*** PARAMETER ESTIMATES FOR Carrera, Royer, Stehr, Sydnor, and Taubinsky (2021) ******************************************************************************* *** Initial set-up *** clear set more off *** Set directories for data and output *** cd "$main/Output" /* Note: outputs to the working directory. Uses a program from master_do_file_for_analysis.do */ *** Load and clean experimental data ****************************************** *** Load dataset *** use "$main/Data/cleaned_commitment_study_data", clear *** Variable Creation & Cleaning Steps *** *** Create an ID variable for use when reshaping long gen id = _n *** Generate info treatment indicators gen first_info = type_of_info=="1-onlygraph" gen new_info = type_of_info=="2-graphplus" gen control_info = (new_info == 0 & first_info == 0) *** Generate wave indicators gen wave1 = (wave == "fall") gen wave2 = (wave == "winter") gen wave3 = (wave == "spring") *** Define anticommitment/commitment variables for each threshold gen anticommit8 = q170 ==2 if q170<. gen commit8 = q169 ==2 if q169<. gen anticommit12 = chose_anticommit11 gen commit12 = chose_commit12 gen anticommit16 = q296==2 if q296<. gen commit16 = q295 ==2 if q295<. *** Generate additional variables *** /*** These variables are the amounts, per attendance, by which a person "overpays" for the increase in incentive. Second-order approximation */ gen delta1=(wtp1) - (days_1+days_0)/2 gen delta2 = (wtp2-wtp1) - (days_2+days_1)/2 gen delta3=(wtp3-wtp2) - (days_3+days_2)/2 gen delta5=(wtp5-wtp3)/(5-3) - (days_5+days_3)/2 gen delta7=(wtp7-wtp5)/(7-5) - (days_7+days_5)/2 gen delta12=(wtp12-wtp7)/(12-7) - (days_12+days_7)/2 gen avg_delta = (delta1 + delta2+delta3 + delta5 + delta7 + delta12)/6 gen avg_delta_ex1 = (delta2+delta3 + delta5 + delta7 + delta12)/5 *** Change in days by incentive gen diffa1=(days_1-days_0) gen diffa2=(days_2-days_1) gen diffa3=(days_3-days_2) gen diffa5=(days_5-days_3)/2 gen diffa7=(days_7-days_5)/2 gen diffa12=(days_12-days_7)/5 gen avg_diffa=(diffa1+diffa2+diffa3+diffa5+diffa7+diffa12)/6 gen avg_diffa_ex1=(diffa2+diffa3+diffa5+diffa7+diffa12)/5 *** Indicator for rejecting 12+ visits contract gen nocommit12 = !commit12 *** Generate estimates for graphing below *** foreach k in 0 1 2 3 5 7 12{ foreach cdtn in "" "&commit12==1" "&first_info!=1" "&commit12==1&first_info!=1"{ if "`cdtn'" == "" loc n "" else if "`cdtn'" == "&commit12==1" loc n "_c12" else if "`cdtn'" == "&first_info!=1" loc n "_inf" else loc n "_infc12" ci means days_`k' if flag_exclude_exog==0&flag_low_wtp==0 `cdtn' * Store estimates in unique variables local mean = r(mean) local ub = r(ub) local lb = r(lb) gen mean_days`n'_`k' = `mean' gen ub_days`n'_`k' = `ub' gen lb_days`n'_`k' = `lb' if `k' != 1 & `k' != 3 & `k' != 12{ ci means visits if incentive == `k' &flag_exclude_exog==0& /// flag_low_wtp==0 `cdtn' * Store estimates in unique variables local mean = r(mean) local ub = r(ub) local lb = r(lb) gen mean_visits`n'_`k' = `mean' gen ub_visits`n'_`k' = `ub' gen lb_visits`n'_`k' = `lb' if "`n'" == "_inf"{ * Store number of observations if `k' == 0 loc num "zero" else if `k' == 2 loc num "two" else if `k' == 5 loc num "five" else loc num "seven" latex_write incentive`num'infobs `r(N)' numbers } } } } *For heterogeneity analysis sum commit12 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=. loc totalobs = r(N) sum commit12 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&(control_info==1|new_info==1) loc obs : di %5.0fc `r(N)' latex_write minfoavgobspe `obs' numbers loc obs : di %5.0fc `totalobs'-`r(N)' latex_write infodropobs `obs' numbers sum commit12 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&(control_info==1|new_info==1)&flag_confusion!=1 loc obs : di %5.0fc `r(N)' latex_write minfoavgnoconfusedobspe `obs' numbers *** Reshape data and generate additional variables *** preserve reshape long days_ mean_days_ ub_days_ lb_days_ /// mean_visits_ ub_visits_ lb_visits_ /// mean_days_c12_ ub_days_c12_ lb_days_c12_ /// mean_visits_c12_ ub_visits_c12_ lb_visits_c12_ /// mean_days_inf_ ub_days_inf_ lb_days_inf_ /// mean_visits_inf_ ub_visits_inf_ lb_visits_inf_ /// mean_days_infc12_ ub_days_infc12_ lb_days_infc12_ /// mean_visits_infc12_ ub_visits_infc12_ lb_visits_infc12_, i(id) j(prize) rename days_ days gen prize2=prize^2 gen incentivesq=incentive^2 gen visits12=visits>=12 gen getcommit=treatment=="threshold80_12" ** Create programs to write to latex file ** ** NOTE: these are specific to the commands run below ** cap program drop latex_write_gmm latex_write_nlcom program define latex_write_gmm loc obs : di %5.0fc `e(N_clust)' latex_write `1'obspe `obs' `2' loc k = 1 // lambda is in the first position foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta { if `k' == 1 loc fig : di %4.3f [`param']_cons else loc fig : di %4.2f [`param']_cons // store estimate latex_write `param'`1' `fig' `2' matrix temp = e(V) loc lb : di %4.2f [`param']_cons - invnormal(0.975)*sqrt(el(temp,`k',`k')) loc ub : di %4.2f [`param']_cons + invnormal(0.975)*sqrt(el(temp,`k',`k')) loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')" latex_write `param'`1'CI "`ci'" `2' loc ++k } end program define latex_write_nlcom matrix tempb = r(b) matrix tempv = r(V) loc fig : di %4.2f tempb[1,1] loc lb : di %4.2f tempb[1,1] - invnormal(0.975)*sqrt(tempv[1,1]) loc ub : di %4.2f tempb[1,1] + invnormal(0.975)*sqrt(tempv[1,1]) loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')" latex_write `1' `fig' `2' latex_write `1'CI "`ci'" `2' end ********** Structural estimates *********************************************** foreach v in "" "+5" "-10" "+0"{ // minimal cost draws of 0, -5, and 10 *declare locals for naming different versions & storing results if "`v'" == ""{ loc o "" loc lx "numbers_struct" } else if "`v'" == "+5"{ loc o "V" loc lx "numbers_struct_appx" } else if "`v'" == "-10"{ loc o "X" loc lx "numbers_struct_appx" } else{ loc o "noconfused" loc lx "numbers_struct_appx" drop if flag_confusion==1 // dropping those flagged for possible confusion } ********* Overall estimates *************************************************** gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=., /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog latex_write_gmm all`o' `lx' // store estimates *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom aintall`o' `lx' // store estimates *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naiveall`o' `lx' // store estimates *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcostall`o' `lx' // store estimate if "`v'" == ""{ // only for baseline *compute approx. error in behavior change premium from assumptions foreach p in 1 2 3 5 7{ // baseline incentive level *increase in incentive if `p' == 1 | `p' == 2 loc delta = 1 else if `p' == 3 | `p' == 5 loc delta = 2 else loc delta = 5 * compute error numerator loc error_numerator = /// `delta' - ( ( exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*([b]_cons + `p')) / ([lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons) ) * (1 - exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*`delta')) ) - /// ( `delta' * ( 1 - ( exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*([b]_cons + `p')) * ( (1 + exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*`delta')) / 2 ) ) ) ) * compute error denominator loc error_denominator = /// ( (1 - [betatilde]_cons) * ( [b]_cons*exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*([b]_cons + `p')) ) * (1 - exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*`delta')) ) + /// ( (1 - [betatilde]_cons) * exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*[b]_cons) * ( `p' + ( (1/([lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons)) * (1 - (1 + ([lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*`delta'))*exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*`delta') ) ) ) ) *compute the error in percentage terms loc error : di %4.2f abs(`error_numerator'/`error_denominator')*100 * export error if `p' == 1 & `delta' == 1 loc errorname "poneDone" else if `p' == 2 & `delta' == 1 loc errorname "ptwoDone" else if `p' == 3 & `delta' == 2 loc errorname "pthreeDtwo" else if `p' == 5 & `delta' == 2 loc errorname "pfiveDtwo" else loc errorname "psevenDfive" latex_write `errorname'error `error' numbers_struct } } *generate 95% CIs for model values if "`v'" == ""{ // generate plotting variable in the first loop only global obs = _N loc num = _N+241 set obs `num' gen plot_incentive = . forval i = 0(.05)12.05{ qui replace plot_incentive = `i' if _n == $obs + (`i'*20) + 1 } } if "`v'" != "+0"{ predictnl mean_days_pred`o' = 28*(1-exp(-[lambda]_cons*([betatilde]_cons*([b]_cons+plot_incentive)`v'))) /// if _n > $obs, ci(lb_days_pred`o' ub_days_pred`o') level(95) predictnl mean_visits_pred`o' = 28*(1-exp(-[lambda]_cons*([beta]_cons*([b]_cons+plot_incentive)`v'))) /// if _n > $obs, ci(lb_visits_pred`o' ub_visits_pred`o') level(95) *plot model with actual data twoway (conn mean_days_pred`o' plot_incentive, lcolor(black) m(none)) /// (conn ub_days_pred`o' plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (conn lb_days_pred`o' plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (sc mean_days_ prize, msize(small) color(black)) /// (rcap ub_days_ lb_days_ prize, lcolor(black) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)) /// (conn mean_visits_pred`o' plot_incentive, lcolor(red) m(none)) /// (conn ub_visits_pred`o' plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (conn lb_visits_pred`o' plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (sc mean_visits_ prize, m(square) msize(small) color(red)) /// (rcap ub_visits_ lb_visits_ prize, lcolor(red) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)), /// xlab(0(1)12) ylabel(0(5)22, angle(0)) /// xtitle("Per-visit incentive ($)", height(6)) ytitle("Visits", height(6)) /// graphregion(color(white)) plotregion(margin(sides)) /// legend(order(1 2 6 7 4 9) label(1 "Predicted expected visits") label(2 "Prediction 95% CI") label(4 "Average expected visits") label(6 "Predicted realized visits") label(7 "Prediction 95% CI") label(9 "Average realized visits")) legend(rows(3)) graph export overconfidence_estimates`o'.pdf, replace } ********* Waves exclusions **************************************************** if "`v'" == ""{ // only for baseline foreach i in 1 3{ // loop through wave number to be excluded if `i' == 1 loc wname "wtwothree" else loc wname "wonetwo" gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&wave`i'==0, /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog latex_write_gmm `wname' `lx' // store estimates *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom aint`wname' `lx' // store estimates *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naive`wname' `lx' // store estimates *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcost`wname' `lx' // store estimate } } ********** Information ******************************************************** * information control group gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&control_info==1, /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog latex_write_gmm control`o' `lx' *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom aintcontrol`o' `lx' *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naivecontrol`o' `lx' *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcostcontrol`o' `lx' // store estimate * enhanced information treatment group gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&new_info==1, /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog latex_write_gmm treat`o' `lx' *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom ainttreat`o' `lx' *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naivetreat`o' `lx' *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcosttreat`o' `lx' ********** Past attendance **************************************************** if "`v'" == ""{ // generate in first loop only sum past4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.,d loc q1past4=r(p25) loc medpast4=r(p50) loc q3past4=r(p75) gen abovemedpast4=past4>=`medpast4' gen belowmedpast4=past4<`medpast4' gen qpast4=1 if past4<`q1past4' replace qpast4=2 if past4>=`q1past4'&past4<`medpast4' replace qpast4=3 if past4>=`medpast4'&past4<`q3past4' replace qpast4=4 if past4>=`q3past4' } *by median foreach r in "0" "1"{ if "`r'"=="0" loc name "bm" else loc name "am" gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&abovemedpast4==`r', /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog latex_write_gmm `name'`o' `lx' *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom aint`name'`o' `lx' *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naive`name'`o' `lx' *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcost`name'`o' `lx' } *by median, info treatment, and take-up of 12+ contract - averages with CIs loc name "het`o'" *share in each group sum commit12 if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=. loc propcommit12het = r(mean) sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==1 loc meanam = r(mean) sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==1&abovemedpast4==1 loc propamctrlcommit`o' = `meanam'*r(mean)*`propcommit12het' loc propaminfocommit`o' = `meanam'*(1 - r(mean))*`propcommit12het' sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==1&abovemedpast4==0 loc propbmctrlcommit`o' = (1 - `meanam')*r(mean)*`propcommit12het' loc propbminfocommit`o' = (1 - `meanam')*(1 - r(mean))*`propcommit12het' sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==0 loc meanam = r(mean) sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==0&abovemedpast4==1 loc propamctrlnocommit`o' = `meanam'*r(mean)*(1 - `propcommit12het') loc propaminfonocommit`o' = `meanam'*(1 - r(mean))*(1 - `propcommit12het') sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==0&abovemedpast4==0 loc propbmctrlnocommit`o' = (1 - `meanam')*r(mean)*(1 - `propcommit12het') loc propbminfonocommit`o' = (1 - `meanam')*(1 - r(mean))*(1 - `propcommit12het') gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda0}*({betatilde0}*({b0}+prize)`v')))*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-days*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda0}*({beta0}*({b0}+incentive)`v')))*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-visits*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde0})*diffa2*({b0}+(1+2)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta2*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde0})*diffa3*({b0}+(2+3)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta3*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde0})*diffa5*({b0}+(3+5)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta5*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde0})*diffa7*({b0}+(5+7)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta7*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde0})*diffa12*({b0}+(7+12)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta12*control_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq1b:28*(1-exp(-{lambda1}*({betatilde1}*({b1}+prize)`v')))*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-days*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq2b: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda1}*({beta1}*({b1}+incentive)`v')))*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-visits*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq3b: (1-{betatilde1})*diffa2*({b1}+(1+2)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta2*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq4b: (1-{betatilde1})*diffa3*({b1}+(2+3)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta3*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq5b: (1-{betatilde1})*diffa5*({b1}+(3+5)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta5*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq6b: (1-{betatilde1})*diffa7*({b1}+(5+7)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta7*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq7b: (1-{betatilde1})*diffa12*({b1}+(7+12)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12-delta12*new_info*abovemedpast4*commit12) /// (eq1c:28*(1-exp(-{lambda2}*({betatilde2}*({b2}+prize)`v')))*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-days*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq2c: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda2}*({beta2}*({b2}+incentive)`v')))*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-visits*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq3c: (1-{betatilde2})*diffa2*({b2}+(1+2)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta2*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq4c: (1-{betatilde2})*diffa3*({b2}+(2+3)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta3*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq5c: (1-{betatilde2})*diffa5*({b2}+(3+5)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta5*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq6c: (1-{betatilde2})*diffa7*({b2}+(5+7)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta7*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq7c: (1-{betatilde2})*diffa12*({b2}+(7+12)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta12*control_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq1d:28*(1-exp(-{lambda3}*({betatilde3}*({b3}+prize)`v')))*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-days*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq2d: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda3}*({beta3}*({b3}+incentive)`v')))*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-visits*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq3d: (1-{betatilde3})*diffa2*({b3}+(1+2)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta2*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq4d: (1-{betatilde3})*diffa3*({b3}+(2+3)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta3*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq5d: (1-{betatilde3})*diffa5*({b3}+(3+5)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta5*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq6d: (1-{betatilde3})*diffa7*({b3}+(5+7)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta7*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq7d: (1-{betatilde3})*diffa12*({b3}+(7+12)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12-delta12*new_info*belowmedpast4*commit12) /// (eq1e:28*(1-exp(-{lambda4}*({betatilde4}*({b4}+prize)`v')))*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-days*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq2e: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda4}*({beta4}*({b4}+incentive)`v')))*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-visits*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq3e: (1-{betatilde4})*diffa2*({b4}+(1+2)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta2*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq4e: (1-{betatilde4})*diffa3*({b4}+(2+3)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta3*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq5e: (1-{betatilde4})*diffa5*({b4}+(3+5)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta5*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq6e: (1-{betatilde4})*diffa7*({b4}+(5+7)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta7*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq7e: (1-{betatilde4})*diffa12*({b4}+(7+12)/2)*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta12*control_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq1f:28*(1-exp(-{lambda5}*({betatilde5}*({b5}+prize)`v')))*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-days*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq2f: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda5}*({beta5}*({b5}+incentive)`v')))*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-visits*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq3f: (1-{betatilde5})*diffa2*({b5}+(1+2)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta2*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq4f: (1-{betatilde5})*diffa3*({b5}+(2+3)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta3*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq5f: (1-{betatilde5})*diffa5*({b5}+(3+5)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta5*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq6f: (1-{betatilde5})*diffa7*({b5}+(5+7)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta7*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq7f: (1-{betatilde5})*diffa12*({b5}+(7+12)/2)*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12-delta12*new_info*abovemedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq1g:28*(1-exp(-{lambda6}*({betatilde6}*({b6}+prize)`v')))*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-days*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq2g: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda6}*({beta6}*({b6}+incentive)`v')))*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-visits*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq3g: (1-{betatilde6})*diffa2*({b6}+(1+2)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta2*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq4g: (1-{betatilde6})*diffa3*({b6}+(2+3)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta3*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq5g: (1-{betatilde6})*diffa5*({b6}+(3+5)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta5*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq6g: (1-{betatilde6})*diffa7*({b6}+(5+7)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta7*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq7g: (1-{betatilde6})*diffa12*({b6}+(7+12)/2)*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta12*control_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq1h:28*(1-exp(-{lambda7}*({betatilde7}*({b7}+prize)`v')))*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-days*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq2h: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda7}*({beta7}*({b7}+incentive)`v')))*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-visits*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq3h: (1-{betatilde7})*diffa2*({b7}+(1+2)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta2*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq4h: (1-{betatilde7})*diffa3*({b7}+(2+3)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta3*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq5h: (1-{betatilde7})*diffa5*({b7}+(3+5)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta5*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq6h: (1-{betatilde7})*diffa7*({b7}+(5+7)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta7*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// (eq7h: (1-{betatilde7})*diffa12*({b7}+(7+12)/2)*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12-delta12*new_info*belowmedpast4*nocommit12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&(control_info==1|new_info==1), /// instruments(eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// instruments(eq1b: prize prize2) instruments(eq2b:incentive incentivesq) /// instruments(eq1c: prize prize2) instruments(eq2c:incentive incentivesq) /// instruments(eq1d: prize prize2) instruments(eq2d:incentive incentivesq) /// instruments(eq1e: prize prize2) instruments(eq2e:incentive incentivesq) /// instruments(eq1f: prize prize2) instruments(eq2f:incentive incentivesq) /// instruments(eq1g: prize prize2) instruments(eq2g:incentive incentivesq) /// instruments(eq1h: prize prize2) instruments(eq2h:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b7 8 b6 8 b5 8 b4 8 b3 8 b2 8 b1 8 b0 8 lambda7 0.06 lambda6 0.06 lambda5 0.06 lambda4 0.06 lambda3 0.06 lambda2 0.06 lambda1 0.06 lambda0 0.06 beta7 0.5 beta6 0.5 beta5 0.5 beta4 0.5 beta3 0.5 beta2 0.5 beta1 0.5 beta0 0.5 betatilde7 0.8 betatilde6 0.8 betatilde5 0.8 betatilde4 0.8 betatilde3 0.8 betatilde2 0.8 betatilde1 0.8 betatilde0 0.8) /// vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) foreach p in b lambda beta betatilde{ nlcom [`p'0]_cons*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + /// [`p'1]_cons*`propaminfocommit`o'' + /// [`p'2]_cons*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + /// [`p'3]_cons*`propbminfocommit`o'' + /// [`p'4]_cons*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + /// [`p'5]_cons*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + /// [`p'6]_cons*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + /// [`p'7]_cons*`propbminfonocommit`o'' latex_write_nlcom `p'minfoavg`name' `lx' } *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta0]_cons)*[b0]_cons*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + /// (1-[beta1]_cons)*[b1]_cons*`propaminfocommit`o'' + /// (1-[beta2]_cons)*[b2]_cons*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + /// (1-[beta3]_cons)*[b3]_cons*`propbminfocommit`o'' + /// (1-[beta4]_cons)*[b4]_cons*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + /// (1-[beta5]_cons)*[b5]_cons*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + /// (1-[beta6]_cons)*[b6]_cons*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + /// (1-[beta7]_cons)*[b7]_cons*`propbminfonocommit`o'' latex_write_nlcom aintminfoavg`name' `lx' *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde0]_cons)/(1-[beta0]_cons)*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + /// (1-[betatilde1]_cons)/(1-[beta1]_cons)*`propaminfocommit`o'' + /// (1-[betatilde2]_cons)/(1-[beta2]_cons)*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + /// (1-[betatilde3]_cons)/(1-[beta3]_cons)*`propbminfocommit`o'' + /// (1-[betatilde4]_cons)/(1-[beta4]_cons)*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + /// (1-[betatilde5]_cons)/(1-[beta5]_cons)*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + /// (1-[betatilde6]_cons)/(1-[beta6]_cons)*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + /// (1-[betatilde7]_cons)/(1-[beta7]_cons)*`propbminfonocommit`o'' latex_write_nlcom naiveminfoavg`name' `lx' *expected cost nlcom (1/[lambda0]_cons)*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + /// (1/[lambda1]_cons)*`propaminfocommit`o'' + /// (1/[lambda2]_cons)*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + /// (1/[lambda3]_cons)*`propbminfocommit`o'' + /// (1/[lambda4]_cons)*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + /// (1/[lambda5]_cons)*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + /// (1/[lambda6]_cons)*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + /// (1/[lambda7]_cons)*`propbminfonocommit`o'' latex_write_nlcom expcostminfoavg`name' `lx' if "`v'" != "+0"{ *generate 95% CIs for model values predictnl mean_days_minfo`name'_pred = /// 28*((1-exp(-[lambda0]_cons*([betatilde0]_cons*([b0]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda1]_cons*([betatilde1]_cons*([b1]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propaminfocommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda2]_cons*([betatilde2]_cons*([b2]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda3]_cons*([betatilde3]_cons*([b3]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbminfocommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda4]_cons*([betatilde4]_cons*([b4]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda5]_cons*([betatilde5]_cons*([b5]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda6]_cons*([betatilde6]_cons*([b6]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda7]_cons*([betatilde7]_cons*([b7]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbminfonocommit`o'') /// if _n > $obs, ci(lb_days_minfo`name'_pred ub_days_minfo`name'_pred) level(95) predictnl mean_visits_minfo`name'_pred = /// 28*((1-exp(-[lambda0]_cons*([beta0]_cons*([b0]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propamctrlcommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda1]_cons*([beta1]_cons*([b1]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propaminfocommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda2]_cons*([beta2]_cons*([b2]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbmctrlcommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda3]_cons*([beta3]_cons*([b3]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbminfocommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda4]_cons*([beta4]_cons*([b4]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propamctrlnocommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda5]_cons*([beta5]_cons*([b5]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propaminfonocommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda6]_cons*([beta6]_cons*([b6]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbmctrlnocommit`o'' + /// (1-exp(-[lambda7]_cons*([beta7]_cons*([b7]_cons+plot_incentive)`v')))*`propbminfonocommit`o'') /// if _n > $obs, ci(lb_visits_minfo`name'_pred ub_visits_minfo`name'_pred) level(95) *plot model with actual data twoway (conn mean_days_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lcolor(black) m(none)) /// (conn ub_days_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (conn lb_days_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (sc mean_days_inf_ prize, msize(small) color(black)) /// (rcap ub_days_inf_ lb_days_inf_ prize, lcolor(black) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)) /// (conn mean_visits_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lcolor(red) m(none)) /// (conn ub_visits_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (conn lb_visits_minfo`name'_pred plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (sc mean_visits_inf_ prize, m(square) msize(small) color(red)) /// (rcap ub_visits_inf_ lb_visits_inf_ prize, lcolor(red) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)), /// xlab(0(1)12) ylabel(0(5)22, angle(0)) /// xtitle("Per-visit incentive ($)", height(6)) ytitle("Visits", height(6)) /// graphregion(color(white)) plotregion(margin(sides)) /// legend(order(1 2 6 7 4 9) label(1 "Predicted expected visits") label(2 "Prediction 95% CI") label(4 "Average expected visits") label(6 "Predicted realized visits") label(7 "Prediction 95% CI") label(9 "Average realized visits")) legend(rows(3)) graph export overconfidence_estimates_past4_info_`name'.pdf, replace *by median and take-up of commitment contract forval j = 8(4)16{ if `j' == 8 loc x "e" else if `j' == 12 loc x "" else loc x "s" foreach r in "0&commit`j'==1" "1&commit`j'==1" "0&commit`j'==0" "1&commit`j'==0"{ if "`r'"=="0&commit`j'==1" loc name "bmcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==1" loc name "amcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="0&commit`j'==0" loc name "bmnocommit`x'`o'" else loc name "amnocommit`x'`o'" gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&abovemedpast4==`r', /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog foreach p in b lambda beta betatilde{ loc `p'`name' = [`p']_cons } } *share in each group sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1 loc propamcommit`x'`o' = r(mean) loc propbmcommit`x'`o' = 1 - r(mean) loc propmavgcommit`x'`o' = 1 sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0 loc propamnocommit`x'`o' = r(mean) loc propbmnocommit`x'`o' = 1 - r(mean) } *by quartile of past attendance and take-up of commitment contract (for export) forval j = 8(4)16{ if `j' == 8 loc