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Continue the following story in Rutooro: Engeso Zaitu ez'Obuhangwa Kikahandiikwa
Y. R. K. MULINDWA
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V. K. K. G. KAGORO Fountain Publishers P. O. Box 488 Kampala Tel: 256-(41)259163/241112 Fax: 251160 E-mail: fountain@starcom.co.ug (C) Y. R. K. Mulindwa, V. K. K. G. Kagoro 1968 First published 1968 Fountain edition 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or other means now known or hereafter invented, including copying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Runyoro-Rutooro Our Traditions and Customs This book was recommended for publication as a reader as well as a text for Runyoro-Rutooro Teachers in Primary Schools and Teacher Training Colleges and for adult education by the Runyoro-Rutooro Language and Literature Committee after consultation with and zealous work on it by Mr. L. T. Rubongoya, the final reader of the Committee's manuscripts. EBIRUMU Orupapura Okuranga.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ekicweka kya Kasatu Okurolerra Amagana .. ..... 39 Amata .. ..... 44 Okwecumira Amata .. ..... 45 Okuterura Amata .. ..... 48 OkucundaAmata .. ..... 48 Enjuba .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... 49 Enkoko .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 Embuzi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51 Entaama .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51 Embwa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 Ekicweka kya Kana Ebimu ha bisoro by'omu kisaka hamu n'eby'omu maka ..... 53 Ebinyonyi eby'omu kisaka .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 Beene Baabu Munya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 Enjoka.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 Enseenene.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 Enzige .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 Ebihuka nyakabara .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 Ebikubyo by'Ebisoro n'Ebihuka .. .. .. .. .. 58 Ebigambo Abantu ebi beesisaniriza okuba omu maraka g'Ebisoro n'Ebinyonyi .. .. .. .. 63 Ekicweka kya Kataano Amaka ag'omu businge bwa Ira.. ..... 69 Okuswera kwa Ira.. .. ..... 70 Engoma Nyabahuma .. .. .. .. .. ..... 74 Okulemwa kw'Abakazi aba Ira.. .. .. .. ..... 76 Emigenzo y'Abaana.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... 77 Amabara g'Abantu n'amakuru gaago .. .. .. .. ..... 81 Empaako.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ekicweka kya Mukaaga Okusiga Oburo.. .. .. .. .. .. 102 Embibo z'ebintu ebitali bimu.. .. .. .. 103 Amabara g'Ebitooke.. .. .. .. .. 107 Ebikwatwa omu Bairu .. .. .. .. .. 107 Ebikwatwa omu Bahuma .. .. .. .. .. 108 Ebisaka.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 109 OKURANGA Okumara obusumi bwingi abeegesa baingi ab'OrunyoroOrutooro mu Primary Schools n'omu Teacher Training Colleges babaire nibasanga obulemeezi bwingi omu kwegesa orulimi runu habw'ibura ly'ebitabu ebirukubazaaho ebintu ebi barukuragirwa kwegesa. Twina okusemererwa okubarangira okuturuka kw'ekitabu kinu eki turukunihira ngu nikiija kumaraho obulemeezi bwanyu obu mubaire mwina okumara obusumi bwingi. Tikiina mugaso okugarukamu omuhandiiki w'ekitabu kinu ebi amazire kugamba, baitu ky'amananu okugamba tuti: gunu nugwo, omurundi ogubandize ebintu by'omu ihanga lyaitu okubazibwaho omu mulingo ogwijuliire kimu biti. Omuto n'omukuru, omusaija n'omukazi ow'omu Bunyoro n'omu Tooro hamu na bagenzi baitu ab'omu mahanga agandi agatuheriire, boona nibaija kusanga omuhimbo omu kusoma ha ngeso zaitu ez'obuhangwa ezinyakurumu ebintu ebirukukwata ha kutandika kw'obukama bwa Tooro, enganda, okurolerra amagana, okuswera okwa ira hamu n'ebyokulya byaitu. Ekirukumanyisa ngu ekitabu kinu tikirukwija kuba ky'omugaso ha baana ab'omu masomero bonka, baitu na ha buli muntu weena anyakugonza kusoma ebitabu by'enzaarwa aheeru y'amasomero; kukira muno aheeru y'amasomero ekitabu kinu nikiija kuba ky'okusoma eky'omugaso hali abantu bakuru abaakaruga kwega okusoma bwino hamu n'okuhandiika. Nitubagondeza okusemererwa omu kusoma kwanyu. Y. B. M. Rubombora, Secretary, Runyoro- Rutooro, Language and Literature Committee June 11, 1965 ENTANDIKO Nkatandika kwijwamu ekiteekerezo ky'okuhandiika ekitabu ha ngeso n'ebiteekerezo by'abantu ab'omu ihanga lyaitu obu nkaba ndi mwana ninsoma. Okubanza nkaba n'okusemererwa habw'ebintu ebyakorwaga ekiro omuka y'owaitu. Twaikarraaga n'abaana bagenzi bange tukoikya, rundi tuganikya. Okuruga ha kyoto aho nabyamaga nkyanganukire muno. Hanyuma obu nagenzire ninkura natandika kusemerererwa orubazo rw'abasaija bakuru nibahanuura ebya ira, kyonka nkazoora ngu haroho n'abakuru abandi abatamanya kuhanuura. Okusoma ebitabu by'ebyafaayo n'enganikyo omu ndimi ezindi kikaanyolekera kimu nkooku na itwe abantu ab'omu ihanga linu twina ibanja ly'okuhandiika ebintu by'ensi yaitu. Ebyafaayo nibyo byoleka ngu ensi nanka okuruga obusumi nanka yakoraga ebintu nanka rundi ekaba eri omu mulingo nanka. Omubusumi bunu abamanyire ebya ira nibagenda nibakeeha kandi abaana abato tibaina mwanya gw'okwikara omuka kubanza kumanya eby'engeso z'abantu b'ihanga lyabo. Obu bagenda omu masomero batandika kusoma ebintu ebindi eby'amagezi. Ekirukumanyisa ngu hanyuma y'emyaka nyingi baijukuru baitu ab'obusumi burukwija baliba beegesiibwe muno, baitu tibaliba n'ekyokwijukirahoga engeso y'abaisenkurubo n'amatembero g'okukura kw'ensi yaabo oku gaagenzire nigahonderana. Abeegesa baitu batugambira ngu omuntu atamanyire engeso z'ensi y'owaabu tatunga ky'okulengesaniza nakyo, obu arora ekikozirwe ab'ihanga erindi. Ekindi omuntu ogu taba n'eky'okunyimirizaaho ihanga lye. Abanyamahanga abagenyi basobora kumukaguza ebintu nibimulema kubibasoboorra bakeetegereza kurungi. Nahabweki nyina okunihira nti ekitabu kinu kiraakoonyeraho kake okwihaho obulemeezi bunu obutegeriize abaana baitu ab'omu biro by'omumaiso. Ninsiima n'obuculeezi abantu ab'embabazi abampaire ebintu by'okuhandiika ab'omu biikaro ebitali bimu. Okukira muno ninsiima omugurusi wange n'omukaikuru wange abaarugireho habw'okunyeekambisa n'okumbaliza eby'okuhandiika, kandi ninsiima n'abantu b'omuka y'owaitu abato n'abakuru abampaire hamu n'okunsorooleza ebyokuhandiika kumara omwanya mukooto. Hanu nyina okusemererwa okubamanyisa mugenzi wange Kagoro ou tuhandiikire hamu ekitabu kinu. Ningumya habw'okwehayo kwe okugenda emihanda nyingi kusorooza eby'okuhandiika n'okunyeekambisa omu rubazo rwe, nuho harugire omulimo gunu kuhwa. Niinyongera kusiima n'okuhaisaniza obantu boona abampaire eby'okuhandiika. Noobu ndaaba ntoolekere ibara Iya buli omu, baitu abarungi boona tiinyina ou nagire. Ninsiima muno obukoonyezi bw'EkitongoIe ky'Ebyengesa hamu n'Ekitebe ky'Ebyenkiraanura y'Okuhandiika OrunyoroOrutooro habw'okugarukamu kutereekereza empandiika n'okuteera ebigambo omu taipu. Abaana abarukwija kusoma ebintu ebiri omu kitabu kinu nitubagondeza okuruga hansi baina omuhimbo n'okutamu ekitiinisa engeso y'ihanga Iyabu. Omu kumaliriiza kambamanyise nti ekitabu kinu kihandi ikirwe habw'okwijukirahoga engonzi enyingi ezi ngonzaamu EKA Y'OWAITU N'IHANGA LYANGE TOORO. Y. R. K. Mulindwa EKICWEKA KY'OKUBANZA OKUTANDIKA KW'ABULEMI BW'ABABIITO Ensi ira ekabanza kulemwa Abatembuzi, hanyuma Abacwezi, mubwo haakurataho Ababiito. Banu nubo abakama abatembuzi (ikumi na munaana, oruganda rwabo Bagabu kandi owa hampero owa ikumi na mwenda oruganda rwe Muranzi. Akateera engoma Isaza Waraga Rugambanabato obu yabuliire okuzimu owa Nyamiyonga): Kintu Kakama Twale Hangi Ira lya Hangi Kazooba ka Hangi Nyamuhanga Nkya I Nkya II Baaba Omukama Bukuku akaitwa omwijukuru Ndahura nubwo yayeteeka hakitebe kye. Nyina Ndahura nuwe yali Nyinamwiru muhara wa Bukuku kandi ise yali Mucwezi ibara lye Isimbwa. Banu nubo abakama Abacwezi: Ndahura yaikaraga Mubende (Buganda) Wamara yaikaraga Bwera (Buganda) Abacwezi obu baizirwemu omugayo n'ebibi, bakeegoromora, ensi baagisigira abaana baazaire Bukidi okugirema. Abaana banu bakazaarwa omucwezi Kyomya hali omukazi Nyatworo Omukidikati, oruganda rwe Mukwongakati naazira engabi. Ganu nugo amabara gaabo: Nyarwa Rukidi Labongo Mpuuga Barongo Kato Kimera Kiiza Abaana banu baali Bacwezi kyonka bakeetwa Babiito habw'omuti Biito. Nyatworo obu yatwekerwe ise yamwombekera akaju omu zigati ha muti Biito. Nubwo abantu baatandika kugamba bati "abaana ba Biito", "aba Biito". Abacwezi bakasiga baaragira abafumu Karongo na Nyakooka okugenda Bukidi kutabarra Ababiito abo. Obu baizire, Rukidi Mpuuga nuwe yateera engoma yaba Mukama wa Bunyoro kandi yagabira bagenzi be ensi kulema nk'abaamasaza be. Nyarwa akajwekwa obw'Okwiri, Kato Kimera yaheebwa okulema Muhwahwa (Buganda) kandi Kiiza yalema Busoga. Hanyuma Kato Kimera akaba Mukama wa Buganda tiyagaruka okulemwa Omukama wa Bunyoro. Okuruga ha Mukama Rukidi Mpuuga okuhika hali Omukama Tito Gafabusa Winyi IV C.B.E., Bunyoro yakahikya abakama abiri na mukaaga. Kandi okuruga hali Kato Kimera okuhika hali Kabaka Muteesa II Buganda yakahikya abakama asatu n'omu. Kyebambe Nyamutukura Rubongoya Rwabunyana Omukama wa Bunyoro owa ikumi na mwenda nuwe yazaire Olimi Kaboyo Kasusunkwanzi Omuhundwangeye Omukama wa Tooro ow'okubanza. Okuruga hali Kaboyo okuhika hali Omukama George Rukidi I Rugoonyomumbundu, Tooro ehikize abakama bana. OKUBANZA KW'OBUKAMA BWA TOORO Omukama Olimi Kaboyo Kasunsunkwanzi Omuhundwangeye nuwe yali mukama wa Tooro ow'okubanza. Yali mwana w'Omukama wa Bunyoro, Kyebambe Nyamutukura, kandi obu Omukama onu Nyamutukura nuwe yalemaga na Tooro. Nyamutukura nuwe yalemaga na Tooro. Akaba ahaire omwana we Olimi Kaboyo ensi y'ebisunsu, Myeri. Kaboyo ensi egi yagigonzaaga muno, nahabweki yaikaraga naaruga Bunyoro naagibungira. Obundi yarugaga Myeri abunga Tooro (Burahya); omu kubunga munu, akeetegereza abantu oku barukumugonza muno okuba mukama wabo Abantu ba Tooro noobu baraaba baalemwaga Omukama wa Bunyoro, bakaba batarukukigonza kandi akaba abali hara muno, atarukubamara bujune. Nahabweki bakasemererwa obu baayeetegeriize Kaboyo oku arukugonza kuba mukama wabo kandi baamuraganiza kumurwanirra obu alyemera ise. Ekiro kimu Kyebambe Nyamutukura akatuma Kaboyo okuruga Bunyoro okwija Tooro na Mwenge okuteera ente z'omukama; oku nukwo okusoroora omu bantu ez'okuhembera Omukama. Gunu akagufoora mugisa gwe gw'okwema: obu akaba naija yasaba abanyaanya baamwibira ebikwato by'obukama yaija na byo abiserekere. Kyetegereziibwe ngu haaroho abaamanyire Kaboyo oku arukwija kwema baitu baalinda ensita kandi abandi batamanye. Nubwo ohurra ayamanyire naateera enanga ati "Ebitamanya bya Kahunge, Bunyoro kandi ebisema bya Rwamwanja bikagira agiire kuliisa, ntamanya agiire kwema". Kaboyo obu akaba naateera ente akatata, yagumya abantu oku beeteekaniize kwo kumujwahukira kuba mukama waabo. Obu yamazire okusoroora ente tiyagenda na zo Bunyoro. Akeerwaza yanywa enjuba yatanaka esagama nukwo aba yaizire na bo baleke kukenga ngu asigaire kwema, bagende barange ngu alemerwe kwo. Ente obu zaamazire kugenda, Kaboyo yaramagira owaise Nyabongo Mugenyi owaakaba naalema Mwenge, ekicweka eki ekya Nyamabuga. Bakarwanira ha kyambu Nyakwisi ha kiikaro hati ekirukwetwa Kyamugenyi, habw'omubiito ogu Mugenyi. Kyebambe Nyamutukura obu yamanyire Kaboyo oku ayemere, akazinisa ihe lyagya okumuramagira Tooro. Baitu akalitanga okumuhambya kakuba acwamu kwiruka ngu habwokuba yarwaraga ekifuba. Bakarwanira omu kiikaro Bwabya, hanyuma baarwanira Mandaku. Mandaku nuho ihe ly'Omukama Nyamutukura lyasinguliirwe, lyakuba lyagaruka Bunyoro. Abakuru bagamba ngu omu bulemu bunu, nuho haatandikiire Abatooro ekibeeta "Abahenda". Habwokuba abasaija ba Kaboyo Omukama obu baamwehemberaga bamuhendera omuhanda, hanyuma baatandika kweyeta "Abahenda", Abahenda aba kara bakahenda ebiti baitu aba hati babagamba bati, "Bahenda ebiti ngira bahenda abantu". Omukama Nyamutukura ataikale okuhikirra Omutabani. Kaboyo obu yanyagire ente Busongora, akazitwekera ise okumurabuka, nubwo na ise na uwe yatweka Kazooba, nyinarumi Kaboyo okuba Omujwarampeeka. Omukama Kyebambe Nyamutukura obu akaba ali haihi kutuuza, akatumaho Omutabani Kaboyo kugenda Bunyoro kuteera engoma. Kaboyo akanga, yagamba ati, "Engoma yange enu niyo Butwarane, nintwarana nayo". Kandi Abatooro na bo batamwikirize kubasiga akagenda Bunyoro. Habwa Kaboyo kwanga, engoma ya Bunyoro ekateerwa mugenzi we Nyabongo Mugenyi. Nyabongo yali mugurusi amezire enju, kandi yagonzaaga muno kuliisa ente kukira kulema abantu. Kaboyo Omuhundwangeye Omukama wa Tooro ow'okubanza ataramibwe "Zoona Okaali". Akakira okwikara Nkaabwa na Mwaro, Nyagwaki; omu isaza lya Busongora, kandi egasani ye eri Kagoma omu isaza lya Bunyangabu. Kaboyo akalema Tooro nk'omu mwaka gwa 1830. OKURWANIRA ENGOMA BUTWARANE Omukama Kaboyo obu yatuulize, omu nsi hatabemu businge. Abatabani bakamara omwanya mukooto nibarwanira engoma. Kubanza mutabani wa Kaboyo ibara lye Kazaana Ruhaga nuwe yajuumwire engoma. Nubwo owaise Nyaika Kasunga agamba owaise Kabuzi kumukoonyera kubinga Kazaana ha Kitebe. Kabuzi yayanga yagambira Nyaika ati "Busaho bulyo bw'okurwanisa Kazaana, kaateere engoma habwokuba itwe tukamara kugwetwa ensi zaitu". Kazaana Ruhaga akaba ali musaija mukuru muno, kandi yagonzaga muno kwikara abyamire, nubwo ohurra nibamugamba ngu "Rubyama rwa Kaanyange abyama n'ente tiimurasa". Abahuma Abasongora batagonze kulemwa omugurusi arukwikara abyamire, baayeegombaga Nkya kubaha bakalemwa omusigazi Nyaika Kasunga. Nahabweki, eki baakozire nukwo kuragaana na Nyaika baamuraga obukoonyezi kurwanisa Kazaana nukwo uwe akateera engoma omu kiikaro kye. Abahuma bakatiina okuramagira Kazaana omu kikaali kye. Nahabweki bakacwa amagezi baagamba Nyaika kwerwaza, nubwo baatumaho Kazaana ngu owaso w'okufa noobu otaamusange. Kazaana obu akaba ali omu muhanda naagenda kurora Nyaika nubwo Abahuma baamuyookiire kumurwanisa, abandi bairuka baagota ekikaali kye. Kazaana bakamubinga baamuhikya Kibaale nuho yarabire naagya Bunyoro. Obu bakaba nibamubinga yateerra yagwa, nubwo wahurraga abairu ba Nyagwaki nibateera orunyege ngu "Kyahika ha ibaale lya Kibandwa kyajuma kyagwa kiti, "Ai! bambi! Ai! bambi! Rukanyirwa." Rukanyirwa nuwe yali nyina Kazaana. Kazaana akakyena Tooro yagamba ati "Nyowe muntuzire kubyama inywe Abahenda Tooro munu mulifa mwemeriire." Obu yayeebingire Omukama wa Bunyoro, akamujweka Rusekere, Bulera. Kazaana nuwe isenkuru Omubiitokati Kajobe owa Musuuga, Buliitwa. Nyaika yali musaija w'embabazi ataite Rukanyirwa nyina Kazaana, akamuganyira yamuleka yagenda. Kabuzi owaataragondeze kuharanganiza Kazaana, obu yahuliire ebya Nyaika akozire yabiihirwa, yayeekoramu, yazinisa amahe abiri, erya kabiri

