calc.cyear: sort.label = }\\" write$
+      newline$ }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {calc.sort.label.abb.mess}
+{ econ.debug #0 = not
+    { "\textbf{Iteration of calc.sort.label.abb: sort.label.abb = }\\" write$
+      newline$ }
+    'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+%%% alabel
+EXECUTE {calc.alabel.mess}
+ITERATE {calc.alabel}
+
+%%% flabel
+EXECUTE {calc.flabel.mess}
+ITERATE {calc.flabel}
+
+%%% cyear and sort.label
+EXECUTE {calc.cyear.mess}
+ITERATE {calc.cyear}
+
+%%%
+EXECUTE {calc.sort.label.abb.mess}
+ITERATE {calc.sort.label.abb}
+
+%%% Sorting by $sort.key (first time)
+%
+% Sorting is done in two times. This is the first time.
+%
+EXECUTE {presort.one.mess}
+ITERATE {presort.one}
+SORT
+
+FUNCTION {forward.pass}
+{ bst.use.bysame #0 = bst.use.bysame #2 = or
+    % Not use \bysame
+    { last.sort.label sort.label.abb =
+        { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
+          last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
+        }
+        { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
+          "" 'extra.label :=
+          sort.label.abb 'last.sort.label :=
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+    % Use \bysame
+    { last.sort.label sort.label.abb =
+        { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
+          last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
+        }
+        { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
+          "" 'extra.label :=
+          sort.label.abb 'last.sort.label :=
+        }
+      if$
+      author empty$
+        { editor empty$
+          { "" }
+          'format.editors.alt
+          if$
+        }
+        'format.authors.alt
+      if$
+      'this.author :=
+      % format.names 'this.author :=
+      this.author prev.author =
+        { "bysame" 'extra.label.bysame := }
+        { this.author "" =
+            { "abcxyz" }
+            'this.author
+          if$
+          'prev.author :=
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {reverse.pass}
+{ next.extra "b" =
+    { "a" 'extra.label := }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  extra.label empty$ not
+    { cyear extra.label * }
+    { cyear "" * }
+  if$
+  "" field.or.null *
+  'cyear :=
+  extra.label 'next.extra :=
+}
+
+%%% \bysame
+ITERATE {forward.pass}
+
+REVERSE {reverse.pass}
+
+%%% Sorting by sort.key$ (second time)
+EXECUTE {presort.two.mess}
+ITERATE {presort.two}
+SORT
+
+FUNCTION {reset.prev.author}
+{ "xxyyzz" 'prev.author := }
+
+EXECUTE {reset.prev.author}
+
+FUNCTION {forward.pass.two}
+{ bst.use.bysame #1 = 
+    { author empty$
+        { editor empty$
+          { "" }
+          'format.editors.alt
+          if$
+        }
+        'format.authors.alt
+     if$
+     'this.author :=
+     this.author prev.author =
+        { "bysame" 'extra.label.bysame := }
+        { this.author "" =
+            { "abcxyz" }
+            'this.author
+          if$
+          'prev.author :=
+        }
+     if$
+    }
+   'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+ITERATE {forward.pass.two}
+
+FUNCTION{punctuation}
+{
+  "%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%"  write$ newline$
+  "%  This bbl file is created by aea.bst ver." econ.version *          write$ newline$
+  "%  The latest aea.bst is available at"                               write$ newline$
+  "%  <https://github.com/ShiroTakeda/econ-bst>"                         write$ newline$ newline$
+}
+
+EXECUTE {punctuation}
+
+FUNCTION {begin.bib}
+{
+  preamble$ empty$
+    'skip$
+    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
+  if$
+  bst.use.bysame #0 =
+     % Not use \bysame.
+     'skip$
+     % Use \bysame.
+     { "%%% Definition of \bysame" write$ newline$
+       "\ifx\undefined\bysame" write$ newline$
+       "\newcommand{\bysame}{" bst.bysame.definition * "}" *
+       write$ newline$
+       "\fi" write$ newline$ newline$ }
+  if$
+  %% When number index is attached to the beginning of each item.
+  bst.use.number.index #0 =
+     'skip$
+     { bst.number.index.digit "1" =
+         % one digit.
+         { bst.number.index.bibhang.one }
+         { bst.number.index.digit "2" =
+            % two digits.
+            { bst.number.index.bibhang.ten }
+            % three or more digits.
+            { bst.number.index.bibhang.hund }
+           if$
+         }
+       if$
+       'hang :=
+       "%%% Redefinition of \bibhang" write$ newline$
+       "\ifx\undefined\bibhang" write$ newline$
+       "\relax" write$ newline$
+       "\else" write$ newline$
+       "\setlength{\bibhang}{"
+       hang * "}" * write$ newline$ 
+       "\fi" write$ newline$ newline$
+       }
+  if$
+  "\begin{thebibliography}{xxx}" write$ newline$
+
+  %% Initialize the variable `index'.
+  #0 'index :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {end.bib}
+{ newline$ "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ }
+
+EXECUTE {begin.bib}
+
+EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
+
+ITERATE {call.type$}
+
+EXECUTE {end.bib}
+
+%  --------------------
+%  Local Variables:
+%  fill-column: 78
+%  mode: bst
+%  End:

