********** * Immigration and Redistribution * Alesina, Miano, Stantcheva * RESTUD * This file generates the variables for the actual statistics on immigrants and non-immigrants (natives) and computes misperceptions (perceived - actual) * See the Appendix for all the details on the sources and computations of the actual statistics ********** ** Share of foreign-born *** gen share_foreign=. la var share_foreign "Actual share of foreign born" replace share_foreign=14.8 if country=="DE" replace share_foreign=12.2 if country=="FR" replace share_foreign=10 if country=="IT" replace share_foreign=13.4 if country=="UK" replace share_foreign=10 if country=="US" replace share_foreign=17.6 if country=="SE" ** Share of second-generation immigrants *** gen share_second_gen=. la var share_second_gen "Actual share of second-gen. immigrants" replace share_second_gen=7.4 if country=="DE" replace share_second_gen=11 if country=="FR" replace share_second_gen=2.4 if country=="IT" replace share_second_gen=9.2 if country=="UK" replace share_second_gen=15.4 if country=="US" // Also including 3.5 illegal immigrants replace share_second_gen=13 if country=="SE" ********** * Share of immigrants from each area gen share_NA=. la var share_NA "Actual share imm. from North America" gen share_LA=. la var share_LA "Actual share imm. from Latin America" gen share_WE=. la var share_WE "Actual share imm. from Western Europe" gen share_EE=. la var share_EE "Actual share imm. from Eastern Europe" gen share_NAF=. la var share_NAF "Actual share imm. from North Africa" gen share_SA=. la var share_SA "Actual share imm. from Sub-Saharan Africa" gen share_ME=. la var share_ME "Actual share imm. from Middle East" gen share_A=. la var share_A "Actual share imm. from Asia" gen share_O=. la var share_O "Actual share imm. from Oceania" * United States replace share_NA=2.3 if country=="US" replace share_LA=42.3 if country=="US" replace share_WE=7.7 if country=="US" replace share_EE=6.1 if country=="US" replace share_NAF=0.3 if country=="US" replace share_SA=4.8 if country=="US" replace share_ME=4.1 if country=="US" replace share_A=32.1 if country=="US" replace share_O=0.7 if country=="US" * UK replace share_NA=2.3 if country=="UK" replace share_LA=3.9 if country=="UK" replace share_WE=19.0 if country=="UK" replace share_EE=20.0 if country=="UK" replace share_NAF=0.9 if country=="UK" replace share_SA=16.0 if country=="UK" replace share_ME=5.1 if country=="UK" replace share_A=30.1 if country=="UK" replace share_O=2.28 if country=="UK" * Italy replace share_NA=0.9 if country=="IT" replace share_LA=9.1 if country=="IT" replace share_WE=14.3 if country=="IT" replace share_EE=38.1 if country=="IT" replace share_NAF=10.2 if country=="IT" replace share_SA=8.2 if country=="IT" replace share_ME=2.9 if country=="IT" replace share_A=15.9 if country=="IT" replace share_O=0.4 if country=="IT" * France replace share_NA=1 if country=="FR" replace share_LA=3.4 if country=="FR" replace share_WE=29.3 if country=="FR" replace share_EE=5.2 if country=="FR" replace share_NAF=35.3 if country=="FR" replace share_SA=13.1 if country=="FR" replace share_ME=5.6 if country=="FR" replace share_A=7.3 if country=="FR" replace share_O=0.2 if country=="FR" * Germany replace share_NA=1.1 if country=="DE" replace share_LA=3.2 if country=="DE" replace share_WE=14.9 if country=="DE" replace share_EE=42.6 if country=="DE" replace share_NAF=1.5 if country=="DE" replace share_SA=2.3 if country=="DE" replace share_ME=17.3 if country=="DE" replace share_A=15.9 if country=="DE" replace share_O=0.1 if country=="DE" * Sweden replace share_NA=1.4 if country=="SE" replace share_LA=5.5 if country=="SE" replace share_WE=23.6 if country=="SE" replace share_EE=22.2 if country=="SE" replace share_NAF=1.2 if country=="SE" replace share_SA=9.1 if country=="SE" replace share_ME=23.8 if country=="SE" replace share_A=12.4 if country=="SE" replace share_O=0.31 if country=="SE" ************* * Share