Response: yaligendamu, okurwanisa Nyaika. Obulemu bwali bw'amaani muno, kandi n'abantu baingi muno bakafa. Ngu ha baarwaniire Kaseese empanga z'abantu na hati hoona noosobora kwirora igarangataine. Hanyuma y'okurwana omwanya mukooto, Nyaika akasingura Kabuzi, yaguma ha ngoma ye. Nyaika atakole kubi abaana ba Kabuzi akabatungisa. Omubiito onu Kabuzi nuwe ise Rabwoni kandi Rabwoni azaara, Yosia Mainuka na Kamondo. Yosia Mainuka nuwe ise Omubiito Yosaamu Kabuzi owa Nyakasura kandi Kamondo nuwe ise Omubiito Paulo Byembwa. Nyaika obu yamazire kusingura abaise, Kazaana na Kabuzi, na bwo hatabeho businge omu nsi kutwara omwanya mukooto. Owaise Kato Rukidi akamuramagira kumwaka engoma. Okubanza Kato Rukidi, akagenda Ankole yazinisaayo ihe ly' Abanyankole. Ihe linu lyali ly'amaani muno, nahabweki Nyaika akaliiruka yabura, nubwo baasiga Kato ali ha Kitebe naalema, bayegarukira owaabubo Nkole. Nyaika obu yahuliire abaateeraga Kato ekitigi bagarukire Nkole, yagaruka okuruga Mbooga, nubwo Kato yairukira Buganda. Kabaka Muteesa Mukaabya obu yamuhaire ihe ly' Abaganda, Nyaika yairuka yasingirwa Busendwa, Bwamba. Obu Abaganda abamu baisirwe ekisura, abandi bagarukire Buganda, Nyaika akagaruka kwerwaza, nubwo yabinga Kato yairukira Bunyoro. Bunu obwemi nubwo ohurra abasaija bakuru nibagamba ngu "Eky' Abaganda ba Kato". Hanu kigambwa ngu Abaganda habw'okubanza Katwe ha nyanja y'ekisura, buli kintu kyona eki baalyaga baakiriisaaga ekisura. Kwija kuhika Kikorongo iroho likaba libakwasire, nukwo kunywa amaizi g'ekiyanja eki gakabaita. Kato obu yairukiire Bunyoro atagaruke kurwana, kandi Omukama wa Bunyoro akamujweka Kibaale. Yaikaraga omu kiikaro hati ekirukwetwa Kyakato, nuho yafeeriire, yaitwa omusaija Wamara. Kato akaba atali w'embabazi nka Nyaika, akakwata bagenzi ba Nyaika yabaita yabanaga omu kiijongo Kaitabarogo. Omukama Nyaika yaikaraga naatiina ngu rundi Kato asobora kuruga Kibaale naagaruka naamurwanisa. Nubwo Omusaija Wamara obu yamanyire Nyaika oku arukutuntura naatiina Kato kugaruka kurwana, nubwo yagenzire Kyakato yaita Kato, naateekereza ngu kiraasemeza Nyaika kuhurra aisire omunyanzigwa we. Kinu kitasemeze Omukama Nyaika na kake. Akaba naaserra kwita Wamara baitu yairukira Butuku yayeesereka. Kinu Wamara eki yakozire nikisisa eky'omusaija tusoma omu Bbaibbuli ayaisire Saulo habw'okuteekereza ngu kiraasemeza Daudi. Omukama Nyaika akaikara omu biikaro bingi baitu ekimu hali byo nikyo Kigarama omu isaza lya Bunyangabu. Egasani ye eri Burongo Bunyangabu. Hanyuma ya Nyaika kutuuza Kaabaleega Omukama wa Bunyoro akaramagira Tooro yahamba Olimi Mukaabirere mutabani wa Nyaika I yamutwara Bunyoro, hanyuma nubwo yamutwara Busoga. Olimi Mukaabirere akaba agenzire n'owaise Zekereya Kalema Musuuga, kandi akafa omu businge bwa Kyebambe ali ha ngoma. Obu yafiire, Kyebambe akasaba omurambo gwe, baaguleeta baagutabaaza Kitini, Bunyangabu, haihi na Igasa. Mutabani wa Nyaika ondi Mukaarusa akeemera Nyagwaki na uwe Kaabaleega yamuhamba yamutwara Bunyoro nuho yagwire. Kasagama, Kyebambe, mutabani wa Nyaika, akasuuhuukira Nkole naatiina Kaabaleega kumwita. Obu Kasagama Kyebambe, akaba ali Nkole, nubwo Kakende Nyamuyonjo, mwijukuru wa Kaboyo, owaakaba azaahiire Buganda yaleesire ihe ly' Abaganda lyarwanisa Abaruusuura ba Kaabaleega lyababinga Tooro. Akasimba ekikaali kye Kisoomoro Bunyangabu yalema Tooro omwanya gw'emyaka nk'esatu. Nubwo hanyuma Kaabaleega yatwekere ihe lindi lyamubinga yagaruka Buganda nuho yafeeriire. Omu businge bwa Kasagama, Kyebambe, amagufa ge gakaleetwa Tooro, egasani ye eri Masika Bunyangabu. Omubiito Kasagama, Nkole akaba agenzireyo na nyina, Vikitoliya Kahinju Omubboopikati, n'abantu be abandi baingi. Banu nubo abamanyirweho: Bagambaki ise Rujuga, Musukali na Kanyambwa, Kanyampaka na Mukaarusa na Kyonzira abaana ba Mayuuya, Korokoro ya Kaabagambe na ise Soofu Rubahuura. Omu businge obu, Nkole ekaba neeremwa Ntale, Nyina nuwe yali Kibooga Omusongorakati. Yali Mubiitokati wa Busongora. Kaabaleega obu yayeetegeriize Omubiito Kasagama oku ali Nkole, akatumaho Kibooga naamwesengereza okwita Omubiito ogu n'abantu be, kandi yamwijukya okuhoora enzigu habwokuba Nyaika akaita ise Kibooga na beene baabu, oku Busongora. Kyebambe bakamucwisa baamutwara Buganda baitu abaana b'Omukama Musukali, Kanyambwa, Kyonzira na Mukaarusa bakakwatwa baitwa. Bagambaki ise Rujuga na we akaitwa. Buganda Omubiito Kasagama akaikara na Byakuyamba Omutwara, ise Nasanairi Kagwahabi anyakuzaara Yonasani Nyamugabwa. Omusaija onu Byakuyamba yali mukuru w'ihe lya Kabaka wa Buganda, kandi nuwe yayeebembiire Omubiito na Nyina yabahikya hali Omujungu Kapitaani Lugada yabamurangira. Obu Lugada nubwo akaba aizire juba, ohurra Abahuma nibamuzina bati :- Akaleetwa ogwa Cope na Bugungu. Akaija naakeetera enyanja Akaija n'ebuurwa y'enkwanzi Engoma yazaahura Rubinga. Obundi bamuzina bati:- Akaleetwa ogwa Cope na Bugungu. Yaija naakeetera enyanja Kapitaani naataho omukono Engoma yazaahura Rubinga. Abazini b'ente, kinu bakizina nibaijuka omucwezi Kiro Muhimba, ayarugire Bukidi, noobu baraaba baakizinire omu busumi bw'Omukama Kyebambe. Omubiito Kyebambe na Kapitaani Lugada bataleetwe ogwa Cope na Bugungu. Obu baahikire Katwe, Omubiito yayoleka Lugada enyanja y'ekisura. Kapitaani Lugada akakaguza Omubiito ati, "Ensi yaawe eraha?" Omubiito yamugarukamu ati, "Enyuma y'ensozi oku nsi yange kandi n'omumaiso ha turukugya na yo nsi yange." Nubwo hanyuma baarwanisize Rukara rwa Magiigi Omunyoro wa Kaabalega owaakaba naalema Busongoroa. Obu baahikire Muhokya baarwanisa ihe lya Kaabaleega erikaba ligabiirwe Kiiza kya Ireeta na Munyaara gwa Nyakabiito baalibinga ebiro 9/8/1981. Hanyuma hakya 14/8/91 Kapitaani Lugada yakwata ogwa Mbooga okugya kutabarra abaserukale b' Abanuubbi. Obu yagarukire Buganda omu nsi yasigamu enkomera z'Abanuubbi okugirinda. Zinu nizo enkomera yasigiremu: Orukomera rwa Rugonjo Kibaale Orukomera rwa Katwe Orukomera rwa Kyeganywa Orukomera rwa Njara Orukomera rwa Kagufa Kinyantale Orukomera rwa Kicumu Nyakabimba Orukomera rwa Nsorro Kiijura Orukomera orwa musanju rukaba nirulemwa Omunuubbi Fende Ruharaga na Kaamayenje isenkuru Bakara ayali wiisaza, Mwenge. Hanyuma y'okugarurwa ha ngoma ya ise Omukama Kyebambe akabanza obu kurangaara Kijanju nambere hati hali Ekeleziya. Obu yarugire Kijanju yaija yarangaara Kiculeeta nambere barukweta Kiteete. Aho akamaraho omwanya gw'emyaka nke. Abaalindaga ensi obu baamazire kuruga omu nkomera za Lugada, Kaabaleeega amanyire ngu busaho baserukale, akazinisa ihe lyagabirwa Rwabudongo Karurwa Nyamutaliibwambwa okwija kuseesira Tooro. Eki nikyo beeta ekya Rwabudongo. (Obu Byakuyamba akaba agarukire Buganda). Abaarangire ihe linu nubo Kazooba Omugahi na Kaamayenje Omusiita. Omukama akaba abajwekere Mwenge haihi na Kyabaranga, kandi nubo babandize kurwana n' Abaruusuura. Engoma yagamba, ihe lyazinisibwa, Rufunyeemanzi, Omukama, yaligendamu wenka. Yasimba Hamugoma Kinyaibumba, embundu zaagamba. Omujaasi yali Zakaliya Kibogo, Omugweri. Bakatandika kurwana okuruga esaaha ina za nyenkya, okuhikya esaaha emu y'ekiro ihe lya Tooro obu lyabingirwe. Likabingwa habw'endwana etamanyiirwe ey'okubyama hansi, ey'Abanuubbi Karasiire na Kaamutoonyiire abaateeraga ebbuluuzi y'Omukama omu kitongole ekijaasi. Omu akafa, ondi yahutaara omu kasumi ako. Ekikaaliky'Omukamakikookebwaesaahaibiriz'ekironukwo Abaaruusuura baleke kukitwara. Nyinoomukama n' Abago n'abandi bakakwata ogwa Rubona kugenda Nyagwaki, kandi abandi bakakizibwa okusingirwa Rwenzoori. Abaruusuura bakasiisira hansi y'orusozi, Omukama na uwe yatemba ha rusozi Kinyampanika yasiisira. Obu bwakiire nyenkya Abaruusuura baatemba orusozi baarwanira Kinyampanika. Aho nuho Omujaasi Kibogo yahutaaliire. Hanyuma Omukama yatemba orusozi rwa Mitande, Kalengiire. Abaruusuura baatema orukande Kazingo. Abatooro obu baamazire kurora ngu tibakyasobora, Omukama baamutwara omu rusozi rw'owa Rwandiika nukwo arabeyo asirimuke enyuma. Obu yasirimukire yagenda omu nsi y'Omwamba Omutongole, Bubugaali, erukwetwa Bundikisaale, Bwamba. Hahingwireho ebiro bibiri Abaaruusuura baatemba orusozi kwija kurwanisa omukama nubwo ihe ly' Abatooro lyabakunuukirra baarwana. Abaruusuura baababinga, hanyuma batema orukande Butaama. Omukama uwe yatemba orusozi omwa Kiseenene. Aho nuho Abaruusuura baamanyiire ngu Kaabaleega takiri omu rubuga rwe; baaraara nibagenda Solisoli. Okuruga aho obusinge bwaija. Omukama yasinguruka okwija okusimba Baranga gwa Kyezire habw'orubuga kurusiisa, kurwokya. Obulemu obu bukabaho December, 1893. OKUTABAAZA ABAKAMA Abakuru batungambira ngu ira Omukama obu yasaasaga abatali b'omu kikaali tibaakimanyaga, kyatwaraga ameezi ana batakimanyiire kimu. Kyaziraga Omukama okwefeera akaitwa orufu, nahabweki obu yabaga ali haihi kufa yanywaga omubazi KATARAAZA gumusonga. Omubazi gunu yagunywaga n' Abago be, baakiganzi. Obu yakabaga Omugo Omukwongakati amucwa enono kandi amumwa n'isoke; nubwo omutabani arukwija kugwetwa ainikiza ente, mugabuzi, etakafiisaaga, akama amata omu kisahi agata omukanwa ka ise afiire. Abaabaga batamanyire araagwetwa baamumanyiraga ha mukoro ogu ebiro 4 rundi 10 bihingwireho. Omutumbi gw'Omukama baagwihamuga ebyenda babitwara babiziika omu nyanja rundi Buleega. Batemaho orusaya, oru nurwo rwakolerwaga egasani. Omutumbi