107/replication_package/Output/CCBeliefs2.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{4}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+                         &\multicolumn{8}{c}{Subjective expected attendance without incentives}\\
+                         &         (1)&   &         (2)&   &         (3)&   &         (4)&   \\
+\hline
+Subj. prob. succeed in   &        8.46&***&            &   &        9.17&***&        9.68&** \\
+\lq\lq more\rq\rq\, contract&      (1.31)&   &            &   &      (1.17)&   &      (3.79)&   \\
+Subj. prob. succeed in   &            &   &      --3.96&***&      --4.64&***&      --9.97&***\\
+\lq\lq fewer\rq\rq\, contract&            &   &      (0.91)&   &      (0.85)&   &      (3.10)&   \\
+N                        &         399&   &         399&   &         399&   &          76&   \\
+\hline ``More'' $-$ ``Fewer''&            &   &            &   &    13.81***&   &    19.64***&   \\
+                         &            &   &            &   &      (1.37)&   &      (6.02)&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/CCcorrelates.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{3}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{Expected attendance}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{Past attendance}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{Goal attendance}\\
+            &         (1)&   &         (2)&   &         (3)&   \\
+\hline
+Chose ``more contract''&        1.94&***&        1.31&***&        2.56&***\\
+            &      (0.21)&   &      (0.22)&   &      (0.22)&   \\
+Chose ``fewer'' contract&      --0.87&***&      --1.94&***&      --1.03&***\\
+            &      (0.23)&   &      (0.23)&   &      (0.25)&   \\
+N           &       2,946&   &       2,946&   &       2,946&   \\
+\hline ``More'' $-$ ``Fewer''&     2.81***&   &     3.25***&   &     3.59***&   \\
+            &      (0.34)&   &      (0.35)&   &      (0.36)&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/CCtakeupVbeliefs.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{6}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+            &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\shortstack{Subj. prob. succeed in \\ ``more'' contract}}&\multicolumn{6}{c}{\shortstack{Subj. prob. succeed in \\ ``fewer'' contract}}\\
+            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(3)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(4)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(5)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(6)}\\
+\hline
+Commit to ``more''&        0.12&***&            &   &        0.14&***&      --0.09&***&            &   &      --0.13&***\\
+            &      (0.02)&   &            &   &      (0.02)&   &      (0.03)&   &            &   &      (0.03)&   \\
+Commit to ``fewer''&            &   &      --0.05&*  &      --0.08&***&            &   &        0.17&***&        0.20&***\\
+            &            &   &      (0.03)&   &      (0.02)&   &            &   &      (0.03)&   &      (0.03)&   \\
+N           &         399&   &         399&   &         399&   &         399&   &         399&   &         399&   \\
+\hline ``More'' $-$ ``Fewer''&            &   &            &   &     0.22***&   &            &   &            &   &    -0.34***&   \\
+            &            &   &            &   &      (0.03)&   &            &   &            &   &      (0.05)&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/DailyAttIncr.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{1}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{Attendance \\ likelihood}}\\
+            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{(1)}\\
+\hline
+Day         &     --0.005&***\\
+            &     (0.001)&   \\
+12+ visits contract&       0.051&   \\
+            &     (0.045)&   \\
+Day $\times$ 12+ visits contract&       0.005&** \\
+            &     (0.002)&   \\
+\hline
+Wave FEs    &         Yes&   \\
+N           &       7,336&   \\
+Clusters    &         262&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/Formatted output/CCBeliefs2.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{4}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+                         &\multicolumn{8}{c}{Subjective expected attendance without incentives}\\
+                         &         (1)&   &         (2)&   &         (3)&   &         (4)&   \\
+\hline
+Subj. prob. succeed in   &        8.46&***&            &   &        9.17&***&        9.68&** \\
+\lq\lq more\rq\rq\, contract&      (1.31)&   &            &   &      (1.17)&   &      (3.79)&   \\
+Subj. prob. succeed in   &            &   &      --3.96&***&      --4.64&***&      --9.97&***\\
+\lq\lq fewer\rq\rq\, contract&            &   &      (0.91)&   &      (0.85)&   &      (3.10)&   \\
+N                        &         399&   &         399&   &         399&   &          76&   \\
+\hline ``More'' $-$ ``Fewer''&            &   &            &   &    13.81&***  &    19.64&***   \\
+                         &            &   &            &   &      (1.37)&   &      (6.02)&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/Formatted output/CC_literature_table.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+\begin{threeparttable}
+    \begin{tabular}{lcr}
+    \hline
+    \textit{Type of contract} &       &  \\
+    Authors (year) & Take-up rate & \multicolumn{1}{c}{At stake}  \\
+    \hline
+          &       &  \\
+    \textit{A. Penalty-based:} & 		 &  \\
+          &       &  \\
+    \cite*{gine2010} & 11\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite*{royer2015} & 12\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{earned money} \\
+    \cite{Bai2018} & 14\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite*{bhattacharya2015} & 23\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite{john2020} & 27\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite*{kaur2015} & 36\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite{schwartz2014} & 36\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{house money} \\
+    \cite{bonein2015} & 42\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other\tnote{1}} \\
+    \cite{beshears2020} & 39-46\%\tnote{2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{house money} \\
+    \cite{toussaert2019} & 21-65\% & \multicolumn{1}{c}{house money} \\
+    \cite{schilbach2019} & 31-55\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{house money} \\
+    \cite{exley2017} & 41-65\% & \multicolumn{1}{c}{house money } \\
+    \cite*{avery2019} & 63\% & \multicolumn{1}{c}{house money } \\
+    \cite{ariely2002} & 73\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other\tnote{3}} \\
+          &       &  \\
+    \hline
+          &       &  \\
+    Average take-up rates (Penalty-based contracts) &       &  \\
+    \hspace{3mm} Own money at stake & 22\%  &  \\
+    \hspace{3mm} House money at stake & 47\%  &  \\
+    \hspace{3mm} Other stakes & 42\%  &  \\
+          &       &  \\
+    Overall & 37\%  &  \\
+    \hline
+    \hline
+          &       &  \\
+    \textit{B. Removing options:} & 		 & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Restricted access to} \\
+          &       &  \\
+    \cite{brune2016} & 6\%   & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite{afzal2019} & 4-9\% & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite{zhang2021} & 16-31\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite{sadoffjebo2019} & 20-50\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite{ek2020} & 27\%\tnote{4}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite*{ashraf2006} & 28\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite*{sadoffsprenger2019} & 33\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite{acland2018} & 35\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite{john2020} & 42\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite{karlan2017} & 44\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite{toussaert2018} & 45\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite{bisin2020} & 31-62\% & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite{houser2018} & 48\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite*{brune2021} & 50\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite{beshears2020} & 56\%\tnote{5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{house money} \\
+    \cite*{augenblick2015} & 59\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite*{milkman2014} & 61\%\tnote{4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite{dupas2013} & 65\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+    \cite{alan2015} & 69\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{house chocolates} \\
+    \cite{chow2011} & 79\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{other} \\
+    \cite{casaburi2019} & 93\%  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{own money} \\
+          &       &  \\
+    \hline
+          &       &  \\
+    Average take-up rates (Option removal contracts) &       &  \\
+    \hspace{3mm} Own money at stake & 42\%  &  \\
+    \hspace{3mm} House money/object at stake & 63\%  &  \\
+    \hspace{3mm} Other stakes & 43\%  &  \\
+          &       &  \\
+    Overall & 45\%  &  \\
+    \hline
+    \hline
+\end{tabular}
+\begin{tablenotes}
+\setlength{\columnsep}{0.5cm}
+\setlength{\multicolsep}{0cm}
+\begin{multicols}{2}
+\footnotesize
+\item [1]Points in a two-part experiment
+\item [2]Fraction of endowment put into account with early withdrawal penalty
+\item [3]Grade points
+\item [4]Percent of participants with WTP>0
+\item [5]Fraction of endowment put into account with early withdrawal prohibited
+\end{multicols}
+\end{tablenotes}
+\end{threeparttable}