of immigrants - Religion gen share_christian=. gen share_muslim=. label var share_muslim "Actual Share Muslims" label var share_christian "Actual Share Christians" * United States replace share_christian=61 if country=="US" replace share_muslim=10 if country=="US" * UK replace share_christian=58 if country=="UK" replace share_muslim=23 if country=="UK" * France replace share_christian=43 if country=="FR" replace share_muslim=48 if country=="FR" * Italy replace share_christian=57 if country=="IT" replace share_muslim=33 if country=="IT" * Germany replace share_christian=51 if country=="DE" replace share_muslim=30 if country=="DE" * Sweden replace share_christian=61 if country=="SE" replace share_muslim=27 if country=="SE" * Immigrants' unemployment rate gen unemp_imm=. la var unemp_imm "Actual immigrant's unemployment rate" replace unemp_imm=6.9 if country=="DE" replace unemp_imm=16.6 if country=="FR" replace unemp_imm=14.7 if country=="IT" replace unemp_imm=5.7 if country=="UK" replace unemp_imm=5.5 if country=="US" replace unemp_imm=16.1 if country=="SE" * Highly educated immigrats gen higheduc_imm=. la var higheduc_imm "Actual share of highly educated immigrants" replace higheduc_imm=22.3 if country=="DE" replace higheduc_imm=28.8 if country=="FR" replace higheduc_imm=11.7 if country=="IT" replace higheduc_imm=48.8 if country=="UK" replace higheduc_imm=41.4 if country=="US" replace higheduc_imm=37.9 if country=="SE" * Low educated immigrats gen loweduc_imm=. la var loweduc_imm "Actual share of low educated immigrants" replace loweduc_imm=35.1 if country=="DE" replace loweduc_imm=39.1 if country=="FR" replace loweduc_imm=49.1 if country=="IT" replace loweduc_imm=16.6 if country=="UK" replace loweduc_imm=22.0 if country=="US" replace loweduc_imm=33.7 if country=="SE" * Immigrants' poverty rate gen poverty_imm=. la var poverty_imm "Actual immigrants' poverty rate" replace poverty_imm=20.5 if country=="DE" replace poverty_imm=23.8 if country=="FR" replace poverty_imm=34.9 if country=="IT" replace poverty_imm=19 if country=="UK" replace poverty_imm=13.6 if country=="US" replace poverty_imm=29.8 if country=="SE" **** * Natives' unemployment rate *** gen unemp_nat=. la var unemp_nat "Actual natives' unemployment rate" replace unemp_nat=3.8 if country=="DE" replace unemp_nat=9.1 if country=="FR" replace unemp_nat=11.2 if country=="IT" replace unemp_nat=4.9 if country=="UK" replace unemp_nat=5.2 if country=="US" replace unemp_nat=5.1 if country=="SE" * Highly educated natives gen higheduc_nat=. la var higheduc_nat "Actual share of highly educated natives" replace higheduc_nat=24.9 if country=="DE" replace higheduc_nat=31.2 if country=="FR" replace higheduc_nat=16.3 if country=="IT" replace higheduc_nat=36 if country=="UK" replace higheduc_nat=40.8 if country=="US" replace higheduc_nat=34.6 if country=="SE" * Low educated natives gen loweduc_nat=. la var loweduc_nat "Actual share of low educated natives" replace loweduc_nat=16.3 if country=="DE" replace loweduc_nat=23.4 if country=="FR" replace loweduc_nat=40.4 if country=="IT" replace loweduc_nat=21.3 if country=="UK" replace loweduc_nat=11.9 if country=="US" replace loweduc_nat=17.6 if country=="SE" * Natives' poverty rate gen poverty_nat=. la var poverty_nat "Actual natives' poverty rate" replace poverty_nat=16.3 if country=="DE" replace poverty_nat=10.7 if country=="FR" replace poverty_nat=17.5 if country=="IT" replace poverty_nat=14.5 if country=="UK" replace poverty_nat=10.5 if country=="US" replace poverty_nat=12 if country=="SE" * Gen misperception variables (guessed - real --> negative for understatement, positive for overstatement) * * Share, origin, religion of immigrants foreach g in foreign NA LA WE EE NAF SA ME A O ch mu{ gen mis_share_`g' = perc_share_`g' - share_`g' } * Unemployment, education, poverty of immigrants and natives foreach g in imm nat{ foreach s in unemp higheduc loweduc poverty{ gen