/******************************************************************************* This file contains the code to replicate the tables and figures in the paper. Contents: 0. Generate or import final dataset Figure 1: The Season in 1841 Figure 2: Pressure marry young. Figure 3: Attendees at royal parties, by type of event. Figure 4: Synthetic probability to marry during the Season's interruption (1861-63). Table 1: Marriage market before, during, and after the Season's interruption. Figure 5: The interruption of the Season and distance between spouses' seats. Table 2: The Season's interruption and marriage outcomes, probit and OLS estimation. Figure 6: Placebo tests. Dependent variable: married a commoner. Figure 7: Peer-commoner intermarriage, Probit estimation with age dummies. Table 3: The Season's interruption and marriage outcomes, IV estimation. Table 4: Contingency tables Table 5: The interruption and sorting by title, non-parametric estimates. Figure 8: Sorting by landholdings, non-parametric estimation. Table 6: Women's marriages to commoners and her family's political power, IV estimation. Table 7: Determinants of investments in state education, IV estimation. The file "3 Replication package\programs00_setup.do" installs the required ado packages sets. It also sets the path to all directories. If you want to run this do file individually, after installing the required packages unnmark and specify location of parent directory here: *global dirroot = "SPECIFY\LOCATION\OF\PARENT\DIRECTORY\HERE" and then run the following lines for the secondary directories (specified as downloaded in replication package): global dirdata = "${dirroot}\data" global dirdta = "${dirroot}\programs\01_dataprep\dta-temp-files" global dirresu = "${dirroot}\programs\results" *******************************************************************************/ * Set-up: do "${dirroot}\programs\00_setup.do" * ============================================================================== * 0. GENERATE OR IMPORT FINAL DATASET: * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ clear all set more off set matsize 10000 * To generate the final dataset run the following line: do "${dirroot}\programs\01_dataprep\master-dataprep.do" * Alternatively, you can import the final dataset data directly by writting * use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear * ============================================================================== * ============================================================================== * FIGURE 1: * The Season in 1841. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import Sheppard (1977)'s data on 4,000 movements into and out of London of * families participating in the Season of 1841, as reported in The Morning Post. import delimited "${dirdata}\sheppard.txt", clear label var week "Week" label var arrivals "Arrivals to London of members of Fashionable World" label var departures "Departures from London of members of Fashionable World" label var cumulative "Cumulative members of Fashionable World in London" * Figure 1: twoway (bar arrivals week, fcolor(dknavy) fintensity(inten50) lcolor(dknavy) barw(1)) /// (bar departures week, fcolor(maroon) fintensity(inten50) lcolor(maroon) barw(1)) /// (line cumulative week, lcolor(black)) /// (scatter cumulative week if week==4 | week==15 | week==20 | week==32), /// ytitle("Number of families") xtitle("") /// legend(col(3) on order(1 "Arrivals" 2 "Departures" 3 "Cummulative")) graphregion(color(white)) /// xlabel(1 "Jan" 5 "Feb" 9 "Mar" 13 "Apr" 17 "May" 22 "Jun" 26 "Jul" 31 "Ago" 35 "Sep" 39 "Oct" 44 "Nov" 48 "Dec") /// text(310 4 "Opening of Parliament", place(e) size(small)) /// text(440 17 "Queen arrives to London", place(s) size(small)) /// text(850 20 "Royal ball", place(n) size(small)) /// text(420 32 "End of the Season", place(e) size(small)) graph export "${dirresu}\Figure1.pdf", as(pdf) replace * ============================================================================== * FIGURE 2: * Pressure marry young. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import final dataset use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear * Sample: all 796 peers' daughters first marrying in 1851-75 keep if wom==1 & nthismarriage==1 & myear>=1851 & myear<=1875 & mage!=. * Variables for Figure gen agegroup = . // age groups in figure forvalues i=18(3)35{ replace agegroup = `i' if mage>=`i' & mage<=`i'+2 } replace agegroup = 30 if mage>=30 keep if agegroup!=. & agegroup<=30 gen duk = (rankspo==5) // marrying a dukes' heir * Figure 2, first panel preserve collapse (mean) duk (sd) sd_duk=duk (count) n_duk=duk, by(agegroup) gen hi_duk = duk + invttail(n_duk-1,0.025)*(sd_duk / sqrt(n_duk)) gen lo_duk = duk - invttail(n_duk-1,0.025)*(sd_duk / sqrt(n_duk)) label var agegroup "Age at marriage" label var duk "% marrying duke, marquis, earl heir" label var hi_duk "CI high, % marrying duke, marquis, earl heir" label var lo_duk "CI low, % marrying duke, marquis, earl heir" twoway (scatter duk agegroup, lcolor(dknavy) mcolor(black) msymbol(circle)) /// (rcap hi_duk lo_duk agegroup, lcolor(black)), /// xlabel(18 "18-20" 21 "21-23" 24 "24-26" 27 "27-29" 30 "{&ge}30", labsize(medlarge) angle(45)) /// ylabel(0 "0" 0.1 "10" 0.2 "20" 0.3 "30", labsize(medlarge)) /// legend(on order(1 "All peers' daughters") ring(0) position(1) nobox region(lstyle(none))) /// ytitle("% marrying duke, marquis, earl heir", size(medlarge)) /// xtitle("Age at marriage", size(medlarge)) /// name(fig2panela, replace) graphregion(color(white)) restore * Figure 2, second panel preserve collapse (mean) duk (sd) sd_duk=duk (count) n_duk=duk, by(agegroup prank) gen hi_duk = duk + invttail(n_duk-1,0.025)*(sd_duk / sqrt(n_duk)) gen lo_duk = duk - invttail(n_duk-1,0.025)*(sd_duk / sqrt(n_duk)) replace lo_duk = 0 if lo_duk<0 // restrict lower bound of c.i. to zero for visual purposes label var duk "% marrying duke, marquis, earl heir" label var hi_duk "CI high, % marrying duke, marquis, earl heir" label var lo_duk "CI low, % marrying duke, marquis, earl heir" gen agegroup1 = agegroup-0.3 // separate estimates for the two groups for visibility gen agegroup0 = agegroup+0.3 label var agegroup "Age at marriage" label var agegroup0 "Age at marriage" label var agegroup1 "Age at marriage" twoway (rcap hi_duk lo_duk agegroup1 if prank==5, lcolor(blue)) /// (rcap hi_duk lo_duk agegroup0 if prank==4, lcolor(red)) /// (scatter duk agegroup1 if prank==5, lcolor(blue) mcolor(blue) msymbol(diamond)) /// (scatter duk agegroup0 if prank==4, lcolor(red) msymbol(diamond) mlc(red) mfc(white)), /// ylabel(0 "0" 0.1 "10" 0.2 "20" 0.3 "30" 0.4 "40", labsize(medlarge)) /// xlabel(18 "18-20" 21 "21-23" 24 "24-26" 27 "27-29" 30 "{&ge}30", labsize(medlarge) angle(45)) /// legend(on order(3 "Dukes', Marquis', Earls' daughters" 4 "Barons', Viscounts' daughters") rows(2) ring(0) position(1) nobox region(lstyle(none))) /// ytitle(" ", size(medlarge)) /// xtitle("Age at marriage", size(medlarge)) /// name(fig2panelb, replace) graphregion(color(white)) restore * Figure 2, combined panels graph combine fig2panela fig2panelb, graphregion(color(white)) graph export "${dirresu}\Figure2.pdf", replace graph drop fig2panela fig2panelb * ============================================================================== * FIGURE 3: * Attendees at royal parties, by type of event. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import data with the invitations to royal parties, the number of attendees * at each party, and the numbers presented at court in the Seasons of 1851-75. import delimited "${dirdata}\seasonattend.txt", clear * Calculate attendance to royal parties, by type of event gen str15 partytype2 = partytype replace partytype2 = "Concert and Evening party" if partytype=="Concert" | partytype=="Evening Party" replace partytype2 = "Breakfast and Afternoon party" if partytype=="Breakfast" | partytype=="Afternoon" replace partytype2 = "Children's Ball" if partytype2=="Child's Ball" local j = 1 foreach x in "Ball" "Concert and Evening party" "Breakfast and Afternoon party" "Children's Ball" "Court"{ bysort year: egen tattend`j' = sum(attended) if partytype2=="`x'" gsort year -tattend`j' by year: replace tattend`j' = tattend`j'[1] if tattend`j'==. replace tattend`j' = 0 if tattend`j'==. local j = `j'+1 } gen tAttend2 = tattend1+tattend2 gen tAttend3 = tAttend2+tattend3 gen tAttend4 = tAttend3+tattend4 gen tAttend5 = tAttend4+tattend5 collapse tattend1 tAttend2 tAttend3 tAttend4 tAttend5 court, by(year) * Figure 3 twoway /// (bar tattend1 year, barw(0.7) bcolor(dknavy) yaxis(1)) /// (rbar tattend1 tAttend2 year, bcolor(orange) barw(0.7) yaxis(1)) /// (rbar tAttend2 tAttend3 year, bcolor(forest_green) barw(0.7) yaxis(1)) /// (rbar tAttend3 tAttend4 year, bcolor(maroon) barw(0.7) yaxis(1)) /// (rbar tAttend4 tAttend5 year, bcolor(teal) barw(0.7) yaxis(1)) /// (line court year, yaxis(2) lcolor(black)), /// ytitle("attendees", axis(1)) ytitle("debutantes", axis(2)) /// legend(on order(1 "Ball" 2 "Concert and Evening party" 3 "Children's Ball" /// 4 "Breakfast and Afternoon party" 5 "Court reception" 6 "Debutantes presented at court (Ellenberger 1990)") size(small) nobox region(lstyle(none))) /// xtitle("") xlabel(1851(1)1875, angle(90)) graphregion(color(white)) graph export "${dirresu}\Figure3.pdf", replace * ============================================================================== * FIGURE 4: * Synthetic probability to marry during the Season's interruption (1861-63). * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import final dataset use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear * Figure 4 keep if age1861>=15 & age1861<=35 collapse syntheticT, by(age1861) twoway (connect syntheticT age1861, sort lcolor(dknavy) mcolor(dknavy) msymbol(diamond)), /// ytitle("synthetic probability to marry in 1861-63 (%)") xtitle("age in 1861") /// legend(off) graphregion(color(white)) graph export "${dirresu}\Figure4.pdf", replace * ============================================================================== * TABLE 1: * Marriage market before, during, and after the Season's interruption. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import final dataset clear all use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear * Sample and labels keep if wom==1 & nthismarriage==1 & myear>=1858 & myear<=1866 xtile fATot_tab1 = fatotal, nq(100) // percentiles for Table 1's sample gen normal = 1-mourn // to have Interruption - Normal global balancelist mage dage biorder pr4 hengpee fATot_tab1 * Results mat define tab1 = (.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.\.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.\.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.\.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.\.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.\.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.\.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.) * Panel A, mean qui estpost sum $balancelist if normal==0 qui matrix mu=e(mean) forvalues j=1/7{ mat tab1[`j',1] = mu[1,`j'] } mat drop mu qui estpost sum $balancelist if normal==1 & myear<=1863 qui matrix mu=e(mean) forvalues j=1/7{ mat tab1[`j',3] = mu[1,`j'] } mat drop mu qui estpost sum $balancelist if normal==1 & myear>1863 qui matrix mu=e(mean) forvalues j=1/7{ mat tab1[`j',7] = mu[1,`j'] } mat drop mu * Panel A, ttest eststo tstbef: qui estpost ttest $balancelist if myear<=1863, by(normal) qui matrix di1=e(b) qui matrix di2=e(se) forvalues j=1/7{ mat tab1[`j',5] = di1[1,`j'] mat tab1[`j',6] = di2[1,`j'] } mat drop di1 di2 eststo tstaft: qui estpost ttest $balancelist if myear>=1861, by(normal) qui matrix di1=e(b) qui matrix di2=e(se) forvalues j=1/7{ mat tab1[`j',9] = di1[1,`j'] mat tab1[`j',10] = di2[1,`j'] } mat drop di1 di2 * Panel A, se of means local j = 1 foreach x in mage dage biorder pr4 hengpee fATot_tab1{ qui ttest `x' if myear<=1863, by(normal) local se1 = `r(sd_1)'/sqrt(`r(N_1)') local se2 = `r(sd_2)'/sqrt(`r(N_2)') mat tab1[`j',2] = `se1' mat tab1[`j',4] = `se2' qui ttest `x' if myear>=1861, by(normal) local se2 = `r(sd_2)'/sqrt(`r(N_2)') mat tab1[`j',8] = `se2' local j = `j'+1 } * Panel B, mean collapse wrisk mourn normal, by(myear) qui estpost sum wrisk if normal==0 qui matrix mu=e(mean) mat tab1[7,1] = mu[1,1] mat drop mu qui estpost sum wrisk if normal==1 & myear<=1863 qui matrix mu=e(mean) mat tab1[7,3] = mu[1,1] mat drop mu qui estpost sum wrisk if normal==1 & myear>1863 qui matrix mu=e(mean) mat tab1[7,7] = mu[1,1] mat drop mu * Panel B, ttest eststo tstbef: qui estpost ttest wrisk if myear<=1863, by(normal) qui matrix di1=e(b) qui matrix di2=e(se) mat tab1[7,5] = di1[1,1] mat tab1[7,6] = di2[1,1] mat drop di1 di2 eststo tstaft: qui estpost ttest wrisk if myear>=1861, by(normal) qui matrix di1=e(b) qui matrix di2=e(se) mat tab1[7,9] = di1[1,1] mat tab1[7,10] = di2[1,1] mat drop di1 di2 * Panel B, se of means qui ttest wrisk if myear<=1863, by(normal) local se1 = `r(sd_1)'/sqrt(`r(N_1)') local se2 = `r(sd_2)'/sqrt(`r(N_2)') mat tab1[7,2] = `se1' mat tab1[7,4] = `se2' qui ttest wrisk if myear>=1861, by(normal) local se2 = `r(sd_2)'/sqrt(`r(N_2)') mat tab1[7,8] = `se2' * Table 1 mat list tab1 mat colnames tab1 = "Int:mean" "Int:se" "Bef:mean" "Bef:se" "Diff:mean" "Diff:se" "Aft:mean" "Aft:se" "Diff:mean" "Diff:se" mat rownames tab1 = "Panel A: Age at first marriage" "Panel A: Life expectancy" "Panel A: Birth order (excl heirs)" "Panel A: Duke/Earl/Marquis daughter" "Panel A: Peerage of England" "Panel A: Family acreage (percentile)" "Panel B: Female cohort size" esttab matrix(tab1, fmt(1 1 1 1 1 1 1)) using "${dirresu}\Table1.tex", /// mlabel("Table 1") replace * ============================================================================== * FIGURE 5: * The interruption of the Season and distance between spouses' seats. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import final dataset use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear * Figure 5 keep if wom==1 & nthismarriage<2 & myear>=1858 & myear<=1866 collapse (mean) dist (mean) attendLC, by(myear) twoway (bar attendLC myear, barw(0.3) yaxis(2) color(sand) xlabel(1858(1)1866)) /// (connect dist myear, yaxis(1) mcolor(black) lcolor(black) msymbol(diamond)), /// ytitle("miles", axis(1)) ytitle("attendees", axis(2)) xtitle("year") /// legend(on order(1 "Royal parties" 2 "Distance between spouses' seats")) /// graphregion(color(white)) graph export "${dirresu}\Figure5.pdf", replace * ============================================================================== * TABLE 2: * The Season's interruption and marriage outcomes, probit and OLS estimation. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Table 2, columns [1] to [5] use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear keep if base_sample==1 /* Note: Baseline sample is 644 peers' daughters aged 15-35 in 1861 who ever married, excluding second-marriages, women married to foreigners, and members of the royal family. */ global controls pr4 biorder hengpee label var distlondon "Distance" local j = 1 foreach x in "" distlondon{ local panel "A" if `j'==2{ local panel "B" } qui probit cOut syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui estat classification local pcp1 = round(r(P_corr),1) qui summ cOut if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),0.01) qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table2_`panel'", keep(syntheticT distlondon) nocons nor2 /// label dec(4) coefastr ctitle("M common") /// addtext(% correct, `pcp1', Mean of Dep Var, `mdepvar', Controls, YES) /// tex replace qui probit mheir syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui estat classification local pcp1 = round(r(P_corr),1) qui summ mheir if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),0.01) qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table2_`panel'", keep(syntheticT distlondon) nocons nor2 /// label dec(4) coefastr ctitle("M heir") /// addtext(% correct, `pcp1', Mean of Dep Var, `mdepvar', Controls, YES) /// tex qui reg fmissmatch syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui summ fmissmatch if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),1) outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table2_`panel'", keep(syntheticT distlondon) nocons nor2 /// label dec(3) coefastr ctitle("Diff abs") /// addtext(% correct, . , Mean of Dep Var, `mdepvar', Controls, YES) /// tex qui reg fmissmatch2 syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui summ fmissmatch2 if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),1) outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table2_`panel'", keep(syntheticT distlondon) nocons nor2 /// label dec(3) coefastr ctitle("Diff h-w") /// addtext(% correct, . , Mean of Dep Var, `mdepvar', Controls, YES) /// tex qui probit fdown syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui estat classification local pcp1 = round(r(P_corr),1) qui summ fdown if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),0.01) qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table2_`panel'", keep(syntheticT distlondon) nocons nor2 /// label dec(4) coefastr ctitle("M down") /// addtext(% correct, `pcp1', Mean of Dep Var, `mdepvar', Controls, YES) /// tex local j = `j'+1 } * Table 2, column [6] use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear keep if marital_rates_sample==1 label var distlondon "Distance" /* Note: To examine marital rates, I consider women aged 15-35 in 1861, whether they married or not. To avoid counting women who died at an early age as celibate, I exclude those dying before age 35 (see p.20). */ local j = 1 foreach x in "" distlondon{ local panel "A" if `j'==2{ local panel "B" } qui probit celibacy syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui estat classification local pcp1 = round(r(P_corr),1) qui summ celibacy if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),0.01) qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table2_`panel'", keep(syntheticT distlondon) nocons nor2 /// label dec(4) coefastr ctitle("never M") /// addtext(% correct, `pcp1', Mean of Dep Var, `mdepvar', Controls, YES) /// tex local j = `j'+1 } * Small cluster correction (bootstrap-t procedure of Cameron, Gelbach and Miller, 2008) /* Note: Results stored in log file in the following location: 3 Replication package\results\Table2_smallcluster.log. */ clear all use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear gsort surname title -nthismarr // to get stable results do "${dirauxp}\cgmreg.do" // if not run in setup capture log close // save results in log file cd "${dirresu}" log using Table2_smallcluster.log, replace keep if wom==1 & nthismarriage<2 & age1861>=15 & age1861<=35 // sample preserve keep if nthismarr==1 & myear!=. // married foreach x in "" distlondon{ qui probit cOut syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) keep if e(sample)==1 // keep sample of non-missing variables clustse probit cOut syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) method(pairs) reps(5000) clustse probit mheir syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) method(pairs) reps(5000) cgmwildboot fmissmatch syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) bootcluster(byear) reps(5000) cgmwildboot fmissmatch2 syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) bootcluster(byear) reps(5000) clustse probit fdown syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) method(pairs) reps(5000) } restore keep if dage>35 & dyear>byear+1 & prank>1 // married and unmarried women foreach x in "" distlondon{ qui probit celibacy syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) keep if e(sample)==1 // keep sample of non-missing variables clustse probit celibacy syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) method(pairs) reps(5000) } log close * ============================================================================== * FIGURE 6: * Placebo tests. Dependent variable: married a commoner. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import placebo dataset use "${dirdata}\placebo-data.dta", clear graph drop _all * Estimates for baseline sample global controls pr4 biorder hengpee qui probit cOut syntheticT $controls distlondon if nthismarr==1 & base_sample==1, cluster(byearclst) qui margins, dydx(*) post estimates store baseEST * Placebo estimates sort refno sample01 // drop observations in both baseline and placebo samples by refno: gen dup=_N by refno: drop if sample0[1]!= sample0[2] & dup>1 keep if nthismarr==1 drop syntheticT // just for label purposes gen syntheticT = synthetic_plac forvalues i=1811/1851{ qui probit cOut syntheticT $controls distlondon if sample01==`i' & sample0=="placebo", cluster(byearclst) qui margins, dydx(*) post estimates store pE`i' } * Figure graph drop _all coefplot (baseEST, msymbol(circle)) (baseEST, mcolor(white) noci) (pE1851, pstyle(p2)) (pE1850, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1849, pstyle(p2)) (pE1848, pstyle(p2)) (pE1847, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1846, pstyle(p2)) (pE1845, pstyle(p2)) (pE1844, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1843, pstyle(p2)) (pE1842, pstyle(p2)) (pE1841, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1840, pstyle(p2)) (pE1839, pstyle(p2)) (pE1838, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1837, pstyle(p2)) (pE1836, pstyle(p2)) (pE1835, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1834, pstyle(p2)) (pE1833, pstyle(p2)) (pE1832, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1831, pstyle(p2)) (pE1830, pstyle(p2)) (pE1829, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1828, pstyle(p2)) (pE1827, pstyle(p2)) (pE1826, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1825, pstyle(p2)) (pE1824, pstyle(p2)) (pE1823, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1822, pstyle(p2)) (pE1821, pstyle(p2)) (pE1820, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1819, pstyle(p2)) (pE1818, pstyle(p2)) (pE1817, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1816, pstyle(p2)) (pE1815, pstyle(p2)) (pE1814, pstyle(p2)) /// (pE1813, pstyle(p2)) (pE1812, pstyle(p2)) (pE1811, pstyle(p2)), /// drop(biorder hengpee pr4 pr_3 ̇_cons distlondon) /// msymbol(d) mfcolor(white) levels(95 90) graphregion(color(white)) /// title("Dep. Var: Married a commoner", color(black)) ytitle("mg. effect of T (synthetic prob.)") xtitle("years of placebo interruption") /// ylabel(-0.015(0.005)0.015, nogrid) legend(on order(3 "Baseline (1861-63)" 9 "Placebo") rows(2) ring(0) position(5) bmargin(large)) /// xlabel(0.568 "1851-53" 0.6816 "1846-48" 0.7955 "1841-43" 0.909 "1836-38" 1.023 "1831-33" 1.1366 "1826-28" 1.24939 "1821-23" 1.36392 "1816-18" 1.4775 "1811-13", angle(45)) /// yline(0) lpattern(dash) baselevels vert /// xline(0.568, lpattern(dot) lcolor(gray)) /// xline(0.6816, lpattern(dot) lcolor(gray)) /// xline(0.7955, lpattern(dot) lcolor(gray)) /// xline(0.909, lpattern(dot) lcolor(gray)) /// xline(1.023, lpattern(dot) lcolor(gray)) /// xline(1.1366, lpattern(dot) lcolor(gray)) /// xline(1.24939, lpattern(dot) lcolor(gray)) /// xline(1.36392, lpattern(dot) lcolor(gray)) /// xline(1.4775, lpattern(dot) lcolor(gray)) /// text(0.00539529 0.57037 ".037", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00539529 0.59037 ".06", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00250475 0.613635 ".01", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00276912 0.636005 ".01", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.0012222 0.658375 ".00", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00079789 0.6816 ".00", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical) box bcolor(white) fcolor(white) lcolor(white)) /// text(0.00076157 0.70397 ".00", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00128846 0.727235 ".00", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00131826 0.749605 ".00", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00379514 0.771975 ".02", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00402036 0.7955 ".02", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical) box bcolor(white) fcolor(white) lcolor(white)) /// text(0.00382393 0.81761 ".01", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00283652 0.840875 ".01", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00210621 0.86414 ".00", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00346859 0.88651 ".01", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00176394 0.909 ".00", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical) box bcolor(white) fcolor(white) lcolor(white)) /// text(0.0017114 0.932145 ".00", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00205746 0.954515 ".01", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00234219 0.97778 ".01", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00537774 1.00015 ".12", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.0057546 1.023 ".14", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical) box bcolor(white) fcolor(white) lcolor(white)) /// text(0.00787327 1.04579 ".41", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00696466 1.06816 ".23", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00774832 1.09142 ".25", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00742015 1.11379 ".20", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.008436 1.1366 ".31", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical) box bcolor(white) fcolor(white) lcolor(white)) /// text(0.00712933 1.15943 ".22", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00506362 1.1818 ".08", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00545438 1.20506 ".10", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00608598 1.22743 ".12", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00530855 1.24939 ".13", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical) box bcolor(white) fcolor(white) lcolor(white)) /// text(0.00537472 1.27307 ".17", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00442368 1.29454 ".08", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.0031978 1.3187 ".03", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00497223 1.34107 ".09", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00586515 1.36392 ".16", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical) box bcolor(white) fcolor(white) lcolor(white)) /// text(0.00497563 1.38671 ".11", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00487153 1.40908 ".10", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00658739 1.43145 ".21", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00614651 1.45471 ".17", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical)) /// text(0.00672715 1.4775 ".19", size(vsmall) orientation(vertical) box bcolor(white) fcolor(white) lcolor(white)) graph export "${dirresu}\Figure6.pdf", replace * Tests equality of coefficients /* Note: the following tests for the equality of coefficients report all the p-values displayed in the Figure above */ use "${dirdata}\placebo-data.dta", clear keep if nthismarr==1 gen syntheticT0 = syntheticT // just for label purposes replace syntheticT0 = synthetic_plac if synthetic_plac!=. qui probit cOut syntheticT0 $controls distlondon if sample0=="baseline" estimates store myreg0 sort refno sample01 // drop observations in both baseline and placebo samples by refno: gen dup=_N by refno: drop if sample0[1]!= sample0[2] & dup>1 *local count10 = 0 *local count5 = 0 *local count1 = 0 forvalues i=1851(-1)1811{ qui probit cOut syntheticT0 $controls distlondon if sample01==`i' & sample0=="placebo" estimates store myreg`i' * tests qui suest myreg0 myreg`i', cluster(byearclst) display "---- `i' ----" test [myreg0_cOut]syntheticT0=[myreg`i'_cOut]syntheticT0 local pval = round(`r(p)',0.001) di `pval' } * ============================================================================== * FIGURE 7: * Peer-commoner intermarriage, Probit estimation with age dummies. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import placebo dataset use "${dirdata}\placebo-data.dta", clear global controls pr4 biorder hengpee * Panel A: baseline sample fvset base 16 age1861 qui probit cOut i.age1861 $controls if base_sample==1, cluster(byearclst) qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post estimates store BASE fvset base 0 age1861 qui reg syntheticT i.age1861 if base_sample==1, nocons estimates store BASEsynth coefplot (BASE, label("cohort-level effect (left axis)") ylabel(-0.2(0.1)0.5)) /// (BASEsynth, label("synthetic prob. of marrying at interruption (right axis)") axis(2) ylabel(5(5)25, axis(2)) offset(-0.05) recast(line) symbol(none)), /// drop(biorder hengpee pr4 ̇_cons 0.age1861 15.age1861 27.age1861 28.age1861 29.age1861 30.age1861 31.age1861 32.age1861 33.age1861 34.age1861 35.age1861) /// msymbol(d) mfcolor(white) levels(99 95 90) graphregion(color(white)) /// title("Baseline", color(black)) xtitle(age in 1861) ytitle("prob. of marrying a commoner") /// legend(on rows(2) region(lstyle(none))) /// xlabel(1 "16" 2 "17" 3 "18" 4 "19" 5 "20" 6 "21" 7 "22" 8 "23" 9 "24" 10 "25" 11 "26") /// yline(0) ylabel(-0.2(0.1)0.6) lpattern(dash) name(base, replace) vert baselevels * Panel B: placebo sort refno sample01 // drop observations in both baseline and placebo samples by refno: gen dup=_N by refno: drop if sample0[1]!= sample0[2] & dup>1 keep if nthismarr==1 drop age1861 // just for labelling purposes rename age1861_plac age1861 fvset base 16 age1861 qui probit cOut i.age1861 $controls i.sample01 if sample0=="placebo", cluster(byearclst) qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post estimates store PLAC coefplot (PLAC, label("cohort-level effect (left axis)") ylabel(-0.2(0.1)0.5)) /// (BASEsynth, label("synthetic prob. of marrying at interruption (right axis)") axis(2) ylabel(5(5)25, axis(2)) offset(-0.05) recast(line) symbol(none)), /// keep(16.age1861 17.age1861 18.age1861 19.age1861 20.age1861 21.age1861 22.age1861 23.age1861 24.age1861 25.age1861 26.age1861) /// msymbol(d) mfcolor(white) levels(99 95 90) graphregion(color(white)) /// title("Placebo", color(black)) xtitle(age in 1861-X) graphregion(color(white)) /// legend(on rows(2) region(lstyle(none))) /// xlabel(1 "16" 2 "17" 3 "18" 4 "19" 5 "20" 6 "21" 7 "22" 8 "23" 9 "24" 10 "25" 11 "26") /// yline(0) ylabel(-0.2(0.1)0.6) lpattern(dash) name(placebo, replace) vert baselevels * Figure: grc1leg base placebo, legendfrom(base) graphregion(color(white)) graph export "${dirresu}\Figure7.pdf", replace graph drop _all erase "${dirdata}\placebo-data.dta" * ============================================================================== * TABLE 3: * The Season's interruption and marriage outcomes, IV estimation. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import data and keep baseline sample use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear keep if base_sample==1 * IV regressions global controls pr4 biorder hengpee * [1] qui summ cOut local mdepvar = round(`r(mean)',0.01) qui reg mourn syntheticT $controls, cluster(byear) local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) qui cmp (cOut = mourn $controls) (mourn = syntheticT $controls), ind(4 1) cluster(byear) quietly qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_A", keep(mourn) nocons label dec(2) coefastr ctitle("M common") addtext(Weak iv p-val, ., Mean DV, `mdepvar') tex replace qui cmp (cOut = mourn $controls) (mourn = syntheticT $controls), ind(4 1) cluster(byear) quietly qui margins, dydx(*) predict(eq(#2)) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label dec(2) coefastr ctitle("M interr") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex replace * [2] qui summ cOut if distlondon!=. local mdepvar = round(`r(mean)',0.01) qui reg mourn syntheticT $controls distlondon, cluster(byear) local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) qui cmp (cOut = mourn $controls distlondon) (mourn = syntheticT $controls distlondon), ind(4 1) cluster(byear) quietly qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_A", keep(mourn) nocons label dec(2) coefastr ctitle("M common") addtext(Weak iv p-val, ., Mean DV, `mdepvar') tex qui cmp (cOut = mourn $controls distlondon) (mourn = syntheticT $controls distlondon), ind(4 1) cluster(byear) quietly qui margins, dydx(*) predict(eq(#2)) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label dec(2) coefastr ctitle("M interr") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex * [3] and [4] foreach x in "" distlondon{ qui reg mheir syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui summ mheir if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(`r(mean)',0.01) qui reg mourn syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) qui cmp (mheir = mourn $controls `x') (mourn = syntheticT $controls `x'), ind(4 1) cluster(byear) quietly qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_A", keep(mourn) nocons label dec(2) coefastr ctitle("M heir") addtext(Weak iv p-val, ., Mean DV, `mdepvar') tex qui cmp (mheir = mourn $controls `x') (mourn = syntheticT $controls `x'), ind(4 1) cluster(byear) quietly qui margins, dydx(*) predict(eq(#2)) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label dec(2) coefastr ctitle("M interr") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex } * [5] and [6] foreach x in "" distlondon{ qui reg fmissmatch syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui summ fmissmatch if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(`r(mean)',1) qui ivregress liml fmissmatch (mourn = syntheticT) $controls `x', cluster(byear) first qui weakiv, null(0) small local wivpv = round(e(ar_p), 0.01) qui reg mourn syntheticT $controls `x' if fmissmatch!=., cluster(byear) local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) qui ivregress liml fmissmatch (mourn = syntheticT) $controls `x', cluster(byear) outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_A", keep(mourn) nocons label dec(1) coefastr ctitle("Diff abs") addtext(Weak iv p-val, `wivpv', Mean DV, `mdepvar') tex qui cmp (fmissmatch = mourn $controls `x') (mourn = syntheticT $controls `x') if fmissmatch!=., ind(1 1) cluster(byear) quietly qui margins, dydx(*) predict(eq(#2)) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label dec(2) coefastr ctitle("M interr") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex } * [7] and [8] foreach x in "" distlondon{ qui reg fmissmatch2 syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui summ fmissmatch2 if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(`r(mean)',1) qui ivregress liml fmissmatch2 (mourn = syntheticT) $controls `x', cluster(byear) first qui weakiv, null(0) small local wivpv = round(e(ar_p), 0.01) qui reg mourn syntheticT $controls `x' if fmissmatch2!=., cluster(byear) local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) qui ivregress liml fmissmatch2 (mourn = syntheticT) $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui margins, dydx(*) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_A", keep(mourn) nocons label dec(1) coefastr ctitle("Diff h-w") addtext(Weak iv p-val, `wivpv', Mean DV, `mdepvar') tex qui cmp (fmissmatch2 = mourn $controls `x') (mourn = syntheticT $controls `x') if fmissmatch2!=., ind(1 1) cluster(byear) quietly qui margins, dydx(*) predict(eq(#2)) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label dec(2) coefastr ctitle("M interr") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex } * [9] and [10] foreach x in "" distlondon{ qui reg fdown syntheticT $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui summ fdown if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(`r(mean)',0.01) qui ivregress liml fdown (mourn = syntheticT) $controls `x', cluster(byear) qui weakiv, null(0) small local wivpv = round(e(ar_p), 0.01) qui reg mourn syntheticT $controls `x' if fdown!=., cluster(byear) local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) qui cmp (fdown = mourn $controls `x') (mourn = syntheticT $controls `x') if fdown!=., ind(4 1) cluster(byear) quietly qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_A", keep(mourn) nocons label dec(2) coefastr ctitle("M down") addtext(Weak iv p-val, `wivpv', Mean DV, `mdepvar') tex qui cmp (fdown = mourn $controls `x') (mourn = syntheticT $controls `x') if fdown!=., ind(4 1) cluster(byear) quietly qui margins, dydx(*) predict(eq(#2)) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table3_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label dec(2) coefastr ctitle("M interr") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex } * ============================================================================== * TABLE 4: * Contingency tables. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import data and keep baseline sample use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear keep if base_sample==1 * Treatment indicator for non-parametric analysis _pctile syntheticT, nq(100) gen treatment = (syntheticT > r(r80)) /* Note: For the non-parametric estimation, I compare a high- vs. a low-treatment cohort. The high-treatment cohort are women with a synthetic probability to marry during the interruption above 20 percent. This corresponds to the top quintile; the 20% of women with the highest synthetic probability to marry in 1861-63. Conversely, the low-treatment cohort are women below the top quintile. */ * Contingency tables label var grank "Wife" capture log close // save results in log file cd "${dirresu}" log using Table4.log, replace * Panel A: Low-Treatment cohorts (T < 80th percentile) tab grank grankspo if treatment==0, expected matcell(ofreqa) * Panel B: High-Treatment cohorts (T >= 80th percentile) tab grank grankspo if treatment==1, expected matcell(ofreqa) log close * ============================================================================== * TABLE 5: * The interruption and sorting by title, non-parametric estimates. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import data and keep baseline sample use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear keep if base_sample==1 * Treatment indicator for non-parametric analysis _pctile syntheticT, nq(100) gen treatment = (syntheticT > r(r80)) * Non-parametric stats forvalues i=0/1{ tab grank grankspo if treatment==`i', chi2 lrchi2 local chi2_`i' = r(chi2) local chi2LR_`i' = r(chi2_lr) local chi2p_`i' = r(p) local chi2LRp_`i' = r(p_lr) local df_`i' = e(df_r) local N`i' = r(N) ktau grank grankspo if treatment==`i', stats(taub) local taub_`i' = r(tau_b) local taubp_`i' = r(p) } * Add results to matrix tab5 mat define tab5 = (.,.,.\.,.,.\.,.,.\.,.,.\.,.,.\.,.,.\.,.,.) forvalues j =0/1{ local col = `j'+1 mat tab5[1,`col'] = `chi2_`j'' mat tab5[2,`col'] = `chi2p_`j'' mat tab5[3,`col'] = `chi2LR_`j'' mat tab5[4,`col'] = `chi2LRp_`j'' mat tab5[5,`col'] = `taub_`j'' mat tab5[6,`col'] = `taubp_`j'' mat tab5[7,`col'] = `N`j'' } mat tab5[5,3] = `taub_0'-`taub_1' mat tab5[7,3] = `N0'+`N1' * Difference chi-squared and LR-chi2 local chi2_diff = `chi2_0'-`chi2_1' local chi2_diffp = chi2tail(3,`chi2_diff') local chi2LR_diff = `chi2LR_0'-`chi2LR_1' local chi2LR_diffp = chi2tail(3,`chi2LR_diff') mat tab5[1,3] = `chi2_diff' mat tab5[2,3] = `chi2_diffp' mat tab5[3,3] = `chi2LR_diff' mat tab5[4,3] = `chi2LR_diffp' * Difference tau-b qui ktau grank grankspo if treatment==0 local convtaub_0 = sin(3.141592654*`r(tau_b)'*0.5) qui ktau grank grankspo if treatment==1 local convtaub_1 = sin(3.141592654*`r(tau_b)'*0.5) cortesti `convtaub_0' `N0' `convtaub_1' `N1' mat tab5[6,3] = 0.1637 * Table 5 mat colnames tab5 = "Low-treat" "High-treat" "Diff" mat rownames tab5 = "Pearson chi-squared" " p-val" "Likelihood ratio" " p-val" "Kendall rank correlation" " p-val" "N" mat list tab5 esttab matrix(tab5, fmt(3 3)) using "${dirresu}\Table5.tex", mlabel("Table 5") replace * ============================================================================== * FIGURE 8: * Sorting by landholdings, non-parametric estimation. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import data and keep baseline sample use "${dirdata}\final-data.dta", clear keep if base_sample==1 * Treatment indicator for non-parametric analysis _pctile syntheticT, nq(100) gen treatment = (syntheticT > r(r80)) count if fmissmatch!=. // sample (N=324) count if fmissmatch!=. & treatment==0 // Low-treatment (N=256) count if fmissmatch!=. & treatment==0 & age1861<22 // Low-treatment, younger (N=64) count if fmissmatch!=. & treatment==0 & age1861>22 // Low-treatment, older (N=192) * Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests gen treat2`x' = treatment // for High vs. younger comparison replace treat2 = . if treatment==0 & age1861>22 gen treat3 = treatment // for High vs. older comparison replace treat3 = . if treatment==0 & age1861<22 foreach x in "" 2{ sort fmissmatch`x' age1861 qui ksmirnov fmissmatch`x', by(treatment) exact local KS1`x' = round(`r(D)',0.01) local pval1`x' = round(`r(p_exact)',0.001) ksmirnov fmissmatch`x', by(treat2) exact local KS2`x' = round(`r(D)',0.01) local pval2`x' = round(`r(p_exact)',0.001) ksmirnov fmissmatch`x', by(treat3) exact local KS3`x' = round(`r(D)',0.01) local pval3`x' = round(`r(p_exact)',0.001) } * Figure, Panel A preserve sort fmissmatch age1861 cumul fmissmatch if treatment>0, gen(cumTREAT) cumul fmissmatch if treatment==0, gen(cumCONTROL) cumul fmissmatch if treatment==0 & age1861>22, gen(cumCONTROLold) cumul fmissmatch if treatment==0 & age1861<22, gen(cumCONTROLyoung) twoway (line cumTREAT fmissmatch, c(J) lwidth(thick) lcolor(red)) /// (line cumCONTROL fmissmatch, c(J) lwidth(thin) lcolor(blue)) /// (line cumCONTROLold fmissmatch, c(J) lwidth(thin) lpattern(dash) lcolor(emidblue)) /// (line cumCONTROLyoung fmissmatch, c(J) lwidth(thin) lpattern(solid) lcolor(emidblue)), /// xtitle("|wife's percentile rank of acres - husband's percentile rank of acres|", size(med)) /// ytitle("cumulative", size(med)) /// legend(on order(1 "High-Treatment (T{&ge}80p)" 2 "Low-Treatment (T<80p)" 3 "older" 4 "younger") rows(4) ring(0) position(5) bmargin(large) region(lstyle(none))) /// graphregion(color(white)) /// note("High vs low: KS = `KS1' (`pval1'); High vs younger: KS = `KS2' (`pval2'); High vs older: KS = `KS3' (`pval3')") graph export "${dirresu}\Figure8_A.pdf", as(pdf) replace restore * Figure, Panel B preserve sort fmissmatch2 age1861 cumul fmissmatch2 if treatment>0, gen(cumTREAT) cumul fmissmatch2 if treatment==0, gen(cumCONTROL) cumul fmissmatch2 if treatment==0 & age1861>22, gen(cumCONTROLold) cumul fmissmatch2 if treatment==0 & age1861<22, gen(cumCONTROLyoung) twoway (line cumTREAT fmissmatch2, c(J) lwidth(thick) lcolor(red)) /// (line cumCONTROL fmissmatch2, c(J) lwidth(thin) lcolor(blue)) /// (line cumCONTROLold fmissmatch2, c(J) lwidth(thin) lpattern(dash) lcolor(emidblue)) /// (line cumCONTROLyoung fmissmatch2, c(J) lwidth(thin) lpattern(solid) lcolor(emidblue)) /// (pcarrowi 0.95 -40 0.95 -60 "Marrying down", color(black)), /// xtitle("difference in acres' precentile rank (husband-wife)", size(med)) /// xline(0, lcolor(black) lwidth(thick)) ytitle("cumulative", size(med)) /// legend(on order(1 "High-Treat (T{&ge}80p.)" 2 "Low-Treat (T<80p.)" 3 "older" 4 "younger") rows(4) ring(0) position(5) bmargin(large) region(lstyle(none))) /// graphregion(color(white)) /// note("High vs low: KS = `KS12' (`pval12'); High vs younger: KS = `KS22' (`pval22'); High vs older: KS = `KS32' (`pval32')") graph export "${dirresu}\Figure8_B.pdf", as(pdf) replace restore * ============================================================================== * TABLE 6: * Women's marriages to commoners and her family's political power, IV estimation. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import data use "${dirdata}/final-data-sec4.dta", clear * Control variables: gen nsib2 = nsib^2 // Number of siblings squared global controlsb distlondon i.prank nsib nsib2 // controls for regressions with brothers global controlsh distlondon i.prank // controls for regressions with family heads global hechter propman100 logincome propcon propnonc relig // county controls from Hechter * Collapse data such that a woman (and her family) is the unit of observation encode fbio1, gen(nfam) // clusters at the family level collapse cOut syntheticT byear nfam d_MPb_aft d_MPf_bef MPb_years_aft MPf_years_bef d_MPb_locaft2 d_MPf_local2 MPb_years_locaft MPf_years_locbef d_MPh_aft d_MPh_bef MPh_years_aft MPh_years_bef /// biorder distlondon prank nsib nsib2 $hechter, by(refno) label var cOut "W married a commoner" * Col [1]: Any brother is MP after woman's marriage global polit d_MPb_aft global polbefore d_MPf_bef * CLR p-values qui ivprobit $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore, first twostep weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore, first vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) summ $polit if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),0.01) * Second stage coefficients qui cmp ($polit = cOut $hechter $controlsb $polbefore) (cOut = syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore), ind(4 1) quietly cluster(byear) qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_A", keep(cOut) nocons