gwona baagutalikaga gwoma. Baabaagaga enimi bagiihaho omuguta numwo baguzinga. Omuguta gunu gwalindwaga gwikaraho kuhikya omubiito omugwetwa atiire engoma, nuwe yagutabaazaaga. Isoke, ebyakeeri, ebyara, amaino g'obuto, ebicwanta n'ebindi na byo byaziikwaga owabyo byonka, nibatiina kubura, habwokuba baabaga nibanihirayo obwemi omumaiso. Okwezi kwa kana kubonekere omwihwa omu Babiito yatembaga ha rusu rwa Kaaruziika, aina amata omu kisahi, anaga hansi icumu Galengera, eriikara omu rusu rwa Kaaruziika, n'amata agaata, ateera enduuru naagamba ati, "Ekyaro kyaburwa abakama, amata gaatikire, obwire bwaira kabiri, ekibi kigwire: Omukama atuulize." Kiranga okutuuza ogu baamwitirayoga ha rusu rwa Kaaruziika. Bagamba ngu ayatiire enduuru ya Kaboyo ataitwe akairuka yabasiga. Omu kikaali amata obu gaatika bagamba gaseesekere habwokuba hali bo okwatika kyoleka okufa kw'Omukama. Ha nduuru aho nuho abantu boona baamanyiraga, bateera empamo, n'abarukwema beema. Omuragwangoma agwetwa, hanyuma bamwita, nubwo ayakamiire ise amata agwetwa. Obu amara kujuumura, aramagira abeemi. OKUJUUMURA Omukama obu atuuza omwana we ateera engoma, agaruka omu bigere bye. Kinu kyabahoga hanyuma y'okutabaaza ise n'okusingura bagenzi be Ababiito abaabaga nibarwanira engoma ya isebo. Omubiito arukwija kujuumura engoma ya ise yaikaraga owa Nyinarumi kuhikya ekikaali baabaga nibamwombekera kihoire kandi n'ekiro ky'okugweterwamu kihikire. Ekiro ky'okugweterwamu obu kyahikaga, bamumwa isoke, bamucwa enono hanyuma bamwogya. Omu bwire bw'esaaha nka mwenda baamuleetaga omu kikaali ekihyaka bamuhimbire nibamwiha owa Nyinarumi. Obu baamuhikyaga Mugabante ha Kaswa yayeebemberwaga Bamuroga anyakurolerra irembo, hamu n'abafumu Nyakooka, Omusuuli, na Kasoira Nyamumara, Omutwairwe, nihakurataho n'Omubiito ow'ekitabu kya Nyarwa Omuliirahaiguru Amagufa Nigakunkumuka. Omu irembo eri Mugabante, abafumu abo baasarraaga empongano, enimi Rutale n'enkoko Rweru, kandi Omubiito wa Nyarwa yaraamaga ati, "Ai Nkya ya Nkya ruzaarabagabe, ai Nyamuhanga wa haiguru na hansi, ndeesire Omukama onu kujuumura empango ya ise. Baitu obu araaba atasemeriire kandi engoma etali ya ise na isenkuru, obu araataahamu emururumire kandi noobu araagitoma eyeezinde etatoma". Hanyuma y'ebi nubwo baagurukaga esagama y'ebihongwa Omukama naataaha na Mugema amuli enyuma. Obu yabaga nairra haihi n'Omusanga Omubiito wa Nyarwa na Nyakooka na Kasoira baayongeraga okuraama ebigambo nk'ebya kara obwa kabiri. Nubwo Omubiito wa Nyarwa yasabaga Mulimba Omusiita engoma Nyalebe agimuha. Omubiito onu yabanzaaga agiteera nukwo n'Omukama agitomaho emirundi mwenda. Obu yamaraga kutoma Nyalebe atomaho Kajumba nayo emirundi mwenda hanyuma asinga ha Nyamyarro. Kiro eki yaraaraga atabalize kandi abyamisa orubaju rumu rwonka busaho kuhinduka. Omu mwanya gw'esaaha nka mwenda ekiro Omwambukya yamwimukyaga aruga Kaabagarama araihya ha Kihango omu Kaaruziika kuhikya obwire bukiire naagenda Kyambukya naasinga ha kitebe. Kabwizi, hanyuma naayambuka. Obu yarugaga Kyambukya agenda, Kaabagarama ayambuka omukanwa n'omu mabone. Abaswata bamujweka engaaju, Omugo wa Kaabagarama Omubboopikati amujweka enkwanzi omu bikya, ha maguru na ha mikono. Okujwara kuhoire agenda omu rusiika Kaaruziika hanyuma aija ha mulyango ha yasangaga abanyamirwa n'ebikwato. Omu bwire bunu Omubiito wa Nyarwa yaraamaga ati "Ai! Nyamuhanga, Ai! Kazooba ka Hangi linda Omukama ahangirize, atunge, azaale, ahwite". Obu abajwarakondo baabaga beeteekaniriize Mugabante, kandi obu empango eri ha Kaswa eri haihi kutoma, eyeehinguliriziibwe abantu hamu n'abanyamirwa Omukama arahizibwa okurwanirraga ihanga, obutasoroora omu bantu, okucwa emisango omu bulyo n'okukuza enfuuzi. Hanyuma nubwo Omubiito wa Nyarwa amuseesa amagita ha mutwe, agaruga Omumuti. Nubwo bamujweka ekikomo Ziriboya n'orukwanzi Rwendero. Omugo Omukwongokati amukwasa endembeezi erumu omwihura, omwaza, omuhabura, n'omusekera, aihamu ayeesiiga omu mabona, n'omu mabega emirundi ena. Nubwo arukwa ibara ly'Obukama n'empaako yaho, ajwekwa ekondo Rwobusungu hanyuma ajwekwa ekondo ezindi, obu ihwa hampero ajwekwa ekondo Kasusunkwanzi ikara ha mutwe gwe. Omuheesera nuwe akora omulimo gunu ogw'okumujweka ekondo. Omu bwire bunu nubwo Omujwiga amujweka enkaito Biganja. Omuhagane amukwasa icumu erihango Kinegena okurwanirraaga ensi n'okwitaga araamwerengerraaga. Akwasibwa engabu y'Obukama Biseegeege neemanyisa okurwanirra ensi ye hoona hoona ha araahurraaga obwemi, kandi akwasibwa Busitama empirima neemwoleka okucwaga emisango omu mazima obutasobya nkooku empirima esara hatali kusobya. Akwasibwa omwigo Kaliruga n'orukoba, nibimwoleka abaraasobyaga boona alekege kubaita, abandi abateerege, kandi bamukwasa ekijunju nikyoleka okusobya omu bantu oku kutaingana, abandi abateerege n'ekijunju. Akwasibwa enfuka nukwo abantu be balime, baleke kwitwa enjara, kandi akwasibwa omufuko Ndayampunu n'obuta Nyapoogo arwanirreege ensi ye, kandi endyanga Rutanga ei akwasibwa emuragirra kusuuburaga nukwo aleke kuburwa ebi araahaga abantu be abaraamulirirraaga obujune. Haroho ebintu bingi ebi akwasibwa baitu binu nibyo ebimu hali byo. Ebi bihoire Omukama yarugaga ha Nyamyarro ahinguraho Omusanga asangaho Omubiitokati Kaabatongole amukora ekurwa, inoni, n'obutaka. Yabihyangaga omu maizi agaarugaga Mubende omu iziba ly'Omucwezi Ndahura. Ebintu ebi yabimukoraga ha buso, ha bunenero na ha matama gombi, Yakwataga omurwoho rundi orurumu omwihura, omusekera, omweza n'omuhabura abiibika omu maizi amiisira Omukama. Yayaturaga amakuru g'emihambo egi: Omweza ngu engoma kwereza Omukama akatunga, akazaara, omwihura kumujuna n'ensi ye, omusekera ngu asekerwe Nkya n'abantu be. Omukazi onu ayakoraga omulimo gunu yahaabwaga obutaka n'ebintu bingi kandi kyaziraga kugaruka akarora Omukama. Ebi obu byahwaga agenda omu rugo ayeebembiirwe enzini ya Rwotamahanga, entimbo niijuga, n'amakondere nigaana. Obu yahikaga Mucwa asimba ha nkeeto y'enyana; asangamu Batebe mugole wa Mucwa hamu n' Ababiitokati. Beemerra Batebe akwata Omukama ha ibega. Obu yarugaga hanu agenda Kyakato, Kyamunuuma na Kanaiguru omu rugo. Abantu boona bamanyisibwa baija omu rugo mbere Omukama asingire. Nubwo yacwaga emisango y'amabanja ebiri, abaasingaga banywegera ebitale bye. Hanyuma buli Mujwarakondo airra haihi na we anywegere ebitale. Omukama yakubaga asimba Kaamurweyo, n'empango eruga ha Kaswa emusangayo neereetwa Mugabante. Aho Omujaguzi Omusiita agitoma emirundi mwenda nubwo Kaakahuka Omubwiju we ateera enduuru naagamba ati" "Ebyemi, ebirogo, ebinyamahanga bikwenza ki Rutuuroomubyemo Emanzi y' Akiiki?" Nubwo ahonaaho omusaija ow'Oruganda rw' Abaliisa ayeebuga engabu Rukidi Mpuuga erukwetwa "Mugidu". Omukama agaruka Kaaruziika asimba ha nkeeto erukwera akwasa, Omugo Omukwongakati ebisusu by'omwani abaire naafuutana. Hanyuma asinga ha Kitebe Nyamyarro Omuheesera amwiha ekondo ha mutwe agita ha bibero bya Nyinoomukama agyahule. Omukama akuba agaruka omu nsiika, Omugo Omuliisakati amukwasa ekisahi aboneka amata asingire ha kitebe Kaizirookwera. Obu amara kuboneka amukwasa ekigaase ayeesusura emigazi, ekikarabo akyesusuze omu ngaro. Asinga ha kihango hanyuma agaruka ha Kaizirookwera nuho asinga. Omugo omwitirakati amwoleka ekisaabu Nyamutungo n'ekiibo Kaguli. Omukama aruga omu nsiika agaruka ha mulyango. Omubiito wa Nyarwa na Bamuroga baduumira abantu okuhurraaga Omukama ogu, okumutamu ekitiinisa n'okumwesiga. Obu baamaraga okuduuma abantu boona baaramyaga bati "Ngundu Zoona Okaali" kandi bamuswagirra. Hanu yakwasibwaga empango, amahango, amakondere: Ndayampunu, Nyapogo, entimbo, enyondo, oruhiija n'ebindi. Hanyuma Omukama agenda omu Ijwekero ahingisa ebijwaro agenda asinga omu Ihundiro abago bamuhembera ebiibo byabo eby'enkwanzi n'ebintu ebihunzirwe. Agaruka omu ljwekero ahingisa ebijwaro agenda ha mulyango. Empango eruga Kyawairindi ija ha mulyango Omujaguzi agiteera kumujuna n'ensi ye; emirundi ena n'Omukama agitomaho emirundi mwenda agigarurra Omujaguzi agiteeraho emirundi ena. Kaakahuka ateera enduuru omusaija Omuliisa ayeebuga engabu Mugidu, nubwo hanyuma Omujaguzi ayongera ateera empango emirundi ena. Omukama akuba kuhuumura n'okwinura abantu. Rwebagyo ha saaha y'omwenda agenda omu ljwekero ahingisa ebijwaro nubwo agenda Kyawairindi omu rugo asinga ha kitebe Kabwizi. Empango etoma abantu baguruka amakondere. Omukama agaruka omu ljwekero ahingisa ebijwaro agaruka ha mulyango baleeta enkoroogi Itome. Omwana ataina rucuucu nuwe yaijaga ayeebembiire enkoroogi ateera enduuru okuhabura abantu obutaziitirana naagamba ati: "Erukufa efe, erukuhendeka ehendeke, omwenzi wabyo aliyo". Omwana onu yakomwaga omu Baliisa, Abasambu, Abayaga, Abasiita, rundi Abaitira. Omukwonga yakaitaga omukaito mbere iraakoroogera, kandi Abago babiri Omusitakati n'Omwitirakati nubo baazikwatirraga. Omukoroogi enkoroogi yabanzaaga kugikuya nubwo hanyuma anaaba agikama n'obwegendereza. Okukorooga obu kwahwaga, Oruhango rutabaara Omukama agya kuboneka. EBIGAMBO EBISOROIRWE EBYAKOZESEBWAGA HALI OMUKAMA Omukama yabaga w'ekitiinisa kingi muno omu bantu be. Baamutiinaga bamukugiza kandi bamwesiga muno. Nahabweki haaroho ebigambo ebisoroirwe ebyakozesebwaga hali omukama wenka okwoleka ekitiinisa kye n'okumwahukaniza ha bantu aba arukulema. Ebigambo ebi byolekerwe hanu:


