diff --git "a/train.json" "b/train.json" --- "a/train.json" +++ "b/train.json" @@ -1,2801 +1,2801 @@ [ { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article contributes to the scholarly discourse on the repercussions of trade liberalization in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that contributed to early globalization, offering a perspective that extends beyond the traditional focus on Atlantic economies. Our study centres on East and Southeast Asia, pivotal in Pacific and Indian Ocean trade. We overcome data scarcity by presenting a new, partner-disaggregated imports dataset spanning 10 ports across the region from 1795 to 1839. Employing a gravity model and incorporating interactions, we assess the degree of intra-Asian trade and its evolution following key events that liberalized East and Southeast Asian commerce in a period when measurable global integration started to become apparent. Supporting new Asian scholarship, our results highlight the remarkable intra-Asian trade before the high colonial era. We also show that, in general, colonial trade policies fostering inter-continental trade disproportionately augmented colonial imports in East and Southeast Asia, eclipsing gains in intra-Asian or Pacific trade, especially before 1830. We explore the impact of the influx of British textiles in the region as a mechanism to explain these trends. Our study illuminates complex trade dynamics in East and Southeast Asia during a transformative period of measurable global integration.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: The present work discusses the challenges and approaches involved in conserving cultural heritage (CH), specifically focusing on eco-friendly conservation methods and the management of biodeterioration. It highlights the need for innovative protocols that align with green conservation criteria, aiming to replace traditional, potentially harmful practices with sustainable alternatives. This study is based on the role of nanomaterials like halloysite in developing protective coatings for CH materials. Additionally, the issues of biological colonization on CH assets, the difficulties in controlling environmental factors affecting biodeterioration, and the use of direct methods in outdoor conservation were also evaluated. This work is specifically focused on a case study: the Palazzo Centrale dell' Universita in Catania (Italy), where alternative, eco-friendly protectives and biocides have been tested on Hyblean limestones. After a preliminary study of the lithology and the forms of degradation which affect the whole monument, laboratory tests were carried out using the newly developed protective coatings on several types of Hyblean limestone in order to assess their efficacy and their impact on the stone. Furthermore, cleaning operations were also tested on-site by comparing an eco-friendly biocide with commercial counterparts in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the products and establish an efficient restoration protocol for future projects.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We examined whether a community engagement approach and jurisdictional attributes were associated with local action to restrict the sale of flavored tobacco products in Los Angeles County during 2019-2022. We estimated crude and adjusted risk ratios to examine these associations. Jurisdictions that used an active community engagement approach to adopt a flavored tobacco ban ordinance, those with previous experience adopting other tobacco-related ordinances, and those located next to communities that have an existing tobacco retail license ordinance were more likely than jurisdictions without these attributes to adopt a new ordinance to restrict the sale of flavored tobacco products. Efforts to adopt such an ordinance were generally more successful in jurisdictions where community members were engaged and policy makers were familiar with the adoption of public health ordinances.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Purpose This study is to describe patient demographic characteristics and estimate annual prevalence and incidence rates of Crohn's disease (CD) in Japan and the United States (US). Methods Two large employment-based healthcare claims databases (Japan Medical Data Center [JMDC] in Japan and Merative MarketScan [Merative] in the US) were used to identify patients with CD from 2010 to 2019. Cases were confirmed using an algorithm based on diagnostic with/without treatment codes. The Merative population was used for sex and age standardization of annual prevalence and incidence rates estimated from the JMDC. Results Patients with CD were generally younger in Japan than in the US at diagnosis (mean 33.6 vs. 39.4 years) and 71.5% were male versus 45.1% in the US. Annual prevalence per 100,000 population increased substantially in both countries, from 34.2 in 2010 to 54.5 in 2019 in Japan (standardized) and 163.3 to 224.2 in the US. Prevalence rates increased in both males and females in all age groups between 6 and < 65 years. Annual incidence rate per 100,000 person-years was almost fourfold higher in the US than Japan (21.0 vs. 5.5 [standardized] in 2019) but remained stable in both countries over time in both sexes and in all age groups. Conclusion The epidemiology of CD differs between Japan and the US. Research to understand the basis of these differences could help to identify at-risk groups in each country, and guide implementation of preventive measures.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Lacquered artifacts are among the most exquisite objects in museum collections. However, during aging, a considerable quantity of water-soluble products are formed on the lacquered surfaces, posing significant conservation and preservation challenges. This paper presents in-depth research on the composition of these water-soluble products by the investigation into water extracts from Asian lacquer coatings during artificial aging. Lacquer coatings of 15 specially designed formulations involving different lacquer tree saps (urushi, laccol, and thitsi), drying oils, tree resins and pigments were produced and artificially aged. A set of analytical methods was developed including pH and conductivity measurements, and peak area and index analyses based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results show that artificial light aging cause the formation of a complex array of hydroxyl carboxyl benzenes (Webboxy products), while simultaneously decreasing the amounts of saturated straight-chain dicarboxylic fatty acids and glycerol. Distinct changes in the average number of hydroxyls and carboxyls bonded to the benzene rings or average chain length of the dicarboxylic fatty acids have also been observed with light aging. The additive that impeded light degradation and formation of water-soluble products the most is drying oil, and the additives that accelerated composition changes of water-soluble products was iron (treatment). Additionally, 12 new compounds have been identified as aging products of lacquer, such as tetramethyl dimethoxybenzene tetracarboxylate and benzene hexacarboxylic acid hexamethyl ester. The understanding of pH and conductivity readings of water extracts from aged lacquer is significantly improved. The research results contribute to the knowledge of aging pathways and mechanisms of alteration to Asian lacquer coatings. (c) 2024 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR).", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Direklerarasi, the core of Ramadan entertainment in late Ottoman Istanbul, rose to prominence toward the end of the nineteenth century at about the same time as entertainment hubs in Paris, Berlin, Tokyo, and New York. Thanks to the legitimacy provided by the Holy Ramadan, which played a positive role in reducing public suspicion and uneasiness among Muslim families towards the products of early mass culture, Direklerarasi seems to draw a larger children's audience compared to Pera and Galata, the epicenter of European-style entertainment and a location where non-Muslims were heavily populated. As a result, many children were introduced to emerging modern mass culture at Direklerarasi, which offers a large variety of shows and spectacles grouped under the name of lubiyat in the Ottoman world, including theater, musical plays, juggling, circus, concerts, shadow theater and cinema. This article focuses on childhood experiences at Direklerarasi using a wide range of primary sources from archival documents and official regulations to Ottoman periodicals and memoirs. It aims to discuss the moral and aesthetic concerns arising from the fact that the spheres of adults and children were not yet clearly separated from each other, as well as how this experience at Direklerarasi was remembered later as a childhood memory.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: A growing literature finds that the way governments are organized can impact the societies they serve in important ways. The same is apparent with respect to civil service organizations. Numerous studies show that the recruitment of civil servants based on their credentials rather than on nepotism or patronage reduces corruption in government. Political corruption in turn appears to harm population health. Up to this time, however, civil service organization is not a recognized determinant of health and is little discussed outside of political science disciplines. To provoke a broader conversation on this subject, the following study proposes that meritocratic recruitment of civil servants improves population health. To test this proposition, a series of regression models examines comparative data for 118 countries. Consistent with study hypotheses, meritocratic recruitment of civil servants corresponds longitudinally with both lower rates of corruption and lower rates of infant mortality. Results are similar after robustness checks. Findings with regard to life expectancy are more mixed. However, additional tests suggest meritocratic recruitment contributes to life expectancy over a longer span of time. Findings also offer more support for a direct pathway from meritocratic recruitment to population health rather than via changes in corruption levels per se, although this may depend on a country's level of economic development. Overall, this study offers first evidence that civil service organization, particularly the recruitment of civil servants based on the merits of their applications rather than on whom they happen to know in government, is a positive determinant of health. More research in this area is needed.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: This study explores the relationship between chief executive officer (CEO) narcissism and hybrid organising. We hypothesise that typical CEO narcissism promotes hybrid organising, but over-narcissism inhibits it. We develop a moderated mediation model to identify the relationship between CEO narcissism, two top management team (TMT) traits (behavioural integration and heterogeneity), and hybrid organising. This study selects social enterprises as typical hybrid organisations to test the hypotheses. A questionnaire survey of 258 top managers from 81 social enterprises across China supports the view that the effect of CEO narcissism on hybrid organising shows an inverted U-shaped relationship. TMT behavioural integration mediates this effect. TMT heterogeneity enhances the effect, moving the inflexion point of the inverted U-shaped curve up and to the left. Our study pioneers a new avenue for exploring the impact of CEO personality traits on hybrid organising in social enterprises.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We study various physical quantities of objects with petal shapes. N-petal shapes exhibit N-fold rotational symmetry. Furthermore, they might have an additional characteristic: the equation defining their boundaries could be represented by F(N theta). We will show that physical quantities of objects with these characteristics may show strange properties. By 'physical quantities', we refer to aspects such as electric potential and electric field due to a charged petal-shaped plate or cylinder on the rotation axis, their mass and moment of inertia. We are going to show that for such objects, these physical observables do not depend on the number of petals, N. This intriguing result has a simple reason.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Malnutrition is a known concern during hospitalization for humans, dogs, and cats. The same nutrition principals to reduce the risk of malnutrition can be applied to exotic companion animal patients. However, it's important to understand that many nutritional requirements are ill defined for specific species and prudent clinical judgment is required.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been widely employed for image Super -Resolution (SR) in recent years. Various techniques enhance SR performance by altering CNN structures or incorporating improved self-attention mechanisms. Interestingly, these advancements share a common trait. Instead of explicitly learning high-frequency details, they learn an implicit feature processing mode that utilizes weighted sums of a feature map's own elements for reconstruction, akin to convolution and non-local. In contrast, early dictionary-based approaches learn feature decompositions explicitly to match and rebuild Low-Resolution (LR) features. Building on this analysis, we introduce Trainable Feature Matching (TFM) to amalgamate this explicit feature learning into CNNs, augmenting their representation capabilities. Within TFM, trainable feature sets are integrated to explicitly learn features from training images through feature matching. Furthermore, we integrate non-local and channel attention into our proposed Trainable Feature Matching Attention Network (TFMAN) to further enhance SR performance. To alleviate the computational demands of non-local operations, we propose a streamlined variant called Same-size-divided Region -level Non-Local (SRNL). SRNL conducts nonlocal computations in parallel on blocks uniformly divided from the input feature map. The efficacy of TFM and SRNL is validated through ablation studies and module explorations. We employ a recurrent convolutional network as the backbone of our TFMAN to optimize parameter utilization. Comprehensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that TFMAN achieves superior results in most comparisons while using fewer parameters. The code is available at https://github.com/qizhou000/tfman.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Fifty years ago, the infamous bank robbery and ensuing hostage crisis that took place in a Stockholm bank gave rise to the so-called 'Stockholm syndrome'. Though never recognized as a valid medical diagnosis, the (allegedly) pathological relationship between kidnapper and hostage has become an omnipresent media phenomenon that inspires movies and television series to this day. However, this forced bond was not always seen as problematic. The years between 1860 and 1910 witnessed the rise of kidnappings in the Mediterranean world (Southern Italy, Greece, the Ottoman Balkan region, and Morocco) involving English, American, and European hostages. Today, we know about these incidents from autobiographical narratives by the former captives. They painted a surprisingly favourable picture of their captors - and found enthusiastic audiences for their stories. Looking at the interplay of feelings, coercion, and empowerment, the article opens up a new perspective on the history of emotions that brings both victims and perpetrators into the picture.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: As we theorize about philosophy of language that bears on social and political issues, it is worth revisiting the methodological question of how we as theorists rely on our philosophical and linguistic intuitions, and what assumptions underlie our justification of such a reliance. Two threads in the philosophical literature are relevant to this question: the discussion of situatedness in feminist epistemology and the debate about philosophical expertise and philosophical intuitions. I argue that philosophers examining social and political philosophy of language should be careful-perhaps more careful than we have been-when we rely on our intuitions to draw conclusions about socially significant language, such as racist, sexist, homophobic, and other derogatory speech. I don't claim we should give up relying on our intuitions. Instead, I argue that we should be more explicit that our intuitions are limited, and open to the possibility that they might not align with the intuitions of those who have more experience with the kinds of speech we are analyzing. As a result, we might find that the conclusions we draw from our intuitions have to be revised or qualified.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: This article presents the results of research on bricks from medieval castles in north-central Poland. They were characterised based on petrographic analyses of thin section and mutually complementary instrumental methods. The bricks came from the oldest parts of the castles preserved to this day, or from castles not preserved but examined and excavated during archaeological research. The data obtained allowed for the identification of building materials that shared similar material and technical properties and that can be associated with different phases of the castles. Based on the results, it was found that the Pleistocene tills commonly found around the castles were not used in the manufacturing of the bricks. Small local deposits of fatty clays were used-Pleistocene varved clays or Miocene variegated clays. The buildings differed in the composition and texture of their bricks, indicating that the local clay raw material was extracted for each building separately. The share of raw material brought in from larger exposures further afield was small. Analyses of brick samples indicate the use of a fatty clay raw material that was improved by the addition of clastic material (quartz sand or a mixture of sand and quartz silt of various fractions).", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Inappropriate medication utilization among older adults is a pressing concern in the United States, owing to its high prevalence and the consequential detrimental impact it engenders. The adverse effects stemming from the inappropriate use of medication may be unequally borne by racial/ethnic minority populations, calling for greater efforts towards promoting equity in healthcare. The study objective was to assess the cost-effectiveness of Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services among Medicare beneficiaries and across racial/ethnic groups.METHODS: Medicare administrative data from 2016 to 2017 linked to Area Health Resources Files were used to analyze Medicare fee-for-service patients aged 65 or above with continuous Parts A/B/D coverage. The intervention group included new MTM enrollees in 2017; the control group referred to patients who met the general MTM eligible criteria but did not enroll in 2016 or 2017. The 2 groups were matched using a propensity score method. Effectiveness was evaluated as the proportion of appropriate medication utilization based on performance measures developed by the Pharmacy Quality Alliance. Costs were computed as total healthcare costs from Medicare perspective. A multivariable net benefit regressions with a classic linear model and Bayesian analysis were utilized. Net benefit was calculated based on willingness-to-pay thresholds at various multiples of the gross domestic product in 2017. Three-way interaction terms among dummy variables for MTM enrollment, 2017, and racial/ethnic minority groups were incorporated in a difference-in-differences study design.RESULTS: After adjusting for patient characteristics, the findings indicate that MTM receipt was associated with incremental net benefit among each race and ethnicity. For instance, the net benefit of MTM among the non-Hispanic White patients was $2498 (95% confidence interval\u2005=\u2005$1609, $3386) at a willingness-to-pay value of $59,908. The study found no significant difference in net benefits for MTM services between minority and White patients.CONCLUSION: The study provides evidence that MTM is a cost-effective tool for managing medication utilization among the Medicare population. However, MTM may not be cost-effective in reducing racial/ethnic disparities in medication utilization in the short term. Further research is needed to understand the long-term cost-effectiveness of MTM on racial/ethnic disparities.", + "input": "Abstract: Although social Q&A communities flourish due to the exchange of knowledge, their sustainability is jeopardized by an increasing disparity between those seeking and providing knowledge. To address this crucial matter, this study explores the factors that drive knowledge-sharing within these communities. Utilizing social exchange theory, social information processing theory, and social cognition theory, we construct a comprehensive theoretical framework that includes seven essential variables: trust, reciprocity, altruism, rewards, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and psychological safety. It is hypothesized that self-efficacy and outcome expectations play a mediating role in the relationships between other variables and knowledge-sharing. Additionally, psychological safety is suggested to moderate these mediating effects. In order to empirically evaluate the model, we create a specialized measurement tool that evaluates knowledge-sharing behavior. We then administer a survey to users of the Zhihu Q&A platform. Upon gathering and scrutinizing 495 legitimate responses, we substantiate the model's dependability and authenticity via statistical examinations. The results of the structural equation modeling indicate that trust, rewards, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations significantly impact knowledge-sharing, as hypothesized. The study also reveals that trust and altruism indirectly impact knowledge-sharing by influencing self-efficacy, while trust, reciprocity, and rewards influence knowledge-sharing through outcome expectations. Moreover, psychological safety plays a moderating role in the connections between self-efficacy and knowledge-sharing, as well as between outcome expectations and knowledge-sharing.", "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Delivering difficult news to families is an essential but challenging skill. Pediatric trainees report limited confidence in this skill and perform poorly in simulation. We implemented the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Resilience Curriculum and evaluated performance and self-efficacy in delivering difficult news.METHODS: The AAP Resilience Curriculum, using the SPIKES (Set-up, Perception, Invitation, Knowledge, Empathy, and Summary) framework, was taught to pediatric fellows. Fellows' performance during simulations with standardized patients before and after curriculum implementation was scored with a SPIKES checklist. Pre- and post-test surveys assessed self-efficacy in delivering difficult news.RESULTS: Fellows (n=19) significantly improved their performance in delivering difficult news, increasing the median SPIKES checklist scores from 78% to 90% completion (P<0.001). Pediatric fellows (n=35) reported improved confidence from 3.4/5 to 3.9 (P=0.01).CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric fellows demonstrated significant improvement in their ability to deliver difficult news during a simulated patient encounter and reported increased self-efficacy in delivering difficult news.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Preventable harms from medications are significant threats to patient safety in community settings, especially among ambulatory older adults on multiple prescription medications. Patients may partner with primary care professionals by taking on active roles in decisions, learning the basics of medication self-management, and working with community resources.OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the impact of a set of patient partnership tools that redesign primary care encounters to encourage and empower patients to make more effective use of those encounters to improve medication safety.METHODS: The study is a nonrandomized, cross-sectional stepped wedge cluster-controlled trial with 1 private family medicine clinic and 2 public safety-net primary care clinics each composing their own cluster. There are 2 intervention sequences with 1 cluster per sequence and 1 control sequence with 1 cluster. Cross-sectional surveys will be taken immediately at the conclusion of visits to the clinics during 6 time periods of 6 weeks each, with a transition period of no data collection during intervention implementation. The number of visits to be surveyed will vary by period and cluster. We plan to recruit patients and professionals for surveys during 405 visits. In the experimental periods, visits will be conducted with two partnership tools and associated clinic process changes: (1) a 1-page visit preparation guide given to relevant patients by clinic staff before seeing the provider, with the intention to improve communication and shared decision-making, and (2) a library of short educational videos that clinic staff encourage patients to watch on medication safety. In the control periods, visits will be conducted with usual care. The primary outcome will be patients' self-efficacy in medication use. The secondary outcomes are medication-related issues such as duplicate therapies identified by primary care providers and assessment of collaborative work during visits.RESULTS: The study was funded in September 2019. Data collection started in April 2023 and ended in December 2023. Data was collected for 405 primary care encounters during that period. As of February 15, 2024, initial descriptive statistics were calculated. Full data analysis is expected to be completed and published in the summer of 2024.CONCLUSIONS: This study will assess the impact of patient partnership tools and associated process changes in primary care on medication use self-efficacy and medication-related issues. The study is powered to identify types of patients who may benefit most from patient engagement tools in primary care visits.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05880368; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05880368.INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/57878.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The fire of April 15, 2019 at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris offered archaeologists and art historians a unique opportunity to work closely with an emblematic building, a World Heritage Site. The recovery of most of the voussoirs from the collapsed transverse arch of the nave has made it possible to study the operating chain of an essential element of the cathedral, from the choice of material to its implementation, including the techniques used by the stonemason or the knowledge of the joiner. This technical analysis has made it possible to establish comparisons with the other elevations of the cathedral, and also with other Early and High Gothic buildings, allowing us to offer a new proposal for the development of knowledge and the overall chronology of construction. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "input": "Abstract: Since the 1990s, the Norwegian management for cultural heritage has increased its focus on finding effective solutions for protecting Norway's wooden cultural heritage from fire damage. The medieval churches in general, including the wooden stave churches, with their interiors and inventories, are of special interest. However, the usefulness of protecting valuable interiors and inventories when fighting fire has been questioned. An experiment was carried out to find manageable solutions for protecting large inventories by using fire covers in case of fire. An experiment using seven commercially available products was conducted by fire fighters to investigate whether these products could protect historic interiors from water and fire. The preliminary results show that it is possible to find manageable, large format covers for the protection of large, immovable historic inventories.", "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: To increase the fracture toughness, the two-dimensional laminated textiles can be stitched with fibers throughout their thickness. But the stitch properties effect the mechanical behavior of the composite plates. Because of this reason, in this study, translaminar toughness of carbon fiber composites stitched with different densities and angles is investigated for the first time, experimentally and numerically. In the experimental study, fracture tests are performed according to ASTM E1922 standard and critical load; crack tip opening displacements and fracture toughness values are determined. In the numerical study, the critical stress intensity factor is determined using the M-integral method and the displacement correlation method. Modeling and fracture toughness analyses are performed in ANSYS finite element package. In order to find the crack propagation directions numerically, the model prepared in ANSYS is transferred to the LS-DYNA program and progressive failure analysis is performed. Stitching the layered composites perpendicular to the plane has increased the fracture toughness by 23.5-80.6% for plain-woven composites and 1.41-9.38% for UD composites. Fracture toughness values have increased with increasing stitch density. This increase is highest in the specimen stitched in the longitudinal direction where the toughness increased by similar to 15.4% with 100% increase in stitch density. The highest fracture toughness is obtained with double-directional stitching with a stitch density of 1.25 mm. It is determined that the designed heterogeneous model gives more accurate results than the homogeneous model by similar to 1-6%.", + "input": "Abstract: This paper addresses the research gap in understanding the role of intra-firm reverse technology transfers for building output versus innovation capabilities. While we understand that some firms use external sources to create new technology before they are able to build internal innovation capability, the role of bridging lack of innovation capability through internal reverse technology transfers has not been explored in this context. We analyze the technology transfer strategy in the case of Huawei Technologies through a mixed methods design combining quantitative survival analysis of patents and qualitative interviews to understand and contextualize its mechanisms. The results show that the company strategically transferred ideas for new and complex technologies from centers of state-of-the-art technology towards its domestic Chinese locations. Tapping into offshore innovation capability is done by hiring experienced personnel that transfers innovative ideas to China instead of developing new products abroad. We find that this systematic transfer of complex ideas enabled Huawei to build output capability by bridging its lack of domestic innovation capability. This might be a way for growing firms to become competitive on the world market before having to build innovation capability at home first.", "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The present geophysical research aims to evaluate the applicability of multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) on mapping ultrashallow underwater ancient masonry remnants. The work presents the analysis from a single seismic line using MASW and seismic refraction tomography (SRT) methods and its corresponding electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) section surveyed at the submerged prehistoric site of Agioi Theodoroi area located 10 km eastern of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. The 2D MASW velocity model exhibits significant correspondence with the resistivity structure extracted from the ERT data, showing lateral S-wave velocity (Vs) variations at the positions where the high resistivity anomalies exist. The analysis of synthetic seismic data calculated from a respective model reproduced a comparable S-wave velocity pseudo-section with the real data. However, the investigated targets (submerged buried masonry) appear shallower and wider in MASW sections than in the real world and the corresponding synthetic models, due to insufficient vertical and horizontal resolution of this method. Surface waves travelling through the seafloor sediments (Scholte-waves) demonstrate very low velocity values. This makes them suitable for the detection of shallow and relatively large (> 0.5 m) underwater manmade structures, providing the enhancement of MASW method resolution, by utilizing a high frequency (> 100 Hz) seismic source, recording short Scholte wavelengths (<= 1 m) and using shorter (<= 0.5 m) receiver spacing and array length. Consequently, the results of this work demonstrate the potential in employing conventional seismic techniques in the delineation of underwater antiquities and the revealing of the cultural dynamics in very shallow off-shore archaeological sites.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: The mechanical properties of loess are strongly dependent on the environment where it is deposited. To investigate the effects of acidic, alkaline, and saline environments on the strength and deformation properties of compacted loess, the consolidation test and direct shear test were carried out on loess samples contaminated with different concentrations of acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulfate. In addition, changes in zeta potential, mineralogy, chemical composition, and microstructure of the loess samples at different chemical environments were also measured. The results show that the reduction in the thickness of the diffuse double layer for the loess contaminated with acetic acid leads to the aggregation of clay particles, laying the foundation for the expansion of loess pores, while the dissolution of carbonate cement and chemical cement makes the soil structure looser. Hence, the compacted loess has significantly lower shear strength and higher compressibility in an acidic environment. The mechanical properties in the saline environment show similar variation characteristics to the acidic environment, but this is mainly due to carbonate solubilization. In the alkaline environment, the degree of interparticle cementation of the loess is enhanced by the generation of calcite due to dedolomitization and the generation of colloidal flocs of Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, and H2SiO3. In addition, the pore connectivity is greatly reduced by the extensive distribution of clay particles caused by the development of a diffuse double layer. As a result, its compressibility and shear strength are improved compared to uncontaminated loess. These findings can be used as a reference for geoengineering practice in loess areas.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Over the past 50 years in the field of immunology, something of a Copernican revolution has happened. For a long time, immunologists were mainly concerned with what is termed adaptive immunity, which involves the exquisitely specific activities of lymphocytes. But the other arm of immunity, so-called innate immunity, had been neglected. To celebrate Cell's 50th anniversary, we have put together a review of the processes and components of innate immunity and trace the seminal contributions leading to the modern state of this field. Innate immunity has joined adaptive immunity in the center of interest for all those who study the body's defenses, as well as homeostasis and pathology. We are now entering the era where therapeutic targeting of innate immune receptors and downstream signals hold substantial promise for infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Using the example of Nairobi, this article calls for planning practitioners in, and scholars of, African urban spaces to reflect on the role of the police as infrastructure and managers in cities on the continent. While this function is recognized, to a great extent, in other regions of the globe, I argue that both formal urban practice and scholarship on African cities have not duly accounted for how the police are involved in city processes in ways that far exceed their mandate to 'serve and protect.' Such recognitions, I contend, will allow for an urban governance that is not only cognizant of and shaped by the experiences of the majority, but also one that seeks to limit the increasingly normalized and problematic urban functions of the police.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore the effect and mechanism of the digital economy's influence on the binary margin of agricultural exports. Design/methodology/approach - Based on the theoretical analysis of the mechanism of the digital economy's influence on the binary margin of agricultural exports, this study empirically examines the effect and mechanism of the digital economy's influence on the binary margin of agricultural exports based on China's customs export data from 2011 to 2016. Findings - The relevant findings are threefold. (1) The digital economy significantly improves the binary margin of agricultural exports, and its effect on the intensive margin is stronger than that on the expansive margin. After the expansive margin is subdivided, the effects on the three sub-variables of the expansive margin are in the following order: old products exported to new markets > new products exported to old markets > new products exported to new markets. (2) The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the digital economy has a stronger role in promoting the binary margin of exports for enterprises in the eastern region, high-income countries as the destination of exports and state-owned enterprises. (3) Mechanism analysis shows that the digital economy promotes the binary margin of agricultural exports by reducing trade costs and intensifying market competition. Originality/value - First, in terms of research perspective, although there are some studies on the impact of the digital economy on export trade in existing literature, the research objects mainly focus on manufacturing enterprises. In fact, agricultural trade is susceptible to natural conditions and seasonal factors, and countries may impose more SPS measures and TBT measures on agricultural trade due to risk considerations. The relationship between the digital economy and agricultural trade also has its own characteristics, but there are few research studies in this area. At present, only Liu and Gao (2022), based on the data of total imports and exports of different agricultural products from 2004 to 2018, have established a vector auto-regressive model to empirically analyse the heterogeneous dynamic impact of the digital economy on the trade volume of agricultural products. In addition, Ma and Guo (2023) conducted an empirical test on the total effect, regional heterogeneity and threshold effect of the digital economy on agricultural export trade based on China's provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020. Therefore, under the new circumstances of continuous integration of digital technology and agriculture, this study interprets the impact effect and mechanism of the digital economy on the binary margin of agricultural exports from the perspective of the digital economy, providing new research perspectives and approaches for promoting the growth of agricultural exports. Second, in terms of theoretical analysis, the above studies have not been fully analysed in terms of the specific mechanism of the impact of the digital economy on agricultural exports. Based on the positive and negative characteristics of agricultural trade, this study introduces two kinds of roles into the theoretical analysis framework to comprehensively determine the trade impact effect of the digital economy.Third, in terms of research design, this study empirically examines the impact of the digital economy on the binary margin of agricultural products, passing a series of robustness tests and investigating the mediating roles of trade cost and market competition effects, producing an empirical basis for China to leverage the digital economy to promote the binary margin of agricultural exports.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Green roofs have become an increasingly popular feature in building design, driven by their bio-physical properties and aesthetic and recreational values. They serve as a key element in promoting the integration of Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) in urban fabrics, aiming to enhance urban environments, mitigate climate impact, and create more sustainable urban spaces. Polish regulations mandate that investors maintain a designated proportion of biologically active areas, ensuring natural vegetation and rainwater retention. Green roofs fulfill this requirement and can serve as compensation for the loss of biologically active areas due to construction. Unfortunately, the regulations lack specificity regarding their construction. This study aimed to examine whether green roofs consistently represent NBSs, as frequently presented in the scientific literature, or rather serve as a legal substitute for biologically active areas. The research was conducted in Lublin, the ninth largest city in Poland. Field studies, analysis of planning documentation, and review of administrative decisions have revealed that the majority of green roofs in Lublin have a greenwashing character, meaning they were installed to meet urbanistic indicators rather than for climate, environmental, or aesthetic reasons. Such studies have not been conducted before in relation to local spatial development plans and administrative decisions in Poland, and they show that this approach does not contribute to increasing biodiversity on investment plots. Notably, the investor would be denied construction permits without the incorporation of green roofs. Consequently, this leads to the conclusion that not all green roofs fulfill the criteria of NBS, as not all ensure an increase in biodiversity. Therefore, legal provisions regarding their establishment should be revised and specified.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Medical image segmentation is a focus research and foundation in developing intelligent medical systems. Recently, deep learning for medical image segmentation has become a standard process and succeeded significantly, promoting the development of reconstruction, and surgical planning of disease diagnosis. However, semantic learning is often inefficient owing to the lack of supervision of feature maps, resulting in that high-quality segmentation models always rely on numerous and accurate data annotations. Learning robust semantic representation in latent spaces remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose a novel semi-supervised learning framework to learn vital attributes in medical images, which constructs generalized representation from diverse semantics to realize medical image segmentation. We first build a self-supervised learning part that achieves context recovery by reconstructing space and intensity of medical images, which conduct semantic representation for feature maps. Subsequently, we combine semantic-rich feature maps and utilize simple linear semantic transformation to convert them into image segmentation. The proposed framework was tested using five medical segmentation datasets. Quantitative assessments indicate the highest scores of our method on IXI (73.78%), ScaF (47.50%), COVID-19-Seg (50.72%), PC-Seg (65.06%), and Brain-MR (72.63%) datasets. Finally, we compared our method with the latest semi-supervised learning methods and obtained 77.15% and 75.22% DSC values, respectively, ranking first on two representative datasets. The experimental results not only proved that the proposed linear semantic transformation was effectively applied to medical image segmentation, but also presented its simplicity and ease-of-use to pursue robust segmentation in semi-supervised learning. Our code is now open at: https://github.com/QingYunA/Linear-Semantic-Transformation-for-Semi-Supervised-Medical-Image-Segmentation.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: This paper presents a periodized overview of informal urbanization in Vienna in the twentieth century. It offers a new perspective on the evolution of planning discourse and the phenomenon's handling by planning authorities. The variegated manifestations of 'Informal Vienna' triggered an ongoing dispute on how orderly city development could be re-established after 1945. Our approach combines quantitative and qualitative aspects and illuminates not only the shifting significance of informal urbanization over several decades - especially in their lengthy formalization process - but also highlights the co-evolution of formal planning and the Viennese informal 'grand project'.In a comparative historical analysis based on the evaluation of the balances of formal and informal production of space, previous narratives of Red Vienna's dominant role in answering the 'housing question' in the interwar period (and beyond) are challenged. The frictions it created with the instruments and categories of formal planning, we argue, are crucial to understanding the consequences of informal development in Vienna.Furthermore, we present a typological approach on the grades of informality which allows for a reconstruction of the formalization processes in time. This 'graduation of informality' contributes to the ongoing attempts to classify various manifestations of informal urban development in the global South and North.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In this editorial the editor considers issues of historicity (understanding things in their historical context) in health professions education and the sciences thereof, and argues for more attention to historical and other contextual factors in creating and appraising the research literature.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: A more comprehensive understanding of the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on energy transition and carbon emissions could help to use AI to achieve carbon neutrality. To this end, the STIRPAT approach, the mediation effect technique and the panel threshold technique are developed using the panel data in 69 countries from 1993 to 2019. The results show that: (i) AI promote energy transition and carbon emission reduction, and trade openness (indicated by imports, exports and total trade volume) has the mediating effect. (ii) There is a singlethreshold of trade openness in the impact of AI on carbon emissions. When trade openness is below the threshold, AI has an insignificant impact on carbon emissions; when trade openness crosses the threshold, AI has a significant negative impact on carbon emissions. There is a double-threshold of trade openness in the impact of AI on energy transition. When trade openness is lower than the first threshold, the impact of AI on energy transition is not significant; When trade openness is higher than the second threshold, the positive impact of AI on energy transition is increased. (iii) When considering the heterogeneity of income levels and AI levels, the trade threshold for achieving carbon emission reductions in the high-income group is lower than that of the global group, and the trade threshold for achieving carbon emission reductions in the low-AI level group is higher than that of the global group. While this study unequivocally delineates the affirmative role of artificial intelligence in carbon emission reduction and energy transformation, particularly in the context of trade openness, we concurrently acknowledge that this viewpoint is not devoid of contention. Amidst the rapid advancement of technology and the landscape of open trade, we discern the presence of counterarguments. The efficacy of artificial intelligence is susceptible to the influence of multifaceted factors. It is imperative to consider associated factors, such as the significant energy consumption required for storing and cooling data centers and servers. The study's conclusions aid policymakers in devising nuanced emission reduction policies tailored to specific needs.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Across time, geographies and country income levels, smoking prevalence is highest among people with lower incomes. Smoking causes further impoverishment of those on the lower end of the income spectrum through expenditure on tobacco and greater risk of ill health.METHODS: This paper summarises the results of investment case equity analyses for 19 countries, presenting the effects of increased taxation on smoking prevalence, health and expenditures. We disaggregate the number of people who smoke, smoking-attributable mortality and cigarette expenditures using smoking prevalence data by income quintile. A uniform 30% increase in price was applied across countries. We estimated the effects of the price increase on smoking prevalence, mortality and cigarette expenditures.RESULTS: In all but one country (Bhutan), a one-time 30% increase in price would reduce smoking prevalence by the largest percent among the poorest 20% of the population. All income groups in all countries would spend more on cigarettes with a 30% increase in price. However, the poorest 20% would pay an average of 12% of the additional money spent.CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that health benefits from increases in price through taxation are pro-poor. Even in countries where smoking prevalence is higher among wealthier groups, increasing prices can still be pro-poor due to variable responsiveness to higher prices. The costs associated with higher smoking prevalence among the poor, together with often limited access to healthcare services and displaced spending on basic needs, result in health inequality and perpetuate the cycle of poverty.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Background Sub-Saharan Africa is unlikely to achieve sustainable development goal (SDG) 3 on maternal and neonatal health due to perceived sub-standard maternal and newborn care in the region. This paper sought to explore the opinions of stakeholders on intricacies dictating sub-standard emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) in health facilities in Northern Ghana.Methods Drawing from a qualitative study design, data were obtained from six focus group discussions (FGDs) among 42 health care providers and 27 in-depth interviews with management members, clients and care takers duly guided by the principle of data saturation. Participants were purposively selected from basic and comprehensive level facilities. Data analysis followed Braun and Clarke's qualitative thematic analysis procedure.Results Four themes and 13 sub-themes emerged as root drivers to sub-standard care. Specfically, the findings highlight centralisation of EmONC, inadequate funding, insufficient experiential training, delay in recruitment of newly trained essential staff and provider disinterest in profession.Conclusion Setbacks in the training and recruitment systems in Ghana, inadequate investment in rural health coupled with extent of health provider inherent disposition to practice may be partly responsible for sub-standard obstetric care in the study area. Interventions targeting the afore-mentioned areas may reduce events of sub-standard care.What is already known on this subject? Quality of emergency obstetric and newborn care is sub-standard in sub-Saharan Africa.What this study adds? Sub-standard emergency obstetric and newborn care in rural Ghana may be due to hitches in placement, training and recruitment processes, centralisation of EmONC, inadequate funding, insufficient experiential training, delay in posting of newly trained essential staff and provider disinterest in profession. Adequate and timely resourcing of health facilities and standardisation of admission procedures into schools may reduce events of sub-standard care.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Importance: Behavior therapy is a recommended intervention for Tourette syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorder (CTD), but availability is limited and long-term effects are uncertain.Objective: To investigate the long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness of therapist-supported, internet-delivered exposure and response prevention (ERP) vs psychoeducation for youths with TS or CTD.Design, Setting, And Participants: This 12-month controlled follow-up of a parallel group, superiority randomized clinical trial was conducted at a research clinic in Stockholm, Sweden, with nationwide recruitment. In total, 221 participants aged 9 to 17 years with TS or CTD were enrolled between April 26, 2019, and April 9, 2021, of whom 208 (94%) provided 12-month follow-up data. Final follow-up data were collected on June 29, 2022. Outcome assessors were masked to treatment allocation throughout the study.Interventions: A total of 111 participants were originally randomly allocated to 10 weeks of therapist-supported, internet-delivered ERP and 110 participants to therapist-supported, internet-delivered psychoeducation.Main Outcomes And Measures: The primary outcome was within-group change in tic severity, measured by the Total Tic Severity Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS-TTSS), from the 3-month follow-up to the 12-month follow-up. Treatment response was defined as 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved) on the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale. Analyses were intention-to-treat and followed the plan prespecified in the published study protocol. A health economic evaluation was performed from 3 perspectives: health care organization (including direct costs for treatment provided in the study), health care sector (additionally including health care resource use outside of the study), and societal (additionally including costs beyond health care [eg, parent's absenteeism from work]).Results: In total, 221 participants were recruited (mean [SD] age, 12.1 [2.3] years; 152 [69%] male). According to the YGTSS-TTSS, there were no statistically significant changes in tic severity from the 3-month to the 12-month follow-up in either group (ERP coefficient, -0.52 [95% CI, -1.26 to 0.21]; P=.16; psychoeducation coefficient, 0.00 [95% CI, -0.78 to 0.78]; P>.99). A secondary analysis including all assessment points (baseline to 12-month follow-up) showed no statistically significant between-group difference in tic severity from baseline to the 12-month follow-up (coefficient, -0.38 [95% CI, -1.11 to 0.35]; P=.30). Treatment response rates were similar in both groups (55% in ERP and 50% in psychoeducation; odds ratio, 1.25 [95% CI, 0.73-2.16]; P=.42) at the 12-month follow-up. The health economic evaluation showed that, from a health care sector perspective, ERP produced more quality-adjusted life years (0.01 [95% CI, -0.01 to 0.03]) and lower costs (adjusted mean difference -$84.48 [95% CI, -$440.20 to $977.60]) than psychoeducation at the 12-month follow-up. From the health care organization and societal perspectives, ERP produced more quality-adjusted life years at higher costs, with 65% to 78% probability of ERP being cost-effective compared with psychoeducation when using a willingness-to-pay threshold of US $79\u202f000.Conclusions And Relevance: There were no statistically significant changes in tic severity from the 3-month through to the 12-month follow-up in either group. The ERP intervention was not superior to psychoeducation at any time point. While ERP was not superior to psychoeducation alone in reducing tic severity at the end of the follow-up period, ERP is recommended for clinical implementation due to its likely cost-effectiveness and support from previous literature.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03916055.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Postpartum anemia, characterized by hematocrit or hemoglobin levels below the defined cutoff point (<11gm/dl or hematocrit<33%), is a prevalent global issue. It serves as an indirect contributor to maternal mortality and morbidity. Mothers in the postpartum period experience diminished quality of life, impaired cognitive function, emotional instability, and an increased risk of postpartum depression due to anemia. Additionally, infants of affected mothers may face challenges such as insufficient breast milk supply and a lack of proper care. Examining the combined prevalence and factors associated with postpartum anemia is crucial for addressing maternal health risks and complications during the postnatal phase attributed to anemia.OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to synthesize the existing literature on the prevalence and associated factors of postpartum anemia in public health facilities of Ethiopia, in 2024.METHODS: The study was conducted by searching through the Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane Library search engines. The search utilized keywords and MeSH terms such as anemia, low hemoglobin, postpartum, postnatal women, and Ethiopia. The collected data underwent analysis and comparison with the WHO criteria to determine if it met the threshold for declaring a public health concern. Heterogeneity was evaluated through the Cochran Q test and I2 statistics. Prevalence and odds ratio estimations were performed using a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval.RESULT: Four studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of anemia among postpartum women in Ethiopia was 69% (95% CI: 60- 77%).Lack of formal education(OR=3.5;CI:2.639,4.408),Low Pre-delivery hemoglobin (OR=4.2;CI: 1.768-6.668), Postpartum women<4 ANC visit (OR=2.72; 95% CI:2.14,3.3 ),history of post partum hemorrhage (OR=2.49; CI: 1.075-3.978),history of Forceps/vacuum delivery(OR=3.96; CI:2.986-4.947), Poor iron and folic acid adherence (OR=2.8;95% CI:2.311,3.297), C/S (OR=4.04; 95% CI: 3.426,4.671),lower dietary diversity (OR=4.295% CI:1.768,6.668) were significantly associated postpartum anemia.CONCLUSION: Postpartum women in Ethiopia continue to face a considerable public health challenge in the form of anemia. Consequently, there is a pressing need for the government to formulate comprehensive, multi-sectorial policies and strategies. These initiatives should be designed to address the substantial regional disparities influenced by interconnected factors, with the aim of reducing the prevalence of anemia among postpartum women in Ethiopia.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Reverse zoonotic respiratory diseases threaten great apes across Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies of wild chimpanzees have identified the causative agents of most respiratory disease outbreaks as common cold paediatric human pathogens, but reverse zoonotic transmission pathways have remained unclear. Between May 2019 and August 2021, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 234 children aged 3-11years in communities bordering Kibale National Park, Uganda, and 30 adults who were forest workers and regularly entered the park. We collected 2047 respiratory symptoms surveys to quantify clinical severity and simultaneously collected 1989 nasopharyngeal swabs approximately monthly for multiplex viral diagnostics. Throughout the course of the study, we also collected 445 faecal samples from 55 wild chimpanzees living nearby in Kibale in social groups that have experienced repeated, and sometimes lethal, epidemics of human-origin respiratory viral disease. We characterized respiratory pathogens in each cohort and examined statistical associations between PCR positivity for detected pathogens and potential risk factors. Children exhibited high incidence rates of respiratory infections, whereas incidence rates in adults were far lower. COVID-19 lockdown in 2020-2021 significantly decreased respiratory disease incidence in both people and chimpanzees. Human respiratory infections peaked in June and September, corresponding to when children returned to school. Rhinovirus, which caused a 2013 outbreak that killed 10% of chimpanzees in a Kibale community, was the most prevalent human pathogen throughout the study and the only pathogen present at each monthly sampling, even during COVID-19 lockdown. Rhinovirus was also most likely to be carried asymptomatically by adults. Although we did not detect human respiratory pathogens in the chimpanzees during the cohort study, we detected human metapneumovirus in two chimpanzees from a February 2023 outbreak that were genetically similar to viruses detected in study participants in 2019. Our data suggest that respiratory pathogens circulate in children and that adults become asymptomatically infected during high-transmission times of year. These asymptomatic adults may then unknowingly carry the pathogens into forest and infect chimpanzees. This conclusion, in turn, implies that intervention strategies based on respiratory symptoms in adults are unlikely to be effective for reducing reverse zoonotic transmission of respiratory viruses to chimpanzees.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: The quantitative determination of corrosion products is essential for evaluating the corrosion state of archeological iron artifacts. This study explored two semiquantitative approaches using Raman mapping technique combined with chemometrics to quantify a binary mixture of magnetite and goethite. The first approach involved establishing quantification models using Raman spectra treated with Principal Components Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) algorithms. Both the PCR and PLS model showed good predictive ability as indicated by correlation coefficients and root mean square errors (PLS: R c 2 = 0.9979, R p 2 = 0.9970, RMSEC = 1.93, RMSEP = 2.68, RMSECV = 3.25). The second approach was based on spectral fitting using non-negative least squares (NNLS) algorithm. This method demonstrated a fair accuracy between the calculated and actual compositions. The absolute value of relative errors was 0.99% similar to 10.08% for Fe 3 O 4 and 0.81% similar to 9.71% for alpha-FeOOH respectively, for compositions greater than 20%. These methods were then applied to quantify the corrosion products on an iron bar excavated from the Nanhai (South China Sea) No. I shipwreck. Compared with XRD quantitative results, Raman results showed that the spectral fitting method was superior to the established PCA and PLS quantification models in both qualitative determination and quantitative accuracy. Compositional maps depicting the distribution of different phases were also generated using spectral fitting method. It was concluded that Raman mapping has significant potential as an accurate quantitative method for the detection of iron corrosion products, and that the spectral fitting method is more suitable for determining iron corrosion compared to the PCR and PLS quantification models in this study. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: While historians have recently called attention to the racial assumptions that shaped the debates over monetary reform in either the colonial Philippines or China during the first years of the twentieth century, this essay analyzes the crosscurrents between efforts to civilize and develop Filipino and Chinese monetary systems. It first examines the history of the Philippine money question (1899-1903), revealing anxieties about the apparent attachment Native Filipinos and Chinese had to silver currency. U.S. colonial officials were ambivalent toward the Native Filipinos, seeing them as possibly teachable, but so-called silver savagism was seen as too deeply engrained in the Chinese community, making the Chinese appear as a threat to monetary stability. In the last section, the article turns to China, revealing how the outcome of the Philippine money question shaped how U.S. monetary experts approached their efforts to reform China's monetary system. Throughout this process, U.S. colonial officials and monetary experts defined the Philippines and China (silver countries) and Filipinos and Chinese (silver-handling types) as overlapping objects of development. This analysis reveals how development was simultaneously an economic, racial, and imperial language.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Biomineralization of calcium carbonate by living organisms, including bacteria, has been studied for its potential use in conservation and restoration applications in Cultural Heritage. This study reports the carbonatogenic properties of three bacterial strains (Lysinibacillus fusiformis 3.20, Psychrobacillus psychrodurans 7Mo and Lederbergia lenta Vetro1) isolated from Il Giovane di Mozia sculpture (Mozia), the Etruscan mural paintings of the Tomba degli Scudi (Tarquinia), and a microbial community isolated from the Sant'Eustachio statue (Matera). The crystals precipitated have been investigated through a multi-analytical approach: Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analyses showed the formation of stable vaterite by the bacterial cultures, while the microbial community induced calcite precipitation. This approach aims to support the conservation-restoration efforts, taking into the account the requests of the conservation-restorers and the unique characteristics of each Cultural Heritage artwork.(c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The corrosion inhibition effect, reinforcement effect and penetration effect of rusted bronze before and after the compounding of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) with B72 (Paraloid B72) were investigated using surface analysis and electrochemical techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and quantum chemical computing techniques were used to explore the mechanism of corrosion mitigation further. In addition, an electronic universal testing machine was used to test the ability of the material to reinforce different rust compositions before and after compounding. The dynamic potential polarization method was used to determine the composite scheme's optimal corrosion inhibition ratio and study the corrosion inhibition effect. The experimental results showed that the best corrosion inhibition effect was achieved at the ratio of MBI/B72 ratio 3:7, and the corrosion inhibition efficiency was 97.84 % under these conditions. Most of the MBI molecules used by us presented prominent permeation adsorption behavior. They formed uneven films of Cu(I)-MBI and Cu(II)-MBI coordination compounds on the surface of the rust layer. Finally, B72 combines with MBI molecules through hydrogen bonding to form a compact and smooth film, which helps improve corrosion inhibition efficiency and plays a certain role in reinforcement. (c) 2024 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR).", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Despite the importance of a thriving workforce in sustaining organizational success, prior research pays little attention to how individualized human resource (HR) practices can help individual employees to thrive at work. Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of conservation of resources theory, we investigate whether, how, and when development idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) can contribute to individual thriving. We contend that possessing development i-deals will motivate individuals to engage in approach job crafting, which in turn promotes their experience of thriving at work. We further contend that high-quality leader-member exchange will enhance the function of development i-deals in triggering approach job crafting and subsequent thriving experiences. Results from a two-wave survey involving 278 managers in a pharmaceutical firm in China and a three-wave survey among 178 managers working in various organizations in the UK support our hypotheses. Our findings provide new insights for practitioners seeking to design customized HR practices to support a thriving workforce.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Communication between clinicians and family members of patients about treatment limitation practices is essential to care-planning and decision-making. For patients and family members from culturally diverse backgrounds, there are additional considerations when communicating about treatment limitations.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore how treatment limitations are communicated with family members of patients from culturally diverse backgrounds in intensive care.METHODS: A descriptive study using a retrospective medical record audit was undertaken. Medical record data were collected from patients who died in 2018 in four intensive care units in Melbourne, Australia. Data are presented using descriptive and inferential statisticsand progress note entries.RESULTS: From 430 adult deceased patients, 49.3% (n=212) of patients were born overseas, 56.9% (n=245) identified with a religion, and 14.9% (n=64) spoke a language other than English as their preferred language. Professional interpreters were used in 4.9% (n=21) of family meetings. Documentation about the level of treatment limitation decisions were present in 82.1% (n=353) of patient records. Nurses were documented as present for treatment limitation discussions for 49.3% (n=174) of patients. Where nurses were present, nurses supported family members, including reassurance that end-of-life wishes would be respected. There was evidence of nurses coordinating healthcare activities and attempting to address and resolve difficulties experienced by family members.CONCLUSIONS: This is the first known Australian study to explore documented evidence of how treatment limitations are communicated with family members of patients from culturally diverse backgrounds. Many patients have documented treatment limitations, yet there are a proportion of patients who die before treatment limitations can be discussed with family, which may influence the timing and quality of end-of-life care. Where language barriers exist, interpreters should be used to better ensure effective communication between clinicians and family. Greater provision for nurses to engage in treatment limitation discussions is required.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: In this article, I trace Safavid paintings depicting women's imagery online and explore the possibility of digitally mapping Safavid (1501-1736) paintings featuring women on publicly accessible platforms. Along with the practice of online mapping that led me to digital museums, I investigated the descriptions presented on three digitized paintings on different platforms to address the questions, Where and how can Safavid paintings be digitally encountered and In light of the theoretical developments in the scholarship on pre-modern discourses of Safavid gender and sexuality, how do the descriptions of Safavid paintings reflect gender discourses online? By following Safavid paintings of women online and probing the textual descriptions attached to them, and using netnographic research methods to document my experience and encounter with the digitized Safavid paintings, I explore whether the online descriptions accompanying the images could contribute to the making of decolonial knowledge about non-Western gender discourses.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The impact of changes in physical activity after ischemic stroke (IS) on the subsequent myocardial infarction (MI) risk is not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the effects of changes in physical activity on the risk of MI after acute IS using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Services Database.METHODS: 224,764 patients newly diagnosed with IS between 2010 and 2016 who underwent two serial biannual health checkups were included. The participants were divided into four categories according to changes in their physical activity: persistent non-exercisers, new exercisers, exercise dropouts, and exercise maintainers. The primary outcome was a new diagnosis of incident MI. Multivariable Cox proportional models were used to assess the effects of changes in exercise habits on the risk of MI.RESULTS: After a median of 4.25 years of follow-up, 6,611 (2.94%) MI cases were observed. After adjusting for confounders, new exercisers and exercise maintainers were significantly associated with a lower risk of incident MI than persistent non-exercisers (aHR, 0.849; 95% CI, 0.792-0.911; P-value<0.001; and aHR, 0.746; 95% CI, 0.696-0.801; P-value<0.001, respectively). Effects were consistent across sexes, more pronounced in those>65 years. Notably, any level of physical activity after stroke was associated with a reduced MI risk compared to no exercise.CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide cohort study, commencing or sustaining physical activity after an IS corresponded to a diminished likelihood of subsequent MI development. Advocating physical activity in ambulatory stroke survivors could potentially attenuate the prospective risk of MI.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: This article leverages fine-grained municipal-level data from Sweden, including turnout figures separated by sex, to examine the political geography of the gender gap. Prominent arguments about the traditional gender gap claim that early on, women turned out at low rates and voted for conservative parties. Instead, I argue that when parties have clear geographic strongholds, gender gaps depend on population demographics and the mobilization of men and women in a given election. Using the computational method of bounds to estimate women's vote choice, I find that women in cities and large municipalities were much more supportive of the left than women in the countryside after suffrage. At the national level, high turnout among women in more populous municipalities drove the majority of women to support the left. These findings demonstrate that the partisan gender gap is not only a feature of gender but is also produced by electoral geography.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Bing Chat is a large language model artificial intelligence (AI) with online search and text generating capabilities. This study assessed its performance within the scope of dentistry in: (a) tackling exam questions for dental students, (ii) providing guidelines for dental practitioners, and (iii) answering patients' frequently asked questions. We discuss the potential of clinical tutoring, common patient communication and impact on academia.METHODS: With the aim of assessing AI's performance in dental exams, Bing Chat was presented with 532 multiple-choice questions and awarded scores based on its answers. In evaluating guidelines for clinicians, a further set of 15 questions, each with 2 follow-up questions on clinical protocols, was presented to the AI. The answers were assessed by 4 reviewers using electronic visual analog scale. In evaluating answers to patients' frequently asked questions, another list of 15 common questions was included in the session, with respective outputs assessed.RESULTS: Bing Chat correctly answered 383 out of 532 multiple-choice questions in dental exam part, achieving a score of 71.99 %. As for outlining clinical protocols for practitioners, the overall assessment score was 81.05 %. In answering patients' frequently asked questions, Bing Chat achieved an overall mean score of 83.8 %. The assessments demonstrated low inter-rater reliability.CONCLUSIONS: The overall performance of Bing Chat was above the regularly adopted passing scores, particularly in answering patient's frequently asked questions. The generated content may have biased sources. These results suggest the importance of raising clinicians' awareness of AI's benefits and risks, as well as timely adaptations of dental education curricula, and safeguarding its use in dentistry and healthcare in general.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Bing Chat AI performed above the passing threshold in three categories, and thus demonstrated potential for educational assistance, clinical tutoring, and answering patients' questions. We recommend popularizing its benefits and risks among students and clinicians, while maintaining awareness of possible false information.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Conjoint experiments are fast becoming one of the dominant experimental methods within the social sciences. Despite recent efforts to model heterogeneity within this type of experiment, the relationship between the conjoint design and lower-level causal estimands is underdeveloped. In this article, we clarify how conjoint heterogeneity can be construed as a set of nested, causal parameters that correspond to the levels of the conjoint design. We then use this framework to propose a new estimation strategy, using machine learning, that better allows researchers to evaluate treatment effect heterogeneity. We also provide novel tools for classifying and analyzing heterogeneity postestimation using partitioning algorithms. Replicating two conjoint experiments, we demonstrate our theoretical argument and show how this method helps estimate and detect substantive patterns of heterogeneity. To accompany this article, we provide new a R package, cjbart, that allows researchers to model heterogeneity in their experimental conjoint data.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study examined the level of awareness and utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets among medical students as measures for reducing malaria episodes in Delta State University, Abraka. It was a descriptive study with objectives and research questions formulated to achieve the study design. A sample size of 200 male and female students resident in the campus hostels were selected using random sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire was designed and administered to the study participants, however, only 148 copies of the questionnaires were successfully retrieved and used for the study. Data generated were subjected to quantitative statistical analysis for frequencies, percentages, average mean and Chi-square testing. Findings revealed that the level of awareness was significantly associated with the role of health workers in the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in Delta State University, Abraka, although, factors hindering health workers from distributing insecticide-treated bed nets were identified. There was significant difference between perception of medical students and the utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets on risk of malaria spread. In addition, there was significant difference between the benefits of using insecticide-treated bed nets and the prevention and control of malaria. We therefore conclude that regular utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets due to adequate awareness eliminates contact with mosquitoes and prevents transmitting vectors of malaria from having contact with the users of insecticide-treated bed net. Massive health education campaign is recommended to further scale up the awareness and effective utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets towards prevention and control of malaria bites among students in Delta State University, Abraka.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Although the benefits of increasing descriptive diversity in Congress are well explored, less attention has been paid to the positive impacts of increasing descriptive diversity in elections. Employing a comprehensive collection of campaign platform text from nearly 5,000 campaign websites, we find that Democratic male and white candidates are significantly more likely to take up women's and Black-associated issues when a candidate who possesses that identity runs in their same-party primary election. Extending our analysis to military veterans, we find that Republicans are more likely to discuss veterans' issues when there is a military veteran in their primary; conversely, Democrats are not any more likely to discuss these issues when they run against a veteran. Looking to candidate position taking in the general election, our findings suggest that simply the presence of candidates from underrepresented populations in elections is important to broadening substantive representation in the legislative arena.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Our objective was to decompose mortality mechanisms during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to estimate direct, indirect, and associated deaths from COVID-19. Given the confirmatory diagnosis of COVID-19, a death event that was not necessarily caused by respiratory complications but stemmed from other complications was categorized as an indirect death from COVID-19. Associated deaths occurred in patients who did not have COVID-19 but died during the surge in COVID-19 cases when overwhelming pressure was exerted on the healthcare system. Analyzing the sixth wave (i.e., the first epidemic wave of the Omicron B.1.1.529 variant from January to May 2022), decomposition was achieved using the binomial and Poisson sampling process models fitted to two pieces of data (i.e., COVID-19 death certificate and excess data by major cause of death). The total numbers of direct, indirect, and associated deaths during the sixth wave in Osaka were estimated at 1,071; 948; and 2,157; respectively. The number of associated deaths was greater than the sum of direct and indirect deaths. We further observed that the composition of indirect and associated deaths differed by major cause of death, and deaths caused by circulatory disease included a greater proportion of indirect deaths compared with deaths by other causes. The goals of healthcare services for endemic COVID-19 include the sustainable provision of services to avoid preventable deaths. Therefore, gaining an in-depth understanding of mechanisms that lead to excess death is vital for improving future pandemic response efforts.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Images of improperly-discarded waste offer a case for examining the broader politics of pristine nature. As a global visual register in which the environment is depicted without human impact, an historicization of pristine nature reveals how it was enregistered through the Romantic and Transcendental movements as well as colonial ideologies of the wilderness. Informed by fieldwork in Oman and 300 Instagram posts collected between 2021-23, untouched nature and the self-in-nature are identified as two genres of pristine nature. Yet their citation in Oman spurs a question: does history always implicate a contemporary sign? The identification of a third genre, anti-litter, pursues this question by investigating what happens when the camera is turned upon trash. Despite the association of anti-litter with sustainability, the genre was similarly enregistered through a complicated history. Its citation in Oman, however, demonstrates that actors wield genres in response to sociocultural and political-economic context, suggesting the grounds from which a semiotics of sustainability might emerge.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: A vast amount of location information exists in unstructured texts, such as social media posts, news stories, scientific articles, web pages, travel blogs, and historical archives. Geoparsing refers to recognizing location references from texts and identifying their geospatial representations. While geoparsing can benefit many domains, a summary of its specific applications is still missing. Further, there is a lack of a comprehensive review and comparison of existing approaches for location reference recognition, which is the first and core step of geoparsing. To fill these research gaps, this review first summarizes seven typical application domains of geoparsing: geographic information retrieval, disaster management, disease surveillance, traffic management, spatial humanities, tourism management, and crime management. We then review existing approaches for location reference recognition by categorizing these approaches into four groups based on their underlying functional principle: rule-based, gazetteer matching-based, statistical learning-based, and hybrid approaches. Next, we thoroughly evaluate the correctness and computational efficiency of the 27 most widely used approaches for location reference recognition based on 26 public datasets with different types of texts (e.g., social media posts and news stories) containing 39,736 location references worldwide. Results from this thorough evaluation can help inform future methodological developments and can help guide the selection of proper approaches based on application needs.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Although tourist performance of local identity has been regarded as an instrument of everyday nation-building from below, this article describes the opposite phenomenon as Mallorca became a tourist destination in the nineteenth century. The island's identity embodied through tourist dance performances, led to denationalization and subaltern silencing in the production process of a Mediterranean and insular exotic otherness of colonial nature. In this respect, this article explains how the host population refused to assume a denationalized local identity, as well as to perform a colonial stereotype through dance.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The adoption of AI-powered systems in healthcare has revolutionized the field by introducing autonomous diagnostics and predictions, though it remains a source of debate due to its disruptive nature. This research utilizes the holistic model of stress to empirically examine the effects of six techno-stressors on both techno-eustress and techno-distress among users in the healthcare sector. Data for this research was collected from 224 participants through an e-survey distributed across diverse sources. The findings reveal intriguing insights, highlighting the emergence of techno-unpredictability as a potential new techno-stressor within the context of AI-powered systems in healthcare. With this newfound understanding, healthcare specialists and organizations can stay one step ahead, better equipped to address and navigate the complexities of emerging stressors for enhanced well-being, patient care and safety.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Delivery of apt financial advice to the public has become a high priority in developed countries due to the increased complexity of personal finance. Using the theory of professionalisation and qualitative interviews, we investigate the common barriers that three apex financial planning professional bodies encounter as they create a jurisdiction for Certified Financial Planners (R) (CFP). We show that a sales orientation, commission-based remuneration, membership entrenchment with financial product providers and other stakeholder lobbying impede the professional bodies' progress. However, governmental willingness to regulate financial advice, coupled with technological advances, may enable professionalisation. Our article adds to research on the professionalisation of financial planning and offers practical insights into how other bodies around the world can progress CFP's jurisdiction. Our research differs from the published work on other professions because it is happening even as we write.JEL Classification: J44, L84, K23", + "output": "Economics", + "system": "", + "history": [] + }, + { + "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study aimed to explore the association between manganese concentration and all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related, and cancer-related mortality in the general population of the United States.METHODS: We integrated the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2018. A total of 9,207 subjects were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The relationship between manganese concentration and all-cause, CVD-related, and cancer-related mortality was analyzed by constructing a Cox proportional hazard regression model and a restricted cubic spline (RCS) plot. Additionally, subgroup analyses stratified by age, sex, race/ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic heart disease, chronic heart failure, angina pectoris, heart attack, stroke, and BMI were further performed.RESULTS: In the full adjusted model, compared with the lowest quartile, the adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause, CVD-related, and cancer-related mortality across manganese quartiles were (1.11 (0.87,1.41), 0.96 (0.74, 1.23), and 1.23 (0.96, 1.59); P-value for trend =0.041), (0.86 (0.54, 1.37), 0.87 (0.55, 1.40), and 1.07 (0.67, 1.72); P-value for trend =0.906), and (1.45 (0.92, 2.29), 1.14 (0.70, 1.88), and 1.26 (0.75, 2.11); P-value for trend =0.526), respectively. The RCS curve shown a U-shaped association between manganese concentration and all-cause mortality and CVD-related mortality (P-value for nonlinear <0.05). However, there was an increase and then a decrease in the link between manganese concentration and cancer-related mortality (P-value for nonlinear <0.05). Manganese exposure was positively correlated with sex (correlation coefficient, r =0.19, P-value <0.001) and negatively correlated with age (correlation coefficient, r =-0.11, P-value <0.001) and serum creatinine (correlation coefficient, r =-0.12, P-value <0.001), respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that elevated serum manganese concentrations are associated with all-cause and CVD-related mortality in the U.S. population and that maintenance of serum manganese between 8.67-9.23 g/L may promote public health.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PurposeThis study introduces a non-orthodox approach to the dominant policy-based approaches to graduate employability through contextualizing international students' everyday experiences within their educational and wider structural contexts of the labour market.Design/methodology/approachThe study used narrative frames to collect data from 180 international students from China, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Nepal at a New Zealand tertiary institution. Narrative frames as a research tool in educational contexts are used to ellicit the experiences of individuals in the form of a story as participants reflect on their experience. The frames use sentence starters to draw responses from participants about their experiences (Barkhuizen and Wette, 2008).FindingsThis study argues that, through a socialization process, international students develop identities that fit an ever-changing labour market. This process is catalysed by a higher education landscape that produces career-ready subjects capable of appropriating different social spaces that prepare students and graduates to enter the labour market. Further, it argues that graduate employability should be understood as a complex process through which students and graduates socialise themselves through negotiating the socioacademic spaces by (1) familiarising themselves with the dominant workspace norms, (2) positioning themselves as more career-ready individuals, and (3) imagigining employable selves capable of meeting the needs of the job market.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has limitations. Only one data collection source has been used. It would have been great to use narrative frames along with interviews. In addition, the data would have been stronger if the researcher could have used classroom observations, which could be a future initiative.Practical implicationsThis study could provide practical insights to tertiary institutions about international students' developing capabilities and identities so they could better prepare themselves for the world of work. Further, this study provides insights about some of the challenges that international students face in tertiary contexts to become career-ready. Hence, educators could employ strategies to better support these learners in their everyday learning spaces. This study also has useful benefits for future and current international students and international graduates regarding what investments they need to make so they can better socialize themselves in their tertiary and workplace practices.Social implicationsThis study has social implications. It helps international students better understand the social, cultural and academic expectations of their host countries. Therefore, they could better socialize themselves into those practices and contribute more effectively to their academic and workplace communities. The study also helps academic and workplace institutions strategize more effectively to address the social and cultural needs of international graduates. The study also contributes to the social and cultural understanding of the teachers that engage with international students on a daily basis by helping them devise activities that better address these students' and graduates' needs.Originality/valueThe study adds theoretical and methodological value to the debates around graduate employability. It includes the voices of 180 students and unravels their day-to-day experiences of capability building and employability development from their own perspectives.", + "input": "Abstract: With the rapid development of multimedia technology, the student centered flipped classroom model (FCM) and massive open online courses (MOOCs) have been increasingly introduced and implemented in higher medical education. However, comparative analyses of the offline face-to-face FCM and completely online FCM have been rarely reported. In this study, we focused specifically on a set of flipped classrooms in which prerecorded videos were provided before class. Using the Zhihuishu platform as the major online course platform, our team built a MOOC and evaluated the teaching effectiveness of the FCM in both the offline face-to-face class and the online electronic live class for medical genetics education. Questionnaires, paper-based and oral exams were used to collect data on the teaching effects of the different teaching methods. We found that student satisfaction and overall student performance in the offline FCM group was significantly higher than that in the completely online teaching group. Although online FCM allowed students to play back and review anywhere and anytime after class, students taught in offline FCM had a significantly higher degree of knowledge mastery, had a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledge, and were better at knowledge comprehensive application. The effects of their training on genetic disease clinical diagnosis and treatment skills were significantly better, and their capacity for scientific research was also significantly improved. Our research discussed the advantages of the online courses and the problems brought about by using these technologies, and it provided insight into online teaching practices in the era of internet-based medical education.", "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) represent the global ambition to accelerate sustainable development. Several SDGs are directly related to climate change and policies aiming to mitigate it. This includes, among others, the set of SDGs that directly influence the climate, land, energy, and water (CLEW) nexus (SDGs 2, 6, 7, 13, 15). This study aims at understanding the synergies and trade-offs between climate policy and the SDGs agenda: how does near-term action on SDGs influence long-term climate goals? Based on a multi-model comparison, we evaluate three scenarios: (i) reference; (ii) climate mitigation; and (iii) a CLEW nexus SDGs scenario. We find clear positive effects of combining the climate and the sustainable development agendas. Notably, healthier diets, with reduced meat consumption, have strong co-benefits for climate, with positive effects across multiple SDGs: improvements in food security, reductions in air pollution and water stress, and improvements in biodiversity conservation. Such positive outcomes are prominent in the Global South, where regions typically at higher risk of food and energy insecurity and other environmental stresses (e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America) benefit from a shorter term agenda focusing not only on the climate but also on the other sustainable development dimensions. However, trade-offs are also observed (e.g. increases in the prices of food and electricity), especially in the dynamics of land and the food systems, highlighting the importance of exploring policy synergies: if individually applied, some measures can negatively impact other sustainability goals, while taking into consideration the nexus interactions can reduce trade-offs and increase co-benefits. Finally, near-term action on SDGs can help speed up the transition towards the long-term climate goals, reducing the reliance on negative emissions options. In 2100, the SDG scenario in significantly less reliant on carbon dioxide removals both from AFOLU and the energy system.