label nose dec(2) noas noobs /// ctitle("MP (b)") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Mean DP, `mdepvar', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex replace * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg cOut syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label noas nor2 dec(3) coefastr ctitle("M common") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex replace * Col [2]: Years MP after woman's marriage (brothers) global polit MPb_years_aft global polbefore MPf_years_bef * CLR p-values qui ivregress liml $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore, first qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore, first vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) summ $polit if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),0.01) * Second stage coefficients qui cmp ($polit = cOut $hechter $controlsb $polbefore) (cOut = syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore), ind(1 1) quietly cluster(byear) qui margins, dydx(*) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_A", keep(cOut) nocons label nose dec(2) noas noobs /// ctitle("Years (b)") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Mean DP, `mdepvar', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg cOut syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label noas nor2 dec(3) coefastr ctitle("M common") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex * Col [3]: Any brother is local MP after woman's marriage global polit d_MPb_locaft2 global polbefore d_MPf_local2 * CLR p-values qui ivprobit $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore, first twostep qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore, first vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) summ $polit if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),0.01) * Second stage coefficients qui cmp ($polit = cOut $hechter $controlsb $polbefore) (cOut = syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore), ind(4 1) quietly cluster(byear) qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_A", keep(cOut) nocons label nose dec(2) noas noobs /// ctitle("local MP (b)") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Mean DP, `mdepvar', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg cOut syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label noas nor2 dec(3) coefastr ctitle("M common") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex * Col [4]: Years local MP after woman's marriage (brothers) global polit MPb_years_locaft global polbefore MPf_years_locbef * CLR p-values qui ivregress liml $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore, first qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore, vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) summ $polit if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),0.01) * Second stage coefficients qui cmp ($polit = cOut $hechter $controlsb $polbefore) (cOut = syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore), ind(1 1) quietly cluster(byear) qui margins, dydx(*) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_A", keep(cOut) nocons label nose dec(3) noas noobs /// ctitle("lyears (b)") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Mean DP, `mdepvar', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg cOut syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label noas nor2 dec(3) coefastr ctitle("M common") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex * Col [5]: Family head is MP after woman's marriage global polit d_MPh_aft global polbefore d_MPh_bef * CLR p-values qui ivprobit $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore, first twostep qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore, vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) summ $polit if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),0.01) * Second stage coefficients qui cmp ($polit = cOut $hechter $controlsh $polbefore) (cOut = syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsh $polbefore), ind(4 1) quietly cluster(byear) qui margins, dydx(*) predict(pr) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_A", keep(cOut) nocons label nose dec(2) noas noobs /// ctitle("MP (h)") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Mean DP, `mdepvar', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg cOut syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsh $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label noas nor2 dec(3) coefastr ctitle("M common") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex * Col [6]: Years MP after woman's marriage (family head) global polit MPh_years_aft global polbefore MPh_years_bef * CLR p-values qui ivregress liml $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore, first // qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml $polit (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore, vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) summ $polit if e(sample)==1 local mdepvar = round(r(mean),0.01) * Second stage coefficients qui cmp ($polit = cOut $hechter $controlsb $polbefore) (cOut = syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore), ind(1 1) quietly cluster(byear) qui margins, dydx(*) post outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_A", keep(cOut) nocons label nose dec(2) noas noobs /// ctitle("Years (h)") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Mean DP, `mdepvar', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg cOut syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsh $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.1) outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table6_B", keep(syntheticT) nocons label noas nor2 dec(3) coefastr ctitle("M common") addtext(F-stat, `F1') tex * ============================================================================== * TABLE 7: * Determinants of investments in state education, IV estimation. * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Import data use "${dirdata}/final-data-sec4.dta", clear * Control variables: gen nsib2 = nsib^2 // Number of siblings squared global controlsrf distlondon i.prank // controls for reduced-form effect global controlsb distlondon i.prank nsib nsib2 // controls for regressions with brothers global controlsh distlondon i.prank // controls for regressions with family heads global hechter propman100 logincome propcon propnonc relig // county controls from Hechter encode fbio1, gen(nfam) // clusters at the family level label var cOut "W married a commoner" /* Note: Panel B results for p-values (parenthesis) and CLR p-values adjusted for weak instruments [brackets] are in one column in the paper, in two columns in the table produced by this code. */ * Col [1]: Reduced-form effect * CLR p-values qui ivregress liml rateperpou (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsrf , first qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml rateperpou (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsrf , first vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * Second-stage coefficients qui ivregress liml rateperpou (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsrf , first outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_A", keep(cOut) stats(coef) nocons label noobs dec(2) noas /// ctitle("tax rate") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex replace * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg cOut syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsrf local F1 = round(e(F),0.01) qui ivreg2 rateperpound (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsrf , first savefirst est restore _ivreg2_cOut outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) replace tex ctitle("M common") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, .) qui ivreg2 rateperpound (cOut = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsrf , first cluster(nfam) savefirst est restore _ivreg2_cOut outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("M common") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) bracket addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, family) * Col [2]: Any brother is MP after marriage global polit d_MPb_aft global polbefore d_MPf_bef * CLR p-values qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * Second-stage coefficients qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_A", keep($polit) stats(coef) nocons label noobs dec(2) noas /// ctitle("tax rate") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg $polit syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.01) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first savefirst est restore _ivreg2_d_MPb_aft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("MP (b)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, .) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first cluster(nfam) savefirst est restore _ivreg2_d_MPb_aft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("MP (b)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) bracket addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, family) * Col [3]: Years brother is MP after marriage global polit MPb_years_aft global polbefore MPf_years_bef * CLR p-values qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * Second-stage coefficients qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_A", keep($polit) stats(coef) nocons label noobs dec(2) noas /// ctitle("tax rate") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg $polit syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.01) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first savefirst est restore _ivreg2_MPb_years_aft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("Years MP (b)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, .) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first cluster(nfam) savefirst est restore _ivreg2_MPb_years_aft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("Years MP (b)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) bracket addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, family) * Col [4]: Any brother is local MP after marriage global polit d_MPb_locaft global polbefore d_MPf_local * CLR p-values qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * Second-stage coefficients qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_A", keep($polit) stats(coef) nocons label noobs dec(2) noas /// ctitle("tax rate") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg $polit syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.01) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first savefirst est restore _ivreg2_d_MPb_locaft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("local MP (b)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, .) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first cluster(nfam) savefirst est restore _ivreg2_d_MPb_locaft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("local MP (b)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) bracket addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, family) * Col [5]: Years brother is local MP after marriage global polit MPb_years_locaft global polbefore MPf_years_locbef * CLR p-values qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * Second-stage coefficients qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_A", keep($polit) stats(coef) nocons label noobs dec(2) noas /// ctitle("tax rate") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg $polit syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsb $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.01) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first savefirst est restore _ivreg2_MPb_years_locaft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("local years (b)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, .) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsb $polbefore , first cluster(nfam) savefirst est restore _ivreg2_MPb_years_locaft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("local years (b)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) bracket addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, family) * Col [6]: Family head is local MP after marriage global polit d_MPh_aft global polbefore d_MPh_bef * CLR p-values qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore , first qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore , first vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * Second-stage coefficients qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore , first outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_A", keep($polit) stats(coef) nocons label noobs dec(2) noas /// ctitle("tax rate") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg $polit syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsh $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.01) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore , first savefirst est restore _ivreg2_d_MPh_aft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("MP (h)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, .) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore , first cluster(nfam) savefirst est restore _ivreg2_d_MPh_aft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("MP (h)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) bracket addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, family) * Col [7]: Years family head is local MP after marriage global polit MPh_years_aft global polbefore MPh_years_bef * CLR p-values qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore , first qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR1 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * CLR p-values clustered by family qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore , first vce(cluster nfam) local Nbobs = `e(N)' // just so that N appears after CLR p-values in table qui weakiv, null(0) small local CLR2 = round(e(clr_p), 0.001) * Second-stage coefficients qui ivregress liml rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore , first outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_A", keep($polit) stats(coef) nocons label noobs dec(2) noas /// ctitle("tax rate") addtext(CLR-pval, `CLR1', CLR-pval 2, `CLR2', Nb observations, `Nbobs') tex * First stage coefs in Panel B qui reg $polit syntheticT biorder $hechter $controlsh $polbefore local F1 = round(e(F),0.01) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore , first savefirst est restore _ivreg2_MPh_years_aft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("Years MP (h)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, .) qui ivreg2 rateperpou ($polit = syntheticT biorder) $hechter $controlsh $polbefore , first cluster(nfam) savefirst est restore _ivreg2_MPh_years_aft outreg2 using "${dirresu}\Table7_B", keep(syntheticT) tex ctitle("Years MP (h)") label dec(3) noaster nocons nor2 stats(coef pval) bracket addtext(F-stat, `F1', cluster, family)