Instruction: Continue the following story in Rutooro: ABANTU N'EBINTU BY'OMU KIKAALI (1) Abantu Abambukya baroleerra amaizi g'okwoga n'okunaaba Abookya nubo abacumbi Abaamura boogya engaaju Omujweki arolerra ensimbi. Abaduuma barolerra amaarwa Abakoona balinda ebitebe. Abakumirizi barolerra obukomo. Isaabakaaki mukuru w' Abakumirizi Abajaguzi barolerra empango n'amakondere. Abagoma bateera emibaro n'ebindi Omusuna mukuru w'empango Abatimbo bateezi b'entimbo Abakondere bateezi b'amakondere Abaseegu bateezi b'enseegu Isaabaliija nuwe mukuru w' Abanyamalindwa. Abanyamalindwa barolerra amagana g'ente z'omukama Abaranga baaheereza b'abakazi Omukoroogi nuwe omukami Omugimbirwa arolerra okukama Omugeya nuwe amyokera omugimbirwa Bisimbi nyinarumi Omukama Isaabaganzi Nyinarumi Omukama (2) Ebitebe Nyamyarro kiri ha mulyango, Kaaruziika. Kaizirookwera kiri omu

Response: nsiika, Kaaruziika. Maherre, na Kaabwizi biri Kyambukya (3) Amahango Kimuli kyokya mahanga Kinegena Kaitantaahi Kiraazankamba Nyamuhaibona enganzi y'okwezi Kaiziriijo Katasongerwa mukuru atahwita Mutasimburwa Dabongo (Goti-Goti) (4) Amaju g'Omukama Kaaruziika Rwengo Kihuukya Kadebede Icwamitwe Kyokya Ibandiro Ihundiro Rwikya Mucwa (ya Batebe n' Ababiitokati) Kyamunuuma Kyakato Kitoogo (y'Okwiri n'Ababiito) Kaamurweya Mugabante (Mulyango gw'ekikaali hairembo) Manywayo Kaitabasiru Kacwamagosi Rwemiigo Kasenda Kaabagarama Kadenda Rwenyana Kiitabadoma Kacwabwemi Kyambukya Barwara (y' okucweramū emisango) Kiduuma Ijwekero (5) Engoma (Empango) Kajumba Musegwa Ikukumba Tibaamulinde Mpuuga Kaijwire (Kananura) Nyalebe Kyanamira Ihurru Nyambaga Nyakangubi (ngoma endamagi) Asindikeekitagenda Macalya Kababembe Tajeemerwa Kanumi (Mpango) Butwarane


Instruction: Continue the following story in Rutooro: OKUSWAGIRRA OMUKAMA Omukama aramibwa "Engundu Zoona Okaali" Obu azooka abantu bagamba "Kaboneke Agutamba" Obu ataaha omu nju bagamba "Ha mulyango Mbaire" Obu aikarra bagamba "Kahangirize Nkyanungi". Obu aba ayemeriire bagamba "Omubyemo Wamara" Obu aba naagenda rundi naaruga omu rugo bamuswagira bati: Hakyaro Agutamba Ha kyaro Lyogere " Mwebingwa " Wamara " Nzaire " Kasurabanyuunya " Mbaire " Kasorobahiiga " Nkyanungi " Rusendamainaro " Kituli Kinobere abeemi " Kabumba " Rukirabasaija " Nyamunyaka " Ibuzabugyo " Bigere Bisaaga Omu muhanda " Mukumanfuuzi " Muhambo gw'Enaku " Ikingura Kagaba OKUJWEKA ABANYORO Nkooku mumanyire abanyoro baajwekwaga abakama, hati abakama oku baarugireho kinu kisigaire kusomwaga nk'ekintu ekikaba kiroho ira, nukwo okugamba ngu nka "Ebyafaayo". Binu akasumi bihandiikiirweho enjweka y'abanyoro eyeerahonderwaga tekeetegereziibwe kurungi. Omurwa ogundi ogurukusisa gunu nugwo ogw'abagwetwa okunywa amata ow'Omukama, nagwo hati gurugireho. Omukama obu agumya omuntu kulya obunyoro, aragira Omuhikirwa(Katiikiro)kumumanyisa.Amugambira Omukama oku arukwija kumujweka obunyoro, kandi amumayisa n'ekiro alijwekerwamu. Omunyoro ogu ayeeteekaniza kandi ategeka obugenyi bw'ekiro eki. Ekiro obu kihika ajwara kurungi agenda omu rukurato abanyaruganda n'abanyubeemikago bamusemba bagenda na uwe. Omukama aruga Kaaruziika aija asinga Mucwa: omunyoro agwa hansi asiima omukama. Hanyuma ayemerra, omuhikirwa amusomera eby'okurahira omu mabona g'omukama, abantu boona bagomere. Omunyoro agarukamu naikiriza okuhondera ebisomerwe. Omukwenda w'omukama ajweka omunyoro orukwanzi omu bikya kugumya Omukama oku amujwekere obunyoro. Obu agaruka agwa hansi asiima obwa kabiri. Ab'owaabu nka ise rundi isento rundi munywani we obu bagonza, na bo bamukwasa kusiima. Obu amara kusiima aikarra nubwo omuhikirwa agambira ekitebe ekigomere ati "Iguru lyezire Omukama asingire owaaraaba aina ekigambo kyona akigambe". Obu haba haroho anyakwina ensonga agigambira omukama obu aba ataroho Omukama akuba kugaruka Kaaruziika. Omunyoro kijwekwa n'abantu ababaireho bagenda na we Kaaruziika omu Kikaali. Obu ahikayo asinga ha

Response: Musanga abantu bakurata. Obu akuba abantu bataaha n'omunyoro na uwe agenda owaabu n'abe nibajaguza, engoma neegamba. Omunyoro obu aba ali mukuru amakondere n'entimbo bimusendekereza bimutaahya. Obu aba naaruga omu kikaali omukumirizi amusaba ente y'omukama. Omunyoro aha omukumirizi ogu sente kusigikira okugonza kwe oku kuli, akira obutahingura ha siringi itaano. Omukwenda anyakumujwekere orukwanzi agenda na uwe omuka bamukunira kandi n'ekintu omunyoro arongoora orukwanzi rw'omukama nuwe akitwara. Orukwanzi omunyoro asobora kururongoora siringi asatu n'okukiraho, rundi embuzi. Obu bamara kuruiongoora omukwenda arugarra omu kikaali arukwasa omuranga arwahura. Obukwenda bunuomuntu abwesabira wenka haliomukama. Omukama amunihiza, aikaraho ali mujara w'omukama obu hajwekwa omunyoro amwijuka amuha obukwenda. EBIHANDA BY' ABANYORO (ABALEMI) Noobwakubaire ngu ebihanda by'abanyoro (abalemi) ebi wagya kusoma haifo hanu biri mabara g' abanyoro aga ira muno omu bukama bwa Bunyoro na Tooro, obulemi bw' Abangereza obu bwaizire omu nsi munu, butaikirize amabara ganu okukozesebwa. Omu kiikaro kyago abalemi Abangereza bakagonza hakozesebwemu ag'Oruganda habw'okugenderra okurarangya endema y'Ekiganda hoona hoona omu Uganda. Nukwo kiti Abaamasaza hamu n'Abaamagomborra mu Buganda, Bunyoro n'omu Tooro bakaheebwa amabara g'Abaami aga Mukwenda, Kimbugu Sekibobo, Kasuju, n'agandi nugo: Munyoka, Saabairu, Saabagabo, Mutuba n'agandi. Kandi nikisemerra kiijukwe ngu Abajungu Abangereza abaalemere ihanga linu okugarukira ha kya 9 October 1962, batararangye endema y'Ekiganda hoona hoona omu Uganda kyonka, baitu bakacwa n'amasaza ga Bunyoro agamu baagagabira Buganda okugisiima habw'okubakoonyera okusingura Kaabaleega Omukama wa Bunyoro. Abiri ha masaza ganu, erya Buyaga n'erya Bugangaizi gakagarurwa Bunyoro hakya 1/1/65 1/1/65, hanyuma y'abantu ab'omu masaza ago okumara kwecweramu bonka nambere basemeriire kuba, nibaraba omu karuru ak'okujurra hali abantu (Referendum), akaatiirwe ha kya 4 November, 1964. Binu haifo nibyo ebihanda by'Abanyoro (Abaami). Owiisaza: Bugahya Owiigomborra Omuhemba Kikuube Omubaale Kitoba Kaabarwa Buhimba Omutaheesa Buhanika Omujwahya Busisi Rumooma Bugambe


Instruction: Continue the following story in Rutooro: Owiisaza: Bujenje Owiigomboorra Omuhangura Bikonzi " " Omubongoya Bwijanga " " Omugwera Biiso " " Omunyabyara Buliisa " " Omutalehesa Budongo " Omurwana Kyabigambire Owiisaza: Bululi Owiigomborra Omuhambya Ihungu " " Omuhangane Kimengo " " Omuhuukya Pakaanyi " " Omusuuga Miirya " " Omuswata Kaarujubu " " Omujweka Kiryanga Owiisaza: Kibanda Owiigomborra Omubanda Kiryandongo " Omutalya Kiryandongo " Omutengeesa Masindi Port " Omutanyaata Kigumba " Omwanga- Mutunda myoyo Owiisaza: Buyaga Owiisaza Owiigomborra Mugema Kibaale " Omunyemera Matale " Kasumba Kagadi " Omukumbya Bwamuramira " Omulyanga Kiryanga Rukumba " Rukumba Mugarama

Response: Omukwiri Omukwiri Kyanyaisoke " Omuhinya Mabaale Owiisaza: Bugangaizi Owiisaza Owiigomborra Kikuukuule Kakumiro " " Omukwenuzi Kasambya " " Omuhemba Nkooko " " Omugwara Kakindo " " Omwambu- Bwanswa kya Owiisaza Omujwenge Nyalweyo AMABARA G'ABEMIRUKA Munyoka Murabaraba Mutuba III Munyoka Murabaraba Munyoka Murabaraba Sabairu Omutikya Mutuba I Omutazindwa Sabagabu Omunyaaka " II Omuteekanga Sabawali Omukweya " III Omutalemwa Musaale Omuhundwa" IV Omutooza TOORO Owiisaza: BUSONGORA Owiigomborra Omujwisa Kaseese Omuteeganya Kaseese Omuhambya Muhokya Omutasoroora Kilembe Omuhamya Katwe Owiisaza: Bukonjo Owiigomboorra Omuleman- Nyabirongo sozi Omuzaahura Bwera Omutasindi- Kisingwa Omurwani Kyarumba Omutalindwa Omukunyu Omunyaga Karambi


Instruction: Continue the following story in Rutooro: Owiisaza: Mwenge Owiigomboorra Omutaleesa Butiiti Omugoroba Nyantungo Omugoroo- bra Matirl Omutalya Katooke Omutalemwa Nyamabuga Omwebambe Mirongo AMBARA G'Emiruka Omwanguhya Omwanguhya Omusorooza Omusiza Omutooza Omugorra Omukingira Omuhana (omu Ruganda Omunnyoka) (omu Ruganda Saabairu) (" " Saabagabu) (" " Sabawali) (" " Musaale) (" " Mutiba I) (" " Mutiba II) (" " Mutiba III) Omugalika (" " akuroleerra ekisura ayetwa Haroho omunyoro w'Omukamanya. Omukidi embuga ye eri Katwe, Busongora OKUNYWA AMATA OW'OMUKAMA Omusaija w'omukama obu afa akasiga abaana be aboojo, isento abaana abo obu aba amanyirwe omukama, atwara abaana abo okubahikya hali omukama kunywa amata. Isento abaana obu aba ali muntu kwonka atamanyirwe omukama abaana abatwara hali omunyoro mukuru nuwe abahikya hali omukama. Babanza kubarangira kara omukama oku bali baana ba nanka abarukwija kunywa amata. Okunywa amata bahayo ente y'omukama n'ente y'omuhikirwa. Ente y'omukama eba siringi kikumi, baitu abaguuda basobora kukizaaho kandi abaina ente niyo bahayo. Ente y'Omuhikirwa eba nka siringi abiri. Hakiro ky'okunywa amata omukumirizi aheebwa siringi abiri. Abaana bataaha baikarra ha musanga, haija omutende aleeta omwani omu kaibo bagukwasa mukuru wabo agugabira bagenzi be bafuutana. Obu nubwo baragwa ekiro kindi ekibaliiziraho kuramya. Obu baruga kunywa amata ow'omukama tibagenda hantu hoona, babanza bataaha owa nyinarumibo. Kakuba haba hataroho nyinarumibo oważaarwa na nyinabo omunda, ow'oruganda rwa nyinabo naamara. Owa nyinarumibo babateruurra omwani bafuutana, hanyuma babacumbira oburo n'obutuzi. Obu baruga owa nyinarumibo bataaha owaabubo. Nyinabo abukara omugwetwa, abaterurra omwani kandi na uwe abacumbira oburo n'obutuzi. Ekiro baaraganiziibwe kuramya obu kihika, aboojo bagenda na isentobo baramya, hanyuma baikarra n'abantu boona bakurata. Obu nubwo Omuhikirwa ayemerra abarangira omukama kandi, amurangira n'ente y'omukama ei bamuhaire. Obu aba naamara kubaza agambira Omukama ebindi ebirukubafaaho, rundi isentobo asobora kubimumanyisa. Isento abaana ayemerra agambira Omukama nkooku baisenkuru na ise abaana baali basaija b'Omukama, ngu nahabweki nikyo aleetiire abaana omu mabona g'omukama ow'abantu baheereza. Ayongera okwesengereza Omukama okukoonyera enfuuzi ezi obu ziraabaga ziina obujune. Isento abaana obu amara kubaza, Omukama obu aba aina ebi arukugonza abimukaguza abigarukamu. Obundi, asobora kubaza n'abaana, abakaguza ha baikara rundi emirimo barukukora. Omukama obu akuba, abaana barugayo bataaha omuka. Okunywa amata kintu kikuru muno kyoleka obwesigwa hagati, y'abantu n'omukama. Omukama kumutwarra abaana nikyoleka ngu nuwe kwo "Omwebingwa" rundi "Omukumanfuuzi." Ha rubaju rw'abaana ky'omugaso okumanywa Omukama habwokuba kakuba baba baina ensonga basobora kwehikira nibagimwoleka hatali kubanza kuserra araabatwarayo. EKICWEKA KYA KABIRI ENGANDA Enganda bitebe by'abantu nibyoleka obuzaale, kandi haihi buli ihanga omu nsi Uganda liina enganda n'emiziro omu bantu baalyo. Omu buli ruganda rwona omuntu taswera, obu aba ali mukazi taswerwa, omuruganda rwe orwa nyina n'orwa nyinenkuru azaara nyina. Omu rwa nyinenkuru azaara ise asobora kuguruka ekitabu kya nyinenkuru ogu, naaswerwamu, obu aba ali mukazi. Nubwo ohurra abantu nibagamba ngu "Omugongo oguheeka so tiguzira; hazira oguheeka nyoko." Buli ruganda rwina omuziro gwarwo; obundi oruganda rugira emiziro ebiri, obundi esatu. Omuntu obu alya omuziro gwe asobora kufa rundi obundi arwara acwekacweka orukaca, n'amaino gakunkumuka omu kanwa gahwayo. Ekyakizire kukanyisa enganda nubwo obwiko. Abantu b'oruganda rumu obu baacweranganaga obwiko beebaganizaamu, beecwamu enganda zindi. Ekyokurorraaho: Abasambu babiri iseemu bakaba bali ha rugendo nubwo mukazi w'omu hali bo yarumwa kuzaara. Owaiseemu omu yagenda orugendo rwe tiyafaaho kulinda owaise n'omuramu. Ayasigaire yasibika ente ye ha muti