107/replication_package/Output/Formatted output/CCcorrelates.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{3}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{Expected attendance}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{Past attendance}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{Goal attendance}\\
+            &         (1)&   &         (2)&   &         (3)&   \\
+\hline
+Chose ``more contract''&        1.94&***&        1.31&***&        2.56&***\\
+            &      (0.21)&   &      (0.22)&   &      (0.22)&   \\
+Chose ``fewer'' contract&      --0.87&***&      --1.94&***&      --1.03&***\\
+            &      (0.23)&   &      (0.23)&   &      (0.25)&   \\
+N           &       2,946&   &       2,946&   &       2,946&   \\
+\hline ``More'' $-$ ``Fewer''&     2.81&***&      3.25&***&      3.59&***  \\
+            &      (0.34)&   &      (0.35)&   &      (0.36)&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/Formatted output/CCtable.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \begin{tabular}{l*{7}{c}} \hline             
+
+
+&\multicolumn{1}{c}{   }&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``more''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``fewer''} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{}\\     &\multicolumn{1}{c}{ }&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``more''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``fewer''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{given chose} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{given chose} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{}\\             &\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{contract}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{contract}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{``fewer''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{``more''} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Diff}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Diff} \\ &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Threshold}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)-(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)-(2)} \\ \hline \      &      8 visits    &  0.64        &       0.34	&    0.89    &     0.47    &  0.25***  & 0.13***   \\ \      &      12 visits  &  0.49        &       0.31	&    0.67    &     0.43     & 0.18*** & 0.12***   \\ \      &      16 visits  &  0.32        &       0.27	&    0.50    &     0.43    &  0.18*** & 0.15***    \\ [0.5ex] \hline\hline \end{tabular} 
+
+% created with estimates from Tables.do

107/replication_package/Output/Formatted output/CCtable_control.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \begin{tabular}{l*{7}{c}} \hline             
+
+
+&\multicolumn{1}{c}{   }&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``more''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``fewer'' } &\multicolumn{1}{c}{} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{}\\     &\multicolumn{1}{c}{ }&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``more''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``fewer''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{given chose} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{given chose} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{}\\             &\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{contract}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{contract}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{``fewer''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{``more''} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Diff}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Diff} \\ &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Threshold}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)-(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)-(2)} \\ \hline \    &      8 visits    &  0.65        &       0.36	&    0.88    &     0.49    &  0.23*** & 0.13***    \\ \      &      12 visits  &  0.52       &       0.33	&    0.72    &     0.45    & 0.20*** & 0.13***    \\ \      &      16 visits  &  0.36        &       0.31	 &    0.56    &     0.48  & 0.20*** & 0.17***     \\ [0.5ex] \hline\hline \end{tabular} 
+
+% created with estimates from Appendix.do

107/replication_package/Output/Formatted output/CCtable_treatment.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \begin{tabular}{l*{7}{c}} \hline             
+
+
+&\multicolumn{1}{c}{   }&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``more''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``fewer'' } &\multicolumn{1}{c}{} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{}\\     &\multicolumn{1}{c}{ }&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``more''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``fewer''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{given chose} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{given chose} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{}\\             &\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{contract}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{contract}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{``fewer''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{``more''} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Diff}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Diff} \\ &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Threshold}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)-(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)-(2)} \\ \hline \    &      8 visits    &  0.62        &       0.30	&    0.89    &     0.43    &  0.27*** & 0.13***    \\ \      &      12 visits  &  0.47       &       0.29	&    0.62    &     0.38    & 0.15*** & 0.09***    \\ \      &      16 visits  &  0.31        &       0.22	 &    0.47    &     0.34  & 0.16*** & 0.12***     \\ [0.5ex] \hline\hline \end{tabular} 
+
+% created with estimates from Appendix.do

107/replication_package/Output/Formatted output/CCtakeupVbeliefs.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{6}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+            &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\shortstack{Subj. prob. succeed in \\ ``more'' contract}}&\multicolumn{6}{c}{\shortstack{Subj. prob. succeed in \\ ``fewer'' contract}}\\
+            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(3)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(4)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(5)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(6)}\\
+\hline
+Commit to ``more''&        0.12&***&            &   &        0.14&***&      --0.09&***&            &   &      --0.13&***\\
+            &      (0.02)&   &            &   &      (0.02)&   &      (0.03)&   &            &   &      (0.03)&   \\
+Commit to ``fewer''&            &   &      --0.05&*  &      --0.08&***&            &   &        0.17&***&        0.20&***\\
+            &            &   &      (0.03)&   &      (0.02)&   &            &   &      (0.03)&   &      (0.03)&   \\
+N           &         399&   &         399&   &         399&   &         399&   &         399&   &         399&   \\
+\hline ``More'' $-$ ``Fewer''&            &   &            &   &     0.22&***&             &   &            &   &    -0.34&***   \\
+            &            &   &            &   &      (0.03)&   &            &   &            &   &      (0.05)&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/Formatted output/Exp_Corr.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+\renewcommand{\tabcolsep}{4pt}
+\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
+\begin{tabular}{l*{8}{c}} \hline             
+
+&\multicolumn{1}{c}{ }&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Exp. att.}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Exp. att.} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Exp. att.} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Exp. att.}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Exp. att.}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Exp. att.}\\
+&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{All}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\le r-2$}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\le r-4$}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\ge r+1$}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\ge r+3$}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\le 6$} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\ge 17$}  \\
+&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Threshold ($r$)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(5)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(6)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(7)}\\ 
+\hline
+\      &      8 visits    &   0.37***         &       0.39***	&    0.46***    &     0.37***    &  0.38***  & 0.39***	&0.41***  \\ 
+\      &      12 visits  &  0.24***        &       0.23***	&    0.27***    &     0.31***     & 0.27*** & 0.29***	& 0.32***   \\
+ \      &      16 visits  &  0.23***        &       0.22***	&    0.22***    &     0.33***   &  0.33*** & 0.25**		& 0.33***    \\
+ [0.5ex] \hline\hline \end{tabular} 
+ 
+ % created with estimates from Appendix.do