x "e" else if `j' == 12 loc x "" else loc x "s" foreach r in "1&commit`j'==1" "2&commit`j'==1" "3&commit`j'==1" "4&commit`j'==1" "1&commit`j'==0" "2&commit`j'==0" "3&commit`j'==0" "4&commit`j'==0"{ if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==1" loc name "qfstcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==1" loc name "qsndcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==1" loc name "qthdcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="4&commit`j'==1" loc name "qfthcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==0" loc name "qfstnocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==0" loc name "qsndnocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==0" loc name "qthdnocommit`x'`o'" else loc name "qfthnocommit`x'`o'" gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&qpast4==`r', /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog foreach p in b lambda beta betatilde{ loc `p'`name' = [`p']_cons } } *share in each group sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==0&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1 loc propqfstcommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmcommit`x'`o'' loc propqsndcommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmcommit`x'`o'' sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1 loc propqthdcommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamcommit`x'`o'' loc propqfthcommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamcommit`x'`o'' sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==0&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0 loc propqfstnocommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o'' loc propqsndnocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o'' sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0 loc propqthdnocommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamnocommit`x'`o'' loc propqfthnocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamnocommit`x'`o'' } *by median, info treatment, & take-up of each commitment contract forval j = 8(4)16{ if `j' == 8 loc x "e" else if `j' == 12 loc x "" else loc x "s" foreach r in "0&control_info==1&commit`j'==1" "0&new_info==1&commit`j'==1" "1&control_info==1&commit`j'==1" "1&new_info==1&commit`j'==1" "0&control_info==1&commit`j'==0" "0&new_info==1&commit`j'==0" "1&control_info==1&commit`j'==0" "1&new_info==1&commit`j'==0" { if "`r'"=="0&control_info==1&commit`j'==1" loc name "bmctrlcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="0&new_info==1&commit`j'==1" loc name "bminfocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="1&control_info==1&commit`j'==1" loc name "amctrlcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="1&new_info==1&commit`j'==1" loc name "aminfocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="0&control_info==1&commit`j'==0" loc name "bmctrlnocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="0&new_info==1&commit`j'==0" loc name "bminfonocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="1&control_info==1&commit`j'==0" loc name "amctrlnocommit`x'`o'" else loc name "aminfonocommit`x'`o'" gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&abovemedpast4==`r', /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog foreach p in b lambda beta betatilde{ loc `p'`name' = [`p']_cons } } *share in each group sum commit`j' if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=. loc propcommit sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1 loc meanam = r(mean) sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1&abovemedpast4==1 loc propamctrlcommit`x'`o' = `meanam'*r(mean) loc propaminfocommit`x'`o' = `meanam'*(1 - r(mean)) sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1&abovemedpast4==0 loc propbmctrlcommit`x'`o' = (1 - `meanam')*r(mean) loc propbminfocommit`x'`o' = (1 - `meanam')*(1 - r(mean)) sum abovemedpast4 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0 loc meanam = r(mean) sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0&abovemedpast4==1 loc propamctrlnocommit`x'`o' = `meanam'*r(mean) loc propaminfonocommit`x'`o' = `meanam'*(1 - r(mean)) sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0&abovemedpast4==0 loc propbmctrlnocommit`x'`o' = (1 - `meanam')*r(mean) loc propbminfonocommit`x'`o' = (1 - `meanam')*(1 - r(mean)) } *by quartile, info treatment, & take-up of 12 visit commitment contract loc j = 12 // for 12+ visits contract only loc x "" foreach r in "1&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" "2&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" "3&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" "4&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" "1&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" "2&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" "3&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" "4&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" { if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" loc name "qfstctrlcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" loc name "qsndctrlcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" loc name "qthdctrlcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="4&commit`j'==1&control_info==1" loc name "qfthctrlcommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==0&control_info==1" loc name "qfstctrlnocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==0&control_info==1" loc name "qsndctrlnocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==0&control_info==1" loc name "qthdctrlnocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="4&commit`j'==0&control_info==1" loc name "qfthctrlnocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" loc name "qfstinfocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" loc name "qsndinfocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" loc name "qthdinfocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="4&commit`j'==1&new_info==1" loc name "qfthinfocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="1&commit`j'==0&new_info==1" loc name "qfstinfonocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="2&commit`j'==0&new_info==1" loc name "qsndinfonocommit`x'`o'" else if "`r'"=="3&commit`j'==0&new_info==1" loc name "qthdinfonocommit`x'`o'" else loc name "qfthinfonocommit`x'`o'" gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&qpast4==`r', /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog foreach p in b lambda beta betatilde{ loc `p'`name' = [`p']_cons } } *share in each group forval k = 1/4{ sum control_info if first_info!