Response: omunyonza yakamira mukazi we amata yanywa amazire kuzaara. Obu yahikire owaise yamubihirirwa yamucwera obwiko kandi yamwoleka nkooku omunyonza nuwe mwene waabu. Okuruga obu yaba munyonza n'abaana beyazaire baaba banyonza. Ekyokurorraaho ekindi ekirukusisana kinu omu kucwerangena obwiko nikyo eky'Abaitira n'Abacwamba. Abacwamba irabaali batoroho bakeecwwa ha Baitira. Nk'Abasambu, Abaitira nabo baali ha rugyendo baasiga mugenzi waabo alinzire mukazi we naazaara. Onu ayalinzire bagenzi be yabacwera obwiko yayeeyeta Mucwamba, obu oruganda rw'Abacwamba rwatandika. Kirungi okwetegereza nkooku enganda zinu zombi, Abaitira n'Abacwamba, izira omuziro gumu, ente y'Embazi. Kandi omu biro bya ira omwanya gw'emyaka nk'asatu enyuma, Omwitira tiyasweraga omu Bacwamba noobwakuba Omucwamba omu Baitira habw'obuzaale obu obwaroho. Emiziro ekatandika n'enganda: oruganda rwayeekomeraga omuziro gwarwo. Obundi omuziro gwarugaga ha muntu omuruganda kunuga ekintu akakifuuhya omu ka ye kikafooka muziro gw'oruganda oru. Haroho obundi omuntu obu yabaga naafa yasoboraga kuraama ekimwisire rundi noobwakuba ataraamire abantu bonka na bo nibakimanya, niguba muziro gwabo. Enganda z'omugaso muno omu bantu. Ziijukya abantu b'oruganda rumu nkooku isenkurubo yali omu, kandi nkooku bali mataagi g'omuti gumu ogu. Engeso y'okumanya obuzaale kisembo kikuru omu bantu, neeyoleka obwetegereza obubabaganiza kuruga ha bisoro. Ekintu ekindi enganda ihabura obutaswera omu bantu ababali haihi omu buzaale. Habwokumanya enganda zaabo na nyinarumibo basobora kwetantara nibaswera aheeru yazo. Oruganda rukoonyera omuntu obu aba aina obujune, abaabu basobora kumuha obukooneyzi, kandi ira abantu b'oruganda rumu baayetwaga hamu barwanirra ebintu byabo, omu biro by'obwemi ihanga lindi obu lyaramagiraga eryabo. Kirungi kwetegereza ngu omuntu obu aranga oruganda rwe akeetonda tabura. Omutooro obu agenda Bunyoro rundi Ankole, oku obu bamanya oruganda rwe, bamujwahukira asisa ali owaabu. Amabara g'enganda omu Buganda tigarukusisa ag'enganda omu Tooro n'omu Bunyoro. Omuntu nahabweki obu agonza kumanya Omuganda obu araaba ali waabo tamukaguza oruganda rwe, amukaguza omuziro gwe. Kakuba omuziro guba gumu naasobora kukenga oku ali waabo. Hansi hanu hoolekerwe enganda, ebitabu, n'emiziro. Ababiito Ebitabu Byabo Omuziro Gwabo Abagweri Ebitabu Byabo Omuziro Gwabo Omuziro Gwabo Abasambu Ebitabu byabo Omuziro Gwabo Abasiita Ebitabu byabo Omuziro Gwabo Abajaawe, Ababoyo, Abatwara Abajuuka, Abatahiigwa, Abapiina Abapaanyarwa, Abacaaki. Engabi Abajumbi, Abamiraihwa, Abagomoka Abajanju, Abairagura, Abaigara, Abahoti, Abadengo. Engabi Abanekera, Abagumba, Abasoko, Abakwonga, Abalebeki, Abamooli, Abanyakwa, Abacwa, Abatwairwe Engaabi Abajwarazoomere, Abahanduzi, Abanyamulmi, Abagumamaino, Obutweke, akakonko, akaibo kasa, Empindu. Abagoma, abaheeka, abajwagu, abakasura, Abajeejeemi, Abasuurra. Obusiro. Enganda Ezindi Enganda Abatwa, Abacwezi Abaliisa, Abasumbi, Abagombe Abakurungu, Abazira (Abafunjo) Abasonga Abasoka (Abagaya) Abarungu Abafumambogo Abaranzi Abacwamba Abaitira Abanyonza Abana Abahinda Abakoransi Abayaga Abasingo Abasengya Abagabi (Ababwiju) Abaziriija Abasuuli Abadwaro Abanyegera (Abaraha) Abasangwa Emiziro Obusito Entimba Enseenene Amalegyo rundi Entale Enkebuko Embogo rundi Endongo Enseenene n'Endogo (Embazi) Entajumba Embazi Enkende Enkira Empuura Akabambiro k'engo Engaaju y'etuku Omurara Ehuukya Ensere Endongo Embuzi y'ekisuuli ... ... Entumwa Abaisanza Abeeri Ababboopi Itimba, Akabambiro ... Ekisasi ky'omulyango EBINTU EBIINA EENGANDA Z'ABANTU Ebintu ebiina enganda z'abantu abantu na bo babyeta byabo (obu biba biine enganda zaabo). Kirungi kwetegereza nkooku ebintu ebi bitali miziro na kake. Ekyokurorraaho Abaitira bazira ente embazi, baitu ekintu ekyabu bo kinyonyi kyetwa "Enyange." Abantu abaina ebintu byene byabubo babigonza muno kandi tibasemererwa kurora omuntu ondi ekintu eki naakikora kubi. Ekigongoro kiba Kibboopi, nahabweki Omubboopi obu akibona akicwera otucwanta kandi omuntu ondi kakuba akiteera amubiihirirwa obundi asobora n'okumurwanisa. Ifo hanu haroho ebimu ha bintu n'enganda zaabyo:-


Instruction: Continue the following story in Rutooro: Ira omuntu ayaitaga esega baamwitaga. Obugara bwarra Kagando omu Kikaali, ira busaho muntu yaikirizibwaga kubwarra omu nju ye. EBITANGAAZO Ebitangaazo biba bigambo omuntu ebi ayatura obu aba ahuniiriire rundi obu aba naarahira. Abakazi nubo bakira okutangaaza. Haroho enganda ezimu eziina ebitangaazo n'ezindi ezitabiina. Enganda haroho eziina ebitangaazo ebirukukira ha kimu. Kakuba omuntu atangaaza, obu oraaba omanyire ekitangaazo eki, noosobora kumanya oruganda rwe hatali kurukaguza. Ebitangaazo eby' Ababiito. "Ai Rwangaara rwange nazaire." rundi "Kasengya haagwa Omunembe, Omukungaihabire haagwa Nyakacaaki!" rundi "Owa Rukidi rwa Nyatworo akampa Mbogo, Kitanga etazaire!" Ebitangaazo eby'Abaitira. "Ai Mwigaago na Kyakitale baikarra enkeeto irukwera abaisiki b'owaitu; Kaharabire akange nazaire omusekesa Ndinga na Mayenje; Bakinga empoisa aboojo z'owaitu." rundi: "Ai Mwigaago na Kitale na beene Kaharabire." rundi "Katirimba ka Bwente owa Birumbu bya Bwebale." rundi: "Basangwa!" Ebitangaazo eby'Abaliisa. "Ai Kyatwa yange nazaire!" (Kyatwa rusozi ruli Butanuka Tooro. Kigambwa ngu rukazaarwa Iremeera Omuliisakati). Ebitangaazo eby'Abatwairwe. "Bakinga ente aboojo". rundi "Omukinda" Ebitangaazo Eby' Abayaga. "Ai Omujwera!" Ebitangaazo eby'Abasaigi. "Rujangi Omusaigi akanzaara ndi mukoma !" Ebitangaazo eby'Abasumbi. "Omurunda n'ente isisana!" rundi: "Birumbu azaarwa Abbooki, Omugurusi azaarwa Gweri!" Ebitangaazo eby'Abanekera. "Aba Nyaruhuma rwa Gaaki !" rundi: "Baranga ba Siisa." Ebitangaazo eby'Abasiita. "Omusarra owa Mulenzi owa ltabyama Mugasa ya Rujwagu!" rundi: "Ahongerwa narra Rugaaju rwa Busanza, alimirwa emyanga aikaire Omusiita wa MbaaIe!" "Ai Mulindwa wange nazaire, Abwoli Nyango Nyamwetuura ebiremiire!" Ebitangaazo eby'Abazira (Abafunjo). "Kasabiko Mukama wa Buraza Ruhungura njwenge azaarwa Nyakacaaki nondorra ihembe ly'omwaitu Nyamwabura!" Ebitangaazo eby'Abacwa. "Ruteekaita Mukama w'Abajwaramirundi yakumirraaga nyamahanga kwambuka nseeri !" Ebitangaazo eby'Abagahi. "Kabagyo Omuhundwangeye akasunsu akamwera omu Thanga!" Ebitanguzo eby'Abakurungu "Omukurungu wa Kayanja!" Ebitangaazo eby' Acwamba. "Kalega Omulyabyoma!" Ebitangaazo eby'Abasambu. "Rwangaara Omulende wa Mpoorro!" Ebitangaazo Eby'Abagweri. "Kacope ka Waako Omuhuguzi wa Gweri yahaga ente naarongorra ebisahi omwana w'Abbooki!" rundi: "Rwigura byana n'ente Rutengeeta n'omuntu isoke!" Ebitangaazo eby'Abakoransi. "Karuuli azaarwa Isuura, awe Isuura Iya Nyamato!" rundi: "Ai Mugasa Ibeebe eyange nazaire, Kyatebaateba engundu ya Nyampegere!" rundi: "Huna ya Bwisanza!" rundi: "Omujwiga!" ENGANDA N'ENTE Haroho enganda abantu ezi baha ekitiinisa habw'emigaso zaakozire ira ha nte. Enganda ezi nizo zinu:- Abasaigi (Abanyamukoma), Abayaga, Abaliisa, Abasumbi, Abaami, Abakoransi, Abahinda, Abacwamba, Abaitira, Abasambu. Omusaigi (Omunyamukoma) nuwe yakomere ente omu kisaka yaitaahya omu ka, ira hakaba hataroho nte omu maka. Ente zinu zikaba zangire kulya, omuyaga yazooleka emiyaga yazaahukiza zaalya nubwo Omuliisa yairiisa, Omwami yazaamira kandi Omusumbi akaisumba. Ente iroho likaba niryenda kuziita, nubwo Omukoransi yakora ensi yatunga amaizi, hanyuma y'okutunga amaizi yaibumbira obwato zaanywa amaizi, baitu Omuhinda nuwe yaihinzire. Ekiro kimu enimi ikaba niirwana abantu boona balemerwe kwiramura, nubwo Omucwamba yaiboha. Omwitira nuwe yazoire amagezi g'okwitira amata. Baitu Omwitira obu yaitiire amata omu kisaabu gaalema kukama, nubwo omusambu yazoire enkamyo yaleeta akanyansambu akarukunanata yakata omu mata gaakama. AMABARA G'ENTE Obutoosa omuhuma ente ye obu ezigaija acwererra ibara ly'ente naasigikira ha mulingo gwayo, amaani gaayo, n'enzooka yayo rundi mugaso gwayo. Ekyokurorraaho: Rukoosorana, Rutaahyempiriita, Rulengyamaato, Rumasana, Ruziihayo. Obwoya nabwo ente bugiha ibara kyonka bwo bwonka hatali mabara nk'agagambirweho eruguru tiburukumara. Habwokuba omu igana hasobora kubamu Ngabu rundi Mayenje okukira hante emu, nahabweki nikyetaagwa kubaganizaamu Ngabu emu kuruga hali endi, "Ngabu Rukoosorana" rundi "Ngabu Ruziihayo!" Abantu omu kiikaro ky'okugamba ibara ly'omuntu yarukirwe obundi bamwetera ise obundinoobundi bamwetera nyina. Omu nte na ho obuzaale bukora buti. Ente bagyetera nyinayo, tikikira kubaho kugyetera iseyo. Kibaho limu na limu obu abantu bagonza kwijuka enimi eyagizaire. Obu eba eri nimi nto, nyinayo, eri Mayenje, bagyeta "Rwamayenje". Obu eba eri nyana ya Mayenje bagyeta "Kamayenje" kandi ezigija bagamba "Kyamayenje". Enyana obu bagonza kwatura obwoya bamu na nyinayo obu eba eri Kagabu ka Mayenje". Enimi bagyeta "Rugabu rwa Mayenje" kandi ezigija "Ngabu kya Mayenje". Ebikugizo Ruziihayo Rukoosorana Rumasana Rujuruga Rukulingana Rutaagurana Rutaahyampiriita Rutegekana Ruhunga Rugeemara Rusangoomuliisa Rurazaihungire Obwoya Siina Gaaju Mpuura Bihogo Ngabu Mayenje Ntimba Mbazi Kyozi Bugondo Kisa Kitale Kikara Mbuubi Kyasa Nsama Nkerenge Okutega Nkomi Nsara Ntaara Rukuubisanga Rulengyamaato Ruyambyana Rutaraibuga Rubakurana Rwihomungaro Rwijwisa Rwiheeka Rutaahyakayombo Rwihamba Rugaraata Rwemulika Mpuuga Mbaya Ndoko Kisoro Njeru Kiremba Njumba Nasiga Murara Ibamba Kitanga Nyonza Njwiga Ruuhuuzimu Ngeye Kibibi Ntenge Njwenge Nkungu Obuzaale Kyagaaju Kyasiina Kyabihogo Kyakikara Kyakisa Kyakyozi Obundi ente neesobora kweterwa nyinenkuruyo baitu tikiri ky'obutoosa. Ekyokurorraaho: Koozi ka Ngabu ya Kyasa. EKICWEKA KYA KASATU OKUROLERRA AMAGANA Ente zigira emitaga nyingi muno kuroleerra nyamusana n'ekiro. Zeetaaga kwecumirwa, okuliisibwa kurungi ikagomoka kandi n'okwirinda hali abazigu enyamaiswa, nk'entale, engo, empisi n'emyaga. Okukeehya obuleemeezi omu mirimo y'ente, omuhuma w'ente nyingi yakozesaaga abasumba. Ente zeesasurra zonka, empeera yaabo yarugaga omu nte ezi basumbire. Banywa amata, balya amagita n'enjuba kandi bajwara empu. Omusumba obu yabaga aina ente ze nke, yaikirizibwaga kwiraaza rugo rumu n'okwiriisa n'eza mukama we. Obundi obu yabaga mwesigwa omu busumba bwe, mukama we yamuhaga ente emu rundi ibiri rundi isatu nkooku okugonza kwe kuli. Omusumba yabaga; muhuuru rundi nyineeka aina omukazi n'abaana abaamukoonyeraga omu mirimo. Abantu ba ira baali b'amagezi muno nibeetegereza okulinda kurungi ente. Kyali ky'okuswaza omuntu ente ze kubiiha ikatinda obwoya bukaba mukurujuju habw'okulindwa kubi. Kandi kyali ky'ekitiinisa n'okuhiirwa omuntu kuba n'ente enyamibwa igomokere. Nyenkya ente obu zihaaga baiturukya aheeru omu isaazi baihembera ekoomi izaagira. Omu bwire bw'enjura ente nyenkya ikamirwa omuisaazi habw'okutiina kujuyanga esaabu omu zigati. Enyana bazooleka omu kisaka abaana bairiisa. Abakuru batema ebitugutu by'enyana encwamutwe kulya omu nju kandi abandi beeya obusa omu zigati; bacwa obw'okuhembera rwebagyo kandi batindura ebiju by'enyana. Baarayo ekyarre ekihyaka ekikangirwe ha musana kyayoma. Obundi omu bihongole, omu kiikaro ky'ekyarre, batayo esingo enyakwomere. Okuhembera kw'omugaso ha nte. Omwika gubinga ensohera n'obusinsibizi ebiruma ente, gwitagasa kandi gwisemeza nkooku itwe tusemezibwa okuboya kw'emigaju. Omu zigati obu haba harumu ekoomi orora ente iteekaine niizooka ziina obusinge, okuhuumura n'okusemererwa omuli zo, baitu ekoomi obu eburaho kakuba oyegendereza kurora, orora zibiihiirwe ziina amaganyi. Okwihaho okwetegereza omugaso gw'ekoomi, aba ira ekindi baamanyaga nkooku esaabu n'ekyarre kibisi birwaza enyana ekitengo rundi ekijugumo. Ente zaihwaga enguha, embarabara, entuju, na mura buli kiro. Kyayetegerezibwaga nkooku obusoro bunu burwaza ente omuswija, kandi buzizimbya. Ente zaabuywaga obu zaabaga ihutaire rundi irwaire. Zaajungirwaga rundi isabikirwa emibazi. Ente obu yabaga, erwaire muno, tiyaturaga n'ezindi omu iswa kulya. Baagisibikaga omu nju, bagyarra ekyarre kandi erya ekiihuro nk'enyana. Bagirwaza nk'omuntu kuhikya ekizire. Ente obu zaahaagaga n'enyana ikamara kwonka zaakingwaga n'omuyonga. Ente kuseetuka mwogyo mukama wa zo atafiire baakizizaaga muno ngu orugobante rundi orukoroigo rwisara amabeere. Omu kuliisa ente abahuma abamu tibateeraniza n'abandi ente zaabo, baliisa ekiharre, kandi abandi baliisa na bagenzi baabo. Ente obu imara kuzaagira omuhuma ateera akooya n'omwiriza azaamira aiseetura igenda omu kisaka kulya. Obu iba iri nyingi rundi ha irukuliira haliyo enyamaiswa, abaliisa baba baingi. Abaliisa barora mbere obunyansi burungi buli, bazaahukiza irya. Obu iba niirya baziiha enguha, bazeerinda obutakwatwa enyamaiswa, obutahutaazibwa ensasi n'engobante, obutagwa omu mahya rundi omu mabiso; kandi beerinda ente eziri ha mukira gw'obuhyo obutasigarra enyuma ikabura. Baayeegenderezaaga obutateera nte n'emiigo ikasaasa Baacwaga. Ebisanju nibyo baifunyisa. Omu bisanju baayerindaga obutaiteeza omujuma, habwokuba bagamba ngu omujuma gujuma ente zifa. Omuntu ayateeraga muno ente hatali kwiganyira yagaywaga muno ahiigwa, bamweta Kifeera, Kibaagi rundi Kitemi. Obu yabaga ali musumba asobora kubingwa kandi omwana ateerwa habw'ensobi egi. Esaaha nka musanju obu ziba nizombya ensasara abantu abasigaire ha ka bagenda kwesera amaizi omu bwato, obu bwabaga buroho. Kwesera abamu baagwaga omu iziba abandi basigara ha bwere babaka amacuba nibaseesa amaizi omu bwato. Kwesera amaizi obu kwahwaga, abamu basigara ha bwato abandi bagenda kukunga ente, ziija zinywa esaaha nka mwenda aho. Obwato obu buba buli buke baihinda balekeraho nke zinywa habw'okutiina kuteera obwato ikabwata. Obu ihaaga balekera ezindi na zo inywa. Obu bahinda ente, ezirukukamwa hamu ziina obusinge, okuhuumura n'engundu ya zo nizo ibanza kusoroorwa kunywa. Hanyuma y'okunywa ikuuka bazaahukiza irya. Abaliisa omu kisaka baseenyayo enku z'okwota, batemayo emihingo rundi ebiti by'okuzitirra orugo ha ruba ruseesekere. Amata aga bagenda banywire nyenkya nibaseetura nugo basiibira. Tibasobora kukama ente omu kisaka bakanywa amata. Omuntu anyakugoba ente aba kinugwa omu bantu, kandi aswara. Omu kisaka abahuma bafuutana emikambi, omwani, rundi banywa enyungu zaabo. Ha saaha nka ikumi n'emu omuka batandika kuhembera. Esaaha nka ikumi na ibiri omu kairirizi bataahya enyana kandi abakazi n'abaanabahara baitira ebintu. Esaaha nkemu, ente ikyora kutaaha, bacumika ekoomi. Ira baakizizaaga ente niitaaha kwitirana omukazi. Zoona obu ikataaha, abaliisa bakinga emihingo. Babeebaza "MAHYO" bagarukamu "NYWA" obundi babeebaza "MWEBALE KUKYOZA" baagarukamu "ZAAKYORA". Ente obu itaaha, ezizaire juba baiha ezaazo kwonkya. Kukama tibakwirukiriza babanza baleka ziikya nukwo basiburra enyana bainikiza kukama. Kukama babanza ente eziina enyana ncwamutwe nukwo hanyuma batandika ez'enyana enkuru. Ente kwija kugikama bagihasura, bagamba ebikubyo byayo. Kitiinisa ky'ente obu iba niikamwa abantu omuka kutazomberra. Baculeera tibabaza. Obu bagonza kubaza babaza omu bihwa; Omukami nuwe asobora kwamirra kusuburra ka Kyananka. Ente igaruka ikamwa nyenkya kara emamba neesara. Obundi ibanza kumiika itakakamirwe. Obu iruga okulya ekimiiko esaaha nka ibiri za nyenkya, isanga baihembiire ekoomi omu isaazi izaagira nuho ikamirwa. Baikuya n'enkuyo batakakamire, kandi obu haba haliyo ensohera obu iba niikamwa baigurukiza, n'okuzaagaaga nuho bataire. Okulya ekimiiko kyongera ente amata, n'omusubyo gubaho. Haroho obundi nyenkya kara igenda n'amata kulya igarukira kimu esaaha nka ikumi. Obu iba ikokosire rundi iriire kazooba kamu ikamwa muno muno kandi amata gookya, nka caai. Basubya emirundi nk'ena yoona ngu gataita enyana. Abantu banywa amata ekirenganyindo. Abaana banywera ha bohera, kandi obu gabalema, enjunju ihanuurwayo bateerwa. Ente abahuma bazeesera amaizi nukwo ireke kukaraba, kandi bazengera ekisura nukwo ireke kubyaha. Ekisura bakyengera omu maizi, agali omu bwato nukwo ente ikinywe. Obundi bakita ha kiswa ente ikiguga. Ente ezikulize bairinda obutanywa rundi kuguga ekisura kingi habwokuba kiitoroogya. Ente zoona na zo baibarra ekisura inywa. Kakuba kiba kingi muno ikaburwa obwikizo kiziita. Beegendereza ente kutatamiira ekisura ikarwana. Obu barora zaahaaga muno baikuura, ekisigaire ikinywa rwebagyo niikyora. Obu iba niikuuka ha kisura ngeso y' Abahuma obutateera kyoya, habwokuba ngu obu oteera ekyoya itamiira ijuuka, iborooga obundi irwana. Okwihaho okwesera n'okwengera ente baihaagura embugu. Abantu abali haihi n'embuga bahaagura emirundi ebiri rundi esatu omu mwaka; kandi aba hara bahaagura omurundi gumu omu mwaka. Abantu aba hara bazinduka kara muno batwara ente n'enyana zaazo hamu n'ebintu by'okwesweka n'okubyamira, habwokuba baraarayo. Obu bahika ha mbuga bateerayo enkande ha okuraara obu baba nibahaagura embuga. Abantu obu baba nibahaagura embuga emirundi erukukira obwingi barwanirayo. Bakoosorana,