107/replication_package/Output/Formatted output/Exp_Rates.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+\renewcommand{\tabcolsep}{2pt}
+\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
+\begin{tabular}{l*{7}{c}} \hline             
+
+&\multicolumn{1}{c}{ }&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``more''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``more''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``fewer''} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``fewer''}\\
+&\multicolumn{1}{c}{ }&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``more''}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{given exp. att.}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{given exp. att.} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Chose ``fewer''} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{given exp. att.} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{given exp. att.}\\
+&\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{contract}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\le r-2$}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\le r-4$}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{contract} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\ge r+1$}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\ge r+3$} \\
+&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Threshold ($r$)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(5)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(6)} \\ 
+\hline 
+\      &      8 visits    &  0.64         &       0.62	&    0.63    &     0.34    &  0.31  & 0.29   \\ 
+\      &      12 visits  &  0.49        &       0.39	&    0.35    &     0.31    &  0.30  & 0.29   \\
+\      &      16 visits  &  0.32        &       0.24&    0.23    &     0.27    &  0.31  &0.32    \\
+ [0.5ex] \hline\hline \end{tabular}
+ 
+ % created with estimates from Appendix.do

107/replication_package/Output/Formatted output/uniformrange.pdf

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:51c4fb26f11f3e45d129efac3796b319e0f3d3e346633756d8a2f40210946144
+size 64725

107/replication_package/Output/appendix_descriptive_stats.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+{
+\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
+\begin{tabular}{l*{4}{c}}
+\hline
+                    &      Wave 1         &      Wave 2         &      Wave 3         &       Overall         \\
+\hline
+Female              &        0.66         &        0.61         &        0.57         &        0.61         \\
+                    &      (0.47)         &      (0.49)         &      (0.50)         &      (0.49)         \\
+[1em]
+Age$^a$             &       30.93         &       34.55         &       34.38         &       33.51         \\
+                    &     (12.61)         &     (15.29)         &     (15.70)         &     (14.82)         \\
+[1em]
+Student, full-time  &        0.64         &        0.54         &        0.55         &        0.57         \\
+                    &      (0.48)         &      (0.50)         &      (0.50)         &      (0.50)         \\
+[1em]
+Working, full- or part-time&        0.50         &        0.60         &        0.59         &        0.57         \\
+                    &      (0.50)         &      (0.49)         &      (0.49)         &      (0.50)         \\
+[1em]
+Married             &        0.25         &        0.28         &        0.27         &        0.27         \\
+                    &      (0.44)         &      (0.45)         &      (0.45)         &      (0.44)         \\
+[1em]
+Advanced degree$^b$ &        0.41         &        0.48         &        0.47         &        0.46         \\
+                    &      (0.49)         &      (0.50)         &      (0.50)         &      (0.50)         \\
+[1em]
+Household income$^a$&      45,804         &      58,502         &      58,527         &      55,139         \\
+                    &    (40,574)         &    (48,248)         &    (49,722)         &    (47,121)         \\
+[1em]
+Visits in the past 4 weeks, recorded&        7.04         &        7.63         &        5.89         &        6.91         \\
+                    &      (5.86)         &      (6.12)         &      (5.36)         &      (5.86)         \\
+\hline
+\addlinespace
+N & 340 & 509 & 399 & 1,248 \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}
+}

107/replication_package/Output/bcp_on_behavior_change.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{2}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+            &\multicolumn{4}{c}{\shortstack{Behavior change \\ premium}}\\
+            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(2)}\\
+\hline
+Expected behavior change&        1.51&***&        1.52&***\\
+            &      (0.13)&   &      (0.13)&   \\
+Constant    &        0.10&   &            &   \\
+            &      (0.22)&   &            &   \\
+\hline
+Dep. var. mean:&        1.20&   &        1.20&   \\
+            &      (0.15)&   &      (0.15)&   \\
+\hline Wave FEs&          No&   &         Yes&   \\
+N           &       6,240&   &       6,240&   \\
+Clusters    &       1,248&   &       1,248&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/bcp_on_risk_aversion.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{3}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+            &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\shortstack{Behavior change premium}}\\
+            &\multicolumn{2}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{(3)}\\
+\hline
+Risk aversion&     --0.001&   &            &   &            &   \\
+            &     (0.090)&   &            &   &            &   \\
+Above median risk aversion&            &   &       0.037&   &            &   \\
+            &            &   &     (0.391)&   &            &   \\
+Risk averse &            &   &            &   &       0.515&   \\
+            &            &   &            &   &     (0.478)&   \\
+\hline
+Dep. var. mean:&        1.20&   &        1.20&   &        1.20&   \\
+            &      (0.20)&   &      (0.20)&   &      (0.20)&   \\
+\hline Wave FEs&         Yes&   &         Yes&   &         Yes&   \\
+N           &       1,248&   &       1,248&   &       1,248&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/commit_delta.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{4}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+                         &\multicolumn{8}{c}{\shortstack{Take-up of ``more'' visits contract}}\\
+                         &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{8+ visits \\ (1)}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{12+ visits \\ (2)}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{16+ visits \\ (3)}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{Pooled \\ (4)}}\\
+\hline
+Behavior change premium  &       0.019&*  &       0.020&*  &       0.026&*  &       0.022&** \\
+(z-score)                &     (0.011)&   &     (0.012)&   &     (0.013)&   &     (0.010)&   \\
+\hline
+Dep. var. mean:          &        0.64&   &        0.49&   &        0.32&   &        0.49&   \\
+                         &      (0.02)&   &      (0.01)&   &      (0.02)&   &      (0.01)&   \\
+\hline  Wave FEs         &         Yes&   &         Yes&   &         Yes&   &         Yes&   \\
+Contract FEs             &          No&   &          No&   &          No&   &         Yes&   \\
+N                        &         849&   &       1,248&   &         849&   &       2,946&   \\
+Clusters                 &         849&   &       1,248&   &         849&   &       1,248&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/commit_delta_control.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{4}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+                         &\multicolumn{8}{c}{\shortstack{Take-up of ``more'' visits contract}}\\
+                         &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{8+ visits \\ (1)}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{12+ visits \\ (2)}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{16+ visits \\ (3)}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{Pooled \\ (4)}}\\
+\hline
+Behavior change premium  &     --0.040&   &     --0.013&   &     --0.036&   &     --0.028&   \\
+(z-score)                &     (0.025)&   &     (0.024)&   &     (0.029)&   &     (0.022)&   \\
+\hline
+Dep. var. mean:          &        0.65&   &        0.52&   &        0.36&   &        0.51&   \\
+                         &      (0.02)&   &      (0.02)&   &      (0.02)&   &      (0.01)&   \\
+\hline  Wave FEs         &         Yes&   &         Yes&   &         Yes&   &         Yes&   \\
+Contract FEs             &          No&   &          No&   &          No&   &         Yes&   \\
+N                        &         429&   &         622&   &         429&   &       1,480&   \\
+Clusters                 &         429&   &         622&   &         429&   &         622&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/commit_delta_info.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+\begin{tabular}{l*{4}{r @{} l}}
+\hline
+                         &\multicolumn{8}{c}{\shortstack{Take-up of ``more'' visits contract}}\\
+                         &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{8+ visits \\ (1)}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{12+ visits \\ (2)}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{16+ visits \\ (3)}}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\shortstack{Pooled \\ (4)}}\\
+\hline
+Behavior change premium  &       0.035&***&       0.041&***&       0.055&***&       0.044&***\\
+(z-score)                &     (0.013)&   &     (0.013)&   &     (0.014)&   &     (0.012)&   \\
+\hline
+Dep. var. mean:          &        0.62&   &        0.47&   &        0.31&   &        0.47&   \\
+                         &      (0.03)&   &      (0.02)&   &      (0.03)&   &      (0.02)&   \\
+\hline  Wave FEs         &         Yes&   &         Yes&   &         Yes&   &         Yes&   \\
+Contract FEs             &          No&   &          No&   &          No&   &         Yes&   \\
+N                        &         246&   &         452&   &         246&   &         944&   \\
+Clusters                 &         246&   &         452&   &         246&   &         452&   \\
+\hline\hline
+\end{tabular}