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious complication following total hip arthroplasty (THA) entailing increased mortality, decreased quality of life and high healthcare costs.The primary aim was to investigate whether the national project: Prosthesis Related Infections Shall be Stopped (PRISS) reduced PJI incidence after primary THA; the secondary aim was to evaluate other possible benefits of PRISS, such as shorter time to diagnosis.DESIGN: Cohort study.SETTING: In 2009, a nationwide, multidisciplinary infection control programme was launched in Sweden, PRISS, which aimed to reduce the PJI burden by 50%.PARTICIPANTS: We obtained data on patients undergoing primary THA from the Swedish Arthroplasty Registry 2012-2014, (n=45 723 patients, 49 946 THAs). Using personal identity numbers, this cohort was matched with the Swedish Prescribed Drug Registry. Medical records of patients with \u22654 weeks' antibiotic consumption were reviewed to verify PJI diagnosis (n=2240, 2569 THAs).RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of PJI following the PRISS Project was 1.2% (95% CI 1.1% to 1.3%) as compared with 0.9% (95% CI 0.8% to 1.0%) before. Cox regression models for the PJI incidence post-PRISS indicates there was no statistical significance difference versus pre-PRISS (HR 1.1 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.3)). There was similar time to PJI diagnosis after the PRISS Project 24 vs 23 days (p=0.5).CONCLUSIONS: Despite the comprehensive nationwide PRISS Project, Swedish PJI incidence was higher after the project and time to diagnosis remained unchanged. Factors contributing to PJI, such as increasing obesity, higher American Society of Anesthesiology class and more fractures as indications, explain the PJI increase among primary THA patients.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The research focuses on the characterization of a tephra level extracted from sedimentary sequences obtained from three lacustrine environments from the northern Patagonia Andean range to define the volcano of origin. The dating of the tephra level corresponds to the mid-18th century but there is no scientific record nor geological evidence of this event. The sediment sequences were collected from lakes Nahuel Huapi, Moreno Oeste, and Toncek, in northern Patagonia, located downwind from the Cord'on Caulle Volcanic Complex (CCVC), the potential source, at 45, 86, and 95 km respectively. These environments are frequently impacted by tephra falls from different sources in the Southern Volcanic Zone. Particle morphology, glass and mineral chemistry, together with textural analysis, provided a detailed characterization of the tephra layer recovered at each site. This characterization allowed the association of the tephra material with the CCVC predominantly, with minor Osorno volcano contributions. Historical records of both volcanic systems included eruptions in the mid-18th century (1759 CE and 1752-1796 CE, respectively). Hence, the characterization and the comparison with historical records of volcanic eruptions let us conclude that the tephra is composed of materials dispersed by CCVC in the nearby lakes, whereas contributions from Osorno volcano are observed in environments to the south of the study site, during the mid-18th century. The study demonstrates the potential of this type of detailed characterization in lake sequences to develop and support increasing research on historical volcanic records, helping to improve the knowledge of the volcanic hazard of a region.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Music production is a universal phenomenon reaching far back into our past. Given its ubiquity, evolution theorists have postulated adaptive functions for music, such as strengthening in-group cohesion, intimidating enemies, or promoting child bonding. Here, we focus on a longstanding Darwinian hypothesis, suggesting that music production evolved as a vehicle to display an individual's biological fitness in courtship competition, thus rendering musicality a sexually selected trait. We also extend this idea to visual artists. In our design, we employed different versions of naturalistic portraits that manipulated the presence or absence of visual cues suggesting that the person was an artist or a non-artist (e.g., farmer, teacher, physician). Participants rated each portrayed person's appeal on multiple scales, including attractiveness, interestingness, sympathy, and trustworthiness. Difference scores between portrait versions revealed the impact of the artistic/non-artistic visual cues. We thus tested Darwin's hypothesis on both a within-subject and within-stimulus level. In addition to this implicit approach, we collected explicit ratings on the appeal of artists versus non-artists. The results demonstrate divergent findings for both types of data, with only the explicit statements corroborating Darwin's hypothesis. We discuss this divergence in detail, along with the particular role of interestingness revealed by the implicit data.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: For millennia, healing and psychoactive plants have been part of the medicinal and ceremonial fabric of elaborate rituals and everyday religious practices throughout Mesoamerica. Despite the essential nature of these ritual practices to the societal framework of past cultures, a clear understanding of the ceremonial life of the ancient Maya remains stubbornly elusive. Here we record the discovery of a special ritual deposit, likely wrapped in a bundle, located beneath the end field of a Late Preclassic ballcourt in the Helena complex of the Maya city of Yaxnohcah. This discovery was made possible by the application of environmental DNA technology. Plants identified through this analytical process included Ipomoea corymbosa (xtabentun in Mayan), Capsicum sp. (chili pepper or ic in Mayan), Hampea trilobata (jool), and Oxandra lanceolata (chilcahuite). All four plants have recognized medicinal properties. Two of the plants, jool and chilcahuite, are involved in artifact manufacture that have ceremonial connections while chili peppers and xtabentun have been associated with divination rituals. Xtabentun (known to the Aztecs as ololiuhqui) produces highly efficacious hallucinogenic compounds and is reported here from Maya archaeological contexts for the first time.", + "input": "Abstract: People's Solidarity (Volkssolidaritat) is an East German organization founded in Dresden, Saxony, in 1945. It is primarily known for its activities dedicated to the care of older people. However, in the early 1950s, members of People's Solidarity were also involved in international solidarity campaigns for Greece, North Korea, and Vietnam. This article examines this little-known chapter of the organization's past. It reveals an unusual willingness among older East Germans both to donate money for the benefit of people in distant countries, and to relate to their suffering regardless of the (post-war) hardships faced at home. As the example of People's Solidarity shows, internationalism to some extent informed the roots of everyday, voluntary care practices under socialist rule in East Germany.", "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The Notre-Dame de Paris (NDP) wooden oak frame is one of the greatest masterpieces of Gothic carpentry in France. It was constructed between 12th and 13th centuries, at a time of profound environmental and societal changes - climate optimum, strong demographic and economic growth - which created significant pressure on available forest resources, one of the key economic drivers of medieval societies. The project of the Notre-Dame oak wood frame study proposes four lines of research. The first three objectives aim to address society's adaptive response to the availability of wood resources during the High Middle Ages between the 11th and 13th c. The first objective is to study the timber and destroyed framework from an archaeological, mechanical and architectural point of view, in order to characterize the construction methods of the wooden frame and to identify the potential technical adaptations of the medieval society. The second purpose consists of characterizing the forest stands exploited, their management, and the possible silvicultural systems used for the production of adequate timber. The third purpose is to define the climatic and the socio-economical context of Paris and Ile-de-France via an unprecedented reconstruction of summer temperature and moisture from NDP woods, combined with textual sources. For the fourth objective, investigations on the hydro-mechanical properties of oak beams are undertaken to better understand the choice and use of oak beams in Middle Age for the NDP frame and to have the opportunities for innovations in wood uses in the context of European standard for timber buildings. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: To evaluate user perceptions and educational impact of gamified online role-play in teledentistry as well as to construct a conceptual framework highlighting how to design this interactive learning strategy, this research employed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. Participants were requested to complete self-perceived assessments toward confidence and awareness in teledentistry before and after participating in a gamified online role-play. They were also asked to complete a satisfaction questionnaire and participate in an in-depth interview to investigate their learning experience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and framework analysis. There were 18 participants who completed self-perceived assessments and satisfaction questionnaire, in which 12 of them participated in a semi-structured interview. There were statistically significant increases in self-perceived confidence and awareness after participating in the gamified online role-play (P<0.001). In addition, the participants were likely to be satisfied with this learning strategy, where usefulness was perceived as the most positive aspect with a score of 4.44 out of 5, followed by ease of use (4.40) and enjoyment (4.03). The conceptual framework constructed from the qualitative findings has revealed five key elements in designing a gamified online role-play, including learner profile, learning settings, pedagogical components, interactive functions, and educational impact. The gamified online role-play has demonstrated its potential in improving self-perceived confidence and awareness in teledentistry. The conceptual framework developed in this research could be considered to design and implement a gamified online role-play in dental education. This research provides valuable evidence on the educational impact of gamified online role-play in teledentistry and how it could be designed and implemented in dental education. This information would be supportive for dental instructors or educators who are considering to implement teledentistry training in their practice.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Globally, depression is a leading cause of disease-related disability among women. In low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), the prevalence rate of antepartum depression is estimated to range between 15% and 57% and even higher in adolescent antepartum women. Although a number of studies have shown that depression is common in adolescent pregnancies and has a prevalence rate between 28% and 67% among adolescent mothers, there currently exists no literature on depression among adolescent pregnant women in Ghana. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of antepartum depression and identify the factors associated with it among pregnant adolescent women.METHODS: A quantitative cross-sectional study design was adopted by randomly recruiting 220 adolescent pregnant women visiting antenatal clinics in five selected health facilities in five communities in the Assin North District of Ghana. Data were collected using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Data analysis was performed using Stata version 14. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. A chi-square analysis was conducted to identify the association between independent and dependent variables. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the independent variables that were significantly associated with the dependent variable. In all analyses, p-values\u22640.05 were deemed statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval.RESULTS: The results indicated prevalence of depression was 38.6% using the EPDS cut-off \u226513. Respondents who were cohabiting were less likely to experiencing antepartum depression compared to those who were single (AOR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.20-0.64, p=0.001). Also, Respondents who had completed Junior High School had a lower likelihood of experiencing antepartum depression compared to those who had no formal education (AOR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.05-0.76, p=0.019). Respondents who perceived pregnancy-related items to be costly had higher odds of experiencing antepartum depression (AOR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.02-4.12, p=0.042). Lastly, adolescent pregnant women who reported that pregnancy-related items are costly were likely to experience antepartum depression compared to those who did not report such costs (AOR=2.12, 95% CI: 1.20-3.75, p<0.001).CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlight the importance of a multi-pronged strategy for combating antepartum depression in adolescents and improving the overall health and well-being of pregnant adolescents. Considering that adolescence is a transitional period occasioned by several bio-psycho-social challenges, setting up systems to ensure that young girls are motivated and supported to stay in school will enhance their economic prospects and improve their standards of life while providing psycho-social support will benefit their health and general well-being.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Importance Racial disparities in sleep health may mediate the broader health outcomes of structural racism. Objective To assess changes in sleep duration in the Black population after officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, a cardinal manifestation of structural racism. Design, Setting, and Participants Two distinct difference-in-differences analyses examined the changes in sleep duration for the US non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) population before vs after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black people, using data from adult respondents in the US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS; 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2018) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS; 2013-2019) with data on officer-involved killings from the Mapping Police Violence database. Data analyses were conducted between September 24, 2021, and September 12, 2023. Exposures Occurrence of any police killing of an unarmed Black person in the state, county, or commuting zone of the survey respondent's residence in each of the four 90-day periods prior to interview, or occurence of a highly public, nationally prominent police killing of an unarmed Black person anywhere in the US during the 90 days prior to interview. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported total sleep duration (hours), short sleep (<7 hours), and very short sleep (<6 hours). Results Data from 181 865 Black and 1 799 757 White respondents in the BRFSS and 9858 Black and 46 532 White respondents in the ATUS were analyzed. In the larger BRFSS, the majority of Black respondents were between the ages of 35 and 64 (99 014 [weighted 51.4%]), women (115 731 [weighted 54.1%]), and college educated (100 434 [weighted 52.3%]). Black respondents in the BRFSS reported short sleep duration at a rate of 45.9%, while White respondents reported it at a rate of 32.6%; for very short sleep, the corresponding values were 18.4% vs 10.4%, respectively. Statistically significant increases in the probability of short sleep and very short sleep were found among Black respondents when officers killed an unarmed Black person in their state of residence during the first two 90-day periods prior to interview. Magnitudes were larger in models using exposure to a nationally prominent police killing occurring anywhere in the US. Estimates were equivalent to 7% to 16% of the sample disparity between Black and White individuals in short sleep and 13% to 30% of the disparity in very short sleep. Conclusions and Relevance Sleep health among Black adults worsened after exposure to officer-involved killings of unarmed Black individuals. These empirical findings underscore the role of structural racism in shaping racial disparities in sleep health outcomes.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Synthesizing research on wisdom and a real-world practitioner intervention, we develop and test a strategy for presenting political views that fosters cross-partisan respect. This strategy of balanced pragmatism combines two aspects of wise reasoning: balancing multiple interests and seeking pragmatic solutions. Studies 1-5 (N = 2,846) demonstrate that participants respected outgroup political elites more when they used balanced pragmatism versus other forms of messaging. Studies 6-8 (N = 671) extend the usefulness of balanced pragmatism to everyday political disagreements: cross-partisan comments about divisive issues (i.e., guns and immigration) generated more respect when they used balanced pragmatism versus logical analysis. Strikingly, people were as willing to discuss politics with opponents who used balanced pragmatism as they were with ingroup members. Balanced pragmatism appears to improve cross-partisan respect by making opponents seem more moral and rational. Results highlight connections between political psychology and wisdom research and illustrate the fruitfulness of scientist-practitioner collaborations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).", + "input": "Abstract: Since the 1990s, there has been consensus in the literature of a submission and publication gap that favors men. Important research in the intervening years has explored the many reasons for this output gap: imbalanced administrative workloads; bias in top journals against female-dominated subfields and methodological approaches; and lower confidence levels among women, sometimes known as the Matthew effect. However, in the intervening period, there has been a notable emphasis on recruiting more women into academia, and the importance of publishing for career development has intensified. Journal case studies have highlighted a growth in output by women academics but show that men are still overrepresented. Using a case study of the International Political Science Review (IPSR), we contribute to the emerging body of work that shows that the gender gap has diminished or even been eliminated. We present data on submissions and acceptances by gender, and we base our comparisons in the gender balance of the departments of submitting authors. The results are clear, for IPSR, the gender gap has closed and women now publish on a par with their men colleagues in their department.", "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Democracy promises accountability via elections; bureaucracy promises coordination via hierarchy. Many scholars believe these properties conflict. We prove, however, that accountability is precisely what unifies democracy and meritocratic (Weberian) bureaucracy. Central to the concept of meritocracy are performance reviews. We prove that a review system where all individuals and groups are accountable must also be democratic. Thus, meritocratic hierarchy, accountability, and democracy are intertwined. But accountability in modern political systems confronts a significant issue. Such systems include many knowledge-intensive specialties, and since specializations are limited to some but not all members of an institution, the full accountability of democracies entails review of specialists by amateurs. We prove that modern political systems necessarily exhibit this tension. It is a hallmark of modern institutions rather than a problem to be solved.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: YouTube unboxing videos have become a popular genre among youth, and hosts often receive financial or other incentives for showcasing products. Although sponsored relationships must be explicitly disclosed per legal regulations, not all videos comply. This study assesses US tweens' reactions to unboxing videos with varying cues of a sponsored relationship between the host and product manufacturer, using a 3 (sponsored; non-sponsored; sponsorship unaddressed cue) x 2 (advertising training; no advertising training) randomized experimental design. The sample consisted of 215 tweens between ages 8-13 years. Half of the participants were randomly assigned to watch an advertising literacy training video before the unboxing video. Tweens detect a higher selling intent within the sponsored video (relative to the non-sponsored video), only after viewing the advertising literacy training video. The training video enhances the positive relationship between perceived informative intent and purchase intention, while weakening the positive relationship between perceived selling intent and purchase intention. Findings suggest tweens may have a unique mental schema for unboxing-style online videos which is a hybrid of informational and advertisement. Brief training videos could be used on video streaming platforms to develop and cue tweens' advertising literacy.Prior State of KnowledgeChildren's advertising literacy develops with age, but identifying native forms of online advertising is especially difficult. Tweens need cues to apply advertising literacy skills. Displaying sponsorship disclosures has shown mixed success at activating their advertising knowledge in online advertising contexts.Novel ContributionsTweens differentiate selling intent between sponsored and non-sponsored unboxing videos only after prior training. The training does not help them detect selling intent in videos without sponsorship disclosures, or reduce tweens' perceptions of the informative intent of sponsored content.Practical ImplicationsEmbedding advertising literacy training videos within YouTube could help counter vulnerability to native advertising. Advertising literacy training content may need to closely match persuasive tactics within sponsored content, as tweens did not generalize concepts from the training video.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Social norms play an important role in cannabis use; however, there is little evidence on how social norms change in jurisdictions that legalize cannabis. This study examined trends in social norms before and after legalization of nonmedical cannabis in Canada in 2018.METHODS: Data are from the International Cannabis Policy Study, a series of cross-sectional surveys conducted annually with Canadian respondents aged 16-65 years. Analyses were conducted in 2023 and included data from 58,045 respondents across 4 waves: the year immediately before legalization (2018) and 3 post-legalization waves (2019-2021). Regression models examined trends in injunctive norms (perceived approval of cannabis) and comfort in using cannabis in six different social contexts, adjusting for cannabis use frequency, medical authorization, and sociodemographic covariates.RESULTS: Perceived social approval of cannabis use and comfort using cannabis in different social contexts was highest among males, frequent cannabis consumers, and those who reported medical authorization (p<0.05 in all cases). No changes in perceived approval were observed across years, except a temporary decrease in 2020 versus 2018 (OR=0.87, 95% CI=0.80, 0.95). Modest increases in comfort of using cannabis in 6 different social contexts were observed in 2019 (SS=0.10, p=0.001), 2020 (SS=0.10, p=0.001), and 2021 (SS=0.12, p<0.001) versus in 2018.CONCLUSIONS: Social norms have remained relatively stable after nonmedical legalization in Canada, with only modest increases in comfort of using cannabis in different social settings. The findings may reflect widespread cannabis use in Canada prior to nonmedical legalization in 2018 as well as comprehensive restrictions on promotion and advertising.", + "input": "Abstract: Populism has emerged as a central explanation employed by both media outlets and scholars for the mishandling of the COVID-19 crisis. Nonetheless, the relationship between public health and populism extends before and beyond the pandemic. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of existing evidence and theoretical conceptualisations on the intersection of populism, health emergencies, and contrarian scientific positions, drawing from a diverse range of disciplines. I conducted a scoping review of 283 original studies, analysing their analytical framework, geographic focuses, and methodological approaches. Employing quantitative text analysis, I summarised the research field into 18 common topics, organised into five coherent categories: citizen's perspective, political elites, political communication, pandemic consequences, and non-COVID-related issues. While the scholarly interest in this area has surged since the onset of the pandemic, it has predominantly concentrated on specific cases, such as Brazil and the US, often conflating different policy types. The evidence summary elucidates that populism assumes varying roles within distinct contexts, and there is no linear relationship between political populism and specific approaches to health crises and science. I further compare definitions of populism within the context of health and scientific positions. I propose that future research should employ a policy typology for health emergency responses, assessing political positions based on policy arenas. This paper contributes to the understanding of the complex interplay between political populism, contrarian scientific perspectives, and public health.", "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article addresses the issue of historical knowledge in relation to material evidence. More specifically, it asks, What objects capture the historian's attention and what knowledge is gained from those objects? What does the historian's gaze select as things of history and thus as removed from a world of object assemblages and fluid matter? Is it the case that only artifacts deliberately produced or modified by humans (regardless of the purpose) count as things of history? Or do physical entities produced by unintended human and nonhuman factors also display temporal endurance or alteration occurring over time and resonate with humans? Are things of history only entities endowed with shape, or do formless materials qualify too? In this article, I outline a theory of intentionality in relation to material items for two main reasons. First, it allows for a critique of material evidence, which is still missing in the historical discipline. Second, it enables us to address any remaining epistemological, ethical, or political issues, biases, or contradictions associated with the multifaceted research on material culture that affect the way we do history.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: The relationship between early spontaneous hypothermia and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been paid much attention. We designed this retrospective cohort study to determine this relationship by analyzing the association between the lowest body temperature (T-lowest) on the first day of ICU admission and in-hospital mortality. In this study, 550 participants with non-traumatic SAH were chosen from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV database. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that T-lowest was nonlinearity correlated with in-hospital mortality (HR=0.72, 95% CI: 0.59-0.86, p<0.001). We divided the T-lowest into quartile groups. In comparison to reference group Q1 (31.30-36.06\u2103), group Q3 (36.56-36.72\u2103) had a 50% lower risk of death in the hospital (HR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.28-0.87, p=0.014). We further confirmed the curve-like relationship between T-lowest and in-hospital mortality using restricted cubic splines. The mortality is lowest when the T-lowest is close to 36.5\u00b0C, and the risk of death is increased when the temperature is lower or higher than that. Our study demonstrates that in-hospital mortality is associated with T-lowest. Patients with non-traumatic SAH are at increased risk of death if their body temperature on the first day of ICU admission is too low.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Effective nursing leadership improves health care quality, patient well-being, and nursing staff outcomes. Newly graduated nurses face challenges in transitioning into leadership roles. Thus, examining the leadership development interventions for nursing students is critical.PURPOSE: This systematic review examined the characteristics and effectiveness of leadership development interventions designed for and implemented with undergraduate nursing students.METHODS: A comprehensive search covered Scopus, CINAHL Ultimate, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, WOS Core Collection, Journals@Ovid, JSTOR Journals, and ERIC databases. Included studies were assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.RESULTS: The final review comprised 19 studies showcasing positive impacts on leadership development. The interventions varied in leadership approach, design and content, structure, qualifications, student involvement, and outcomes.CONCLUSIONS: Leadership development interventions are effective in enhancing nursing students' leadership. Nevertheless, future interventions should prioritize well-structured content, and studies must incorporate robust methodologies.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The present study examines the recent ideological and cultural apparatuses aimed at the Islamization of children in Turkey through the example of the Children's Magazine, published periodically by the Directorate of Religious Affairs (DRA). Since 2002, under the Islamist government in Turkey, the Directorate of Religious Affairs has progressively evolved into an ideological apparatus that operates in alignment with the government's social objectives. The DRA, supported by significant state funding, has become an institution that holds discussions on matters of family, children, youth, and gender. Seeking to align the government's ideological goals with the Islamization of society, the Directorate of Religious Affairs has placed special emphasis on cultural policies, media, and publishing. The Children's Magazine is one of the monthly publications produced by the Directorate of Religious Affairs, which has evolved into a significant cultural enterprise. The magazine conveys a religious pedagogy rooted in Sunni Hanafi Islam and a nationalist-conservative family ideology. It not only reinforces the prevailing ideology on religious matters but also promotes the political strategies of the government and the newly established official historical narrative.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Loop closure, as one of the crucial components in SLAM, plays an essential role in correcting accumulated errors. Traditional appearance-based methods, such as bag-of-words models, are often limited by local 2D features and the volume of training data, making them less versatile and robust in real-world scenarios, leading to missed detections or false positive detections in loop closure. To address these issues, we first propose a semantic loop detection method based on quadric-level object map topology, which represents scenes through the topological graph of quadric-level objects and achieves accurate loop closure at a wide field of view by comparing differences in the topological graphs. Next, to solve the data association problem between frame and map in loop closure, we propose an object data association method based on multi-level verification, which can associate 2D semantic features of the current frame with 3D object landmarks of the map. Finally, we integrate these two methods into a complete object-aware SLAM system. Qualitative experiments and ablation studies demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed object-level data association algorithm. Quantitative experiments show that our semantic loop closure method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of precision, recall, and localization accuracy metrics.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: The works of Clive L. Spash provided inspiration to many. In the case of my own theoretical and philosophical journey, Spash's social-ecological economics became an important grounding. However, apart from directing this journey, his works have been a major influence in another domain: the domain of my personal being in and relating with the world. This paper explicates this side of Spash's influence. The paper's roots specifically go back to Spash's work on new foundations for ecological economics and the invitation he extended to his fellow humans to act personally and consistently with one's environmental and social values. Far from glorifying the mode of being, here referred to as being of deep transformations, I aim to draw others' attention to the challenges and constraints.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The Notre-Dame de Paris fire offers anthropologists in the field of critical heritage studies a rich opportunity for fieldwork and conceptual innovation. This paper examines the social repercussions of a monument's destruction, ranging from emotional responses and public involvement to local and global consequences. The paper also includes the project lines of a broader comparative survey on reactions to the destruction of cultural heritage. A team of social scientists created a comparative grid in order to describe and analyze a series of case studies: Notre-Dame de Paris (France, fire in 2019), the National Museum (Brazil, fire in 2018), Notre-Dame de la Merci (France, fire in 2017), and Coventry Cathedral (UK, bombed in 1940 during WWII). The comparative grid is as follows: - Practices and Reactions: Emotion and Mobilization Regimes Heritage disasters provoke a wide range of privately and collectively expressed reactions that frame these events as a social construction. How do citizens and institutions navigate the outpouring of emotion elicited by the destruction of a monument? - Consequences: The Nature of Heritage Items and Their Social Impact Laypersons and authorities assign different meanings to heritage items according to their cultural and political significance and material and intangible features. How does such representations of a ravaged monument influence its reconstruction process and future relevance? - The Social Fabrication of Memory and Narrative The destruction of a heritage object rapidly triggers a series of narratives, including legal documents and authorities' statements, that constitute a textual memory of the disaster. What standards define catastrophe narratives, and what do their retellings of the event reveal or obscure? - Heritage in Crisis: Catastrophe as Social Construction of Heritage Fragility Heritage is by nature fragile and requires continuous preservation. How does the destruction of monuments galvanize collective representations of the endangerment of heritage? - Temporality and Spatiality: Catastrophe as an Event in Time and Space Although the destruction event is often short-lived and localized, it reveals enduring values and concepts of past and future, as well as geographic place. How are temporality and spatiality reimagined after the loss of a heritage object? - The Right to Heritage: Reconstruction, Citizenship, and Cultural Policies Although often conceptualized as isolated events, the destruction of heritage objects is deeply embedded in their economic, cultural, and social context. What do the destruction and reconstruction of heritage reveal about power dynamics and economic inequalities? - The Limits of Reflexivity: Researchers as Actors Facing the Politics of Mourning As researchers, balancing personal commitment with heritage and ethical scientific inquiry is crucial to sound analysis and to the validity of research results. How should scholars simultaneously manage the experience of and the study of emotional responses such as rage or grief? This paper illustrates these points using vignettes from selected case studies. The project is part of the working group EMOBI, a broader ethnographic project on collective emotions and mobilization following the Paris cathedral fire (social sciences working group of Chantier Scientifique Notre-Dame , supported by the CNRS and the Ministry of Culture). The goal is to provide a comparative study of the stakes and repercussions of devastated heritage. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Increasing supply chain performance in an uncertain environment is a challenge for every industry, predominantly, healthcare sector. To address such issues, there is an urgent need for healthcare organizations like hospitals to build new capabilities. We suggest using organizational information processing theory (OIPT) as theoretical foundation for developing research model that investigates how healthcare 4.0 technologies (big data analytics, artificial intelligence and blockchain) enhance hospital supply chain processes and thereby the performance. According to our analysis of survey data from around 255 hospital managers in Indian hospitals, the three hospital supply chain processes, viz., operations, innovations, and risk management, and the supply chain performance are significantly impacted by these healthcare 4.0 technologies. Additionally, hospital supply chain operations and innovations partially mediate the association between healthcare 4.0 technologies and performance. We also found, the interaction between healthcare 4.0 technologies and hospital supply chain operations is moderated by type of healthcare organizations (private, and public hospitals). In addition to extending and validating the OIPT in context of digital hospital supply chains, these findings offer healthcare professionals empirical evidence to further maximize the benefits of healthcare 4.0 technologies for sustained hospital supply chain performance and integrate digital supply management into health system development.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: As point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasingly being used in clinical settings, ultrasound education is expanding into student curricula. We aimed to determine the status and awareness of POCUS education in Korean medical schools using a nationwide cross-sectional survey. In October 2021, a survey questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was distributed via e-mail to professors in the emergency medicine (EM) departments of Korean medical schools. The questionnaire encompassed 19 multiple-choice questions covering demographics, current education, perceptions, and barriers, and the final question was an open-ended inquiry seeking suggestions for POCUS education. All EM departments of the 40 medical schools responded, of which only 13 (33%) reported providing POCUS education. The implementation of POCUS education primarily occurred in the third and fourth years, with less than 4 hours of dedicated training time. Five schools offered a hands-on education. Among schools offering ultrasound education, POCUS training for trauma cases is the most common. Eight schools had designated professors responsible for POCUS education and only 2 possessed educational ultrasound devices. Of the respondents, 64% expressed the belief that POCUS education for medical students is necessary, whereas 36%, including those with neutral opinions, did not anticipate its importance. The identified barriers to POCUS education included faculty shortages (83%), infrastructure limitations (76%), training time constraints (74%), and a limited awareness of POCUS (29%). POCUS education in Korean medical schools was limited to a minority of EM departments (33%). To successfully implement POCUS education in medical curricula, it is crucial to clarify learning objectives, enhance faculty recognition, and improve the infrastructure. These findings provide valuable insights for advancing ultrasound training in medical schools to ensure the provision of high-quality POCUS education for future healthcare professionals.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: This research presents the first detailed national wilderness mapping project conducted in Sri Lanka, aiming to identify and assess the spatial distribution of wilderness areas in the country. The study utilises a GIS-based Wilderness Quality Index (WQI), incorporating three main wilderness attributes: remoteness from public roads, absence of modern human interventions, and naturalness of land cover. The resulting wilderness quality map reveals several areas of high wilderness quality distributed throughout the country, with exceptions in the highly populated western region, where roads and built structures have significant impact. The research highlights the spatial correlation between the distribution of wilderness areas and protected areas, indicating that nearly all wilderness areas in Sri Lanka fall within the boundaries of existing protected areas. However, core wilderness areas outside existing protected areas, termed de facto wilderness areas, constitute a significant portion (19.7%) of total wilderness, raising concerns about their conservation status. The study emphasises the need for further evaluation to assess the ecological and landscape value of these areas and suggests new protected area boundaries. The wilderness quality map developed here provides policymakers with a valuable tool for future conservation planning, enabling informed decision making to preserve and protect Sri Lanka's diverse and unique wilderness areas.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This research paper investigates the confrontation faced by the Gamela indigenous community, located in the Cerrado biome, in the southern region Piau & iacute; State in Norteastern Brazil, between agrarian issues and agribusiness. The territory in this area is considered to be the country's last agricultural frontier. Self-recognition and self-organization of the Gamela people in their struggle for the demarcation of Indigenous territory, and gaining titles to the land, are key to overcoming the invisibility of Indigenous people in Piau & iacute; that has been imposed by historiography and official policies. The article highlights the existence of maneuvering done by agribusiness, with the participation of the state, to harm the rights of Indigenous peoples and nature.Este trabalho de pesquisa examina o confronto enfrentado pela comunidade ind & iacute;gena Gamela, localizada no bioma do Cerrado, regi & atilde;o sul do estado do Piau & iacute;, no Nordeste do Brasil, entre as quest & otilde;es agr & aacute;rias e o agroneg & oacute;cio. O territ & oacute;rio desta & aacute;rea & eacute; considerado a & uacute;ltima fronteira agr & iacute;cola do pa & iacute;s. O autorreconhecimento e a auto-organiza & ccedil;& atilde;o do povo Gamela em sua luta pela demarca & ccedil;& atilde;o do territ & oacute;rio ind & iacute;gena e pela conquista de t & iacute;tulos de terra s & atilde;o fundamentais para superar a invisibilidade dos povos ind & iacute;genas no Piau & iacute; que tem sido imposta pela historiografia e pelas pol & iacute;ticas oficiais. O artigo destaca a exist & ecirc;ncia de manobras do agroneg & oacute;cio, com a participa & ccedil;& atilde;o do Estado, para prejudicar os direitos dos povos ind & iacute;genas e da natureza.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Virtual Reality (VR) has vast potential for developing systematic, interdisciplinary studies to understand ephemeral behaviours in the archaeological record, such as the emergence and development of visual culture. Upper Palaeolithic cave art forms the most robust record for investigating this and the methods of its production, themes, and temporal and spatial changes have been researched extensively, but without consensus over its functions or meanings. More compelling arguments draw from visual psychology and posit that the immersive, dark conditions of caves elicited particular psychological responses, resulting in the perception-and depiction-of animals on suggestive features of cave walls. Our research developed and piloted a novel VR experiment that allowed participants to perceive 3D models of cave walls, with the Palaeolithic art digitally removed, from El Castillo cave (Cantabria, Spain). Results indicate that modern participants' visual attention corresponded to the same topographic features of cave walls utilised by Palaeolithic artists, and that they perceived such features as resembling animals. Although preliminary, our results support the hypothesis that pareidolia-a product of our cognitive evolution-was a key mechanism in Palaeolithic art making, and demonstrates the potential of interdisciplinary VR research for understanding the evolution of art, and demonstrate the potential efficacy of the methodology.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Computation of piled-raft interaction effects based on boundary element method (BEM) achieves high accuracy. However, it's not preferred, due to the impractical requirement for huge computational time. In this paper, a simplified coding technique which is generally applicable to any BEM application is demonstrated for pile-soilpile interaction problems. The proposed simplified technique is based on parallel computing to optimize computational performance. Three parallel computing approaches have been developed in order to take full advantage of the computer's power. The approaches are based on CPU Multithreading, GPU Multithreading, and a hybrid system that combines both. The approaches have been tested on five machines with different hardware (CPU, GPU, and Memory) configurations to analyze four practical examples with different load cases, geometric details, interaction methods, and cases of interactions. The parallelization approaches performance illustrated high efficiency with large-scale computations and the consumed time has been reduced by 95 % for both the GPU and hybrid system approaches and 90 % reduction for the multithreading on the CPU. The analysis results confirmed the validity of the proposed methods without affecting the accuracy of the numerical results. The strength of the proposed technique is in its simplicity and scalability to be used for any BEM code.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Feeling is difficult to put into words. Anthropologists have been seeking ways to articulate feeling or other bodily experiences, looking beyond words and borrowing from artistic methods. Drawings, for instance, have been used to make visible what words cannot describe and attributed with qualities associated with feeling or the body. Instead of placing drawing in opposition to words, and words in opposition to bodies, this article presents different ways of using drawing as an ethnographic technique to tentatively find practice-specific words to articulate practices of feeling the body. Rather than evaluating drawings based on their ability to capture feeling bodies, the author reflects on the drawing process as a way to learn about her research subjects in unexpected ways. Thereby, the author learns from artistic practices, not about making drawings, but about making methods. Acknowledging that methodologies are always generative, the author dives into the making of her methodologies to learn about her research subjects. .", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: With the oceans covering 70% of the world's surface, one might be under the illusion that every State might find sufficient space for their activities, nothing could be further from the truth. This was proven once more in January 2022 and August 2023 when Russian vessels sought to engage in military exercises within strategic areas of the Irish and Norwegian exclusive economic zones (EEZs), choosing some of the local fishermen's preferred locations in the process. Unlike their governments, the local fishermen refused to accept the Russian intrusions and via continuous protest through presence succeeded in forcing the Russian Navy to move the exercises to another area. This example is proof that to this day, the legal framework of the EEZ still gives rise to significant questions and uncertainties, often to the benefit of lawfare lawyers, especially in regards to foreign military activities and overlapping uses of the same area. Art. 56 LOSC awards sovereign resource rights to the coastal State, but arts. 58 and 87 LOSC grant the maritime user State the freedom to navigate. How to reconcile these different uses has for a long time occupied the minds of law of the sea lawyers. In this article, an attempt is made utilizing a selection of national and international jurisprudence - to clarify the relation between these different uses of the EEZ, their permissibility and why the fishermen's success in these cases might not so easily be translated into general international law.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: How to evaluate the resilience level and change trend of supply chain is an important research direction in current supply chain management practice. This paper proposes a new method of supply chain resilience assessment based on hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) and matter element extension theory. Firstly, based on the research status quo at home and abroad, a low-carbon enterprise supply chain resilience assessment index system is established, which includes six first-level indicators and corresponding 21 second-level indicators of product supply resilience, resource resilience, partner resilience, information response resilience, financial resilience and knowledge resilience. Secondly, HFLTS was used to collect expert opinions and Ordered Weighted Arithmetic (OWA) to calculate the expert composite language, by which the fuzzy evaluation matrix of supply chain resilience assessment indicators was obtained. Once again, the resilience indicator weights are determined based on a game-theoretic portfolio assignment method combining the best-worst method (BWM) and the CRITIC method. Finally, the nearness degree function is combined with the extension comprehensive evaluation method to improve the matter element extension model, and the supply chain resilience assessment model of low-carbon enterprises based on the game theory combination assignment-improved matter element extension is established. Taking X low-carbon enterprise as an example, the evaluation results show that the supply chain resilience level of this enterprise is II, and the eigenvalue of the grade variable is 2.69, and the supply chain resilience is shifting to III, and the supply chain resilience is shifting to III, which indicates that the supply chain resilience of this enterprise is being enhanced. Therefore, the improved matter element extension not only ensures the accuracy of the evaluation results, but also has higher prediction accuracy.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Understanding the everyday manifestations of systemic racism, cisheteropatriarchy, and unequal justice for oppressed women and femmes necessitates meaningful engagement with critical law enforcement studies-the study of why and how policing and punishment takes place in carceral societies. Anne Gray Fischer's The Streets Belong to Us spells out why sexual policing matters for the history of political development, capitalist growth, and socioeconomic inequality in U.S. cities, like Boston, Atlanta, and Los Angeles. Ultimately, as Fischer's work affirms, urban law enforcement forces have routinely greased the wheels of punitive governance and state violence under the auspices of maintaining control over a contested and shifting social order.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Video games have become a significant component of popular culture, with the reasons why players pursue particular gaming experiences being a heavily explored topic within games research. Player motivations toward games have seen classification in many motivation models, resulting in diverse outcomes covering a variety of scopes within games media. We performed a meta-ethnography to explore the findings of this diverse topic and provide a comprehensive overview of the existing body of knowledge, resulting in our synthesized 28 Dimensions of Play. Through the definition of these Dimensions, we are able to observe the gaps present in explored sources and propose a more complete model of player motivations.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Many years of archaeological excavation brought to light a rich material, that can be used in research of topics important from a social and economic point of view, such as the character of the production and/or organization, the development of technique and production technology, or the assortment of goods. A deep analysis of the selected categories of artifacts, in this case made of leather, can be used for a double purpose - a reconstruction of the process and conditions of early medieval leather craft formation, as well as a presentation of their role and significance in the activity structure of the inhabitants of Szczecin. Such an attempt to grasp the rules governing the development of one of the most important production branches - leatherworking, has been undertaken on the basis of leather objects that can be found on a mass scale in Szczecin's cultural layers dated for the period from the early 10th to the mid-13th century. Key to these studies are the results of zoological analyses, which perfectly complement the archaeological conclusions.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: This article investigates how four Finnish media outlets, Helsingin Sanomat, YLE, Iltalehti and STT, framed the discussions about austerity policies and their impacts on Finland's national identity from 1998 to 2019. Using historical discourse analysis, the article shows the arc of austerity reporting and how Finland's position and role in the Euro crisis changed during the years. The analysis reveals something about the national self-understanding of Finland, as presented in the media in relation to other European countries. The article addresses three research questions. (1) How did the journalistic treatment of austerity change over time and what were the key turning points? (2) What kinds of perspectives and narratives did journalism construct in the coverage of austerity? (3) How was Finland as a nation represented and compared to other nations in the context of the Euro crisis and austerity? The article shows that the journalistic coverage of austerity evolved from a local issue affecting municipal economies to a global issue linked to the Euro crisis, and that Finland's national identity was constructed through a contrastive comparison with other Northern and Southern European countries. The article contributes to the discussion on media coverage of austerity by providing a longitudinal comparative analysis.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Climate disasters raise the salience of climate change's negative consequences, including climate-induced migration. Policy action to address climate displacement is especially contentious in the United States, where weak support for tackling climate change intersects with high opposition to migration. Do climate disasters foster receptivity toward climate migrants and broader willingness to combat climate change? To study this question, we leverage the occurrence of Hurricane Ian during fielding of a preregistered survey in autumn 2022. Hurricane exposure increased concern about and support for policies to address climate migration. Hurricane exposure also increased support for climate action and belief in anthropogenic climate change. Effects of hurricane exposure cross-cut partisanship, education, age, and other important correlates of climate attitudes but decay within 6 months. Together, these results suggest that climate disasters may briefly increase favorability toward climate migrants and climate policy action but are unlikely to durably mobilize support even in severely impacted areas.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: The introduction of the dog in Patagonia is recorded from the Late Holocene. Documents from the nineteenth century indicate that dogs had various utilitarian roles among hunter-gatherers, including hunting aids, protection and war, carrying loads, and as exchange goods. Most of them had no special status, typically subsisting on food scraps and hunting leftovers, were in bad or poor physical and nutritional condition, and suffered physical abuse. Nevertheless, a select few dogs, including those of the hairless variety, received special care and attention from humans. They were in good physical and nutritional condition and appeared to have been used as companion animals of people with prestigious positions. These dogs were regularly provided with cooked food, owned horses, and even were offered sacrificed horses as a form of treatment during their illnesses. Through an interdisciplinary osteobiographical study (phenotype, age, stable isotopes -delta C-13, delta N-15, delta O-18-, microremains of the dental calculus, paleopathology, and entheseal changes), we evaluate whether a dog recovered from a funerary context of Patagonian hunter-gatherers represents the archaeological correlate of a special position animal. The canid exhibited mobility impairments that surely prevented it from hunting large herbivores. Despite this, it was regularly fed meat from human prey and human-made meals containing fruits of Neltuma sp. and underground storage organs. Following its death, the dog was given an individual burial within a mortuary niche located in a dedicated area for human bodies. The results provide evidence that this canid held a special or distinct position, possibly indicating emotional bonds with the hunter-gatherers.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Institutional investors are increasingly pushing their investee companies to address environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues-a phenomenon commonly called ESG stewardship. Scholars have put forward various reasons for investors' enthusiasm for ESG stewardship. They include the financial materiality of ESG issues, a desire to appeal to ESG-conscious customers, and the scope for fund operators to charge higher fees for funds that pursue ESG strategies. There is, however, another critical factor at play. ESG stewardship is also underpinned by a transnational development-what this article calls the 'global ESG stewardship ecosystem'. This global ecosystem is comprised of various ESG-focused actors, including United Nations agencies, institutional investors, investor networks, service providers to institutional investors, and NGOs and activist organizations. These actors operate in a highly networked manner at the transnational level to develop and disseminate norms of ESG stewardship throughout global markets, and encourage and coordinate investors' ESG stewardship activities on the ground. This article highlights the scale, complexity and influence of the global ESG stewardship ecosystem, revealing it to be a significant facilitator of institutional investors' ESG stewardship. This insight calls into question important contemporary assumptions and theories about institutional investors, including claims that they are 'rationally reticent', under-invest in corporate governance activities, and are incapable of overcoming collective action challenges. The global ESG stewardship ecosystem is also a remarkable example of the transnational influences shaping contemporary corporate governance. The ecosystem underpins the development and dissemination of norms of ESG stewardship and also assists institutional investors to undertake ESG stewardship 'on the ground' in the various markets in which they operate. The transnational influence of the ecosystem has important implications for national law makers and regulators who are focused on ESG investing and investor participation in public company corporate governance.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: I discuss a contemporary solution to the dynamic problem of old evidence (POE), as proposed by Sprenger. Sprenger's solution combines the Garber-Jeffrey-Niiniluoto (GJN) approach with Howson's suggestion of counterfactually removing the old evidence from scientists' belief systems. I argue that in the dynamic POE, the challenge is to explain how an insight under beliefs in which the old evidence E is known increased the credence of a scientific hypothesis. Therefore, Sprenger's counterfactual solution, in which E has been artificially removed, does not resolve the problem. I consider several potential responses.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: To evaluate the association of standardized phase angle (SPA) with nutritional status, functional parameters, and postoperative outcomes in surgical cancer patients. This prospective study includes 59 cancer patients from Pelotas (Brazil) admitted for elective cancer surgery. We obtained the phase angle through Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and standardized it according to the population's reference values. We estimated the muscle mass using BIA for later calculation of the Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI) and performed handgrip strength (HGS) and gait speed (GS) tests. We used the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) to assess the nutritional status. Postoperative complications and duration of hospital stay were evaluated as the outcomes. The prevalence of malnutrition in the sample was 28.8%, according to ASG-PPP. SPA was statistically lower in patients with malnutrition, with lower HGS and reduced GS. For postoperative outcomes, patients with severe complications and those with prolonged hospitalization also had lower SPA values. The greater the number of functional alterations in patients, the lower the SPA value, mainly when associated with reduced muscle mass assessed by BIA, suggesting that muscle mass reduction plays an important role in the association between functional alterations and phase angle in patients with cancer. According to the parameters used in this study, low SPA value was associated with impaired nutritional and functional status and negative outcomes in the analyzed sample.", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pandemic-related life changes may have had a deleterious impact on suicidal behaviours. Early detection of suicidal ideation and identification of subgroups at increased risk could help prevent suicide, one of the leading causes of death among adolescents worldwide. Here, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for suicidal ideation in adolescents using a population-based sample from Switzerland, two years into the pandemic.METHODS: Between December 2021 and June 2022, adolescents aged 14 to 17 years already enrolled in a population-based cohort study (State of Geneva, Switzerland) were asked about suicidal ideation over the previous year. In addition to a regression model, we conducted a network analysis of exposures which identified direct and indirect risk factors for suicidal ideation (i.e. those connected through intermediate risk factors) using mixed graphical models.RESULTS: Among 492 adolescents, 14.4% (95% CI: 11.5-17.8) declared having experienced suicidal ideation over the previous year. Using network analysis, we found that high psychological distress, low self-esteem, identifying as lesbian, gay or bisexual, suffering from bullying, extensive screen time and a severe COVID-19 pandemic impact were major risk factors for suicidal ideation, with parent-adolescent relationship having the highest centrality strength in the network.CONCLUSION: Our results show that a significant proportion of adolescents experience suicidal ideation, yet these rates are comparable with pre-pandemic results. Providing psychological support is fundamental, with a focus on improving parent-adolescent relationships.", "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In this visual essay, Mazen Kerbaj and Jana Traboulsi bear witness to the genocidal violence that has been unfolding in Gaza since 7 October 2023. From Berlin and Lebanon, respectively, Kerbaj and Traboulsi have been chronicling and responding to the harrowing day-to-day news and testimonies from Gaza. Their drawings raise fundamental questions about what it is to bear witness to genocide as it unfolds, about the politics of seeing as an act of solidarity against imposed invisibility and about racialized sight - the eye that refuses to see what is hiding in plain sight.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: This article probes culture as a site of both cooperation and rivalry by examining two exhibitions, of 1939 and 1942, which were jointly supported by Hitler's Germany and Mussolini's Italy. These under-researched exhibitions reveal how the two regimes shared a common belief in culture as a tool of mobilization, but differed in their visions of race, culture, ideology and war.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The Bridges Conference has been running on an annual basis since 1998 and is the foremost international conference dedicated to connections between mathematics and the arts, design and culture. In 2023, Bridges took place at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The conference ran from July 27 to 31, and was packed with a wide variety of plenary and contributed lectures, workshops, exhibitions, performances and public events. This article reports on the scientific, artistic and cultural programme and experience, from the viewpoint of a participant who is an academic mathematician based in Ireland.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Understanding the relationship between Neanderthal groups and their environment and they it is essential to comprehending their ways of life. In this article, we use both zooarchaeology and taphonomy to study the fauna assemblages found in Level 4 of Prado Vargas Cave (Cornejo, Burgos, Spain). The results point to a site in which the main accumulating agent was Neanderthal groups, who transported small- and medium-sized animal carcasses-with deer as the dominant taxon-according to their general utility to systematically and intensely exploit the major muscle bundles, bone marrow, skin, and tendons. According to dental microwear analysis, reiterated and prolonged occupations occurred in diverse moments, suggesting that the site was used most often as a long-term campsite. We detected a minimal amount of carnivore activity, who accessed the cave during periods of human absence and modified some of the remains left by the Neanderthals. Together, this information indicates that Prado Vargas is a key site to understand the dynamics of the Neanderthals in the linking area between the Castillan Plateau and the Cantabrian Range.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are no robust population-based Australian data on prevalence and attributed burden of migraine and medication-overuse headache (MOH) data. In this pilot cross-sectional study, we aimed to capture the participation rate, preferred response method, and acceptability of self-report questionnaires to inform the conduct of a future nationwide migraine/MOH epidemiological study.METHODS: We developed a self-report questionnaire, available in hard-copy and online, including modules from the Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire, the Eq.5D (quality of life), and enquiry into treatment gaps. Study invitations were mailed to 20,000 randomly selected households across Australia's two most populous states. The household member who most recently had a birthday and was aged\u226518 years was invited to participate, and could do so by returning a hard-copy questionnaire via reply-paid mail, or by entering responses directly into an online platform.RESULTS: The participation rate was 5.0% (N=1,000). Participants' median age was 60 years (IQR 44-71 years), and 64.7% (n=647) were female. Significantly more responses were received from areas with relatively older populations and middle-level socioeconomic status. Hard copy was the more commonly chosen response method (n=736). Females and younger respondents were significantly more likely to respond online than via hard-copy.CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study indicates that alternative methodology is needed to achieve satisfactory engagement in a future nationwide migraine/MOH epidemiological study, for example through inclusion of migraine screening questions in well-resourced, interview-based national health surveys that are conducted regularly by government agencies. Meanwhile, additional future research directions include defining and addressing treatment gaps to improve migraine awareness, and minimise under-diagnosis and under-treatment.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeSince conducting agile strategies provides sustainable passenger satisfaction and revenue by replacing applied policies with more profitable ones rapidly, the focus of this study is to evaluate agile attributes for managing low-cost carriers (LCCs) operations by means of resources and competences based on dynamic capabilities built on resource-based view (RBV) theory and to achieve sustainable competitive advantage in a volatile and dynamic air transport environment. LCCs in Turkey are also evaluated in this study since the competition among LCCs is high to gain market share and they can adapt quickly to all kinds of circumstances.Design/methodology/approachTwo well-known Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods (MCDM) named as the Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and multi-attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC) methods by employing Picture fuzzy sets (PiFS) are employed to determine weight of agile attributes and superiority of LCCs based on agile attributes in the market, respectively. To check the consistency and robustness of the results for the proposed approach, comparative and sensitivity analysis are performed at the end of the study.FindingsWhile the ranking orders of agile attributes are Strategic Responsiveness (AG1), Financial Management (AG4), Quality (AG2), Digital integration (AG3) and Reliability (AG5), respectively, LCC2 is selected as the best agile airline company in Turkey with respect to agile attributes. SWARA and MABAC method based on PiFS is appropriate and effective method to evaluate agile attributes that has important reference value for the airline companies in aviation industry.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study will support managers in the airline industry to conduct airline operations more flexibly and effectively to take sustainable competitive advantage in unexpected and dynamic environment.Originality/valueTo the author' best knowledge, this study is the first developed to identify the attributes necessary to increase agility in LCCs. Thus, as a systematic tool, a framework is developed for the implementation of agile attributes to achieve sustainable competitive advantage in the airline industry and presented a roadmap for airline managers to deal with crises and challenging situations by satisfying customer and increasing competitiveness.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Finger flutings are channels drawn in soft sediments covering walls, floors and ceilings of some limestone caves in Europe and Australia and in some cases date as far back as 50,000 years ago. Initial research focused on why they were made, but more recently, as part of a growing interest in the individual in the past, researchers began asking questions about who made them. This shift in direction has led to claims that by measuring the width of flutings made with the three middle fingers of either hand, archaeologists can infer the ordinal age, sex and individuality of the 'fluter'. These claims rest on a single dataset created in 2006. In this paper, we undertake the first critical analysis of that dataset and its concomitant methodologies. We argue that sample size, uneven distribution of sex and age within the sample, non-standardised medium, human variability, the lack of comparability between an experimental context and real cave environments and assumptions about demographic modelling effectively negate all previous claims. To sum, we find no substantial evidence for the claims that an age, sex and individual tracing can be revealed by measuring finger flutings as described by Sharpe and Van Gelder (Antiquity 80: 937-947, 2006a; Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16: 281-95, 2006b; Rock Art Research 23: 179-98, 2006c). As a case study, we discuss Koonalda Cave in southern Australia. Koonalda has the largest and most intact display of finger flutings in the world and is also part of a cultural landscape maintained and curated by Mirning people.", + "input": "Abstract: Evolvability refers to the capacity, ability, or potential of an organism to generate heritable variation. Under this view, much extragenetic inheritance is regarded not as noise, fine-tuning, or a luxury add-on to genetic inheritance but as an essential tool for short-term adaptation. With respect to humans, the cultural contribution to evolvability is key to understanding evolution. In many instances, cultural inheritance directs genetic inheritance, not the other way around. Culture, being relatively free from the genetic leash, can produce change that genetic inheritance cannot. Soft inheritance-the view that heredity can be changed by an organism's experiences-has been disdained for over a century, but in light of the recent outpouring of data demonstrating extragenetic inheritance, defining evolution only in terms of genetic change ignores half the adaptive process, discarding much of what is interesting and relevant. Archaeologists can play a key role in evolvability research, given their contributions to topics such as niche construction, modularity, mosaic evolution, and developmental bias.", "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of our study was to assess the multiscalar changes in leprosy burden and its associated risk factors over the last three decades. Study design: We conducted an in-depth examination of leprosy's spatial-temporal trends at multiple geographical scale (global, regional, and national), utilizing information from Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD 2019). Methods: Incidence and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of leprosy were determined, with countries categorized based on leprosy incidence changes. We examined socioeconomic and physical geography influences on leprosy incidence via Spearman correlation analysis, using ternary phase diagrams to reveal the synergetic effects on leprosy occurrence. Results: Globally, incident cases of leprosy decreased by 27.86% from 1990 to 2019, with a reduction in ASIR (EAPC = -2.53), yet trends were not homogeneous across regions. ASIR and EAPC correlated positively with sociodemographic index (SDI), and an ASIR growth appeared in high SDI region (EAPC = 3.07). Leprosy burden was chiefly distributed in Tropical Latin America, Oceania, Central SubSaharan Africa, and South Asia. Negative correlations were detected between the incidence of leprosy and factors of SDI, GDP per capita, urban population to total population, and precipitation, whereas the number of refugee population, temperature, and elevation showed opposite positive results. Conclusions: Despite a global decline in leprosy over the past three decades, the disparities of disease occurrence at regional and national scales still persisted. Socioeconomic and physical geographic factors posed an obvious influence on the transmission risk of leprosy. The persistence and regional fluctuations of leprosy incidence necessitate the ongoing dynamic and multilayered control strategies worldwide in combating this ancient disease. (c) 2024 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: First-principles calculations of defects and electron-phonon interactions play a critical role in the design and optimization of materials for electronic and optoelectronic devices. The late Audrius Alkauskas made seminal contributions to developing rigorous first-principles methodologies for the computation of defects and electron-phonon interactions, especially in the context of understanding the fundamental mechanisms of carrier recombination in semiconductors. Alkauskas was also a pioneer in the field of quantum defects, helping to build a first-principles understanding of the prototype nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, as well as identifying novel defects. Here, we describe the important contributions made by Alkauskas and his collaborators and outline fruitful research directions that Alkauskas would have been keen to pursue. Audrius Alkauskas' scientific achievements and insights highlighted in this article will inspire and guide future developments and advances in the field. (c) 2024 Author(s).", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Political psychology has greatly benefited from work that together addresses the enormous variety of political problems faced by people around the world, including those that are universal (e.g., how one gains access to basic needs, how power should be governed) and problems that confront people in particular situations (e.g., transitions of governmental forms, war, group exclusion, rapid economic change, decolonization, external intervention, national dominance). Adopting multiple standpoints and research agendas is necessary for us collectively to make our work useful to publics and to further the work each of us does. Another strength of our discipline is to employ the assumptions of multiple disciplines and of a variety of research methods. I will illustrate these points with research examples from several ISPP members and discuss ways that those in our discipline try to confront the difficulties that lack of commonality in theory, standpoint, methods, and epistemological assumptions can pose. Finally, I will summarize some of the work that various ISPP members have done to promote the development of political psychology and our society this year and invite further suggestions and contributions from members in how we can serve one another.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are designed to create or generate content from their trained parameters using an online conversational interface. AI has opened new avenues in redefining the role boundaries of teachers and learners and has the potential to impact the teaching-learning process.METHODS: In this descriptive proof-of- concept cross-sectional study we have explored the application of three generative AI tools on drug treatment of hypertension theme to generate: (1) specific learning outcomes (SLOs); (2) test items (MCQs- A type and case cluster; SAQs; OSPE); (3) test standard-setting parameters for medical students.RESULTS: Analysis of AI-generated output showed profound homology but divergence in quality and responsiveness to refining search queries. The SLOs identified key domains of antihypertensive pharmacology and therapeutics relevant to stages of the medical program, stated with appropriate action verbs as per Bloom's taxonomy. Test items often had clinical vignettes aligned with the key domain stated in search queries. Some test items related to A-type MCQs had construction defects, multiple correct answers, and dubious appropriateness to the learner's stage. ChatGPT generated explanations for test items, this enhancing usefulness to support self-study by learners. Integrated case-cluster items had focused clinical case description vignettes, integration across disciplines, and targeted higher levels of competencies. The response of AI tools on standard-setting varied. Individual questions for each SAQ clinical scenario were mostly open-ended. The AI-generated OSPE test items were appropriate for the learner's stage and identified relevant pharmacotherapeutic issues. The model answers supplied for both SAQs and OSPEs can aid course instructors in planning classroom lessons, identifying suitable instructional methods, establishing rubrics for grading, and for learners as a study guide. Key lessons learnt for improving AI-generated test item quality are outlined.CONCLUSIONS: AI tools are useful adjuncts to plan instructional methods, identify themes for test blueprinting, generate test items, and guide test standard-setting appropriate to learners' stage in the medical program. However, experts need to review the content validity of AI-generated output. We expect AIs to influence the medical education landscape to empower learners, and to align competencies with curriculum implementation. AI literacy is an essential competency for health professionals.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Disturbances in tropical forests can have long-lasting ecological impacts, but their manifestations (ecological legacies) in modern forests are uncertain. Many Amazonian forests bear the mark of past soil modifications, species enrichments, and fire events, but the trajectories of ecological legacies from the pre-contact or post-colonial period remain relatively unexplored. We assessed the fire and vegetation history from 15 soil cores ranging from 0 to 10 km from a post-colonial Surinamese archaeological site. We show that (1) fires occurred from 96 bc to recent times and induced significant vegetation change, (2) persistent ecological legacies from pre-contact and post-colonial fire and deforestation practices were mainly within 1 km of the archaeological site, and (3) palm enrichment of Attalea, Oenocarpus and Astrocaryum occurred within 0, 1, and 8 km of the archaeological site, respectively. Our results challenge the notion of spatially extensive and persistent ecological legacies. Instead, our data indicate that the persistence and extent of ecological legacies are dependent on their timing, frequency, type, and intensity. Examining the mechanisms and manifestations of ecological legacies is crucial in assessing forest resilience and Indigenous and local land rights in the highly threatened Amazonian forests.", + "input": "Abstract: For 40 years, political collapse has been increasingly prominent in anthropological archaeology. Throughout that period, scholars have grappled with defining collapse and asked why sociopolitical systems fragment. In this article, I explore emerging research on the aftermath of collapse. Focusing on the Americas, I consider the development of theoretical models and expanding analytical scope. Highlighting key themes, I propose that although cross-cultural archaeological data do negate narratives of apocalypse and disappearance, an overemphasis on post-collapse continuity also obscures the heterogeneity and dynamism of post-collapse periods and the creativity and resilience of populations who live through them.", "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Matching hand-drawn sketches with photos (a.k.a sketch-photo recognition or re-identification) faces the information asymmetry challenge due to the abstract nature of the sketch modality. Existing works tend to learn shared embedding spaces with CNN models by discarding the appearance cues for photo images or introducing GAN for sketch-photo synthesis. The former unavoidably loses discriminability, while the latter contains ineffaceable generation noise. In this paper, we start the first attempt to design an information-aligned sketch transformer (SketchTrans(+)) via cross-modal disentangled prototype learning, while the transformer has shown great promise for discriminative visual modelling. Specifically, we design an asymmetric disentanglement scheme with a dynamic updatable auxiliary sketch (A-sketch) to align the modality representations without sacrificing information. The asymmetric disentanglement decomposes the photo representations into sketch-relevant and sketch-irrelevant cues, transferring sketch-irrelevant knowledge into the sketch modality to compensate for the missing information. Moreover, considering the feature discrepancy between the two modalities, we present a modality-aware prototype contrastive learning method that mines representative modality-sharing information using the modality-aware prototypes rather than the original feature representations. Extensive experiments on category- and instance-level sketch-based datasets validate the superiority of our proposed method under various metrics.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Joint inhumations of adults and children are an intriguing aspect of the shift from collective to single burial rites in third millennium BC Western Eurasia. Here, we revisit two exceptional Beaker period adult-child graves using ancient DNA: Altwies in Luxembourg and Dunstable Downs in Britain. Ancestry modelling and patterns of shared IBD segments between the individuals examined, and contemporary genomes from Central and Northwest Europe, highlight the continental connections of British Beakers. Although simultaneous burials may involve individuals with no social or biological ties, we present evidence that close blood relations played a role in shaping third millennium BC social systems and burial practices, for example a biological mother and her son buried together at Altwies. Extended family, such as a paternal aunt at Dunstable Downs, could also act as 'substitute parents' in the grave. Hypotheses are explored to explain such simultaneous inhumations. Whilst intercommunity violence, infectious disease and epidemics may be considered as explanations, they fail to account for both the specific, codified nature of this particular form of inhumation, and its pervasiveness, as evidenced by a representative sample of 131 adult-child graves from 88 sites across Eurasia, all dating to the third and second millennia BC.", + "output": "Archaeology", + "system": "", + "history": [] + }, + { + "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", + "input": "Abstract: The social construction theory of target populations has proven to be powerfully predictive, showing that policy makers are incentivized to do good things for good people but produce punitive policies for deviants. While establishing an important conceptual framework, the theory does not address the idea that various subgroups in society may evaluate policy targets differently. Here, we focus on the key issue of partisan identity, a lens through which American policy makers and citizens view the world. Our study is an extension of this original work, building a bridge between critical policy scholars and scholars of political attitudes and behavior. By relying on crowdsourcing, we (a) assess the extent to which consensus emerges around social constructions and (b) determine the role that partisan identity plays in producing vastly different worldviews around dozens of groups. We find that there are multiple mappings of the groups because several social constructions pivot on party lines.", + "output": "Law", + "system": "", + "history": [] + }, + { + "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", + "input": "Abstract: Prolonged elevated heart rate (peHR) is recognized as a risk factor for poor prognosis among critically ill patients. However, there is currently a lack of studies investigating the association between peHR and patients with acute pancreatitis. Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database was used to identify patients with acute pancreatitis. PeHR was defined as a heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute for at least 11 out of 12 consecutive hours. Cox regression analysis was used to assess the association between peHR and the 90-Day mortality. A total of 364 patients (48.9%) experienced a peHR episode. The 90-day mortality was 25%. PeHR is an independent risk factor for 90-day mortality (HR, 1.98; 95% CI 1.53-2.56; P<0.001). KM survival curves exhibited a significant decrease in the survival rate at 90days among patients who experienced a peHR episode (P<0.001, 84.5% vs. 65.1%). We revealed a significant association of peHR with decreased survival in a large cohort of ICU patients with acute pancreatitis.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: For an undirected connected graph G = G(V, E) with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G), a subset R of V is said to be a resolving in G, if each pair of vertices (say a and b; a not equal b) in G satisfy the relation d(a, k) not equal d(b, k), for at least one member k in R. The minimum set R with this resolving property is said to be a metric basis for G, and the cardinality of such set R, is referred to as the metric dimension of G, denoted by dim v (G). In this manuscript, we consider a complex molecular graph of one-heptagonal carbon nanocone (represented by HCN s ) and investigate its metric basis as well as metric dimension. We prove that just three specifically chosen vertices are enough to resolve the molecular graph of HCN s . Moreover, several theoretical as well as applicative properties including comparison have also been incorporated.", + "input": "Abstract: We analyze how reversals of several types of capital flows impact currency crises in emerging market and developing economies. Estimates of logit models show that reversals of (equity and debt) portfolio flows significantly increase the likelihood of currency crises in emerging market economies. In developing economies, reversals of portfolio debt flows and banking flows have a significant positive impact on currency crises. Finally, our results suggest that countries with mature financial systems and fixed exchange rate regimes are less likely to experience a currency crisis after a capital flow shock. The mediating role of capital account liberalization varies by country type.", "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Obstetric violence is an urgent global problem. Recently, several studies have appeared on obstetric violence in the Netherlands, indicating that it is a more widespread phenomenon in Dutch maternity care than commonly thought. At the same time, there has been very little public outrage over these studies. The objective of this qualitative research is to gain insight into the working and normalization of obstetric violence by focusing on the moral and epistemic injustices that both facilitate obstetric violence and make it look acceptable. Following the study design of Responsive Evaluation, interviews, homogenous, and heterogenous focus groups were done in three phases, with thirty-one participants, consisting of ten mothers, eleven midwives, five doulas and five midwives in training. All participants were already critically engaged with the topic, which was a selection criterion to be able to bring the existing depth of knowledge on this topic of people in the field to the fore. Data was analyzed through Thematic Analysis. We elaborate on two groups of results. First, we discuss the forms of obstetric violence most commonly mentioned by the participants, which were vaginal examinations, episiotomies, and pelvic floor support. Second, we demonstrate two major themes that concern practices related to moral and epistemic injustice: 1) 'Playing the dead baby card', with the sub-themes 'shroud waving', 'hidden agenda', and 'normalizing obstetric violence'; and 2) 'Troubling consent', with sub-themes 'not being asked for consent', 'saying yes', 'saying no', and 'giving up resistance'. While epistemic injustice has been analyzed in relation to obstetric violence, moral injustice has not yet been conceptualized as a fundamental part of both the practice and the justification of obstetric violence. This research hence contributes not only to the better understanding of obstetric violence in the Netherlands, but also to a further theorization of this specific form of gender-based violence.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Changes in work-up and histopathological assessment have caused stage and grade migration in men with prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in risk of PCa death for men with favourable-risk PCa managed with primary radical prostatectomy or observation.METHODS AND MATERIAL: Men aged 75 or younger with Charlson Comorbidity index 0-1 diagnosed with favourable-risk PCa (T1-T2, prostate specific antigen [PSA] <20 ng/mL and Gleason score 6 or 7[3+4]) in the period 2000-2016 who were treated with primary radical prostatectomy or managed with observation in PCBaSe 4.0. Treatment groups were compared following propensity score matching, and risk of PCa death was estimated by use of Cox regression analyses.RESULTS: A total of 9,666 men were selected for each treatment strategy. The 7-year cumulative incidence of PCa death decreased in all risk and treatment groups. For example, the incidence in men diagnosed with low-risk PCa and managed with observation was 1.2% in 2000-2005, which decreased to 0.4% in 2011-2016. Corresponding incidences for men with intermediate-risk PCa managed with observation were 2.0% and 0.7%. The relative risk of PCa death was lower in men with low-risk PCa managed with radical prostatectomy compared to observation: in 2000-2005 hazard ratio (HR) 0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10-0.38) and in 2011-2016 HR 0.35 (95% CI 0.05-2.26). Corresponding risks for men with intermediate-risk PCa were HR 0.28 (95% CI 0.16-0.47) and HR 0.21 (95% CI 0.04-1.18). The absolute risk reduction of radical prostatectomy compared to observation for men with low-risk PCa was 1% in 2000-2005 and 0.4% in 2011-2016, and for men with intermediate-risk PCa 1.1% in 2000-2005 and 0.7% in 2011-2016.CONCLUSION: Men diagnosed in 2011-2016 with low-risk and favourable intermediate-risk PCa have a similar relative benefit but smaller absolute benefit of curative treatment compared to men diagnosed in 2000-2005.