Response: baterranganira yoga embaale. Buli muntu agonza eze nizo ibanze inywe, kandi omuntu kutamura ente ya mugenzi we embuga akagiteeraho obu buli obulemu bwacweka. Okuhaagura embuga kintu ky'omugiijo n'omutooro mahano. Abantu obu baba nibagaruka baija bajagwize nibazina kandi beeharaga itaka rundi obundi balyetona. Zinu nizo embuga eziri Tooro:- Rwagimba eri Butanuka Busunguru na yo eri Butanuka Ntambi eri haihi n'orusozi Kyatwa (orugambwa ngu rukazaarwa Omuliisakati Iremeera) Kindigiri eri Nyagwaki Kaisiga eri Nyagwaki Omubarama eri Nyamabuga Nyamigeerre eri nseeri kwambuka Nyakitojo; Mbogwa eri Rusekere muhumbu obuseeri Kyentaama eri Kahangi Kengango eri Kitara Kitooke na yo eri Kitara Omukakoni eri Twamwanja oyambukire Rwamutahikya Kyamuhamya eri Ntenungi Rwamwanja Bwanyaihuulikya eri Mpuuro nseeri ya Mwaro. Enu teri mbuga rutwara neesisa ekiseeruka. Hanyma y'okurora ebi, eby'akorwaga ha nte enkuru kirungi kwetegereza enyana nkooku irindwa. Enyana ziroleererwa muno okukira ente enkuru. Enyana obu ezaarwa bagikamura eme ha maiso, omumatu, omu nyindo n'omu kanwa. Omu matu batayo orukumo baihayo emi kandi bahuuhayo orwoya kwigura amatu. Omu nyindo naho bahuuhayo orwayo kuziigura, kandi omu kanwa barabyayo orukumo. Bagisara orulera kurugufuhaza. Nyinayo bagyerinda obutalya kizimu. Kakuba ekirya kigirwaza eburwa amata. Tekamwa kandi teyonkya ogwayo ekaguhaagura. Bagiihira ekyarre eraara ha mulyango. Nyenkya obu bukya bagikuya n'enkuyo eyegorra n'okujumira nuho etaire. Hanyuma basuburra ogwayo bagwonkereza ezindi itakakamirwe (omukami obu aba ali omu). Enyana nto ekirooro, erukurora ebiyenjeyenje terya kiihire. Obu ekura ekaba ncwamutwe nubwo etandika kulya. Enyana ekirooro n'encwamutwe bazeerinda muno obutateerwa musana habwokuba gwirwaza. Enyana enkuru zoolekwa omu kisaka omu bwire bwa nyenkya omusana gutakasaaliire. Omusana obu gusarra baziihayo inywa amaizi hanyuma baitaahya omu bihongole byazo ihuumura. Omusana obu gujura rwebagyo bagaruka bazooleka omu kisaka zirya. Obu haba haroho abaana bairiisa, obu baba bataroho ziikarayo zonka abakuru bagenda nibaisuura. Obu ikura bainaga omu nte irya na zaanyinazo omu kisaka. Obu itaaha, ekiro enyana baitaahya omu bihongole nuho iraara kuhikya ikuzire kandi ziina amaani, nubwo bairekera iraara omu zigati n'enkuru. Abahuma tibaikara omu kiikaro kimu. Ente zaabo obu ibiiha ha mubiri rundi obu irwara bahambirizibwa kufuruka bakaserra amaliisizo amarungi. Ibura ly'obunyansi n'amaizi bituntuza muno abahuma habw'ebisoro byabo ebi. Abantu banu abahuma bamanyire muno okurolerra amagana gaabo. Ekintu eki bakaba batamanyire nukwo kugamba ngu amata maingi garwaza enyana amakebe. Kinu abamu bakyegere omu biro binu eby'Omujungu. AMATA Omuhondwa: Mata g'ente obu eba ezaire kurugiirra hakiro ezaaliireho kuhikya Sabbiiti nka ibiri. Ebihunu: Nugwo omuhondwa gw'enyana ezigaizire. Amata Mato: Ganu nugo gahondera ha muhondwa, ente obu eba ezaire okumara omwanya gwa Sabbiiti nka isatu. Nubwo ohurra nibagamba bati "Ente ezaire musandurro amata gaayo tigafungurwa." Amagunga: Nugo amata ag'ente erukwonkya enyana nkuru erukulya omu iswa. Amata ganu marungi muno gagira omwisi mwingi. Ag'obusito: Ganu nugo ente ekamwa obu eba emazire kwema ina obusito. Ganu na go mata makuru gaina omwisi mwingi. Ngu kakuba otagafungura gakurwaza enkaka. Amata obu gateekwa gaina amabara aga geetwa kurugirra habwire gahikya gateekerwe: Agarukutagata: Ganu nugo agaba gaaruga juba kukamwa, litakagwire. (Ag'ifuro) Agaigwire: Ganu nugo amata amarungi kunywa. Gaba gateekerwe (ebiisoiso) okuruga ente ha ihaagire okuhikya esaaha ina za nyenkya rundi z'ekiro kandi gaba gatandikire okutaho omwisi. Omwirra: Ganu gaina omwisi gukwatiire kimu, kandi nugo abantu batiina okubarwaza enkaka. Nugo gaitirwa nk'esaaha munaana za nyamusana, rundi mwenda. Amakamo: Amasununu obu gateekwa okumara omwanya mukooto kuhikya nka ekiro omwisi guba mwingi muno hanyuma gakama. Amacunda: Ganu nugo amakamo obu gaba gamazire kucundwa. Amagita Ganu nugo mata agakwasire muno hanyuma y'okucunda. Harugamu amagita na go gaina amabara gaago nkooku geetwa omu mpindahinduka yago. Ag'entoijo: Ganu nugo agaruga kusamururwa juba gaina erangi erukwera ti nk'ey'amata. OKWECUMIRA AMATA Ente obu eba etakakamirwe ebanza kukuywa n'enkuyo habwokwerinda oburofu kugya omu mata erukukamwa. Omukami obu aba atakainikiize kukama abanza kunaaba engaro kandi amaizi ge g'okunaaba gaikara omu ihembe ly'ebikamiro. Obu amara kukama na bwo anaaba. Okwitira na gwo mulimo gw'obwecumi bw'amata. Kubanza, omwitiro guboyesa amata kandi ekya kabiri gwita obuhuka obutaito muno obw'akabi obusobora kuba buli omu bintu by'amata. Orubindi rwitirwa obwitizo obwihirwe omu sojo, obu eba etaroho rwitirwa emburara. Kandi oku rukaraba, rukarabwa ekikarabo ky'esurwa (oruhugura), rundi engusuuru. Ekisahi omu ngambo y'ente kyahukana okuruga ha bintu ebindi ebikwatirwamu amata. Kyo tibagamba kukiitira baitu bagamba kukisusura. Bakisusuza emisikizi n'obusorogoto; emisikizi bwasi bw'engusuuru kandi obusorogoto bujuma bwazo. Byombi emisikiizi n'obusorogoto byanikwa byoma nukwo babita omu kicunga okususura ekisahi. Ekicunga ky'ekisahi ky'embaganiza okuruga ha ky'ekyanzi. Kyo tikiina kinyadeeri omu mukono gwakyo, kiina obudirisa buna obwehinguliriza omukono gwakyo. Engusuuru nizo ikaraba ekisahi. Ekyanzi kiitirwa emburara baitu emburara kakuba etabaho, obwitizo bw'esojo busobora kukora omu kiikaro kyayo. Kikuubwa obukuubiso obwasiibwe omu ngoye za kitenge rundi omu z'omutoma. Ekisaabu n'ekirere babicumiikirra n'itojo, omurama, omuseza, n'orugusuuru. Ebisahi, ebyanzi, ebirere, n'ebisaabu bisiigwa amagita bireke kurwara obweru. Bakitebura kakuba omuntu ateecumira ebintu by'amata akabireka bikaharuka; kandi bamweta murofu. Buli kintu kyona, obu kimara kukwatirwamu amata kyogebwa. Ekirere n'ekisaabu bicuragurwa, kandi binu nibyo bacuraguza: Amaizi Orutotoima Ekyenjukyempisi Enyakasaija Eherre Ikwire Ekitunda (kimara amata omu kisaabu), Kyesembya (kijwisa amagita) Ekisaabu obu kiba kibiihize kitarukujwisa amagita, bakitanakya n'ebicuraguro binu: Amaganga Ebisusu by'embiire Omuhoko I Akanyamunkamba, Enyawahya, Ebintu by'amata birindirwa omu bisahi. Ebisahi by'amata bateera orurambi nk'orutuuti rundi nk'ekiikaro, hanyuma babitinda kurungi. Baiha obunyansi babwanika bwoma, bwera ti, bateeramu obuteere nubwo baara omu bisahi. Haroho emiringo esatu ey'okwarra obunyansi. Buli kwara bahingisa omulingo. Enu niyo emiringo ey'okwara: Okufooba nk'ekigombe Okucwa ebika Okwarra obuteere Omugamba na gwo bagukunisa gubabwa gucwibwa ebika ebirukwera n'ebirukwiragura. Gukiikwa ha nkondo ibiri ez'amaino ana buli emu, omu bisahi. Hanu nuho hahanikwa ebintu by'amata omu biteeko. Ente obu iba izaire bahamburra ebiteeko, kandi obu iba ihoiseze bahamburra omugamba, abantu bagamba ngu omwa nanka ihoiseze. Ebiteeko biina emiringo nyingi ei byongosibwamu. Abahumakati emiringo egi bagicooka ha mugamba kugukunisa, nukwo guzooke kurungi. Ganu nugo amabara g'ebiteeko aga byetwa okurugirra ha nyongosa yabyo: Ekisumike Ekiseese Ekika Bitarra Mihanda y'empazi Busimbi Butiine Ekihotole Rwoma n'ekihotole h'orukoigo Enyaruguru Bukere Omu bisahi habayo engata z'okuteekaho amata. Haroho engata ezihomerwe n'engata ezitenzirwe. Engata ezitenzirwe ziina amabara agarukukwata ha miringo y'amahembe itegerwe. Orubindi rwa nyineeka rwecumirwa nk'emindi ezindi, baitu rwegenderezibwa muno kurukunisa. Rwikara omu ngata etenzire haihi n'ekisaabu. Omu ngata yarwo habamu ekifunga ky'esisa kandi rufundikirwa omuhiiha guswekerwe ensahu y'orubugo. Nyineeka obu aba atakanywire, omuntu omwetegereza naasobora kumanya, hatali kurora omu rubindi. Amata osanga bagalimbire, obu ensahu y'orubugo eroho eswekere omuhiiha. Orubindi runu tirunywerwamu w'aheeru. Ebintu byona ebikwatirwamu amata bigira emihiiha ya byo bifundikirwa. Ekisaabu n'ebirere bifundikirwa emihiiha obundi enziidaaro. OKUTERURA AMATA Omuntu obu aterurra ondi amata aikarra akuba ebibero omumaiso ga kiterulirwa. Aihaho omuhiiha amuheereza anywa. Kiterura mata omuhiiha agwekingira ha maiso nukwo aleke kutunuurra arukunywa amata. Ngeso mbi muno y'obuhubwensoni kakuba omuntu ogu ateekingiria omuhiiha. Kiterulirwa mata na uwe ayeegendereza kuhondera engeso ey'obuntu omu kunywa amata ago. Tarukusemerra okunywa naahuumuza naagaruka naanywa. Aganywa muno kakuba anywa ati. Naasemerra okunywa omurundi gumu gwonka. Obu agaiha hamunwa agagarurra omuteruzi agatwara agateeka. Omuteruzi obu alengerra ngu enjara yamuruma agamugarurra anywa. Engeso yaitu Abatooro amata titugasiima omuteruzi habw'amata anywire. Obu oba otarukuganywa (amata) obu bakuterurra obanza ogakyamirra ogakwata omu ngaro nukwo ogagarurra omuteruzi. Okunywa amata abakumanyire na kwo bakugenderra, obutakororramu, obutakuraba omu minwa rundi kukwatikira kandi okanywa nooyesera icuba. Omu ngeso y' Abatooro okunywa amata bugizansoni na kyo nikyegenderezebwa muno kukiraho nkooku wakuliireyo ebyokulya. OKUCUNDA AMATA Amata gatakaitiirwe ekisaabu kibanza okucumiikirirwa, baitiramu enkwasi rundi enkamyo. Amata agakamirwe nyenkya gaitirwa abeesezi nibagenda kwesera esaaha nka munaana, kandi amata ag'ekiro gaitirwa abantu bali haihi kutemba ebitabu kubyama. Kirungi hanu okwetegereza nkooku amata g'omwengero gataitirwa. Ira amata gaacundwaga enkoko niitoma obwire butakakiire. Abantu omu nju obu baahurraaga ebisaabu byagamba beetegereza nkooku obwire buli haihi kukya. Abaisiki baimuka okwitira ebintu, aboojo okwimukya amakoomi, hanyuma emamba neesara kwinikiza kukama. Omugenyi omu bwire bwa nyenkya kwija omuka yasangaga abahumakati beeteekaniize, okucunda bakamara ira. Amata obu gaba gatakajwire gabanza gazinga, gabaho ifuro hanyuma y'okuzinga, ifuro, liihwaho hazookaho otugita tutaito. Gaba iseke likuru. Ebi byona bihoire gasoroora gajwa. Obu gamara kujwa bagazongoza bacumiikirra ekirere, baiha ekiituruzo bagaitura. Amacunda ganywibwa abaana n'abairu rubaale. Abasaija tibanywa macunda, kandi omukazi w'omuntu kunywa amacunda ira yasendwaga. Abakazi baanywaga amakamo, okunywa amacunda baakifuuhyaga. Amata obu gaba maingi n'amagita nago gaba maingi. Omuntu w'amata maingi asamurra buli kiro hanyuma y'okwiturra amata, baitu ow'amata make asamurra hanyuma y'ebiro bibiri rundi bisatu amagita obu gakakanya. Amagita obu bagasamurra bagoogya. Gazongozibwa omu maizi emirundi ebiri rundi esatu kuhikya amata gahoiremu. Amagita obu baba nibagoogya omurundi gwa kabiri nukwo gaahurwe, omubumbi abanza anaaba n'iju omu ngaro ze nukwo abumba n'amaizi garukufuka. Obu aba naayeetaaga amagita kuhya bwango, amamirraamu akaniini k'ekisura. Obu amara kugabumba agata omu ncundiro nuho gaahurwa. Obu aba ataina ncundiro agaahura omu biko rundi omu biharaiga. Encundiro itirwa n'ehunda. Amagita amato geetwa g'entoijo, kandi amakuru agateera kitaama bageeta agakokomere. ENJUBA Ente kugirasa ebanza ekwatwa ha mahembe enunurwa ha bikya bagireega n'ebohera omu bikya, nukwo ekinywa ky'okurasa kizooke. Omurasi agirasa ejwa enjuba eregebwa omu kintu. Obu amara kurasa, ente erasirwe obu eba eri nyana, agiteera ekiraso ha mugongo emirundi mwenda, hanyuma agikanga hansi, ha maguru gaayo ag'enyuma. Binu nibyo ebigambo agamba "Kumu, abiri, asatu, ana, ataano, mukaaga, musanju, munaana, mwenda, Yatoma. Kahogo ya Ruhogo". Obu aba naabara ameezi, aga etwara ente kuzaara kandi okubara oku atandikira haihi n'ibbango, agarukira haihi n'amatako. Enjuba enyakumanyirwe eri y'emiringo esatu. Emiringo enu n'ekwasiza ha ncumba yay0. Enu niyo emiringo y'enjuba: Enjuba encumbwa Enjuba enkoronge Enjuba enjuumike Enjuba y'okucumba obu bamara kugiregya, bagiiha orwihe hanyuma bagiteeka. Nyenkya endi, bagirunga n'ebirungo bagicumba. Enjuba enkoronge bagiiha orwihe bagikaranga, tibagitamu maizi. Bagikaranga n'obutuzi, n'amagita, n'amata g'omuraara n'ekisura. Osanga ecwekacwekere neeguma dai, kandi obunuzi mahano. Enjuba enjuumike tibagiiha bagiteeka ekwata, hanyuuma bagitereburra ha biko omu koomi. Bagisweka n'ebiko bindi babitaho. obusa nukwo bireme kusiiriira, bagibugira omurro gw'ekoomi. Ebirungo by'enjuba enu babita kara omu kintu ky'okurasiramu nukwo obu ekama bikwatiramu. ENKOKO Ira okwihaho okuteera obwire n'abafumu kuziita enkoko tizaali z'omugaso gundi omuka y'Omutooro. Hati biro binu z'omuhendo muno habwa byombi, okuguzaamu ensimbi n'okulya. Baitu ira omuntu obu yalyaga enkoko yacwibwaga omuka y'owaabu habw'okugihemura, kandi yayetwaga Kihungu rundi kisomamahuli. Enkoko ziina amabara gaazo agazeetwa habw'obwoya bwazo. Hanu ifo haragiriirwe obwoya bw'enkoko ebuguma. Kyeru Kibebe Kikara Kitunda Kinyonza Kitembe Kitukura Kitanga Kinyigi