107/replication_package/Output/daily_att_likelihood.pdf

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:c0c2e7e62848d2b4f5653d530962f04406cd8b16dda2cf54108272d1f64d409e
+size 62578

107/replication_package/Output/daily_att_prob_commit12.pdf

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:54b829aabdbd20e0bc2e166ad67b11099299ddcba1c60867d2696cd6de73daab
+size 2867

107/replication_package/Output/deltas.pdf

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:1ff500b61349564b389203fcd61b850c339e10e573ed12aad88b75a28e5e6afc
+size 55305

107/replication_package/Output/exp_actual_under_incentive.pdf

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:09ec913939ebd58eb8eae9eaa7504810cf30b7517dff5dd8091c304a69b8bd36
+size 59652

107/replication_package/Output/numbers.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+\newcommand{\lowwtpobs}{32} 
+\newcommand{\nexogobs}{12} 
+\newcommand{\excludeobs}{44} 
+\newcommand{\lowwtpobswthree}{13} 
+\newcommand{\nexogobswthree}{2} 
+\newcommand{\woneobs}{350} 
+\newcommand{\wtwoobs}{528} 
+\newcommand{\wthreeobs}{414} 
+\newcommand{\pctpreferzero}{1.2} 
+\newcommand{\commiteightrate}{64} 
+\newcommand{\commiteightobs}{849} 
+\newcommand{\committwelverate}{49} 
+\newcommand{\committwelveobs}{1{,}248} 
+\newcommand{\commitsixteenrate}{32} 
+\newcommand{\commitsixteenobs}{849} 
+\newcommand{\gotcontractobs}{122} 
+\newcommand{\goalexpmean}{3.34} 
+\newcommand{\goalexpsd}{3.64} 
+\newcommand{\actexpmean}{-4.17} 
+\newcommand{\actexpsd}{6.61} 
+\newcommand{\enhinfobcpcoeff}{1.36} 
+\newcommand{\bcpinfoctrlmean}{0.66} 
+\newcommand{\bcpregmean}{1.17} 
+\newcommand{\goalexpbcpcoeff}{0.71} 
+\newcommand{\actualexpbcpcoeff}{0.45} 
+\newcommand{\enhinfoMCcoeff}{8.0} 
+\newcommand{\MCregmean}{0.49} 
+\newcommand{\MCregmeanPCT}{49} 
+\newcommand{\bcpMCcoeff}{3} 
+\newcommand{\goalexpMCcoeff}{3.8} 
+\newcommand{\wantgottwelvediff}{3.51} 
+\newcommand{\rejectgottwelvediff}{4.04} 
+\newcommand{\pctundertwelve}{35} 
+\newcommand{\pctmaxed}{7.4} 
+\newcommand{\pctovermax}{28} 
+\newcommand{\pctatmax}{22} 
+\newcommand{\pctbelowmax}{50} 
+\newcommand{\pctdeltaneg}{33} 
+\newcommand{\pctfemale}{61} 
+\newcommand{\pctfemalealt}{61.3} 
+\newcommand{\pctmalealt}{38.7} 
+\newcommand{\fracfemale}{0.613} 
+\newcommand{\fracmale}{0.387} 
+\newcommand{\meanage}{34} 
+\newcommand{\pctstudent}{57} 
+\newcommand{\pctworking}{57} 
+\newcommand{\pctmarried}{27} 
+\newcommand{\meanpastvisits}{22} 
+\newcommand{\meanpastvisitsrecall}{31} 
+\newcommand{\pctfailedac}{3.5} 
+\newcommand{\pctchosedom}{1.8} 
+\newcommand{\pctfailedcc}{4.3} 
+\newcommand{\passednumeracy}{95.2} 
+\newcommand{\anticommitrate}{31} 
+\newcommand{\anticommitrateexcl}{30} 
+\newcommand{\anticommitpctmin}{27} 
+\newcommand{\anticommitpctmax}{34} 
+\newcommand{\wtwothreeobs}{908} 
+\newcommand{\avgexpnoinc}{11.5} 
+\newcommand{\avgexpseveninc}{17.7} 
+\newcommand{\avgexpdiffseven}{6.2} 
+\newcommand{\avgactnoinc}{7.2} 
+\newcommand{\avgactseveninc}{13.3} 
+\newcommand{\avgactdiffseven}{6.1} 
+\newcommand{\attcoeff}{0.685} 
+\newcommand{\attcoeffse}{0.028} 
+\newcommand{\avgbcpcorr}{0.17} 
+\newcommand{\avgbcpcorrse}{0.06} 
+\newcommand{\avgMCcorr}{0.49} 
+\newcommand{\avgMCcorrse}{0.02} 
+\newcommand{\avgexpincone}{12.92} 
+\newcommand{\avgwtpincone}{18.30} 
+\newcommand{\avgdiffincone}{5.38} 
+\newcommand{\avgbcp}{2.01} 
+\newcommand{\avgbcpexone}{1.20} 
+\newcommand{\incentivezeroobs}{413} 
+\newcommand{\incentivetwoobs}{293} 
+\newcommand{\incentivefiveobs}{75} 
+\newcommand{\incentivesevenobs}{342} 
+\newcommand{\incentivezeroobsbasic}{105} 
+\newcommand{\incentivetwoobsbasic}{112} 
+\newcommand{\incentivesevenobsbasic}{121} 
+\newcommand{\obsbasictreat}{174} 
+\newcommand{\obsbasiccontrol}{166} 
+\newcommand{\incentivezeroobsenhanced}{308} 
+\newcommand{\incentivetwoobsenhanced}{181} 
+\newcommand{\incentivefiveobsenhanced}{74} 
+\newcommand{\incentivesevenobsenhanced}{221} 
+\newcommand{\obsenhancedtreat}{452} 
+\newcommand{\obsenhancedcontrol}{456} 
+\newcommand{\incrattinc}{0.67} 
+\newcommand{\incrattincse}{0.014} 
+\newcommand{\avgbcpinc}{3.00} 
+\newcommand{\avgbcpexoneinc}{1.78} 
+\newcommand{\wtpbcmean}{1.20} 
+\newcommand{\wtpbcsd}{7.08} 
+\newcommand{\enhancedtreatobs}{452} 
+\newcommand{\controlobs}{622} 
+\newcommand{\incentivezeroinfobs}{366} 
+\newcommand{\incentivetwoinfobs}{234} 
+\newcommand{\incentivefiveinfobs}{75} 
+\newcommand{\incentiveseveninfobs}{274} 
+\newcommand{\minfoavgobspe}{952} 
+\newcommand{\infodropobs}{174} 
+\newcommand{\minfoavgnoconfusedobspe}{865} 
+\newcommand{\empirDaC}{3.51} 
+\newcommand{\empirDaCCI}{(1.38, 5.65)} 
+\newcommand{\empirctrlPmeet}{0.22} 
+\newcommand{\empirctrlPmeetCI}{(0.10, 0.35)} 
+\newcommand{\empirtreatPmeet}{0.65} 
+\newcommand{\empirtreatPmeetCI}{(0.52, 0.78)} 
+\newcommand{\empirDmeet}{0.42} 
+\newcommand{\empirDmeetCI}{(0.26, 0.58)} 

