Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: h These two sounds, which are far removed from each other from the articulatory point of view, are otherwise quite close in Runyakitara.

Response: /p/


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: t,d,ts and s

Response: t,d,ts


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ts sound, on the other hand, is not widely used in Runyakitara.

Response: ts


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ts sound is replaced either by s

Response: ts


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ky or hy

Response: ky


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ts in Rutooro could be heard particularly among the youth in words such as:

Response: ts


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: I,f,Y, and rr

Response: I,f,Y


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: rr These sounds are very frequent in Runyakitara particularly [f].

Response: rr


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: [r] even more frequently.

Response: [r]


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: rr, on the other hand, or the rolled r

Response: rr


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: [l], it can be said that this is practically non-existent among Runyankore speakers.

Response: [l]


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: [l] is used as in RunyoroRutooro although many Bakiga believe they do not have it simply because it is not in the Runyankore-Rukiga orthography.

Response: [l]


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: like omubiri (body), pronounced [omubifi] or e….e

Response: i….i,


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: (Rn/Rt) (frog), pronounced [ekikefe] and many other possible environments.

Response: (Rn/Rt)


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: rr - also called a trill - is concerned, as mentioned earlier, it is most widely used among the Rutooro speakers but can also be found in other cases.

Response: rr


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: rr is clearly distinctive as can be attested by the following examples:

Response: rr


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: rr in Rutooro is translated.

Response: rr


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: [r] is heard in Runyoro and Rutooro but in different conditions.

Response: [r]


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: [r], like in omunyoro [omunoro] rather than [omunofo]; that is, as [r]

Response: [r]


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: rr such that instead of [omuurro] (fire), one sometimes hears [omuиr].

Response: rr


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: fvfv structure is concerned, the rolled r

Response: fvfv


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: {f∼f∨fv} but has undergone change to {fvfv}

Response: {f∼f∨fv}


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: l,f,rr and r

Response: l,f,rr


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: rr, only the first r

Response: rr


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: hy in Runyoro-Rutooro is more complex than is shown in the chart above.

Response: hy


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: hy, which is close to a velar fricative +y

Response: hy


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: +y, something like: omuXyo (the sound often heard among some Basoga speakers, in Lumasaba or in Luluya).

Response: +y


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: zh ' would have better represented the sound 3 in Runyankore-Rukiga orthography than the present j

Response: zh


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: c,j,ky and gy

Response: c,j,ky


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: gy The palatal sounds c

Response: gy


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ky ' or ' gy

Response: ky


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: gy ' to show palatalisation.

Response: gy


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: k+i or g+i

Response: k+i


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: g+i, however, the letter ' y

Response: g+i


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ky and gy

Response: ky


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: gy are usually not heard.

Response: gy


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: [k v ] and [gv]

Response: [kv]


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: v ], that is, k

Response: [g


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ky and gy

Response: ky


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: gy can also be applied to the pronunciation of ki

Response: gy


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ki and gi

Response: ki


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: gi, which are pronounced as full palatals by Rukiga speakers and many Runyankore speakers but as palatalised velars by a few Runyankore speakers.

Response: gi


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ei,oi and ai

Response: ei,oi


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ai for Ry/Rk

Response: ai


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: Ry/Rk, and oi

Response: Ry/Rk


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: oi and ai for

Response: oi


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ai for Rn/Rt

Response: ai


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ei is often used as a class prefix, where, in Rutooro, the prefix i

Response: ei


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ai  is often pronounced as ei‾

Response: ai‾


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ei seems to be restricted to the presence of the reflexible −e

Response: ei


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: −e - in the verb:

Response: −e


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: oi is frequent, particularly in Runyoro-Rutooro:

Response: oi


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: p,b,β,m and w.b

Response: p,b,β,m


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: w.b and β

Response: w.b


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: β/b can be considered as distinct phonemes because there exists at least one minimal pair:

Response: β/b


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: p/b/p/ and /b/(orβ)

Response: p/b/p/


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: βamba to crucify (e) mamba type of fish (eki)

Response: βamba


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: βuga town (eki) muga disabled person

Response: βuga


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: (Rn/Rt) wine ediini religion

Response: (Rn/Rt)


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: t,d,ts,n,l,f,rr,Y,s,z,∫ and 3 .

Response: t,d,ts,n,l,f,rr,Y,s,z,∫


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ts is not a distinct phoneme since it occurs in free variation with s

Response: ts


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: is also a distinct phoneme:

Response: /n/


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: and /z/ are also distinct phonemes.

Response: /s/


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: ts is a free variant of s

Response: ts


Instruction: Translate the following English sentence to Rutooro: h./c/ and /j/

Response: h./c/