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: A Guide for Advanced Learners and Teachers of Runyakitara

Response: Makerere University Press P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda Email: sales@press.mak.ac.ug managing.editor@press.mak.ac.ug (C) Oswald K. Ndoleriire, 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publishers. ISBN: 978-9970-611-00-3


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Table of Contents

Response: Table of Contents ..... v Acronyms and Abbreviations ..... ix Preface ..... xi Acknowledgements ..... xvi About the Contributing Authors ..... xvii Chapter 1 THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF RUNYAKITARA Oswald Ndolerire & Gilbert Gumoshabe ..... 1 Introduction ..... 1 Theoretical Framework ..... 1 Scope of the Study ..... 2 Tone in Runyakitara ..... 3 Methodological Approach ..... 6 The Sounds of Runyakitara ..... 7 The Runyakitara Consonant Charts ..... 7 The Vowels ..... 23 The Phonemes of Runyakitara ..... 25 Conclusion ..... 31 References ..... 32 Chapter 2 MORPHOLOGY: GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY IN RUNYAKITARA Fridah Katushemererwe, Oswald Ndolerire, & Shirley Byakutaaga ..... 33 Morphology ..... 33 Morphological Typology ..... 33 Morphological Typology and Runyakitara Morphology ..... 34 What is a morpheme? ..... 34 Identifying morphemes and morphs ..... 35 Roots and Affixes ..... 38 Morphemes and Allomorphs ..... 41 Nominal Morphology in Runyakitara ..... 45 Morpho-phonological Rule ..... 53 Aspects of the Nominalisation Process ..... 59 The Morphology of the Pronoun in Runyakitara ..... 60 The Morphology of the Adjective ..... 67 Conclusion ..... 73 References ..... 73 Chapter 3 VERBAL MORPHOLOGY: TENSE AND ASPECT IN RUNYAKITARA Gilbert Gomoshabe & Oswald Ndoleriire ..... 75 Introduction ..... 75 Theoretical Approaches ..... 75 The Verb in Runyakitara ..... 76 Markers in the Simple Verb Forms ..... 77 Tense/Aspect Markers ..... 78 The Habitual in Runyakitara ..... 81 Aspects and Tenses in Compound Verb Forms ..... 82 Time Adverbials and Subordinate Clauses of Time ..... 87 Compound Forms Derived from Complex Forms ..... 90 The Narrative −a∼aa− −a∼aa− and the 'imperative'-e ..... 91 Summary of Temporal Adverbials or Time Indicators ..... 93 Summary of Tenses and Aspects ..... 94 Adverbs ..... 97 Conclusion ..... 99 References ..... 100 Chapter 4 THE SYNTAX OF RUNYAKITARA Oswald Ndoleriire ..... 101 What is Syntax? ..... 101 Sentence in General ..... 101 What is a Complete Sentence? ..... 109 Simple and Complex Sentences ..... 110 Sentences and Clauses ..... 113 The Simple Sentence ..... 119 The Agent ..... 124 Types of Clauses ..... 124 Conclusion ..... 130 References ..... 130 Chapter 5 ASPECTS OF RUNYAKITARA SEMANTICS Celestino Oriikiriza ..... 131 What is Semantics? ..... 131 The meanings of the word 'meaning' ..... 131 Scope of Treatment of Linguistic Meaning in this Chapter ..... 133 Prior Work on Linguistic Isomorphism of Language and Phenomena in Runyakitara ..... 134 Semantic Fields ..... 138 Situations, their Encoding and Expression in Language ..... 146 Semantic Change ..... 147 Meaning Relations ..... 150 Conclusion ..... 155 References ..... 155 Chapter 6 TRANSLATION PROCESSES AND CONSTRAINTS IN RUNYAKITARA Gilbert Gumoshabe ..... 157 Introduction ..... 157 What Does the Form of the Language Include? ..... 158 Reasons for Translation ..... 160 History of Translation in Uganda ..... 161 Types of Translation ..... 163 The Translation Process ..... 164 Challenges in Translation ..... 167 Specialised Terminology ..... 171 Conclusion ..... 175 References ..... 175 Chapter 7 TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION IN RUNYAKITARA: LINKING THEORY TO PRACTICE Edith Ruth Natukunda-Togboa ..... 177 Introduction ..... 177 Translation and Interpretation: A Historical Perspective ..... 179 Translation Theories ..... 182 Translation and Interpretation Strategies ..... 187 Interpreting Strategies ..... 192 Audio-Visual Translation ..... 194 Conclusion ..... 196 References ..... 196 Chapter 8 THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF RUNYAKITARA Gilbert Gumoshabe & Oswald Ndolerire ..... 199 Introduction ..... 199 Principles of a good orthography ..... 200 The Need for Writing Uganda Indigenous Languages ..... 201 Historical Developments in the Orthography of Runyakitara ..... 202 Efforts to Standardise the Orthography of Runyakitara ..... 203 Current Situation of the Orthography of Runyakitara ..... 206 Double Consonants ..... 206 Vowel Length ..... 210 The Relative ..... 215 Prepositions and Conjunctions ..... 216 The Possessives ..... 217 Writing Peculiarities ..... 218 Reduplication and Compound Nouns ..... 221 Miscellaneous Issues ..... 223 Punctuation ..... 226 Summary of Runyakitara Orthography ..... 231 References ..... 235 Chapter 9 INTRODUCTION TO A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF RUNYAKITARA TEXTS: A GENRE APPROACH Levis Mugumya ..... 237 Introduction ..... 237 What is Discourse Analysis? ..... 238 Methods used in Discourse Analysis ..... 239 What is genre? ..... 240 Why is it Important to Acquire Genre Knowledge? ..... 241 Genre Analysis ..... 243 Identification of Genres ..... 244 Analysing Genres ..... 247 Narrative Genres ..... 248 Runyakitara Story Genres ..... 250 A Contemporary Runyakitara New Story Genre - Amakuru ..... 255 Conclusion ..... 262 References ..... 263 Index ..... 267


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Preface

Response: This book introduces a language that we call Runyakitara. You may wonder what Runyakitara stands for. If you are a Ugandan, you may think that some linguists sat down and came up with a new language that they then named Runyakitara. We are going to show you that this is not the case. Runyakitara, as a matter of fact, is a name that was proposed in the mid-1990s by language academics at Makerere University when they were introducing the teaching of Runyoro-Rutooro and RunyankoreRukiga as a degree-level course at that university. Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-Rukiga are taught as one subject at the university and it was, therefore, convenient to give them one name because it evokes the old empire of Bunyoro-Kitara, which, at its height, covered most of the areas where Runyakitara is spoken today. The speakers of Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-Rukiga, additionally, to a large extent understand each other and do not need an interpreter when conversing among themselves. According to some studies (Ladefoged, 1972), the languages or dialects have a high degree of mutual intelligibility.