107/replication_package/Output/numbers_struct.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+\newcommand{\allobspe}{1,126} 
+\newcommand{\lambdaall}{0.068} 
+\newcommand{\lambdaallCI}{(0.06, 0.07)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildeall}{0.84} 
+\newcommand{\betatildeallCI}{(0.80, 0.88)} 
+\newcommand{\ball}{9.66} 
+\newcommand{\ballCI}{(9.05, 10.28)} 
+\newcommand{\betaall}{0.55} 
+\newcommand{\betaallCI}{(0.51, 0.58)} 
+\newcommand{\aintall}{4.39} 
+\newcommand{\aintallCI}{(4.02, 4.77)} 
+\newcommand{\naiveall}{0.36} 
+\newcommand{\naiveallCI}{(0.29, 0.43)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostall}{14.81} 
+\newcommand{\expcostallCI}{(13.61, 16.00)} 
+\newcommand{\poneDoneerror}{0.10} 
+\newcommand{\ptwoDoneerror}{0.06} 
+\newcommand{\pthreeDtwoerror}{0.26} 
+\newcommand{\pfiveDtwoerror}{0.16} 
+\newcommand{\psevenDfiveerror}{1.29} 
+\newcommand{\wtwothreeobspe}{786} 
+\newcommand{\lambdawtwothree}{0.068} 
+\newcommand{\lambdawtwothreeCI}{(0.06, 0.08)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildewtwothree}{0.81} 
+\newcommand{\betatildewtwothreeCI}{(0.76, 0.86)} 
+\newcommand{\bwtwothree}{10.07} 
+\newcommand{\bwtwothreeCI}{(9.29, 10.84)} 
+\newcommand{\betawtwothree}{0.53} 
+\newcommand{\betawtwothreeCI}{(0.49, 0.57)} 
+\newcommand{\aintwtwothree}{4.75} 
+\newcommand{\aintwtwothreeCI}{(4.27, 5.23)} 
+\newcommand{\naivewtwothree}{0.40} 
+\newcommand{\naivewtwothreeCI}{(0.31, 0.49)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostwtwothree}{14.70} 
+\newcommand{\expcostwtwothreeCI}{(13.18, 16.22)} 
+\newcommand{\wonetwoobspe}{849} 
+\newcommand{\lambdawonetwo}{0.067} 
+\newcommand{\lambdawonetwoCI}{(0.06, 0.07)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildewonetwo}{0.84} 
+\newcommand{\betatildewonetwoCI}{(0.79, 0.89)} 
+\newcommand{\bwonetwo}{9.64} 
+\newcommand{\bwonetwoCI}{(8.92, 10.36)} 
+\newcommand{\betawonetwo}{0.56} 
+\newcommand{\betawonetwoCI}{(0.52, 0.60)} 
+\newcommand{\aintwonetwo}{4.23} 
+\newcommand{\aintwonetwoCI}{(3.78, 4.67)} 
+\newcommand{\naivewonetwo}{0.36} 
+\newcommand{\naivewonetwoCI}{(0.27, 0.45)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostwonetwo}{14.94} 
+\newcommand{\expcostwonetwoCI}{(13.53, 16.35)} 
+\newcommand{\controlobspe}{560} 
+\newcommand{\lambdacontrol}{0.067} 
+\newcommand{\lambdacontrolCI}{(0.06, 0.07)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildecontrol}{0.86} 
+\newcommand{\betatildecontrolCI}{(0.82, 0.90)} 
+\newcommand{\bcontrol}{10.03} 
+\newcommand{\bcontrolCI}{(9.13, 10.93)} 
+\newcommand{\betacontrol}{0.54} 
+\newcommand{\betacontrolCI}{(0.50, 0.58)} 
+\newcommand{\aintcontrol}{4.63} 
+\newcommand{\aintcontrolCI}{(4.15, 5.11)} 
+\newcommand{\naivecontrol}{0.30} 
+\newcommand{\naivecontrolCI}{(0.22, 0.37)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostcontrol}{15.02} 
+\newcommand{\expcostcontrolCI}{(13.48, 16.55)} 
+\newcommand{\treatobspe}{392} 
+\newcommand{\lambdatreat}{0.068} 
+\newcommand{\lambdatreatCI}{(0.06, 0.08)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildetreat}{0.78} 
+\newcommand{\betatildetreatCI}{(0.69, 0.87)} 
+\newcommand{\btreat}{9.83} 
+\newcommand{\btreatCI}{(8.77, 10.89)} 
+\newcommand{\betatreat}{0.54} 
+\newcommand{\betatreatCI}{(0.47, 0.62)} 
+\newcommand{\ainttreat}{4.49} 
+\newcommand{\ainttreatCI}{(3.73, 5.26)} 
+\newcommand{\naivetreat}{0.49} 
+\newcommand{\naivetreatCI}{(0.35, 0.63)} 
+\newcommand{\expcosttreat}{14.76} 
+\newcommand{\expcosttreatCI}{(12.33, 17.19)} 
+\newcommand{\bmobspe}{550} 
+\newcommand{\lambdabm}{0.073} 
+\newcommand{\lambdabmCI}{(0.06, 0.08)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildebm}{0.78} 
+\newcommand{\betatildebmCI}{(0.70, 0.86)} 
+\newcommand{\bbm}{7.07} 
+\newcommand{\bbmCI}{(6.45, 7.68)} 
+\newcommand{\betabm}{0.38} 
+\newcommand{\betabmCI}{(0.33, 0.43)} 
+\newcommand{\aintbm}{4.39} 
+\newcommand{\aintbmCI}{(3.92, 4.86)} 
+\newcommand{\naivebm}{0.36} 
+\newcommand{\naivebmCI}{(0.25, 0.46)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostbm}{13.75} 
+\newcommand{\expcostbmCI}{(11.91, 15.58)} 
+\newcommand{\amobspe}{576} 
+\newcommand{\lambdaam}{0.064} 
+\newcommand{\lambdaamCI}{(0.06, 0.07)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildeam}{0.88} 
+\newcommand{\betatildeamCI}{(0.84, 0.92)} 
+\newcommand{\bam}{12.57} 
+\newcommand{\bamCI}{(11.45, 13.69)} 
+\newcommand{\betaam}{0.68} 
+\newcommand{\betaamCI}{(0.63, 0.72)} 
+\newcommand{\aintam}{4.08} 
+\newcommand{\aintamCI}{(3.54, 4.63)} 
+\newcommand{\naiveam}{0.36} 
+\newcommand{\naiveamCI}{(0.26, 0.45)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostam}{15.66} 