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: An issue about the privacy of the clustered groups designed by algorithms arises when attempts are made to access certain pieces of information about those groups that would likely be used to harm them. Therefore, limitations must be imposed regarding accessing such information about clustered groups. In the discourse on group privacy, it is argued that the right to privacy of such groups should be recognised to respect group privacy, protecting clustered groups against discrimination. According to this viewpoint, this right places a duty on others, for example, private companies, institutions, and governments, to refrain from accessing such information. To defend the idea that the right to privacy should be recognised for clustered groups, at least two requirements must be satisfied. First, clustered group privacy must be conceived of as either a collective good or a participatory good. Since these forms of good are of the type from which no member of a group can be excluded from benefiting, the right to them is defined as a group right. Second, there must be group interests on which to base a group right. Group interests can be either the interests of those members that are a result of their being in the group or the interests of the group as a whole that transcend the interests of its members. However, this paper argues that clustered group privacy cannot be conceived of as either a collective or a participatory good because it is possible for some individuals to be excluded from benefiting from it. Furthermore, due to the lack of awareness among individuals that they are members of a clustered group and the nature of a clustered group itself, such groups cannot have the group interests necessary to establish a group right. Hence, the group right to privacy cannot be recognised for these groups, implying that the group right cannot be considered a means to protect clustered groups against discrimination. Instead, this paper suggests that moral principles need to be articulated within an ethics of vulnerability to identify the moral obligations of protecting vulnerable clustered groups. The duty owed to the vulnerable should involve refraining from accessing certain information about clustered groups in specific contexts. This duty is not engendered by the right to privacy of such groups; it is the duty owed to the vulnerable. The findings highlight the need to articulate moral principles regarding privacy and data protection to protect clustered groups in contexts in which accessing information about them could constitute a reason for discriminatory targeting.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: In the present study, 37 lead artefacts were characterised to identify possible lead sources allowing to establish trade fluxes concerning food and textile products during Roman times. These artefacts were uncovered by dredging works at the Arade River estuary (Portimao). The city of Portimao (Lusitania province) was an important harbour, where several fish-processing factories were installed, and Arade River provides major access to the hinterland, both displaying an important commercial activity during the Late Antiquity. The methodology includes the typological and chemical (elemental and Pb isotopes) characterisation of artefacts. Samples were divided into the following: (i) rectangular plaques with decorations in relief such as tridents, fishes, or palms leaf, an iconography known to be displayed in some African amphora handles; (ii) small plaques with one perforation and incised Roman numerals, probably related with textile products; and (iii) fishing net weights, smooth plaques of unknown functionality, and a small rectangular prismatic plaque, perhaps an ingot. Elemental analysis was performed by ICP-MS, and results were interpreted by multivariate statistical analysis, which suggested different processes to obtain raw materials, namely lead obtained by the reduction of litharge or smelting of silver-poor galena. Cluster analysis grouped most of samples with motif depictions, which were further analysed by MC-ICP-MS to determine Pb isotope ratios. The possible sources of lead were identified by combining archaeological data with the nearest Euclidean neighbours using a large database comprising the Iberian Peninsula and Mediterranean region. The Pb isotope signatures suggested lead sources located not only in the Iberian Peninsula but also in North Africa, evidencing a long-distance trade between those Roman provinces.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The goal of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 is to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. The aim of this scoping review was to map the current evidence on the association between the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) and parental education; and to identify possible pathways by which parental education may protect against ECC.METHODS: The two questions that guided this review were: what is the existing evidence on the association between maternal and paternal education and ECC; and what are the pathways by which parental education protects against ECC? The initial search was conducted in January 2023 in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Articles published in English between January 2000 and October 2022 that reported on the association between parental education and ECC were screened, and the extracted data were compiled, summarized, and synthesized. Review papers and non-primary quantitative research papers were excluded from the full-text review. Open coding was applied to develop a conceptual framework.RESULTS: In total, 49 studies were included: 42 cross-sectional, 3 case-control and 4 cohort studies. The majority (91.8%) reported on the associations between ECC and maternal (n=33), paternal (n=3), and parental (n=9) level of education, and 13 (26.7%) reported on the association between parental education and the severity of ECC. Mothers with more than primary school education (n=3), post-secondary/college/tertiary education (n=23), and more than 4-12 years of education (n=12) had children with lower risk for ECC. Two studies reporting on parental education found an association between maternal but not paternal education and ECC. The review suggests that achieving the SDG 4.1 may reduce the risk of ECC. Possible pathways by which maternal education protects from ECC were feeding practices, oral hygiene practices, and the use of dental services.CONCLUSION: The study findings suggests that higher maternal educational level may reduce the risk for the consumption of cariogenic diet, poor oral hygiene practices and poor use of dental services for caries prevention. However, the association between paternal education and ECC was not consistently observed, with significant associations less frequently reported compared to maternal education. Future studies are needed to define the magnitude and modifiers of the impact of maternal education on the risk for ECC.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Recently, the evolutionary history of the Caribbean mangroves has been reconsidered using partial palynological databases organized by the time intervals of interest, namely Late Cretaceous to Eocene for the origin, the Eocene-Oligocene transition for major turnover and Neogene to Quaternary for diversification. These discussions have been published in a set of sequential papers, but the raw information remains unknown. This paper reviews all the information available and provides the first comprehensive and updated compilation of the abovementioned partial databases. This compilation is called CARMA-F (CARibbean MAngroves-Fossil) and includes nearly 90 localities from the present and past Caribbean coasts, ranging from the Late Cretaceous to the Pliocene. Details on the Quaternary localities (CARMA-Q) will be published later. CARMA-F lists and illustrates the fossil pollen from past mangrove taxa and their extant representatives, and includes a map of the studied localities and a conventional spreadsheet with the raw data. The compilation is the most complete available for the study of the origin, evolution and diversification of Caribbean mangroves, and is open to modifications for adapting it to the particular interests of each researcher.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Artistic pieces can be studied from several perspectives, one example being their reception among readers over time. In the present work, we approach this interesting topic from the standpoint of literary works, particularly assessing the task of predicting whether a book will become a best seller. Unlike previous approaches, we focused on the full content of books and considered visualization and classification tasks. We employed visualization for the preliminary exploration of the data structure and properties, involving SemAxis and linear discriminant analyses. To obtain quantitative and more objective results, we employed various classifiers. Such approaches were used along with a dataset containing (i) books published from 1895 to 1923 and consecrated as best sellers by the Publishers Weekly Bestseller Lists and (ii) literary works published in the same period but not being mentioned in that list. Our comparison of methods revealed that the best-achieved result-combining a bag-of-words representation with a logistic regression classifier-led to an average accuracy of 0.75 both for the leave-one-out and 10-fold cross-validations. Such an outcome enhances the difficulty in predicting the success of books with high accuracy, even using the full content of the texts. Nevertheless, our findings provide insights into the factors leading to the relative success of a literary work.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: The response to flood disasters is of great importance to protect people's lives. Proper recognition of the factors affecting floods will lead to the prevention of negative consequences. In this study, three types of Archimedean copulas, including Clayton, Gumbel, and Frank, have been applied to the depth and duration variables of maximum annual precipitation in four rain gauges' data sets (eight variables) throughout the primarily urban eastern catchment of Tehran, Iran. The results indicated that the Gumbel copula is the most suitable function of the Archimedean copulas. The average depth of rainfalls produced by the selected copula increased up to 24% compared with different varieties of single-station scenarios. Also, the average duration of produced rainfalls differed up to 14% difference compared with the single-station scenarios. Finally, the average volume of surface flooding varied between +54% and -154% with respect to the single-station scenarios. As a result, taking into account spatial distribution in rainfall will have a significant impact on the generation of runoff. The overall distribution pattern of runoff is significantly influenced by several factors. Firstly, the simultaneous impact of four rain gauge stations on synthetic runoffs plays a crucial role. The second factor is the spatial distribution of precipitation within the catchment, which is influenced by the distribution of rain gauge stations and the interpolation technique used. Additionally, the routing of synthetic surface runoff through the channel system also contributes to the overall distribution pattern of runoff.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE: Breast cancer follow-up (surveillance and aftercare) varies from one-size-fits-all to more personalised approaches. A systematic review was performed to get insight in existing evidence on (cost-)effectiveness of personalised follow-up.METHODS: PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane were searched between 01-01-2010 and 10-10-2022 (review registered in PROSPERO:CRD42022375770). The inclusion population comprised nonmetastatic breast cancer patients\u226518years, after completing curative treatment. All intervention-control studies studying personalised surveillance and/or aftercare designed for use during the entire follow-up period were included. All review processes including risk of bias assessment were performed by two reviewers. Characteristics of included studies were described.RESULTS: Overall, 3708 publications were identified, 64 full-text publications were read and 16 were included for data extraction. One study evaluated personalised surveillance. Various personalised aftercare interventions and outcomes were studied. Most common elements included in personalised aftercare plans were treatment summaries (75%), follow-up guidelines (56%), lists of available supportive care resources (38%) and PROs (25%). Control conditions mostly comprised usual care. Four out of seven (57%) studies reported improvements in quality of life following personalisation. Six studies (38%) found no personalisation effect, for multiple outcomes assessed (e.g. distress, satisfaction). One (6.3%) study was judged as low, four(25%) as high risk of bias and 11 (68.8%) as with concerns.CONCLUSION: The included studies varied in interventions, measurement instruments and outcomes, making it impossible to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of personalised follow-up. There is a need for a definition of both personalised surveillance and aftercare, whereafter outcomes can be measured according to uniform standards.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Health literacy (HL) has been put forward as a potential mediator through which socioeconomic status (SES) affects health. This study explores whether HL mediates the relation between SES and a selection of health or health-related outcomes.METHODS: Data from the participants of the Belgian health interview survey 2018 aged 18 years or older were individually linked with data from the Belgian compulsory health insurance (n=8080). HL was assessed with the HLS-EU-Q6. Mediation analyses were performed with health behaviour (physical activity, diet, alcohol and tobacco consumption), health status (perceived health status, mental health status), use of medicine (purchase of antibiotics), and use of preventive care (preventive dental care, influenza vaccination, breast cancer screening) as dependent outcome variables, educational attainment and income as independent variables of interest, age and sex as potential confounders and HL as mediating variable.RESULTS: The study showed that unhealthy behaviours (except alcohol consumption), poorer health status, higher use of medicine and lower use of preventive care (except flu vaccination) were associated with low SES (i.e., low education and low income) and with insufficient HL. HL partially mediated the relationship between education and health behaviour, perceived health status and mental health status, accounting for 3.8-16.0% of the total effect. HL also constituted a pathway by which income influences health behaviour, perceived health status, mental health status and preventive dental care, with the mediation effects accounting for 2.1-10.8% of the total effect.CONCLUSIONS: Although the influence of HL in the pathway is limited, our findings suggest that strategies for improving various health-related outcomes among low SES groups should include initiatives to enhance HL in these population groups. Further research is needed to confirm our results and to better explore the mediating effects of HL.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In the 1940s, Abraham Myerson's work on drinking norms in the USA was central to reorienting the approach medical and scientific experts adopted when studying and treating alcoholism. A leading psychiatrist and neurologist from Boston, Myerson argued that tensions between alcohol's ability to satisfy a pleasure-seeking drive and the rise of asceticism had generated ambivalent social attitudes, traditions and expectations towards drinking. This article explores how Myerson identified and employed social factors to uncover the relationship between ambivalent drinking norms, one's gender, ethnic or religious background, and whether one would drink to excess. In doing so, it will illuminate how Myerson's innovative efforts to highlight the role of social attitudes and traditions in alcoholism ultimately helped shape the approach of medical science to the alcohol problem.", + "input": "Abstract: John D. Brewer's (1994) seminal study of the South African Police claimed that structural factors would inhibit democratic reforms in law enforcement agencies, regardless of which political party controlled the public administration. Thirty years of majority rule, and a series of subsequent works (Altbeker 2005, 2007; Steinberg, 2008; Lamb 2018), demonstrate that Brewer's thesis remains relevant. Occasional efforts at fully reconstructing state security agencies never took hold and the South African Police Service remains mired in the sordid practices of its colonial past. McMichael and Brown concur with this established narrative while Shaw's study on vigilantism adds insightful subtleties that deromanticize subaltern social movements. All three authors tackle sharp distinctions between policing and criminality, arguing that the two processes often intertwine and are frequently interchangeable. This review article combines structural determinants of coercive law enforcement with elite political agency. Political choices made by South Africa's ruling African National Congress reinforce criminal practices in policing and precipitate the formation of volatile vigilante organizations.", "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Colorizing thermal infrared images poses a significant challenge as current methods struggle with issues such as unrealistic color saturation and limited texture. To address these challenges, we propose the Feature Refinement and Adaptive Generative Adversarial Network (FRAGAN). Our approach enhances the detailed, semantic, and contextual capabilities of image coloring by combining multi -level interactions that integrate the lost detailed information from the encoding stage with the semantic information from the decoding stage. Additionally, we introduce the Residual Feature Refinement Module (RFRM) to improve both the accuracy and generalization ability of the model, thereby elevating the quality of colorization results. The Feature Adaptation Module (FAM) is employed to mitigate sub -region information loss during downsampling. Furthermore, we introduce the Trinity Attention Module (TAM) to accurately capture the spatial and channel -wise interaction features of local semantic information. Extensive experimentation on the KAIST dataset and the FLIR dataset demonstrates the superiority of our proposed FRAGAN methodology, surpassing both the performance metrics and visual quality of current state-of-the-art methods. The colorized images generated by our proposed FRAGAN exhibit enhanced clarity and realism. Our code and models are available at GitHub.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: The planning controlling post-colonial heritage discourse has long been influenced by changing political and economic narratives. This paper documents diversified uses and narratives of colonial heritage in twelve plans of the Beijing Legation Quarter, China to investigate the influence of multiple identities in Beijing's development. By analysing the particular spatio-temporal dynamics in eleven former legation compounds, it presents three planning strategies used in colonial heritage site regeneration (diminishment, transformation, and enforcement) and argues that the ambivalent or paradoxical discourses of colonial heritage in the Beijing Legation Quarter result from Beijing's multiple cultural identities.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Natural hazard-triggered technological accidents (Natechs) are a type of multihazard coupled event with complex disaster evolution trends and serious consequences, resulting in high difficulty in collaborative responses. Currently, research on Natechs primarily revolves around evolutionary mechanisms and risk assessment. However, this complex form of disaster still requires relevant studies on response processes and organizational collaboration. The stochastic Petri net simulation method aligns well with this need, offering a suitable approach for addressing these gaps. Stochastic Petri nets (SPN) were introduced to clarify the Natech response process and analyze the synergistic relationship between organizations during the Natech response. First, the natech response process was framed by the logic of scenario-task-organization; the SPN's components were designed considering the characteristics of Natech events, and a proposal was made on how to construct the SPN model corresponding to a collaborative Natech response. Second, the performance of the analysis model was evaluated using the isomorphic Markov chain, and a method for examining organizational collaborative relationships was proposed. Finally, the model is validated by an example, and the characteristics of organizational task execution in Natech responses are summarized according to the busy probability of places and variation in the utilization of transitions. Analysis of task coordination relationships is proposed based on the SPN's structure, and the core and auxiliary workgroups are determined according to the actual task execution requirements to achieve better identification of responsible parties. Further, ways to improve Natech response collaboration are recommended: The role of the natural disaster response department is highlighted, for example, as it provides crucial information support during rescue operations. Relying solely on government departments may prove ineffective in responding to Natechs; thus, it may be necessary to involve social forces in the response effort. Flexible adjustments to deployment should be made to ensure the full utilization of limited disaster relief resources.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: We conducted a comparative historical study to interrogate Professor Peter Doherty's warning to Australians in April 2020 that 'COVID-19 is just as lethal as the Spanish flu'. We identified the epicentres of both pandemics, namely, metropolitan Sydney in 1919 and metropolitan Melbourne in 2020 and compared the lethality of the Spanish Flu and COVID-19 in these two cities. Lethality was measured by the number and rate of hospital admissions, death rates, age-specific death rates and age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs). Using these measures, we demonstrated the strikingly different waves of infection, their severity at various points in time and the cumulative impact of the viruses by the end of our study period, i.e., 30 September in 1919 and 2020. Hospital admissions and deaths from the Spanish Flu in 1919 were more than 30 times higher than those for COVID-19 in 2020. The ASMR per 100,000 population for the Spanish Flu was 383 compared to 7 for COVID-19: The former was about 55 times higher than the latter. These results suggest that the Spanish Flu was more lethal than COVID-19. Professor Doherty's warning was perhaps taken seriously and that partly explains the findings of this study. Containing infection in 1919 and 2020 threw the burden on nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as 'protective sequestration' (quarantine), contact tracing, lockdowns and masks. It is likely that the persistent and detailed contact tracing scheme provides the best possible explanation for why NPIs in 2020 were more effective than in 1919 and therefore contributed to the lower lethality of the COVID-19 pandemic in its first year.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: To survive, adapt, and develop, cells respond to external and internal stimuli by tightly regulating transcription. Transcriptional regulation involves the combinatorial binding of a repertoire of transcription factors to DNA, which often results in switch-like binary outputs akin to Boolean logic gates. Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that in eukaryotes, transcription factor binding to DNA often involves energy expenditure, thereby driving the system out of equilibrium. The governing principles of transcriptional logic operations out of equilibrium remain unexplored. Here, we employ a simple two-input, single-locus model of transcription that can accommodate both equilibrium and nonequilibrium mechanisms. Using this model, we find that nonequilibrium regimes can give rise to all the logic operations accessible in equilibrium. Strikingly, energy expenditure alters the regulatory function of the two transcription factors in a mutually exclusive manner. This allows for the emergence of new logic operations that are inaccessible in equilibrium. Overall, our results show that energy expenditure can expand the range of cellular decision-making without the need for more complex promoter architectures.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Background Unwarranted temporal and geographical variations are acknowledged as a profound problem for equal access and justice in the provision of health services. Even more, they challenge the quality, safety, and efficiency of such services. This is highly relevant for imaging services. Objective To analyse the temporal and geographical variation in the number of diagnostic images in Norway from 2013 to 2021. Methods Data on outpatient imaging provided by the Norwegian Health Economics Administration (HELFO) and inpatient data afforded by fourteen hospital trusts and hospitals in Norway. Data include the total number of imaging examinations according to the Norwegian Classification of Radiological Procedures (NCRP). Analyses were performed with descriptive statistics. Results More than 37 million examinations were performed in Norway during 2013-2021 giving an average of 4.2 million examinations per year. In 2021 there was performed and average of 0.8 examinations per person and 2.2 examinations per person for the age group > 80. There was a 9% increase in the total number of examinations from 2013 to 2015 and a small and stable decrease of 0.5% per year from 2015 to 2021 (with the exception of 2020 due to the pandemic). On average 71% of all examinations were outpatient examinations and 32% were conducted at private imaging centres. There were substantial variations between the health regions, with Region South-East having 53.1% more examinations per inhabitant than Region West. The geographical variation was even more outspoken when comparing catchment areas, where Oslo University Hospital Trust had twice as many examinations per inhabitant than Finnmark Hospital Trust. Conclusion As the population in Norway is homogeneous it is difficult to attribute the variations to socio-economic or demographic factors. Unwarranted and supply-sensitive variations are challenging for healthcare systems where equal access and justice traditionally are core values.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We study a new driving factor of women's inclusion in politics: the economic empowerment of their mothers. We evaluate Swedish microdata on politicians and their parents over fifty years. The results demonstrate a strong intergenerational dynamic from mothers to daughters. Female politicians come from households where their mother is more likely to be employed, earns more in the labour market, and earns a larger share of household earnings. This pattern was strong among parliamentarians in the 1970s and 1980s when female numerical representation increased rapidly in Sweden but is not present in national politics after the introduction of gender quotas in the early 1990s or in local politics.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: This article presents a reflective review of the challenges of interviewing hard-to-reach and marginalised groups when employing an oral history methodology. Using Belfast, Northern Ireland, as a case study, the article reflects on the significance of social and cultural markers that must be contended with, and argues for the importance of responsible research in response to instances of reticence. In addition, this article reviews the challenges faced by the author with regards to the gendered dimensions of deindustrialisation studies, particularly when interviewing women about the familial experiences of the deindustrialisation of heavy industry. The article advocates for compassionate approaches within an oral history methodology, particularly in post-conflict societies where unresolved trauma and complex ethno-cultural identities exist. Considering such issues, offers an opportunity to reenergise and expand the scope of labour history and deindustrialisation studies.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Making health science students aware of the importance of basic science knowledge for professional practice is a major educational challenge, especially during the early years of preclinical courses. Here, using an integrated curricular approach, we analyze whether Work Station Learning Activities (WSLA), which combine active learning methodologies for teaching basic science in clinical scenarios, can help to develop deeper learning and student engagement. In order to increase student motivation, we evaluated the effectiveness of WSLA using statistical analyses and an observation tool based on the ICAP (Interactive, Constructive, Active, and Passive) framework, which categorizes learning tasks based on the nature of student engagement. Statistical analyses revealed positive correlations between the different summative evaluations along the development of the activities, indicating the learning process inherent to WSLA progression and affirming the positive influence of WSLA on academic outcomes. Comparing the pre- and post-tests, students scored significantly higher on the post-test (statistically significant p<0.001). WSLA promotes both constructivist and interactive learning, as validated by its alignment with the ICAP model. The study examines student engagement through systematic observation, revealing a relationship between student engagement and final grades. Students who exhibit constructive learning consistently earn higher grades, emphasizing the positive impact of active engagement. Thus, passive behavior profiles show a significant proportion of fails (40%), while constructive profiles stand out as the sole recipients of the coveted excellent rating. Ultimately, this study contributes to our understanding of the effectiveness of WSLA in promoting active learning and enhancing student engagement within integrated health education curricula. It highlights the importance of active learning behaviors for academic success and suggests avenues for further research to optimize integrated teaching methodologies in medical education.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Background and research aim: Escalating anthropogenic threats to the Atlantic Forest, a renowned biodiversity hotspot, has placed the region in the spotlight for current conservation efforts. Faunal overexploitation and habitat degradation are among key factors driving the region's recent declines in faunal populations and biodiversity. Assessing the scale of these impacts is complicated by the near-complete absence of historical reference baselines. Methodology: Here, we provide a contribution to bridge this knowledge gap by analysing faunal remains from two historical archaeological sites, Morro Grande 1 (MG1) and Praia Grande Unidade 21 (PG-U21), in Babitonga Bay (Santa Catarina state, Brazil) dated between 1750 to 1950 AD. Results: Our results revealed that fishing and hunting played a crucial role in household consumption and economic livelihoods during the European colonisation of southern Brazil. Native terrestrial mammals made up a significant proportion of faunal remains at both sites. This suggests that species currently undergoing population declines were exploited in the region for at least the past two centuries. Conclusion: This study provides compelling evidence that the selective hunting of medium- and large-bodied native terrestrial mammals has persisted in the region for over 4500 years, and requires us to reconsider the idea of a heavy reliance on domestic animals during early European colonisation of southern Brazil. Our study thus traces the causes of regional terrestrial mammal defaunation back to the Pre-colonial and Historical times. Implication for conservation: We recommend the integration of historical and archaeological data into modern faunal population assessments and conservation initiatives to set more informed reference baselines.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The study aimed to determine the accuracy of diagnosing periodontal conditions using the developed web-based PocketPerio application and evaluate the user's perspective on the use of PocketPerio. First, 22 third-year dental students (DS3) diagnosed ten cases without PocketPerio (control) and with PocketPerio (test) during a mock examination. Then, 105 DS3, 13 fourth-year dental students (DS4), and 32 senior second-year International Standing Program students (ISP2) used PocketPerio chairside. Statistical analysis was performed using a non-parametric paired two-tailed test of significance with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. The null hypothesis that PocketPerio did not increase the accuracy of periodontal diagnoses was rejected at alpha<0.01. Periodontal diagnoses made using PocketPerio correlated with those made by periodontics faculty (gold standard) in all cases. During the mock examination, PocketPerio significantly increased the accuracy of periodontal diagnoses compared to the control (52.73 vs. 13.18%, respectively). Chairside, PocketPerio significantly increased the accuracy of primary (100 vs. 40.0%) and secondary (100 vs. 14.25%) periodontal diagnoses compared to the respective controls. Students regardless of their training year felt more confident in diagnosing periodontal conditions using PocketPerio than their current tools, provided positive feedback on its features, and suggested avenues for its further development.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeIn this study, to empirically test the relationship between ethical organizational climate, inner life (IL) and life satisfaction (LS) of employees, a field study was conducted on white-collar personnel working in the service sector in the Istanbul region. The main purpose was to extract an approach that could be applied to simultaneously boost LS and customer orientation for effective service delivery by organizations.Design/methodology/approachA two-wave time-lagged survey design was used to collect the data over a period of three months. Two sets of self-administrated survey questionnaires were developed for both waves, containing the details of the study and items for measuring variables. The questionnaires were developed in such a manner that the anonymity of the respondents and ethical considerations remained intact. In the first wave, data were collected for two variables, i.e. organizational ethical climate and IL. The measurement scale for organizational ethical climate was adapted from the study of DeBode et al. (2013) and for IL from the study of Fry et al. (2017). In the second wave, data on the remaining two variables (LS and organizational customer orientation) were collected. Direct effects and indirect effects in the hypotheses were tested by structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsThis study has found that the organizational ethical climate strengthens the inner lives of employees, which is vital for the organizations from two angles: one, strong IL of an employee enhances his/her own LS and two, stronger IL accentuates customer orientation.Research limitations/implicationsThe fact that the context of this study is limited to Turkey and that the participants are selected from among white-collar personnel working in the service sector reduces the representativeness of the research result. In this sense, in the next stages, the model of the research can be retested in different industries or cross-cultural studies can be designed by comparing the study results with samples from different geographies, so that the validity of these relations for different cultures can be seen.Practical implicationsThe implications of this study revealed that employees will enjoy their lives more when authorities in organizations adopt organizational policies supporting the inner lives of employees, feel respect for their private areas and make the organizational climate more ethical. Hence, with practices such as workplace spirituality or spiritual leadership that support the inner lives of employees, the motivation and satisfaction of employees can be increased.Social implicationsThis study revealed that inner life strength makes people comparative more ethical in their dealings, which gives them a sense of achievement and enhances work meaningfulness, boosting LS and customer-orientation. The findings of this study are vital for leaders, as they can achieve a conjoint elevation of the LS of their employees and enhance customer orientation for higher organizational performance.Originality/valueThis study is original in emphasizing the positive effect of spiritually powerful inner-life customer-orientedness in employees with empirical proof.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Much of the literature on domestic abuse focuses on those in intimate partner relationships or ex-partners, however, in the UK the Home Office definition also includes those in familial relationships. The Domestic Abuse, Stalking, and Harassment and Honour-Based Violence Risk Assessment assumes homogeneous risk factors across all relationships. This paper therefore examines the risk factors for repeat victimization of domestic abuse by relationship type between the victim and perpetrator in a UK police force. Using police-recorded domestic abuse incident and crime data, a logistic regression model found that the most similar repeat victimization risk profiles for 14,519 victims were amongst partners and ex-partners, with both relationships demonstrating the greatest degree of gender asymmetry, compared with other familial relationships. Physical violence was the strongest predictor of repeat victimization and was a statistically significant predictor for ex-partners, partners, and all familial relationships. Coercive behaviour was also a significant predictor for all relationships apart from partners, but not at the same magnitude as physical abuse. Recognizing the difference in risk by relationship type may assist the police in deciding the most appropriate response and interventions to reduce the risk of further harm.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Background This cross-sectional study investigates infection prevention and control (IPC) competencies among healthcare professionals in northwest China, examining the influence of demographic factors, job titles, education, work experience, and hospital levels.Methods Data from 874 respondents across 47 hospitals were collected through surveys assessing 16 major IPC domains. Statistical analyses, including Mann-Whitney tests, were employed to compare competencies across variables.Results Significant differences were identified based on gender, job titles, education, work experience, and hospital levels. Females demonstrated higher IPC competencies, while senior positions exhibited superior performance. Higher educational attainment and prolonged work experience positively correlated with enhanced competencies. Variances across hospital levels underscored context-specific competencies.Conclusion Demographic factors and professional variables significantly shape IPC competencies. Tailored training, considering gender differences and job roles, is crucial. Higher education and prolonged work experience positively impact proficiency. Context-specific interventions are essential for diverse hospital settings, informing strategies to enhance IPC skills and mitigate healthcare-associated infections effectively.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the trajectories and potential categories of changes in the sense of coherence (SOC) in patients after colorectal cancer surgery and to analyze predictive factors. MethodsFrom January to July 2023, 175 patients with colorectal cancer treated at a tertiary Grade A oncology hospital in Jiangsu Province were selected as the study subjects. Prior to surgery, SOC-13 scale, Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used to survey the patients. SOC levels were measured multiple times at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months post-surgery. Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) was applied to fit the trajectory changes of SOC in patients after colorectal cancer surgery. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the predictive factors of SOC trajectory changes. ResultsThe SOC scores of patients at points T1-T4 were (65.27 +/- 9.20), (63.65 +/- 10.41), (63.85 +/- 11.84), and (61.56 +/- 12.65), respectively. Multinomial logistic regression results indicated that gender, employment status, disease stage, household monthly income, intestinal stoma, nutritional status, illness perception, and social support were predictors of SOC trajectory changes (P < 0.05). ConclusionThere is heterogeneity in the trajectory changes of SOC in patients after colorectal cancer surgery. Healthcare professionals should implement early precision interventions based on the patterns of changes and predictive factors in each trajectory category.", + "input": "Abstract: Digital health technologies (DHTs) can transform neurological assessments, improving quality and continuity of care. In the United States, the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) oversees the safety and efficacy of these technologies, employing a detailed regulatory process that classifies devices based on risk and requires rigorous review and post-market surveillance. Following FDA approval, DHTs enter the Current Procedural Terminology, Relative Value Scale Update Committee, and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services coding and valuation processes leading to coverage and payment decisions. DHT adoption is challenged by rapid technologic advancements, an inconsistent evidence base, marketing discrepancies, ambiguous coding guidance, and variable health insurance coverage. Regulators, policymakers, and payers will need to develop better methods to evaluate these promising technologies and guide their deployment. This includes striking a balance between patient safety and clinical effectiveness versus promotion of innovation, especially as DHTs increasingly incorporate artificial intelligence. Data validity, cybersecurity, risk management, societal, and ethical responsibilities should be addressed. Regulatory advances can support adoption of these promising tools by ensuring DHTs are safe, effective, accessible, and equitable.", "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: How does legislature size impact public service provision? Despite the importance of institutional design for democratic governance, the effect of legislative features on citizen welfare remains little understood. In this article, we use a formal model to show that increasing legislature size improves public goods delivery. We argue that changes in bargaining costs depend on whether additional legislators share the executive's party affiliation: More opposition members reduce the equilibrium public goods provision, while more government-aligned members increase it. We test this theory by exploiting sharp discontinuities in city-council size in Brazil. We show that an additional city councilor has a 91% chance of belonging to the mayoral coalition, and this significantly improves primary school enrollment and infant mortality rates. To explore possible mechanisms, we surveyed 174 former city councilors and analyzed 346,553 bills proposed between 2005 and 2008. This article has implications for the design of representative institutions.", + "input": "Abstract: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading health and development challenge worldwide. Since 2015, WHO and the United Nations Development Programme have provided support to governments to develop national NCD investment cases to describe the socioeconomic dimensions of NCDs. To assess the impact of the investment cases, semistructured interviews and a structured process for gathering written feedback were conducted between July and October 2022 with key informants in 13 countries who had developed a national NCD investment case between 2015 and 2020. Investment cases describe: (1) the social and economic costs of NCDs, including their distribution and projections over time; (2) priority areas for scaled up action; (3) the cost and returns from investing in WHO-recommended measures to prevent and manage NCDs; and (4) the political dimensions of NCD responses. While no country had implemented all the recommendations set out in their investment case reports, actions and policy changes attributable to the investment cases were identified, across (1) governance; (2) financing; and (3) health service access and delivery. The pathways of these changes included: (1) stronger collaboration across government ministries and partners; (2) advocacy for NCD prevention and control; (3) grounding efforts in nationally owned data and evidence; (4) developing mutually embraced 'language' across health and finance; and (5) elevating the priority accorded to NCDs, by framing action as an investment rather than a cost. The assessment also identified barriers to progress on the investment case implementation, including the influence of some private sector entities on sectors other than health, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes in senior political and technical government officials. The results suggest that national NCD investment cases can significantly contribute to catalysing the prevention and control of NCDs through strengthening governance, financing, and health service access and delivery.", "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Barrier islands span 10% of the world's coastlines and dominate along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts in the USA routinely exposed to storm surge. These islands serve as buffers between the open coast and the mainland, and protect the mainland from storm damage. During storms, significant morphological change can occur, including substantial erosion of the islands' vegetated dunes. In this study, the focus is on the influence of belowground biomass - namely dune plant roots - and dune topographic characteristics on barrier-island erosion during storms. The numerical model XBeach was employed to simulate storm-induced sediment transport. A parameter study was conducted by varying distance from the shoreline to the dune, dune shape, sediment grain size, and sediment mobility as an analogue for biomass. The influence of individual parameters and the collective impact of parameters were analyzed. The results help improve our knowledge of barrier island dynamics and lay a solid groundwork for future investigations.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Fintech, as the fusion of finance and technology, has not only transformed the traditional financial industry and contributed to reshaping the real economy. But also, it holds the potential to offer a feasible solution for achieving green and sustainable development. This paper investigates the impact of Fintech on corporate carbon emissions (CCEs) by using data from the National Tax Survey Database (NTSD). The results suggest that Fintech development leads to a reduction in CCEs. Our findings remain robust even after using the instrumental variable approach to alleviate endogeneity problems. The mechanism analysis reveals that Fintech reduces CCEs via alleviating financing constraints, improving energy efficiency, and promoting green innovation. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that Fintech dramatically decreases CCEs from coal energy consumption, while increasing CCEs from consuming power and gas energy. Additionally, carbon emissions from state-owned and foreign companies experience a more pronounced reduction through Fintech compared to those from private firms. Furthermore, firms in eastern and middle regions are more vulnerable to Fintech development. Moreover, enterprises in non-high-tech industries and high-polluting industries exhibit noteworthy performance in reducing carbon emissions through Fintech adoption. This research offers policymakers a path to effectively govern CCEs and achieve their carbon reduction targets.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and analyze the relationship between PTSD and breastfeeding attitudes and behaviors among breastfeeding mothers and women with children aged 0-24months, all of whom had experienced the earthquake.METHODS: In this cross-sectional survey, a face-to-face questionnaire was administered to 173 earthquake survivors in Adiyaman, Turkey, during June and July 2023. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian scale was used to assess the presence of PTSD, while the Breastfeeding Attitudes of the Evaluation Scale (BAES) was employed to evaluate breastfeeding behaviors in mothers.RESULTS: Significantly higher PTSD scores (47.6\u00b117.4) were found among women staying in tents, while lower scores (37.0\u00b116.4) were observed in those who continued breastfeeding. 78.6% of women reported decreased breast milk because of the earthquake. Mothers with reduced milk supply had higher PTSD scores (46.1\u00b117.3). Breastfeeding training was associated with higher BAES scores (106.8\u00b156.8) and lower PTSD scores (32.5\u00b111.0). A significant negative correlation was observed between the PTSD score and BAES (r=-0.742; p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated that breastfeeding may protect mothers against PTSD in the aftermath of earthquakes, emphasizing the importance of breastfeeding education. The higher frequency and severity of PTSD observed among earthquake survivor mothers residing in tents underscores the importance of promptly transitioning to permanent housing after the earthquake.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: A recent scoping review indicated military-connected children face stressors that may increase mental health issues. However, the majority of the included literature was American. To examine the experiences of Canadian military-connected children, we conducted in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of Canadian military-connected youth using a qualitative description approach. We conducted a content analysis on interview data, supported by qualitative data analysis software (MAXQDA), with coding done by two researchers who met regularly to discuss coding agreement. Thirteen children in military families participated and described the mental health impact of frequent mobility, parental absence, and risk of parental injury. The experiences of our participants were consistent with the results of an earlier scoping review on this topic. Our results suggest improving military cultural competence among health care providers and enhancing parental support may positively impact child well-being. More research is needed to understand resilience and vulnerability among Canadian military-connected children.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The formal engagement of diverse stakeholder groups in environmental policy design and implementation is increasingly common. While engaging diverse stakeholders in common fora can help address complex environmental dilemmas, insofar as different stakeholders have varying perspectives and resources to contribute, this same variance can lead to intractable conflicts. While policy scholars have developed various conceptual approaches to understanding conflict in the policy process, few scholars have applied conceptual approaches to understand how policy conflicts are reflected in interpersonal communications among diverse stakeholders. In this article, we draw on environmental justice council meeting minutes and use qualitative, computational, and statistical methods to analyze, over time: (i) the extent and severity of policy conflict observed among council actors; (ii) the association between actor-level attributes and conflict, as conveyed in two-way communication between actors; (iii) the association between actor's sector and change in conflict; and (iv) variation in conflict across council activities. By exploring the overtime association between policy conflict and attributes of policy actors (e.g., sectoral affiliation and interpersonal attributes), our analysis addresses not only the influence of the number of interactions for an actor at the meeting but also how they are interacting at the meeting by leveraging their position in the meeting communication network. Our article contributes to the study of the public policy process and collaborative governance, drawing attention to how conflict materializes in a collaborative forum engaged in policy making.", + "input": "Abstract: Although translation and commentary are often treated as distinct, separable activities in literary and intellectual history, the Persian tradition of Qur'an exegesis demonstrates that they are best understood in relation to each other. Introducing the concept of hyper-exegesis as a mode of interpretation that approximates translation, we examine the dialectical relationship between translation and commentary by focusing on how Persian exegetes have dealt with the so-called disjointed letters (huruf muqataMODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RINGat). The disjointed letters inaugurate twenty-nine chapters (suras) of the Qur'an. We show how six Persian translator-exegetes (the anonymous author of Tarjama-yi Tafsir-I Tabari, Isfarayini, Surabadi, Nasafi, Maybudi, and Razi) used commentary in response to their understanding of the Qur'an's inimitability. Persian translators' confrontation with the disjointed letters are presented here as a case study of the ways in which translatability and commentary overlap and enrich each other. As a contribution to translation studies and literary theory, this research reveals how untranslatability is situated at the core of the translational enterprise, and how commentary functions as a mode of translating the ineffable.", "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Stroke is a neurological syndrome that usually causes a loss of voluntary control of lower/upper body movements, making it difficult for affected individuals to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) combined with robotic systems, such as Motorized Mini Exercise Bikes (MMEB), have enabled the rehabilitation of people with disabilities by decoding their actions and executing a motor task. However, Electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCIs are affected by the presence of physiological and non-physiological artifacts. Thus, movement discrimination using EEG become challenging, even in pedaling tasks, which have not been well explored in the literature. In this study, Common Spatial Patterns (CSP)-based methods were proposed to classify pedaling motor tasks. To address this, Filter Bank Common Spatial Patterns (FBCSP) and Filter Bank Common Spatial-Spectral Patterns (FBCSSP) were implemented with different spatial filtering configurations by varying the time segment with different filter bank combinations for the three methods to decode pedaling tasks. An in-house EEG dataset during pedaling tasks was registered for 8 participants. As results, the best configuration corresponds to a filter bank with two filters (8-19 Hz and 19-30 Hz) using a time window between 1.5 and 2.5 s after the cue and implementing two spatial filters, which provide accuracy of approximately 0.81, False Positive Rates lower than 0.19, andKappaindex of 0.61. This work implies that EEG oscillatory patterns during pedaling can be accurately classified using machine learning. Therefore, our method can be applied in the rehabilitation context, such as MMEB-based BCIs, in the future.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Over time, a large number of stakeholders have affected the Italian port city of Naples. The millenary history of Naples reveals a port that has been strongly intertwined with the city. Yet, recent history shows a different story. The historical investigation analysed in this article points out a conflict between several different authorities that led the port. As these developed into separate entities they detached people from the water. This article offers an institutional history. Using the concept of path dependence it argues that a past system of decision-making concerning the development of the port city reinforced the separation of land from water in Naples. Path dependence is understood as a resistance by institutions (rules) and actors (decision makers) to changes in patterns of behaviour and a tendency to repeat previous decisions and practices. This article analyses a series of critical junctures so as to analyse the constellation of actors and decisions which have prevented the city from living with water. The article concludes by arguing that understanding the articulated system of past decision-making is a key to (re)conceptualizing the current state of the city and (re)imagining ways by which the city might be reunited with its waters.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Educational duration might play a vital role in preventing the occurrence and development of osteoporosis(OP).PURPOSE: To assess the causal effect of educational duration on bone mineral density(BMD) and risk factors for OP by Mendelian randomization(MR) study.METHODS: The causal relationship was analyzed using data from genome-wide association study(GWAS). Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used as the main analysis method. Horizontal pleiotropy was identified by MR-Egger intercept test, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test. The leave-one-out method was used as a sensitivity analysis.RESULTS: The IVW results indicated that there was a positive causal relationship between educational duration and BMD (OR=1.012, 95%CI:1.003-1.022), physical activity(PA) (OR=1.156, 95%CI:1.032-1.295), calcium consumption (OR=1.004, 95%CI:1.002-1.005), and coffee intake (OR=1.019, 95%CI:1.014-1.024). There was a negative association between whole body fat mass (OR=0.950, 95%CI:0.939-0.961), time for vigorous PA (OR=0.955, 95%CI:0.939-0.972), sunbath (OR=0.987, 95%CI:0.986-0.989), salt consumption (OR=0.965, 95%CI:0.959-0.971), fizzy drink intake (OR=0.985, 95%CI:0.978-0.992), smoking (OR=0.969, 95%CI:0.964-0.975), and falling risk (OR=0.976, 95%CI:0.965-0.987). There was no significant association between educational duration and lean mass, time for light-to-moderate PA, milk intake, and alcohol intake. Horizontal pleiotropy was absent in this study. The results were robust under sensitivity analyses.CONCLUSION: A longer educational duration was causally linked with increased BMD. No causal relationship had been found between educational duration and lean mass, time for light-to-moderate PA, milk intake, and alcohol consumption as risk factors for osteoporosis.", + "input": "Abstract: This paper presents impact findings from a three-arm randomized controlled trial of 1) a brief remote early learning program (RELP) and 2) RELP plus a remote parenting support program entitled Ahlan Simsim Families (ASF), compared to a waitlist control group. Participants are 5-6-year-olds and their families and are 96% Syrian refugees. All live in hard-to-access areas of Lebanon with few early childhood education (ECE) opportunities. RELP is an 11-week, 31-session program delivered via WhatsApp calls and messages. Remote sessions, 35-40 minutes each, consist of 5-6 caregivers/children and focus on supporting caregivers in implementing ECE curriculum with their children outside of class. ASF consists of 11 sessions (25-30 minutes once a week) and covers responsive relationships, early learning, and safety/security. We find large impacts on overall child development, literacy, numeracy, child play, and reported learning interactions (ES: 0.26-0.52) for both treatment arms; on motor and social-emotional skills for RELP only (ES: 0.21-0.36); and on reported spanking for RELP + ASF (twice as likely to say not in past month). Impacts are smaller in magnitude (for all but child play), though not significantly different, when ASF is added.", "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Today, 50% of medical students are women, and residency and fellowship training years overlap with peak times for starting families. The authors describe attitudes toward pregnancy during residency and fellowship and report pregnancy rates and complications for female residents and resident partners across several decades. A web-based survey was emailed to 1,057 residents in 2005 (period 1) and 1,860 residents in 2021 (period 2). Anonymous surveys were sent to all trainees including pregnant trainees, affected co-trainees and trainee partners. Resident attitudes and pregnancy characteristics were compared between groups using the chi-square (chi2) test for categorical variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test for ordinal variables. A total of 442 residents (41.8%) responded to the 2005 survey, and 525 (28.2%) responded to the 2021 survey. Most residents who covered for a pregnant resident had positive feelings about covering for their colleagues during both time periods, although more positive attitudes were present during the period 2. Only about 10% of residents received compensation for their coverage during both time periods. Among residents with a pregnancy during training (i.e., themselves or partners), most characterized having a baby in training as somewhat difficult or very difficult at both time periods. Pregnancy complication rates were 33% and 44% for training years 2005 and 2021. As medical education evolves, training programs should be proactive in creating structured support systems for pregnant residents and resident partners to minimize adverse maternal and fetal outcomes and to improve training programs. Future studies are needed to elucidate the causality of higher-than-expected pregnancy complication rates.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Studies on nationalism have recently transitioned from macro-level analyses of large structural factors to micro-level examinations, emphasizing nationalism as a set of cultural and political beliefs held by individuals. Such works that use opinion measures to explore heterogeneity in national self-understandings show that nationalist beliefs distribute among the public in particular and non-random ways, though the extent to which these heterogeneities induce variation in behavioural outcomes remains relatively unexplored. In this article, we argue that varying conceptions of nationhood inform ethnonational boundary-making strategies and social action. Using latent class analyses and a resource allocation task in original representative survey data (N = 1,460), we ask whether varying cultural positions on nationhood covaries with preferential behaviour. We found that nationalist cultural models provide heterogeneous cultural templates and lead to preferential treatment of ethnonational ingroups.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: ABSTRACT: Rehabilitation nurses possess knowledge and skills that are ideally suited to a variety of roles. This article informs rehabilitation nurses about opportunities to work in private case management for medical-legal cases. A brief overview of the process of litigation gives nurses the context in which case management interventions are needed. Case examples illustrate the services that nurses provide to attorneys and their clients that help obtain needed care and aid in progressing litigation to resolution.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine non-sport- and sport-related concussion severity, clinical care frequency and delayed reporting in relation to recovery duration among collegiate athletes.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.SETTING: Pac-12 varsity collegiate athletes.PARTICIPANTS: 461 collegiate male and female athletes PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence of sport-related concussion (SRC) and non-sport-related concussion (NRC) were collected as well as times to recovery and return-to-play (RTP), symptom score and symptom severity and reported a loss of consciousness (LOC), retrograde amnesia (RGA) and post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) following concussion incidence.RESULTS: Among 461 concussions, 388 (84%) occurred within sport and 73 (16%) occurred outside of sport. NRC, on average, required 3.5 more days to become asymptomatic (HR: 0.73, 95%confidence interval: 0.56 to 0.96, p=0.02) and 7 more days to RTP (HR: 0.64, 95% confidence interval: 0.49 to 0.85, p<0.01) compared with SRC. NRC were associated with an increase of 1.83 (p=0.07) symptoms reported at the time of diagnosis, an increase of 6.95 (p=0.06) in symptom severity and a higher prevalence of reported LOC (22% NRC vs. 3% SRC, p<0.001), PTA (15% NRC vs. 5% SRC, p<0.01) and RGA (10% NRC vs. 4% SRC, p=0.06), compared with SRC. There was no significant difference in clinical care (p=0.28) or immediate reporting (p=0.35) between NRC and SRC.CONCLUSION: NRC were associated with greater severity and longer recovery duration when compared with SRC in a cohort of collegiate athletes.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Muscle mass loss is an age-related process that can be exacerbated by lifestyle, environmental and other factors, but can be mitigated by good sleep. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between varying time lags of sleep duration and the decline in muscle mass among individuals aged 60 years or older by using real-world health monitoring data obtained from wearable devices and smart home health monitoring devices.METHODS: This study included 86,037 observations from 2,869 participants in the Mobile Support System database. Missing data were supplemented by multiple imputation. The investigation utilized generalized estimating equations and restricted cubic spline curve to examine the relationship between sleep duration and low muscle mass. Various lag structures, including 0, 1, 2, 0-1, 0-2, and 1-2 months, were fitted, and the interaction effect of observation time with sleep duration was estimated for each lag structure. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted. The models were adjusted for various covariates, including gender, age, body mass index, footsteps, smoking status, drinking status, marital status, number of chronic diseases, number of medications, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, respiratory disease, and musculoskeletal disease and an interaction term between time and sleep duration.RESULTS: The results of the generalized estimating equation showed a significant correlation (p<0.001) between sleep duration of 8h or more and low muscle mass in older adults, using 6-7h of sleep as a reference. This effect was seen over time and prolonged sleep accumulated over multiple months had a greater effect on muscle mass loss than a single month. The effect of long sleep duration on muscle mass loss was significantly greater in females than in males and greater in the over-75 than in the under-75 age group. Restricted cubic spline plots showed a non-linear relationship between sleep duration and low muscle mass (p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: This study found an association between sustained nighttime sleep of more than eight hours and decreased muscle mass in older adults, especially older women.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: To protect the environment and preserve natural resources, it is crucial to use recycled aggregate (RA) in construction. The recycled coarse aggregate reinforced concrete columns with the addition of steel fiber evaluated under concentric and eccentric loadings for short and slender columns were examined experimentally and analytically in this research. Twenty-four column specimens were built for this study to examine the impact of steel fiber, recycled aggregate, slenderness, and eccentricity on the behavior of reinforced concrete columns. This research examined the failure mode, maximum load-carrying capacity, strain in the concrete, strain in the reinforcement, and ductility. Based on the results, it can be concluded that employing recycled concrete aggregate is a potential approach to meet design codes. The addition of 1% steel fiber effectively prevents concrete from crushing and spalling. Steel fiber, however, improved the columns' ductility and strength. The results showed the maximum load-carrying capacity of the specimens and the results of using ACI-318 code equations agreed very well. Furthermore, a model is proposed for columns with both natural and recycled aggregate and which accounts for the eccentricity and slenderness to forecast the load-carrying capacity. The outcomes demonstrated that the design principles were met well. Plots of load-moment interaction diagrams for short and slender columns made with the ACI-318 method are compared to the findings of the experiments.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to compare the prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular conditions among individuals with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to a propensity-matched control cohort.METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional study described self-reported cardiovascular conditions (hypertension, congestive heart failure [CHF], myocardial infarction [MI], and stroke) from participants who completed interviews between January 2015 and March 2020 in 2 harmonized large cohort studies, the TBI Model Systems and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Mixed-effect logistic regression models were used to compare the prevalence of cardiovascular conditions after 1:1 propensity-score matching based on age, sex, race, ethnicity, body mass index, education level, and smoking status. The final sample was 4690 matched pairs. Individuals with TBI were more likely to report hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.18 [95% CI, 1.08-1.28]) and stroke (OR, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.56-1.98]) but less likely to report CHF (OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.67-0.99]) or MI (OR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.55-0.79]). There was no difference in rate of CHF or MI for those \u226450years old; however, rates of CHF and MI were lower in the TBI group for individuals >50years old. Over 65% of individuals who died before the first follow-up interview at 1year post-TBI were >50years old, and those >50years old were more likely to die of heart disease than those \u226450years old (17.6% versus 8.6%).CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with moderate to severe TBI had an increased rate of self-reported hypertension and stroke but lower rate of MI and CHF than uninjured adults, which may be due to survival bias.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: There is increased interest in deviant behavior in the workplace. However, research is lacking on the moral economy of such behavior. Moral economy is particularly important in contexts where syncretic forces impinge on deviant behavior. Consequently, we use moral economy reasoning to examine the relationship between ethnic obligation and deviant behavior in the African context. In Study 1, data (N = 27, 148) show an inverted U-shape effect of meta-agency and deviant behavior. In Study 2, difference-in-difference (DID) analysis of data (N = 25,387 in 2005 and N = 51,587 in 2013) shows significant DID effect of meta-agency. Primary data from Study 3 (N = 229) shows a U-shaped effect of agency and deviant behavior. In Study 4 (N = 333), a replication shows support for the U-shape effect in Study 3. The four studies thus show complex patterns that reflect U-shape and inverted U-shape relationships between ethnic obligation and deviant behavior as indicated by bribery, corruption, and unethicality. Robustness checks support the curvilinear relationships suggesting that the effects are not due to chance. We discuss implications for research and practice.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Even though lithics in the Maya region have traditionally been relegated to appendices and tool-type lists, much has been done to move beyond this descriptive approach in the last decade. In this article we highlight general themes of lithic studies in the Maya region since 2011, including economic production and exchange, the role of lithics in ritual practice, and the use of previously understudied raw materials and lithic forms, such as ground stone. Employing a temporal scope that encompasses the Maya and their preceramic predecessors, we explore gendered patterns of research within lithic studies from a feminist perspective and discuss the impacts that gender disparities have on academic thought.La litica en la region Maya han estado regalado a los apendices y listos de utensilios. Sin embargo, en la ultima decada, muchos estudios han trabajados a superar este enfoque. Unas sumaciones examen los avances en los estudios liticas en la region Maya desde 2011, incluyendo los temas de produccion e intercambio economicas, actividades rituales y el papel de litica en ritual, y el uso de formas y materiales menos estudiados (e.g., piedra molida). Usando un lapso temporal que incluye los Mayas y sus antecesores del periodo preceramica, examinamos los patrones de investigacion de genero dentro de los estudios lithicos y seguimos la investigacion feminista sobre los impactos que tienen las disparidades de genero en el pensamiento academico.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the healthcare costs and impact on the economy at large arising from emergency medical services (EMS) treated non-traumatic shock.DESIGN: We conducted a population-based cohort study, where EMS-treated patients were individually linked to hospital-wide and state-wide administrative datasets. Direct healthcare costs (Australian dollars, AUD) were estimated for each element of care using a casemix funding method. The impact on productivity was assessed using a Markov state-transition model with a 3-year horizon.SETTING: Patients older than 18 years of age with shock not related to trauma who received care by EMS (1 January 2015-30 June 2019) in Victoria, Australia were included in the analysis.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome assessed was the total healthcare expenditure. Secondary outcomes included healthcare expenditure stratified by shock aetiology, years of life lived (YLL), productivity-adjusted life-years (PALYs) and productivity losses.RESULTS: A total of 21334 patients (mean age 65.9 (\u00b119.1) years, and 9641 (45.2%) females were treated by EMS with non-traumatic shock with an average healthcare-related cost of $A11031 per episode of care and total cost of $A280million. Annual costs remained stable throughout the study period, but average costs per episode of care increased (Ptrend=0.05). Among patients who survived to hospital, the average cost per episode of care was stratified by aetiology with cardiogenic shock costing $A24 382, $A21254 for septic shock, $A19915 for hypovolaemic shock and $A28057 for obstructive shock. Modelling demonstrated that over a 3-year horizon the cohort lost 24355 YLLs and 5059 PALYs. Lost human capital due to premature mortality led to productivity-related losses of $A374million. When extrapolated to the entire Australian population, productivity losses approached $A1.5billion ($A326million annually).CONCLUSION: The direct healthcare costs and indirect loss of productivity among patients with non-traumatic shock are high. Targeted public health measures that seek to reduce the incidence of shock and improve systems of care are needed to reduce the financial burden of this syndrome.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE: To describe how the characteristics of the hospitals and communities they serve vary across the 4 hospital graduate medical education (GME) expense categories (according to Section 131 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021) and identify the rurally located never claimer hospitals that are most similar to teaching hospitals, signaling that they might be good candidates for new rural GME programs.METHOD: Hospital categories and characteristics were gathered from the March 2022 Medicare Cost Reports; 2022 County Health Rankings & Roadmaps data were used for community characteristics. Each acute hospital was classified into 1 of the following 4 mutually exclusive hospital categories: category A, category B, established teaching hospital (ETH), and never claimer. Multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to estimate the adjusted associations of hospital characteristics with hospital categories and to identify the never claimer hospitals in rural locations that have characteristics similar to teaching hospitals (category A, category B, and ETHs).RESULTS: Out of 3,590 hospitals, 2,075 (57.8%) were never claimer hospitals. After adjusting for multiple characteristics, rural hospitals had a similar probability of being in each hospital category to that of urban hospitals. Never claimer hospitals served an older population and were located in communities with more uninsured adults and children and less availability of primary care physicians, dentists, and mental health professionals.CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that most hospitals in every category, but especially teaching hospitals (i.e., category A hospitals, category B hospitals, and ETHs), were concentrated in urban areas. Larger hospitals (measured by net patient revenue) were more likely to report GME expenses (i.e., be a category A hospital, a category B hospital, or an ETH). The study suggests that there are roughly 145 rural never claimer hospitals that might be strong candidates for initiating new residency programs.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: There are many warnings about growing political cynicism in the news and political science literature. While some people may be truly cynical about politics, for others cynical responses to politics may be a form of impression management-the practice of presenting oneself to others in the way one wishes to be perceived. In three studies, I demonstrate that people report they are cynical in order to avoid giving the impression they do not know much about politics. Political cynicism is not a socially desirable characteristic-people do not believe cynicism is normatively good. At the same time, many see value to cynicism in politics, a finding which carries broad implications for the relationship between cynicism and perceived knowledge in political discourse.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The forthcoming era of quantum computers can be a threat to the conventional cryptography and data security. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides unconditional security under real-life conditions with several protocols over long distances in fibre and free space communication. Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) are becoming a dominant technology for QKD thanks to their unique characteristics, such as a near-unity efficiency in the infrared, low dark counts and picoseconds time resolution. Where the detector is typically a weakness of QKD, these SNSPDs characteristics make exploitation difficult. In this work, we characterized NbN SNSPDs at 2.2 K, using a CW laser source at 1550 nm, varying both bias currents and input photon rates to prove their high efficiency at low dark counts with a high counting rate, consistent with the requirements for QKD over long distances or with a high secure key rate.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mental disorders are the leading global cause of health burden among adolescents. However, prevalence data for mental disorders among adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries are scarce with often limited generalisability. This study aimed to generate nationally representative prevalence estimates for mental disorders in adolescents in Kenya, Indonesia, and Viet Nam.METHODS: As part of the National Adolescent Mental Health Surveys (NAMHS), a multinational cross-sectional study, nationally representative household surveys were conducted in Kenya, Indonesia, and Viet Nam between March and December, 2021. Adolescents aged 10-17 years and their primary caregiver were interviewed from households selected randomly according to sampling frames specifically designed to elicit nationally representative results. Six mental disorders (social phobia, generalised anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, conduct disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version 5. Suicidal behaviours and self-harm in the past 12 months were also assessed. Prevalence in the past 12 months and past 4 weeks was calculated for each mental disorder and collectively for any mental disorder (ie, of the six mental disorders assessed). Prevalence of suicidal behaviours (ie, ideation, planning, and attempt) and self-harm in the past 12 months was calculated, along with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) to show the association with prevalence of any mental disorder in the past 12 months. Inverse probability weighting was applied to generate national estimates with corresponding 95% CIs.FINDINGS: Final samples consisted of 5155 households (ie, adolescent and primary caregiver pairs) from Kenya, 5664 households from Indonesia, and 5996 households from Viet Nam. In Kenya, 2416 (46\u00b79%) adolescents were male and 2739 (53\u00b71%) were female; in Indonesia, 2803 (49\u00b75%) adolescents were male and 2861 (50\u00b75%) were female; and in Viet Nam, 3151 (52\u00b75%) were male and 2845 (47\u00b74%) were female. Prevalence of any mental disorder in the past 12 months was 12\u00b71% (95% CI 10\u00b79-13\u00b75) in Kenya, 5\u00b75% (4\u00b73-6\u00b79) in Indonesia, and 3\u00b73% (2\u00b77-4\u00b71) in Viet Nam. Prevalence in the past 4 weeks was 9\u00b74% (8\u00b73-10\u00b76) in Kenya, 4\u00b74% (3\u00b74-5\u00b76) in Indonesia, and 2\u00b77% (2\u00b72-3\u00b73) in Viet Nam. The prevalence of suicidal behaviours in the past 12 months was low in all three countries, with suicide ideation ranging from 1\u00b74% in Indonesia (1\u00b70-2\u00b70) and Viet Nam (1\u00b70-1\u00b79) to 4\u00b76% (3\u00b79-5\u00b73) in Kenya, suicide planning ranging from 0\u00b74% in Indonesia (0\u00b73-0\u00b78) and Viet Nam (0\u00b72-0\u00b76) to 2\u00b74% (1\u00b79-2\u00b79) in Kenya, and suicide attempts ranging from 0\u00b72% in Indonesia (0\u00b71-0\u00b74) and Viet Nam (0\u00b71-0\u00b73) to 1\u00b70% (0\u00b77-1\u00b74) in Kenya. The prevalence of self-harm in the past 12 months was also low in all three countries, ranging from 0\u00b79% (0\u00b76-1\u00b73) in Indonesia to 1\u00b72% (0\u00b79-1\u00b77) in Kenya. However, the prevalence of suicidal behaviours and self-harm in the past 12 months was significantly higher among those with any mental disorder in the past 12 months than those without (eg, aORs for suicidal ideation ranged from 7\u00b71 [3\u00b71-15\u00b79] in Indonesia to 14\u00b77 [7\u00b75-28\u00b76] in Viet Nam).INTERPRETATION: NAMHS provides the first national adolescent mental disorders prevalence estimates for Kenya, Indonesia, and Viet Nam. These data can inform mental health and broader health policies in low-income and middle-income countries.FUNDING: The University of Queensland in America (TUQIA) through support from Pivotal Ventures, a Melinda French Gates company.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In this paper I defend the traditional anti-intellectualist claim that a form of knowing how to Phi (e.g., knowing how to play the guitar) exists that entails the ability to Phi (play the guitar), and that this knowledge cannot be reduced to propositions (such as 'S knows a way w to Phi', where w is a means of Phi ing). I also argue that S can know how to Phi in the absence of the ability to Phi, and for this knowledge to be likewise irreducible to propositions. This is made possible when one distinguishes between type and token actions. Moreover, I contend that type and token actions, and one's ability to engage in them, are differentiated at the level of motor representations. Motor representations provide an alternate means of grading knowledge how to that presented by Carlotta Pavese, insofar as this form of gradable knowledge is likewise irreducible to propositions.", + "input": "Abstract: Abstract: The purpose of the article is to study the creative development, the aesthetic and the philosophical searches of Stanislav Shumytskyi\u2019s work within the cultural and historical process of the 60s of the 20th century. The basis of the methodological approach in this research work is a complex systematic study, which is based on a qualitative combination of theoretical research methods. In particular, analysis, synthesis, generalization, interpretation, abstraction, as well as descriptive, comparative, juxtaposition method, comparative-historical method, intertextual method, in particular its intermedial principles, were applied for a detailed consideration of Stanislav Shumytskyi\u2019s work. This research highlights Stanislav Shumytskyi\u2019s unique aesthetic and philosophical pursuits in the 1960s cultural-historical milieu. Emphasis is laid on relevance of Shumytskyi\u2019s creative legacy for contemporary literature. The study enriches understanding of the cultural climate in the period, especially regarding the Ukrainian Sixtiers movement.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This work presents the results of the characterisation of the mortars used to build the vaults of the choir and a transverse arch in the nave of Notre-Dame de Paris. The aim is to highlight the mixes used and technological choices made by the builders at the end of the 12th century. A multi-analytical approach made it possible to characterise the binders, aggregates, particle size distributions and the physical and chemical properties of about thirty samples. They lead to the definition of mortar mix equivalent to medieval ones. First investigations conducted on the fresh mortar show its ability to erect an arch or the panels of the vaults and validate the mortar mix proportions. These results will sufficiently support the ongoing project on the reconstitution of compatible mortars as well as on modelling the structural comportment of the edifice. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR).", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Focused on transnational exchanges, this article examines a series of trips to Fascist Italy that were undertaken by pupils of Nazi elite schools in their role as youth ambassadors of the Third Reich. As a form of cultural diplomacy that continued during the Second World War, these trips were part of Fascist and Nazi efforts to foster a new cultural order. However, although intended to strengthen ties between the two regimes, the trips also laid bare national differences.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Despite widespread support for integrated service delivery (ISD), the challenges of making ISD a sustainable feature of the public sector remain unresolved. This article offers new insights to this persistent challenge by developing a novel theoretical framework, inspired by the perspective of institutional complexity, and applying it to the case of Danish job centers. We demonstrate how the contradictory and layered nature of governance arrangements simultaneously pose demands of service integration and -separation on the job centers. Consequently, the job center managers can neither prioritize one of the demands nor blend them into hybrid practices. Instead, their attempts to further ISD remain inherently temporary-as they are continuously forced to reverse back to old organizational boundaries, to oscillate between work processes supporting service integration and service separation, and to rebuild collaborative relations. The managers are thus caught in a frenetic standstill, which hinders the sustainable organizing of ISD.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Family physicians require leadership skills to strengthen team-based primary care services. Interviews with South African district managers confirmed the need to develop leadership skills in family physicians. The updated national programmatic learning outcomes for South African family physician training were published in 2021. They sparked the need for curriculum renewal at the University of Cape Town's Division of Family Medicine. A review of the leadership and governance module during registrar training showed that the sessions were perceived to be content heavy with insufficient opportunities for reflection. Following a series of stakeholder engagements, the module convenors co-designed a revised module that was blueprinted on the updated learning outcomes. The module incorporates a group coaching style, facilitating learning through reflection on one's experiences. The revised module was implemented in 2022. It aims to provide a transformative learning experience centred on students' perceptions of themselves as leaders, as well as professional identity formation and resilience building. This short report describes preliminary insights from the revised module's developmental phase and forms part of an ongoing iterative evaluation process.Contribution:Family physicians should lead across all their defined roles. Formal and informal learning opportunities are needed to facilitate their growth as leaders and help them to meet the health needs of communities served by an evolving health care system. This short report describes an example of a revised postgraduate module on leadership and governance, which may be of value to clinician educators and academic departments exploring innovative methods for the African region.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Wooden shipwrecks submerged in underwater environments are susceptible to physical and biological corrosion. This study investigates the microscopic morphology and structural composition of barnacles and the wooden surface of the Yangtze Estuary II shipwreck. Analytical techniques, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEMEDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), were employed to analyze the corrosion processes. The findings have unveiled a distinct pattern of black corrosion, prominently concentrated within the interface region where barnacles attach to the wooden shipwreck. This corrosion primarily consists of FeS, FeS2 and Fe3 S4 and exhibits a notable tendency to expand along the wooden surface to interior region. Additionally, a striking ultraviolet fluorescence phenomenon emanates from the barnacle cement within the adhesion region of barnacles and the wooden surface. This observation has led to the hypothesis that the origin of this black corrosion is intricately linked to the barnacle cement, its role in biological corrosion, and subsequent biomineralization processes. To conclude, this study provides an intricate account of the microbial corrosion process influenced by barnacle cement in the context of the wooden shipwreck. The research findings offer valuable insights that can serve as a point of reference in identifying the sources of disease and implementing protective measures for waterlogged wooden cultural relics. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Premise of research. Burseraceae is represented by a large number of fossils from the Cenozoic sedimentary succession and has a disjunct distribution today in the southern part of North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. However, the family has a poor fossil record in deep time, making hypotheses concerning its origin and dispersal difficult to evaluate. Here, we report the occurrence of reproductive organs (fruit and flower) attributable to modern Burseraceae from the probable latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) to earliest Danian (early Paleocene) sediments of the Mandla Lobe of the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Madhya Pradesh, Central India.Methodology. X-ray micro-computed tomography was used to observe three-dimensional structures. The reconstruction software takes the 2D projection images acquired by the X-ray detector and generates a 3D image represented by gray values distributed in a volumetric space. The present fruit and flower fossils are identified through morphological comparison with another fossil and extant Burseraceae.Pivotal results. The fossil pyrene corresponds in morphology with that of Burseraceae (particularly some genera of Protieae and Bursereae), while the fossil flower, with the pentamerous organization of sepals and petals and ovary and 10 stamens arranged in two whorls around a prominent intrastaminal nectary disk, is particularly similar to Protium. The fossil fruit is here described as a new species of the fossil genus Bursericarpum Reid et Chandler as Bursericarpum indicum Kumar, Manchester et Khan sp. nov. and the fossil flower as Debursera indica Kumar, Manchester, Judd et Khan sp. nov.Conclusions. The present discoveries represent the oldest reliable fossil records of Burseraceae supporting its Gondwanan origin. These fossils also provide important information for tracing possible migration pathways of Burseraceae from India to Europe after the docking of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia during the early Eocene (55 +/- 10 Ma), supporting an out-of-India dispersal hypothesis. Based on earlier and present records we suggest that the family might have reached Europe from India and then colonized North America (during the Eocene) in areas where it is now regionally extinct.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study analyzes the relation between utterances and human activities with a view to determining how and under what conditions discourse-initial verbless utterances can be considered pragmatically, semantically, and grammatically complete. The study is empirically based on a set of observations of discourse-intital action-guiding verbless speech acts, which for a large part have been observed in a cognitive ethnographic field study of the activity of gliding. Using the concept of illocutionary acts and ecological value theory as an overarching framework, the analysis shows how discourse-initial action-guiding subsententials are enabled and constrained by the activity, i.e. the lawful constraints, the available affordances, the information that specify affordances, and the values that guide the activity. The analysis shows that a discourse-initial action-guiding subsentential is a response to a present or emerging discrepancy between the state of variation a current action causes and the state of variation that the values that guide the activity requires. The conventional effect and the contextual conditions for the effect of discourse-initial actionguiding subsententials is specified and provide the criteria for what constitutes a meaningful unit and thus also the criteria for semantic completeness. The semantic structure of discourse-initial action-guiding subsententials is identified as a specification. On the basis of this semantic analysis, the grammatical patterns that realize this semantic unit is identified. It is a single-word focus construction. Based on this grammatical analysis, another more complex grammatical construction that realizes two communicative tasks is identified: a specification of an affordance and an indication of the condition for rightness of the action possibility. It is argued that this combination of communicative tasks is conducive to the performance of activities, and hence, may exert a functional pressure on the conventionalization of grammatical construction. In this way, it is shown how subsentential constructions can emerge from non-conversational, practical activities. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: The work involved the elemental characterisation by micro energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of copper-based objects recovered during archaeological works at the neighbouring roman sites of Moinho do Castelinho and Quinta da Bolacha (Lusitania province). The set of 9 artefacts comprised ornaments, tools and implements of different type (fibula, shroud pin, punches, spatula, hook and nail), in addition to small fragments of unknown functionality (a fragmented handle and a small bar). MicroEDXRF point analyses identified a diversified metallurgy including copper, bronze and leaded bronze, in addition to iron, nickel, arsenic and antimony as minor elements. Furthermore, micro-EDXRF elemental mappings identified the presence of Pb-rich inclusions in the bronze alloys with higher lead content. The composition of these roman artefacts suggests a selection of alloys according to the functionality of the artefact, as evidenced by a nail composed of copper, a handle with a more complex shape made with leaded bronze and a bronze fibula with a higher amount of tin. Finally, the choice of distinct alloys for everyday objects was viewed in the light of technological, symbolic and economic concerns, and compared with the use pattern of roman sites in the western end of the Iberian Peninsula.(c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: ABSTRACT: There is currently no evidence of undergraduate nursing students' self-efficacy and performance in self-management support for chronic diseases in rural primary care. Using the Self-Efficacy and Performance in Self-Management Support instrument, this quasi-experimental study assessed students' self-efficacy and performance in self-management support before and after implementation of a primary care enhanced curriculum. Nursing students ( n = 140) reported a significant increase in total mean scores (pretest, M = 268.01; posttest, M = 289.51), p = .0001. Providing a primary care enhanced curriculum increased nursing students' self-efficacy and performance in self-management support.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Inclusive Design has been widely promoted in the fields of product, engineering, and user experience design. Despite the educational efforts made by scientists, practitioners, and institutions to raise awareness about accessibility and inclusion, Inclusive Design has not been widely embraced in architectural design practice, where it is often associated with design for disability. This multidisciplinary study, spanning behavioural science, ergonomics, and the social sciences of architecture, explores the challenges architectural design practitioners face when designing inclusively, and identifies opportunities to promote the adoption of Inclusive Design. The results of a questionnaire completed by 114 architectural design practitioners underscore the lack of client awareness of the benefits of inclusive design, highlight the important role practitioners can play in advocating for Inclusive Design, and emphasize the need to develop practices and tools that enhance the design and post-design phases of buildings to ensure inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: System contributors to resident burnout and well-being have been under-studied. We sought to determine factors associated with resident burnout and identify at risk groups.METHODS: We performed a US national survey between July 15 2022 and April 21, 2023 of residents in 36 specialties in 14 institutions, using the validated Mini ReZ survey with three 5 item subscales: 1) supportive workplace, 2) work pace/electronic medical record (EMR) stress, and 3) residency-specific factors (sleep, peer support, recognition by program, interruptions and staff relationships). Multilevel regressions and thematic analysis of 497 comments determined factors related to burnout.RESULTS: Of 1118 respondents (approximate median response rate 32%), 48% were female, 57% White, 21% Asian, 6% LatinX and 4% Black, with 25% PGY 1s, 25% PGY 2s, and 22% PGY 3s. Programs included internal medicine (15.1%) and family medicine (11.3%) among 36 specialties. Burnout (found in 42%) was higher in females (51% vs 30% in males, p=0.001) and PGY 2's (48% vs 35% in PGY-1s, p=0.029). Challenges included chaotic environments (41%) and sleep impairment (32%); favorable aspects included teamwork (94%), peer support (93%), staff support (87%) and program recognition (68%). Worklife subscales were consistently lower in females while PGY-2's reported the least supportive work environments. Worklife challenges relating to burnout included sleep impairment (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 2.82 (95% CIs 1.94, 4.19), absolute risk difference (ARD) in burnout 15.9%), poor work control (aOR 2.25 (1.42, 3.58), ARD 12.2%) and chaos (aOR 1.73 (1.22, 2.47), ARD 7.9%); program recognition was related to lower burnout (aOR 0.520 (0.356, 0.760), ARD 9.3%). These variables explained 55% of burnout variance. Qualitative data confirmed sleep impairment, lack of schedule control, excess EMR and patient volume as stressors.CONCLUSIONS: These data provide a nomenclature and systematic method for addressing well-being during residency. Work conditions for females and PGY 2's may merit attention first.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The Soviet campaign in support of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the Vietnam War saturated Soviet public culture in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was the longest solidarity action in Soviet history and the first to reach mass television audiences. This article examines the production and reception of a televised documentary film about the Vietnam War made by Konstantin Simonov - a celebrity writer who played a crucial role in Soviet culture during World War II, and then, in the post-war period, in the struggle to come to terms with terrible truths about Stalinism and the chaos and trauma that war had rendered. Simonov's film presented the Vietnam War in lyrical rather than analytical terms, calling upon viewers to draw connections between the suffering of the Vietnamese and the Soviet wartime experience and to enact their solidarity with the Vietnamese in terms of feeling. The film proposes a solidarity of pain and an understanding of war and wartime suffering as elemental and overwhelming. In dozens of letters to Simonov, we find an understanding and appreciation of this vision, which decentres Vietnam and instead sends viewers on a journey back to Soviet history and trauma.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In his book World-Centred Education, Biesta discusses two themes fundamental for the emergence of subjectivity as a desirable existential humane state of being and for an education that aims to achieve it. The first theme is about freedom and the importance of distancing education and teaching from any act of objectifying students. The second theme concerns the world, its limitations on freedom, and its central role in educational events, which aim to help students fulfill their subjectivity. However, when he analyzes three historical cases to conceptualize and demonstrate his ideas regarding subjectivity and education as subjectification, Biesta seems to focus more on the role of the first theme than the second. This imbalance does not give the world the proper place Biesta's theory itself inspires to provide, as first and foremost expressed in the book's title. This article proposes an alternative reading of the book's theory regarding subjectivity, freedom, the world, and their interrelationships. The suggested reading gives the world a more central role in the emergence of events of subjectivity without harming freedom and thus changes how we can analyze the three cases and how to understand and generate education and teaching aiming at subjectification.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: This study aims to broaden our historical knowledge about ideas of rationalism and monocultures in forestry science and rational forest management. Empirically, it focuses on the writings of Swedish forestry scientist Henrik Hesselman, active in the early twentieth century. The texts were analyzed using the method of historical contextualization. The study indicates that monocultures historically have been subjected to debates richer than what previous research gives credit for. Besides a rationalist technology, monocultures have been conceptualized as an example of non-rational forestry failing to deliver sustainable yields. Moreover, instead of only simplifications, one-size-fits-all solutions, and top-down reforms, historical forestry science representatives have also at times understood rational forest management as a quest for complexity, site-specific solutions, and bottom-up approaches. It is argued that our understanding of forest use and society-environment relations, more generally, benefit from more historical contextualization.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Experts have always played an important role in heritage planning, practice, and theory. There is a wealth of literature published every year regarding heritage and its cultural significance. Experts also contribute to heritage planning and developing policy documents. Still, literature is rarely used as a source of primary research to systematically reveal and compare experts' opinions on the cultural significance of built heritage. Analyzing them as a whole is costly and time-consuming, especially on built heritage, when much has been written about. While the automation of methods has proven to mitigate such restrictions in other fields, as digital humanities, their application in heritage planning, practice, and theory is still scarce. Hence, this paper aims to investigate the potentials of AI models (e.g., multi label text classification) in analyzing scientific documents, revealing the cultural significance of built heritage, values and attributes. This was done to better understand the similarities and differences between the experts' opinions. Yazd, Iran, is taken a case study, with a particular focus on windcatchers, a key attribute conveying cultural significance, of outstanding universal value, due to its inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List. This paper has three subsequent phases: 1) state of the art on the application of AI in heritage planning; 2) methodology of data collection and data analysis related to coding values and attributes of windcatchers, addressed in relevant documents; 3) preliminary findings on the experts' opinions over values and attributes of windcatchers. Results contribute to the scientific discussion, revealing the cultural significance of windcatchers of Yazd from experts' point of view. Besides, the potential of AI for heritage planning is revealed in terms of (de)coding and measuring the cultural significance of built heritage from the available documents, showing the opinions of experts with various backgrounds. This model can be applied to other key attributes in Yazd and other case studies and scales to support heritage planning, practice, and theory. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Displaced Georgians from the Gali region of the de facto Georgia-Abkhazia borderland have constructed mobile lives by navigating a decades-long conflict and its turbulent landscapes. For the people of Gali, cross-border mobility is a vital concern; uncertainty is a daily matter of tactical anticipation. Arbitrary checkpoints, unannounced border closures, and the Enguri River's capricious water levels interfere with mobilities; occasional crises unsettle the subtle ways that the Gali people have developed over three decades to manoeuvre everyday uncertainties. Focusing on an unanticipated stink bug infestation that disrupted already precarious lives, this article explores the temporal and affective anatomy of long-term uncertainty with its continuities and limit points. Using exhaustion as an analytical concept, it examines the generative thresholds of protracted uncertainty without eclipsing the cumulative toll of continuous life struggle in a conflict zone.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This work provides an overview of the pigments used by Portuguese azulejo painters through the study of 34 glazed tiles belonging to the National Azulejo Museum in Lisbon, Portugal. The tiles are dated from the late 16th century to the early 19th century, with most samples attributed to the 17th and 18th centuries. Building on a previous study where the chemical composition of the 17th -century colour palette was characterised [1] , we used a non-invasive methodology to further identify compositional differences among groups of colours spanning a wider timeframe. Blue, white, yellow, orange, purple, green and brown decorations were analysed by EDXRF to obtain qualitative and (in some samples) quantitative information on their chemical composition. mu-Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the main colouring agents. Finally, colorimetric measurements of the different hues of each colour were performed to address the relation between colour and chemical composition. Our results show that greens could be obtained through a copper -based pigment or by mixing lead-antimonate with cobalt -blue pigment. Although cobalt is the colouring agent of all blue decorations, compositional differences suggest the use of different types of raw materials or the addition of specific reagents to modify the hue. On the other hand, yellow hues ranging from lemon yellow to orange were manufactured by adding zinc, tin, or iron oxide to a lead antimonate base. Finally, a manganese ore was used to make the purple pigment. Overall, we noted that while the basic pigments remained the same, the colour palette was progressively widened during the 18th century. This was done by using more pure pigments (i.e., with less iron), by changing the ratio in pigment mixtures (i.e., blue and yellow), or by overlapping colour layers for artistic effects. Finally, the results of the chemical and colorimetric analyses are always influenced by the concentration of the pigment in the glaze, its thickness and the overlapping of pigments used by azulejo painters to expand the shades available for the final artistic composition. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY -NC -ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: The present study aims to explore connectivity and networking in Late Bronze Age (LBA)/Early Iron Age (EIA) Greece and the Balkans using morphological biodistance analysis and test the potentiality of newly introduced statistical tests, which were designed for challenging datasets, in this particular cultural area. Cranial non-metric traits were recorded in ten skeletal collections, spanning from East Crete to Romania. We followed an experimental statistical approach encompassing two different measures of divergence, the conventional and well-tested mean measure of divergence (MMD) and the newly introduced untransformed measure of divergence (UMD). Though different, results based on these two measures are mutually supporting and show that biodistances in our regional case studies mainly follow the isolation by distance model. This cautiously confirms our main hypothesis that during the LBA and EIA periods in Greece and the Balkans, personal mobility was a slow process characterized by integration, rather than displacement or transformation. The current study is the first one to infer biological affinities using cranial non-metric analysis combined with artifactual evidence, in LBA/EIA Greece and the Balkans. Building a larger dataset through future non-metric analyses will better enable exploring networking and mobility to further complement ongoing bioarchaeological, genetic, and material culture studies.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Contemporary estimates of diabetes mellitus (DM) rates in pregnancy are lacking in Canada. Accordingly, this study examined trends in the rates of type 1 (T1DM), type 2 (T2DM) and gestational (GDM) DM in Canada over a 15-year period, and selected adverse pregnancy outcomes.METHODS: This study used repeated cross-sectional data from the Canadian Institute of Health Information (CIHI) hospitalization discharge abstract database (DAD). Maternal delivery records were linked to their respective birth records from 2006 to 2019. The prevalence of T1DM, T2DM and GDM were calculated, including relative changes over time, assessed by a Cochrane-Armitage test. Also assessed were differences between provinces and territories in the prevalence of DM.RESULTS: Over the 15-year study period, comprising 4,320,778 hospital deliveries in Canada, there was a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of GDM and T1DM and T2DM. Compared to pregnancies without DM, all pregnancies with any form of DM had higher rates of hypertension and Caesarian delivery, and also adverse infant outcomes, including major congenital anomalies, preterm birth and large-for-gestational age birthweight.CONCLUSION: Among 4.3million pregnancies in Canada, there has been a rise in the prevalence of DM. T2DM and GDM are expected to increase further as more overweight women conceive in Canada.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Intersubjectivity, the existing way of humans in discourse, is the speakers' concern over the hearers. A framework for the dynamic construction of discourse intersubjectivity by integrating philosophical and cognitive perspectives was proposed to reveal the essential philosophical and cognitive attributes of discourse intersubjectivity. Qualitative analysis and speculative methods were employed. Intersubjectivity in discourse and its dynamic construction process were investigated from speaker orientation, hearer orientation and social interaction orientation. The results show the following: (1) the proposed framework clarifies the dynamic construction of discourse meaning from objectivity to subjectivity and intersubjectivity; (2) speaker orientation focuses on the dynamic construction of discourse meaning from objectivity to subjectivity; (3) hearer orientation emphasises the dynamic construction of discourse meaning from subjectivity to intersubjectivity; (4) social interaction orientation concerns the interaction between speakers and hearers in social discursive practices. The study broadens the research perspective of intersubjectivity, provides a feasible analysis framework to deeply explore intersubjectivity, helps dig up the role of humans as communicative subjects in discourse and communication, and explores the implicit interaction between speakers and hearers.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Research has indicated that the attitudes of principals toward students with disabilities may affect the success of the implementation of inclusive programs in schools. This study was designed to address a gap in the research regarding Saudi principals' attitudes toward inclusion. Relationships between attitudes and a number of variables were analyzed (i.e., gender, years of experience, level of school, type of student disability, personal relationships with individuals with disabilities).METHODS AND PROCEDURE: The study sample was drawn from the 600 public general education elementary, middle, and high schools with special education programs in Riyadh (n=366 schools) and Jeddah (n=234 schools) in Saudi Arabia. Each of the principals of these schools for AY2022/2023 was sent an email invitation to participate. A total of 403 respondents (67.17% response rate) successfully completed Bailey's (2004) Principals' Attitudes Toward Inclusive Education (PATIE) scale via electronic survey link.RESULTS AND OUTCOMES: Overall, the research found that Saudi principals of public general education schools have positive attitudes toward inclusion. The factors of training in special education, personal experience with individuals with disabilities, and years of experience as principal were found to be significant in regard to more positive attitudes. Conversely, the variables of gender, level of school, and type of student disability were not found to correlate with more or less positive attitudes.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: While the findings of the study bode well for the implementation of inclusion in Saudi public schools, certain limitations exist, including that the study sample was entirely drawn from the two largest cities in the country. In addition, the Saudi Ministry of Education has created an incentive plan that provides financial bonuses to principals at public schools who implement inclusive and special education programming in their schools. This indicates that the target population of this study might be more inclined to be positive toward inclusion than their colleagues at private schools. The findings have implications for expanding special education training in university teacher education programs and the creation of public awareness programs designed to improve understanding of disabilities and how inclusion positively impacts society as a whole.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The art of acting, drama, or theatre has been largely excluded from the debate on the nature of consciousness in the scientific community. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether acting performance benefits from a divided or unified state of consciousness. Twenty-four acting students and professionals performed a monologue three times, twice with an interference task. Two different sets of instructions were provided for this task: one that asked participants to incorporate the interference into the world of their monologue (unified consciousness), and another that asked them to dissociate it from their theatrical performance (divided consciousness). The variables studied included an evaluation of performance on primary and secondary tasks, as well as responses on a creativity and dissociative experiences questionnaire and to open-ended questions. Two acting professors provided monologue ratings. There was a significant difference in interference task performance scores for the divided and unified conscious conditions, as well as for the primary rater's monologue scores. Participants performed better on both tasks when they were asked to incorporate the interference into the imagined world of their monologue. These results show that a unified conscious approach results in better performance on certain tasks, implying that unified consciousness may be more adaptive for certain daily functions such as multitasking.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of mapping high-dimensional data to a low-dimensional space, in the presence of other known features. This problem is ubiquitous in science and engineering as there are often controllable/measurable features in most applications. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a broad class of methods, which is referred to as conditional multidimensional scaling (MDS). An algorithm for optimizing the objective function of conditional MDS is also developed. The convergence of this algorithm is proven under mild assumptions. Conditional MDS is illustrated with kinship terms, facial expressions, textile fabrics, car-brand perception, and cylinder machining examples. These examples demonstrate the advantages of conditional MDS over conventional dimension reduction in improving the estimation quality of the reduced-dimension space and simplifying visualization and knowledge discovery tasks. Computer codes for this work are available in the open-source cml R package.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Climatic changes have a significant impact on the composition and distribution of forests, especially on ecotone ones. In the Southern Ural, pine-broadleaf ecotone forests were widespread during the early Holocene time, but now have persisted as relic plant communities. This study aimed to analyze the current potential range and to model changes in habitat suitability of relic pine-broadleaf ecotone forests of the suballiance Tilio-Pinenion under scenarios of moderate (RCP4.5) and strong (RCP8.5) climate change. For modelling, we used MaxEnt software with the predictors being climate variables from CHELSA Bioclim, the global digital soil mapping system SoilGrids and the digital elevation model. In the Southern and Middle Urals, climate change is expected to increase the areas with suitable habitat conditions of these forests by the middle of the 21st century and decrease them in the second half of the century. By the middle of the 21st century, the eastern range boundary of these forests will shift eastward due to the penetration of broad-leaved tree species into coniferous forests of the Southern Ural. In the second half of the century, on the contrary, it is expected that climate aridization will again shift the potential range border of these forests to the west due to their gradual replacement by hemiboreal coniferous forests. The relationship between the floristic composition of pine-broadleaf forests and habitat suitability was identified. In low and medium habitat suitability, pine-broadleaf forests contain more nemoral species characteristic of deciduous forests of the temperate zone, and can be replaced by broadleaf forests after thinning and removal of pine. In the Volga Upland, suitable habitats are occupied by pine-broadleaf forests of the vicariant suballiance Querco robori-Tilienion cordatae. Projected climatic changes will have a significant impact on these ecotone forests, which remained completely unaltered for a long time.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The diversity of human mortuary practices and treatments in prehistory is widely recognised, but our understanding of the purpose and manner of corpse manipulation in many regions is limited. This article reports on unusual aspects of funerary archaeology at the Neolithic site of Dingsishan, southern China. Anatomical consideration of cutmarks on human bones and the positioning of bodies and body parts within burials suggests that mortuary treatments at this site included strategic and systematic disarticulation, evisceration and excarnation. Rather than signalling social differences, these practices may have resulted from the very practical need to save space.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Introduction: rare diseases (RD) are extremely complex health conditions. Persons affected by these conditions in Cameroon are often neglected in society and health systems through the inexistence of policies and programs. In Cameroon, there exists no program or policy conceived to address their needs in terms of access to quality health care, timely and reliable diagnosis, treatments, education, etc. The consequence is that persons living with a RD (PLWRD) and their families do not participate in social life. The unique fate of PLWRD reveals that the principle of social justice and equity is flawed in Cameroon. However, patients, in order to survive in society, rely on patients' organizations (PO) to improve their quality of life (QoL) and advocate for a better consideration in the society. The aim of this paper is to highlight how initiatives from a grassroot perspective like POs can inform decision-makers to address the needs of PLWRD and their families.Methods: the study associated a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews with parents of children suffering from a RD and who are members of a PO. Through the systematic literature review we highlighted the impact POs have in the development of research on RDs, patient literacy, patient empowerment and advocacy while semi-structured interviews brought out the needs of patients and their families.Results: findings, on the one hand show that, in Cameroon PLWRD face a number of challenges like the incurability of their condition, catastrophic medical expenses, stigmatization and marginalization, etc. and though in POs their QoL still remains poor. On the other hand, where POs are empowered they are key actors in research on RDs and help decision-makers on having a better insight into the type of RD that exists across a geographical area, the sociodemographic profile of patients, etc. for a better management of PLWRD.Conclusion: the study suggests that the ministry of public health should create a network with existing RD POs to adequately meet the needs of PLWRD.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This Arts and Medicine feature reviews the history of pellagra and recovers the role of artist and illustrator John Carroll who, in 1919, painted portraits of people with the vitamin deficiency to document in color the appearance of pellagra skin plaques.", + "input": "Abstract: Iron deposits are commonly found in marine archaeological wood, causing acidification, degradation, and mechanical damage to marine archaeological wood. This study focused on extracting iron deposits from loose wood samples taken from the Nanhai I shipwreck. The removal efficiency of iron deposits in wood using materials, such as EDTA-2Na, DTPA, C6H17N3O7, Na2C2O4, amidoxime cellulose, DFO, EDTA-2Na-H2O2, DTPA-H2O2, EDTA-2Na-Na2S2O4, and DTPA-Na2S2O4, was evaluated. Analysis using scanning elec-tron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction identified the presence of iron de-posits in the wood of the Nanhai I shipwreck including goethite (FeOOH) and pyrite (FeS2). The removal efficiency was evaluated by ICP-AES and results showed that amidoxime cellulose and DTPA had higher removal efficiency for iron deposits in wood. The difference between the iron deposits removal efficiency of DTPA and EDTA was significant after the addition of oxidant (H2O2) and reductant (Na2S2O4) to the systems, respectively. The addition of oxidant H2O2 to DTPA improved the iron deposits removal effi-ciency of DTPA from wood within 30 days. Furthermore, the addition of reductant Na2S2O4 to EDTA-2Na significantly improved the iron deposits removal efficiency of EDTA-2Na from wood. These findings pro-vide a valuable reference for developing efficient methods for removing iron deposits during the practical protection of the Nanhai I shipwreck.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )", "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Strontium (Sr) isotopes measured in fossil remains have been a useful tool to assess the geographical origin and even migrations of humans and other animals. In particular, dental enamel generally represents the ideal material, as it is dense and less prone to diagenetic replacement of Sr post-burial. However, fossil teeth can often be precious artefacts and difficult to access for destructive analysis. Here, we assess whether measuring Sr isotopes in fossil dental calculus could be used at least as a rangefinder to determine the geographical origin of an individual. We measured trace element concentrations in modern calculus (from a local dental practice), and trace element concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in human fossil calculus, dentine, and enamel from specimens collected in York, UK. Comparing trace element concentrations between modern and fossil calculus show that metals present in fossil calculus are mostly acquired post-burial, including Sr. The relationship between 87Sr/86Sr and Rb/Sr ratios in fossil calculus, dentine, and enamel suggests that the diagenetic end member would have a 87Sr/86Sr ratio consistent with the one modelled for the York region, but a low Rb/Sr. Without calculus data, dentine and enamel data would have probably suggested a lower 87Sr/86Sr ratio for a diagenetic end member, expecting high Rb/Sr values. Thus, while Sr isotopes in fossil calculus may not be useful to identify the geographical origin of an individual, they may be useful in constraining the composition of the diagenetic end member. Combining Sr isotopes in fossil dental calculus and enamel could be a more robust approach to identify geographical origin than using enamel alone.", + "input": "Abstract: In recent years, pyroarchaeology has expanded rapidly and included experimental approaches. However, analyses of the combustion products carried by smoke (mainly soot and microcharcoal) and the study of fixing, recording, and preserving processes of this material on parietal surfaces remain limited. We therefore launched the ExTraS (Experiments on Traces of Soot) program, which aims to document the processes of fixation, recording, and preservation of combustion products in speleothems. We focused on various parameters, including the influence of wall surfaces, meteorological and seasonal conditions, and the nature of the fuel. Here, we present results acquired over several years (2015-2023) that combine macroscopic, microscopic, and colorimetric observations, as well as Raman microspectroscopy characterization. Our findings improve our understanding of the formation process of sooty speleothems observed at archaeological sites in rock shelters and caves.", "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Recently, brain-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in solving pattern recognition tasks. However, these SNNs are grounded on homogeneous neurons that utilize a uniform neural coding for information representation. Given that each neural coding scheme possesses its own merits and drawbacks, these SNNs encounter challenges in achieving optimal performance such as accuracy, response time, efficiency, and robustness, all of which are crucial for practical applications. In this study, we argue that SNN architectures should be holistically designed to incorporate heterogeneous coding schemes. As an initial exploration in this direction, we propose a hybrid neural coding and learning framework, which encompasses a neural coding zoo with diverse neural coding schemes discovered in neuroscience. Additionally, it incorporates a flexible neural coding assignment strategy to accommodate task-specific requirements, along with novel layer-wise learning methods to effectively implement hybrid coding SNNs. We demonstrate the superiority of the proposed framework on image classification and sound localization tasks. Specifically, the proposed hybrid coding SNNs achieve comparable accuracy to state-of-the-art SNNs, while exhibiting significantly reduced inference latency and energy consumption, as well as high noise robustness. This study yields valuable insights into hybrid neural coding designs, paving the way for developing high-performance neuromorphic systems.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: The accurate assessment of the material constitution and degradation in newly discovered archaeological artefacts is paramount for the decisions surrounding a thorough treatment of the object during the restoration and conservation stages. The laboratories possess competent experts and complex devices to perform this analysis properly. Nevertheless, a timely hint of an artificial intelligence assistant regarding the chemical composition and corrosion compound localization of a metal asset could save additional time and resources. The present paper proposes such a computational framework based on deep learning techniques that, on the base of its automatic determination of the chemical concentration of the predominant metal from a microscope image, can subsequently independently also recognize and delineate the corrosion spots of the products specific to that metal. The experiments have been performed on iron and copper heritage items from the Oltenia Museum, Romania. The results suggest that, even with an economic training information in terms of microscope images and annotations, the artificial intelligence framework can provide on-site support for an early examination of metal heritage assets.(c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The green use of urban land has become a key for the sustainable transformation of resource-based cities. This paper selects 116 Chinese resource-based cities to construct an evaluation system for urban green land use and measure its efficiency. Secondly, it identifies driving factors affecting urban green land use efficiency (UGLUE) and comprehensively analyze the heterogeneity of these factors. The important findings of this paper include: (1) The UGLUE of resource-based cities in China has experienced a trend of first fluctuating and then improving. However, there are obvious regional differences. The UGLUE in the eastern and western regions are higher than those in the central and northeastern regions. (2) Industrial upgrading, financial development and technological innovation are key factors affecting UGLUE in resource-based cities. (3) There is significant heterogeneity in the impact of different factors in different city types, different regions and different time periods. The land use in resource-based cities should transform from blind expansion in pursuit of short -term economic benefits to a green development that pursues the coordination of economic, social, and ecological benefits based on the local conditions.", + "input": "Abstract: Over the past 50 years, humans have extracted the Earth's groundwater stocks at a steep rate, largely to fuel global agro-economic development. Given society's growing reliance on groundwater, we explore 'peak water limits' to investigate whether, when and where humanity might reach peak groundwater extraction. Using an integrated global model of the coupled human-Earth system, we simulate groundwater withdrawals across 235 water basins under 900 future scenarios of global change over the twenty-first century. Here we find that global non-renewable groundwater withdrawals exhibit a distinct peak-and-decline signature, comparable to historical observations of other depletable resources (for example, minerals), in nearly all (98%) scenarios, peaking on average at 625 km3 yr-1 around mid-century, followed by a decline through 2100. The peak and decline occur in about one-third (82) of basins, including 21 that may have already peaked, exposing about half (44%) of the global population to groundwater stress. Most of these basins are in countries with the highest current extraction rates, including the United States, Mexico, Pakistan, India, China, Saudi Arabia and Iran. These groundwater-dependent basins will probably face increasing costs of groundwater and food production, suggesting important implications for global agricultural trade and a diminished role for groundwater in meeting global water demands during the twenty-first century.Humans rely heavily on non-renewable groundwater, especially to support agricultural production. Like other depletable resources, groundwater extraction is expected to peak and subsequently decline during the twenty-first century, highlighting imminent transformations in the availability and use of water globally.", "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The pattern of resonator in a periodical array is decisive for its response under impinging electromagnetic wave. A scale-free network resonator is proposed by connecting sub-units in the form of scale free network. Scale-free network resonator array's reflectivity near resonant frequency could be modulated at arbitrary value between zero and unity, which is different from known resonator array or frequency selective surface. Reflection amplitude modulation could generate rich behaviors, as effective medium property in wide band could be maintained near zero constant, which means zero phase shift and is favorable in radar radome structure. S-parameter analysis indicates amplitude modulation is owing to polarization conversion generated by network links. Scale-free network resonator array has application potentials in future radar radomes, electromagnetic wave lens and microwave antenna panels.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: This article explores the intricate relationship between transnational solidarity and citizenship in socialist Tanzania, renowned for its extensive and enduring support of liberation movements from the 1960s to the 1980s. Termed frontline citizenship, this unique political subjectivity, evolving in the 1960s, was shaped not only by Tanzania's geopolitical location, nationalist struggles against colonialism, and government efforts to instil attitudes of anti-colonial solidarity in the population, but also by initiatives of hosted liberation movements, Tanzanians' embrace of global anti-imperialist currents from Cuba to China and Vietnam, and critiques of politicians in exile. The article highlights the gendered and generational aspects of the solidarity regime, scrutinizes contested material solidarities, and discusses the partial decline of the frontline citizenship discourse. It does so by investigating the role of media, the impact of the paramilitary National Service, and the dynamics of material support practices. Drawing on multi-archival research, interviews, memoirs, and secondary literature, with a focus on South Africa's African National Congress (ANC), the analysis challenges conventional views of state-sponsored solidarity, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between state initiatives and grassroots participation as well as external and internal actors. Conceiving socialist Tanzania's solidarity regime in this way contributes to a broader understanding of the intersection between anti-imperialist world-making, nationalist state-building, and everyday performances of citizenship.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Primatologist who brought animals and humans a little closer.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: With the rapid aging of the domestic population, China has a strong incentive to increase the statutory retirement age. How retirement affects the health of the elderly is crucial to this policymaking. The health consequences of retirement have been debated greatly. This study aims to investigate the effects of retirement on physical and mental health among Chinese elderly people.METHODS: The data we use in this study comes from four waves (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018) of the Harmonized China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (Harmonized CHARLS), a prospective cohort. We use the nonparametric fuzzy regression discontinuity design to estimate the effects of retirement on physical and mental health. We test the robustness of our results with respect to different bandwidths, kernel functions, and polynomial orders. We also explore the heterogeneity across gender and education.RESULTS: Results show that retirement has an insignificant effect on a series of physical and mental health outcomes, with and without adjusting several sociodemographic variables. Heterogeneity exists regarding gender and education. Although stratified analyses indicate that the transition from working to retirement leaves minimal effects on males and females, the effects go in the opposite direction. This finding holds for low-educated and high-educated groups for health outcomes including depression and cognitive function. Most of the results are stable with respect to different bandwidths, kernel functions, and polynomial orders.CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that it is possible to delay the statutory retirement age in China as retirement has insignificant effects on physical and mental health. However, further research is needed to assess the long-term effect of retirement on health.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: A 7-year-and-8-month-old, male degu (Octodon degus) with anorexia, depression, and labored breathing was found to have a thoracic effusion and enlargement of the right testis on radiographic examination. Despite treatment, the animal died. At necropsy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and multifocal nodules on the intestinal serosa and mesentery were observed. Histologically, the foci were densely cellular invasive neoplasms composed of sheets of round to polygonal cells, with occasional multinucleated giant cells. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were immunopositive for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, human leukocyte antigen-DR, and CD204. These findings were consistent with disseminated histiocytic sarcoma.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Water resources in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) are characterized by significant interannual to interdecadal variation. Paleo-proxy reconstructions such as those derived from tree-rings provide longer-term context and supplement information on this expected range of variability, which can improve planning, management, and response related to extreme events and hydrologic change. However, existing paleo-proxy reconstructions have yet to address the potential for pronounced within- and among-basin variations in the PNW due to a lack of spatial coverage. Here we develop methodologically consistent reconstructions for 36 gages in the PNW, including the Columbia and Snake River drainages, as well as key coastal watersheds. These reconstructions extend back at least to the 1500s coefficient of efficiency. Reconstruction skill is relatively high (mean R-2 = 0.63), and snowpack- or winter precipitation-sensitive chronologies from high-elevation sites provide important contributions to reconstruction skill. At the whole-region scale, reconstructed variability indicates evidence for drier and wetter years, more persistent decadal variability, and correspondingly longer episodes of deficit and surplus compared to instrumental records. Within the region, this expanded range of extremes appears especially prevalent in the Snake River and southern PNW watersheds. Regionally, cumulative deficits in the early 1500s and mid 1600s rival those of the early 20(th) century, though persistence and timing vary widely among basins. These reconstructions suggest that considering within-region variability will be key for water management and planning under climate change, and that sub-regional adaptation strategies are likely to be advantageous.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In deserts, water has been singled out as the most important factor for choosing where to settle, but trees were likely an important part of the landscape for hunter-gatherers beyond merely constituting an economic resource. Yet, this critical aspect has not been considered archaeologically. Here, we present the results of mapping and radiocarbon dating of a truly unique archaeological record. Over 150 preserved stumps around five Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene archaeological campsites (12,800 to 11,200 cal BP) show that trees were key features in the creation of everyday habitats for the first inhabitants of the Atacama Desert. At two of these sites, QM12 and QM35, the spatial and chronological correlation between trees and hearths reveals that people located their homes under the tree canopy. At residential site QM35, artifact distribution coincides with a grove dated to ~11,600 to 11,200 cal BP. A third residential area (QM32) occurred along the grove margins ~12,000 to 11,200 cal BP. Based on the distinct cultural material of these two camps, we propose that two different groups intermittently shared this rich wetland-grove environment. The tree taxa suggest a preference for the native Schinus molle, a tree scarcely present on the landscape today, over the endemic, nitrogen-fixing Strombocarpa tamarugo, both for toolmaking and firewood and even though the S. tamarugo was locally more abundant. Together with the spatial and chronological coincidence of campsites, hearths, and trees, we propose that people spared the most abundant and resilient species to create their homes, in turn promoting fertility oases amid the Atacama's hyperaridity.", + "input": "Abstract: The article analyses the solidarity campaigns organized by the Czechoslovak Committee for Solidarity with African and Asian Peoples between the 1960s and 1980s. It situates the Czechoslovak solidarity towards African countries in the wider framework of the solidarity politics of the Eastern bloc and points out differences as well as similarities. Although the Czechoslovak Solidarity Committee was one of the first such committees to be founded in Eastern Europe, in the 1960s its official as well as public commitment to internationalist principles was modest compared with those of solidarity movements elsewhere in the bloc. However, the solidarity campaigns with African liberation movements intensified in the early 1970s. The campaigns in this period were marked by strong national symbolism, which drew on historical parallels between the African and Czechoslovak struggles for independence. The everyday internationalism in this case filled the public space with images of shared suffering, inferiority, and occupation, through which Czechoslovak citizens made sense of their historical role in the world. The article argues that this nationalization of official solidarity campaigns helped to embed the victimization narratives that survived the Velvet Revolution and that, in the 1990s, became a basis for new Czech and Slovak political identification.", "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: How scholars conceptualize and measure the gender gap in mobilization can have profound consequences for substantive conclusions. Scholars typically refer to a difference between women and men's turnout (difference-in-proportions measure) or a fraction of women voters among all voters (proportion measure). Using the case of proportional representation (PR) reform in Norway, I demonstrate that, in the context of low men's turnout, the proportion measure indicates that PR narrows the gap, while the difference-in-proportion measure indicates that it widens the gap. This is because mobilizing fewer women than men widens the difference between women and men's turnout, but may constitute a greater proportional increase in women's mobilization compared to men when only a few men (and even fewer women) vote. These findings bring together seemingly opposing arguments in the PR-gap debate and have wide implications for the study of 'gaps' within and beyond gender scholarship.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: While contemporary fascisms operate in ways both obvious and covert, this piece focuses on the gradual harms that remain unintelligible in everyday rhetorics. I join scholars such as E Cram, who have tracked how white supremacy erodes our energies and time. Considering inflammation as a record of such harm, I examine how many chronic diseases inscribe systemic abuse onto trans, disabled, and Black and brown bodyminds. Drawing from the narrative traditions of cultural rhetorics, critical race counterstory, and crip and trans of color critique, I story the injured body back into our profession, asking our disciplines to consider how our choices can enforce, expose, or resist the slow burn of colonial exploitation.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We study various physical quantities of objects with petal shapes. N-petal shapes exhibit N-fold rotational symmetry. Furthermore, they might have an additional characteristic: the equation defining their boundaries could be represented by F(N theta). We will show that physical quantities of objects with these characteristics may show strange properties. By 'physical quantities', we refer to aspects such as electric potential and electric field due to a charged petal-shaped plate or cylinder on the rotation axis, their mass and moment of inertia. We are going to show that for such objects, these physical observables do not depend on the number of petals, N. This intriguing result has a simple reason.", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeWhile previous research has demonstrated the positive effects of digital business strategies on operational efficiency, financial performance and value creation, little is known about how such strategies influence innovation performance. To address the gap, this paper aims to investigate the impact of a firm's digital business strategy on its innovation performance.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on the dynamic capability view, this study examines the mechanism through which a digital business strategy affects innovation performance. Data were collected from 215 firms in China and analyzed using multiple regression and structural equation modeling.FindingsThe empirical analysis reveals that a firm's digital business strategy has positive impacts on both product and process innovation performance. These impacts are partially mediated by knowledge-based dynamic capability. Additionally, a firm's digital business strategy interacts positively with its entrepreneurial orientation in facilitating knowledge-based dynamic capability. Moreover, market turbulence enhances the strength of this interaction effect. Therefore, entrepreneurial-oriented firms operating in turbulent markets can benefit more from digital business strategies to enhance their knowledge-based dynamic capabilities and consequently improve their innovation performance.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the understanding of how a firm's digital business strategy interacts with entrepreneurial orientation in turbulent markets to shape knowledge-based dynamic capability, which in turn enhances the firm's innovation performance.", "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Private transport constitutes the prerequisite for the freedom of mobility and facilitates accessibility for activities of older adults. Abundant studies have been conducted on the association between car ownership and life satisfaction in Western countries where cars dominate private transport. However, as the most prevalent and conventional private transport in China, cars and e-bikes have not received adequate attention. Using 2015 and 2018 datasets from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we apply the Propensity Score Matching-Difference in Differences to investigate how private transport influences the multi-dimensional life quality of older adults. Furthermore, we focus on the mediation effect of social participation on the above causal effect. Our findings reveal that car and e-bike ownership have a causal impact on older adults' life satisfaction, while the influence of e-bike ownership is multi-dimensional. The relationship between car ownership and life satisfaction is mediated by social participation regarding exercise and voluntary activities. However, the mediation effects of mahjong and exercise activities are statistically significant between e-bike ownership and the multi-dimensional life quality of older adults. Understanding the life quality of older adults related to private transport is essential for guiding travel mobility and the life quality of older adults in China.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Through historical and anthropological inquiry, this paper addresses the issue of memory antagonisms involving cultural landscapes in the context of a former mining region: the Belgian Black Country. This region, which became increasingly industrialized in the 19th century through the massive development of coal mining and steel industry, subsequently experienced deindustrialization, and now finds itself mobilized in a process of 'post-industrial' mutation. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, it examines how the landscapes inherited from industry, and in particular the slag heaps of the coalfield, have over time become repositories of a working-class memory, through the living and working practices of the communities surrounding the mines. It also documents the various representations attached to these landscape objects, whose contradictions echo the oppositions between capital and labor that have marked the development of industrial capitalism. The second part of the paper, which focuses on the present situation, examines how these representations are remobilized in the valorization processes that are initiated by different actors, in the context of a 'post-industrial' urban transition strategy that seeks to produce a unified and pacified historical narrative. We'll be looking at how historical conflicts still permeate the representations of these landscapes, the question of their conservation, and their possible future.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PurposeFace is the most intuitive and representative feature at the individual level. Many studies show that beautiful faces help individuals and enterprises obtain economic benefits and form a high economic premium, but the discussion of their potential social value is insufficient. This study aims to focus on the impact of the personal characteristics of executives. It mainly analyzes the impact mechanism of CEO facial attractiveness on corporate social responsibility (CSR) decision-making, clarifying the social value of beauty from the perspective of CSR.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the regression model to analyze the panel data set, which was conducted by a sample of Chinese publicly listed firms from 2016 to 2018.FindingsThe study found that CEOs with high facial attractiveness are more active in fulfilling CSR, which can usually bring higher social benefits. CEOs with beautiful faces are prone to overconfidence, are optimistic about their ability and the future development of the enterprise and are more willing to increase their investment in CSR. CEO duality can positively regulate the positive correlation between a CEO's facial attractiveness and CSR.Originality/valueBased on the perspective of upper echelons theory, this paper explores the mechanism of CEO facial attractiveness on CSR. This study enriches the perspective of the upper echelon's theoretical research and has essential enlightenment for CEO selection and training practice.", + "input": "Abstract: Collaboration remains a central aspect of contemporary work and a source of emergent barriers that hinder team success. Scholarship has identified the breadth of barriers teams can face when working together and recognizes barriers as interdependent. This paper builds on this scholarship to address the types of relationships barriers can have as they interact across levels of analysis to affect teams. We draw on qualitative interview data with scientific teams to explore relationships among barriers stemming from teams' internal processes and context. We identify common relationship patterns among barriers that can be used as a framework for analyzing complex, multi-level barrier systems affecting team outcomes. Our data highlight the importance of considering longitudinal, strategic support for targeting cross-barrier interactions when seeking to intervene in collaborations. This framework has practical application in supporting teams and creating policies that support collaborative work.", "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The increasing elderly population has led to a growing demand for healthcare services. A hospital at home treatment model offers an alternative to standard hospital admission, with the potential to reduce readmission and healthcare consumption while improving patients' quality of life. However, there is little evidence regarding hospital at home treatment in a Danish setting. This article describes the protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing standard hospital admission to hospital at home treatment. The main aim of the intervention is to reduce 30-day acute readmission after discharge and improve the quality of life of elderly acute patients.METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A total of 849 elderly acute patients will be randomised in a 1:2 ratio to either the control or intervention group in the trial. The control group will receive standard hospital treatment in a hospital emergency department while the intervention group will receive treatment at home. The primary outcomes of the trial are the rate of 30-day acute readmission and quality of life, assessed using the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions-5-Level instrument. Primary analyses are based on the intention-to-treat principle. Secondary outcomes are basic functional mobility, resource use in healthcare, primary and secondary healthcare cost, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, and the mortality rate 3months after discharge.ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The RCT was approved by the Ethical Committee, Central Denmark Region (no. 1-10-72-67-20). Results will be presented at relevant national and international meetings and conferences and will be published in international peer-reviewed journals. Furthermore, we plan to communicate the results to relevant stakeholders in the Danish healthcare system.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05360914.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: This study explores how networks for entrepreneurial activities evolve and change during an institutional transition at the macro level. For this purpose, we present the historical case study of Melia, a pioneering company in the development of the Spanish tourism industry during Franco ' s Regime (1939-1975), when the country evolved from interventionism and isolation toward an increasingly market-oriented economy. Our study shows how Melia's networks co-evolved with their institutional framework, resulting in a transformation in their composition, purpose, and outcomes. Through historical contextualization, our paper allows us to capture the nuances of an institutional transition as well as to better understand the change processes of networks, the significance of strong and weak ties as the firm matures, and the dynamics of network brokerage over time. Therefore, our research contributes to the literature on networks and institutional transitions showing the value of a history-in theory perspective.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: As one type of flux modulation machines, flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines present high sensitivity to airgap structures. Therefore, both stator/rotor teeth and slot/pole combinations have significant influences on machine performance. However, the relationships between the optimal stator structure and maximum torque capability of the FSPM machine are barely investigated. Therefore, in this article, we are devoted to proposing a directional stator permeance design approach to achieve the maximum torque of the FSPM machines under a given rotor and reveal the corresponding stator structure. First, the relations between torque and air-gap permeance are presented based on a constructed torque contribution equation, where amplitudes and phase angles of the stator permeance harmonics are determined. Then, main permeance harmonics are directionally optimized to enlarge positive torque while negative contributions are inversed to be positive. Especially, two FSPMs with 6-slot/19pole and 6-slot/13-pole are chosen as design examples, and their optimal design processes and torque performances have been deeply analyzed, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed design approach.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: The contemporary art world is conservatively estimated to be a $65 billion USD market that employs millions of human artists, sellers, and collectors globally. Recent attention paid to AI-made art in prestigious galleries, museums, and popular media has provoked debate around how these statistics will change. Unanswered questions fuel growing anxieties. Are AI-made and human-made art evaluated in the same ways? How will growing exposure to AI-made art impact evaluations of human creativity? Our research uses a psychological lens to explore these questions in the realm of visual art. We find that people devalue art labeled as AI-made across a variety of dimensions, even when they report it is indistinguishable from human-made art, and even when they believe it was produced collaboratively with a human. We also find that comparing images labeled as human-made to images labeled as AI-made increases perceptions of human creativity, an effect that can be leveraged to increase the value of human effort. Results are robust across six experiments (N=2965) using a range of human-made and AI-made stimuli and incorporating representative samples of the US population. Finally, we highlight conditions that strengthen effects as well as dimensions where AI-devaluation effects are more pronounced.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Finite model theory is currently not one of the hot topics in the philosophy and history of mathematics, not even in the philosophy and history of mathematical logic. The philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic has concentrated on infinite structures, closely related to foundational issues. In that context, finite models deserved only marginal attention because it was taken for granted that the study of finite structures is trivial compared to the study of infinite structures. In retrospect, research on finite structures turned out to be neither trivial nor irrelevant but had an important impact on theoretical computer science. A closer look at the early history of the spectrum problem shows that the birth of finite model theory has roots in formal logic, at a time when computer science did not yet exist.", + "input": "Abstract: The Warner Brothers/Mattel movie Barbie is meant to be about feminism and capitalism in complicated, comical, and nuanced ways. It mostly succeeds in its dual purpose of comedy and inspiration. The doll's origin in 1959 places her and her consort, Ken, squarely in the context of the Cold War, although neither the movie nor the doll's long and successful marketing history acknowledges anything outside the sunny world of Barbie Land. The nuclear shadow does affect the movie's reception, however, in the form of international protests over the dashed lines scrawled on a supposed World Map in one scene. For nations in and around the South China Sea, the dashed lines evoke the specter of war in a nuclear age over claims to territorial sovereignty. Yet director Greta Gerwig's film is a runaway success, the first film solo directed by a woman to gross more than a billion dollars and counting.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The treatment of the rubble from the fire at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris was the subject of an unprecedented protocol, drafted jointly by several departments of the ministere de la Culture and implemented by these same teams, assisted by compagnons (workers, foremen, forklift operators, automatic machine operators) present on the safety site. The aim of this approach, which was implemented immediately after the disaster, was to identify, from amongst all the collapsed materials on the floor and on the vaults, those that could be recovered, both for restoration purposes and for long-term scientific research - thus passing from the status of debris to that of vestiges. A sampling protocol, using robotic equipment on the ground and rope access technicians on the vaults, was thus organised to document and locate each material recovered (photographs, orthophotographs, geolocation): material specialists and archaeologists took turns for nearly twenty-four (24) months, in a context of lead pollution and according to an extremely constrained schedule, to carry out this sorting and draw up an initial inventory. At the end of this first phase of the scientific project, nearly ten thousand (10,0 0 0) pieces of timber, six hundred and fifty (650) pallets of stone items and three hundred and fifty (350) pallets of metal items are now stored in warehouses rented by the project management team, under the responsibility of the ministere de la Culture, and are currently the subject of a detailed inventory. All of the vestiges collected will thus be able to be used for the restoration of the building and, through the many research programmes already underway, contribute to a renewed knowledge of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: This paper is concerned with Michel Serres's critique of property. Through the concept of 'le propre,' which in French can mean both 'clean' and 'one's own,' and a naturalist reading of Rousseau, he proposes a 'stercorian' eco-criticism of property. Focusing on concepts of limits provides a fruitful angle from which to illuminate Serres's critique of law and property. The first section will introduce Serres as a thinker of limits, borders, and boundaries. In the second and third parts, attention will be drawn to his eco-criticism of law and property from a feminist and philosophy of science perspective, concluding with a fourth part, in which Serres's approach will be contextualized in relation to other naturalisms. His work has far-reaching consequences for discourses of human agency in the context of the Anthropocene and makes a crucial contribution to how a new naturalist criticism of property might be conceived.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The Kasten Site is a multicomponent plowzone site in Erie County, Ohio that possesses a Late Pleistocene Clovis lithic assemblage. Here, we describe the late Pleistocene Clovis, and possible-Clovis, lithic artifacts via technological descriptions, illustrations and images, morphometrics, and microwear. The lithic artifacts are made from cherts which appear to outcrop between 94.7 and 356.8 km from the site. Based on our descriptions, we suggest that the Kasten site is a small logistical site, whereby a small number Clovis people occupied it ephemerally for the purposes of resource procurement. Given the microwear evidence, this resource may have been animal prey, but given that the site is adjacent to a topographic depression, the desired resource could also have been water.", + "input": "Abstract: The West Tofts handaxe is a small British Acheulean biface well known for its cortical preservation of a fossilised bivalve shell. The shell's retention, its prominent central placement, and perceptions of the tool's broader aesthetic-value have resulted in it being described as an example of early hominin aesthetic intent. When combined with its mid-to-late Pleistocene age, the handaxe plausibly has implications for our understanding of hominin cognitive evolution and the origins of Palaeolithic art. Crucial to the assignment of aesthetic intent are a series of assumptions concerning the exceptionality of the tool's design, production and use. Here, we test those assumptions. The West Tofts handaxe is revealed to be technologically and morphologically unremarkable for the British late Acheulean, was produced on a tabular flint nodule that did not require invasive (central) flake removals, and displays remarkably average flaking investment. High-resolution micro-CT scans of its internal structure reveal numerous fractures and air pockets, and at least one - potentially two - additional fossilised shells. These inclusions and flaws feasibly impacted the tool's production, potentially resulting in the shell's retention. Limited microwear traces were identified on its distal flaked edges, potentially hinting at the tool's expedient use. These and other data underline the importance of restraint when attributing aesthetic intent or 'over-investment' to the West Tofts handaxe. Today we may consider it a remarkable artefact worthy of elevation, but to the Acheulean individual who produced it, the West Tofts handaxe was likely an average utilitarian tool produced on a flawed but conveniently thin flint nodule.", "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Various hazards can have immediate or long-term impacts on the safety of bridges, and the interactions between them are complicated. This study examined the multihazard concerns in bridge engineering. Through a comprehensive literature review, 16 hazards that pose threats to bridges were identified and analyzed by considering their temporal-spatial characteristics. The interactions between hazards were described using a hazard correlation matrix, and specific chained hazards were identified based on the site-specific conditions. The methods of probability analysis were discussed in terms of the hazard correlation, and a generalized formula is proposed to illustrate the chained effect process by considering the uncertainty in both primary and secondary hazards. Additionally, a lifetime model was introduced to address the long-term effects. A case study was conducted using field investigation data to demonstrate the proposed method, with emphasis on the joint probability of the earthquake-landslide chained effect. Moreover, the lifetime model was also incorporated to account for the scour effects serving as a long-term hazard. This study is aiming to complement the types of critical hazards threatening bridges and to provide guidance for engineers to select design hazards in accordance with the site-specific conditions.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Globally, more than 1 billion people with disabilities are disproportionately and differentially at risk from the climate crisis. Yet there is a notable absence of climate policy, programming, and research at the intersection of disability and climate change. Advancing climate justice urgently requires accelerated disability-inclusive climate action. We present pivotal research recommendations and guidance to advance disability-inclusive climate research and responses identified by a global interdisciplinary group of experts in disability, climate change, sustainable development, public health, environmental justice, humanitarianism, gender, Indigeneity, mental health, law, and planetary health. Climate-resilient development is a framework for enabling universal sustainable development. Advancing inclusive climate-resilient development requires a disability human rights approach that deepens understanding of how societal choices and actions-characterised by meaningful participation, inclusion, knowledge diversity in decision making, and co-design by and with people with disabilities and their representative organisations-build collective climate resilience benefiting disability communities and society at large while advancing planetary health.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper proposes a technique for the generation of a disparity map from a real scene, captured by a stereo vision system. The underlying motivation for this work is to develop a system not requiring the use of a calibration pattern, which usually involves manual intervention. This is a well desired feature to allow its use in the design of aid devices for people with severe visual impairment or blindness. Experimental results showed that the developed technique has a level of effectiveness similar to other two well established techniques found in the literature, making it a promising alternative to be employed in situations where the calibration step becomes a burden to the user.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: The majority of art education research in the United Kingdom originates from England; however, the devolved nations each have responsibility for education resulting in four different curricula working concurrently across Great Britain. It can be argued that in comparison to England, art and design education research in Scotland is an under-researched area though one that is increasingly garnering interest. This paper contributes to the field by presenting and discussing some of the findings from a survey of teachers focused on art and design education in Scottish primary schools in 2022. A total of 110 teachers participated and the survey examined the value of the subject, the current delivery in schools, the future of the subject and support for teachers. A wealth of data were gathered so this paper focuses particularly on the value of the subject among staff, confidence levels regarding delivery and the role of training and professional learning. The paper concludes that while the value of the subject among staff is strong, confidence levels with regard to teaching the subject are not. Staff felt that training had left them unprepared to teach the subject, and there was limited awareness of professional learning opportunities in their geographical area.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Population-based data on heart failure (HF)-related death in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are lacking. We assessed HF-related death in people with AF in the United States over the past 21years and examined differences by age, sex, race, ethnicity, urbanization, and census region.METHODS AND RESULTS: Data were extracted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research to determine trends in age-adjusted mortality rates per 100000 people, due to HF-related death among subjects with AF aged \u226515years. To calculate nationwide annual trends, we assessed the average annual percent change (AAPC) and annual percent change with relative 95% CIs using joinpoint regression. Between 1999 and 2020, 916685 HF-related deaths (396205 men and 520480 women) occurred among US adults having a concomitant AF. The overall age-adjusted mortality rates increased (AAPC: +4.1% [95% CI, 3.8-4.4]; P<0.001), especially after 2011 (annual percent change, +6.8% [95% CI, 6.2-7.4]; P<0.001) in men (AAPC, +4.8% [95% CI, 4.4-5.1]; P<0.001), in White subjects (AAPC: +4.2% [95% CI, 3.9 to 4.6]; P<0.001) and in subjects aged <65years (AAPC: +7.5% [95% CI, 6.7-8.4]; P<0.001). The higher percentage of deaths were registered in the South (32.8%). During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant excess in HF-related deaths among patients with AF aged >65years was observed.CONCLUSIONS: A worrying increase in the HF-related mortality rate among patients with AF has been observed in the United States over the past 2 decades.", + "input": "Abstract: The Sleman Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) is a longitudinal survey held routinely since 2014 to collect demographic, social, and health changes in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, we needed to adjust our method of conducting data collection from in-person to telephone interviews. We describe the Sleman HDSS data collection strategy used and the opportunities it presented. First, the Sleman HDSS team completed a feasibility study and adjusted the standard operational procedures to conduct telephone interviews. Then, the Sleman HDSS team collected data via a telephone interview in September-October 2020. Ten interviewers were equipped with an e-HDSS data collection application installed on an Android-based tablet to collect data. The sample targeted was 5,064 households. The telephone-based data collection successfully interviewed 1,674 households (33% response rate) in 17 subdistricts. We changed the data collection strategy so that the Sleman HDSS could still be conducted and we could get the latest data from the population. Compared to in-person interviewing, data collection via telephone was sufficiently practical. The telephone interview was a safe and viable data collection method. To increase the response rate, telephone number activation could be checked, ways of building rapport could be improved, and engagement could be improved by using social capital.", "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Australopiths are a group of early human ancestors that lived approximately 4 to 2 million years ago and are considered a key transitional form between apes and humans. Studying australopiths can help to understand the evolutionary processes that led to the emergence of humans and gain insights into the unique adaptations and characteristics that set humans apart from other primates. A bibliometric-based review of publications on australopiths contained in the Scopus database was conducted, analyzing approximately 2000 of them. The main authors, institutions, and countries researching this subject were identified, as well as their future development. The connections between authors, countries, and research topics were also analyzed through the detection of communities. The more frequent keywords in this subject are hominid, animal, human, South Africa, and Australopithecus afarensis. Four main research clusters were identified in the field of australopiths: palaeobiology, cranial evolution, locomotion, and mandible evolution and morphometry. The most important countries in terms of collaboration networks are South Africa, the UK, France, and Germany. Research on australopiths is ongoing, and new research clusters are expected to emerge, such as those focused on pre-australopiths and the molecular evolution and taxonomy of australopiths. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the state of research on australopiths and offers insights into the current direction of the field.Les australopithes sont un groupe de premiers ancetres humains qui vivaient il y a environ 4 a 2 millions d'annees et sont consideres comme une forme de transition essentielle entre les singes et les humains. L'etude des australopithes peut aider a comprendre les processus evolutifs qui ont conduit a l'emergence de l'homme et a mieux comprendre les adaptations et les caracteristiques uniques qui distinguent l'homme des autres primates. Une etude bibliometrique des publications sur les australopithes contenues dans la base de donnees Scopus a ete realisee, analysant environ 2000 d'entre elles. Les principaux auteurs, institutions et pays menant des recherches sur ce sujet ont ete identifies, ainsi que leur evolution future. Les liens entre les auteurs, les pays et les sujets de recherche ont egalement ete analyses par la detection de communautes. Les mots-cles les plus frequents dans ce domaine sont hominid, animal, human, South Africa et Australopithecus afarensis. Quatre groupes de recherche principaux ont ete identifies dans le domaine des australopithes: paleobiologie, evolution cranienne, locomotion, et evolution et morphometrie de la mandibule. Les pays les plus importants en termes de reseaux de collaboration sont l'Afrique du Sud, le Royaume-Uni, la France et l'Allemagne. Les recherches sur les australopithes se poursuivent et de nouveaux groupes de recherche devraient voir le jour, comme ceux qui se concentrent sur les pre-australopithes et sur l'evolution moleculaire et la taxonomie des australopithes. Dans l'ensemble, ce travail fournit une vue d'ensemble de l'etat de la recherche sur les australopithes et donne un apercu de l'orientation actuelle.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: This article proposes a novel copula model to understand the dependence between extreme variations in stock and government bond returns. This model is used to introduce a tail-based extension of the safe haven concept, which we refer to as a tail risk dampener. Our findings reveal significant cross-country differences in stock-bond local tail dependence and tail risk dampening abilities. Some countries' bond market can lessen the impact on portfolio returns of extreme negative stock returns, while for others no such negative tail comovement is found. This tail comovement is also not always aligned with global comovement between stocks and bonds. The article concludes that a comprehensive understanding of the comovement and the resulting diversification potential between stock and bond returns necessitates complementing global measures of dependence with local tail measures.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The emergence of Homo sapiens in Eastern Asia is a topic of significant research interest. However, well-preserved human fossils in secure, dateable contexts in this region are extremely rare, and often the subject of intense debate owing to stratigraphic and geochronological problems. Tongtianyan cave, in Liujiang District of Liuzhou City, southern China is one of the most important fossils finds of H. sapiens, though its age has been debated, with chronometric dates ranging from the late Middle Pleistocene to the early Late Pleistocene. Here we provide new age estimates and revised provenience information for the Liujiang human fossils, which represent one of the most complete fossil skeletons of H. sapiens in China. U-series dating on the human fossils and radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating on the fossil-bearing sediments provided ages ranging from ~33,000 to 23,000 years ago (ka). The revised age estimates correspond with the dates of other human fossils in northern China, at Tianyuan Cave (~40.8-38.1 ka) and Zhoukoudian Upper Cave (39.0-36.3 ka), indicating the geographically widespread presence of H. sapiens across Eastern Asia in the Late Pleistocene, which is significant for better understanding human dispersals and adaptations in the region.", + "input": "Abstract: The Anglo-Scottish Wars (1286-1347) had a significant impact on lay and monastic communities across the North of England physically and psychologically, as the pressures of war between England and Scotland divided people along increasingly hostile and national lines. Monastic chronicles, such as that of Lanercost, have often been used to make sense of the material effect of Scottish raids, and how identities came to possess an increasingly national sense. However, less attention has been paid to how the cartularies of Northern English monasteries contributed to how monastic communities affected by the Anglo-Scottish Wars came to make sense of them. This article will analyse and compare the Furness Chronicle and Anonimalle Chronicle, produced in the fourteenth century, with the early-fifteenth century cartularies produced by Furness Abbey and Byland Abbey. It will contribute towards recent scholarly assessments of how these sources, and the events they recounted, were selectively edited to inform how the monastic communities who engaged with them remembered the impact of the Anglo-Scottish Wars upon them. Chronicles and cartularies were used together to reinforce an institutional memory, or a collective sense of connection with the history of an institution that Furness and Byland were creating in the early fourteenth century.", "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Brazilian writer Carolina Maria de Jesus (1914-1977) was born in a rural community and spent most of her life in a slum. Despite this, her literary work achieved remarkable editorial success, having its value recognized by critics and academic circles. This paper analyzes Carolina Maria de Jesus's autobiographical narratives in the light of John Dewey's aesthetic theory, with the purpose of investigating the factors responsible for the development of her aesthetic sensitivity - intellectual and emotional dispositions favorable to involvement with artistic practices. The results suggest that Carolina Maria de Jesus's literary skills, which express not only individual but also collective yearnings, resulted from the incentive she received to think about things that do not exist and from her relationship with people who favored the formation of a personality open to varied experiences. Such results are presented as requirements for a democratic and humanist education that aims at the flowering of aesthetic sensitivity and encourages educators and students to believe in their creative potential.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: BackgroundChildren with Down syndrome (DS) demonstrate poorer performance in locomotor and ball skills than children with typical development. During motor assessment, keeping children's attention and motivation is challenging, especially for children with DS, which may affect the test outcomes. This study aimed first to examine the impact of examiner and App-animation demonstrations during the assessment on the performance of fundamental motor skills, focus of attention and intrinsic motivation for children with DS and neurotypical development (NTD). The secondary aim was to examine the differences in those outcomes between children with DS and neurotypical development.MethodsA sample of 24 children (10 with DS and 14 with NTD) aged between 3 and 10 years were subjected to two motor performance assessment protocols: a traditional protocol using the Gross Motor Development Test-3 (TGMD-3) and a protocol using animations from an application as support for TGMD-3 (AppP). The focus of attention was obtained from video recordings during protocol instruction (number of eye shifts, eye shift time, instruction focus time, number of instructions required and total instruction time). Intrinsic motivation was assessed by the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) at the end of each protocol.ResultsThe results showed no significant differences between the protocols for locomotor skills, ball skills and gross motor index. However, children with NTD outperformed those with DS in these skills. When analysing the focus of attention, children with DS showed greater ocular deviations and longer instruction time requested in the traditional protocol compared with AppP, even when compared with NDT children. When comparing protocols in both groups, AppP demonstrated fewer ocular deviations and shorter ocular deviation times. Regarding intrinsic motivation, children with DS in the traditional protocol had lower motivation scores than those with NTD. Regarding the purchase of protocols, in both groups, the AppP presented higher scores for interest/pleasure, perceived competence and general motivation, with lower pressure/tension.ConclusionThe animated application (AppP) proved effective as a visual support during the TGMD-3 assessment, particularly benefiting children with DS by enhancing motivation and attention.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: According to the Humean theory of motivation, desire is identified as the primary source of motivation, while cognitive states like beliefs are recognized as necessary but not sufficient conditions. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the established teleological argument supporting the Humean theory of motivation. The analysis finds that recent anti-Humean strategies cannot conclusively challenge the core premises of this argument. While this result may initially imply a strong and convincing defense of the Humean theory against opponents' criticisms, it will be shown that the argument can withstand objections only through the adoption of an assumption that renders it unfalsifiable.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Hyperspectral imaging has recently consolidated as a useful technique for pigment mapping and iden-tification, although it is commonly supported by additional non-invasive analytical methods. Since it is relatively rare to find pure pigments in aged paintings, spectral unmixing can be helpful in facilitating pigment identification if suitable mixing models and endmember extraction procedures are chosen. In this study, a subtractive mixing model is assumed, and two approaches are compared for endmember extraction: one based on a linear mixture model, and the other, nonlinear and Deep-Learning based. Two spectral hyperspaces are used: the spectral reflectance (R hyperspace) and the-log(R) hyperspace, for which the subtractive model becomes additive. The performance of unmixing is evaluated by the similar-ity of the estimated reflectance to the measured data, and pigment identification accuracy. Two spectral ranges (400 to 10 0 0 nm and 900 to 1700 nm) and two objects (a laboratory sample and an aged painting, both on copper) are tested. The main conclusion is that unmixing in the -log(R) hyperspace with a linear mixing model is better than for the non-linear model in R hyperspace, and that pigment identification is generally better in R hyperspace, improving by merging the results in both spectral ranges.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to explore the change in physicians' hypertension treatment behavior before and after the reform of the capitation in county medical community.METHODS: Spanning from January 2014 to December 2019, monthly data of outpatient and inpatient were gathered before and after the implementation of the reform in April 2015. We employed interrupted time series analysis method to scrutinize the instantaneous level and slope changes in the indicators associated with physicians' behavior.RESULTS: Several indicators related to physicians' behavior demonstrated enhancement. After the reform, medical cost per visit for inpatient exhibited a reverse trajectory (-53.545, 95%CI: -78.620 to -28.470, p<0.01). The rate of change in outpatient drug combination decelerated (0.320, 95%CI: 0.149 to 0.491, p<0.01). The ratio of infusion declined for both outpatient and inpatient cases (-0.107, 95%CI: -0.209 to -0.004, p<0.1; -0.843, 95%CI: -1.154 to -0.532, p<0.01). However, the results revealed that overall medical cost per visit and drug proportion for outpatient care continued their initial upward trend. After the reform, the decline of drug proportion for outpatient care was less pronounced compared to the period prior to the reform, and length of stay also had a similar trend.CONCLUSION: To some extent, capitation under the county medical community encourages physicians to control the cost and adopt a more standardized diagnosis and treatment behavior. This study provides evidence to consider the impact of policy changes on physicians' behavior when designing payment methods and healthcare systems aimed at promoting PHC.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Can the government buy its way around the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement? As the panic over data-sharing after Dobbsillustrates, the answer is an urgent yes. Transactions between the government and data brokers-businesses that acquire, aggregate, and sell massive amounts of data on individuals' digital activities-fall outside the Stored Communications Act's hopelessly out-of-date guardrails and through a Fourth Amendment loophole. Though the Supreme Court's 2018 Carpenterdecision provides a useful framework for evaluating data's Fourth Amendment protection, it will not save us from data brokers. The tick-tick-tock cycleof Fourth Amendment precedent and privacy legislation is off. As Orwell would say, the clocks are striking thirteen. It is past time for Congress to pass new privacy legislation. But what should that legislation look like? History, as usual, offers clues. In this Note, I argue that to rebalance competing interests in light of paradigm technological change, Congress must learn from past mistakes in drafting the Stored CommunicationsAct. I analyze threepotential legislative solutions-the Fourth Amendment Is Not for Sale Act;the My Body, My Data Act;and California's Delete Act-and propose my own, which combines the strengths of eachand provides flexibility for future technological developments. That way, when the Fourth Amendment clock strikes again, we will be ready", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This Arts and Medicine feature coauthored by a patient and her hospital clinicians describes the use of hand-drawn window art in hospital rooms as a way to bring color and creativity into inpatient settings and build community among hospital staff and patients.