mis_`s'_`g' = perc_`s'_`g' - `s'_`g' } } gen mis_unemp_imm_nn=perc_unemp_imm-unemp_imm gen mis_higheduc_imm_nn=perc_higheduc_imm-higheduc_imm gen mis_loweduc_imm_nn=perc_loweduc_imm-loweduc_imm gen mis_poverty_imm_nn=perc_poverty_imm-poverty_imm * Grouped origins * Middle East + North Africa gen mis_share_ME_NAF = mis_share_ME + mis_share_NAF * North America + Western and Eastern Europe gen mis_share_NA_WE_EE = mis_share_NA + mis_share_WE + mis_share_EE * Europe gen mis_share_E = mis_share_WE + mis_share_EE gen perc_share_E = perc_share_WE + perc_share_EE * Africa gen mis_share_AF = mis_share_NAF + mis_share_SA gen perc_share_AF = perc_share_NAF + perc_share_SA * Asia gen mis_share_AS = mis_share_A + mis_share_ME gen perc_share_AS = perc_share_A + perc_share_ME * Gen misperception relative to first and second generation immigrants gen share_foreign2= share_foreign + share_second_gen gen mis_share_foreign2 = perc_share_foreign - share_foreign2 *Relabel variables label var mis_share_foreign "Misperception of the share of immigrants" label var mis_share_NA "Misperception of the share of immigrants from North America" label var mis_share_LA "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Latin America" label var mis_share_WE "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Western Europe" label var mis_share_EE "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Eastern Europe" label var mis_share_NAF "Misperception of the share of immigrants from North Africa" label var mis_share_SA "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Sub-saharian Africa" label var mis_share_ME "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Middle East" label var mis_share_A "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Asia" label var mis_share_O "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Oceania" label var mis_share_ch "Misperception of the share of christian immigrants" label var mis_share_mu "Misperception of the share of muslim immigrants" label var mis_unemp_imm "Misperception of the share of unemployed immigrants" label var mis_higheduc_imm "Misperception of the share of high-educated immigrants" label var mis_loweduc_imm "Misperception of the share of low-educated immigrants" label var mis_poverty_imm "Misperception of the share of immigrants living below the poverty threshold" label var mis_unemp_nat "Misperception of the share of unemployed natives" label var mis_higheduc_nat "Misperception of the share of high-educated natives" label var mis_loweduc_nat "Misperception of the share of low-educated natives" label var mis_poverty_nat "Misperception of the share of natives living below the poverty threshold" label var mis_share_ME_NAF "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Middle East and North Africa" label var mis_share_NA_WE_EE "Misperception of the share of immigrants from North America, Western and Eastern Europe" label var mis_share_E "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Europe" label var perc_share_E "Perceived share of immigrants from Europe" label var mis_share_AF "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Africa" label var perc_share_AF "Perceived share of immigrants from Africa" label var mis_share_AS "Misperception of the share of immigrants from Asia and Middle East" label var perc_share_AS "Perceived share of immigrants from Asia and Middle East" label var share_foreign2 "Actual share of immigrants from first and second generations" label var mis_share_foreign2 "Misperception of the actual share of immigrants from first and second generations" label var mis_unemp_imm_nn "Misperception of the number of unemployed immigrants" label var mis_higheduc_imm_nn "Misperception of the number of high-educated immigrants" label var mis_loweduc_imm_nn "Misperception of the number of low-educated immigrants" label var mis_poverty_imm_nn "Misperception of the number of immigrants under the poverty threshold"