=1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0&qpast4==`k' loc propctrlq`k' = r(mean) } sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==0&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1 loc propqfstctrlcommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmcommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq1' loc propqfstinfocommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmcommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq1') loc propqsndctrlcommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmcommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq2' loc propqsndinfocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmcommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq2') sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==1 loc propqthdctrlcommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamcommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq3' loc propqthdinfocommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamcommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq3') loc propqfthctrlcommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamcommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq4' loc propqfthinfocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamcommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq4') sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==0&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0 loc propqfstctrlnocommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq1' loc propqfstinfonocommit`x'`o' = (2 - r(mean))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq1') loc propqsndctrlnocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq2' loc propqsndinfonocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (2 - r(mean)))*`propbmnocommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq2') sum qpast4 if abovemedpast4==1&flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit`j'==0 loc propqthdctrlnocommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamnocommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq3' loc propqthdinfonocommit`x'`o' = (4 - r(mean))*`propamnocommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq3') loc propqfthctrlnocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamnocommit`x'`o''*`propctrlq4' loc propqfthinfonocommit`x'`o' = (1 - (4 - r(mean)))*`propamnocommit`x'`o''*(1 - `propctrlq4') } ********** Commitment contract - 12 visits ************************************ gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==1, /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog latex_write_gmm twelve`o' `lx' *for export foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta { loc `param'commit12`o' = [`param']_cons } *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom ainttwelve`o' `lx' *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naivetwelve`o' `lx' *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcosttwelve`o' `lx' *take-up rate sum commit12 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=. loc propcommit12`o' = r(mean) loc propnocommit12`o' = 1 - r(mean) if "`v'" == ""{ // baseline only *generate 95% CIs for model values predictnl mean_days_c12_pred = /// 28*(1-exp(-[lambda]_cons*[betatilde]_cons*([b]_cons+plot_incentive))) /// if _n > $obs, ci(lb_days_c12_pred ub_days_c12_pred) level(95) predictnl mean_visits_c12_pred = /// 28*(1-exp(-[lambda]_cons*[beta]_cons*([b]_cons+plot_incentive))) /// if _n > $obs, ci(lb_visits_c12_pred ub_visits_c12_pred) level(95) *plot model with actual data twoway (conn mean_days_c12_pred plot_incentive, lcolor(black) m(none)) /// (conn ub_days_c12_pred plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (conn lb_days_c12_pred plot_incentive, lc(black) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (sc mean_days_c12_ prize, msize(small) color(black)) /// (rcap ub_days_c12_ lb_days_c12_ prize, lcolor(black) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)) /// (conn mean_visits_c12_pred plot_incentive, lcolor(red) m(none)) /// (conn ub_visits_c12_pred plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (conn lb_visits_c12_pred plot_incentive, lc(red) lp(shortdash) m(none)) /// (sc mean_visits_c12_ prize, m(square) msize(small) color(red)) /// (rcap ub_visits_c12_ lb_visits_c12_ prize, lcolor(red) lwidth(medium) lpattern(dash)), /// xlab(0(1)12) ylabel(0(5)22, angle(0)) /// xtitle("Per-visit incentive ($)", height(6)) ytitle("Visits", height(6)) /// graphregion(color(white)) plotregion(margin(sides)) /// legend(order(1 2 6 7 4 9) label(1 "Predicted expected visits") label(2 "Prediction 95% CI") label(4 "Average expected visits") label(6 "Predicted realized visits") label(7 "Prediction 95% CI") label(9 "Average realized visits")) legend(rows(3)) graph export overconfidence_estimates_commit12.pdf, replace **lower bound on how bad commitment contracts are: loc internalityC12=(1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons * impact on visits reg visits getcommit if wave3==1&(getcommit==1|incentive==0)&commit12==1 loc internalityBenefit=_b[getcommit]*`internalityC12' di `internalityBenefit' * financial loss qui sum visits12 if commit12==1&getcommit==1 loc lose=1-r(mean) loc dollarslost=`lose'*80 di `dollarslost' * net loss: di `dollarslost'-`internalityBenefit' } *rejected contract if "`v'" != "+0"{ gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit12==0, /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog if "`v'" == "" latex_write_gmm notwelve `lx' // baseline only *for export foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta { loc `param'nocommit12`o' = [`param']_cons } if "`v'" == ""{ // baseline only *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom aintnotwelve `lx' *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naivenotwelve `lx' *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcostnotwelve `lx' } } ********** Commitment contract - 8 visits ************************************* gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit8==1, /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog latex_write_gmm eight`o' `lx' *for export foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta { loc `param'commit8`o' = [`param']_cons } *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom ainteight`o' `lx' *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naiveeight`o' `lx' *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcosteight`o' `lx' *take-up rate sum commit8 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=. loc propcommit8`o' = r(mean) loc propnocommit8`o' = 1 -r(mean) * rejected contract if "`v'" != "+0"{ gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit8==0, /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog if "`v'" == "" latex_write_gmm noeight `lx' // baseline only *for export foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta { loc `param'nocommit8`o' = [`param']_cons } if "`v'" == ""{ // baseline only *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom aintnoeight `lx' *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naivenoeight `lx' *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcostnoeight `lx' } } ********** Commitment contract - 16 visits ************************************ gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit16==1, /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog latex_write_gmm sixteen`o' `lx' *for export foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta { loc `param'commit16`o' = [`param']_cons } *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom aintsixteen`o' `lx' *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naivesixteen`o' `lx' *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcostsixteen`o' `lx' *take-up rate sum commit16 if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=. loc propcommit16`o' = r(mean) loc propnocommit16`o' = 1 -r(mean) * rejected contract if "`v'" != "+0"{ gmm (eq1:28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({betatilde}*({b}+prize)`v')))-days) /// (eq2: 28*(1-exp(-{lambda}*({beta}*({b}+incentive)`v')))-visits) /// (eq3: (1-{betatilde})*diffa2*({b}+(1+2)/2)-delta2) /// (eq4: (1-{betatilde})*diffa3*({b}+(2+3)/2)-delta3) /// (eq5: (1-{betatilde})*diffa5*({b}+(3+5)/2)-delta5) /// (eq6: (1-{betatilde})*diffa7*({b}+(5+7)/2)-delta7) /// (eq7: (1-{betatilde})*diffa12*({b}+(7+12)/2)-delta12) /// if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0&incentive!=.&commit16==0, /// instruments (eq1: prize prize2) instruments(eq2:incentive incentivesq) /// from (b 8 lambda 0.06 beta 0.5 betatilde 0.8) vce(cluster id) winitial(identity) nolog if "`v'" == "" latex_write_gmm nosixteen `lx' // baseline only *for export foreach param in lambda betatilde b beta { loc `param'nocommit16`o' = [`param']_cons } if "`v'" == ""{ // baseline only *actual internality: nlcom (1-[beta]_cons)*[b]_cons latex_write_nlcom aintnosixteen `lx' *naivete statistic: nlcom (1-[betatilde]_cons)/(1-[beta]_cons) latex_write_nlcom naivenosixteen `lx' *expected cost nlcom 1/[lambda]_cons latex_write_nlcom expcostnosixteen `lx' } } } restore ********** Export estimates from each subsample to a file ********************* foreach o in "" "V" "X"{ foreach f in bmcommit`o' amcommit`o' bmnocommit`o' amnocommit`o' /// bmcommite`o' amcommite`o' bmnocommite`o' amnocommite`o' /// bmcommits`o' amcommits`o' bmnocommits`o' amnocommits`o' /// qfstcommit`o' qsndcommit`o' qthdcommit`o' qfthcommit`o' /// qfstnocommit`o' qsndnocommit`o' qthdnocommit`o' qfthnocommit`o' /// qfstcommite`o' qsndcommite`o' qthdcommite`o' qfthcommite`o' /// qfstnocommite`o' qsndnocommite`o' qthdnocommite`o' qfthnocommite`o' /// qfstcommits`o' qsndcommits`o' qthdcommits`o' qfthcommits`o' /// qfstnocommits`o' qsndnocommits`o' qthdnocommits`o' qfthnocommits`o' /// qfstctrlcommit`o' qsndctrlcommit`o' qthdctrlcommit`o' qfthctrlcommit`o' /// qfstinfocommit`o' qsndinfocommit`o' qthdinfocommit`o' qfthinfocommit`o' /// bmctrlcommit`o' bminfocommit`o' amctrlcommit`o' aminfocommit`o' /// bmctrlnocommit`o' bminfonocommit`o' amctrlnocommit`o' aminfonocommit`o' /// bmctrlcommite`o' bminfocommite`o' amctrlcommite`o' aminfocommite`o' /// bmctrlnocommite`o' bminfonocommite`o' amctrlnocommite`o' aminfonocommite`o' /// bmctrlcommits`o' bminfocommits`o' amctrlcommits`o' aminfocommits`o' /// bmctrlnocommits`o' bminfonocommits`o' amctrlnocommits`o' aminfonocommits`o' /// commit12`o' nocommit12`o' commit8`o' nocommit8`o' commit16`o' nocommit16`o'{ preserve clear set obs 1 foreach p in lambda beta betatilde b prop{ gen `p' = ``p'`f'' } outsheet using "parameter_estimates/`f'.csv", comma replace restore } } ********** Empirical moments ************************************************** preserve * restrict sample keep if flag_low_wtp==0&flag_exclude_exog==0 *generate variables gen got_contract = 1 if treatment == "threshold80_12" replace got_contract = 0 if treatment == "control" gen success = visits >= 12 *change in attendance due to contract reg visits got_contract wave? if commit12==1 matrix temp = r(table)' loc b : di %4.2f temp[1,1] loc lb : di %4.2f temp[1,5] loc ub : di %4.2f temp[1,6] loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')" latex_write empirDaC `b' numbers latex_write empirDaCCI "`ci'" numbers *probability of meeting threshold (with and w/out the contract) reg success wave? if commit12==1&treatment=="control" matrix temp = r(table)' loc b : di %4.2f temp[4,1] loc lb : di %4.2f temp[4,5] loc ub : di %4.2f temp[4,6] loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')" latex_write empirctrlPmeet `b' numbers latex_write empirctrlPmeetCI "`ci'" numbers reg success if commit12==1&treatment=="threshold80_12" matrix temp = r(table)' loc b : di %4.2f temp[1,1] loc lb : di %4.2f temp[1,5] loc ub : di %4.2f temp[1,6] loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')" latex_write empirtreatPmeet `b' numbers latex_write empirtreatPmeetCI "`ci'" numbers *change in probability of meeting threshold reg success got_contract wave? if commit12==1 matrix temp = r(table)' loc b : di %4.2f temp[1,1] loc lb : di %4.2f temp[1,5] loc ub : di %4.2f temp[1,6] loc ci : di "(`lb', `ub')" latex_write empirDmeet `b' numbers latex_write empirDmeetCI "`ci'" numbers restore