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Green Building Practices (GBPs) are gaining prominence in many countries around the world. However, in many developing countries, Tanzania inclusive, little progress has been made in achieving its implementation. The current study sought to examine the factors attributable to low uptake, focusing on an appraisal of the stakeholders' knowledge of GB design features, triggers, and the pathways for uptake. The study was conducted in Dar es Salaam City in Tanzania, involving different stakeholders sampled from the construction industry, including architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, and property managers. Valid data were collected through 412 questionnaires. The study revealed a general consensus among the respondents that GBs are environmentally friendly and cost effective. However, it appeared that the ranking score of GB design features according to the respondents did not correlate with their ranking in existing GB rating systems. It was concluded that there exist misconceptions among the constructions industry stakeholders regarding what green building practices entail and the essential requirements for their implementation. Therefore, the study recommends pragmatic educational trainings to stakeholders in the construction sector of Tanzania on GBPs. Mandatory legislation of green building codes and regulations is also suggested as a potential pathway for enhancing GB practices in Tanzania.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The current limitations of hydrogen storage technology in submarines have prompted the need for alternative solutions. One promising option is the use of ammonia, a readily stored fuel. This paper presents an innovative, integrated system that runs on ammonia and does not rely on atmospheric air. The system combines Direct Ammonia Fuel Cell (DAFC) stack and an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) technology to generate power, freshwater, and cooling. The system also recovers waste heat and utilizes it efficiently to produce these useful outputs. The study further aims to assess the system's performance using energy and exergy analysis methods and to conduct a parametric analysis to examine the impact of parameters and operating conditions on system efficiency. In the developed integrated system, the quantities of net power produced, cooling provided, and freshwater flow rate produced under specified conditions are 4069 kW, 589.5 kW, and 1.269 kg/s, respectively. Its energy and exergy efficiency were found to be 38.58% and 44.77%, respectively. The analysis study also obtains that increasing the ammonia flow rate supplied to the ICE and the steam flow rate provided to the turbine, as well as the reference temperature, could potentially improve both energetic and exergetic efficiencies.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: This paper examines the research by Fiona Leverick and demonstrates the methodological flaws in much of the 'rape myth' and mock jury research. Other ideas about rape myths and the 'justice gap' are explored and seen to be questionable. Furthermore, through a detailed examination of the rape myth acceptance scales, which Leverick describes as being 'scientifically validated', we trace the ideological and political-ethical nature of these scales and show a clear one-sidedness in how researchers have used them. Most particularly, we find that there is one-sidedness when it comes to the question of victim empathy. One result of this is that mock jury research has indicated that victim empathetic participants are finding individuals guilty of rape, despite the lack of evidence, and almost nothing has been said about the potential miscarriages of justice being demonstrated in these cases. The argument is thus made that rather than there being overwhelming evidence of rape myth prejudices amongst the public, there appears to be a one-sidedness amongst most rape myth researchers that is encouraging a sentiment of victim empathy that could distort the principles of justice regarding defendants being innocent until proven guilty based on a need to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt. 1", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Prior to this work, no Palaeolithic field survey had been conducted in the central region of the northern Iranian Central Desert. This article is the first account of the presence of Pleistocene hominins in Eyvanekey, Semnan Province, and reports the recovery of lithics that date to at least the Middle Palaeolithic.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Noncompete agreements limiting the mobility of workers have been found to be widespread in the United States, a flexible and lightly regulated labor market. We explore the use of noncompete agreements in a rigid and highly regulated labor market, where labor mobility is low, and the labor market is highly regulated via legislation and collective bargaining. Based on a novel survey of Italian workers and an analysis of the regulatory framework, our study shows how trends and patterns in the use of noncompete agreements are not specific to a flexible labor market. Even in a rigid and highly regulated labor market, noncompete agreements are widespread, and often do not comply with the minimum legal requirements, and yet workers are not aware of their enforceability. This suggests that institutions and labor market regulations are not enough per se, especially when targeted groups are not properly informed, and incentives to comply are minimal.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This essay explores how Iceland, a newly independent state on the northern European periphery, responded to the international agenda for post-war stabilisation set out by economic experts after the turmoil of the First World War. It shows that the government of the so-called Austerity Alliance, led by J & oacute;n & THORN;orl & aacute;ksson, adopted austerity policies devised at the international financial conferences in Brussels (1920) and Genoa (1922). To please external experts and creditors, it implemented a comprehensive fiscal and monetary policy of austerity and created a new central bank that was independent of politics. The aim, however, was not to divorce markets from government in a return to a pre-war era of laissez-faire as the scholarly literature suggests. Offering the first analysis of 'the Icelandic business cycle', the & THORN;orl & aacute;ksson government enforced austerity by carving out 'the economy' - a measurable entity legible to expert management - that greatly expanded the role of the state.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Seafood products are globally consumed, and there is an increasing demand for the quality and safety of these products among consumers. Some seafoods are easily contaminated by marine biotoxins in natural environments or cultured farming processes. When humans ingest different toxins accumulated in seafood, they may exhibit different poisoning symptoms. According to the investigations, marine toxins produced by harmful algal blooms and various other marine organisms mainly accumulate in the body organs such as liver and digestive tract of seafood animals. Several regions around the world have reported incidents of seafood poisoning by biotoxins, posing a threat to human health. Thus, most countries have legislated to specify the permissible levels of these biotoxins in seafood. Therefore, it is necessary for seafood producers and suppliers to conduct necessary testing of toxins in seafood before and after harvesting to prohibit excessive toxins containing seafood from entering the market, which therefore can reduce the occurrence of seafood poisoning incidents. In recent years, some technologies which can quickly, conveniently, and sensitively detect biological toxins in seafood, have been developed and validated, these technologies have the potential to help seafood producers, suppliers and regulatory authorities. This article reviews the seafood toxins sources and types, mechanism of action and bioaccumulation of marine toxins, as well as legislation and rapid detection technologies for biotoxins in seafood for official and fishermen supervision.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Physicist Percy Bridgman has been taken by Heather Douglas to be an exemplar defender of an untenable value-free ideal for science. This picture is complicated by a detailed study of Bridgman's philosophical views of the relation between science and society. The normative autonomy of science, a version of the value-free ideal, is defended. This restriction on the provenance of permissible values in science is given a basis in Bridgman's broader philosophical commitments, most importantly, his view that science is primarily an individual commitment to a set of epistemic norms and values. Considerations of external moral or social values are not, on this view, intrinsic to scientific practice, though they have a broader pragmatic significance. What Bridgman takes as the proper relation between science and society is shown through analysis of his many writings on the topic and consideration of his rarely remarked upon involvement in the most problematic example of Big Science of his day: the atomic bomb. A reevaluation of Bridgman's views provides a unique characterization of what is at stake in the values in science debate: the normative autonomy of science.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: A pseudo-3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey has been carried out to detect cavities at the Neolithic/Palaeolithic site of Grotta Scaloria, close to Manfredonia, Apulia, Italy. Scaloria Cave has a rich history of archaeological research of more than 80 years and is one of the most important Neolithic complexes in the Mediterranean. Synthetic data modelling allowed to check the adequacy of the geophysical method and to develop a proper experimental setup at the survey design stage. Indeed, the results of the field data inversion revealed high resistivity anomalies which can be related to cavities and provided a good definition of the main geological structures and boundaries. Moreover, the results suggest that unknown and speleological unexplored cavities are still present at the Scaloria Cave study site. These findings may provide further insights on pseudo-3D ERT applicability, particularly for cavity detection. Furthermore, the approach used in this study yields fruitful information for further archaeological survey design and for the interpretation of ERT investigations targeting similar geological features and structures.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Photovoltaic defect detection is an essential aspect of research on building-distributed photovoltaic systems. Existing photovoltaic defect detection models based on deep learning, such as YOLOv5 and YOLOv8, have significantly improved the accuracy of photovoltaic defect detection. However, these models are too large, and their feature extraction ability is insufficient, leading to low detection efficiency and inability to cope with the continuous evolution of defects. Therefore, this study proposes an accurate and lightweight YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once v8) GD algorithm. The algorithm is an improved version of YOLOv8, wherein DW-Conv (DepthWise-Conv) is applied to the YOLOv8 backbone network. Moreover, convolution is replaced with the GSConv (Group-shuffle Conv) and the BiFPN (bidirectional feature pyramid network) structure is added to the architecture. Several electroluminescent photovoltaic defect datasets are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The final experimental results show that the map@0.5 and map@0.5 similar to 0.95 of YOLOv8-GD are 92.8% and 63.1%, respectively, which are 4.2% and 5.7% higher than those of the original algorithm, respectively, and the model volume is reduced by 16.7%. Thus, the proposed algorithm shows considerable potential in the field of photovoltaic defect detection.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Abstract: Kong-Zi Jia Yu is a book that recorded many Confucius and his disciples\u2019 conversations and thoughts, making it an indispensable source to explore traditional Chinese culture and ideas. In particular, the governance ideas presented in the book are still highly relevant today. People-oriented thoughts were the core of governance wisdom, paradigmatic kingcraft and virtuous courtiers were a sensible part of governance, and the penological ideas further ensured the robust operations of it. In the new era, new ideas like \u201cputting the people as the top priority\u201d, Xi Jinping\u2019s thoughts on building cadre teams and governing China by the rule of law have successively proposed as creative converts and innovative development of Chinese culture that has been carried forward over thousands of years. Inheriting and promoting these cultural \u201cgenes\u201d, refining their ideological essence, are of great reference value for cultivating the current political landscape, enriching the connotation of the construction of the cadre team in the new era, adhering to the rule of law and providing ideas for the formulation of current rural governance policies.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Construction remains a male-dominated industry, with women underrepresented both numerically and hierarchically. However, the growing shortage of construction professionals and skilled workers can be addressed by engaging more women in the industry. The present study sought to answer two research questions: What are the major barriers hindering the participation of women in construction? and Is there any relationship between lean implementation and overcoming these barriers? The study investigated women's challenges and the relationship with Lean principles through a literature review and expert interviews. Two pillars of Lean, Continuous Improvement and Respect for People, were identified as potential mechanisms to support female practitioners, helping to eliminate the barriers identified. The study conducted 27 semistructured interviews to collect data on Lean benefits and their impact on gender diversity. Findings indicate that Lean provides team-related benefits, such as a psychologically safe and respectful environment, transparency, diversity, and inclusion, helping women build positive career experiences.", + "input": "Abstract: Although scholars have examined the born globals (BGs) literature, extant reviews have not yet provided a dynamic approach to trace the development of literature. In response, the study aims to define the development of BGs literature by a dynamic perspective. The study focused on the network analysis of 609 out of 1034 documents published in the period from 2002 to 2020 about BGs collected from the Web of Science (TM) (WoS) Core Collection (CC), owing to carrying out that some documents were irrelevant or did not contain the keywords while the manual reading of abstracts. We applied the DPRel method which uses meta-path-based semi-metric measures to examine the longitudinal relatedness between the concepts in the networks, following the relevance path of Keywords (K)-Documents (D)-Keywords (K). According to the findings, 13 concepts in 5 different periods constitute the backbone of the literature at the macro-level. There are 58 concepts feeding the mainstream at the meso-level. At the micro-level, 26 concepts enrich the literature by supporting the backbone.", "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Within the framework of achieving carbon peak and neutrality, studying the measurement and spatial correlation network of water environmental efficiency (WEE) is beneficial for protecting the water environment and strengthening the coordinated development between regions. This study quantifies WEE under carbon emission constraints in three major urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Basin. Employing a modified gravity model paired with social network analysis (SNA) method, we establish a spatial correlation network. Furthermore, we explore the determinants of the spatial correlation network using Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) model. The research findings indicate that: (1) WEE exhibits fluctuations and increases, illustrating a trend of 'high on both sides and low in the middle.' (2) The spatial connection of WEE is tightening, demonstrating significant spatial spillover effects. Compared to Chengdu-Chongqing and the Midstream, the Yangtze River Delta has transitioned from a 'dual-core' setup to a multicentric network, which is more stable and showcases tighter interconnections. (3) Urbanization, population density, industrial transformation, and technological innovation emerge as the primary influencing factors of the spatial correlation network, displaying both temporal and regional heterogeneity. This study provides a theoretical framework and empirical support for water environmental protection and offers insights for policy-making towards green sustainable development.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: This article explores four-century-old all-male kabuki theatre of Japan as the site of logics, mechanisms, and operations of onnagata's gender performance. The term onnagata signifies actors performing women's roles in kabuki, and since the first two and a half centuries of kabuki history overlapped with the time when women were legally expelled from performance activities, male onnagata mostly developed and established the artistry and traditions of onnagata acting. Women resumed kabuki performance when it was still illegal, but that did not cancel this fact. The present article studies kabuki in this historical context in order to investigate how dynamically genders are taking shape on the kabuki stage and off. To that end, this paper uses cultivation (a training methodology called shugyo) as a key point of investigation, while paying special attention to female onnagata as a main subject of examination. Cultivation is the training methodology of weight that has long been used and systematized in many circles engaged in activities established in premodern times, such as Buddhism, martial arts, and performing arts, and constitutes a blanket regime for these wide-ranging areas. Cultivation is to obtain and internalize second nature to the extent that it could function as if it were natural, the process of which takes place through two stages: (1) repetitive, long-lasting, personal, and somatic training in, e.g., posture, movements, and the like, and (2) internalization of said technique as second nature. That this cultivation process is congruous with the concept of performativity in contemporary critical theory suggests that an analysis of how female kabuki actors go through cultivation in order to internalize kabuki body grammar, including gender related code can contribute not only to kabuki studies but also to gender studies.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Turbine blades recovered from the Apollo Saturn V rocket F-1 engines were examined to determine an appropriate conservation protocol. Significant corrosion damage was observed in the turbine blades which appear to be made of a nickel based gamma-gamma ' superalloy. Pitting corrosion appears to have breached the surface of the turbine blades, and subsequently a form of dealloying corrosion preferentially attacked the gamma ' phase. This corrosion left behind a thin network of interconnected gamma phase, causing a severe loss of density of the blades and fragility of the blades. The particular alloy used for these turbine blades does not appear to be a known production alloy and may have been developed specifically for use in the F-1 rocket engines, with an increased concentration of refractory (Mo, Nb) elemental additions. The analytical results helped conservators determine a suitable treatment protocol for more than 400 blades and 100 fragments from four recovered turbines.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: In March 1674, Hungary's Lutheran and Calvinist clergy stood collectively accused of fomenting rebellion against the Habsburgs and seeking protection from the Ottomans. A widely publicized tribunal in Pozsony (Bratislava, Pressburg) resulted in systematic expulsions, incarcerations, and the sale of forty-two pastors as galley slaves. A voluminous body of historiography has been dedicated to the victims of the tribunal and their tribulations. It is commonly assumed that the accusations against the Protestant clergy were fabricated. This article shifts the focus from martyrologies, sermons, and narratives written after the year 1674 to eyewitness accounts in inquisitorial records, letters, petitions, official reports, and military dispatches from the years leading up to the Pozsony Tribunal. These unstudied testimonies in the Hungarian and Austrian archives reveal that a significant number of pastors participated in popular resistance and revolt against a brutal Habsburg Counter Reformation. Many put their hopes in the Ottomans whom they considered protectors against the destruction of their religion. These little-known developments shed light on important larger historical realities that have been eclipsed by Habsburg and Central European historians, namely, Hungarian popular hopes for liberation from the Habsburgs by the Ottomans which culminated in two major revolts in 1670 and 1672.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: It is more than thirty years since Ayatollah Khomeini, the supreme leader of Iran, issued a fatwa (religious decree) calling for the execution of the British-Indian novelist Salman Rushdie, whose third novel, The Satanic Verses, was published in 1988. But the 'Rushdie Affair' has yet to be subject to a sustained analysis by historians. Journalists and political scientists continue to focus on the fatwa, despite the fact the protests against the novel in Britain - where The Satanic Verses is primarily set - predated Khomeini's decree by two months. This article fills this lacuna by shifting attention onto the emergence of the campaign against The Satanic Verses in Britain and in Bradford especially, where a copy of Rushdie's 'blasphemous' novel was infamously burnt by Muslim protestors. It shows how an earlier set of campaigns fought in Bradford by Muslim activists paved the way for the city to become a key site of protest against both Rushdie and his novel. The protests that greeted The Satanic Verses were shaped by the contradictory nature of Britain's emergence as a multicultural society, I argue, and the political complexities thrown up by the hybridized milieu Rushdie had sought to use his fiction to evoke.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Red-green colour blindness is a classic example for the teaching of X-linked recessive inheritance in genetics course. However, there are lots of types of color vision deficiencies besides red-green colour blindness. Different color vision deficiencies caused by different genes may have different modes of inheritance. In recent years, many research achievements on colour blindness have been made. These achievements could be used as teaching resources in genetics course. Here, we summarize the construction of genetics teaching resources related to colour blindness and their application in genetics teaching in several chapters such as introduction, cellular and molecular basis of genetics, sex-linked inheritance, chromosomal aberration, gene mutation and advances in genetics. Teacher could use the resources in class or after class with different teaching methods such as questioning teaching method and task method. It may expand students' academic horizons and inspire students' interest in genetics besides grasping basic genetic knowledge.\u5728\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ea2\u7eff\u8272\u76f2\u662fX\u8fde\u9501\u9690\u6027\u9057\u4f20\u7684\u5178\u578b\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u7136\u800c\u7ea2\u7eff\u8272\u76f2\u53ea\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8272\u89c9\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4e34\u5e8a\u5206\u578b\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8272\u76f2\u9057\u4f20\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u81f4\u75c5\u57fa\u56e0\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u8272\u76f2\u7684\u81f4\u75c5\u57fa\u56e0\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u673a\u5236\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u6cbb\u7597\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7d20\u6750\u5728\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u672c\u6587\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u8272\u76f2\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\u7d20\u6750\u7684\u6316\u6398\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u672c\u6821\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7eea\u8bba\u9057\u4f20\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u57fa\u7840\u4f34\u6027\u9057\u4f20\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u7578\u53d8\u57fa\u56e0\u7a81\u53d8\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55\u7b49\u7ae0\u8282\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8bfe\u5802\u6559\u6388\u4e0e\u95ee\u7b54\uff0c\u8f85\u4ee5\u8bfe\u540e\u6587\u732e\u68c0\u7d22\u4e0e\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u66f4\u597d\u638c\u63e1\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u80fd\u62d3\u5bbd\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5b66\u672f\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c\u6fc0\u53d1\u5b66\u4e60\u5174\u8da3\u3002.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: INTRODUCTION: People with substance use disorder (SUD) deal with stigmatization in various areas of life, including healthcare system. In this study, we investigated the attitudes of final-year medical students towards SUD people and attempted to understand their influence.METHODS: We conducted a two-stage cluster analysis (hierarchical ascending classification followed by K-means clustering) based on the beSAAS. We administrated this 23-item questionnaire to 923 final-year medical students in Belgium (response rate=71,1%). Sociodemographic characteristics were compared between the clusters.RESULTS: Four clusters of students with specific characteristics were identified in this study. The first, The Inclusives (including 27,9% of respondents) had the least negative attitudes; they wanted to specialize mainly in psychiatry and gynecology. The second, The Centrists (23,6%) consisted mainly of male students. They had many private and professional experiences with substance use and considered themselves less healthy than others did. Most wanted to specialize in pediatrics and general practice. Their attitudes were slightly negative towards people with SUD. The third, The Moralists (27,6%), were mainly older, from non-European countries, had the least experience with substance use (or contact mainly in hospitals), had the less high mother's level of education and reported excellent health. They were heading toward other specialties. They had the most stereotypes and moralism, and less treatment optimism. The fourth, The Specialist care-oriented (20,8%), were the most in favor of specialized treatment. This group had a higher proportion of Belgian, females, and students who had specific contact with this population. They especially intended to specialize in internal medicine.CONCLUSION: This study revealed 4 profiles of medical students with different attitudes towards SUD people. The Moralists, including more than a quarter of the respondents, were characterized by strong stereotypes and moralism and little treatment optimism. These clusters could contribute to the design of a learner-centered program aimed at addressing stigma within the main curriculum.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Long-term fixed passive acoustic monitoring of cetacean populations is a logistical and technological challenge, often limited by the battery capacity of the autonomous recorders. Depending on the research scope and target species, temporal subsampling of the data may become necessary to extend the deployment period. This study explores the effects of different duty cycles on metrics that describe patterns of seasonal presence, call type richness richness, and daily call rate of three blue whale acoustics populations in the Southern Indian Ocean. Detections of blue whale calls from continuous acoustic data were subsampled with three different duty cycles of 50%, 33%, and 25% within listening periods ranging from 1 min to 6 h. Results show that reducing the percentage of recording time reduces the accuracy of the observed seasonal patterns as well as the estimation of daily call rate and call call type richness. For a specific duty cycle, short listening periods (5-30 min) are preferred to longer listening periods (1-6 h). The effects of subsampling are greater the lower the species' vocal activity or the shorter their periods of presence. These results emphasize the importance of selecting a subsampling scheme adapted to the target species. (c) 2024 Acoustical Society of America.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The relation of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to lifestyle behaviors and factors linked with cardiovascular health remains unclear. We aimed to understand how the American Heart Association's Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score (and its changes over time) relate to CRF and complementary exercise measures in community-dwelling adults.METHODS AND RESULTS: Framingham Heart Study (FHS) participants underwent maximum effort cardiopulmonary exercise testing for direct quantification of peak oxygen uptake (VO2). A 100-point LE8 score was constructed as the average across 8 factors: diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep, body mass index, lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure. We related total LE8 score, score components, and change in LE8 score over 8years with peak VO2 (log-transformed) and complementary CRF measures. In age- and sex-adjusted linear models (N=1838, age 54\u00b19years, 54% women, LE8 score 76\u00b112), a higher LE8 score was associated favorably with peak VO2, ventilatory efficiency, resting heart rate, and blood pressure response to exercise (all P<0.0001). A clinically meaningful 5-point higher LE8 score was associated with a 6.0% greater peak VO2 (1.4 mL/kg per minute at sample mean). All LE8 components were significantly associated with peak VO2 in models adjusted for age and sex, but blood lipids, diet, and sleep health were no longer statistically significant after adjustment for all LE8 components. Over an 8-year interval, a 5-unit increase in LE8 score was associated with a 3.7% higher peak VO2 (P<0.0001).CONCLUSIONS: Higher LE8 score and improvement in LE8 over time was associated with greater CRF, highlighting the importance of the LE8 factors in maintaining CRF.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: The European Union is pushing towards the adoption of energy production systems from Renewable Energy Sources, in both new and existing buildings. However, integrating photovoltaic (PV) applications into historical heritage context remain challenging due to a number of different barriers, primarily related to social acceptability. This research aims to define a collaborative and interoperable workflow that utilizes Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) tools to facilitate the integration of advanced and cus-tomized PV technologies and components in historical buildings refurbishment operations. The workflow combines architectural refurbishment practices with parametric rendering and a best-choice protocol to establish an efficient stakeholder value-chain for a collaborative approach. The methodology includes the following four steps: (i) historical research and on-site survey; (ii) HBIM model construction; (iii) selec-tion of PV interventions and technologies; (iv) modelling of the selected PV components and integration in the HBIM model. The study also demonstrates the output of applying this workflow to a real histor-ical building through a case study. Heritage-compatible building integrated PV (BIPV) interventions are evaluated following a multi-level risk-benefits scheme that considers factors such as aesthetic impact, technological compatibility, theoretical energy performances, economic costs, and environmental issues. Subsequently, selected interventions and advanced customized BIPV elements are modelled in BIM en-vironment. The study highlights the positive implications of this HBIM-based workflow in various as-pects, including decision-making (e.g., promoting collaboration and interoperability), modelling (e.g., pre-emptive evaluation and reduction of impacts, PV component customization, and optimization), and data and process management (e.g., creating an all-in-one model for future assessments and operations).(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Understanding the conservation condition of historical silk yarn allows to define appropriate storage, care and display of historical silk collections. This paper discusses the characterisation of silk fabrics from a collection of traditional Japanese samurai armours which date back from the 16th to the 20th century (Morigi Collection, Museo delle Culture, Lugano, Switzerland). An analytical protocol to assess silk fabrics conditions was defined, based on microinvasive ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. In particular, the amide I and II region was studied in order to extrapolate the conformational information about silk proteins. According to literature, this kind of information can be related to different degradation stages. A linear correlation was found between the amide I and the amide II shifts, allowing to assess the silk fibre condition. Along with this bivariate approach based on intensity ratios, a multivariate approach based on Principal Component Analysis was also applied to ATR-FTIR spectra. This allowed to group together silks with the same state of preservation. The findings of this research offer a valuable method to researchers and conservators to identify the most damaged textiles; the differentiation between original and restoration materials was also possible in some cases. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Separation commonly occurs in political science, usually when a binary explanatory variable perfectly predicts a binary outcome. In these situations, methodologists often recommend penalized maximum likelihood or Bayesian estimation. But researchers might struggle to identify an appropriate penalty or prior distribution. Fortunately, I show that researchers can easily test hypotheses about the model coefficients with standard frequentist tools. While the popular Wald test produces misleading (even nonsensical) p-values under separation, I show that likelihood ratio tests and score tests behave in the usual manner. Therefore, researchers can produce meaningful p-values with standard frequentist tools under separation without the use of penalties or prior information.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: According to the causal-historical theory of reference, natural kind terms refer in virtue of complicated causal relations the speakers have to their environment. A common objection to the theory is that purely causal relations are insufficient to fix reference in a determinate fashion. The so-called hybrid view holds that what is also needed for successful fixing are true descriptions associated in the mind of the speaker with the referent. The main claim of this paper is that the objection fails: reference fixing of natural kind terms can be purely causal. The main argument draws inspiration from recent theoretical advances made in metaphysics of kinds by Marion Godman, Antonella Mallozzi, and David Papineau. The main claim is that their notion of super-explanatory properties may explain how reference of many kind terms can be fixed purely causally.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: This article presents an overview of Aga Khan University's (AKU) pioneering medical education initiatives over the past 40 years, exploring its impact on healthcare in the region and its commitment to advancing medical education and research in the developing world. Established in 1983 as the first private university in Pakistan, AKU has evolved into a global institution with a focus on improving healthcare standards and addressing healthcare needs in the developing world. The article also discusses the undergraduate and postgraduate medical education programs at AKU Medical College, Pakistan, highlighting their unique features and pioneering approaches to medical education. The institution's journey highlights its ability to adapt to the evolving healthcare landscape while maintaining a focus on quality and excellence, offering a model for other institutions striving to meet healthcare needs in low- and middle-income countries.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The effect of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) variability on adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) is unclear. We aim to investigate the predictive value of HbA1c variability on the risks of all-cause death and HF rehospitalization in patients with HF irrespective of their diabetic status.METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a previously validated territory-wide clinical data registry, HbA1c variability was assessed by average successive variability (ASV) or SD of all HbA1c measurements after HF diagnosis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and its corresponding 95% CI. A total of 65950 patients with HF were included in the study. Over a median follow-up of 6.7 (interquartile range, 4.0-10.6) years, 34508 patients died and 52446 required HF rehospitalization. Every unit increment of variability in HbA1c was significantly associated with higher HF rehospitalization (HR ASV, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.18-1.23]) and all-cause death (HR ASV, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.47-1.53]). Diabetes significantly modified the association between HbA1c variability and outcomes (Pinteraction<0.001). HbA1c variability in patients with HF without diabetes conferred a higher risk of rehospitalization (HR ASV, 1.92 [95% CI, 1.70-2.17] versus HR ASV, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.17-1.21]), and all-cause death (HR ASV, 3.90 [95% CI, 3.31-4.61] versus HR ASV, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.43-1.50] compared with patients with diabetes).CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c variability is significantly associated with greater risk of rehospitalization and all-cause death in patients with HF, irrespective of their diabetic status. These observations were more pronounced in patients with HF without diabetes.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Despite significant changes in gender norms over the 20th century and a substantial increase in women's labour force participation, women continue to provide the majority of unpaid child care. This poses a barrier to further improvements in women's labour force participation, especially when child care is limited, inaccessible or unaffordable. This paper explores the impact of substantial increases in child care accessibility and affordability on women's labour market outcomes by exploiting the rollout of free, full-day programming for four-year-old children in Nova Scotia from 2017/18 to 2020/21 using a staggered difference-in-differences approach. The program led to a 21 percentage-point increase in the labour force participation of mothers with four-year-old children in Nova Scotia, via increased employment. Unsurprisingly, these impacts are significantly larger for women whose youngest child is four years old.Programmes gratuits & agrave; temps plein pour les enfants de quatre ans en Nouvelle-& Eacute;cosse et r & eacute;sultats des femmes sur le march & eacute; du travail. Malgr & eacute; des changements importants dans les normes de genre au cours du vingti & egrave;me si & egrave;cle et une augmentation substantielle de la participation des femmes au march & eacute; du travail, ces derni & egrave;res continuent d'assurer la majorit & eacute; des t & acirc;ches non r & eacute;mun & eacute;r & eacute;es pour s'occuper des enfants. Cette situation constitue un obstacle & agrave; l'am & eacute;lioration de la participation des femmes au march & eacute; du travail, en particulier lorsque les services de garde d'enfants sont limit & eacute;s, inaccessibles ou inabordables. & Agrave; l'aide de la m & eacute;thode des doubles diff & eacute;rences, cet article explore l'incidence de l'augmentation substantielle de l'accessibilit & eacute; et de l'abordabilit & eacute; des services de garde d'enfants sur les r & eacute;sultats des femmes sur le march & eacute; du travail, qui profitent du lancement d'un programme gratuit & agrave; temps plein pour les enfants de quatre ans en Nouvelle-& Eacute;cosse, de 2017-2018 & agrave; 2020-2021. Le programme a entra & icirc;n & eacute; une augmentation de 21 points de pourcentage de la participation au march & eacute; du travail des m & egrave;res ayant des enfants de quatre ans en Nouvelle-& Eacute;cosse, en raison d'une augmentation de l'emploi. Sans surprise, ces r & eacute;percussions sont nettement plus importantes pour les femmes dont le plus jeune enfant est & acirc;g & eacute; de quatre ans.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The tragic fire of Notre -Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15th 2019 has provided researchers with a wide variety of materials to study. The condition of the framework remains does not allow any reuse, which creates an unprecedented opportunity to study the charred pieces of the frame: about 10,0 0 0 for the highest estimates. But upstream from the wooden items study, an inventory is required to establish methods that are consistent with the potential of the charred remains of the cathedral's framework. The purpose of this article is therefore to present the problems raised, the methods applied, the potential of the remains of the n-dame's frame - so called the forest - and the first results. (c) 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Sports-related online abuse has evolved into an inevitable issue and even those athletes and teams honored as national icons cannot be exceptional. This study explores how exposure to abusive content on social media affects sports fans' behavior. More specifically, the researchers draw from social psychology and exam the rejection-identification model with fans' team identity and hate for rival teams as parallel competitive mediators in the context of online abuse in sports. Using a sample comprising 917 fans of the Chinese Women's National Volleyball Team (CWV), the study suggested that exposure to online abuse is linked to a decrease in fans' intention to create content and advocate for their teams on social media. However, the identification with their idol and hatred towards the opposing groups are evidenced to buffer negative behavioral impacts, revealing an effective psychological mechanism among fans. These findings shed light on the dual psycho-behavioral impacts of online abuse on sports fans and provide practical implications for addressing online incivility and mitigating its toxic effects on sports communication and management.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Ptychography, a prevalent imaging technique in fields such as biology and optics, poses substantial challenges in its reconstruction process, characterized by nonconvexity and large-scale requirements. This paper presents a novel approach by introducing a class of variational models that incorporate the weighted difference of anisotropic-isotropic total variation. This formulation enables the handling of measurements corrupted by Gaussian or Poisson noise, effectively addressing the nonconvex challenge. To tackle the large-scale nature of the problem, we propose an efficient stochastic alternating direction method of multipliers, which guarantees convergence under mild conditions. Numerical experiments validate the superiority of our approach by demonstrating its capability to successfully reconstruct complex-valued images, especially in recovering the phase components even in the presence of highly corrupted measurements.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Hackathons are characterized by their dynamic and collaborative nature, acting as incubators for innovation in diverse contexts. They are celebrated for nurturing creativity and tackling current challenges while offering distinctive educational opportunities. However, participants' lack of confidence and increased anxiety can diminish the utility of a hackathon's outcomes, adversely affecting both the resolution of the challenges at hand and the educational value of the experience. Drawing on 398 responses from verified hackathon participants, we examined associations among experience, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, confidence and anxiety. The findings confirm that experience at hackathons has a beneficial effect on individuals' confidence levels and concurrently diminishes anxiety. Additionally, intrinsic motivations show negative associations with anxiety and positive associations with confidence, while extrinsic motivations have unequivocal effects. These insights deepen our comprehension of the hackathon ecosystem, underscoring the criticality of participant's well-being and motivation. The ramifications of these findings are multifaceted: they not only inform the enhancement of hackathon frameworks, emphasizing a participant-focused approach, but also facilitate the strategic incorporation of hackathons within educational and organizational contexts.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Over the last decade, there has been an increase in civil compensation claims for sexual violence in the United Kingdom (UK). Given that trauma-informed approaches have been called for in relation to legal responses to sexual violence, we put forward seven key principles of trauma-informed lawyering in this context and draw on interviews with UK-based civil lawyers who represented sexual violence survivors to explore the extent to which trauma-informed work is taking place. While we found that our sample of lawyers typically had a very good knowledge of sexual violence and the trauma that it can cause, there was less certainty about how to accommodate the impacts in practice. Moreover, there was a tendency to prioritize individual healing and medicalize a form of social injustice. We conclude by emphasizing the need for legal training and education on a trauma-informed approach that accounts for the social and political dimensions of sexual violence and trauma.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: The Russian invasion of Ukraine that started on 24 February 2022 has had a dramatic impact on the energy policy of the European Union and its member states. Nonetheless, not all EU members have radically overhauled their energy sectors and policies. Looking at the period between February 2022 and December 2023, this paper argues that Slovakia's energy sector has remained unchanged in comparison to developments within the EU and beyond. Slovakia has continued to purchase natural gas from Russia, having negotiated an exemption from the EU sanctions on Russian oil, and gas consumption decreased only minimally in the winter of 2022/2023. Furthermore, it maintained at best a lukewarm position on renewable energy sources and even struggled to implement those energy efficiency measures that were included in the post-pandemic recovery plans. Slovakia also did not reconsider its coal phase-out deadline of 2023 and its (already very supportive) nuclear policy. We explain this policy persistence with the help of a revised lock-in concept which, in the case of Slovakia, is mostly connected to nuclear energy (Modified Letter Turned Commanuclear lock-in'), which locks out alternative energy sources, especially renewables.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article suggests a new interpretative framework for Article 27(2) of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which prohibits sexual violence against women in armed conflict. One specific aspect of this norm is particularly controversial: the notion of 'honour' has often been criticised as an obsolete concept linked to an outdated view of female morality. In the absence of a definition of the term, this article examines whether the gendered limitations of the norm can be overcome and the extent to which an evolutive interpretation of the concept is feasible. It argues that the concept of 'honour' can be treated as a generic term that is subject to evolutive interpretation, allowing for a renewed and gender-sensitive understanding to be developed, aligned with the concept of human dignity.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: The archaeological site of Tingambato is one of the few evidences of the populations that settled in western Mexico during the Classic and Postclassic periods, before the development of the great Tarascan empire. Therefore, its study is fundamental to know both the characteristics of the culture that preceded the empire, as well as the phenomena that led to its formation. During the last decade, efforts have increased to reveal the history of this site. Thanks to the recent excavations, different archaeological materials belonging to the three construction phases of the place are available, which have served to define their main characteristics. In the present investigation, the magnetic characterization and dating of different archaeological materials belonging to the last occupational stage of Tingambato were carried out using archaeomagnetic methods. Some of these materials show evidence of exposure to fire after their elaboration. According to archaeological investigations, the ancient city of Tingambato was burned before being abandoned, so the ages obtained for four of the analyzed potsherds represent the first available dating for the abandonment of the site. Finally, these ages allow us to propose interpretations about the probable causes that led to its abandonment.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Action segmentation task is an important approach for understanding the actions from the video. Most of the conventional action recognition tasks can recognize only a single action from a given input video, thus we need to input a pre -trimmed video containing only one type of action. In contrast, temporal action segmentation (TAS) aims to segment a temporally untrimmed video sequence by time. Consequently, it has wider application prospects in various fields. Previously proposed TAS-based methods use only RGB color video as input to segment the actions, but RGB video is not robust against diverse backgrounds. Whereas skeleton -based features are more resilient as they do not incorporate any background information but there has been limited research exploring this feature modality. To this end, we propose a motion -aware and temporal -enhanced spatial- temporal graph convolutional network for the skeleton -based human action segmentation. Our framework contains a motion -aware module, multi -scale temporal convolutional network, temporal -enhanced graph convolutional network module and a refinement module. Our method can efficiently capture the motion information and long-range dependencies using skeleton features while improving temporal modeling. We have conducted experiments using four publicly available datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of our introduced method. The code is available at https://github.com/11yxk/openpack.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Inborn errors of immunity have been associated with reduced health-related quality of life and increased fatigue. Sleep disorders, which have been shown to contribute to fatigue and other health concerns, are prevalent in the general population, but there are limited studies evaluating these conditions in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of fatigue, sleep disturbances, and sleep-disordered breathing in adults with CVID. Patients completed 4 validated, self-administered questionnaires and a 1-night disposable home sleep apnea test. Our results demonstrated increased median Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System fatigue scores of 58.7 in patients with CVID in addition to clinically significant fatigue as measured by Fatigue Severity Scale score (median, 5.2) and overall poor sleep quality based on global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (median, 9.0). For CVID patients who completed the home sleep apnea test, 76.9% met criteria for sleep-disordered breathing with an Apnea-Hypopnea Index score of 5 or greater. The results of our study indicate that patients with CVID may have increased rates of undiagnosed sleep disorders that may contribute to increased fatigue and reduced health-related quality of life.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article examines Middle and Late Preclassic period ritual activity and caches discovered in the Central E Group complex at the ancient Maya site of Cival, which is located in northeastern Peten, Guatemala. It focuses on a series of excavations conducted in 2013 and 2014 at Structure 9, the E Group's western radial pyramid and uses theories of social memory and sacred place to provide insight into the recently discovered caches, termination rituals, and the deliberate destruction of architectural features found there. It also draws on previous ritual activity conducted in the Central E Group plaza and the site's broader history to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of this complex as a sacred place and hub of memory at Cival for more than 1,000 years.Este articulo examina la actividad ritual del periodo Preclasico Medio y Tardio de los escondites descubiertos en el complejo del Grupo Tipo-E Central en el antiguo sitio Maya de Cival, que se encuentra en el noreste de Peten, Guatemala. Haciendo enfasis en una serie de excavaciones realizadas entre los anos 2013 y 2014 en la Estructura 9, que es la Piramide radial al oeste del Grupo. Las teorias de la memoria social y el lugar sagrado son aplicadas para dar una idea de los hallazgos mencionados recientemente, los rituales de terminacion y la destruccion deliberada de las caracteristicas arquitectonicas que se encuentran en dicha estructura. Tambien se basa en la actividad ritual realizada anteriormente en la plaza del mismo complejo para obtener una comprension mas amplia y completa de su historia y del papel de este grupo como lugar sagrado y centro de la memoria en Cival durante mas de 1000 anos.", + "input": "Abstract: Premise of research. In our modern flora, the Cycadales represent one of the oldest-known gymnosperm clades, with their evolutionary roots tracing back to the late Paleozoic. Their radiation and wide distribution in the Mesozoic are well documented by numerous fossils. In contrast, the fossil record of late Paleozoic forms is restricted to a few specimens, thus leaving open questions on the origin and early evolution of cycads. A petrified stem with cycadalean affinity has been found in Saxony (central-eastern Germany) in Holocene gravel deposits of the Zwickauer Mulde river as a result of fluvial transportation from its original lower Permian locality.Methodology. The specimen was sectioned transversely, radially, and tangentially. Its provenance was clarified by comparing fossil woods of various localities in the upstream catchment area. Samples of these localities were exposed to ultraviolet light of different wavelengths, revealing distinctive fluorescence patterns related to specific geochemical conditions during the fossilization process. Plant anatomical studies were performed by macroscopic and microscopic documentation, including photo scanning, microscopic photography, and anatomical measurements.Pivotal results. Cycadodendron galtieri gen. nov. et sp. nov. originates from the Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstatte, an autochthonous floral assemblage of early Permian age (291 Ma; Sakmarian-Artinskian) that has been buried and conserved by pyroclastics in a geological instant. Several anatomical characteristics provide evidence for its cycadalean affinity: (1) a wide pith with numerous scattered medullary bundles, (2) a pith-peripheral vascular system with endarch primary xylem bundles, (3) at least nine successive vascular segments with secondary xylem and phloem, (4) araucarioid-type pitting of secondary xylem tracheids, and (5) primary rays and medullary bundles traversing the vascular segments.Conclusions. Cycadodendron galtieri gen. nov. et sp. nov. provides insights into stem anatomical characteristics of the oldest-known cycads, for example, revealing that polyxyly was an early-derived feature in cycad evolution. Its provenance reveals that the arborescent but generally small taxon was part of intramontane forested landscapes thriving on a well-drained mineral substrate in an alluvial plain setting and experiencing seasonally dry paleoclimate.", "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BackgroundPeople with intellectual and developmental disabilities are among the most underserved in an inequitable healthcare system.MethodsUsing Arksey and O'Malley's methodology and a social determinants of health framework, we conducted a scoping review of literature on the state of practice in education of healthcare professionals in the health and healthcare needs of this population.ResultsSearches found 4948 articles, with 182 included in the final review. Themes identified included gaps of not being informed by workforce needs, continued use of the medical model of care, not addressing intersectionality with racial/ethnic and other discriminations, and lack of involvement of the population in developing/evaluating programs and promising trends of development of competency-based interprofessional programs with experiential learning.ConclusionWe provide recommendations for best practices in a concerted effort to educate a healthcare workforce equipped with the knowledge and skills to address the health needs of this population.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeTo investigate the influence of logistics and transportation workers' perceptions of their management's simultaneous safety and operations focus (or lack thereof) on related worker safety and operational perceptions and behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThis multi-method research consisted of two studies. Study 1 aimed to establish correlational relationships by evaluating the impact of individual-level worker perceptions of operationally focused routines (as a moderator) on the relationship between worker perceptions of safety-related routines and workers' self-reported safety and in-role operational behaviors using a survey. Study 2 aimed to establish causal relationships by evaluating the same conceptual relationships in a behavioral-type experiment utilizing vehicle simulators. After receiving one of four pre-task briefings, participants completed a driving task scenario in a driving simulator.FindingsIn Study 1, the relationship between perceived safety focus and safety behavior/in-role operational behavior was strengthened at higher levels of perceived operations focus. In Study 2, participants who received the balanced pre-task briefing committed significantly fewer safety violations than the other 3 treatment groups. However, in-role driving deviations were not impacted as hypothesized.Originality/valueThis research is conducted at the individual (worker) level of analysis to capture the little-known perspectives of logistics and transportation workers and explore the influence of balanced safety and operational routines from a more micro perspective, thus contributing to a deeper understanding of how balanced routines might influence worker behavior when conducting dynamic tasks to ensure safe, effective outcomes.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The ever-increasing demand for data traffic in recent decades has pushed network operators to give importance to the aspect of infrastructure control to facilitate its scalability and maximize its capacity. A generic lightpath (LP) is deployed starting from a traffic request between a given pair of nodes in a network. LPs are operated in the network based on an estimate of the quality of transmission (QoT), which is derived from the physical layer characteristics of a selected route. Regardless of the model used to estimate QoT, it is necessary to calibrate the model to maximize its accuracy and define minimum design margins. The model calibration process depends significantly on the type of data that can be collected in the field (i.e., type of metric, resolution) and therefore on the available monitoring devices. In this work, a systematic evaluation of the QoT estimation is carried out on a multi-span erbium-doped-fiber-amplified optical line system (OLS) using in the first case only total power monitors and in the second experimentally emulating optical channel monitors (OCMs). Given the type of monitoring devices available, three different physical models are calibrated, and six optimization methods are used to define the optimal configuration of the target gain and tilt parameters of the optical amplifiers, jointly optimizing the working point of all amplifiers (global approach) or proceeding span by span (local approach). Subsequently, the OLS was set in each configuration obtained, and the generalized signal-to-noise ratio (GSNR) profile was measured at the end. (c) 2024 Optica Publishing Group", + "input": "Abstract: Background Rehabilitation is considered paramount for enhancing quality of life and reducing healthcare costs. As a result of healthcare reforms, Norwegian municipalities have been given greater responsibility for allocating rehabilitation services following discharge from hospital. Individual decision letters serve as the basis for implementing services and they have been described as information labels on the services provided by the municipality. They play an important role in planning and implementing the services in collaboration with the individual applicants. Research indicates that the implementation of policies may lead to unintended consequences, as individuals receiving municipal services perceive them as fragmented. This perception is characterised by limited user involvement and a high focus on body functions. The aim of this study was to examine how municipal decision letters about service allocation incorporate the recommendations made in the official national guideline and reflect a holistic approach to rehabilitation, coordination and user involvement for individuals with comprehensive needs.Methods The decision letters of ten individuals with moderate to severe brain injury allocating rehabilitation services in two municipalities were examined. It was assessed whether the content was in accordance with the authorities' recommendations, and a discourse analysis was conducted using four tools adapted from an established integrated approach.Results The letters primarily contained standard texts concerning legal and administrative regulations. They were predominantly in line with the official guideline to municipal service allocation. From a rehabilitation perspective, the focus was mainly on medically oriented care, scarcely referring to psychosocial needs, activity, and participation. The intended user involvement seemed to vary between active and passive status, while the coordination of services was given limited attention.Conclusions The written decision letters did fulfil legal and administrative recommendations for service allocation. However, they did not fulfil their potential to serve as a means of conveying rehabilitation issues, such as specification of the allocated services, a holistic approach to health, coordination, or the involvement of users in decision processes. These elements must be incorporated throughout the allocation process if the policies are to be implemented as intended. Findings can have international relevance for discussions between clinicians and policy makers.", "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In this paper we study 500 years of African economic history using traveller accounts. We systematically collected 2464 unique documents, of which 855 pass language and rigorous data quality requirements. Our final corpus of texts contains more than 230 000 pages. Analysing such a corpus is an insurmountable task for traditional historians and would probably take a lifetime's work. Applying modern day computational linguistic techniques such as a structural topic model approach (STM) in combination with domain knowledge of African economic history, we analyse how first-hand accounts (topics) evolve across space and time. Apart from obvious accounts of climate, geography, and zoology, we find topics around imperialism, diplomacy, conflict, trade/commerce, health/medicine, evangelization, and many more topics of interest to scholarship. We illustrate how this novel database and text analysis can be employed in three applications (1) What views are introduced by travellers as a result of their occupational background? (2) Did the adoption of quinine as treatment and prophylaxis against malaria facilitate European expansion into Africa? (3) When and how did the diffusion of New World crops alter the African economic landscape?", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Purpose Microbial keratitis is a sight-threatening condition with a higher incidence in agrarian populations. In countries with a high indigent population, due to financial and other constraints, patients prefer to seek therapy locally rather than travel to advanced centres. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of 60 consecutive patients with microbial keratitis managed at a rural centre. Methods Descriptive case series. All patients clinically diagnosed with infectious keratitis were included. Corneal scrapings were obtained and microbiological identification was done by Gram stain. Anti-microbial therapy was commenced based on smear findings and the patients were followed up till disease resolution. Results Sixty eyes of 60 patients were diagnosed with microbial keratitis in the study period. The mean age was 47.43 +/- 18.69 years. Male:female ratio was 47:53. Risk factors included ocular trauma in the majority of patients (46/60; 76.7%). Microorganisms were identified on 75.6% of smears, with fungal filaments (65.4%) being the most common. Ulcers were central in over half (32/60; 53.3%), and > 3 mm in diameter in over three-fourths (81.6%) of patients. Forty-four patients (73.3%) achieved treatment success whereas 16/60 (26.6%) required referral to our tertiary-eye care facility for management. The median time to resolution was 14 days (IQR 10-26 days). Conclusion Our series demonstrates the feasibility of microbiology-guided therapy in microbial keratitis by ophthalmologists at the secondary rural eye-care level. Two-thirds of the patients could be successfully managed at the rural centre and only severe cases needed a referral to tertiary centres.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This comparative, mixed-methods study explores various definitions of Israel Studies as a discipline through their manifestations in library and archival collections. A survey and a follow-up interview with collection curators provide a glimpse into library operations and demonstrate their dependency on Jewish Studies across the board. Collection strengths, extensiveness, and uniqueness are shaped not by the presence of an on-campus Israel Studies center, but rather by individual curators guided by their own proactive approach to collection building. The article includes an annotated list of over 120 distinctive collections, among which we uncover several hidden collections. Taken together, our article illustrates the need for better communication between Israel Studies' scholarly and information communities.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Neuroelectrical panpsychism (NP) offers a clear, simple, testable mind-body solution. It says that everything is at least minimally conscious, and electrical activity across separate neurons creates a unified, intelligent mind. NP draws on recent experimental evidence to address the easy problem of specifying the mind's neural correlates. These correlates are neuroelectrical activities that, for example, generate our different qualia, unite them to form perceptions and emotions, and help guide brain operations. NP also addresses the hard problem of why minds accompany these neural correlates. Here, the real nature of matter -energy (beyond how it appears to sense organs) is consciousness that occupies space, exerts forces, and unites neuroelectrically to form minds. This doesn't reduce consciousness to observable neural activities, nor posit any radically different entities. NP also deals with panpsychism's combination problem by explaining how the mind's subject and experiences arise by electrically combining simple experiences in brains.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study explores the relationship between social withdrawal and problematic social media use among college students, with a focus on the mediating roles of alexithymia and negative body image. Using the University Student Social Withdrawal Questionnaire, Social Media Addiction Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and Negative Body Image Scale, 2582 college students (33.46% male, average age=19.46 years, SD=2.23) were surveyed. Social withdrawal, alexithymia, negative body image, and problematic social media use were significantly correlated with each other. Social withdrawal positively predicted problematic social media use, and both alexithymia and negative body image played a chain mediating role between social withdrawal and problematic social media use. The findings indicate that individual social withdrawal is associated with college students' problematic use of social media. The results suggest that alexithymia and negative body image may mediate this association, highlighting a potential pathway through which social withdrawal influences social media use patterns.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The following sections are included:Workshop DescriptionLearning ObjectivesPresenter InformationAbout the Workshop OrganizersPresentationsSpeaker Presentations.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The starting point of this paper is a clarification of the forms that hermeneutical injustice takes for bisexual individuals. While it is often thought that bisexuals do not need special protections or politics because they easily pass for straight and thus enjoy so-called hetero privilege, this precise situation is a source of oppression, silencing, erasure, and discrimination for many of them within both straight and gay environments. Bi-invisibility, bi-erasure, and persistent negative stereotypes contribute to specific forms of hermeneutical injustice for this segment of the population. Reflection on these forms, however, as well as reflection on bisexual identity, highlights some problematic aspects connected to the metaphor of hermeneutical gaps and the underlying theoretical model that are often used or assumed in research on epistemic injustice. With the aim of clarifying and responding to such difficulties, I introduce Wittgenstein's notion of hinges as a conceptual tool to better understand these phenomena. The case of bisexuality shows that seeing hermeneutical injustice in the light of the metaphor of hinges, instead of that of gaps, helps better grasp its features, its causes, and the forms that it can assume.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Recent years have witnessed a growing awareness of the critical role that maritime transport plays in global sustainability, given its significant environmental, economic, and social impacts. Central to this concern is the management of ballast water, which, if not properly treated, can lead to the introduction of invasive species, biodiversity loss, and substantial economic and health repercussions. Traditional risk assessment models often fail to capture the complex uncertainties inherent in environmental risks associated with ballast water. This study introduces an innovative fuzzy logic-based risk assessment model designed to enhance decision-making processes in maritime operations by accurately assessing and mitigating the environmental risks of ballast water discharge. The model, structured using three fuzzy systems, integrates human reasoning with mathematical precision, providing an effective tool for sustainable maritime practices. The integrated fuzzy system employs 18 variables as inputs and yields three outputs (ballasting, ballast exchange, and de-ballasting risk). To evaluate the performance of the developed system, various data sets are used and tested through the MATLAB Fuzzy Toolbox. By aligning maritime operations with sustainability principles, this research contributes to the preservation of marine ecosystems, supports the economic stability of marine-dependent industries, and safeguards public health, underscoring the interconnectivity of maritime transport management with overarching sustainability objectives.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: A new archaeological research project analyses the history of Isla del Fraile (aguilas, Spain), a small island off the coast occupied since at least Roman times. Its isolation means that the sea has always conditioned its connectivity and relationship with land. Despite some underwater studies carried out in previous decades, its underwater surroundings, El Hornillo Bay, continue to be relatively unexplored. In parallel to the excavation work on the island's surface, an underwater survey was carried out in the area, which is known for its archaeological wealth. The objectives of this paper are to study the underwater contexts associated with the archaeological site, to determine whether there were any ports or anchorages and to analyse the phases of greatest activity in the bay between Antiquity and the Modern Age. New data are provided, and earlier finds, either previously unpublished or from private donations, are also reviewed. The findings are discussed and related to their local and interregional contexts. The main purpose is to offer a new contribution to the study of the maritime cultural landscape of the Western Mediterranean through a region underrepresented by research.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: The number of people with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in the United States is steadily increasing, with minoritized populations having a disproportionate burden of disease. One strategy to address the racial and ethnic disparities in aging is to diversify scholars in the field of aging, to increase dynamic solution development and create cultural congruence among researchers and participants. The National Institute on Aging has a committed effort to increase and diversify the number of scientists who conduct aging and ADRD research, placing a call for Centers to focus on this effort. In response to the National Institute on Aging call, the Carolina Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Minority Research, housed at the University of South Carolina, proposed a dual approach to addressing these gaps through a joint national conference and mentorship program for underrepresented minoritized faculty. After one year of the program, the participating scholars were surveyed, and successes and growth points of the program were identified to help guide the improvement of this dual approach to addressing gaps in scholar diversity in aging research.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article maps two grids of city walking tours, conceptualizing them as expressions of transcultural memory activism. The first are walking tours in Berlin, guided by Syrian refugees, which use memorials of local traumatic history to testify to the refugees' current traumas. The second are walking tours in an impoverished neighbourhood of south Tel Aviv, that inter-weave African asylum seekers' travelling memories as part of the story of those streets. Analysing these tours, the article probes how references to histories of urban migration and traumatic legacies might inform contemporary political projects asserting the rights of refugees, and redefine the parameters of urban belonging. It therefore proposes a dual theoretical contribution: (1) advancing the transcultural turn in memory studies by paying greater attention to the materiality and performativity of transcultural memory and (2) enhancing research on the agency of refugees by demonstrating how they affect and expand the public memory of the contested national and urban contexts in which they travel or inhabit.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Cicero's political thought is pervaded by analogies of private law that helped him to overcome philosophical difficulties. One serious difficulty was the demand of natural law that property must be owned by the one capable of managing it. This posed a problem to that most remarkable piece of property of all: the res publica. While incapable of managing it, the people was the only theoretically possible owner of the res publica. The legal concept guardianship offered a solution. In Cicero's writings the minor, guardian, and object under care demonstrably correspond to the Roman people, the magistrates, and the res publica.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The origins and dispersal of the chicken across the ancient world remains one of the most enigmatic questions regarding Eurasian domesticated animals. The lack of agreement concerning timing and centers of origin is due to issues with morphological identifications, a lack of direct dating, and poor preservation of thin, brittle bird bones. Here we show that chickens were widely raised across southern Central Asia from the fourth century BC through medieval periods, likely dispersing along the ancient Silk Road. We present archaeological and molecular evidence for the raising of chickens for egg production, based on material from 12 different archaeological sites spanning a millennium and a half. These eggshells were recovered in high abundance at all of these sites, suggesting that chickens may have been an important part of the overall diet and that chickens may have lost seasonal egg-laying.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Background: Colorectal cancer screening rates remain suboptimal, particularly among low-income populations. Our objective was to evaluate the long-term effects of Medicaid expansion on colorectal cancer screening. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 354,384 individuals aged 50-64 with an income below 400% of the federal poverty level (FPL), who participated in the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System from 2010 to 2018. A difference-in-difference analysis was employed to estimate the effect of Medicaid expansion on colorectal cancer screening. Subgroup analyses were conducted for individuals with income up to 138% of the FPL and those with income between 139% and 400% of the FPL. The effect of Medicaid expansion on colorectal cancer screening was examined during the early, mid, and late expansion periods. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the likelihood of receiving colorectal cancer screening for low-income adults aged 50-64. Results: Medicaid expansion was associated with a significant 1.7 percentage point increase in colorectal cancer screening rates among adults aged 50-64 with income below 400% of the FPL (p < 0.05). A significant 2.9 percentage point increase in colorectal cancer screening was observed for those with income up to 138% the FPL (p < 0.05), while a 1.5 percentage point increase occurred for individuals with income between 139% and 400% of the FPL. The impact of Medicaid expansion on colorectal cancer screening varied based on income levels and displayed a time lag for newly eligible beneficiaries. Conclusions: Medicaid expansion was found to be associated with increased colorectal cancer screening rates among low-income individuals aged 50-64. The observed variations in impact based on income levels and the time lag for newly eligible beneficiaries receiving colorectal cancer screening highlight the need for further research and precision public health strategies to maximize the benefits of Medicaid expansion on colorectal cancer screening rates.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The article explores the 'making of martyrs' at the intersection of media (especially cinema), propaganda, and body politics in Iran. Martyrs are not only highly contested bodies, but also surrounded by diverse media techniques which compete for the right to re-make these bodies and organize the visual economy of witnessing. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the cultural industry called Cinema of Sacred Defence sought to monopolize the right to make martyrs after the 1979 Revolution, pursuing a strategy of ascribing different qualities of witnessing to different media. Along films such as Ebrahim Hatamikia's Damascus Time (2018) and Mohammad Hossein Mahdavian's Standing in the Dust (2016), the article examines the new cine-martyrographies of the Sacred Defence and demonstrates how the Islamic Republic's visual propaganda machinery uses old and new digital media as 'messages' - in terms of boundary building as well as the ability to generate genuine Islamic witnessing. In contrast, counter-martyrographies - such as Shahram Mokri's Fish and Cat (2013) and Careless Crime (2020)- are explored that challenge the state's iconology of the martyr and its monopoly on (blood) testimony by depicting media techniques of witnessing that remember those who have no right to be remembered as martyrs by the state.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: The use of seaweed as fuel has been mentioned in ethnographic and historical sources of different coastal regions. Nevertheless, the archaeological record of seaweed burning is still limited to contexts where preservation is exceptional and macroscopic discrimination of charred remains is possible. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy in discriminating seaweed vs. plant/wood char. Our dataset (N = 92) consists of modern and archaeological seaweed and plant/wood charred remains, including specimens of unknown origin from the Atacama Desert coast, Northern Chile. The charred samples were processed to obtain 13 parameters which were then fed into five supervised machine learning models. The models, built on samples of known origin (seaweed and plant/wood), performed remarkably well in terms of accuracy, kappa, sensitivity, and specificity. The models were used for final predictions on 10 non-identified archaeological charcoals. Our results suggest that Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning techniques is a robust methodology for discriminating seaweed and plant/wood charred remains in the archaeological record. The predictions on unknown samples confirm that seaweed was used as fuel in a specific funerary ritual in the southern Atacama Desert coast around 5000 cal BP. Furthermore, charred specimens of Lessonia spp. recovered from combustion features in other northern Chile coastal settlements, suggest that seaweed pyrotechnology developed by Atacama Desert coast people is likely a long-term process. As for coastal archaeology, this work encourages new research on seaweed as an alternative/main fuel in coastal deserts and evaluates possible bias for chronologies from coastal archaeological settlements around the globe.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The US West Coast's earthquake early warning system ShakeAlert detects earthquakes as they happen and creates rapid signals that can reach users before shaking does. ShakeAlert is an ambitious system, involving many entities and elements. Its development and operation require interdisciplinary and interagency collaboration. In this paper, we consider these relationships and their effects, drawing on participant observation and 36 interviews from between 2019 and 2021 with people in university, government, and industry roles related to ShakeAlert. We describe what is involved in operating the system as riskwork, referencing a sociological literature on the many activities required to do risk analysis and risk mitigation. To reveal the complexities of ShakeAlert's earthquake early warning riskwork, we first outline ShakeAlert's history. Then, we consider the experiences of developing the system during the years it began to be widely available in California, Washington, and Oregon. We analyze research participants' reflections related to a theme consistent across many of their experiences: that of uncertainty. The uncertainties we consider here are related to the purpose of the ShakeAlert system, structures and processes for organization and collaboration, and system use and users. We show how these uncertainties are institutional in nature; related to the very interdisciplinary and interagency nature of the project and, consequently, difficult to resolve. We discuss interrogate their implications for the ShakeAlert system. Doing so, we raise concerns about how riskwork undertaken under conditions of these institutionalized uncertainties may reduce opportunities for members of some groups to participate meaningfully in decision-making. Our research contributes to efforts to document and better understand the riskwork entailed in hazard risk mitigation, as well as the institutionalized uncertainties that can emerge in such contexts. It is also our hope that it will also facilitate the mobilization of support for those whose work we describe.This paper foregrounds aspects of operating an earthquake early warning system that are rarely written about. It describes qualitative and descriptive research, and as such its goals are largely to advance understanding about the kinds of work that ShakeAlert entails, and so what other earthquake early warning systems and projects like them also might involve. Practical applications of findings might include (1) efforts to support for riskworkers who labor in conditions of institutional uncertainty, including acknowledgment of the challenges they take on and adjustment of expectations as possible; (2) creation of opportunities for riskworkers to network and build relationships of trust with each other to facilitate collaboration; (3) development of processes for assuring inclusion of groups key to a project's success but not well networked with others in order to formally increase pathways for inclusion; and (4) reduction of institutionalized uncertainties where and when possible. While conditions related to ShakeAlert have changed since data was collected, practical applications of findings described here are also relevant to other interdisciplinary and interagency risk mitigation projects.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: In their contribution, Tsebelis and Nardi (2016a) examine the impact of constitutional design on economic performance. The authors find evidence of a significant negative relationship between constitutional length and economic performance. As we will show here, the results of Tsebelis and Nardi (2016a) are not robust. Several minor adjustments to the models, each on its own, reduce or eliminate the presumed relevance of constitutional length. Moreover, conceptual considerations raise doubts whether the focus on constitutional length is a promising path to follow.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In this article, I cite oral history narratives donated by people living and working at Safe Outdoor Spaces (SOS)-sanctioned campsites in Denver, Colorado-to propose that SOS sites (which follow a harm reductionist stance, offer physical safety, and are largely staffed by peer navigators) offer a model for oral history making that takes place daily and off the record. As oral history projects contribute to representational belonging in archives and historical records, we might also consider the ways in which oral history making can create a belonging that is lived, inherent, and literal. By framing SOS sites as one possible living model for oral history making, this article demonstrates how oral history might shape not only our future understanding of the past but also the way our society lives in the present.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: The author in this paper explores the connections between art and sciencing in the humanbecoming paradigm. Relevant examples of artforms used by Parse scholars are illustrated. A brief discussion on art sciencing is illuminated. Finally, an example of feeling overwhelmed through the lens of the performing arts is shared.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Female sex workers (FSWs) face an elevated risk of developing mental health disorders and alcohol use disorders (AUD), which in turn increase their vulnerability to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other negative outcomes. To effectively address both of these health issues, it is crucial to understand the shared key determinants underlying these illnesses, which is a substantial knowledge gap in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the common key determinants of depression and AUD among FSWs in Ethiopia using a bivariate multivariable ordinal logistic model.METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional biobehavioral data collected in 2020 from 16 cities and major towns in Ethiopia using the respondent-driven sampling (RDS) technique, which involved a total of 6,085 FSWs. FSWs who had lived at the study sites for at least a month before the study period were deemed eligible for recruitment. Major depressive disorder (DD) and AUD were screened using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) and alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT), respectively. We used descriptive statistics to summarize study population characteristics and bivariate multivariable ordinal logistic regression (BMOLR) to identify common determinants of DD and AUD combined and their nonnormal correlation.RESULTS: Among 6085 FSWs screened for DD and AUD, 13.5% and 4.0% have met the criteria for moderate and severe depressive disorder, respectively, and 20.3% and 34.7% have met the AUDIT criteria for harmful or hazardous behavior and alcohol dependence, respectively. FSW with experience of inconsistent condom use, condom failure, violence, mobility, use of any drugs, non-paying partners, abortion, and selling sex for more than five years were associated with an increase in the severity of both disorders. A high average income from selling sex and the number of paying partners reduced the severity of depression and increased the level of alcohol dependence. Being HIV positive and ever having anal sex were associated only with an increase in depression.CONCLUSION: Major DD and AUD are prevalent among FSWs in Ethiopia. The findings revealed that common key determinants, which exacerbated the severity of both disorders, were also risk factors for HIV and other STIs. Consequently, integrated STI strategies are essential in the screening, referral, and treatment of depression and AUD. Intervention packages should encompass determinants of depression and AUD, including condom utilization, drug use, mobility between towns, abortion, violence, and counseling services. Additionally, strategies to ensure economic security should be incorporated.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: This article investigates the solidarity campaigns supporting refugees from the Greek Civil War (1946-1949) in post-war Czechoslovakia and the emerging German Democratic Republic. Framed as an important bridge between the interwar and later Cold War forms of socialist internationalism, this case sheds light on its transitory character, revealing the narrative shift from anti-fascist to anti-imperialist contexts and the increasingly institutionalized and ritualized solidarity. Thus, not only was practising solidarity already an integral part of post-war socialist regimes, but it also served a variety of functions, contributing to the legitimization and identity of the Eastern bloc. Based on archival documents and press, the article uncovers the deployment of analogical institutional structures employed by both states, thus opening up the sphere of interaction with their citizens, mobilized to become involved in various ways. The two countries, however, departed from different positions, dealing with opposing legacies of the wartime experience, which influenced the motivations employed in their campaigns. Entangled in discourses of guilt, heroism, and victimhood, yet aligned under the proclaimed values of socialist brotherhood and anti-fascism, building internationalist solidarity in both countries worked alongside and even boosted attempts to overcome the obstacle of the Nazi past, both internally and in their mutual relationship. This article thus contributes to a better understanding of how internationalist solidarity functioned as a platform to build bridges - not only towards the South, but also within the Eastern bloc.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The majority of existing deep learning-based image denoising algorithms mainly focus on processing the overall image features, ignoring the fine differences between the semantic and pixel features. Hence, we propose Dual-TranSpeckle (DTS), a medical ultrasound image despeckling network built on a dual-path Transformer. The DTS introduces two different paths, named semantic path and pixel path, to facilitate the parallel transfer of feature information within the image. The semantic path passes a global view of the input semantic features, and the image features are passed through a Semantic Block to extract global semantic information from pixel-level features. The pixel path is employed to transmit finer-grained pixel features. Within the dual-path network framework, two essential modules, namely Dual Block and Merge Block, are designed. These leverage the Transformer architecture during the encoding and decoding stages. The Dual Block module facilitates information interaction between the semantic and pixel features by considering the interdependencies across both paths. Meanwhile, the Merge Block module enables parallel transfer of feature information by merging the dual path features, thereby facilitating the self-attention calculations for the overall feature representation. Our DTS is extensively evaluated on two public datasets and one private dataset. The DTS network demonstrates significant enhancements in quantitative evaluation results in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), feature similarity (FSIM), and naturalness image quality evaluator (NIQE). Furthermore, our qualitative analysis confirms that the DTS has significant improvements in despeckling performance, effectively suppressing speckle noise while preserving essential image structures.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: This article examines trigger warnings, particularly the call for trigger warnings on university campuses, and from a Levinasian and Kantian ethical perspective, and addresses the question: When, if ever, are trigger warnings helpful to student's learning? The nursing curriculum is developed with key stakeholders and regulatory bodies to ensure graduate nurses are competent to deliver a high standard of care to patients and clients. Practical teaching practice and published research has uncovered an increasing use of 'Trigger Warnings' before a topic is discussed, or used as warnings on core module texts. It is appreciated that some students have personal experience of psychological or physical trauma. However, apart from identifying these students through Mitigating Circumstances committees, or when the student feels confident to share this information with a personal tutor, this information remains strictly confidential. There is the potential for covert skills such as critical analysis and skilful discussion not being attained by the student. With the assistance of Kants moral theory, an argument will develop that the insidious use of Trigger warnings and the embargo of recommended reading, requires critical discussion with the public. This would involve the rationale and pedagogical justification for the use of texts, and the necessity within nursing education to address challenging clinical topics. To support students with PTSD this may involve the research discussed on personal educational needs analysis.