+\newcommand{\expcostamCI}{(14.09, 17.24)} 
+\newcommand{\bminfoavghet}{10.24} 
+\newcommand{\bminfoavghetCI}{(9.50, 10.98)} 
+\newcommand{\lambdaminfoavghet}{0.07} 
+\newcommand{\lambdaminfoavghetCI}{(0.06, 0.07)} 
+\newcommand{\betaminfoavghet}{0.55} 
+\newcommand{\betaminfoavghetCI}{(0.52, 0.58)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildeminfoavghet}{0.85} 
+\newcommand{\betatildeminfoavghetCI}{(0.81, 0.89)} 
+\newcommand{\aintminfoavghet}{4.21} 
+\newcommand{\aintminfoavghetCI}{(3.83, 4.59)} 
+\newcommand{\naiveminfoavghet}{0.35} 
+\newcommand{\naiveminfoavghetCI}{(0.27, 0.42)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostminfoavghet}{15.55} 
+\newcommand{\expcostminfoavghetCI}{(14.24, 16.85)} 
+\newcommand{\twelveobspe}{556} 
+\newcommand{\lambdatwelve}{0.081} 
+\newcommand{\lambdatwelveCI}{(0.07, 0.09)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildetwelve}{0.81} 
+\newcommand{\betatildetwelveCI}{(0.75, 0.88)} 
+\newcommand{\btwelve}{9.62} 
+\newcommand{\btwelveCI}{(8.78, 10.47)} 
+\newcommand{\betatwelve}{0.50} 
+\newcommand{\betatwelveCI}{(0.45, 0.54)} 
+\newcommand{\ainttwelve}{4.84} 
+\newcommand{\ainttwelveCI}{(4.31, 5.38)} 
+\newcommand{\naivetwelve}{0.37} 
+\newcommand{\naivetwelveCI}{(0.26, 0.47)} 
+\newcommand{\expcosttwelve}{12.33} 
+\newcommand{\expcosttwelveCI}{(10.86, 13.81)} 
+\newcommand{\notwelveobspe}{570} 
+\newcommand{\lambdanotwelve}{0.058} 
+\newcommand{\lambdanotwelveCI}{(0.05, 0.06)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildenotwelve}{0.86} 
+\newcommand{\betatildenotwelveCI}{(0.82, 0.89)} 
+\newcommand{\bnotwelve}{9.46} 
+\newcommand{\bnotwelveCI}{(8.59, 10.32)} 
+\newcommand{\betanotwelve}{0.59} 
+\newcommand{\betanotwelveCI}{(0.55, 0.64)} 
+\newcommand{\aintnotwelve}{3.84} 
+\newcommand{\aintnotwelveCI}{(3.36, 4.32)} 
+\newcommand{\naivenotwelve}{0.35} 
+\newcommand{\naivenotwelveCI}{(0.27, 0.43)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostnotwelve}{17.26} 
+\newcommand{\expcostnotwelveCI}{(15.55, 18.98)} 
+\newcommand{\eightobspe}{546} 
+\newcommand{\lambdaeight}{0.070} 
+\newcommand{\lambdaeightCI}{(0.06, 0.08)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildeeight}{0.84} 
+\newcommand{\betatildeeightCI}{(0.77, 0.90)} 
+\newcommand{\beight}{9.16} 
+\newcommand{\beightCI}{(8.34, 9.98)} 
+\newcommand{\betaeight}{0.54} 
+\newcommand{\betaeightCI}{(0.49, 0.59)} 
+\newcommand{\ainteight}{4.23} 
+\newcommand{\ainteightCI}{(3.70, 4.76)} 
+\newcommand{\naiveeight}{0.36} 
+\newcommand{\naiveeightCI}{(0.24, 0.47)} 
+\newcommand{\expcosteight}{14.23} 
+\newcommand{\expcosteightCI}{(12.51, 15.96)} 
+\newcommand{\noeightobspe}{303} 
+\newcommand{\lambdanoeight}{0.060} 
+\newcommand{\lambdanoeightCI}{(0.05, 0.07)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildenoeight}{0.86} 
+\newcommand{\betatildenoeightCI}{(0.81, 0.92)} 
+\newcommand{\bnoeight}{10.64} 
+\newcommand{\bnoeightCI}{(9.23, 12.04)} 
+\newcommand{\betanoeight}{0.61} 
+\newcommand{\betanoeightCI}{(0.55, 0.67)} 
+\newcommand{\aintnoeight}{4.13} 
+\newcommand{\aintnoeightCI}{(3.39, 4.86)} 
+\newcommand{\naivenoeight}{0.35} 
+\newcommand{\naivenoeightCI}{(0.24, 0.47)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostnoeight}{16.69} 
+\newcommand{\expcostnoeightCI}{(14.37, 19.00)} 
+\newcommand{\sixteenobspe}{275} 
+\newcommand{\lambdasixteen}{0.097} 
+\newcommand{\lambdasixteenCI}{(0.08, 0.12)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildesixteen}{0.75} 
+\newcommand{\betatildesixteenCI}{(0.63, 0.86)} 
+\newcommand{\bsixteen}{10.30} 
+\newcommand{\bsixteenCI}{(8.94, 11.67)} 
+\newcommand{\betasixteen}{0.47} 
+\newcommand{\betasixteenCI}{(0.39, 0.55)} 
+\newcommand{\aintsixteen}{5.46} 
+\newcommand{\aintsixteenCI}{(4.57, 6.34)} 
+\newcommand{\naivesixteen}{0.48} 
+\newcommand{\naivesixteenCI}{(0.33, 0.64)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostsixteen}{10.33} 
+\newcommand{\expcostsixteenCI}{(8.22, 12.44)} 
+\newcommand{\nosixteenobspe}{574} 
+\newcommand{\lambdanosixteen}{0.060} 
+\newcommand{\lambdanosixteenCI}{(0.05, 0.07)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildenosixteen}{0.85} 
+\newcommand{\betatildenosixteenCI}{(0.81, 0.89)} 
+\newcommand{\bnosixteen}{9.11} 
+\newcommand{\bnosixteenCI}{(8.28, 9.94)} 
+\newcommand{\betanosixteen}{0.58} 
+\newcommand{\betanosixteenCI}{(0.54, 0.62)} 
+\newcommand{\aintnosixteen}{3.83} 
+\newcommand{\aintnosixteenCI}{(3.37, 4.29)} 
+\newcommand{\naivenosixteen}{0.36} 
+\newcommand{\naivenosixteenCI}{(0.28, 0.43)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostnosixteen}{16.70} 
+\newcommand{\expcostnosixteenCI}{(15.09, 18.30)} 