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Runyakitara in the global context

Response: It is generally accepted that the four varieties of Runyakitara under study belong to the Bantu family of languages, which are part of the Benue-Congo sub-group. The latter itself belongs to the Niger-Congo which is under the Congo-Kordofan (also called Niger-Kordofan) language family. One notes that the Bantu language family is, geographically, the most widespread, stretching from the Equator to the Cape of Good Hope.


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Runyakitara in the national context

Response: The Ugandan Constitution does not mention the word Runyakitara. It mentions 56 languages according to the tribes that the constitution recognises. Thus, Runyoro is recognised as a language in the same way Rukiga, Rutagwenda, Runyaruguru and others are. The practice in previous periods, particularly from the 1950s, was to recognise six area languages, at least for educational purposes, those that were to be taught in primary schools. These were: Luganda, Runyoro-Rutooro, Lwo, AtesoNgakarimojong, Lugbara and Runyankore-Rukiga. Thus, Runyakitara had two of its major varieties recognised among the six area languages of Uganda. The situation has now changed, with more languages, such as Lusoga, Japadhola, Lumasaaba and Lhukonzo being taught in primary schools and used as media of instruction during the first three years of primary education.


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Language and Dialect

Response: Generally speaking, a language is made up of dialects; that is, different ways in which a language is used by speakers. The most widely-spoken dialects are the regional dialects; that is, people in a given area speaking a language somewhat differently from those of another area. There are also social dialects whereby people of a given class speak the language somewhat differently from those of another. Because of their high degree of mutual intelligibility, Runyoro, Rutooro, Runyankore and Rukiga could be considered as regional dialects of a language called Runyakitara. However, mutual intelligibility is not necessarily sufficient to bring different language varieties together to form one language. There are other factors to be considered which may be political and historical. For instance, the Danish language is very close to and mutually intelligible with one of the dialects of the Norwegian language. And yet Norwegian and Danish are considered as distinct languages because of historical factors. In the same manner, the kingdoms of Ankore, Bunyoro and Tooro have existed for more than a century and people came to associate the language type they spoke with the kingdom where they lived. So, the people of Bunyoro spoke Runyoro, which has a lot in common with Rutooro while those of Ankore spoke Runyankore which also has a lot in common with Rukiga. Furthermore, the different speakers of these four "languages" were aware that they could understand each other easily but in their own perception, they were speaking different languages. So, it is not enough for a few academicians to propose a name. It must also be accepted by the different speakers of the languages in question and eventually by the wider community. The use of the word Runyakitara is for the moment at crossroads with a possibility that it might eventually be widely accepted or that it might not. The example of the Chinese language is also most edifying. It is said that Chinese has many dialects some of which are mutually unintelligible. The most prominent dialects are Mandarin in the Northern part of China and Cantonese in the Southern part. These two major dialects are said not to be mutually intelligible. However, because of the long history of China as a nation, the two are recognized as forming one Chinese language with Mandarin being considered as the standard for the whole country. All the other dialects are also considered as being part of the Chinese language. The situation of Chinese is, however, facilitated by the script that is used. In effect, people with mutually unintelligible dialects can read and understand each other because of the nature of the Chinese script. The symbols of the Chinese script represent meanings of concepts rather than sounds and that is why people of different dialects can read and understand each other while being unable to hold a conversation together.


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Historical Perspectives and Geographical Distribution

Response: It is widely accepted in Western Uganda, that a people's language or orulimi/orurimi corresponds to what her ethnic group speaks. The Banyoro speak Runyoro, the Batooro speak Rutooro, the Bagangaizi speak Rugangaizi, the Banyankore speak Runyankore, the Bakiga speak Rukiga, and so on. However, when the European missionaries came, those with interest in language noticed that most of the languages in Western Uganda were highly mutually intelligible. Those who wrote the first grammars and the Bible called those languages Runyoro because of the influence that the Empire of Bunyoro-Kitara had once had in this area. Thus, Maddox wrote the Elementary Lunyoro Grammar in 1902 and pointed out that he was writing a grammar of a language spoken far beyond the Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom of the time. It is this language that we have called Runyakitara. In that respect, mutually intelligible languages or dialects that make up Runyakitara would include but would not be limited to the following: a) Runyankore, to which should be associated sub-dialects such as Ruhima, Ruhororo, Runyaruguru, Rutagwenda and to some extent Rukooki. b) Rukiga, to which should be associated such sub-dialects as Runyaifo, Runyangyezi, Rusigi, Ruhimba, Rugyeri, Ruheesi, and Runyabutumbi. c) Runyoro, to which should be associated such sub-dialects as Ruruuli, Runyara, and Rugangaizi. d) Rutooro, to which should be associated such sub-dialects as, Rusongora, Rutuku, Runyakyaka and Orutooro rwa Hansozi. There is also Lubwisi which could be considered as a sub-dialect of Rutooro. The above form the Runyakitara group in Uganda. Outside Uganda, we have in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ruhuma, which is clearly a sub-dialect of Rutooro as well as Ruhema; in Tanzania we have Runyambo, Ruhaya and Kerewe. One should note that the first Bible for Western Uganda was written in what the writers called Runyoro in 1913, whose target audience went far beyond the borders of the Bunyoro-Kitara kingdom. It was read in the whole of Western Uganda until the first and full Runyankore-Rukiga Bible came out in 1964. It is only in the mid 1950's that the umbrella word Runyoro lost value and it was agreed at different meetings that Runyankore-Rukiga would be considered as one language and Runyoro-Rutooro as another. The name Runyakitara is therefore, convenient for this book in as far as we are addressing commonalities and differences existing in the structure of four mutually intelligible dialects or languages, depending on one's perception.


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: General theoretical approach

Response: This book is intended for a wide readership, ranging from students in secondary schools and teacher training colleges to language teachers at all levels of education. It should also be useful for language students and lecturers in institutions of higher learning as well as researchers in languages and related areas. Due to the nature of the readership, language theories are applied sparingly in as far as they facilitate the understanding of a given language aspect by the reader. For instance, the diagrams are used to analyse some types of sentences but the authors will not go into detailed analysis of transformational generative grammar. The authors of various chapters have adopted a descriptive approach in their analysis. In that respect, a language element is analysed by taking into account its relationship with other elements in the language, the role it plays vis-à-vis the rest, and the meaning that it carries. Furthermore, since we are dealing with four major varieties of Runyakitara, a comparative approach is imperative. To that end, similar characteristics of a given point are highlighted and the differences are also demonstrated. In giving examples, the authors, in most chapters, have endeavoured to indicate whether the example is in Runyankore-Rukiga (Ry/Rk) or Runyoro-Rutooro (Rn/Rt). Where there is no specific indication, one will assume that the example is common to all the four varieties. Otherwise, for the chapters based only on one of the two major varieties, Runyankore-Rukiga or Runyoro-Rutooro, that will be indicated at the beginning of the chapter. Regarding some specific topics, such as those on translation, discourse analysis, semantics and lexicography, theories and approaches pertaining to them are explained within their respective chapters. Finally, it should be pointed out that this book is varied enough to enable readers with different interests to concentrate on the chapter or chapters that are of interest to them. For further reading on Runyakitara, the reader is advised to look out for two more publications, namely The Cultures of the Banyakitara and Runyakitara Literature by the same group of authors. Oswald K. Ndoleriire Makerere University, Kampala October 2019 Runyakitara Language Studies: A Guide for Learners and Teachers of Runyakitara


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Acknowledgements

Response: This book is a result of painstaking research, which started in 1995/1996 with a research grant from the Research and Publications Committee of Makerere University, to whom we express our sincere appreciation. We wish to extend our sincere thanks to all those who have, in one way or another, helped towards the realization of this work. Our gratitude goes to the late Associate Professor Sango Mwanahewa, Mark Musinguzi, Anette Birungi and Dr Allen Asiimwe. We also extend special thanks to the Centre for Language and Communication Services of Makerere University, who assisted financially during the process of writing and reviewing the manuscript. In the same spirit, our sincere thanks go to the Department of African Languages, Makerere University, for recommending this publication to the sponsors. Finally, we also wish to express our deep gratitude to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training, Makerere University, for accepting this publication, and the Carnegie Corporation, New York, for funding the publication.


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: About the Contributing Authors

Response: Shirley Cathy Byakutaaga, holds a Bachelor of Arts with Education (Makerere University) and a Masters in Linguistics (University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada). She served as a Senior Lecturer at the Institute of Languages, Makerere University, where she was among those who initiated and popularized the teaching of Runyakitara. Her research interests are in the interplay between Ugandan, European and American cultures on which her bestseller, Tips on Ugandan Cultures, is based. She has also written on Academic Linguistics, children's stories, and cotranslated the Uganda Constitution, Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart and Okot p' Bitek's Song of Lawino into Runyoro-Rutooro. Gilbert Gumoshabe holds a PhD in Social Anthropology. He is a lecturer and Coordinator of Runyakitara in the Department of African Languages, Makerere University. He co-authored Katondoozi: A Thesaurus of Runyankore-Rukiga, KavunuuziRunyankore/Rukiga-English Dictionary and A Unified Standard Orthography of Runyakitara. He edited the Standard English-Runyankore/Rukiga Dictionary. Fridah Katushemererwe, PhD, is a lecturer and researcher of Linguistics and Communication Skills in the Department of Linguistics and English Language Studies, Makerere University. She has contributed to scholarship through journal articles, conference proceedings and book chapters. She has presented at several conferences and workshops, delivered seminars locally and internationally. Levis Mugumya, PhD, is a Lecturer in the School of Languages, Literature and Communication, Makerere University where he teaches Linguistics and Communication Skills. He holds a doctorate from Stellenbosch University, South Africa. His research interests include professional and academic writing, discourse analysis, media genres, evaluative language, and language and conflict. Edith Natukunda-Togboa, PhD, is an Associate Professor in Language Studies (French). She uses French and Runyakitara to research into gender issues, European studies and African peace and conflict scenarios. She previously served as Dean of African Studies and Head of Department in Peace and Conflict Studies in the University for Peace, Costa Rica but currently heads the Department of European and Oriental Languages, Makerere University, where she also teaches French and Francophone Literature, Cultural Studies, Communication, French for Specific Purpose and Runyakitara Literature. She is also a consultant in editing, publishing, translation and interpretation in French, English and Runyankore. Her research interests are in Runyakitara, gender and development, discourse analysis, peace and conflict studies. Oswald K. Ndoleriire, holds a Bachelor's degree in French, a Master's degree and a PhD in Linguistics (University of Sorbonne Nouvelle, France). He is currently a Professor of Linguistics and Director of the Confucius Institute at Makerere University. He previously served as Dean Faculty of Arts and Principal College of Humanities and Social Sciences at Makerere University. He also served as Minister of Education and as Regent to King Oyo in the Tooro Kingdom of Uganda. He has taught French, African linguistics, general linguistics, English phonology in various institutions of higher learning in Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda. He has researched and published widely in the areas of African linguistics (Runyakitara), and in language, culture and development. Celestino Oriikiriza, PhD, is a lecturer in linguistics at Makerere University, Kampala. He was the pronunciation editor of Fountain Junior English Dictionary (2006) and the lead compiler of the dictionary Kashoboorozi y'Orunyankore-Rukiga (2007). He published 'Elicitation and Arrangement of conceptual meanings in the Lexicography of Less Documented Languages' in Lexikos (2014).


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Chapter 1

Response: THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF RUNYAKITARA <br> Oswald Ndolerire & Gilbert Gumoshabe


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Introduction

Response: This chapter, which is an updated version of Ndoleriire's (1992) article, endeavours to present aspects of the phonetics and phonology of Runyakitara. Some people have already made an attempt but very often in a very superficial manner. The studies that exist are presenting sounds either in Runyoro-Rutooro or Runyankore-Rukiga. No serious attempt seems to have been made to examine whether there is an underlying phonological system of the four major Runyakitara varieties spoken in Uganda (Runyoro, Rutooro, Runyankore, and Rukiga). This is precisely what we set out to do.


Instruction: Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Theoretical Framework

Response: In the inventory of sounds, the approach will be purely descriptive, the aim being to try to account for as many sounds as can be identified in the four dialects of Runyakitara (Runyoro-Rutooro/Runyankore-Rukiga, sometimes divided into Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-Rukiga). This collection of sounds is what we have referred to as the phonetics of Runyakitara. After the inventory of the sounds, an attempt will be made to determine the 'functional' or 'distinctive' units among them; that is what we usually call 'phonemes'. This functional description of sounds is called 'phonology'. In order to identify the phonemes of Runyakitara, we shall essentially base our analysis on a 'functional/distributional' framework. In the Prague school sense of the word (Vachek, 2008), a sound is 'functional' if, in a given segment, it can help in differentiating one word from another. For instance, in Runyakitara, /k/ /k/ is a distinct phoneme from /g/ /g/ because by replacing /k/ /k/ with /g/ /g/ in a given segment, the meaning can change; e. g., kukanya (to increase) and kuganya (to be miserable). In the same manner, /t/ /t/ is said to be a distinct phoneme from /d/ /d/, for example: Such examples as obuta and kukanya are said to constitute "minimal pairs". The notion of minimal pairs, as explained by Ndoleriire (1980), is very useful in phonology for determining the distinctive features of sounds; that is, their phonemic status. Another important yardstick in determining whether a sound is a phoneme or not is to examine its distribution. By distribution, we mean the physical environment of the sound; what appears on its left and right. This often determines the physical representation of the sound itself. For instance, in a good number of Bantu languages, the sound [r] is pronounced as [d] when it is preceded by a nasal such as [n]. Thus, in Runyoro-Rutooro, oku-rora (to see) becomes n n-dora (I see). The [d] is brought about by the preceding nasal [n]. In this case, we say that [r] and [n] in the environment of ku-rora/n-dora, are not two distinct phonemes, but variants of one phoneme. Their physical representation is determined by specific environments; that is, the presence or absence of the nasal [n].