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Accurate debris flow susceptibility mapping (DFSM) plays a crucial role in enabling government authorities to devise rational policies to mitigate the threats posed by debris flows to human life and property. Nujiang Prefecture, located in the alpine canyon region, is prone to frequent debris flows in China. Therefore, this study focuses on Nujiang Prefecture as the research area. Based on the characteristics of debris flow development, the occurrence mechanism, and the actual conditions of the study area, small watersheds are selected as mapping units. Fifteen influencing factors, including elevation, slope, aspect, relief, surface roughness, Melton ratio, NDVI, lithology, distance to faults, rainfall, SPI, TWI, STI, watershed aera, and gully density, are considered in the mapping process. We explored the predictive performance of three single models, namely, the statistical model certainly factor (CF), the machine learning model support vector machines (SVM), and the deep learning model convolutional neural network (CNN). Additionally, we investigated the coupling models CF-LR (statistical model coupled with machine learning model) and CNN-SVM (machine learning model coupled with deep learning model) in the mapping of debris flow sensitivity. The analysis and comparison of model performance were conducted using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the mean value (MV) and standard deviation (SD) of debris flow sensitivity values. The results demonstrate that all five models show promising performance in DFSM. Among them, the CNN-SVM coupled model (AUC = 0.933, MV = 0.211, SD = 0.199) outperforms the others, exhibiting the best predictive capability. These findings can serve as valuable references for debris flow prevention and control efforts.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: This article discusses barriers to the citizen practices of Russian lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender activists in the memory politics of Russian sexual citizenship. Based on memories of activism, as told in interviews with Russian lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender activists, we focus on how these memories play a role in their national and transnational struggles for sexual rights and recognition, and how intersectional inequalities may create barriers to their queer and memory space-making practices. The interviews were conducted in 2021 (before the war between Russia and Ukraine, which started in 2022) and focus on the period between 2010 and 2020. Our findings highlight how intersectional inequalities of power influence Russian sexual citizenship and queer (memory) space-making, both at home and abroad. Theoretically, the results reveal the need to situate Russian lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender activism in time, place and space in research on narratives of progress and social change in studies of queer global politics and transnational solidarities.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Within the framework of the CNRS/Ministry of Culture Notre-Dame Scientific Workshop, the Acoustics Working Group presents the work of the soundscape archaeology axis and, more precisely, the proposal for the restitution of the soundscape of the Notre-Dame construction site from 1170 to 1182. This is part of the work of its third mission: historical mission >>. This article presents the first steps necessary to reconstruct a soundscape that may have existed at the very beginning of the construction of Notre-Dame (1163-1170) (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Digital technologies are pervasive in every aspect of our daily lives. The proliferation of such technologies has also influenced the conduct of biomedical, behavioral, and social research. The articles in this special issue provide illustrative examples of the range of applications of digital technologies in psychological science research across a variety of populations. They highlight ethical, legal, and social issues that emerge when digital technologies are employed in psychological science research in the current era of rapid technological change, increasing prevalence of interdisciplinary team science, evolving understandings of ethical precepts and social norms, and promoting open science. This introduction to the special issue provides an overview of challenges to the Belmont principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice revealed in the 10 articles. The conclusions reached are that these ethical principles do not always adapt well to the digital environment and that practices cannot always be uniquely classified under one of these three headings. We recommend that conceptual work and practical guidance be undertaken to expand the interpretation of these principles in the light of evolving societal norms and emerging ethical issues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the editorial board of the journal.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeStudent study behaviours that prioritise the UKMLA content map over the local curriculum are a significant risk for UK medical education. To mitigate this, we describe a student-centred faculty process to improve local curriculum guidance based on an evaluation of student study behaviours, concerns and needs. Responses informed the build of an online curriculum map.MethodsA mixed methods approach was adopted, including an online anonymous survey exploring student study behaviours and preferences for curricular guidance. This was followed by student-led focus groups to explore emergent themes further. Qualitative data underwent reflexive thematic analysis.Results121 students responded to the survey, of which 12 consented to participate in two student-led focus groups. Five key themes emerged, including motivation for learning, student use of the intended curriculum, student experience of the enacted curriculum, the hidden curriculum, and expectations of an online curriculum map.ConclusionsA participatory framework enabled shared aims and responsive outcomes for curricular development in the run up to the UKMLA. Student responses led to clarification of guidance, reorganisation of learning resources and optimal design of an online curriculum map which linked all content in a visible, UKMLA aligned framework, accessible to all students and teachers.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: During the fire of Notre-Dame de Paris, all timber frames coming from the Middle ages period, in the nave and choir, were burnt. It was decided to proceed as possible to an identical reconstruction, but many questions arise about the timber frame. Is wood outdated as a material for beams? Is oak wood the best solution for timber frame? Are we able to find similar long slender oak beams in today French forest? Is it safe to use green wood for the building? In fact, the forested area in France is the same today as in the Middle ages period, but two times higher than during the 19th century. Results from the forest inventory proves that 40 million slender oak trees are available in order to sort around 1500 trees for the restoration. Cathedral heritage provided a demonstration of the high efficiency of carpenter's know-how. Most of oak beams kept their functionality for more than 800 years. This is a nice experimental result for a very long mechanical testing. Wood, emerged as material 300 million years ago as a result of long time evolution, is used to build trees, which are a collection of wooden beams able to resist flexure forces, for a long time. Technical know-how about timber frame is old in human societies and was improved during the Middle ages, but scientific knowledge about wood as an anisotropic material is very recent. The background in mechanics for such material has been developed in early 20th century and observation tools for material structures at the nanometre scale appeared in late 20th century. Wood can be considered as an archetypal high-tech material using polymer-with-additive technology combined to nanostructured fibrecomposite within a honeycomb-like micro-structured material. This explains why nature solution for tree beams is very efficient in terms of bending resistance per weight. The mechanical behaviour of wooden beams is highly sensitive to the orientation of the main direction of anisotropy (grain direction) relative to bending forces. Natural beams in trees are built by a kind of 3D printing process so that grain orientation at beam periphery is always optimum. Mechanical bending performance of these beams (round-wood), in spite of branching, is equivalent to the performance of standard clear-wood specimens documented in databases. Squaring at the minimum this round-wood should be done while keeping grain angle closest to zero-degree value, which is performed by specific axe-hewn log squaring. The result is coarse slightly curved beams much more resistant than nicely straight sawn beams with local grain angle above 10 degrees Using directly green wood in the building process is effective for time of building and energy consumption. The drying of wood induces long deep longitudinal cracks and a reduction in beam section but a bigger increase in wood mechanical performance. If the green frame resists, the dried one will resist all the following years. Finally, today carpenters have kept the building know-how and there are many modern nondestructive techniques available for the best sorting of trees and mechanical evaluation of beams. (c) 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Schizophrenia ranks as the third-most common cause of disability among mental disorders globally. This study presents findings on the prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) as a result of schizophrenia in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), stratified by age, sex and sociodemographic index (SDI). We collected publicly accessible data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. This study reports the burden of schizophrenia, from 1990 to 2019, for the 21 countries that comprise MENA. In 2019, MENA exhibited an age-standardised point prevalence of 248.2, an incidence rate of 14.7 and an YLD rate of 158.7 per 100,000, which have not changed substantially between 1990 and 2019. In 2019, the age-standardised YLD rate was highest in Qatar and lowest in Afghanistan. No MENA countries demonstrated noteworthy changes in the burden of schizophrenia from 1990 to 2019. Furthermore, in 2019, the highest number of prevalent cases and the point prevalence were observed among those aged 35-39, with a higher prevalence among males in almost all age categories. Additionally, in 2019, the age-standardised YLD rates in MENA were below the worldwide average. Finally, there was a positive correlation between the burden of schizophrenia and the SDI from 1990 to 2019. The disease burden of schizophrenia has remained relatively stable over the past thirty years. Nevertheless, as the regional life-expectancy continues to increase, the burden of schizophrenia is also expected to rise. Therefore, early planning for the increase in the burden of the disease is urgently needed in the region.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The effect of spatial variability on the liquefaction prediction and liquefaction-induced ground failure of a soil profile with thinly interbedded layer of sand and clay was examined using simplified procedures and fully coupled two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA). The Palinurus Road site in Christchurch, New Zealand, subjected to the 2010 Darfield and 2011 Christchurch events, was selected for the analyses. The liquefaction vulnerability of the site was estimated using one-dimensional (1D) liquefaction vulnerability indices (LVIs), and the results were compared with the results of NDAs and field observations. Spatially correlated random fields conditioned on corrected cone penetration tests (CPTs) were generated based on sand-like and claylike portions of the interbedded soil profile. CPT data were corrected for the thin-layer and transition zone effects. The generated random fields were assigned to the interbedded layer of the stochastic model to examine the effect of spatial variability on the system dynamic response, cross-interaction between layers, and liquefaction-induced diffusion during the evolution of liquefaction and postliquefaction. The potential of sediment ejecta manifestation using the artesian flow potential (AFP) and ejecta potential index (EPI) also was investigated for the stochastic models and compared with those of deterministic models. This study demonstrates the value of advanced 2D NDA modeling with realistic soil spatial variability for understanding inconsistent ejecta predictions from simplified tools. The approach can guide future refinements to assessment procedures and provide insights into key factors controlling manifestation in complex stratified sites.", + "input": "Abstract: With the rapid development of digital inclusive finance, whether it can lower the income inequality between urban and rural areas has been the focus of policy makers and researchers. Based on China's 2011-2018 provincial panel data, this paper employs spatial econometric models and mediating-effect models to examine the impact of digital inclusive finance on the urban-rural income gap and its mechanism. The main findings are as follows: First, globally, the urban-rural income gap and digital inclusive finance each exhibit significant positive spatial correlation; locally, the income gap primarily exhibits spatial dependence in Central and Western China. Meanwhile, digital inclusive finance transitions from varied agglomeration patterns to exclusively H-H patterns in Eastern China. Second, digital inclusive finance notably reduces the urban-rural income gap, primarily attributed to its expanded breadth of coverage and digitization. Third, mechanism analysis indicates that digital inclusive finance can narrow the urban-rural income gap by increasing labor employment, resulting in higher farmer incomes, rather than through individual entrepreneurship and human capital investment. The findings of this study are crucial for improving digital inclusive financial development and adjusting urban-rural income distribution.", "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Workplace-based assessment (WBA) used in post-graduate medical education relies on physician supervisors' feedback. However, in a training environment where supervisors are unavailable to assess certain aspects of a resident's performance, nurses are well-positioned to do so. The Ottawa Resident Observation Form for Nurses (O-RON) was developed to capture nurses' assessment of trainee performance and results have demonstrated strong evidence for validity in Orthopedic Surgery. However, different clinical settings may impact a tool's performance. This project studied the use of the O-RON in three different specialties at the University of Ottawa.METHODS: O-RON forms were distributed on Internal Medicine, General Surgery, and Obstetrical wards at the University of Ottawa over nine months. Validity evidence related to quantitative data was collected. Exit interviews with nurse managers were performed and content was thematically analyzed.RESULTS: 179 O-RONs were completed on 30 residents. With four forms per resident, the ORON's reliability was 0.82. Global judgement response and frequency of concerns was correlated (r=0.627, P<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the original study, the findings demonstrated strong evidence for validity. However, the number of forms collected was less than expected. Exit interviews identified factors impacting form completion, which included clinical workloads and interprofessional dynamics.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The BBNJ Agreement will affect legal frameworks for the conservation of marine biological diversity in various regions of the world ocean and the marine Arctic is no exception. As biological diversity in the marine Arctic is particularly vulnerable, the implications of the BBNJ Agreement for the conservation of biological diversity in the marine Arctic deserves serious consideration. Of particular note is the procedure for an environmental impact assessment (EIA). Given that damage to the environment may be irreversible, it is a prerequisite to conduct an EIA before authorizing planned activities, with a view to preventing environmental harm. An EIA constitutes a crucial element in the conservation of the marine environment, including biological diversity. Hence, this article examines the potential implications of the procedure for an EIA as set out under the BBNJ Agreement for the conservation of biological diversity in the marine Arctic beyond national jurisdiction.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Importance Many veterans who served in Afghanistan and Iraq during Operations Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) were deployed to military bases with open burn pits and exposed to their emissions, with limited understanding of the long-term health consequences. Objective To determine the association between deployment to military bases where open burn pits were used for waste disposal and the subsequent risk of developing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective observational cohort study used Veterans Health Administration medical records and declassified deployment records from the Department of Defense to assess Army and Air Force veterans who were deployed between 2001 and 2011 and subsequently received health care from the Veterans Health Administration, with follow-up through December 2020. Data were analyzed from January 2023 through February 2024. Exposure Duration of deployment to military bases with open burn pits. Main Outcomes and Measures Diagnosis of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. Results The study population included 459 381 OEF and OIF veterans (mean [SD] age, 31.6 [8.7] years; 399 754 [87.0%] male). Median (IQR) follow-up from end of deployment was 10.9 (9.4-12.7) years. For every 100 days of deployment to bases with burn pits, veterans experienced increased adjusted odds for asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01-1.02), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07), hypertension (aOR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.02-1.03), and ischemic stroke (aOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.97-1.14). Odds of interstitial lung disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or hemorrhagic stroke were not increased. Results based on tertiles of duration of burn pit exposures were consistent with those from the continuous exposure measures. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, prolonged deployment to military bases with open burn pits was associated with increased risk of developing asthma, COPD, and hypertension. The results also point to a possible increased risk in ischemic stroke. The novel ability to use integrated data on deployment and health outcomes provides a model for additional studies of the health impact of environmental exposures during military service.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: This study delves into the complex interplay between gross domestic product (GDP) and key macroeconomic indicators in the contexts of Turkey and Bangladesh. By examining panel data spanning from 1981 to 2020 sourced from the World Bank, we investigate the causal relationships between GDP growth and various factors including population growth, inflation, literacy rate, natural resource utilization, investment, and foreign direct investment (FDI). Our research aims to address critical questions regarding the economic trajectories of these two emerging economies. Specifically, we seek to understand how different macroeconomic variables influence GDP growth in Bangladesh and Turkey, while also exploring the unique socio-economic landscapes of these nations. Methodologically, we employ the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test to analyze the causal relationships between GDP growth and the aforementioned macroeconomic indicators. Our findings reveal direct, statistically significant associations between GDP growth and these variables, with population growth emerging as a particularly influential factor. The implications of our study extend beyond empirical observations, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to foster sustainable economic development in both Bangladesh and Turkey. By identifying the key drivers of GDP growth and their impact on economic performance, our research contributes to the existing body of literature on economic development in emerging economies. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the intricate dynamics of GDP growth in Turkey and Bangladesh, highlighting the importance of understanding and leveraging macroeconomic indicators to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth in these nations.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This report examines the deposit of a sixteenth-century cache of silver aquillas within a Chachapoya household at the site of Purun Llacta de Soloco. The report examines their context and contents. These findings have implications for a larger examination of social value in Andean societies and the specialized treatment and use of ritual objects during the tumultuous colonial period.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, permeating every aspect. One area where technology has shown potential to enhance English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning is through the use of animated movies. Despite the growing significance of technology in education, research is scarce in this specific area. Therefore, the aim of this study, conducted in 2023, was to investigate the impact of animated movies on the development of speaking abilities among motivated EFL learners. A total of 370 elementary students studying EFL in various institutions participated by responding to questionnaires. A multiple-stage cluster sampling approach was employed to select the participants. The students were divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG). The selection of 15 animated films from a pool of 50 was performed using the Lawsh CVR (content validity ratio) and CVI (content validity index) algorithms, following validation by professionals. The study was designed as an experiment, and descriptive statistics and the ANCOVA test were employed to analyse the quantitative data. The findings revealed a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results of the EG in English-speaking skills, vocabulary learning, English pronunciation skills, understanding and recognition. According to the study, animated movies have the potential to aid teachers and EFL students in enhancing their speaking skills. This research sheds light on the benefits of incorporating animated movies into language learning environments, offering valuable insights for both educators and learners alike.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The global trading system has reached an inflection point. The future of the liberalized, rules-based global world order is in doubt as countries that have for decades preached and practiced policies, which can loosely be defined as embodying the 'Washington Consensus', have started to backtrack. Free and fair trade is no longer the mantra as governments embrace industrial policy, protectionism, national security, risk management, and managed trade. Perhaps the most surprising adherent of the reversal is the US, whose embrace of what has been termed a 'modern American industrial strategy' runs counter to traditional American views and norms. While David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage still holds true, it has certainly fallen out of fashion. Where it leads remains unknown - caveat emptor. This article analyses President Joe Biden's industrial policy and its implications as well as shifts that have occurred as a result of the pandemic, geopolitical competition, and other recent global events.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: In June 1887, Britons crowded the streets of London to celebrate Queen Victoria's fiftieth year on the throne. It was an opportunity to publicly revel in the social, political, economic, and imperial progress Britain had made during her historic reign. The Lord Chamberlain was tasked with organizing a formal jubilee ceremony at Westminster Abbey representative of the queen's diverse subjects. But this proved a difficult undertaking for a multinational kingdom with a vast overseas empire. Grievances over seating in Westminster Abbey, jubilee honors, and an absent royal family fostered varying degrees of solidarity and rivalry among the United Kingdom's four constituent nations. The Irish Question and imperial expansion-matters in which Victoria was personally invested-heightened four-nations sensibilities and influenced participation in the festivities. The queen's Golden Jubilee both reflected and inspired four-nations thinking, and it revealed public concerns that the British union might exist as a hierarchy of nations rather than as a collaborative venture among equal members. As the institutional embodiment of tiered society, the Crown became an outlet for subjects to explore questions and modes of belonging within the global British world. A four-nations analysis of Victoria's 1887 jubilee shows that despite its unifying function, the modern British monarchy has struggled to harmonize the United Kingdom's multinational perspectives.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Objective: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a set of diseases that originate from neuroendocrine cells, which comprises a diffuse endocrine system present in various organs of the body. These tumors are more frequent in the gastrointestinal tract (70%) and the bronchopulmonary system (20%-30%). A NET incidence rate of 1-5 per 100,000 inhabitants has been estimated for several European countries and the USA employing 20 years of data. However, no comprehensive studies on this rare neoplasm are available in Brazil. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the epidemiological NET profile in the country.Materials and methods: This is a retrospective descriptive observational study based on data from Hospital Cancer Records available at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute and the Sao Paulo Oncocentro Foundation. Demographic, clinical and treatmentrelated variables were analyzed from selected cases employing descriptive statistics.Results and Conclusion: A total of 15,859 cases were identified, most occurring in males (53.4%) and in individuals under 65 years old (63.3%). Small cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type (46.7%). Bronchopulmonary tumors were the most frequent NETs, followed by pancreatic tumors, with cases mostly concentrated in high complexity centers in the Brazilian Southeast and treated mainly with surgery and chemotherapy, with over half of the patients diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Rapid environmental change, natural resource overconsumption and increasing concerns about ecological sustainability have led to the development of 'Essential Variables' (EVs). EVs are harmonized data products to inform policy and to enable effective management of natural resources by monitoring global changes. Recent years have seen the instigation of new EVs beyond those established for climate, oceans and biodiversity (ECVs, EOVs and EBVs), including Essential Geodiversity Variables (EGVs). EGVs aim to consistently quantify and monitor heterogeneity of Earth-surface and subsurface abiotic features, including geology, geomorphology, hydrology and pedology. Here we assess the status and future development of EGVs to better incorporate geodiversity into policy and sustainable management of natural resources. Getting EGVs operational requires better consensus on defining geodiversity, investments into a governance structure and open platform for curating the development of EGVs, advances in harmonizing in situ measurements and linking heterogeneous databases, and development of open and accessible computational workflows for global digital mapping using machine-learning techniques. Cross-disciplinary collaboration and partnerships with governmental and private organizations are needed to ensure the successful development and uptake of EGVs across science and policy.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: With COVID-19, a significant number of companies have started to work remotely, and communication has started to occur mainly through technological tools. This study investigates the relationship between teleworkers' interpersonal communication and job satisfaction through the mediating role of information technology (IT) awareness and creative performance. Data were collected from 683 teleworkers and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and PROCESS Macro. The findings indicated that (1) teleworkers' interpersonal communication satisfaction is positively associated with job satisfaction, and (2) IT awareness and creative performance mediate the relationship between interpersonal communication satisfaction and job satisfaction. Finally, the study's theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. The results emphasize the role of interpersonal communication satisfaction on job satisfaction and show that both employees and companies should receive the necessary training for a sufficient level of employee IT knowledge.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Sometimes, vegetable-tanned leathers in museums, excavations, libraries, and storehouses deteriorate due to unsuitable environmental conditions that affect their properties. Accordingly, leather becomes weak. This study evaluates some mechanical, chemical, and physical characteristics of vegetable-tanned leather treated with polyamide 6 (PA6). The authors prepared new vegetable-tanned leather samples. PA6 at different concentrations was applied to the aged leather samples. The accelerated heat aging was applied on the new sample (reference before aging) and treated samples (aged untreated sample after treatment with PA6). Analytical techniques used were: test of the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation), attenuated total reflectance/Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR/FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurement, contact angle, and pH measurement. The results proved that the accelerated heat aging affected the properties studied, as it reduced in the mechanical properties, pH value, and contact angle. Treating aged leather samples with PA6 improved all the properties studied. The mechanical properties, pH value, and contact angle of the treated and aged treated samples increased compared to the aged- untreated- sample. FTIR and DSC analysis proved the stability of the treated and aged treated samples compared to the aged untreated sample. The concentration of 2 % of PA6 gave the best concentrations used, and it is recommended to treat fragile vegetable-tanned leather. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The performance of solar desalination systems based on a humidification-dehumidification (HDH) approach is significantly enhanced by preheating the air entering the evaporator. To estimate this potential benefit, we present an analysis of integrating a novel solar air heater (SAH) with an HDH system. The combination of both units leads to intriguing applications, such as incorporating these systems into buildings. A model of the solar thermal system is developed, and its predictions are validated with experimental data. The SAH model is combined with a previously validated model of an HDH. This allows us to estimate the performance of a combined SAH/HDH system under different environmental conditions and to evaluate the annual water treatment capacity at various sites around the world. Simulations suggest that a system with a 3.5 m2 solar collector in arid regions (Middle -East, north of Africa, south-west of the USA, East of South America), has the potential to treat 30 tons of water and reduce the CO2 emission by 150 kg annually.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Sustainable phosphorus (P) management is essential to preventing mineral fertilizer losses, reducing water pollution, and addressing eutrophication issues. Phosphorus sorption and mobility are strongly influenced by the properties of biochar, which are determined by pyrolysis temperature and type of feedstock. This understanding is crucial for optimizing biochar application for soil nutrient management. Therefore, a batch sorption-desorption experiment was conducted to examine P sorption-desorption in plant-based (parthenium, corn cobs) and manure-based (farmyard manure, poultry manure) biochars prepared at both 400 degrees C and 600 degrees C. Manure-based biochars demonstrated higher P sorption at 400 degrees C, with less sorption at 600 degrees C, while plant-based counterparts exhibited lower sorption capacities. Phosphorus desorption, on the other hand, increased at 600 degrees C, particularly in manure-based biochars. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) analysis suggested that a lower pyrolysis temperature (400 degrees C) enhances P sorption due to higher specific surface area and different functional groups. Additionally, the manure-based biochars, which were enriched with calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), contributed to increased P sorption. In summary, P sorption is enhanced by a lower carbonization (400 degrees C) temperature. Although manure-based biochars excel in retaining P, their effectiveness is limited to shorter durations. In contrast, plant-based biochars showcase a prolonged capacity for P retention.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PurposeSince teaching practice is the most important within-school determinant of student learning outcomes, a deepened understanding of how and why school leadership contributes to effective teaching is needed. This article aimed to systematically review the knowledge that has been accumulated about the indirect relations between school leadership and instructional practices.Design/methodology/approachThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guided the selection of relevant articles from the databases Scopus and Google Scholar. Twenty-six published works met the eligibility criteria and were included in the narrative synthesis and content analysis.FindingsThe most frequently measured mediators of the effects of school leadership on teaching practice were teacher collaboration, professional learning and teacher self-efficacy. Most studies simultaneously modeled multiple mediated pathways from school leadership to teaching practice. However, only a few analyzed studies used time lags when examining relationships between constructs.Originality/valueThis is the first study to systematically review knowledge on pathways through which school leadership is related to classroom instruction. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of processes through which school leadership achieves its effects on instructional practices.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: This article focuses on the happy narratives of successful resolution and overcoming in fashion and lifestyle publications, and interrogates their relation to the increasing politicisation of fashion and lifestyle media. Analysing the happy narratives of celebrity and personality profiles, the article comments on the promissory and disciplining nature of such happy narratives, linking them to the psychological turn within neoliberalism Gill and Orgad and the rise of the consumer citizen, and situating them within the economy of visibility, which sees exposure and visibility as solutions to structural problems. The article interrogates the (in)effectiveness of happy narratives in approaching political issues, and demonstrates their ineptitude in engaging with complex and potentially unresolvable issues. To further this point, the article employs a discursive analytic approach to survey celebrity profiles in Vogue US and Teen Vogue, including the highly controversial profile of Olena Zelenska that appeared in the October 2022 issue of Vogue US.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PurposeThis study aims to examine the influence of perceived organizational support (POS) on boundary-spanning behaviors (BSBs) among frontline employees in the hospitality industry. It also considered perceived supervisory support (PSS) as a moderating factor within a conceptual model.Design/methodology/approachData were gathered from 651 full-time hospitality employees across 12 hotels in China. The analysis of the data used confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.FindingsThe findings revealed that POS influences hospitality boundary spanners' BSBs, specifically external representation (ER), internal influence (II) and service delivery (SD). In addition, PSS moderates the relationship between POS and these frontline employees' behaviors.Practical implicationsThis study offers practical strategies for hospitality professionals to enhance frontline employees' BSBs and foster supportive workplaces that drive employee excellence. These strategies encompass cultivating a supportive organizational culture, implementing supportive measures, fostering a sense of belonging among employees and ensuring supervisors' well-being and competence in supporting their teams during daily interactions. These actions effectively motivate customer-contact employees to excel in their performance.Originality/valueFostering a helpful attitude in frontline employees is crucial for service firms' success. Hospitality organizations must provide support to achieve this. Few studies have explored how organizational support contributes positively to the BSBs of customer-contact employees. This study goes beyond oversimplification and delves into the nuanced interplay between perceived support (POS and PSS) and hospitality frontline employees' BSBs, focusing on ER, II and SD. The moderated mediating model enhances the understanding of support dynamics in the organizational context.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: The analysis of particle size, shape, size, and their spatial arrangement (i.e. fabric) in a sedimentary deposit plays a significant role in their interpretation in terms of transport mechanism, flow conditions, and sediment source. The present work focuses on the use of X-ray computed tomography (X -CT) to analyze tsunami deposits (core samples), as examples of complex sedimentary assemblages. A workflow of image processing is proposed to measure 3D parameters of particle size, shape, and orientation using two different software packages (FijiImageJ, and IPSDK) and two different methods of image segmentation. The semi -automated method provides better segmentation quality of the tsunami deposit, as compared with the poor performance of fully -automated image segmentation. We also provide some clues to reduce the computational time. This workflow is applied to two examples of tsunami deposits on the coasts of the Algarve (1755 Lisbon tsunami, southern Portugal). Optimized processing of X -CT images gives access to detailed vertical variations of grain size, grain shape, and componentry (clayey matrix, silicates, and carbonates, including marine bioclasts), as well as information on flow directions inferred from the sedimentary fabric in 3D. High -resolution analysis of the bedforms and vertical grain size grading allows determining the flow conditions during the inundation phase of the tsunami.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: A significant percentage of patients with congenital heart disease surviving into adulthood will develop arrhythmias. These arrhythmias are associated with an increased risk of adverse events and death. We aimed to assess arrhythmia prevalence, risk factors, and associated health care usage in a large national cohort of patients with adult congenital heart disease.METHODS AND RESULTS: Adults with a documented diagnosis of congenital heart disease, insured by Clalit and Maccabi health services between January 2007 and December 2011, were included. We assessed the associations between arrhythmia and subsequent hospitalization rates and death with mixed negative binomial and Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. Among 11653 patients with adult congenital heart disease (median age, 47years [interquartile range, 31-62]), 8.7% had a tachyarrhythmia at baseline, 1.5% had a conduction disturbance, and 0.5% had both. Among those without a baseline arrhythmia, 9.2% developed tachyarrhythmias, 0.9% developed a conduction disturbance, and 0.3% developed both during the study period. Compared with no arrhythmia (reference group), arrhythmia in the previous 6months was associated with a higher multivariable adjusted hospitalization rate, 1.33-fold higher than the rate of the reference group (95% CI, 1.00-1.76) for ventricular arrhythmia, 1.27-fold higher (95% CI, 1.17-1.38) for atrial arrhythmias, and 1.33-fold higher (95% CI, 1.04-1.71) for atrioventricular block. Atrial tachyarrhythmias were associated with an adjusted mortality hazard ratio (HR) of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.44-2.94), and ventricular tachyarrhythmias with a >2-fold increase in mortality risk (HR, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.44-2.94]).CONCLUSIONS: Arrhythmias are significant comorbidities in the adult congenital heart disease population and have a significant impact on health care usage and survival.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Simulation-based education has emerged as an effective approach in nursing education worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a surgical nursing education program based on a simulation using standardized patients and mobile applications among nursing students.METHODS: A mixed-methods design with a quasi-experimental longitudinal approach and focus group interviews was employed. The data were collected from 130 third-year nursing students at three different time points who were equally divided into experimental and control groups. This study measured the level of clinical surgical nursing competence, self-efficacy in clinical performance, cultural competence, and satisfaction with simulation experience. Four focus group interviews were conducted using open-ended questions to explore the participants' perspectives on the course's efficacy and satisfaction.RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in clinical surgical nursing competence (F = 8.68, p < 0.001), self-efficacy in clinical performance (F = 13.56, p < 0.001), and cultural competence (F = 10.35, p < 0.001) across time between the intervention and control groups. Student satisfaction with the simulation-based training was high, particularly regarding debriefing and reflection, with an overall mean satisfaction level of 4.25 (0.40). Students' perspectives regarding integrated hybrid training are categorized into three themes: educational achievement, dynamic learning experiences, and satisfaction and suggestion.CONCLUSION: Simulation-based learning provides a dynamic and immersive educational experience that enables undergraduate nursing students to develop and refine essential clinical skills while also fostering confidence and cultural competence.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Importance With exposure to traumatic events and reduced access to mental health care, adolescents of Ukraine during the Russian invasion since February 2022 are at high risk of psychiatric conditions. However, the actual mental health burden of the war has scarcely been documented. Objective To investigate the prevalence of a positive screen for psychiatric conditions among adolescents amidst the ongoing war in Ukraine as well as their associations with war exposure. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study reports the results from the first wave of the Adolescents of Ukraine During the Russian Invasion cohort, the largest cohort study on Ukrainian adolescents' mental health during the Russian invasion since 2022. Using self-reported questionnaires, the national-level prevalence of a positive screen for various psychiatric conditions was estimated among adolescents aged 15 years or older attending secondary school in Ukraine in person or online (including those residing abroad but attending Ukrainian secondary school online) and the prevalence among Ukrainian adolescents living abroad due to the war. Exposure Self-reported exposure to war. Main Outcomes and Measures A positive screen for psychiatric conditions. The association between self-reported war exposure and a positive screen for each of the psychiatric conditions was also evaluated. Results A total of 8096 Ukrainian adolescents (4988 [61.6%] female) living in Ukraine or abroad were included in the analyses. Based on national-level estimates, 49.6% of the adolescents were directly exposed to war, 32.0% screened positive for moderate or severe depression, 17.9% for moderate or severe anxiety, 35.0% for clinically relevant psychological trauma, 29.5% for eating disorders, and 20.5% for medium risk or higher of substance use disorder. The burden of psychiatric symptoms was similarly large among Ukrainian adolescents living abroad. Adolescents exposed to war were more likely to screen positive for depression (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.39; 95% CI, 1.29-1.50), anxiety (PR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.45-1.81), clinically relevant psychological trauma (PR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.32-1.50), eating disorders (PR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12-1.32), and substance use disorder (PR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.98-1.25). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that the mental health burden of Ukrainian adolescents amidst the Russian invasion of Ukraine is substantial. Mental health care efforts to alleviate the mental health burden of Ukrainian adolescents are needed.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: This study was based on remote sensing monitoring, particularly Landsat data, to identify land use changes (agricultural and urban) in the study area over five periods: 1973, 1986, 1994, 2001, and 2014. In addition, data on piezometric levels from the same periods were utilized to analyze and assess the relationship between these levels and land use changes. The aim was to understand the changes in groundwater volume and their relation to land uses in the Basin of Mexico. The findings revealed that the drained volume of the aquifer increases as the urban surface area grows. However, when analyzing the agricultural surface area, it does not appear to have an impact on the drained volume or water extraction. Furthermore, an analysis of agricultural subsidies showed an increase in agricultural use after 2001. Nevertheless, it's important to note that only federal subsidies were considered, and local subsidies were not taken into account. Therefore, it cannot be definitively concluded that this change was solely due to specific alterations. The use of remote sensing and unsupervised classification is a good tool to estimate changes in land use and can be used in other study areas to understand the groundwater variations over the time.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article explores the response of the Spanish trade union Comisiones Obreras (CCOO) during the challenging period of economic crisis coinciding with Spain's transition to democracy and concurrent technological advancements. It reveals that the deliberations within the union went beyond mere economic demands and resistance to industrial changes, embodying a variety of viewpoints in line with broader institutional shifts in the country. The investigation subsequently turns towards a comprehensive analysis of the definitions and ideas expressed within CCOO, particularly during the period from 1978 to 1987. Drawing upon documents from Confederation Secretariat sessions and publications in the Union Gazette (Gaceta Sindical), this research uncovers the nuanced perspectives and considerations driving the union's stance amidst a backdrop of economic upheaval and technological transformations.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: This qualitative study captured the reflections of 53 English language teachers from 40 different contexts including Bangladesh, Colombia, France, India, Scotland, Taiwan, T & uuml;rkiye and the United Kingdom on teaching English during the times of COVID-19 and its post-effects on their practices. Data were collected through an online form consisting of three stems and the participants were asked to create similes about teaching English before, during and after the pandemic. By conducting thematic analysis, images created for each phase were categorized under occupational well-being, digital transformation, transactional distance, gap of communication and social isolation. Teachers pointed out work overload, lack of administrational support, instructions' not making sense, decreasing level of participation, dropouts, loss of student-teacher interaction and isolation as the drawbacks of the process along with the possibility of digital transformation ahead of their profession.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper presents the results of a pilot study that combines findings from satellite remote sensing analyses and an intensive interdisciplinary survey conducted in November 2021 on kurgans along the Kurekcay Valley, in western Azerbaijan. Through the integration of various methods, including historical and contemporary satellite and aerial imagery analysis, topographic mapping and geophysical prospections, this research remotely maps and quantifies the density, size, morphology and distribution of the burial mounds in the area. Unlike previous studies focusing solely on individual burial mounds, this investigation adopts a broader approach by contextualizing the kurgans within their respective landscapes. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the physical and symbolic aspects and relationships of these structures, providing valuable insights into the enduring burial practices that shaped the funerary traditions of the Southern Caucasus during the 4th and 1st millennium BCE. Furthermore, this approach supports an assessment of the condition of the individual kurgans, thereby opening new perspectives to develop innovative plans to protect these burial mounds and their settings.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: This group of physicians is difficult to reach and small in number. While studies of palliative care and end-of-life (EOL) issues in prison have increased, especially in the United States and since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, they are still limited due to the constraints of carrying out research in carceral contexts. At present, there is very little knowledge of the experiences of physicians providing EOL care in prisons. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the experiences of doctors caring for terminally ill patients inside prisons.METHODS: Three expert qualitative interviews were conducted in March and April 2021 with physicians working in carceral institutions in New York State and Austria. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis was used to examine the data.RESULTS: The following five themes were found: (I) a lack of training and support; (II) interrupted relationships; (III) limitations on visits and saying one's goodbyes; (IV) security as a main concern; and (V) the possibility of release.CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals the difficulties physicians face when caring for dying incarcerated patients. Provider-patient relationships are hardly continuous. The findings represent a starting point for further research. Support from the medical and palliative care community is needed for adequate provision of EOL care within prisons, improved post-release conditions, and help for physicians working in existing structures.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: As an important component of prehistoric subsistence, an understanding of bone-working is essential for interpreting the evolution of early complex societies, yet worked bones are rarely systematically collected in China. Here, the authors apply multiple analytical methods to worked bones from the Longshan site of Pingliangtai, in central China, showing that Neolithic bone-working in this area, with cervid as the main raw material, was mature but localised, household-based and self-sufficient. The introduction of cattle in the Late Neolithic precipitated a shift in bone-working traditions but it was only later, in the Bronze Age, that cattle bones were utilised in a specialised fashion and dedicated bone-working industries emerged in urban centres.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Background Oral bacterial infections are difficult to treat due to emergence of resistance against antibiotic therapy. Essential oils are considered emerging alternate therapy against bacterial infections and biofilms. We investigated Citrus bergemia flower essential oil against oral pathogens. Methods The essential oil was analsyed using Gas Chromatography(GC-MS), in silico investigations, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing assays. Results Gas Chromatography analysis confirmed presence of 17 compounds including 1,6-Octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl, 48.17%), l-limonene (22.03%) and p-menth-1-ol, 8-ol (7.31%) as major components. In silico analysis showed compliance of all tested major components with Lipinski's rule, Bioavailability and antimicrobial activity using PASS (prediction of activity spectrum of substances). Molecular docking with transcriptional regulators 3QP5, 5OE3, 4B2O and 3Q3D revealed strong interaction of all tested compounds except 1,6-Octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl. All tested compounds presented significant inhibition of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (IC50 0.65 mg/mL), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) (63.5%) and high FRAP (ferrous reducing antioxidant power) value (239.01 mu g). In antimicrobial screening a significant activity (MIC 0.125 mg/mL) against Bacillus paramycoides and Bacillus chungangensis was observed. Likewise a strong antibiofilm (52.1 - 69.5%) and anti-QS (quorum sensing) (4-16 mm) activity was recorded in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion It was therefore concluded that C. bergemia essential oil posess strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against tested oral pathogens.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The archaeological site of Calicantone (Sicily, Italy) is known since the 1970s for its necropolis. In 2012, after a survey, archaeologists found close to the necropolis a bi-apsidal hut. The use-wear and technological analysis of the knapped lithic assemblage revealed the presence of artefacts crafted by specialists with advanced technical skills alongside expedient flake tool production. Some technological solutions, such as an obliquely-hafted long pressure-lever blade used as a sickle, are unprecedented for Sicily but find earlier comparisons in the east and north-west Mediterranean. This fact raises questions about the neolithisation in Sicily. Other solutions are novel and shed new light on the function of a particular tool typology, such as the bifacial cleaver used to scrape hides. Furthermore, the lithic assemblage exhibited peculiarities, such as the single functionality of the tools and their brief use, which could be correlated with communal funerary functions performed within the hut.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: This study takes a network approach to investigate coordination among knowledge workers as grounded in both formal and informal organization. We first derive hypotheses regarding patterns of knowledge-sharing relationships by which workers pass on and exchange tacit and codified knowledge within and across organizational hierarchies to address the challenges that underpin contemporary knowledge work. We use survey data and apply exponential random graph models to test our hypotheses. We then extend the quantitative network analysis with insights from qualitative interviews and demonstrate that the identified knowledge-sharing patterns are the micro-foundational traces of collective coordination resulting from two underlying coordination mechanisms which we label 'invisible iterations' and 'bringing in the big guns'. These mechanisms and, by extension, the associated knowledge-sharing patterns enable knowledge workers to perform in a setting that is characterized by complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity. Our research contributes to theory on the interplay between formal and informal organization for coordination by showing how self-directed, informal action is supported by the formal organizational hierarchy. In doing so, it also extends understanding of the role that hierarchy plays for knowledge-intensive work. Finally, it establishes the collective need to coordinate work as a previously overlooked driver of knowledge network relationships and network patterns.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Hofweber (Ontology and the ambitions of metaphysics, Oxford University Press, 2016) argues for a thesis he calls internalism with respect to natural number discourse: no expressions purporting to refer to natural numbers in fact refer, and no apparent quantification over natural numbers actually involves quantification over natural numbers as objects. He argues that while internalism leaves open the question of whether other kinds of abstracta exist, it precludes the existence of natural numbers, thus establishing what he calls restricted nominalism about natural numbers. We argue that Hofweber's internalism fails to establish restricted nominalism. Not only is his primary argument for restricted nominalism invalid, the analysis of quantification proposed threatens to collapse internalism into either a traditional form of error theory or realism.", + "input": "Abstract: Cedars-Sinai is a sixth continuous Magnet organization in Southern California that embodies inclusive leadership in support of diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice (DEIJ) principles. The organization adheres to a strategic model prioritizing staff sense of belonging, empowerment, engagement, curiosity, and creativity. Employing inclusive leadership, we have implemented strong programs of professional development and continuous learning, innovation, and research. This leadership and these programs have fostered a culture of inquiry, support evidence-driven practice, quality improvement, and staff engagement. Our organization is committed to creating a caring and healing environment that promotes performance. We believe in practicing loving-kindness toward ourselves and others as a core value. Executive leadership support has been a key element in our successful implementation of DEIJ strategies, including employee resource groups, Shared Leadership Councils, transition to practice programs, health equity research, and innovative solutions. These strategies have been shown to yield a significant return on investment.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is a major upgrade to the existing Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, aimed at increasing the integrated luminosity of the collider by a factor of ten [1]. A key component of the HL-LHC are the superconducting Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets, known as MQXF, whose purpose is to focus the particle beam [3]. In order to ensure the proper operation and structural reliability of the MQXF quadrupoles, it is essential to qualify the welds of their cold mass, used as a He container of the magnets. This paper describes the process of qualification of the welds involved in the closure of the cold mass, including the testing and inspection methods used to evaluate their strength and soundness. The results of the qualification process are used to ensure that the MQXF quadrupoles cold masses can withstand the high-stress operating conditions of the HL-LHC and operate as expected at cryogenic temperature. The qualification process has been used to implement a novel approach for quality control of the production parts using Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT). This advanced testing method uses phased array ultrasonic probes to scan the welds and generate a detail 3D image of their internal structure. This allows for a more accurate and efficient inspection of the welds, compared to traditional ultrasonic testing methods. Overall, the welding qualification process for the cold mass of the MQXF quadrupoles is a crucial step in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the HL-LHC.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: The Mediterranean region is a hot spot for climate change, with transportation accounting for a quarter of global CO2 emissions. To meet the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a sustainable urban transport network is needed to cut carbon emissions and improve air quality. This study aims to investigate the electrification of public transport in both developed and underdeveloped countries by examining the existing public transport network of two modes of transportation (buses and trams) across the Mediterranean region. This study suggests that the electrification of public transportation could result in a significant additional demand for more than 200 GWh of electricity, depending on the size and congestion of the city. It also studies the potential reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the electrification of buses. Results show that electrification significantly impacts decreasing GHG emissions, helping achieve SDG 13. Furthermore, a financial analysis was conducted to determine the feasibility of using different bus fuel technologies. Regarding economic benefits, electric buses are not consistently optimal solutions, and diesel buses can be advantageous. Our finding shows that, at a 5% discount rate, the diesel bus is most favorable for Marseille, and, as discount rates increase, the advantage of electric buses diminishes. However, the high purchase price of electric buses compared to diesel buses is currently a major obstacle in achieving SDG 11, particularly for developing countries.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The aim of this study is to show how an entrepreneurial project that identifies a future form of value may not be motivated by the search for personal financial gain. Based on the new entrepreneurial history framework, the paper analyzes the process by which FC Barcelona was created and consolidated, at a time when football was strictly amateur in nature. It was an entrepreneurial project deployed in a dynamic process based on trial and error characterized by three decisive entrepreneurial momentums: the creation of the club in 1899; its rebirth in 1908; and the construction of a large stadium in 1922. From uncertain beginnings, the club's eventual consolidation led to long-term socio-economic change and presents the main characteristics of a Schumpeterian creative response since it was key in the introduction of a sport that changed the way in which leisure was consumed in Spain.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections, a prevalent global infectious disease, are clinical issues not well studied in HIV-positive individuals. UTIs have become a global drug resistance issue, but the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of UTI-causing bacteria among HIV patients in Tigray, Ethiopia, are poorly understood. This study aims to identify the prevalence of UTI-causing bacteria, their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and associated risk factors in HIV patients attending ART clinics at Mekelle General Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.METHOD: Clean-catch midstream urine samples (10-15 mL) were collected from HIV patients who are attending ART clinics at Mekelle General Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Samples were analyzed based on standard microbiological protocols using cysteine-lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar. Pure colonies of bacterial isolates were obtained by sub-culturing into Mac-Conkey, Manitol Salt agar and blood agar plates. The bacterial isolates were then identified using macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, and Gram staining methods. Gram-negative bacteria were identified using biochemical tests like triple sugar iron agar, Simon's citrate agar, lysine iron agar, urea, motility test, and indol test, whereas Gram-positive isolates were identified using catalase and coagulase tests. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique was used to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0.RESULTS: Among the 224 patients, 28 (12.5%) of them had been infected by UTIs-causing bacteria. E. coli was the dominant bacterium (16 (57%)) followed by K. pneumoniae (4 (14%)), and S. aureus (3 (11%)). Of the total bacterial isolates, 22 (78.6%) of them developed multi-drug resistance. All Gram-positive (100%) and 75% of Gram-negative bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to two or more drugs. Patients with a history of UTIs, and with CD4 count<200 cells/ mm3, were more likely to have significant bacteriuria. Compared to male patients, female patients were more affected by the UTIs-causing bacteria. More than 93% of the UTIs-causing bacterial isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin; whereas they are highly resistant to ampicillin (96%), cotrimoxazole (82%) and tetracycline (71%).CONCLUSIONS: Most of the bacterial isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and tetracycline. Female patients were more affected by the UTIs causing bacteria. The highest prevalence (12.5%) of UTIs in HIV patients needs special attention for better management and monitoring. Previous UTI history and immune suppression are predictors of UTIs, highlighting the need for intervention measures involving molecular studies to identify resistant bacteria genes and promote patient immune reconstitution.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The nonrandom association between landscape characteristics and the dominant life history strategies observed in species pools is a typical pattern in nature. Here, we argue that these associations determine predictable changes in the relative importance of assembly mechanisms along broadscale geographic gradients (i.e., the geographic context of metacommunity dynamics). To demonstrate that, we employed simulation models in which groups of species with the same initial distribution of niche breadths and dispersal abilities interacted across a wide range of landscapes with contrasting characteristics. By assessing the traits of dominant species in the species pool in each landscape type, we determined how different landscape characteristics select for different life history strategies at the metacommunity level. We analyzed the simulated data using the same analytical approaches used in the study of empirical metacommunities to derive predictions about the causal relationships between landscape characteristics and dominant life histories in species pools, as well as their reciprocal influence on empirical inferences regarding the assembly process. We provide empirical support for these predictions by contrasting the assembly of moth metacommunities in a tropical versus a temperate mountainous landscape. Together, our model framework and empirical analyses demonstrate how the geographic context of metacommunities influences our understanding of community assembly across broadscale ecological gradients.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: The United States pays half-a-trillion dollars to defense contractors every year. Although the U.S. military could not operate without profitable contractors, excessively profitable contracts reduce manufacturing output and can imperil soldier safety. Stretching back to the founding, there is a long history of the executive branch compelling ex post modifications of military contracts to a lower price than the parties agreed to at signing. Sometimes authorized by Congress (but not always), this executive practice of downward revisions has fallen into disuse. Nevertheless, at least one statute might authorize this practice today: Public Law 85-804. Commonly understood to provide higher payments to defense contractors, this Note argues that Public Law 85-804 should be interpreted in light of its text and history to authorize downward revisions to excessively profitable defense contracts. Such an interpretation could save soldiers' lives and lower defense costs during today's challenging fiscal and geopolitical times.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Democracy is increasingly being challenged, by disengagement and by anti-pluralist movements (Levitsky and Ziblatt in How Democracies Die: What History Reveals About Our Future, Viking, New York, 2018; Wikforss in D & auml;rf & ouml;r demokrati. Om kunskapen och folkstyret [Because of this, democracy. On knowledge and people's rule] Fri Tanke, 2021; Svolik et al. in J Democr 34(1):5-20, 2023). This article draws upon a theoretical discussion about democracy, pluralism, and threats to democracy. Departing from Dewey, Laclau, Mouffe, Young and Allen, we address democracy as an ideology that centers around pluralism, or an ever-increasing inclusion of voices from the margins as its goal. We argue that perceiving democracy pedagogically as a pluralistic ideology would support students' democratic citizenship and equip them for a world where threats to democracy are being reported. Employing a case study on Finnish social studies textbooks, we analyze how democracy as well as threats to democracy are discursively portrayed. Our study shows that the textbooks present democracy as predominantly institutional and static. We also find that while disengagement is portrayed as a problem for democracy, anti-pluralist movements are generally not referred to as a threat. Additionally, we examine a discourse in the textbooks that connects freedom of speech with democracy in a way that favors a multitude of opinions, even antidemocratic ones, over creating space for marginalized voices. Drawing on the theoretical discussion and the results of the analysis, we argue that a focus on pluralism as the core of democracy makes the opposition between restricting hate speech and advocating for democracy redundant.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Multimedia is extensively used for educational purposes. However, certain types of multimedia lack proper design, which could impose a cognitive load on the user. Therefore, it is essential to predict cognitive load and understand how it impairs brain functioning. Participants watched a version of educational multimedia that applied Mayer's principles, followed by a version that did not. Meanwhile, their electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Subsequently, they participated in a post-test and completed a self-reported cognitive load questionnaire. The audio envelope and word frequency were extracted from the multimedia, and the temporal response functions (TRFs) were obtained using a linear encoding model. We observed that the behavioral data are different between the two groups and the TRFs of the two multimedia versions were different. We saw changes in the amplitude and latencies of both early and late components. In addition, correlations were found between behavioral data and the amplitude and latencies of TRF components. Cognitive load decreased participants' attention to the multimedia, and semantic processing of words also occurred with a delay and smaller amplitude. Hence, encoding models provide insights into the temporal and spatial mapping of the cognitive load activity, which could help us detect and reduce cognitive load in potential environments such as educational multimedia or simulators for different purposes.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In this wide-ranging conversation, six scholars of South Africa detail threads of continuity and change in the historiographies, popular memories, archives, research agendas, methodologies, and within the South African academy and historical professional since the end of formal apartheid in 1994.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: It is important that nurses guide practice with crafted policies based in nursing knowledge that is distinctive and specific to the values and beliefs of all persons, such as humanbecoming. As policy crafters in nursing, a nursing theory or model must serve as the foundation in service to others. In this article, the author explores crafting policy with the Rainbow PRISM model (Cody, 2003; Ortiz, 2018), in light of Parse's (2021a) humanbecoming paradigm, the humanbecoming community change concepts (Parse, 2003, 2021a), and Parse's (1987, 2021a) principles of inquiry construction.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal consultations constitute a growing portion of primary care physician (PCP) referrals. Optimizing communication between PCPs and orthopaedists can potentially reduce time spent in the electronic medical record (EMR) as well as physician burnout. Little is known about the preferences of PCPs regarding communication from orthopaedic surgeons. Hence, the present study investigated, across a large health network, the preferences of PCPs regarding communication from orthopaedists.METHODS: A total of 175 PCPs across 15 practices within our health network were surveyed. These providers universally utilized Epic as their EMR platform. Five-point, labeled Likert scales were utilized to assess the PCP-perceived importance of communication from orthopaedists in specific clinical scenarios. PCPs were further asked to report their preferred method of communication in each scenario and their overall interest in communication from orthopaedists. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether any PCP characteristics were associated with the preferred method of communication and the overall PCP interest in communication from orthopaedists.RESULTS: A total of 107 PCPs (61.1%) responded to the survey. PCPs most commonly rated communication from orthopaedists as highly important in the scenario of an orthopaedist needing information from the PCP. In this scenario, PCPs preferred to receive an Epic Staff Message. Scenarios involving a recommendation for surgery, hospitalization, or a major clinical change were also rated as highly important. In these scenarios, an Epic CC'd Chart rather than a Staff Message was preferred. Increased after-hours EMR use was associated with diminished odds of having a high interest in communication from orthopaedists (odds ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.88; p = 0.005). Ninety-three PCPs (86.9%) reported spending 1 to 1.5 hours or more per day in Epic after normal clinical hours, and 27 (25.2%) spent >3 hours per day. Forty-six PCPs (43.0%) reported experiencing \u22651 symptom of burnout.CONCLUSIONS: There were distinct preferences among PCPs regarding clinical communication from orthopaedic surgeons. There was also evidence of substantial burnout and after-hours work effort by PCPs. These results may help to optimize communication between PCPs and orthopaedists while reducing the amount of time that PCPs spend in the EMR.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: The accurate assessment of the material constitution and degradation in newly discovered archaeological artefacts is paramount for the decisions surrounding a thorough treatment of the object during the restoration and conservation stages. The laboratories possess competent experts and complex devices to perform this analysis properly. Nevertheless, a timely hint of an artificial intelligence assistant regarding the chemical composition and corrosion compound localization of a metal asset could save additional time and resources. The present paper proposes such a computational framework based on deep learning techniques that, on the base of its automatic determination of the chemical concentration of the predominant metal from a microscope image, can subsequently independently also recognize and delineate the corrosion spots of the products specific to that metal. The experiments have been performed on iron and copper heritage items from the Oltenia Museum, Romania. The results suggest that, even with an economic training information in terms of microscope images and annotations, the artificial intelligence framework can provide on-site support for an early examination of metal heritage assets.(c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Pig and dog were highly valued animals in pre-contact Polynesia. In this paper, I focus on pig and dog use in the resource rich, and hierarchically complex, pre-contact Society Island chiefdoms. Utilizing ethnohistoric data and human-centred use-webs data, I provide a preliminary study of the diverse ways that pigs and dogs were used in pre-contact Ma'ohi life across 13 use categories. Ethnohistoric analyses indicate that pigs, and to some extent dogs, were intimately associated with elite ceremonial use, yet pigs were commonly associated with war and fertility rituals, while dogs were commonly associated with peacekeeping events. Preliminary comparison of pig and dog frequencies at eight excavated archaeological sites suggests pig bones far outnumber dog bones. There is also differential recovery of pig and dog bone in terms of site function and site status, with high status temples dating to the Centralization Phase having the highest incidence of both species. It is highly likely that the advent of the 'Oro war cult led to intensified pig husbandry, given this animal's robust associations with ritual use, moral notions of chiefly power and cosmology. Why dog husbandry was less intensified in the Society Islands, and why this animal was perhaps accessed largely through long-distance trade relationships, is an ongoing question.Le cochon et le chien etaient des animaux tres apprecies en Polynesie preeuropeenne. Dans cet article, je me concentre sur l'utilisation des porcs et des chiens dans les chefferies des iles de la Societe, riches en ressources et hierarchiquement complexes, avant le contact avec les Europeens. En utilisant des donnees ethnohistoriques et des donnees sur les reseaux d'utilisation centres sur l'humain, je propose une etude preliminaire des diverses manieres dont les porcs et les chiens etaient utilises dans la vie Ma'ohi avant le contact avec 13 categories d'utilisation. Les analyses ethnohistoriques indiquent que les porcs, et dans une certaine mesure les chiens, etaient intimement associes a l'usage ceremonial des elites, mais que les porcs etaient generalement associes aux rituels de guerre et de fertilite, tandis que les chiens etaient generalement associes aux evenements de maintien de la paix. Une comparaison preliminaire des frequences de porcs et de chiens sur huit sites archeologiques fouilles suggere que les os de porc sont bien plus nombreux que les os de chiens. Il existe egalement une recuperation differentielle des os de porc et de chien en termes de fonction et de statut du site, les temples de haut statut datant de la phase de centralisation ayant la plus forte incidence des deux especes. Il est fort probable que l'avenement du culte de guerre 'Oro ait conduit a une intensification de l'elevage de porcs, etant donne les fortes associations de cet animal avec l'usage rituel, les notions morales de pouvoir principal et la cosmologie. Pourquoi l'elevage de chiens etait-il moins intensifie dans les iles de la Societe, et pourquoi cet animal etait peut-etre accessible en grande partie grace a des relations commerciales a longue distance, reste une question constante.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Section 1332 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides states unprecedented flexibility to alter federal health policy. The authors analyze state waiver activity from 2019 to 2023, applying a comparative approach to understand waivers proposed by Georgia, Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Nevada. Much of the waiver activity during this period focused on reinsurance programs. During the Trump administration, the most innovative waiver application was from Georgia, which sought to restructure and decentralize its individual market, moving away from the framework established by the ACA. While the Biden administration suspended Georgia's efforts, Democratic -led states have focused implementing waiver programs supporting and expanding on the ACA. This has included adopting public -option insurance plans offered by private insurers and expanding eligibility for qualified health plans for previously ineligible groups. The authors' analysis offers insights into contemporary health politics, policy durability, and the role of the administrative presidency.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Understanding the rainfall-triggering mechanisms influencing loess landslides and developing targeted prevention and control strategies are critical challenges in engineering. This study focused on a representative landslide-prone area in Huxian County, Xi'an, China, and field experiments involving artificial rainfall simulations were conducted. Utilizing the annual rainfall statistics for Huxian County, three distinct rainfall scenarios-light, moderate, and heavy-were established. The aim was to explore the correlation between internal pore water pressure and temporal and depth-related changes during the postrainfall stage. At the same time, reflective patches were placed on the slope and total stations were used to monitor the impact of different rainfall intensities on slope displacement. Based on the field data, a three-dimensional simulation validation was executed using Surfer software. Our findings suggest that increasing rainfall intensity directly correlates with higher internal pore water pressure. As the rainfall persisted, the daily amplitude of pore water pressure initially surged before moderating, ultimately exhibiting a logarithmic trend with depth. The effective influence depths of the daily amplitude of pore water pressure during light, moderate, and heavy rainfall stages were found to be 1.6, 2.2, and 5.0 m, respectively. Following cessation of the rainfall, the surface pore water pressure underwent substantial change, and the daily amplitude rapidly declined before stabilizing. Slope displacement consistently increased from the summit to the base throughout the rainfall stages, with the base being most susceptible to sliding instability. The maximum displacement at the foot of the slope was in Columns 3-5, with a maximum displacement value of 1,158 mm. Proximity to the slope's base correlated with greater gravitational and downward forces. Specific maximum displacement values were recorded at different locations along the slope, revealing the most significant changes along the slope's centerline. This work will contribute to the effective management and landslide prevention of loess slopes.", + "input": "Abstract: Rapid tourism growth in small towns of unique cultural heritage often leads to sudden building renovation and infrastructure expansion, which can compromise their attractiveness. The typically under-resourced urban planning departments of the Global South face a complicated task in establishing planning regulations that can preserve a town's identity while accommodating these rapid transformations. This requires a delicate regulatory equilibrium - too restrictive an urban plan could hinder investment and local growth, while a less restricted approach risks destroying a town's heritage, identity, and touristic appeal. This study presents a randomised controlled trial in which residents and tourists rate a town's visual identity using photo simulations of 27 different planning regulation scenarios, drawing from a real-life conservation plan on the island of Chiloe (Chile). We test the effectiveness of this method for identifying which building regulations are relevant for preserving a town's identity. This low-cost and rapidly implemented method may complement the work of urban planners in setting the regulatory framework for conservation.", "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Patina formed on ancient glass holds potential to be a useful tool in determining the age of patina and to interpreting its formative environment climatically, pedogenically, hydrochemically and biologically. To date, its usefulness in this regard appears to have been underestimated. However, if patina is to be used as a reliable indicator of age and the environmental conditions underpinning its formation, there needs to be a systematic examination and understanding of its development under controlled laboratory conditions using various types of glass and with various climate types and soil types. As such, to calibrate and interpret the age of patina, processes of its development and products of its formation, we believe that it is useful to produce patina under varying experimental conditions in the laboratory. This paper focuses on the successful experimental development of patina on glass under controlled laboratory conditions and paves the way for further exploration of the rich resource of information that can result from such experimentation. We cannot produce in detail the full range of long-term products of patination.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Recent allegations that Pope John Paul II turned a blind eye to clergy sexual abuse as archbishop and pope have ignited much controversy in Poland. In this study, we utilize data from an original representative survey of Polish adults to examine predictors of defensive political reactions to these allegations. We hypothesized that national and Catholic collective narcissism (an exaggerated belief in in-group greatness that requires consistent external validation) would predict defensive attitudes in the face of the allegation, and that nonnarcissistic in-group satisfaction with national and Polish identities would be less related to defensive attitudes. Using a variety of statistical approaches, we find support for these predictions among Polish Catholics.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The social media platform and the information dissemination revolution have changed the thinking, needs, and methods of students, bringing development opportunities and challenges to higher education. This paper introduces social media into the classroom and uses quantitative analysis to investigate the relation between design college students' learning self-efficacy and social media for design students, aiming to determine the effectiveness of social media platforms on self-efficacy. This study is conducted on university students in design media courses and is quasi-experimental, using a randomized pre-test and post-test control group design. The study participants are 73second-year design undergraduates. Independent samples t-tests showed that the network interaction factors of social media had a significant impact on college students learning self-efficacy. The use of social media has a significant positive predictive effect on all dimensions of learning self-efficacy. Our analysis suggests that using the advantages and value of online social platforms, weakening the disadvantages of the network, scientifically using online learning resources, and combining traditional classrooms with the Internet can improve students' learning self-efficacy.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Background Due to unidentified geriatric needs, elderly patients have a higher risk for developing chronic conditions and acute medical complications. Early geriatric screenings and assessments help to identify geriatric needs. Holistic and coordinated therapeutic approaches addressing those needs maintain the independence of elderly patients and avoid adverse effects. General practitioners are important for the timely identification of geriatric needs. The aims of this study are to examine the spatial distribution of the utilization of outpatient geriatric services in the very rural Federal State of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the Northeast of Germany and to identify regional disparities.Methods Geographical analysis and cartographic visualization of the spatial distribution of outpatient geriatric services of patients who are eligible to receive basic geriatric care (BGC) or specialized geriatric care (SGC) were carried out. Claims data of the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania were analysed on the level of postcode areas for the quarter periods between 01/2014 and 04/2017. A Moran's I analysis was carried out to identify clusters of utilization rates.Results Of all patients who were eligible for BGC in 2017, 58.3% (n = 129,283/221,654) received at least one BCG service. 77.2% (n = 73,442/95,171) of the patients who were eligible for SGC, received any geriatric service (BGC or SGC). 0.4% (n = 414/95,171) of the patients eligible for SGC, received SGC services. Among the postcode areas in the study region, the proportion of patients who received a basic geriatric assessment ranged from 3.4 to 86.7%. Several regions with statistically significant Clusters of utilization rates were identified.Conclusions The widely varying utilization rates and the local segregation of high and low rates indicate that the provision of outpatient geriatric care may depend to a large extent on local structures (e.g., multiprofessional, integrated networks or innovative projects or initiatives). The great overall variation in the provision of BGC services implicates that the identification of geriatric needs in GPs' practices should be more standardized. In order to reduce regional disparities in the provision of BGC and SGC services, innovative solutions and a promotion of specialized geriatric networks or healthcare providers are necessary.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The public will rightly not value a science that is more concerned with demographic population matching than with ideas. Taking further steps in the direction of identity politics will reduce public confidence in psychology's conclusions and reduce trust and respect. If psychology embraces demographic quotas, there will be self-selection out of the discipline, and that self-selection will harm our science.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Blue foods, including seaweed, have been overlooked in food systems analysis and policy-making due to a lack of available data. However, seaweed cultivation is gaining attention as a restorative aquaculture that could contribute to ocean health by serving as blue carbon or nurturing seagrass beds. Commercial restorative aquaculture may provide market-based solutions for improving ocean health. The Onna Village Fisheries Cooperative producers have been restoring corals, knowing empirically that when the coral weakens, the yield of Mozuku seaweed drops. Furthermore, measures taken to reduce red soil run-off prevent the reduction in Mozuku quality and quantity and protect seagrass beds, since Mozuku cultivators have continued to use them as an important nursery. The fishery cooperative and the seaweed processing company, Igeta Takeuchi Co., Ltd., have jointly developed high-quality Mozuku that is resistant to climate change and extreme weather conditions through strain selection. Based on this case, this paper examines the following questions: (1) What quality assurance technique is necessary to continue restorative aquaculture as a market-based solution over the long term? (2) What social platforms and communication channels are available to stakeholders to maintain restorative aquaculture in the long run? To answer these questions, Japanese consumer cooperatives that established the Mozuku Fund are also examined. This case study of Mozuku highlights how the sustainability and quality of marine products are maintained throughout the whole supply chain, focusing on the power of the Japanese consumers' cooperative.