107/replication_package/Output/numbers_struct_appx.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+\newcommand{\allVobspe}{1,126} 
+\newcommand{\lambdaallV}{0.064} 
+\newcommand{\lambdaallVCI}{(0.06, 0.07)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildeallV}{0.82} 
+\newcommand{\betatildeallVCI}{(0.74, 0.89)} 
+\newcommand{\ballV}{4.57} 
+\newcommand{\ballVCI}{(3.56, 5.58)} 
+\newcommand{\betaallV}{0.33} 
+\newcommand{\betaallVCI}{(0.24, 0.42)} 
+\newcommand{\aintallV}{3.07} 
+\newcommand{\aintallVCI}{(2.64, 3.49)} 
+\newcommand{\naiveallV}{0.28} 
+\newcommand{\naiveallVCI}{(0.19, 0.36)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostallV}{15.58} 
+\newcommand{\expcostallVCI}{(13.73, 17.43)} 
+\newcommand{\controlVobspe}{560} 
+\newcommand{\lambdacontrolV}{0.065} 
+\newcommand{\lambdacontrolVCI}{(0.06, 0.07)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildecontrolV}{0.83} 
+\newcommand{\betatildecontrolVCI}{(0.75, 0.90)} 
+\newcommand{\bcontrolV}{4.96} 
+\newcommand{\bcontrolVCI}{(3.66, 6.25)} 
+\newcommand{\betacontrolV}{0.30} 
+\newcommand{\betacontrolVCI}{(0.20, 0.40)} 
+\newcommand{\aintcontrolV}{3.47} 
+\newcommand{\aintcontrolVCI}{(2.86, 4.08)} 
+\newcommand{\naivecontrolV}{0.25} 
+\newcommand{\naivecontrolVCI}{(0.16, 0.33)} 
+\newcommand{\expcostcontrolV}{15.47} 
+\newcommand{\expcostcontrolVCI}{(13.36, 17.57)} 
+\newcommand{\treatVobspe}{392} 
+\newcommand{\lambdatreatV}{0.062} 
+\newcommand{\lambdatreatVCI}{(0.04, 0.08)} 
+\newcommand{\betatildetreatV}{0.77} 
+\newcommand{\betatildetreatVCI}{(0.57, 0.96)} 
+\newcommand{\btreatV}{4.69} 
+\newcommand{\btreatVCI}{(2.42, 6.95)} 
+\newcommand{\betatreatV}{0.38} 
+\newcommand{\betatreatVCI}{(0.18, 0.58)} 
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