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Myriad palpable benefits are associated with building information modeling (BIM) usage in the construction industry, but its full integration has been impeded by the necessary culture change required to release its inherent latent potential. Therefore, fully comprehending and investigating cultural manifestations of BIM-enabled construction organizations is critical to drive such change. Yet curiously, research in this field is scant due to the phenomenon's inherent complexity and subjective nature. Therefore, this study identifies and delineates underlying beliefs that are evident in BIM practices within a contractor construction organization by leveraging Schein's three-layered organizational culture model as the theoretical framework to analyze and interpret the primary and secondary data sourced from a case study research design. A large-scale BIM-enabled contractor organization represented the case, and the organizational BIM environment constituted the unit of analysis. Data were collected through eight in-depth semistructured interviews, direct observations, and documentation. Underlying beliefs are identified, suggesting that the company uses a combination of autocratic and participative decision-making methods, prioritizing teamwork, cooperation, and groupism over individualistic and competitive orientations. Emergent findings also reveal that employees believe in the inherent goodness of human nature and the latent capacity of individuals to govern themselves, fostering trust and autonomy within the organization. Professional behavior and conduct take a pragmatic, risk-taking, and trial-and-error approach to derive truth and reality. The organization believes in dominating the external environment rather than being submissive and considers a balance between present and future the most appropriate unit of time. Accordingly, the study enables managers to understand the shared beliefs of the employees concerning BIM and make decisions accordingly to promote and augment a harmonious alignment between cultural aspects and BIM practices.", + "input": "Abstract: This paper explores the industrial relations (IR) experiences of Chinese multinational enterprises (MNE) in Ireland, with particular focus on the impact of host and home country institutions on IR policies and practices. The study adopted a qualitative methodology of semi-structured interviews with managerial respondents from eight Chinese MNEs located in Ireland and personnel in other relevant public and private organisations. Our results indicate that host country IR institutions (e.g. trade unions, employment legislation and government support) largely explain the IR practices of Chinese MNEs in Ireland. This study also identifies home country effects mostly relating to a hierarchical managerial approach and the development of a culture of harmony and collaboration. Finally, our results also call attention to some emerging 'convergence' and 'divergence' between Chinese MNEs and other MNEs in Ireland in terms of their IR experiences and responses.", "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Depression is prevalent among Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans, yet rates of Veteran mental health care utilization remain modest. The current study examined: factors in electronic health records (EHR) associated with lack of treatment initiation and treatment delay; the accuracy of regression and machine learning models to predict initiation of treatment.METHODS: We obtained data from the VA Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW). EHR data were extracted for 127,423 Veterans who deployed to Iraq/Afghanistan after 9/11 with a positive depression screen and a first depression diagnosis between 2001 and 2021. We also obtained 12-month pre-diagnosis and post-diagnosis patient data. Retrospective cohort analysis was employed to test if predictors can reliably differentiate patients who initiated, delayed, or received no mental health treatment associated with their depression diagnosis.RESULTS: 108,457 Veterans with depression, initiated depression-related care (55,492 Veterans delayed treatment beyond one month). Those who were male, without VA disability benefits, with a mild depression diagnosis, and had a history of psychotherapy were less likely to initiate treatment. Among those who initiated care, those with single and mild depression episodes at baseline, with either PTSD or who lacked comorbidities were more likely to delay treatment for depression. A history of mental health treatment, of an anxiety disorder, and a positive depression screen were each related to faster treatment initiation. Classification of patients was modest (ROC AUC=0.59 95%CI=0.586-0.602; machine learning F-measure=0.46).CONCLUSIONS: Having VA disability benefits was the strongest predictor of treatment initiation after a depression diagnosis and a history of mental health treatment was the strongest predictor of delayed initiation of treatment. The complexity of the relationship between VA benefits and history of mental health care with treatment initiation after a depression diagnosis is further discussed. Modest classification accuracy with currently known predictors suggests the need to identify additional predictors of successful depression management.", + "input": "Abstract: Scholars have neglected at a theoretical level the structuring role of warfare in the rise of nations and states. I argue that war-making has been a constitutive force in the emergence and persistence of many national identities in four ways. First, wars can act as 'turning points' for good or ill to become national mythomoteurs. Second, they can create enduring popular we-they stereotypes against significant others. Third, they can generate a gemeinschaft of national sacrifice that anchors the nation after a return to peace. Finally, the outcomes of wars can legitimate ruling establishments or mobilise peoples against them. However, warfare can also disable nation formation. I shall focus on the impact of imperial wars on Eurasian borderland populations. While generating nationalism in these regions, such wars create shatter zones, marked by ethnic diversity and conflict that frustrate the formation of stable national communities.", "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: To improve robot relocalization accuracy in both static and dynamic environments, we introduce a novel network, FusedNet, which incorporates a cross-attention to fuse global and local image features for end-to-end relocalization. This approach relies solely on a monocular camera sensor that is fixed on the mobile robot, and directly predicts the absolute pose from the input RGB image. Additionally, we have collected a mobile robot relocalization dataset, termed moBotReloc, consisting of dynamic large-scale scenes, using the Unity 3D simulation platform and a real mobile robot. Through extensive experiments on 7Scenes and moBotReloc, we demonstrate that FusedNet achieves significant accuracy in 6-DoF camera relocalization in static scenes, and exhibits superior relocalization performance in dynamic large-scale scenes for mobile robot applications, outperforming existing end-to-end methods that rely solely on a single global or local feature.", - "output": "Communication", - "system": "", - "history": [] - }, - { - "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Satellite-based near-real-time forest disturbance alerting systems have been widely used to support law enforcement actions against illegal and unsustainable human activities in tropical forests. The availability of multiple optical and radar-based forest disturbance alerts, each with varying detection capabilities depending mainly on the satellite sensor used, poses a challenge for users in selecting the most suitable system for their monitoring needs and workflow. Integrating multiple alerts holds the potential to address the limitations of individual systems. We integrated radar-based RAdar for Detecting Deforestation (RADD) (Sentinel-1), and optical-based Global Land Analysis and Discovery Sentinel-2 (GLAD-S2) and GLAD-Landsat alerts using two confidence rulesets at ten 1 degrees sites across the Amazon Basin. Alert integration resulted in faster detection of new disturbances by days to months, and also shortened the delay to increased confidence. An increased detection rate to an average of 97% when combining alerts highlights the complementary capabilities of the optical and cloud-penetrating radar sensors in detecting largely varying drivers and environmental conditions, such as fires, selective logging, and cloudy circumstances. The most improvement was observed when integrating RADD and GLAD-S2, capitalizing on the high temporal observation density and spatially detailed 10 m Sentinel-1 and 2 data. We introduced the highest confidence class as an addition to the low and high confidence classes of the individual systems, and showed that this displayed no false detection. Considering spatial neighborhood during alert integration enhanced the overall labeled alert confidence level, as nearby alerts mutually reinforced their confidence, but it also led to an increased rate of false detections. We discuss implications of this study for the integration of multiple alert systems. We demonstrate that alert integration is an important data preparation step to make use of multiple alerts more user-friendly, providing stakeholders with reliable and consistent information on new forest disturbances in a timely manner. Google Earth Engine code to integrate various alert datesets is made openly available.", - "output": "Geography", - "system": "", - "history": [] - }, - { - "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Schools play a crucial role in promoting health education and awareness about infectious diseases. This study aims to examine teachers' and administrators' awareness and attitudes towards infectious diseases and their specific health-related applications.METHODS: This study used a new scale to collect survey data from 435 teachers and administrators. The validity and reliability of the scale were assessed by factor analysis. Pearson correlation and regression analysis were conducted to explore the relationships between variables. T-tests and one-way ANOVA were employed for group comparisons.RESULTS: The findings revealed a concerning skepticism among a significant portion of participants towards the effectiveness of vaccines in ending epidemics and a lack of health education activities in schools. Significant differences were observed in the scores for physical measures, educational activities, awareness, observation, and attitudes based on school type and ownership of certificates (p\u22640.05).CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the need for continuous education and awareness-raising efforts to develop sustainable school health practices. Integrating diverse health professionalsinto school health management teams can enhance health services in educational settings. The present study also emphasizes the importance of comprehensive health education in understanding infectious diseases, preventive measures, and proper hygiene practices.", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the factors associated with voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) among young students engaging in casual sexual activity and to establish a scientific rationale for developing targeted intervention strategies for preventing HIV/AIDS in this population.METHODS: Stratified cluster sampling was used to conduct a survey using questionnaires to collect demographic and behavioral information for statistical analysis.RESULTS: Data from 611 young students, who reported engaging in casual sexual activity, were included in the statistical analysis. Among these, 68 (11.13%) students underwent the VCT. Among young students who engaged in casual sexual activity, those who were non-Zhejiang residents (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.11; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.17-3.80), those who had received AIDS-themed lectures or health education courses from the school in the past year (aOR=3.96, 95% CI=1.49-10.50), those who had received HIV risk self-assessment conducted by the school in the past year (aOR=2.31, 95% CI=1.17-4.59), and those who had engaged in commercial sex activity in the past year (aOR=1.98, 95% CI=1.07-3.66) were more inclined to have undergone VCT. Male students (aOR=0.37, 95% CI=0.18-0.77) and those who used condoms consistently during casual sexual activity (aOR=0.45, 95% CI=0.21-0.97) were less likely to undergo VCT.CONCLUSION: Casual sexual activity was relatively prevalent among young students, posing a potential risk for HIV transmission. These findings will be instrumental in the development more effective HIV prevention and control strategies for young students. Additionally, it highlights the necessity of promoting and popularizing VCT among young students without Zhejiang province residency, who are involved in commercial sexual activity, and/or those who lacking HIV education. Moreover, additional research and implementation of refined HIV behavioral interventions specifically tailored to young students are necessary to enhance their awareness and knowledge of HIV prevention.", "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Chloranthaceae comprise four extant genera (Hedyosmum, Ascarina, Chloranthus and Sarcandra), all with simple flowers. Molecular phylogenetics indicates that the Chloranthaceae diverged very early in angiosperm evolution, although how they are related to eudicots, magnoliids, monocots and Ceratophyllum is uncertain. Fossil pollen similar to that of Ascarina and Hedyosmum has long been recognized in the Early Cretaceous, but over the last four decades evidence of extinct Chloranthaceae based on other types of fossils has expanded dramatically and contributes significantly to understanding the evolution of the family.SCOPE: Studies of fossils from the Cretaceous, especially mesofossils of Early Cretaceous age from Portugal and eastern North America, recognized diverse flowers, fruits, seeds, staminate inflorescences and stamens of extinct chloranthoids. These early chloranthoids include forms related to extant Hedyosmum and also to the Ascarina, Chloranthus and Sarcandra clade. In the Late Cretaceous there are several occurrences of distinctive fossil androecia related to extant Chloranthus. The rich and still expanding Cretaceous record of Chloranthaceae contrasts with a very sparse Cenozoic record, emphasizing that the four extant genera are likely to be relictual, although speciation within the genera might have occurred in relatively recent times. In this study, we describe three new genera of Early Cretaceous chloranthoids and summarize current knowledge on the extinct diversity of the group.CONCLUSIONS: The evolutionary lineage that includes extant Chloranthaceae is diverse and abundantly represented in Early Cretaceous mesofossil floras that provide some of the earliest evidence of angiosperm reproductive structures. Extinct chloranthoids, some of which are clearly in the Chloranthaceae crown group, fill some of the morphological gaps that currently separate the extant genera, help to illuminate how some of the unusual features of extant Chloranthaceae evolved and suggest that Chloranthaceae are of disproportionate importance for a more refined understanding of ecology and phylogeny of early angiosperm diversification.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Background Medical schools are called to be socially accountable by medical education and healthcare system stakeholders. Social accountability is a feature of excellent medical education. Medical students are essential to the development of socially accountable medical schools. Therefore, understanding the perceptions and experiences of medical students regarding social accountability is critical for efforts to improve social accountability practices and outcomes.Methods This cross-sectional online questionnaire-based survey used Google Forms and involved medical students in their fourth and fifth years of study at the Makerere University School of Medicine. The survey was conducted between September 2022 and October 2023. We used a study questionnaire and a validated toolkit designed by students as part of The Training for Health Equity Collaborative to gauge a school's progress towards social accountability in medical schools to collect data on demographics, perceptions and experiences and evaluate social accountability.Results Out of 555 eligible medical students, 426 responded to the online questionnaire. The response rate was 77%. The mean age of the students was 25.24 +/- 4.4 years. Almost three fourths of the students were male (71.3%), and slightly less than two thirds were in their fourth year of study (65%). Almost half of the students (48.1%%) evaluated the school as doing well with regard to social accountability. The evaluation items referring to community-based research and positive impact on the community had the highest mean scores. Only 6 (3.6%) students who reported hearing of social accountability had a clear understanding of social accountability. Students receiving career guidance in secondary school was associated with evaluating social accountability in the medical school as strong (p-0.003).Conclusions Medical students evaluated the medical school favorably forsocial accountability despite lacking a clear understanding of social accountability. Receiving career guidance in secondary school was significantly associated with a positive evaluation of social accountability.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Straw returning can enhance crop yield, promote soil organic carbon sequestration, and support sustainable crop production. However, straw management techniques, such as straw mulching (SR-M) and straw incorporation (SR-I), can significantly elevate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This meta-analysis synthesizes data from 217 studies to explore the effects of different straw management approaches on mitigating GHG emissions in agricultural settings. The analysis reveals that SR-I (129.39 %) had a more pronounced impact on CH4 emissions than SR-M (14.86 %), but SR-M (18.47 %) had a more significant impact on N2O emissions than SR-I (7.76 %). Notably, SR-I had a greater impact on soil carbon content than SR-M. The effect of straw returning on CH4 and N2O emissions varied under different climatic conditions, management practices, and initial soil properties. Specifically, under conditions characterized by a mean annual temperature (MAT) <= 14 degrees C, mean annual precipitation (MAP) > 800 mm, initial soil organic carbon (SOCi) <= 14 g kg(-1), initial soil total nitrogen (TNi) <= 1.2 g kg(-1), and soil pH > 6, with straw returning amounts (SRA) <= 6000 kg ha(-1), nitrogen application rate (NAR) > 200 kg ha(-1), straw returning duration > 3 years, and maize, rice, wheat-maize, or wheat-rice as the cultivated crop, SR-M had a lesser impact on CH4 and N2O emissions than conditions under other environmental and management measures. Under conditions characterized by MAT <= 14 degrees C, MAP <= 800 mm, SOCi > 14 g kg(-1), TNi > 1.2 g kg(-1), and soil pH > 8, with SRA > 6000 kg ha(-1), straw returning duration > 3 years, and wheat as the cultivated crop, SR-I had a lesser impact on CH4 and N2O emissions than conditions under other environmental and management measures. Furthermore, deep straw incorporation (SR-I-deep, straw mixed with 20-40 cm deep soil) did not significantly affect CH4 and N2O emissions, suggesting its potential for widespread adoption. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing straw management practices and reducing GHG emissions in farmland ecosystems.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Background: Until the end of 2022, a special registration, known as the X-waiver, was required to prescribe buprenorphine in the US. Before its removal, US federal regulations trialed an X-waiver exemption, initiated on April 28, 2021, which permitted buprenorphine prescribing for up to 30 patients without additional training. We aimed to understand if these regulatory changes impacted buprenorphine dispensing. Methods: We conducted an interrupted time series analysis to understand changes in buprenorphine dispensing during the 26 weeks after the X-waiver exemption compared to the expected baseline trend established in the 26 weeks before using the IQVIA Longitudinal Prescription claims database. The primary outcome was number of new buprenorphine prescribers nationwide (defined as no prior buprenorphine prescription dispensed in the last 26 weeks). Segmented regression estimated relative changes in buprenorphine dispensing at 1, 13, and 26 weeks post-X-waiver change. Results: A total of 15,517,525 prescriptions filled for 1,328,172 patients (43.4 % female) ordered by 62,312 providers were included for analysis. At 26 weeks post-X-waiver change, there was no change in the number of new prescribers compared to the expected baseline trend (-2.7 % [95 % CI: -8.3,2.9]). The number of new (15.2 % [4.6,25.8]) and existing (1.7 % [0.9,2.4]) patients and patients per prescriber (4.3 % [3,5.6]) increased. Buprenorphine prescriptions reimbursed by Medicaid increased (7.5 % [6.6,8.4]) while commercial fills decreased (-3.4 % [-5.3,-1.5]). Conclusions: The number of new prescribers did not increase six months post-X-waiver exemption while new patients continued to enter treatment at higher-than-expected rates. These findings suggest that additional interventions beyond the recent X-waiver removal may be needed to increase access to buprenorphine.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Between the sixth and fifteenth c. CE, a vast expanse of central and southern Sudan belonged to the kingdom of Alwa, ruled from the urban metropolis of Soba. Renewed investigation of the city unearthed a small cemetery in the northern part of the site. The heterogeneity of burial practices raised some questions as to the cultural and religious affinities of the deceased and suggested potential multiculturalism of the local urban population. We applied isotopic analyses to investigate the origins of the people buried at Cemetery OS and their concomitant ways of life. Non-concordance of 87Sr/86Sr and delta 18O values with local hydro-geological background speaks to the mixing of water sources as a result of residential mobility. The concordance of human and faunal strontium and oxygen results, combined with elevated delta 13C values corresponding to almost exclusive reliance on C4 produce, points to the possibility of seasonal movement of people with their herds between the Nile valley and the adjacent grasslands. Despite the turn of the medieval Nubian economy towards settled agriculture, by revealing the granular specificities of human adaptation in challenging ecosystems, our results produce the first insight into the enduring diversification of economic production, even in urbanized settings, and persisting participation of local peoples in agro-pastoral symbiosis.Entre le VIe et le XVe s. CE, une vaste etendue du centre et du sud du Soudan appartenait au royaume d'Alwa, gouverne depuis la metropole urbaine de Soba. Une nouvelle enquete sur la ville a mis au jour un petit cimetiere dans la partie nord du site. L'heterogeneite des pratiques funeraires a souleve certaines questions quant aux affinites culturelles et religieuses des defunts et a suggere un potentiel multiculturalisme de la population urbaine locale. Nous avons applique des analyses isotopiques pour etudier les origines des personnes enterrees au cimetiere OS et leurs modes de vie concomitants. La non-concordance des valeurs de 87Sr/86Sr et delta 18O avec le contexte hydrogeologique local temoigne d'un melange de sources d'eau resultant de la mobilite residentielle. La concordance des resultats humains et fauniques en strontium et en oxygene, combinee aux valeurs elevees de delta 13C correspondant a une dependance presque exclusive aux produits C4, indique la possibilite de mouvements saisonniers de personnes et de leurs troupeaux entre la vallee du Nil et les prairies adjacentes. Malgre le tournant de l'economie nubienne medievale vers une agriculture sedentaire, en revelant les specificites granulaires de l'adaptation humaine dans des ecosystemes difficiles, nos resultats donnent le premier apercu de la diversification durable de la production economique, meme dans les contextes urbanises, et de la participation persistante des populations locales a l'agriculture. symbiose agro-pastorale.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Novel markers of insulin resistance and progression of atherosclerosis include the triglycerides and glucose index (TyG index), the triglycerides and body mass index (Tyg-BMI) and the metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR). Establishing independent risk factors for in-hospital death and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) remains critical. The aim of the study was to assess the risk of in-hospital death and MACCE within 12months after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in patients with and without T2DM based on TyG index, Tyg-BMI and METS-IR.METHODS: Retrospective analysis included 1706 patients with STEMI and NSTEMI hospitalized between 2013 and 2021. We analyzed prognostic value of TyG index, Tyg-BMI and METS-IR for in-hospital death and MACCE as its components (death from any cause, MI, stroke, revascularization) within 12months after STEMI or NSTEMI in patients with and without T2DM.RESULTS: Of 1706 patients, 58 in-hospital deaths were reported (29 patients [4.3%] in the group with T2DM and 29 patients [2.8%] in the group without T2DM; p=0.1). MACCE occurred in 18.9% of the total study population (25.8% in the group with T2DM and 14.4% in the group without T2DM; p<0.001). TyG index, Tyg-BMI and METS-IR were significantly higher in the group of patients with T2DM compared to those without T2DM (p<0.001). Long-term MACCE were more prevalent in patients with T2DM (p<0.001). The area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC) for the prediction of in-hospital death and the TyG index was 0.69 (p<0.001). The ROC curve for predicting in-hospital death based on METS-IR was 0.682 (p<0.001). The AUC-ROC values for MACCE prediction based on the TyG index and METS-IR were 0.582 (p<0.001) and 0.57 (p<0.001), respectively.CONCLUSIONS: TyG index was an independent risk factor for in-hospital death in patients with STEMI or NSTEMI. TyG index, TyG-BMI and METS-IR were not independent risk factors for MACCE at 12month follow-up. TyG index and METS-IR have low predictive value in predicting MACCE within 12months after STEMI and NSTEMI.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Continuous tobacco use in patients with cancer is linked to substantial healthcare costs due to increased risks and complications, whereas quitting smoking leads to improved treatment outcomes and cost reductions. Addressing the need for empirical evidence on the economic impact of smoking cessation, this study examined the association between smoking cessation and healthcare cost utilization among a sample of 930 patients with cancer treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center's Tobacco Research and Treatment Program (TRTP). Applying conditional quantile regression and propensity scores to address confounding, our findings revealed that abstinence achieved through the TRTP significantly reduced the median cost during a 3-month period post-quitting by $1,095 [beta = -$1,095, P = 0.007, 95% confidence interval (CI), = (-$1,886 to -$304)]. Sensitivity analysis corroborated these conclusions, showing a pronounced cost reduction when outlier data were excluded. The long-term accrued cost savings from smoking cessation could potentially offset the cost of participation in the TRTP program, underscoring its cost effectiveness. An important implication of this study is that by reducing smoking rates, healthcare systems can more efficiently allocate resources, enhance patient health outcomes, and lessen the overall cancer burden.PREVENTION RELEVANCE: This study emphasizes the dual impact of smoking cessation programs in patients with cancer: quitting smoking and reducing healthcare costs. It highlights the importance of integrating cessation programs into cancer prevention strategies, ensuring both individual health benefits and broader, system-wide economic efficiencies. See related Spotlight, p. 197.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Lithic microdebitage is invisible to the naked eye. Since ancient knappers struggled to remove it from activity areas, its presence can reveal stone tool production and maintenance, as well as site-formation processes. So far, scholars have examined soil samples under a microscope. More angular forms, higher transparency, and other characteristics set microdebitage apart from other soil particles. While intuitive, this definition is subjective and difficult to apply consistently. In our alternative approach, we combine experimental archaeology with dynamic image analysis, statistics, and machine learning. A modern stone knapper who uses traditional raw materials and tools produced 101,298 microdebitage flakes. We compare 38,787 chert and 62,511 obsidian flakes with 23,980 sand and gravel particles. A dynamic image particle analyzer measured each of the 125,278 particles. We discuss seven variables as proxies for Fladmark's definition of microdebitage. Since they distribute non-normally, we use non-parametric statistical tests to show that microdebitage differs highly significantly from sand and gravel for all seven proxies. Particle-specific data allow us to quantify microdebitage characteristics, propose 0.5-4 mm as size limits, and discuss the robustness of our definition. We conclude that our approach enables an objective analysis of microdebitage.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) Joint Cerebrovascular (CV) Section serves as a centralized entity for the dissemination of information related to CV neurosurgery. The quality of scientific conferences, such as the CV Section's Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery Annual Meeting, can be gauged by the number of poster and oral presentations that are published in peer-reviewed journals. However, publication rates from the CV Section's meetings are unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the rate at which abstracts presented at the AANS/CNS CV Section Annual Meeting from 2014 to 2018 were subsequently published in peer-reviewed journals.METHODS: The abstract titles for all accepted poster and oral podium presentation abstracts from the 2014-2018 Annual Joint AANS/CNS CV Section Meetings were searched using PubMed. A match was defined as sufficient similarity between the abstract and its corresponding journal publication with regard to title, authors, methods, and results. Five-year impact factors (IFs) from Journal Citation Reports (JCR), the country of the corresponding author, and the number of citations in the Scopus database were obtained using the articles' digital object identifier when available, or the exact article title, journal, and year of publication.RESULTS: Of the 607 total poster and oral presentations from the 2014-2018 Annual Meetings of the AANS/CNS Joint CV Section, 46.29% (n = 281) have been published. Published articles received 3233 total citations for an average number of citations per article (\u00b1 SD) of 10.89 \u00b1 16.37. The average 5-year JCR IF of published studies was 4.64 \u00b1 3.13. Additionally, 98.22% of published abstracts were in publication within 4 years from the time the abstract was presented. The most common peer-reviewed neurosurgical journals featuring these publications were the Journal of Neurosurgery, World Neurosurgery, the Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Neurosurgery, and the Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of all poster and oral presentations at the annual meetings of the AANS/CNS Joint CV Section from 2014 to 2018 have been published in PubMed-indexed, peer-reviewed journals. The average number of citations per publication (10.89 \u00b1 16.37) reflects the high quality of abstracts accepted for presentation. It is important to continuously assess the quality of research presented at national conferences to ensure that standards are being maintained for the advancement of clinical practice in a given area of medicine. Conference abstract publication rates in peer-reviewed journals represent a way in which research quality can be gauged, and the authors encourage others to conduct similar investigations in their subspecialty area of interest and/or practice.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: This paper examines the form, function and impact of previous Olympic security arrangements and their intersection with planning practice. Drawing from prior and ongoing empirical research investigating the security practices at summer Olympic Games, the paper argues that wider shifts towards 'total' security models comprising continually reproduced security motifs can be observed that are increasingly standardized, mobile, globalized and planned-in. For most Olympic organizers, preparations now necessarily include attempts to equate spectacle with safety and to 'design-out' terrorism by relying on highly militarized tactics and expensive and detailed contingency planning. Such securitizing practices have intensified in form and scale since 9/11, with such intensification set to continue at the XXXIII Olympiad in Paris, where a vast security infrastructure is being embedded into the large-scale and long-term master-plans for the central city. This represents a high point in spatial planning practice through embracing principles of security-by-design where Games-time security infrastructure, whilst providing effective protection, becomes a less visible but permanent, physical legacy that can also contribute to local programmes of regeneration, climate resilience and crime prevention. The paper concludes by reflecting upon what the continual evolution of security infrastructure means for the balancing of planned-in security and spectacle at future Olympiads.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Permafrost in High Mountain Asia (HMA) is becoming increasingly vulnerable to thaw due to climate change. However, the lack of either in situ ground surface or borehole temperature data beyond the Tibetan Plateau prevents comprehensive assessments of its impact on the regional hydrologic cycle and local cascading hazards. Although past studies have generated estimates of permafrost extent in Central Asia, many are limited to the Tibetan Plateau, excluding the more remote reaches of the Tien Shan, Pamirs, and Himalayas. By leveraging surface temperatures from both the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Atmospheric Infra-Red Sounder (AIRS), this study advances further understanding of remotely sensed permafrost occurrence at high altitudes, which are prone to error due to frequent cloud cover. We demonstrate that the fusion of MODIS and AIRS products can accurately estimate long-term thermal regimes of the subsurface, with reported correlation coefficients of 0.773 and 0.560, RMSEs of 0.890 degree celsius and 0.680 degree celsius, and biases of 0.003 degree celsius and 0.462 degree celsius, respectively, for the ground surface and the depth of zero annual amplitude, during a reference period of 2003-2016. Furthermore, we provide a range of possible permafrost extents based on established equations for calculating the temperature at the top of the permafrost to demonstrate temperature sensitivity to soil moisture and snow cover. The MODIS-AIRS product is recommended to be a robust source of ground temperature estimates, which may be sufficient for inferring mountain permafrost presence in HMA. Incorporating the influence of soil moisture and snow depth, although limited by biased estimates, also produces estimates of permafrost regional areas comparable to previously reported permafrost indices. A total permafrost area of 1.69 (+/- 0.32) million km(2) is estimated for the entire HMA, across 15 mountain subregions.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Background Worldwide, recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption are not met, which can cause chronic diseases. Especially adolescence is an important phase for the development of health behaviours. Therefore, in the Netherlands, the Healthy School program was established to aid schools in promoting healthy lifestyles among their students. We examined to what extent the variation between secondary schools regarding students' fruit and vegetable consumption could be explained by differences between schools regarding Healthy School certification, general school characteristics, and the school population. Additionally, we examined whether Healthy School certification was related to the outcomes, and whether the association differed for subgroups.Methods We performed a repeated cross-sectional multilevel study. We used data from multiple school years from the national Youth Health Monitor on secondary schools (grades 2 and 4, age ranged from approximately 12 to 18 years) of seven Public Health Services, and added data with regard to Healthy School certification, general school characteristics and school population characteristics. We included two outcomes: the number of days a student consumed fruit and vegetables per week. In total, we analysed data on 168,127 students from 256 secondary schools in the Netherlands.Results Results indicated that 2.87% of the variation in fruit consumption and 5.57% of the variation in vegetable consumption could be attributed to differences at the school-level. Characteristics related to high parental educational attainment, household income, and educational track of the students explained most of the variance between schools. Additionally, we found a small favourable association between Healthy School certification and the number of days secondary school students consumed fruit and vegetables.Conclusions School population characteristics explained more variation between schools than Healthy School certification and general school characteristics, especially indicators of parental socioeconomic status. Nevertheless, Healthy School certification seemed to be slightly related to fruit and vegetable consumption, and might contribute to healthier dietary intake. We found small differences for some subgroups, but future research should focus on the impact in different school contexts, since we were restricted in the characteristics that could be included in this study.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Because humans spend about one-third of their time asleep in their bedrooms and are themselves emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it is important to specifically characterize the composition of the bedroom air that they experience during sleep. This work uses real-time indoor and outdoor measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to examine concentration enhancements in bedroom air during sleep and to calculate VOC emission rates associated with sleeping occupants. Gaseous VOCs were measured with proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry during a multiweek residential monitoring campaign under normal occupancy conditions. Results indicate high emissions of nearly 100 VOCs and other species in the bedroom during sleeping periods as compared to the levels in other rooms of the same residence. Air change rates for the bedroom and, correspondingly, emission rates of sleeping-associated VOCs were determined for two bounding conditions: (1) air exchange between the bedroom and outdoors only and (2) air exchange between the bedroom and other indoor spaces only (as represented by measurements in the kitchen). VOCs from skin oil oxidation and personal care products were present, revealing that many emission pathways can be important occupant-associated emission factors affecting bedroom air composition in addition to direct emissions from building materials and furnishings.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Introspection, or looking inward to observe one's experience, is inherent in many methods used to study feelings, the experiential component of emotion. Challenges of introspection make faithful, high-fidelity descriptions of feelings difficult to attain. A method that (1) cleaves to a specific moment, (2) cleaves to pristine inner experience, (3) brackets presuppositions, and (4) utilizes an iterative process may be particularly well suited to this task. We review some contemporary introspective methods from the perspective of these four methodological constraints, finding that Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) addresses the constraints most fully. We present DES findings on feelings to highlight the unique contributions careful introspective methods make to emotion science. High-fidelity descriptions of feelings are necessary for a complete understanding of emotion.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Soil is a complex material that exhibits both spatial variability and anisotropy. For simplicity, the traditional approach for analyzing slope stability often assumes that soil is homogeneous or isotropic, which can lead to an overestimation of slope stability and reliability. To address this issue, a novel approach is proposed in this study that uses an anisotropic yield criterion based on the random finite-element method to evaluate the influence of strength anisotropy on slope stability, while accounting for the influence of spatial variability on reliability. The proposed approach is applied to a typical case of slope reliability analysis. It is shown that the results of the proposed approach are consistent with those of previous studies and OPTUM G2 outcomes. The assessment involves determining the safety factors for both homogeneous and anisotropic conditions, while also taking into account the probability of failure in the presence of spatial variability. It is found that strength anisotropy significantly affects slope stability and reliability, as the factor of safety decreases from 1.255 to 1.037 and the probability of failure increases from 3.5% to 52.1% when considering strength anisotropy (n=0.707, xi=11.25 degrees). In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the influence of slope geometric parameters, strength anisotropic parameters, and spatial variability parameters on slope stability and reliability.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the new educational systems is the mentorship method. This study aimed to investigate the effect of peer mentoring program on clinical academic progress and psychological characteristics of operating room students.METHODS: This research was a randomized controlled trial that was conducted on undergraduate students in the operating room department of Khomein Faculty of Medical Sciences, Markazi Province in Iran. The number of operating room students were 70 that were divided into intervention and control groups by random allocation using Permuted Block Randomization. Inclusion criteria included all operating room students who were in internship, and exclusion criteria included failure to complete the questionnaires. The data collection tools were the demographic questionnaire, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Situational Motivational Scale. In the control group, clinical training was done in the traditional way. In the intervention group, training was done by peer mentoring method. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, paired t-test, chi-square test, ANCOVA, univariable and multivariable linear regression.RESULTS: The study revealed significant differences between the intervention and control groups. Post-intervention, the intervention group demonstrated substantial increases in self-confidence (mean difference=5.97, p<0.001) and significant reductions in stress levels (mean difference=-3.22, p<0.001). Conversely, minimal changes were noted in the control group for both self-confidence (mean difference=0.057, p=0.934) and stress levels (mean difference=0.142, p=0.656). Although both groups experienced decreases in anxiety and depression levels, these changes were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Furthermore, the intervention significantly enhanced academic progress in the intervention group compared to the control group (mean difference=20.31, p<0.001).CONCLUSION: The results showed that the implementation of the peer mentoring program was effective in improving academic progress, self-confidence, and reducing the stress of operating room students. Therefore, this educational method can be used in addition to the usual methods to improve the education of operating room students.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Aiming to address the limited noise reduction capabilities of conventional methods for reducing noise in seismic signals, the paper proposes a noise reduction model based on the RDBU-Net network. This model utilizes a residual dense block (RDB) instead of conventional convolutional layers in the U-Net network to enhance the feature extraction capacity for same-band noise, thereby elevating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of seismic signals. The RDBU-Net model is trained, validated, and tested using the global seismic dataset from Stanford University. In comparison with the wavelet threshold method, the denoising RDB model, and the U-Net model, the RDBU-Net model demonstrates an improvement in SNRs by 7.82 dB, 6.13 dB, and 2.9 dB, respectively. Additionally, the root mean square errors are reduced by 0.4812, 0.3736, and 0.1938, and the correlation coefficients are enhanced by 0.3818, 0.2714, and 0.1205. The RDBU-Net model proposed in this study effectively enhances the SNR of seismic signals and offers fresh insights into eliminating noise within the same frequency band of seismic signals.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study's objective was to explore Filipino physical therapists' views on social responsibility and the competencies it entails.METHODS: This study employed a constructivism-based qualitative design to inquire into the perspectives of physical therapist leaders and practitioners in the Philippines on Filipino physical therapists' social responsibility. Leaders were invited for their macro perspectives and influence on the profession; practitioners were invited to provide more practical viewpoints. Participants were interviewed one-on-one online. Interviews were transcribed, translated to English, and subjected to thematic analysis.RESULTS: Sixteen participants agreed to share their perspectives. Six themes were generated. Participants viewed the social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines as a professional duty that requires altruistic and social justice motivations. Socially responsible actions should address pressing issues affecting Filipino people's access to physical therapy and experience of health.CONCLUSION: The social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines entails engaging in roles aside from clinical practice to contribute to Filipino people's attainment of health. This calls for the expansion of their ethical and practice frameworks to include addressing not only client issues, but also the wider societal barriers to equitable access to physical therapy and better experiences of health.IMPACT: This study contributes to professional discourse on the increasing importance of social responsibility in the physical therapist profession amidst increasing rehabilitation needs and growing concerns on health inequity locally and globally, especially as worsened by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. It informs the development of a societal practice framework for physical therapists in the Philippines and the desired changes in physical therapist policies and education to facilitate fulfillment of their societal obligations.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Auxetics are a unique class of innovative materials/structures. Auxetic material/structures possess a negative value of Poisson's ratio owing to the distinguished deformation behavior represented by the transvers expansion or contraction when they experience uniaxial stretching or compression, respectively. The aim of this manuscript is to show contributions of the structural modification on an auxetic hybrid structure. The in-plane properties of an auxetic structure, called the modified re-entrant chiral auxetic (MRCA) structure under quasi-static compression were experimentally and numerically explored. The experimental specimens were 3D printed using fused deposition modeling technique. The commercial ABAQUS/Explicit solver was used to develop the simulated models. Results showed that the structural modification have led to effectively improve deformation coordination (i.e. uniform deformation patterns) and the compressive properties of the modified structure. Young's moduli were 1.75 and 12.7 higher than those of the original geometry, while values of plateau stress were 3.1 and 1.23 higher than those of the original geometry when they were compressed along the X and Y axes, respectively. The specific energy absorptions per unit mass were 4.7 J g-1 and 3.9 J g-1 when the MRCA specimens were compressed along the X and Y axes, respectively. However, the added cylinders limited the auxeticity (i.e. the transvers contraction) of the specimens during the compression tests.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: The Middle Pleistocene site of Schoningen 13II-4 Spear Horizon is well known not only for the presence of a series of wooden spears, but also for the excellent preservation and richness of its faunal assemblage, the high resolution of its stratigraphical sequence and the large expanse of the excavated surface. These characteristics offer excellent conditions for developing refitting analyses. In this paper, we present the spatial analysis of the first refitting analysis of the faunal assemblage. Results from the refitting spatial analysis suggest that post-depositional processes had little influence on the displacement of the faunal assemblage, supporting previous studies that confirm the integrity of the site. In contrast, the movement of bones, bone fragments and bone tools throughout the site is due to biotic agents, mostly the result of hominin activity along with a limited carnivore activity. Refitting analysis allows distinguishing two major depositional zones-the main shoreline and the lake basin-not immediately connected to each other, each one showing distinct spatial patternings, and provides a detailed reconstruction of butchering activities at the Spear Horizon, including prey distribution, butchery processes and tool use. These results offer new insight on hominins use of space, group size and work organization during the Middle Pleistocene.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Working-class first-generation (FG) college students are underrepresented in higher education and STEM. Using a longitudinal quasi-experiment, we tested the impacts of a living learning community (LLC) in the biological sciences on FG students in their first year of college (Semester 1: N=243; Semester 2: N=199), across three cohorts (2018-2019, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021). Participation in the LLC enhanced FG students' belonging, confidence, motivation, grades, knowledge of the social relevance of biology, and reduced STEM anxiety compared to a control group of FG students not in an LLC. LLC participation also increased retention in biological science majors one-year post-intervention compared to the control FG group. Moreover, LLC participation closed the academic gap between FG students in the LLC and honors students from college-educated families in a separate honors LLC. Benefits of the LLC intervention remained stable despite the COVID-19 pandemic, when living together became impossible, producing positive effects across cohorts from pre-pandemic to in-pandemic. Our results suggest that affinity-based learning communities-with or without shared housing-in the transition to college enhance academic thriving, persistence, and reduce social class driven achievement gaps in STEM.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cancer-related fatigue is a prevalent condition in all stages of oncologic disease that is poorly diagnosed, with a negative impact on physical function to perform activities of daily living. Fatigue is also one of the main manifestations in post-COVID-19 syndrome, and few studies have explored the functionality of cancer patients after infection by the new coronavirus. This study was designed to assess cancer-related fatigue symptoms and their implications on physical function and quality of life during the pandemic.METHODOLOGY: An observational study with a cross-sectional survey in cancer patients\u226518 years of age was conducted. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F), the perception of asthenia and performance status were evaluated, and the differences between groups according to the history of COVID-19 were calculated.RESULTS: A total of 60 cancer patients had an average age of 33.5\u00b110.11 years, 73.3% were female, and 98.3% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-Performance Status level<2. Severe fatigue was found in 43.3% of patients, and the average FACIT-F score was 33.5\u00b110.11. The proportion of coronavirus infection was 13,3%, and the performance of this group was worse on the scale compared to the group without infection (25\u00b110,40 vs. 34,81\u00b19,50 [p=0,009]). There was a significant correlation between visual analog scale values and FACIT-F scale scores (Pearson's r = -0.76).CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 infection could increase cancer-related fatigue symptoms, limiting activities of daily living and impairing quality of life.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In political philosophy, reflective equilibrium is a standard method used to systematically reconcile intuitive judgments with theoretical principles. In this paper, we propose that survey experiments and a model selection method-i.e., the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)-based model selection method-can be viewed together as a methodological means of satisfying the epistemic desiderata implicit in reflective equilibrium. To show this, we conduct a survey experiment on two theories of distributive justice, prioritarianism and sufficientarianism. Our experimental test case and AIC-based model selection method demonstrate that the refined sufficientarian principle, a widely accepted principle of distributive justice, is no more plausible than the prioritarian principle. This tells us that some changes of certain intuitions revolving around sufficientarianism should be examined (separately) based on the findings of the survey experiment and AIC model selection. This shows the potential of our approach-both practically and methodologically-as a novel way of applying reflective equilibrium in political philosophy.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: The quantitative determination of corrosion products is essential for evaluating the corrosion state of archeological iron artifacts. This study explored two semiquantitative approaches using Raman mapping technique combined with chemometrics to quantify a binary mixture of magnetite and goethite. The first approach involved establishing quantification models using Raman spectra treated with Principal Components Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) algorithms. Both the PCR and PLS model showed good predictive ability as indicated by correlation coefficients and root mean square errors (PLS: R c 2 = 0.9979, R p 2 = 0.9970, RMSEC = 1.93, RMSEP = 2.68, RMSECV = 3.25). The second approach was based on spectral fitting using non-negative least squares (NNLS) algorithm. This method demonstrated a fair accuracy between the calculated and actual compositions. The absolute value of relative errors was 0.99% similar to 10.08% for Fe 3 O 4 and 0.81% similar to 9.71% for alpha-FeOOH respectively, for compositions greater than 20%. These methods were then applied to quantify the corrosion products on an iron bar excavated from the Nanhai (South China Sea) No. I shipwreck. Compared with XRD quantitative results, Raman results showed that the spectral fitting method was superior to the established PCA and PLS quantification models in both qualitative determination and quantitative accuracy. Compositional maps depicting the distribution of different phases were also generated using spectral fitting method. It was concluded that Raman mapping has significant potential as an accurate quantitative method for the detection of iron corrosion products, and that the spectral fitting method is more suitable for determining iron corrosion compared to the PCR and PLS quantification models in this study. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Recent 3D registration methods are mostly learning-based that either find correspondences in feature space and match them, or directly estimate the registration transformation from the given point cloud features. Therefore, these feature-based methods have difficulties with generalizing onto point clouds that differ substantially from their training data. This issue is not so apparent because of the problematic benchmark definitions that cannot provide any in-depth analysis and contain a bias toward similar data. Therefore, we propose a methodology to create a 3D registration benchmark, given a point cloud dataset, that provides a more informative evaluation of a method w.r.t. other benchmarks. Using this methodology, we create a novel FAUST-partial (FP) benchmark, based on the FAUST dataset, with several difficulty levels. The FP benchmark addresses the limitations of the current benchmarks: lack of data and parameter range variability, and allows to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a 3D registration method w.r.t. a single registration parameter. Using the new FP benchmark, we provide a thorough analysis of the current state-of-the-art methods and observe that the current method still struggle to generalize onto severely different out-of-sample data. Therefore, we propose a simple featureless traditional 3D registration baseline method based on the weighted cross-correlation between two given point clouds. Our method achieves strong results on current benchmarking datasets, outperforming most deep learning methods. Our source code is available on github.com/DavidBoja/exhaustive-grid-search.", + "input": "Abstract: This qualitative investigation explored the anticipatory socialization phase of volunteers in the missionary program of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a full-life organization. Constant comparative analysis revealed that participants experienced three phases of organizational identification within their anticipatory socialization phase: exposure, exploration, and engagement. In the exposure phase, participants were presented with socializing messages that taught participants the rules, expectations, and values of the organization. In this phase, participants accepted the organizational identity largely without reservation. In the exploration phase, participants questioned their organizational identity and explored alternative, varied, and competing identities. In this phase, participants pushed their organizational identity to the periphery of their social identity. Finally, in the engagement phase, participants recentered their organizational identity and committed to their membership in the organization. Identifying these phases assists organizations and individuals in understanding and developing organizational engagement.", "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Extant studies focus on the impact of environmental regulation on regional economic growth or environmental pollution, and a lot of research outcomes have been made. However, from the perspective of corporate green sustainable development, the question of whether carbon emission trading represents a green blessing remains unclear. To address this issue, we employ a staggered difference-in-differences model to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the carbon emissions trading pilot policy (CETPP) on the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of listed manufacturing companies in China. Our results demonstrate that: a) CETPP can effectively promote corporate GTFP, and the robustness of this result is verified through a series of checks; b) the mediating role of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance is critical in the relationship between CETPP and corporate GTFP, with environmental and governance performance serving as two key transmission channels; and c) CEO green experience and public environmental concern both play the moderating roles on the relationship between CETPP and GTFP; d) CETPP has a stronger positive impact on GTFP of private enterprises and enterprises in the maturity life cycle; and e) CETPP has a spatial spillover effect on GTFP, and the effect will decay as spatial distance increases. Our study offers both theoretical and practical implications for enterprises to achieve their green economic development objectives, so as to promote China's high-quality development.", - "output": "Law", - "system": "", - "history": [] - }, - { - "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The Caribbean & Mesoamerica Biogeochemical Isotope Overview (CAMBIO) is an archaeological data community designed to integrate published biogeochemical data from the Caribbean, Mesoamerica, and southern Central America to address questions about dynamic interactions among humans, animals, and the environment in the region over the past 10,000 years. Here we present the CAMBIO human dataset, which consists of more than 16,000 isotopic measurements from human skeletal tissue samples (delta 13C, delta 15N, delta 34S, delta 18O, 87Sr/86Sr, 206/204Pb, 207/204Pb, 208/204Pb, 207/206Pb) from 290 archaeological sites dating between 7000 BC to modern times. The open-access dataset also includes detailed chronological, contextual, and laboratory/sample preparation information for each measurement. The collated data are deposited on the open-access CAMBIO data community via the Pandora Initiative data platform (https://pandoradata.earth/organization/cambio).", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Purpose To address a gap in radiation oncology education in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), we sought to evaluate the effectiveness and generalizability of a refined curriculum on intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) offered to existing radiation therapy (RT) clinics across Africa and Latin America (LATAM) at no cost. Methods A curriculum was created based on prior needs assessments and adapted for participating medical physicists, radiation oncologists, radiation therapists, and trainees in LMICs. English-speaking and Spanish-speaking teams of volunteer educators delivered 27 hour-long sessions 1-2 times weekly for 4 months using video conferencing to African and LATAM cohorts, respectively. Pre- and post-course multiple-choice examinations were administered to LATAM participants, and pre- and post-course self-confidence (1-5 Likert-scale) and open-ended feedback were collected from all participants. Results Twenty-five centers across Africa (13) and LATAM (12) participated, yielding a total of 332 enrolled participants (128 African, 204 LATAM). Sessions were delivered with a mean of 44 (22.5) and 85 (25.4) participants in the African and LATAM programs, respectively. Paired pre and post-course data demonstrated significant (p < 0.001) improvement in knowledge from 47.9 to 89.6% and self-confidence across four domains including foundations (+ 1.1), commissioning (+ 1.3), contouring (+ 1.7), and treatment planning (+ 1.0). Attendance was a significant predictor of change in self-confidence in high attendance participants only, suggesting a threshold effect. Qualitative data demonstrates that participants look forward to applying their knowledge in the clinical setting. Conclusion A specialized radiation oncology curriculum adapted for LMIC audiences was effective for both African and LATAM participants. Participant feedback suggests that the refined IMRT course empowered clinics with knowledge and confidence to help train others. This feasible Hub and Spokes approach in which a distance-learning course establishes a hub to be leveraged by spokes (learners) may be generalizable to others aiming to reduce global health care disparities through training efforts.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: District Residency Programme (DRP) was introduced by National Medical Commission as mandatory three-months training program for postgraduate residents. The program was for the first time implemented in April 2023 in Rajasthan. However, it ran into several teething problems, especially for residents. With a lack of any precedence, this study was planned to explore experiences and challenges of residents posted in DRP.METHODS: Cross-sectional study was conducted at 12 DRP sites attached to SMS Medical College, Jaipur between August-October 2023. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from residents who had completed DRP. Questions were scored on a five-point Likert scale. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to show association.RESULTS: Only around 17% residents felt that the learning objectives of DRP were fulfilled and nearly 60% residents felt isolated from academic activities and parent department. Over half of the residents were never posted with their concerned specialty services. Around four-fifth residents felt concerned about safety at least sometimes and more than three-fourth residents were dissatisfied with basic amenities. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests showed significant association of gender and specialisation strata with multiple outcome variables.CONCLUSION: The study finds high degree of dissatisfaction among residents towards learning objectives, academic learning, and basic amenities during DRP. There was also a clear lack of specialty-exposure and high concerns of safety, especially for female residents. The study findings should alarm and inform policymakers and administrators to improve DRP implementation so as to better achieve laid objectives.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: When celebrities, political figures, influencers, or anyone with a large following publicly disclose an illness or die, the news becomes a de facto public health campaign. Until health communicators began studying such disclosures and the effects of the following waves of media coverage, however, it was not known to what extent these events impacted the public. A growing body of research has empirically documented these events and examined the factors that predict which types of audiences are most affected and why. Beyond motivating research opportunities, celebrity and influencer health disclosures or deaths can impact calls to hotlines, views on health-related websites, discussions of related topics on social media, behavioral changes relevant to the disclosure, increased news coverage of celebrity health research, integration of celebrity health narratives into strategic health campaigns, and even policy changes. We provide an overview of research conducted in this area and detail examples of the impact that celebrity health disclosures and studies about those disclosures have had on public discourse and public health.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper argues that modal realism has a problem with mathematical impossibilities. Due to the peculiar way it treats both propositions and mathematical objects, modal realism cannot distinguish the content of different mathematically impossible beliefs. While one might be happy to identify all logically impossible beliefs, there are many different mathematically impossible beliefs, none of which is a belief in a logical contradiction. The fact that it cannot distinguish these beliefs speaks against adopting modal realism.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Mental illness was a common sickness in the Straits Settlements. The British established mental hospitals in order to treat the patients. The women labourers working under the Straits Settlements were too attached with ethnic herbs and traditional beliefs that have been passed down through generations, causing them to resist modern treatment. The traditional practice brought pointless results, and many of them were left untreated. Previous research showed that traditional medical practice caused health problems leading to mental illness among the women labourers and the British took their responsibility lightly to educate the women labourers on modern treatment. This study aims to highlight the practice of mental remedies and the evolution of treatment that could be seen in the 1900s. The British carried out many persuasive stages to gain the women labourers' trust towards modern treatment and hospital. First, they offered treatment at home. Second, the mental hospital. Findings showed that the acceptance of modern medication among the women labourers started in 1915. This article involved qualitative method through content analysis mostly from the Straits Settlements Annual Reports. Throughout the discussion, it was observed that the women labourers preferred the occupational therapy method offered by the mental hospital.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The authors present results from a new research project focusing on the prehistory of the area surrounding a vast flint outcrop in Mongolia, called Tsakhiurtyn Hundi, in the borderland between the Gobi-Altai Mountains and Gobi Desert. They present the discovery of a cave and the results of its exploration, confirming its use by Pleistocene hunter-gatherers.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: This paper investigates how the environmental performance of firms impacts their participation in global value chains (GVC). The analysis is based on a dataset of 15,922 firms located in 32 European, Central Asian, Middle Eastern, and North African countries, with information on firm-level environmental practices provided by the recent Green Economy module of the World Bank Enterprise Surveys. We propose the Firm Environmental Performance Index (FEPI), a new index measuring firms' adoption of environmental actions. The index is used in a two-part instrumental variable approach to estimate the impact of FEPI on both the probability and the intensity of GVC participation, while addressing reverse causality concerns. The results indicate that a one-standard deviation increase in the FEPI increases the probability of participation by 6.4 percentage points, a result consistently observed in all regions and sectors. The effects on the intensity of participation are mostly non-significant. However, a negative effect is observed in exceptional cases, namely for firms that are importers only, have low-technology practices, and are located in less developed regions. The results are robust to alternative definitions of GVC participation, inclusion of alternative instruments, and to partial violations of the exclusion restriction. All in all, they suggest that complying with environmental regulations could lead to higher integration in global markets, albeit with adverse effects in some particular cases.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Seasonal influenza epidemics have a substantial public health and economic burden, which can be alleviated through vaccination. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a 75% vaccination coverage rate (VCR) in: older adults (aged\u226565years), individuals with chronic conditions, pregnant women, children aged 6-24months and healthcare workers. However, no European country achieves this target in all risk groups. In this study, potential public health and economic benefits achieved by reaching 75% influenza VCR was estimated in risk groups across four European countries: France, Italy, Spain, and the UK.METHODS: A static epidemiological model was used to estimate the averted public health and economic burden of increasing the 2021/2022 season VCR to 75%, using the efficacy data of standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine. For each country and risk group, the most recent data on population size, VCR, pre-pandemic influenza epidemiology, direct medical costs and absenteeism were identified through a systematic literature review, supplemented by manual searching. Outcomes were: averted influenza cases, general practitioner (GP) visits, hospitalisations, case fatalities, number of days of work lost, direct medical costs and absenteeism-related costs.RESULTS: As of the 2021/2022 season, the UK achieved the highest weighted VCR across risk groups (65%), followed by Spain (47%), France (44%) and Italy (44%). Based on modelling, the 2021/2022 VCR prevented an estimated 1.9 million influenza cases, avoiding 375,200 GP visits, 73,200 hospitalisations and 38,400 deaths. To achieve the WHO 75% VCR target, an additional 24 million at-risk individuals would need to be vaccinated, most of which being older adults and patients with chronic conditions. It was estimated that this could avoid a further 918,200 influenza cases, 332,000 GP visits, 16,300 hospitalisations and 6,300 deaths across the four countries, with older adults accounting for 52% of hospitalisations and 80% of deaths. An additional 84 million in direct medical costs and 79 million in absenteeism costs would be saved in total, with most economic benefits delivered in France.CONCLUSIONS: Older adults represent most vaccine-preventable influenza cases and deaths, followed by individuals with chronic conditions. Health authorities should prioritise vaccinating these populations for maximum public health and economic benefits.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Date fruit drying is a process that consumes a significant amount of energy due to the long duration required for drying. To better understand how moisture flows through the fruit during drying and to speed up this process, drying studies must be conducted in conjunction with mathematical modeling, energy analysis, and environmental economic analysis. In this study, twelve thin-layer mathematical models were designed utilizing experimental data for three different date fruit varieties (Sakkoti, Malkabii, and Gondaila) and two solar drying systems (automated solar dryer and open-air dryer). These models were then validated using statistical analysis. The drying period for the date fruit varieties varied between 9 and 10 days for the automated solar dryer and 14 to 15 days for open-air drying. The moisture diffusivity coefficient values, determined using Fick's second law of diffusion model, ranged from 7.14 x 10-12 m2/s to 2.17 x 10-11 m2/s. Among the twelve thin-layer mathematical models, we chose the best thin drying model based on a higher R2 and lower chi 2 and RMSE. The Two-term and Modified Page III models delivered the best moisture ratio projections for date fruit dried in an open-air dryer. For date fruit dried in an automated solar dryer, the Two-term Exponential, Newton (Lewis), Approximation diffusion or Diffusion Method, and Two-term Exponential modeling provided the best moisture ratio projections. The energy and environmental study found that the particular amount of energy used varied from 17.936 to 22.746 kWh/kg, the energy payback time was 7.54 to 7.71 years, and the net CO2 mitigation throughout the lifespan ranged from 8.55 to 8.80 tons. Furthermore, economic research showed that the automated solar dryer's payback period would be 2.476 years.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The exponential growth of data across various medical domains has generated a substantial demand for techniques to analyze multimodal big data. This demand is particularly pronounced in fields such as computational pathology due to the diverse nature of the tissue. Cross-modal retrieval aims to identify a common latent space where different modalities, such as image-text pairs, exhibit close alignment. The primary challenge, however, often lies in the representation of tissue features. While language models can be trained relatively easily, visual models frequently struggle due to the scarcity of labeled data. To address this issue, the innovative concept of harmonization has been introduced, extending the learning scheme distillation without supervision, known as DINO. The harmonization of scale refines the DINO paradigm through a novel patching approach, overcoming the complexities posed by gigapixel whole slide images in digital pathology. Experiments conducted on diverse datasets have demonstrated that the proposed approach significantly enhances cross-modal retrieval in tissue imaging. Moreover, it exhibits vast potential for other fields that rely on gigapixel imaging.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Within the field of research on the promotion of teachers' social and emotional competence, the present paper illustrates preliminary evidence of the efficacy of a new training program named ME4YOU aimed at supporting teachers' self-reflexive competences to deal with the emotional and relational dimensions of teaching, with constant and continuous attention towards underlining the close connection between the way teachers perform as professionals at work and the way they function as individuals in their personal life. A total of 109 teachers from kindergarten to primary school took part in the experimental group, while 67 teachers constituted the control group; the two groups were compared using a pre-test/post-test approach with regard to some self-reported variables related to professional and personal aspects. Teachers in the experimental group exhibited increased levels of professional self-efficacy and self-efficacy as emotional socializers toward students' emotions; moreover-although with a more limited impact-they reported benefits with regard to their personal life (i.e., reduced denial of own emotions and improved authenticity). The findings are discussed highlighting that health promotion among teachers is both of value in itself and an investment that can generate health in the whole school system.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Laser sintering is a widely used process for producing complex shapes from particulate materials. However, understanding the complex interaction between the laser and particles is a challenge. This investigation provides new insights into the sintering process by simulating the laser source and the neck growth of particle pairs. First, a multi-physics discrete element method (DEM) framework is developed to incorporate temperature-dependent contact rheological and thermal properties, incorporating heat transfer and neck formation between the particles. Next, energy transport by ray tracing is added to allow for computing the amount of laser energy absorbed during sintering. The DEM model is calibrated and validated using experimental data on neck growth and temperature evolution of particle pairs made of polystyrene and Polyamide 12. The findings show that the proposed DEM model is capable of accurately simulate the neck growth during the laser sintering paving the way for better controlling and optimizing the process.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: The use of imaging has transformed the study of cultural heritage artefacts in the same way that medical imaging has transformed medicine. X-ray-based techniques are common in both medical and heritage imaging. Optical imaging, including scientific photography and spectral imaging techniques, is also common in both domains. Some common medical imaging methods such as ultrasound and MRI have not yet found routine application in heritage, whereas other methods such as imaging with charged and uncharged particles and 3D surface imaging are more common in heritage. Here, we review the field of heritage imaging from the point of view of medical imaging and include some classic challenges of heritage imaging such as reading the text on burnt scrolls, identifying underdrawings in paintings, and CT scanning of mummies, an ancient calculating device and sealed documents. We show how hyperspectral imaging can offer insight into the drawing techniques of Leonardo da Vinci and explain how laparoscopy has identified the method of construction of a 500-year-old pop-up anatomical text book.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is the second most deadly infectious disease after COVID-19 and the 13th leading cause of death worldwide. Among the 30 countries with a high burden of TB, China ranks third in the estimated number of TB cases. China is in the top four of 75 countries with a deficit in funding for TB strategic plans. To reduce costs and improve the effectiveness of TB treatment in China, the NHSA developed an innovative BP method. This study aimed to simulate the effects of this payment approach on different stakeholders, reduce the economic burden on TB patients, improve the quality of medical services, facilitate policy optimization, and offer a model for health care payment reforms that can be referenced by other regions throughout the world.METHODS: We developed a simulation model based on a decision tree analysis to project the expected effects of the payment method on the potential financial impacts on different stakeholders. Our analysis mainly focused on comparing changes in health care costs before and after receiving BPs for TB patients with Medicare in the pilot areas. The data that were used for the analysis included the TB service claim records for 2019-2021 from the health insurance agency, TB prevalence data from the local Centre for Disease Control, and health care facilities' revenue and expenditure data from the Statistic Yearbook. A Monte Carlo randomized simulation model was used to estimate the results.RESULTS: After adopting the innovative BP method, for each TB patient per year, the total annual expenditure was estimated to decrease from $2,523.28 to $2,088.89, which is a reduction of $434.39 (17.22%). The TB patient out-of-pocket expenditure was expected to decrease from $1,249.02 to $1,034.00, which is a reduction of $215.02 (17.22%). The health care provider's revenue decreased from $2,523.28 to $2,308.26, but the health care provider/institution's revenue-expenditure ratio increased from -6.09% to 9.50%.CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the potential of BPs to improve medical outcomes and control the costs associated with TB treatment. It demonstrates its feasibility and advantages in enhancing the coordination and sustainability of medical services, thus offering valuable insights for global health care payment reform.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are in trouble half-way towards their target date of 2030. With increasing global inequalities, and reversal in developmental gains because of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as financial and political instability, achieving the goals in the next seven years seems difficult. We undertake an exercise in defining an ecological system of the SDGs to argue that focusing on two sentinel goals of SDGs 5 & 12 ('gender equality' and 'responsible consumption and production') could be key to achieving the other goals. The linkages posited in the SDG ecosystem are based upon our reading of the literature from a political economic and political ecological perspective. Prioritising SDGs 5 and 12 requires more of political rather than a financial commitment. The paper proposes a pathway to achieving some success in realising SDGs during their remaining half-life.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Key tipping points of history are rarely found directly in the archaeological record, not least because an event's significance often lies in the perception of the participants. This article documents an early-ninth-century ritual fire-burning event at the Maya site of Ucanal in Guatemala and argues that it marked a public dismantling of an old regime. Rather than examine this event as part of a Classic period Maya collapse, the authors propose that it was a revolutionary pivot point around which the K'anwitznal polity reinvented itself, ushering in wider political transitions in the southern Maya Lowlands.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Based on a sample of Chinese public manufacturing firms, this study empirically investigates whether and how analyst coverage drives corporate social responsibility (CSR) under different governance or information conditions. The results show that firms with greater analyst coverage take more social responsibility, representing magnified concerns and better CSR visibility for legitimacy and reputation. This relationship could be strengthened under high governance condition (high institutional ownership ratio, none CEO duality, low executive ownership) or low information situation (high earnings management and low accounting conservatism). These findings provide new evidence of information-based mechanism underlying the promotions of CSR in imperfect information environments.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increased aortic stiffness (arteriosclerosis) is associated with early vascular aging independent of age and sex. The underlying mechanisms of early vascular aging remain largely unexplored in the general population. We aimed to investigate the plasma metabolomic profile in aortic stiffness (vascular aging) and associated risk of incident cardiovascular disease and mortality.METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 6865 individuals from 2 Swedish population-based cohorts. Untargeted plasma metabolomics was performed by liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry. Aortic stiffness was assessed directly by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and indirectly by augmentation index (AIx@75). A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model was created on plasma metabolites in order to predict aortic stiffness. Associations between metabolite-predicted aortic stiffness and risk of new-onset cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality were calculated. Metabolite-predicted aortic stiffness (PWV and AIx@75) was positively associated particularly with acylcarnitines, dimethylguanidino valeric acid, glutamate, and cystine. The plasma metabolome predicted aortic stiffness (PWV and AIx@75) with good accuracy (R2=0.27 and R2=0.39, respectively). Metabolite-predicted aortic stiffness (PWV and AIx@75) was significantly correlated with age, sex, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and low-density lipoprotein. After 23years of follow-up, metabolite-predicted aortic stiffness (PWV and AIx@75) was significantly associated with increased risk of new-onset coronary artery disease, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality.CONCLUSIONS: Aortic stiffness is associated particularly with altered metabolism of acylcarnitines, cystine, and dimethylguanidino valeric acid. These metabolic disturbances predict increased risk of new-onset coronary artery disease, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality after more than 23years of follow-up in the general population.", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Eating disorders in children and adolescents can have serious medical and psychological consequences. The objective of this retrospective quantitative study is to gain insight in self-reported Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of children and adolescents with a DSM-5 diagnosis of an eating disorder.METHOD: Collect and analyse data of patients aged 8-18 years, receiving treatment for an eating disorder. At the start and end of treatment patients completed the KIDSCREEN-52, a questionnaire measuring HRQoL.RESULTS: Data of 140 patients were analysed. Children diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder all had lower HRQoL on multiple dimensions at the start of treatment, there is no statistically significant difference between these groups. In contrast, patients with Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder only had lower HRQoL for the dimension Physical Well-Being. HRQoL showed a significant improvement in many dimensions between start and end of treatment, but did not normalize compared to normative reference values of Dutch children.CONCLUSION: The current study showed that self-reported HRQoL is low in children with eating disorders, both at the beginning but also at the end of treatment. This confirms the importance of continuing to invest in the various HRQoL domains.", "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We ask how environmental justice and urban ecology have influenced one another over the past 25 years in the context of the US Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program and Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) project. BES began after environmental justice emerged through activism and scholarship in the 1980s but spans a period of increasing awareness among ecologists and environmental practitioners. The work in Baltimore provides a detailed example of how ecological research has been affected by a growing understanding of environmental justice. The shift shows how unjust environmental outcomes emerge and are reinforced over time by systemic discrimination and exclusion. We do not comprehensively review the literature on environmental justice in urban ecology but do present four brief cases from the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia, to illustrate the global relevance of the topic. The example cases demonstrate the necessity for continuous engagement with communities in addressing environmental problem solving.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: This study examines criminal behavior over the welfare payment cycle. Using unique individual-level administrative data on welfare recipients, we exploit exogenous variation in payment dates over time and across Dutch municipalities. The results suggest that financially motivated crime increases by 12% over the payment cycle, indicating serious financial constraints toward the end of the month. Non-financially motivated offenses, particularly sex and violent offenses and driving under the influence offenses (DUIs), peak directly after benefits receipt and decrease over the payment cycle, suggesting an underlying spike in consumption conducive to crime. Public order offenses and DUIs also increase with weekend disbursement.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Rituals and feasting ceremonies at Polynesian marae depict culturally complex relationships between humans and animals that cannot be explained by subsistence alone. In Central-East Polynesia, this topic still requires the elaboration of a ritual zooarchaeology framework. Using sea turtle assemblages from three sacred sites on Fakahina atoll (Tuamotu), this study offers a preliminary approach to faunal deposits from ritual contexts. Following systematic excavations of marae on Fakahina, analysis aimed to determine whether faunal deposits could be linked with intentional feasting and offering behaviours. To detect how ritual actions were organised through space, skeletal and taphonomic variables were examined for both overall sites and sub-assemblages within sites based on the spatial associations of fauna with site features.At certain site features, derived quantitative units such as %MAU and recovery rate could identify potential offering behaviours through the intentional sorting of culturally significant body parts. The taphonomic signatures of site features could also identify open or closed deposition environments, assisting with the identification of disturbed features as either exposed platforms or enclosed cists. In addition to highlighting previously undocumented complexity in the use of site features, an overall comparison of turtle remains from the three sites shows the potential of these methods to explore variation in ritual practices.Les rituels et festins ceremoniels conduits sur les marae polynesiens refletent des relations hommes-animaux complexes depassant le cadre de la simple subsistance. Neanmoins, ce sujet de recherche en Polynesie centre-orientale requiert l'elaboration d'un cadre d'analyse, autrement dit une archeozoologie du rituel. Se basant sur des assemblages de tortues de trois sites sacres sur l'atoll de Fakahina (archipel des Tuamotu), cette etude cherche a determiner si les depots fauniques peuvent etre mis en rapport avec des comportements de consommation ceremonielle ou d'offrandes. Afin de reconstituer l'organisation spatiale des actions rituelles, nous examinons les variations squelettiques et taphonomiques aux echelles inter et intra-sites.Dans certaines structures, les analyses quantitatives (Minimal Animal Unit, Recovery rate) ont permis d'identifier des comportements rituels au travers du depot intentionnel de parties importantes de l'animal. Les signatures taphonomiques contribuent egalement a distinguer des environnements de depot ouverts ou fermes. Cette etude revele non seulement une complexite de gestes jusqu'a present pas documentes archeologiquement, mais aussi le potentiel de notre approche pour explorer les variations de pratiques rituelles entre sites.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: In the era of digital information, metadata, and ontology technology have increasingly promoted the information management and utilization of museum collections. As one of the most important collection categories in Chinese and even the world's historical museums, the information management of ancient Chinese ceramics has made some progress, but there are still some shortcomings as well. Based on the current need for the information management and utilization of ancient Chinese ceramics, the article used the ceramics in the Nankai University Museum as research samples, constructing the Metadata of Ancient Chinese Ceramics through the comprehensive analysis, integration, and improvement of existing metadata. Moreover, based on that, the study reused and expanded the CIDOC CRM to establish the Ontology of Ancient Chinese Ceramics through Protege, with 20 pieces of ceramics in the Nankai University Museum being added as instances. Last but not least, the study took the Kang Xi Polychrome Cup with Winter Jasmine as an instance and presented its knowledge map through visualization to demonstrate the structure of the Ontology of Ancient Chinese Ceramics more clearly. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignant tumor with low incidence. Currently, most studies have focused on the prognostic risk factors of MTC, whatever, time kinetic and risk factors related to calcitonin normalization (CN) and biochemical persistence/recurrence (BP) are yet to be elucidated.METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted for 190 MTC patients. Risk factors related to calcitonin normalization (CN) and biochemical persistence/recurrence (BP) were analyzed. The predictors of calcitonin normalization time (CNT) and biochemical persistent/recurrent time (BPT) were identified. Further, the prognostic roles of CNT and BPT were also demonstrated.RESULTS: The 5- and 10-year DFS were 86.7% and 70.2%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year OS were 97.6% and 78.8%, respectively. CN was achieved in 120 (63.2%) patients, whereas BP was presented in 76 (40.0%) patients at the last follow up. After curative surgery, 39 (32.5%) and 106 (88.3%) patients achieved CN within 1 week and 1 month. All patients who failed to achieve CN turned to BP over time and 32/70 of them developed structural recurrence. The median time of CNT and BPT was 1 month (1day to 84 months) and 6 month (3day to 63months), respectively. LNR>0.23 and male gender were independent predictors for CN and BP. LNR>0.23 (Hazard ratio (HR), 0.24; 95% CI,0.13-0.46; P<0.01) and male gender (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.42-0.99; P=0.045) were independent predictors for longer CNT. LNR>0.23 (HR,5.10; 95% CI,2.15-12.11; P<0.01) was still the strongest independent predictor followed by preoperative serum Ctn>1400ng/L (HR,2.34; 95% CI,1.29-4.25; P=0.005) for shorter BPT. In survival analysis, primary tumor size>2cm (HR, 5.81; 95% CI,2.20-15.38; P<0.01), CNT>1 month (HR, 5.69; 95% CI, 1.17-27.61; P=0.031) and multifocality (HR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.45-6.65; P=0.004) were independent predictor of DFS.CONCLUSION: Early changes of Ctn after curative surgery can predict the long-term risks of biochemical and structural recurrence, which provide a useful real-time prognostic information. LNR significantly affect the time kinetic of biochemical prognosis. Tumor burden and CNT play a crucial role in MTC survival, the intensity of follow-up must be tailored accordingly.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: This study highlights the importance of the relationship between housing prices and tourism labour mobility. This study uses dynamic panel threshold approach to examine the nonlinear effect of housing prices on tourism labour mobility in Chinese mainland during the years 2000-2021. The empirical results show that rising housing prices are positively associated with tourism and its subsectors' employment across different levels of housing prices. At the regional level, there exists regional heterogeneity of housing price affecting labour mobility within tourism industry and its subsectors in Eastern, Central and Western regions. Lastly, further discussion and policy suggestion are provided.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper is a debate on why Bourdieusian scholars have never fully embraced the Introduction/Literature review/Data & methods/Results/Discussion (ILDRD) article format which is mainstream in North American Sociological publications. This paper attempts to argue that Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-Claude Chamboredon, and Jean-Claude Passeron developed a different writing format - inspired by Gaston Bachelard's applied rationalism -- and which became more influential among French scholars. The Bourdieu inspired different writing patterns and reasoning, I argue, can be traced in the flagship journal Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales. This paper invites further debate on the differences in approaching article formats in the social sciences.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: In 2021 the Crafts Council launched its national education programme, Craft School, alongside the pedagogical framework Make First. Both Craft School and Make First were a culmination of decades of learning, experience, and research from staff at the Crafts Council and are underpinned by anti-racist and anti-ableist learning methodologies. Through this we hoped to work towards methodologies for equal and equitable access to craft education, by considering flexible approaches to delivering and participating in craft activities across different key stages. This paper outlines the Make First approach and some indications of its impact on teachers and learners, as well as exploring some of the challenges and areas for further development as we continue to build anti-racist and anti-ableist approaches to craft education.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Pain invalidation involves the dismissal or lack of understanding of another's pain, undermining their subjective experience. Frequent exposure to invalidation negatively impacts mental and physical health as well as pain-related behaviors, potentially leading people to conceal their pain from others in the future and/or withdraw from potential sources of support. It is therefore possible that experiencing pain invalidation may also impact pain-reporting behavior in clinical settings. Across 2 separate samples of emerging adults, we examined whether exposure to invalidation of one's pain was associated with cognizant modulation of one's subjective acute pain ratings within routine medical and dental settings. Drawing upon social psychological theories of impression management and self-presentation, we hypothesized that exposure to pain invalidation would be associated with the under-rating of one's pain. In Study 1, previous experiences of invalidation were associated with under-rating of one's pain when visiting the doctor and the dentist. Study 2 found that invalidation from family and medical professionals-but not from friends-was associated with under-rating pain in both settings. Findings provide further evidence for the harmful effects of pain invalidation, particularly for emerging adults, as the dismissal of one's subjective experience may sow self-doubt while reinforcing cultural stigmas against pain, leading to alterations in pain communication that ultimately creates barriers to efficacious clinical treatment and care and increase pain-related suffering. PERSPECTIVE: Pain invalidation imparts harm to those who already suffer from pain, be it mentally, physically, and/or behaviorally. We show that people who have encountered invalidation are more likely to under-rate their pain when seeking care, impeding assessment and treatment, and further highlighting the importance of clinical validation of pain experiences.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Biowaste raw materials were used for biochar preparation through pyrolysis at 850 degrees C under a limited oxygen atmosphere. Raw materials and the corresponding biochar samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TGA, N2-sorption, pH-equilibrium, and ash content measurements. These samples were evaluated as sustainable sorbents for use in methylene blue (MB) removal from artificial fresh water. All biochar samples exhibited high specific surface areas (367-870 m2 center dot g-1), low crystallinity, and low population of functional groups (C-O-C, -COOH, -N-O, -N-H, and -OH) on their surfaces. They were mainly micro-porous materials with a significant fraction of pores in the meso-porous range. The specific surface area of the latter pores proved very important for the physical adsorption of MB from aqueous solution. Although the raw materials exhibited low MB sorption capacity, ranging from 29 to 54 mg center dot g-1, the corresponding biochar samples exhibited important MB sorption efficiency ranging from 58 to 370 mg center dot g-1. Among the biochar samples studied, those produced from coffee residues proved most promising for MB removal from water solution (sorption capacity: 280-370 mg center dot g-1), addressing the United Nations Sustainability Development Goal (SDG) 6: Clean Water and Sanitation by improving the index related to anthropogenic wastewater that has received treatment.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Recent advancements in technology and infrastructure have greatly improved the capabilities of the natural hazards community to collect robust samples of building performance following hazard events and make them available to the research community for broad reuse purposes. Yet, there lacks standardized, open access data sets that combine reconnaissance data from multiple individual hazard events into unified, living testbeds that can grow through community participation. The objectives of this study are to (1) synthesize and present a unified, multievent windstorm performance data set (WiSPD) and (2) summarize common damage patterns observed in the WiSPD. The WiSPD currently consists of four hurricanes (occurring between 2017 and 2020) and four tornadoes (occurring between 2011 and 2020), all of which struck the United States. Each event's building performance assessments were collected with similar methodologies and contain details such as location, physical address, basic building attributes, estimated 3 s gust wind speed, basic wind speeds, and component-level damage percentage with a precision of +/- 5%. In combination, the testbed reveals that roof cover damage dominates in windstorms, regardless of the year of construction or building code enforced. Additionally, tornadoes tend to produce higher damage rates than hurricanes, specifically in fenestration and roof structure damage. Fragility functions for hurricanes exhibit a nonmonotonic relationship between wind speed and damage, potentially evidencing the strong influence of other confounding variables. Ultimately, the unified data set promises to be a rich testbed for further knowledge discovery and model validation by the research community.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: BackgroundWe examined linguistic features in fourth graders' narrative and opinion writing and their relations to writing quality. We analysed narrative and opinion essays in terms of lexical sophistication and diversity as well as syntactic complexity, syntactic accuracy, and morphological complexity.MethodsData were from English-speaking students in Grade 4 (N = 129; 50% female) in the United States, majority of whom were from low socioeconomic status background. Paired t tests were used to analyse differences of linguistic features between the two genres. Hierarchical regression models were run to examine how language features are related to writing quality.ResultsWords in the narrative task were more diverse and included more diverse verbal inflectional morphemes than those in the opinion task; syntactic complexity was significantly greater in the opinion genre, manifested by longer T-units and the more frequent use of adverbial and relative clauses. Approximately 80% of T-units were grammatical and 20% were ungrammatical. Syntactic accuracy and verbal morphological complexity of words were positively related to writing quality in the narrative task. Additionally, syntactic complexity measured by clauses per T-unit, verbal and nominal morphological complexity of words were uniquely related to writing quality in the opinion genre.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the limited extent to which Grade 4 students use complex syntax in their writing. The study also supports the critical role of linguistic features in writing quality and shows both similarities and differences in language use in two important writing genres, narrative and opinion, in elementary grades.What is already known about this topic Linguistic features vary across writing genres. Lexical diversity contributes to narrative writing quality for elementary students. The relation between syntactic complexity and writing quality varies by genre.What is already known about this topic Linguistic features vary across writing genres. Lexical diversity contributes to narrative writing quality for elementary students. The relation between syntactic complexity and writing quality varies by genre.What this paper adds Lexical diversity and nominal morphological complexity were higher in the narrative task; T-unit length was longer in the opinion task. Syntactic complexity positively and uniquely contributed to writing quality in the opinion task whereas syntactic accuracy positively and uniquely contributed to writing quality in the narrative task. Morphological complexity was uniquely related to writing quality in the narrative and opinion genre.What this paper adds Lexical diversity and nominal morphological complexity were higher in the narrative task; T-unit length was longer in the opinion task. Syntactic complexity positively and uniquely contributed to writing quality in the opinion task whereas syntactic accuracy positively and uniquely contributed to writing quality in the narrative task. Morphological complexity was uniquely related to writing quality in the narrative and opinion genre.Implications for theory, policy or practice Students in upper elementary grades may benefit from explicit and systematic instruction on salient linguistic features in different genres. Students in upper elementary grades may benefit from explicit and systematic instruction on syntactic accuracy and structures and morphological structures.Implications for theory, policy or practice Students in upper elementary grades may benefit from explicit and systematic instruction on salient linguistic features in different genres. Students in upper elementary grades may benefit from explicit and systematic instruction on syntactic accuracy and structures and morphological structures.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Previous research suggests that descriptive norms positively influence proenvironmental behavior, including littering prevention. However, in some behavioral contexts, a weak descriptive norm may increase individuals' feelings of responsibility by signaling a need for action.We examined this effect in the context of litter prevention by conducting structural equation modeling of survey data from 1400 Singapore residents. The results showed thatdescriptive norms negatively predicted ascription of responsibility and were negatively related to littering prevention behavior via ascription of responsibility and personal norms.It also showed that strong injunctive norms can reduce the inhibitory effect of descriptive norms on ascription of responsibility. These findings were consistent with several hypotheses constituting the model of norm-regulated responsibility, a novel explanatory framework offering new insights and a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of social norms' influence on proenvironmental behavior.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Purpose Patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) can present with asymmetric disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of asymmetric TED in an Australian cohort and investigate clinical, biochemical, and radiological associations of asymmetric TED.Methods This was a retrospective study of patients with TED who underwent Hertel exophthalmometry and orbital computed tomography (CT) scans. Asymmetry was defined as a difference in the globe protrusion of >= 3 mm using Hertel exophthalmometry. Data was collected on patient demographics, clinical disease presentation, thyroid function tests and antibody levels. Muscles volumes were determined by manually segmenting the extraocular muscles on CT scans using a commercially available software.Results 172 orbits from 86 patients were included in the study. 28 (33%) patients had asymmetric TED. No significant differences were observed in age, gender, thyroid hormone status, anti-thyroid peroxidase levels, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibodies, disease activity status, or dysthyroid optic neuropathy between the asymmetric and non-asymmetric groups. The extraocular muscle volumes were significantly higher in the asymmetric orbit compared to its contralateral orbit.Conclusion Asymmetric TED is a reasonably common occurrence in the course of TED. It is associated with higher extraocular muscle volumes, suggesting muscle enlargement as one of the underlying contributors to asymmetric proptosis. Thyroid eye disease should be considered in the differential of asymmetric orbital inflammatory disease.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: In Thailand, the national health care system and nationwide standard treatment protocols have evolved over time, potentially influencing the trends in the incidence and survival rates of childhood cancers. However, further investigations are required to comprehensively study these trends in Khon Kaen, Thailand.METHODS: Childhood cancer patients aged 0-14years (n=541) who were diagnosed with one of the five most common cancers between 2000 and 2019 from the population-based Khon Kaen Cancer Registry were enrolled. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the demographic data, which are presented as numbers, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The trends in incidence between 2000 and 2019, including age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) and annual percent changes (APCs), were analysed using the Joinpoint regression model. Survival analysis was performed for 5-year relative survival rates (RSRs) according to the Pohar Perme estimator and Kaplan-Meier survival curves.RESULTS: The ASRs of the overall top 5 childhood cancer groups were 67.96 and 106.12 per million person-years in 2000 and 2019, respectively. Overall, the APC significantly increased by 2.37% each year for both sexes. The overall 5-year RSRs were 60.5% for both sexes, 58.2% for males, and 63.9% for females. The highest 5-year RSR was for germ cell tumours (84.3%), whereas the lowest 5-year RSR was for neuroblastoma (29.1%).CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and survival rates of childhood cancers in Khon Kaen, Thailand, varied according to sex. The incidence trends increased over time, meanwhile, the relative survival rates rose to satisfactory levels and were comparable to those of other nations with similar financial status. The implementation of national health policies and adherence to national treatment guidelines have improved cancer diagnosis and treatment outcomes.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: The 22nd Law Commission of India (henceforth, the Commission) [1], in its recent 283rd report, offered its recommendation on the question of age of consent (AoC) to sexual activity. Two High Courts which have seen several cases of non-exploitative consensual sex involving adolescent girls, filed by the police under sexual assault, had referred this issue to the Commission. The substantive matter before the Commission was whether to lower the AoC to prevent unnecessary prosecutions and resolve the contradictions in sexual violence laws. In this regard, we find the report rather disappointing. It is a lost opportunity to decriminalise adolescent sexuality, to restore the autonomy of adolescent girls over their bodies, uphold their sexual and reproductive rights, and respect their evolving capacity to exercise their sexuality. The Commission has also let go of a chance to undo a highly protectionist clause in the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO), 2012 [2] which renders all sexual activity of individuals under the age of 18 an offence. It failed to reiterate the progressive recommendations made by the Justice Verma Committee Report in 2013 [3] in this regard, which had come after extensive deliberations and were widely welcomed by stakeholders.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In the Arctic, winter soil temperatures exert strong control over mean annual soil temperature and winter CO2 emissions. In tundra ecosystems there is evidence that plant canopy influences on snow accumulation alter winter soil temperatures. By comparison, there has been relatively little research examining the impacts of heterogeneity in boreal forest cover on soil temperatures. Using seven years of data from six sites in northeastern Siberia that vary in stem density we show that snow-depth and forest canopy cover exert equally strong control on cumulative soil freezing degrees days (FDDsoil). Together snow depth and canopy cover explain approximately 75% of the variance in linear models of FDDsoil and freezing n-factors (n f; calculated as the quotient of FDDsoil and FDDair), across sites and years. Including variables related to air temperature, or antecedent soil temperatures does not substantially improve models. The observed increase in FDDsoil with canopy cover suggests that canopy interception of snow or thermal conduction through trees may be important for winter soil temperature dynamics in forested ecosystems underlain by continuous permafrost. Our results imply that changes in Siberian larch forest cover that arise from climate warming or fire regime changes may have important impacts on winter soil temperature dynamics.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Modeling the subsistence strategies of prehistoric groups depends on the accuracy of the faunal identifications that provide the basis for these models. However, our knowledge remains limited about the reproducibility of published taxonomic identifications and how they accurately reflect the range of species deposited in the archaeological record. This study compares taxonomic identifications at three Paleolithic sites (Saint-Cesaire and Le Piage in France, Crvena Stijena in Montenegro) characterized by high levels of fragmentation. Identifications at these sites were derived using two methods: morphological identification and collagen fingerprinting, the latter a peptide-based approach known as ZooMS. Using a double-blind experimental design, we show that the two methods give taxonomic profiles that are statistically indistinguishable at all three sites. However, rare species and parts difficult to identify such as ribs seem more frequently associated with errors of identification. Comparisons with the indeterminate fraction indicate that large game is over-represented in the ZooMS sample at two of the three sites. These differences possibly signal differential fragmentation of elements from large species. Collagen fingerprinting can produce critical insights on the range distribution of animal prey in the past while also contributing to improved models of taphonomic processes and subsistence behavior.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS) is effective for treating common cutaneous malignancies, but complex repairs may often present challenges for reconstruction. This paper explores the potential of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in MMS, offering superior outcomes compared to traditional methods. 3D printing technologies show promise in advancing skin regeneration and refining surgical techniques in dermatologic surgery. A PubMed search was conducted using the following keywords: Three-dimensional bioprinting OR 3-D printing AND Mohs OR Mohs surgery OR Surgery. Peer-reviewed English articles discussing medical applications of 3D bioprinting were included, while non-peer-reviewed and non-English articles were excluded. Patients using 3D MMS models had lower anxiety scores (3.00 to 1.7, p<0.0001) and higher knowledge assessment scores (5.59 or 93.25% correct responses), indicating better understanding of their procedure. Surgical residents using 3D models demonstrated improved proficiency in flap reconstructions (p=0.002) and knowledge assessment (p=0.001). Additionally, 3D printing offers personalized patient care through tailored surgical guides and anatomical models, reducing intraoperative time while enhancing surgical. Concurrently, efforts in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are being explored as potential alternatives to address organ donor shortages, eliminating autografting needs. However, challenges like limited training and technological constraints persist. Integrating optical coherence tomography with 3D bioprinting may expedite grafting, but challenges remain in pre-printing grafts for complex cases. Regulatory and ethical considerations are paramount for patient safety, and further research is needed to understand long-term effects and cost-effectiveness. While promising, significant advancements are necessary for full utilization in MMS.", + "input": "Abstract: Teachers who work with students with disabilities may have high levels of mental health problems, such as burnout or stress. The aim of this systematic review was to summarise the evidence on mental health outcome assessments among teachers of students with disabilities in different work spaces and to compare the levels of burnout and stress among teachers from general/regular versus special schools. The results reveal high levels of symptoms of burnout or stress in teachers of students with disabilities, regardless of the type of school. Due to the heterogeneity and low quality observed across the studies, evidence remains unclear.", "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Due to the frequent switch of the working condition, fault diagnosis model for rotating machinery established on the training set (the source domain) cannot be effectively applied to the test set (the target domain). Traditional domain adaptation methods address this issue by performing feature alignment between the source and target domain, which ignores the positive guidance provided by prior knowledge. In this paper, we propose a prior knowledge-driven domain adaptation (PKDA) method for varying working condition fault diagnosis of rotating machinery, where a self-supervised learning framework is designed to integrate expert prior knowledge and structural prior knowledge. First, an expert prior knowledge guidance module is designed to extract features with physical significance. Then we align the features between the source and target domain by the max mean discrepancy metric. Besides, a progressive Shannon entropy minimization strategy is proposed to realize the feature distribution structure of intra-class compression and inter-class separation, which can effectively integrate the structural prior knowledge. In this way, PKDA can effectively utilize the prior knowledge to achieve better performance in varying working condition fault diagnosis tasks. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by an open-source rolling bearing fault dataset from Case Western Reserve University and an open-source gearbox fault dataset from Southeast University.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Ethical voice involves individuals' perceptions of what is right and what is wrong. Although prior research has investigated the impacts of individual-level prohibitive ethical expression on personal outcomes, there has been limited examination of ethical voice at the group level. Our study examines how and when different types of ethical voice influence group outcomes. Using data gathered from 363 participants from 61 groups in two Chinese companies, the results reveal that promotive and prohibitive ethical voices at the group level exert opposing influences on group moral transitive motivation. Group moral transitive motivation serves as a mediating factor in the association between the two types of ethical voice and group ethical behaviors (GEB). In addition, group faultlines moderate the impact of promotive ethical voice and prohibitive ethical voice on group moral transitive motivation and on GEB (via group moral transitive motivation). Our study extends the focus of research from a single type of ethical voice at the individual level to multiple types at the group level. The findings contribute to the body of knowledge regarding group ethical voice (GEV) by articulating its mediating mechanism as well as its boundary condition. This research provides valuable insights for researchers and managers by offering a comprehensive understanding about the role of different types of GEV and how to reform GEV.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: After the fire at Notre-Dame de Paris in April 2019, conservation scientists and art historians joined forces with the chief architect and the monument curators to facilitate the management of emergency operations on the stained-glass windows. Information and methodologies were provided for the swift removal of twenty-five 19th and 20th-century windows following the disaster. Restoration and lead decontamination protocols were studied in laboratories and inside the building in order to determine the duration and cost of the upcoming restorations. Thanks to the careful handling of the fire by the firefighters, the stained-glass windows of Notre-Dame were mostly preserved and very little thermal stress breakage was observed on the panels. However, the necessity to use all the teams available inside the building to deal with the generalized lead contamination caused by the roof fire considerably slowed down all the restoration operations. Given the limited time remaining before the building would be reopened, the teams decided to follow two different protocols: a decontamination protocol of the stained glass that remained in the building, and the complete off -site decontamination then restoration of the panels that had been removed. The presence of scaffolding inside the cathedral also provided the opportunity to draw up new restoration charts for the medieval stained glass in the rose windows. This new document would update the previous chart published in 1959, which was based on binocular observations from the ground. The disaster in Notre-Dame de Paris has reminded everyone that a building can quickly be destroyed by a fire, even today. One of the immediate consequences has been the revision of many cathedral security procedures in case of fire, and we can now reflect on improving the management of stained-glass windows after such a catastrophe. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.", + "input": "Abstract: The cleaning of re-polychromated plaster is a rather challenging task for Conservators. The optimal choice of solvents and its application instruments may depend on the original polychromy (binder and pigment) that aims to be revealed and the overlay polychromy (binder and pigment) as well. We present a new image-processing based method that uses hyperspectral imaging to obtain a non-invasive quantitative evaluation of cleaning procedures. It is based on the application of unmixing techniques for this problem. The method computes three quality indices: efficiency, destructivity, and alteration, that are based on the residual amounts of overlay pigment, the detection of excessive abrasion in the sample and the change in color that the cleaning produces. It produces as well pixel-by-pixel concentration maps and presence maps for plaster and overlay pigment, and it can self-evaluate by computing the error map comparing the modelled spectral reflectance with the measured spectral reflectance from the samples. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The sensitivity of forecast-informed reservoir operating policies to forecast attributes (lead-time and skill) in many-objective water systems has been well-established. However, the viability of forecast-informed operations as a climate change adaptation strategy remains underexplored, especially in many-objective systems with complex trade-offs across interests. Little is known about the relationships between forecast attribute and policy robustness under deep uncertainty in future conditions and the relationships between forecast-informed performance and future hydrologic state. This study explores the sensitivity of forecast-informed policy robustness to forecast lead-time and skill in the outflow management plan of the Lake Ontario basin. We create water supply forecasts at four different subseasonal-to-annual lead-times and two levels of skill and further employ a many-objective evolutionary algorithm to discover policies tailored for each forecast case, historical supply conditions, and six objectives. We also leverage a partnership with decision-makers to identify a subset of candidate policies, which are reevaluated under a large set of plausible hydrologic conditions that reflect stationary and nonstationary climates. Scenario discovery techniques are used to map attributes of future hydrology to forecast-informed policy performance. Results show policy robustness is directly related to forecast lead-time, where policies conditioned on 12-month forecasts were more robust under future hydrology. Policies tailored for noisier long-lead forecasts were more robust under a wide range of plausible futures compared with policies trained to perfect forecasts, which highlights the potential to overfit control policies to historical information, even for a forecast-informed policy with perfect foresight. The relationship between performance and the hydrologic regime is dependent on the complexity of the interactions between control decisions and objectives. A threshold of objective performance as a function of supply conditions can support adaptive management of the system. However, more complex interactions make it difficult to identify simple hydrologic indicators that can serve as triggers for dynamic management.", + "input": "Abstract: Urban heat island effects and climate change are climatic phenomena responsible for periods of extreme heat in summer which severely impact citizens' well-being and health. In this alarming context which questions the livability of our cities, Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) are considered an unavoidable component of the complex strategy in diminishing urban temperatures. The present work aims to show the relevance of NBSs in urban temperature regulation through the estimation of their potential to improve outdoor thermal comfort of the heritage site Matadero Madrid. To this end, this article evaluates the effects of a scenario combining different solutions including NBSs and identifies which solutions are the most effective. The results show that this scenario has an impact on direct solar radiation and wind speed but does not affect air temperature and relative humidity. Furthermore, even if this scenario combining a fabric canopy, tree canopy, and green area significantly improves thermal conditions, it does not allow us to reach an optimal level of thermal comfort for visitors. To consider the implementation of more meaningful interventions, existing legal, administrative, and cultural limitations of the case study should be omitted. This would enable us to identify which restrictions could be adapted, thus unlocking the adaptation potential of Matadero Madrid.", "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Vascular pathologies of the head and neck are rare but can present as musculoskeletal problems. The International Federation of Orthopedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT) Cervical Framework (Framework) aims to assist evidence-based clinical reasoning for safe assessment and management of the cervical spine considering potential for vascular pathology. Clinical reasoning is critical to physiotherapy, and developing high-level clinical reasoning is a priority for postgraduate (post-licensure) educational programs.OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of the Framework on clinical reasoning processes in postgraduate physiotherapy students.METHODS: Qualitative case study design using think aloud methodology and interpretive description, informed by COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research. Participants were postgraduate musculoskeletal physiotherapy students who learned about the Framework through standardized delivery. Two cervical spine cases explored clinical reasoning processes. Coding and analysis of transcripts were guided by Elstein's diagnostic reasoning components and the Postgraduate Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Practice model. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis (inductive and deductive) for individuals and then across participants, enabling analysis of key steps in clinical reasoning processes and use of the Framework. Trustworthiness was enhanced with multiple strategies (e.g., second researcher challenged codes).RESULTS: For all participants (n=8), the Framework supported clinical reasoning using primarily hypothetico-deductive processes. It informed vascular hypothesis generation in the patient history and testing the vascular hypothesis through patient history questions and selection of physical examination tests, to inform clarity and support for diagnosis and management. Most participant's clinical reasoning processes were characterized by high-level features (e.g., prioritization), however there was a continuum of proficiency. Clinical reasoning processes were informed by deep knowledge of the Framework integrated with a breadth of wider knowledge and supported by a range of personal characteristics (e.g., reflection).CONCLUSIONS: Findings support use of the Framework as an educational resource in postgraduate physiotherapy programs to inform clinical reasoning processes for safe and effective assessment and management of cervical spine presentations considering potential for vascular pathology. Individualized approaches may be required to support students, owing to a continuum of clinical reasoning proficiency. Future research is required to explore use of the Framework to inform clinical reasoning processes in learners at different levels.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Purpose: School leaders who articulate a desire to center equity in their schools often neglect to examine how racism persists in their parent and family engagement strategies. This oversight can reify structures that are oppressive and exclusionary to the marginalized families school leaders claim they want to engage. Research Methods/Approach: In this study, we use case study methods to examine the way one social justice-oriented school attempted to challenge and disrupt the persistence of Whiteness and White supremacy in a unique family group. We interview one school leader and parents and conduct extensive observations of group meetings. Findings: We found that Whiteness and White supremacy can be persistent despite leaders' desires to eradicate these entrenched phenomena. Implications: Our findings show that knowing Whiteness and White supremacy are present is not enough. Rather, school leaders need to actively interrupt these dominant structures to see meaningful change.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: In-hospital mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is widely used in international comparisons as an indicator of health system performance. Because of the high risk of early death after AMI, international comparisons may be biased by differences in the recording of early death cases in hospital inpatient data. This study examined whether differences in the recording of early deaths affect international comparisons of AMI in-hospital mortality by using the example of Germany and the United States, and explored approaches to address this issue.METHODS: The German Diagnosis-Related Groups Statistics (DRG Statistics), the U.S. National Inpatient Sample (NIS) and the U.S. Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) were analysed from 2014 to 2019. Cases with treatment for AMI were identified in German and U.S. inpatient data. AMI deaths occurring in the emergency department (ED) without inpatient admission were extracted from NEDS data. 30-day in-hospital mortality figures were calculated according to the OECD indicator definition (unlinked data) and modified by including ED deaths, or excluding all same-day cases.RESULTS: German age-and-sex standardized 30-day in-hospital mortality was substantially higher compared to the U.S. (in 2019, 7.3% vs. 4.6%). The ratio of German vs. U.S. mortality was 1.6. After inclusion of ED deaths in U.S. data this ratio declined to 1.4. Exclusion of same-day cases in German and U.S. data led to a similar ratio.CONCLUSIONS: While short-duration treatments due to early death are generally recorded in German inpatient data, in U.S. inpatient data those cases are partially missing. Excluding cases with short-duration treatment from the calculation of mortality indicators could be a feasible approach to account for differences in the recording of early deaths, that might be existent in other countries as well.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Feminist philosophers have long worried that intersectionality undermines the viability of the concept and category of woman, thereby undermining feminist theory and politics. Some have responded to this problem by abandoning intersectionality; others have attempted to find some suitably inclusive way of reconceptualizing woman. I provide a novel solution that focuses on conceptualizing oppression in light of intersectionality, rather than trying to provide an account of what it is to be a woman. By enabling us to understand feminism as responding to gender oppression, this account shows that intersectionality does not conceptually undermine and fragment feminism. Feminism should be intersectional.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: A common understanding emphasizes the destructive effects of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) on social cohesion and community life. Stressing the agency of survivors, we present an alternative argument. Our theory predicts that survivors seek to counteract the stigma attached to CRSV by contributing to the community in the form of civic engagement. Drawing on three original surveys from Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Liberia, and Sri Lanka and relying on list experiments to reduce underreporting bias, we find that survivors of CRSV indeed show increased levels of civic engagement. This civic effect is consistent across the three contexts and very likely causal. We also rule out an alternative mechanism based on posttraumatic growth and dispel concerns that increased civic engagement comes at the expense of decreased intergroup relations. However, looking at sex differences, our results are more sobering. While in line with our prediction, they do not support the optimistic notion that survivors' mobilization results in female empowerment and the closing of existing gender gaps in civic behavior. Our findings have important implications for our understanding of CRSV, the legacy of violent conflict, and the gendered nature of politics.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Abstract: The study of Ibn Taymiyyah\u2019s ideas on haram and halal in Islam remains relevant for understanding Islamic jurisprudence, ethics, cultural identity and contemporary issues. The purpose of the paper is to analyze Ibn Taymiyyah\u2019s works and identify his most important concepts for the Muslim community. The methods of analyzing fatwas, written by Ibn Taymiyyah, and methods of interpreting and comparing the concepts of forbidden and permitted in Islam were used to achieve the purpose of the study. The main conclusion of the study is that Ibn Taymiyyah was known for his research in Islamic law, theology and morality. The figure had conservative views, and due to his own reformist ideas, he was repeatedly convicted. Despite this, he criticized traditional teachings about Islam and supported the need to reform some aspects of Islamic practice. Ibn Taymiyyah attached great importance to the examination of Prophet Muhammad\u2019s Quran and Sunnah to understand what is forbidden and allowed in various areas of Muslim life. He stressed the importance of a healthy diet, the need to follow Islamic principles in financial matters and the preservation of dignity and respectful behavior in all aspects of life.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Visual Odometry (VO) is vital for the navigation of autonomous systems, providing accurate position and orientation estimates at reasonable costs. While traditional VO methods excel in some conditions, they struggle with challenges like variable lighting and motion blur. Deep learning-based VO, though more adaptable, can face generalization problems in new environments. Addressing these drawbacks, this letter presents a novel hybrid visual odometry (VO) framework that leverages pose-only supervision, offering a balanced solution between robustness and the need for extensive labeling. We propose two cost-effective and innovative designs: a self-supervised homographic pre-training for enhancing optical flow learning from pose-only labels and a random patch-based salient point detection strategy for more accurate optical flow patch extraction. These designs eliminate the need for dense optical flow labels for training and significantly improve the generalization capability of the system in diverse and challenging environments. Our pose-only supervised method achieves competitive performance on standard datasets and greater robustness and generalization ability in extreme and unseen scenarios, even compared to dense optical flow-supervised state-of-the-art methods.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: A mock jury experiment tested the effects of attorney guidance and jury deliberation to mitigate the challenges that civil juries face in assessing damages.HYPOTHESES: We hypothesized that two types of attorney guidance (per diem, per diem + lump sum), theoretically based in the Hans-Reyna model of jury decision making, would improve jury decision making compared with no guidance against five key benchmarks: injury assessment, validity, reliability, verbatim-gist coherence, and metacognitive experience. We expected that deliberation would increase reliability of, confidence in, and polarization of awards compared with predeliberation.METHOD: Community members (N = 317; 61% women; 86.1% White; Mage = 48.68 years) deliberated in 54 mock juries. Participants watched a videotaped trial involving an automobile accident in which two plaintiffs sustained concussions (one mild and one severe). The plaintiffs' attorney's closing arguments varied attorney guidance (no guidance, per diem, per diem + lump sum). Mock jurors provided individual judgments before deliberating as a jury and reaching group verdicts and awards.RESULTS: Juries performed well against benchmarks. Providing gist-based guidance with a meaningful award recommendation increased the validity of jurors' individual damage awards (etap jurors = .03) and the reliability of jury damage awards (etap jurors = .04; etap jurors = .20); gist-based guidance without an award recommendation did not improve performance against benchmarks and increased perceptions of decision-making difficulty (etap = .13). Deliberation increased reliability of (etap = .17), confidence in (etap = .02), and polarization of (d = 2.14) awards compared with predeliberation.CONCLUSION: Juries performed well against objective benchmarks of performance (injury assessment, validity, reliability, and verbatim-gist coherence), and deliberation improved performance compared with predeliberation decisions. Jury decisions were further influenced by attorney closing arguments (the guidance manipulation), especially when the attorney requests a lump sum, which can serve as a powerful influence on jury awards, mainly by setting an upper limit. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: James V. Wertsch coined the concept of schematic narrative template in his Voices of Collective Remembering, which has become a classic work in memory studies. The central argument of this article is that the analytical power of the concept of schematic narrative template can be increased, and its methodological implications clarified, by making a distinction between plot structures, narrative schemata, and the practices of narrative production, dissemination, and consumption. The article demonstrates that these entities and their associated mechanisms and processes are different in kind and should therefore be studied by using different types of methods. Furthermore, the article elaborates on the cognitive aspects of Wertsch's notion of schematic narrative template by distinguishing between the pattern completion and pattern matching functions of narrative schemata as well as between the cognitive processes of assimilation and accommodation of narrative schemata.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: The Cold Pool is a subsurface layer with water temperatures below 2 degrees C that is formed in the eastern Bering Sea. This oceanographic feature of relatively cooler bottom temperature impacts zooplankton and forage fish dynamics, driving different energetic pathways dependent upon Bering Sea climatic regime. Odontocetes echolocate to find prey, so tracking foraging vocalizations acoustically provides information to understand the implications of climate change on Cold Pool variability influencing regional food web processes. Vocal foraging dynamics of ice-associated and seasonally migrant marine mammal species suggest that sperm whales spend more time searching for prey in warm years when the Cold Pool is reduced but are more successful at capturing prey during cold years when the Cold Pool is stronger. Beluga whale foraging vocal activity was relatively consistent across climate regimes but peaked during the warm regime. Killer whale foraging vocal activity peaked in both warm and cold regimes with indicators of different ecotypes exploiting changing prey conditions across climate regimes. Foraging activity of odontocete apex predators may serve as a sentinel indicator of future ecosystem change related to prey availability that is linked to a diminishing Cold Pool as water temperatures rise and seasonal sea ice decreases due to climate change.(c) 2024 Acoustical Society of America", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The South American Archaeological Isotopic Database (SAAID) is a comprehensive open-access resource that aggregates all available bioarchaeological stable and radiogenic isotope measurements, encompassing data from human individuals, animals, and plants across South America. Resulting from a collaborative effort of scholars who work with stable isotopes in this region, SAAID contains 53,781 isotopic measurements across 24,507 entries from individuals/specimens spanning over 12,000 years. SAAID includes valuable contextual information on archaeological samples and respective sites, such as chronology, geographical region, biome, and spatial coordinates, biological details like estimated sex and age for human individuals, and taxonomic description for fauna and flora. SAAID is hosted at the PACHAMAMA community within the Pandora data platform and the CORA repository to facilitate easy access. Because of its rich data structure, SAAID is particularly well-suited for conducting spatiotemporal meta-analyses. It serves as a valuable tool for addressing a variety of research topics, including the spread, adoption, and consumption intensification of food items, paleo-environmental reconstruction, as well as the exploration of mobility patterns across extensive geographic regions.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Facility layout planning (FLP) is an integral part of the hospital layout design. The purpose of this article is to develop and elaborate a FLP method for a diabetes clinic using a case study approach. In this study, the Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) approach was used to design three alternatives to diabetes clinic design using group decision making. A multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) approach, fuzzy-Technique for an order of preference by similarity to an ideal solution (fuzzy-TOPSIS) was used to select the best among the alternatives. The method used for the calculation of weight for various selection criteria was modified digital logic (MDL). The study elaborates the method using a diabetes specialty clinic but can be used for solving more complex selection problems as well. The research is the first of its kind to address the problem of FLP in the case of a diabetes clinic. The method can be easily adapted for layout selection in other specialty and multispecialty hospitals.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESES: During emerging adulthood, vocational indecision (i.e., the inability to make coherent career choices) develops in a heterogeneous fashion, with three distinct patterns: low; decreasing (i.e., developmental or adaptative); high and stable or increasing (i.e., chronic or maladaptive). Among the determinants of vocational indecision that have been identified in past research, academic motivation is a crucial an excellent choice, since it is at school that students' vocational choices are validated or not. According to SDT, this motivation can vary both in quantity and quality, and students tend to experience more positive academic outcomes when their motivational profile is optimal (high quantity, high quality) as opposed to suboptimal (e.g., low quantity, low quality). Thus, the purpose of this longitudinal study was to verify if the patterns found with emerging adulthood students characterized vocational indecision in adolescent students, and if supported, to predict the belonging to the most problematic trajectory by using students' academic motivational profiles. We expected several distinct trajectories of vocational indecision that would differ in shape and magnitude, and several motivational profiles that vary in quality as well as in quantity. We also expected students in high-quality or quantity motivational profiles to be less likely to follow a chronic indecision trajectory.METHOD AND RESULTS: Using data from 384 students (56% female; Mage=13.52years; SD=.52 at Secondary 2) surveyed annually from Secondary 2 to 5, person-centered analyses enabled estimation of motivational profile in Secondary 2 and vocational indecision trajectories during the 4-year period. Results revealed four distinct patterns of vocational indecision during adolescence labelled Low and Stable, Moderate and Stable, Developmental and Chronic Intermittent. Four motivational profiles were also identified in Secondary 2, ranging from poor (Highly Amotivated) to moderate (Autonomous-Introjected) quality of self-determination level. Also, in reference to the most self-determined profile, students in the Mixed profile were at greatest risk of following Chronically-Intermittently Undecided trajectory. Finally, the most self-determined students were at greatest probability of following the Developmentally Undecided trajectory.CONCLUSION: Overall, the findings suggest that the student motivational functioning in early secondary school years could be used to identify students at risk of experiencing the negative indecision patterns across secondary school. Several theoretical and practical implications are suggested.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Polish intellectual historian Leszek Kolakowski proposed in the 1960s an innovative, now virtually forgotten, reimagining of a crucial concept in the history of Roman Catholicism: the idea of Counter-Reformation. Kolakowski's lifelong affinity for early modern Europe's Catholic dissidents led him into dialogue in the era of Vatican II with Tadeusz Mazowiecki, the leader of a movement of young Polish reformers who styled themselves Catholic socialists. Seeing them as the bedrock of a new Catholic Counter-Reformation, Kolakowski sketched the role he hoped Poland might play in reinventing not only Catholicism, but religious life in the modern world.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study examines the association between traditional cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) incidence in individuals with diverse sleep patterns.METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed data from 208621 participants initially free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the UK Biobank study. Sleep patterns were assessed using scores for chronotype, duration, insomnia, snoring, and daytime dozing. Traditional CVH scores were derived from the Life's Simple 7 metrics. Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression assessed associations between distinct combinations of CVH and sleep scores and MACE, including nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and CVD mortality. Over a mean follow-up of 12.73years, 9253 participants experienced incident MACE. Individuals with both a healthy sleep pattern and ideal CVH levels had the lowest MACE risk compared with those with a poor sleep pattern and poor CVH levels (hazard ratio, 0.306 [95% CI, 0.257-0.365]; P<0.001). Elevated CVH scores were associated with a reduced risk of MACE across different sleep patterns. Similar trends were observed for individual MACE components, heart failure, and all-cause mortality. These findings remained robust in sensitivity analyses and across various subgroups.CONCLUSIONS: In individuals without known CVD, maintaining a favorable sleep pattern and achieving optimal CVH levels, as measured by traditional metrics, were associated with the lowest MACE risk. Enhanced CVH significantly reduced CVD risk, even in individuals with a poor sleep pattern. These results emphasize the importance of considering multiple dimensions of sleep health alongside CVH to mitigate CVD risk.REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk; Unique identifier: 91090.", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Uganda has approximately 1.2million people aged 15-64 years living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of premalignant cervical lesions among HIV-positive women than among HIV-negative women. Additionally, HIV-infected women are more likely to have human papilloma virus (HPV) infection progress to cancer than women not infected with HIV. We determined the prevalence of premalignant cervical lesions and their association with HIV infection among women attending a cervical cancer screening clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in southwestern Uganda.METHODS: We conducted a comparative cross-sectional study of 210 women aged 22-65 years living with HIV and 210 women not living with HIV who were systematically enrolled from March 2022 to May 2022. Participants were subjected to a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire to obtain their demographic and clinical data. Additionally, Papanicolaou smears were obtained for microscopy to observe premalignant cervical lesions. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the association between HIV status and premalignant cervical lesions.RESULTS: The overall prevalence of premalignant cervical lesions in the study population was 17% (n=72; 95% C.I: 14.1-21.4), with 23% (n=47; 95% C.I: 17.8-29.5) in women living with HIV and 12% (n=25; 95% C.I: 8.2-17.1) in women not living with HIV (p<0.003). The most common premalignant cervical lesions identified were low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) in both women living with HIV (74.5%; n=35) and women not living with HIV (80%; n=20). HIV infection was significantly associated with premalignant lesions (aOR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.27-4.42; p=0.007).CONCLUSION: Premalignant cervical lesions, particularly LSILs, were more common in HIV-positive women than in HIV-negative women, highlighting the need to strengthen the integration of cervical cancer prevention strategies into HIV care programs.", "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: According to the extended cognition thesis, an agent's cognitive system can sometimes include extracerebral components amongst its physical constituents. Here, we show that such a view of cognition has an unjustifiably anthropocentric focus, for it tends to depict cognitive extensions as a human-only affair. In contrast, we will argue that if human cognition extends, then the cognition of many non-human animals extends too, for many non-human animals rely on the same cognition-extending strategies humans rely on. To substantiate this claim, we will proceed as follows. First (Sect. 1), we will introduce the extended cognition thesis, exposing its anthropocentric bias. Then, we will show that humans and many non-human animals rely on the same cognition-extending strategies. To do so, we will discuss a variety of case studies, including intrabodily cognitive extensions such as the spinal cord (Sect. 2), the widespread reliance on epistemic actions to solve cognitive tasks (Sect. 3) and cases of animal cognitive offloading (Sect. 4). We'll then allay some worries our claim might raise (Sect. 5) to then conclude the paper (Sect. 6).", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Constituent rocks of Cultural Heritage monuments and buildings are of mixed mineral compositions. For materials with homogeneous color properties, colorimetric evaluation is a well-established task. The colorimetric similarity of heterogeneous surfaces is difficult to measure due to the uneven distribution of minerals with different colors. The present work proposes a methodology for color difference calculation, exemplified on granite samples. The methodology proposed includes a technique to divide the rock images into color profiles using multivariate analysis and clustering. The differences between rock samples are evaluated (i) in average color profile distances, (ii) in the tone difference, and (iii) in the color profile distribution on the surface. The method proposed is appropriate for in-situ measurements using widely available digital imaging. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: After the Notre-Dame de Paris (NDP) Cathedral fire, a structural analysis was undertaken to provide decision support for architects in charge of diagnosis and repair operations. Due to the potential impact of the results on the renovation project, calculations on the vaults and walls of the monument were compared to increase their reliability. This article presents the 3 modelling strategies implemented: 2 discrete blockto-block 3D approaches (DEM and FEM) and 1 continuum 3D approach (FEM). The assumptions common to the 3 approaches are presented. They mainly concern the geometrical model, the thermal actions and a diagnosis methodology called the working point method, previously used by the authors on other Gothic vaults. Comparisons of the results with each other and with on-site deflection measurements should lead to validation of the calculation strategies. The analysis will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the computational approaches and propose research perspectives. Future developments concern the determination of models of homogenized thermomechanical behaviour of masonry and the development of a new hybrid calculation tool taking advantage of the continuum and discontinuum approaches detailed in this article. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "input": "Abstract: Art in neurosurgery has been a critical part of the discipline for centuries. Numerous cultures, such as ancient India, China, and Egypt, and more contemporary scientists, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Max Bredel, and Norman Dott, have significantly contributed to medical illustration. Today, advancements in three-dimensional technology have allowed for the creation of detailed neuroanatomy models for surgical planning and education. Medical illustrations are also used for research and outcome documentation as they help visualize anatomy and surgical procedures. Its use in education, surgical planning, and navigation remains integral to the advancement of neurosurgery. This review demonstrates the invaluable contribution of art in neurosurgery and how it has enabled continuous progress in the field.", "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Since the adoption of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the order founded on the treaty has evolved into an increasingly fragmented regime complex. Fragmentation has resulted from forum-shifting initiated both at the top and at the bottom of the nuclear hierarchy: both the United States, with varying partners, and coalitions of small-and medium-sized non-nuclear states have repeatedly moved rule-making on nuclear issues to fora outside the NPT, adding partly conflicting institutions to the complex. To understand this dynamic, I propose a sociological perspective that highlights states' positional struggles in a multidimensionally stratified international society. Drawing on Bourdieusian global fields theory, I argue that both dominant and weak states use forum-shifting to manipulate exchange rates between different (material, institutional and social) forms of capital they possess. Thus, they seek to protect their positions in global hierarchies within and beyond the nuclear field when they perceive these hierarchies as being challenged by material or institutional power shifts.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the relationship between corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) ratings and leverage manipulation and the moderating effects of internal and external supervision.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw on a sample of Chinese non-financial A-share-listed firms from 2013 to 2020 to explore the effect of ESG ratings on leverage manipulation. Robustness and endogeneity tests confirm the validity of the regression results.FindingsESG ratings inhibit leverage manipulation by improving social reputation, information transparency and financing constraints. This effect is weakened by internal supervision, captured by the ratio of institutional investor ownership, and strengthened by external supervision, captured by the level of marketization. The effect is stronger in non-state-owned firms and firms in non-polluting industries. The governance dimension of ESG exhibits the strongest effect, with comprehensive environmental governance ratings and social governance ratings also suppressing leverage manipulation.Practical implicationsFirms should strive to cultivate environmental awareness, fulfil their social responsibilities and enhance internal governance, which may help to strengthen the firm's sustainability orientation, mitigate opportunistic behaviours and ultimately contribute to high-quality firm development. The top managers of firms should exercise self-restraint and take the initiative to reduce leverage manipulation by establishing an appropriate governance structure and sustainable business operation system that incorporate environmental and social governance in addition to general governance.Social implicationsPolicymakers and regulators should formulate unified guidelines with comprehensive criteria to improve the scope and quality of ESG information disclosure and provide specific guidance on ESG practice for firms. Investors should incorporate ESG ratings into their investment decision framework to lower their portfolio risk.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature in four ways. Firstly, to the best of the authors' knowledge, it is among the first to show that high ESG ratings may mitigate firms' opportunistic behaviours. Secondly, it identifies the governance factor of leverage manipulation from the perspective of firms' subjective sustainability orientation. Thirdly, it demonstrates that the relationship between ESG ratings and leverage manipulation varies with the level of internal and external supervision. Finally, it highlights the importance of governance in guaranteeing the other two dimensions' roles by decomposing overall ESG.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The pressure knapping technique develops circa 25,000 cal BP in Northeast Asia and excels at producing highly standardized microblades. Microblade pressure knapping spreads throughout most of Northeast Asia up to the Russian Arctic, and Alaska, in areas where the human presence was unknown. Swan Point CZ4b is the earliest uncontested evidence of human occupation of Alaska, at around 14,000 cal BP. It yields a pressure microblade component produced with the Yubetsu method, which is widespread in Northeast Asia during the Late Glacial period. Through the techno-functional analysis of 634 lithic pieces from this site, this study seeks to identify the techno-economical purposes for which the Yubetsu method was implemented. Data show that the microblade production system is related to an economy based on the planning of future needs, which is visible through blanks standardization, their overproduction, their functional versatility, and the segmentation of part of the chaine operatoire. This expresses the efficiency and economic value of the microblade production system. The flexible use of pressure microblades identified at Swan Point CZ4b is also found in Japan, Korea, Kamchatka, and the North Baikal region, suggesting that their modes of use accompany the spread of early microblade pressure knapping over an immense territory across Beringia.Les debitages par pression emergent ca. 25,000 cal BP au Nord-Est de l'Asie et permettent la confection de lamelles particulierement standardisees, notamment au moyen de la methode Yubetsu (i.e., debitage lamellaire a partir de preformes bifaciales). Ce bagage technique novateur accompagne le developpement de l'occupation humaine en zone arctique et subarctique pendant le Dernier Maximum Glaciaire et le Tardiglaciaire et se retrouve dans la plupart de l'Asie du Nord-Est jusqu'a l'Arctique russe, et en Alaska. Swan Point CZ4b livre les plus anciennes industries connues en Alaska (ca. 14,000 cal BP) et c'est egalement le seul site d'Amerique du Nord ou le debitage lamellaire est exclusivement realise selon la methode Yubetsu. A partir de l'analyse techno-fonctionnelle d'un corpus de 634 pieces lithiques de ce site, l'objectif est d'identifier les finalites techniques pour lesquelles etait mise en oe uvre la methode Yubetsu, en questionnant le fonctionnement et l'economie de l'outillage. Les donnees acquises revelent que le debitage lamellaire par pression etait lie a une forte anticipation des besoins (i.e., standardisation des lamelles permettant de repondre aux contraintes de l'emmanchement ; surproduction en prevision des besoins futurs en outils non uses ; possible transport de preformes bifaciales permettant de differer leur utilisation ; production de preformes bifaciales utilisees comme outil et comme nucleus) et ne repond pas a une specialisation fonctionnelle : les lamelles ont servi en armature de couteau pour la decoupe voire le raclage, et en armature de projectile. Cette flexibilite fonctionnelle des lamelles par pression est egalement presente au Japon, en Coree, au Kamtchatka et en Siberie orientale, ce qui suggere que leurs modalites de mise en oe uvre ont accompagne la diffusion des premieres technologies lamellaires par pression sur un territoire immense, de part et d'autre du detroit de Bering.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: The current robot path planning methods only use global or local methods, which is difficult to meet the real-time and integrity requirements, and can not avoid dynamic obstacles. Based on this, this study will use the improved A-star global planning algorithm to design a hybrid robot obstacle avoidance path planning algorithm that integrates sliding window local planning methods to solve related problems. Specifically, A-star is optimized by evaluation function, sub node selection mode and path smoothness, and fuzzy control is introduced to optimize the sliding window algorithm. The study conducted algorithm validation on the TurtleBot3 mobile robot, with data sourced from experimental data from a certain college. The results showed that hybrid algorithm enabled the planned path to effectively navigate around dynamic obstacles and reach the target point accurately. When compared with traditional methods, path length reduced by 9.6%, path planning time decreased by 29% with an approximate 26.7% increase in the average speed of the robot. Compared with the traditional methods, the research algorithm has greatly improved in avoiding dynamic obstacles, path planning efficiency, model adaptability and so on, which has important value for relevant research. It can be seen that the algorithm proposed in the study has performance advantages, demonstrating the effectiveness and advantages of robot path planning, and can provide reference for robot obstacle avoidance optimization. Research can complete tasks for robots in practical environments, which has certain reference value for the research of robots in path planning and the development of path obstacle avoidance planning.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Multidisciplinary heart team (HT) evaluation is recommended for patients with severe primary mitral regurgitation to optimize treatment decisions. However, its impact on patient outcomes remains unknown. We evaluated the impact of implementing mitral HT on patient survival.METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with new diagnoses of severe primary mitral regurgitation in a large healthcare network echocardiogram database between 2016 and 2020. We compared the incidence of multidisciplinary evaluation by structural cardiology and cardiac surgery services and 2-year survival before and after mitral HT implementation. The 1:1 propensity-score matching between pre- and post-mitral HT used Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality for mitral repair, age, sex, race, heart failure symptoms, inpatient setting, history of MI, and dementia as covariates. Logistic regression identified variables associated with the likelihood of undergoing multidisciplinary evaluation. Among 70510 echocardiograms performed, 391 patients had severe primary mitral regurgitation (median age, 77years; 46% women). Multidisciplinary evaluation increased from 29% to 89% (P<0.001), and intervention increased from 24% to 75% following mitral HT implementation (P<0.001). Among 180 propensity-score matched patients, mortality was lower post-mitral HT at 2years (19% versus 32%, P=0.04). The multivariable model showed that mitral HT implementation and heart failure symptoms were associated with higher odds of undergoing multidisciplinary evaluation (OR [odds ratio], 18.7 and 2.72, respectively), whereas female sex and older age were associated with lower odds (OR, 0.39 and 0.93, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of mitral HT was associated with drastic improvement in multidisciplinary evaluation for patients with severe primary mitral regurgitation. This coincided with higher proportions of patients undergoing mechanical correction of MR and improved overall patient survival.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeDeveloping a reliable cost estimate at the early stage of construction projects is challenging due to inadequate project information. Most of the information during this stage is qualitative, posing additional challenges to achieving accurate cost estimates. Additionally, there is a lack of tools that use qualitative project information and forecast the budgets required for project completion. This research, therefore, aims to develop a model for setting project budgets (excluding land) during the pre-conceptual stage of residential buildings, where project information is mainly qualitative.Design/methodology/approachDue to the qualitative nature of project information at the pre-conception stage, a natural language processing model, DistilBERT (Distilled Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), was trained to predict the cost range of residential buildings at the pre-conception stage. The training and evaluation data included 63,899 building permit activity records (2021-2022) from the Victorian State Building Authority, Australia. The input data comprised the project description of each record, which included project location and basic material types (floor, frame, roofing, and external wall).FindingsThis research designed a novel tool for predicting the project budget based on preliminary project information. The model achieved 79% accuracy in classifying residential buildings into three cost_classes ($100,000-$300,000, $300,000-$500,000, $500,000-$1,200,000) and F1-scores of 0.85, 0.73, and 0.74, respectively. Additionally, the results show that the model learnt the contextual relationship between qualitative data like project location and cost.Research limitations/implicationsThe current model was developed using data from Victoria state in Australia; hence, it would not return relevant outcomes for other contexts. However, future studies can adopt the methods to develop similar models for their context.Originality/valueThis research is the first to leverage a deep learning model, DistilBERT, for cost estimation at the pre-conception stage using basic project information like location and material types. Therefore, the model would contribute to overcoming data limitations for cost estimation at the pre-conception stage. Residential building stakeholders, like clients, designers, and estimators, can use the model to forecast the project budget at the pre-conception stage to facilitate decision-making.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Based on a field survey, data on 724 loess seismic landslides induced by the 1718 Tongwei earthquake were acquired. The relationships between the landslide distribution, seismic intensity, epicentral distance, and original slope angle were analyzed to better understand the geometrical, directional, and kinematic characteristics of loess seismic landslides. The results indicate that (1) the seismic intensity and epicentral distance, which are essential factors controlling the spatial distribution of loess landslides induced by the 1718 Tongwei earthquake, are significantly correlated with the landslide scale. (2) The original slope angle of seismic landslides is generally moderate, and the dominant angle ranges from 10 to 25 degrees. (3) The main sliding directions of the landslides are concentrated in the ranges of 30 to 40 degrees, 180 to 190 degrees, and 250 to 260 degrees. The correlation between the main sliding direction of the landslides, the original slope aspect, and the relative epicenter azimuth demonstrates that the propagation direction of seismic waves and the original slope aspect influence the main sliding direction of landslides. (4) The equivalent friction coefficient (mu) of these landslides is between 0.07 and 0.67, with an average value of 0.25. The empirical relationships of kinematic characteristics suggest that these landslides are characterized by significant scaling effects, low slope angles, and long sliding distances. The findings of our study are worthy for use in engineering applications and will pave the way for additional studies into the mechanism and risk assessment of loess seismic landslides.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: This article examines some of the racist features of nineteenth-century medical school curricula in the United States and the imperial networks necessary to acquire the data and specimens that underpinned this part of medical education, which established hierarchies between human races and their relationship to the natural environment. It shows how, in a world increasingly linked by trade and colonialism, medical schools were founded in the United States and grew as the country developed its own imperial ambitions. Taking advantage of the global reach of empires, a number of medical professors in different states, such as Daniel Drake, Josiah Nott and John Collins Warren, who donated his anatomical collection to Harvard Medical School on his retirement in 1847, began to develop racial theories that naturalised slavery and emerging imperialism as part of their medical teaching.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Preservation of cultural heritage in the face of human and natural disasters, as well as improper maintenance practices, is a crucial endeavor that must be undertaken throughout the lifespan of heritage buildings. In order to maximize the value derived from these assets and strike a harmonious balance between accurate documentation and performance optimization, asset management strategies have been employed. In recent years, the advent of innovative methodologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and laser scanning has opened new possibilities for their application in various contexts. However, successful implementation of these methodologies faces a range of challenges, including limited knowledge, inexperienced teams, and reluctance to embrace change on the part of administrators. To address these obstacles and enhance asset management practices, the integration of BIM, Chatbot, and Blockchain methodology has emerged as a viable solution. This methodology not only facilitates the improvement of data security and user data capture but also streamlines the process of updating BIM models. In this research, we propose a data-driven Chatbot framework based on Blockchain, specifically designed to manage maintenance activities through the utilization of BIM. The proposed framework serves as a valuable tool for government authorities and asset managers seeking to adopt BIM for the preservation of heritage buildings. Comprising three key components - the BIM model, the Blockchain model, and the Chatbot model - the framework offers com prehensive support. The BIM model encompasses all relevant information pertaining to the management of the heritage building, while the Chatbot model replicates human interaction through text-based communication. Users can access up-to-date BIM data by posing predefined questions to the Chatbot. On the other hand, the Blockchain model serves as a secure and immutable record-keeping system, validating and verifying user updates, thereby fostering trust among stakeholders. This proposed model empowers asset stakeholders to request and update asset information via a trusted and reliable channel. To showcase the capabilities of the framework, we present a real-world case study centered on the Omar Toson Palace in Cairo, Egypt. Through this case study, we demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of our proposed framework in meeting the challenges associated with heritage building preservation . (c) 2024 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "input": "Abstract: In order to prevent damage to painted wooden panels from the cultural heritage sector, curators and conservators must provide the hygroscopic and thermal conditions necessary for their conservation. Furthermore, the design of physical reinforcements such as frames or cradles has to be considered. In this paper, experiments were designed to determine the kinematic response of a painting to hygrometric variations both before and after remedial conservation treatments were undertaken. This study was carried out in the Fabre Museum, Montpellier on the panel painting La Sainte Trinite couronnant la Vierge (<< The Coronation of the Virgin by the Holy Trinity >>), which was placed in a climate-controlled showcase in a museum exhibition space. A glass panel on either side allowed visitors to see both sides of the panel during the experiment. At the same time, two stereoscopic devices allowed us to follow the relief, the shape deformation and surface strain of the panel on its front and back sides. First, the mechanical effect of the frame and cradle was studied. The majority of the deformation was found to be due to the cradle; initially the panel had a complex warp (-5 to 10 mm), decreasing to (-1 to + 2 mm) when the cradle was removed. The continuous monitoring (two images per hour) was carrried out to assess the behaviour of the panel during imposed relative humidity (RH) variations of about 13 % RH (between 65 % RH for the maximum and 52 % RH for the minimum) for both the absorption and desorption phases. The global mechanical effect on the curvature was very clear with an opposite direction of deflection between absorption and desorption phases. A comparison of the behaviour of the panel with and without the cradle showed that the change in curvature was about twice as great (4 mm) without the cradle, and its direction moved from an initial slight negative curvature state to a positive one. In terms of strain on both the surfaces, we observed a horizontal shrinkage of about-0.1 % during the desorption phase and a swelling of about + 0.1 % during the absorption phase for both the front and back sides of the panel. A further local study allowed us to assess the mechanical phenomenon for each board with the local determination of cupping angles and surface strains. This local study highlighted the change in behaviour of the panel without the cradle. On both sides, the local surface strains were decomposed into the mean strain and the deviation from the mean strain. The study highlighted the fact that the intensity of the mean strain (local swelling or shrinkage due to the hygroscopic changes) was the same for each configuration and was about 0.1 %. Nevertheless, in the case of the panel without the cradle, the imposed variation of relative humidity was smaller (8 % RH instead of 13 % RH), so proportionally the mean strain is higher compared to the case with a cradle. This study over five years has been success in terms of innovative development and multidisciplinary research.(c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Slow-moving reactivated landslides can accelerate suddenly and fail catastrophically, posing a great threat to life and economy. Emerging synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technique for long-term monitoring of such landslides has been devoted to documenting precursory movements before the failure; however, understanding the complex spatiotemporal evolution of a slow-moving reactivated landslide in different parts remains a challenge. Here we present an exemplification of potential reactivation and spatiotemporal evolution based on a recent reactivated landslide in southwestern China. We conducted multi-temporal Interferometric SAR (MT-InSAR) using Sentinel-1 constellation data, spanning 4 years (2014 similar to 2018) period, and then retrieved the spatiotemporal deformation pattern for ascending orbit. Results indicated that prior to the large-scale failure on 19 July 2018, the landslide exhibited prolonged slow movement, with an annual line of sight (LOS) velocity reaching -67.2 mm/year. The intense and persistent precipitation in 2018 resulted in higher average LOS velocities compared to those observed during 2014-2017. We have also identified three potential deformation zones, and a detailed analysis of slope deformation in different sections unveiled that the leading edge exhibited the largest displacement, followed by the rear section. These findings strongly suggest that this landslide is most likely a compound event involving retrogressive and progressive failure modes. The 4-year vegetation indices unravel that the decline in values can be attributed to alterations in vegetation structure prior to the extensive failure, as no similar behaviors were observed in historical data. This study highlights the significance of SAR data for monitoring landslide reactivation and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution of slow-moving landslides.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: In December 2023, public -transportation providers in Switzerland introduced Public -Transportation Credits (PTCs). PTCs are credits (or allowances) that are greater in amount than their price and can be used to purchase any type of public -transportation tickets within a year. With the initial fixed payment, the subsequent use of the allowance and the eventual return to the standard fare, PTCs represent three-part tariff models. We explore the potential of PTCs to target particularly elastic segments of the demand curve, simultaneously allowing for increased consumption and higher revenue. To assess the revenue impact of the PTC empirically, we analyze a pilot study conducted by the Swiss public -transportation providers. In a randomized field experiment with 200,000 PTC invitees and 911 actual PTC buyers, we use the dispach of invitations as an instrumental variable. While observing substantial revenue increases, this result is insignificant due to the weak relationship between invitees and buyers. Therefore, we complement our analysis with a selection -on -observable approach, utilizing machine -learning techniques to match PTC buyers to customers in the control group. This way, we reveal a highly significant treatment effect, indicating a revenue enhancement of CHF 179.7 per PTC (approximately USD 200). Leveraging our comprehensive dataset and insights from a non -buyer survey, we predict a demand of around 200,000 units for the market -launch version of the PTC.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunction is one of the leading causes of disability and dependence in older adults and is a major economic burden on the public health system. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for cognitive dysfunction and their predictive value in older adults in Northwest China.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a multistage sampling method. The questionnaires were distributed through the Elderly Disability Monitoring Platform to older adults aged 60 years and above in Northwest China, who were divided into cognitive dysfunction and normal cognitive function groups. In addition to univariate analyses, logistic regression and decision tree modelling were used to construct a model to identify factors that can predict the occurrence of cognitive dysfunction in older adults.RESULTS: A total of 12,494 valid questionnaires were collected, including 2617 from participants in the cognitive dysfunction group and 9877 from participants in the normal cognitive function group. Univariate analysis revealed that ethnicity, BMI, age, educational attainment, marital status, type of residence, residency status, current work status, main economic source, type of chronic disease, long-term use of medication, alcohol consumption, participation in social activities, exercise status, social support, total scores on the Balanced Test Assessment, total scores on the Gait Speed Assessment total score, and activities of daily living (ADL) were significantly different between the two groups (all P<0.05). According to logistic regression analyses, ethnicity, BMI, educational attainment, marital status, residency, main source of income, chronic diseases, annual medical examination, alcohol consumption, exercise status, total scores on the Balanced Test Assessment, and activities of daily living (ADLs) were found to influence cognitive dysfunction in older adults (all P<0.05). In the decision tree model, the ability to perform activities of daily living was the root node, followed by total scores on the Balanced Test Assessment, marital status, educational attainment, age, annual medical examination, and ethnicity.CONCLUSIONS: Traditional risk factors (including BMI, literacy, and alcohol consumption) and potentially modifiable risk factors (including balance function, ability to care for oneself in daily life, and widowhood) have a significant impact on the increased risk of cognitive dysfunction in older adults in Northwest China. The use of decision tree models can help health care workers better assess cognitive function in older adults and develop personalized interventions. Further research could help to gain insight into the mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction and provide new avenues for prevention and intervention.", + "input": "Abstract: Objective The cT1a vs. cT1b substratification was introduced in 1992 but never formally tested since. We tested the discriminative ability of cT1a vs. cT1b substaging on cancer-specific survival (CSS) in contemporary incidental prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Design, Setting and Participants Incidental (cT1a/cT1b) PCa patients were identified within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2004-2015). Outcome measurements and Statistical Analysis Kaplan-Meier estimates, as well as uni- and multivariable Cox regression models predicted CSS at five years. Subgroup analyses addressed CSS at five years according to active vs. no local treatment (NLT) as well as Gleason score sum (GS; 6 vs. 7 vs. >= 8). Results and Limitation We identified a total of 5,155 incidental prostate cancer patients of which 3,035 (59%) were stage cT1a vs. 2,120 (41%) were stage cT1b. In all incidental PCa patients, CSS at five years was 95% (95% CI 0.94-0.96). In cT1a patients, CSS at five years was 98 vs. 90% in cT1b patients (p < 0.001). In multivariable Cox regression analyses, cT1b independently predicted 2.8-fold higher CSM than cT1a (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.8-3.6, p < 0.001) for incidental PCa patients who underwent NLT. In subgroup analyses, cT1b represented an independent predictor of higher CSM in GS >= 8 (HR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4-6.2, p = 0.003), and GS 7 (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.6-9.7 p = 0.002) patients who underwent NLT. For actively treated patients, cT1b was not independently associated with worse CSM. Conclusion The historical subclassification of cT1a vs. cT1b in incidental PCa patients displayed a strong ability to discriminate CSS in contemporary GS 7 and GS >= 8 patients who underwent NLT. However, no statistically significant difference was recorded in actively treated patients. In consequence, the importance of the current substage stratification predominantly applies to GS >= 8 patients who undergo a non-active treatment approach.", "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine the competency characteristics required for the employment of master's degree students in educational technology.Design/methodology/approachA combined qualitative and quantitative method was used to consult multiple experts through a modified Delphi method. Competency characteristics were extracted from Chinese recruitment apps, national recruitment websites and university training programs. Ten senior teacher experts who teach educational technology master's students were consulted through a questionnaire consultation to validate the proposed competency model. The weights of competency characteristics were determined through a combination of the analytic hierarchy process and entropy method.FindingsThe results show that when recruiting educational technology master's students, more emphasis is placed on operational skills. The majority of companies tend to assess practical abilities rather than theoretical knowledge. Relevant knowledge of educational technology, psychology, computer science and education is considered to be the basic knowledge components of educational technology master's students, while professional skills are the core skills required for their positions. Therefore, universities need to focus on training, educational technology graduate students in these areas of competence. The study also found that professional qualities (such as physical and mental fitness) and personality traits (interpersonal communication and interaction) receive more attention from companies and are essential competencies for educational technology master's students.Originality/valueA competence model for educational technology master's students is proposed, which includes aspects such as knowledge, personal skills/abilities, professional qualities and personality traits. The competence elements included in this model can serve as reference indicators for universities to cultivate the competence of educational technology master's students, as well as reference points for recruiting units to help them select talents. This represents a new dimension in research related to the employment of educational technology master's students. The study enriches the research objects and competence dictionary in the field of competence research.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The international community, through treaties such as the Paris agreement, aims to limit climate change to well below 2 degrees C, which implies reaching carbon neutrality around the second half of the century. In the current calculations underpinning the various roadmaps toward carbon neutrality, a major component is a steady or even expanding terrestrial carbon sink, supported by an increase of global forest biomass. However, recent research has challenged this view. Here we developed a framework that assesses the potential global equilibrium of forest biomass under different climate change scenarios. Results show that under global warming carbon storage potential in forest aboveground biomass gradually shifts to higher latitudes and the intensity of the disturbance regimes increases significantly almost everywhere. CO2 fertilization stands out as the most uncertain process, with different methods of estimation leading to diverging results by almost 155 PgC of above ground biomass at equilibrium. Overall, assuming that the sum of human pressures (e.g. wood extraction) does not change over time, that total forest cover does not change significantly and that the trend in CO2 fertilisation as it is currently estimated from satellite proxy observations remains, results show that we have reached (or are very close to reaching) the peak of global forest carbon storage. In the short term, where increased disturbance regimes are assumed to act quicker than increased forest growth potential, global forests might instead act as a carbon source, that will require even more effort in decarbonization than previously estimated. Therefore, the potential of forests as a nature-based solution to mitigate climate change brings higher uncertainties and risks than previously thought.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been widely used in pipeline detection and underground diagnosis. In practical applications, the characteristics of the GPR data of the detected area and the likely underground anomalous structures could be rarely acknowledged before fully analyzing the obtained GPR data, causing challenges to identify the underground structures or anomalies automatically. In this article, a GPR B-scan image diagnosis method based on learning in the model space is proposed. The idea of learning in the model space is to use models fitted on parts of data as more stable and parsimonious representations of the data. For the GPR image, 2-Direction Echo State Network (2D-ESN) is proposed to fit the image segments through the next item prediction. By building the connections between the points on the image in both the horizontal and vertical directions, the 2D-ESN regards the GPR image segment as a whole and could effectively capture the dynamic characteristics of the GPR image. And then, semi-supervised and supervised learning methods could be further implemented on the 2D-ESN models for underground diagnosis. Experiments on real-world datasets are conducted, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Decades of research conducted using field experiments and quasi-experiments have enabled us to accumulate causal evidence on the effectiveness of onboarding and socialization programs (SPs) across various contexts including employment, higher education, and military services. However, the literature is devoid of an integrated conceptual framework and a quantitative review evaluating the effect of such SPs on reducing newcomer turnover and its boundary conditions. In this study, we draw from a configurational approach to categorize strategic components of SPs, propose bundles of these components based on extant theories in the socialization literature, and examine the moderating effects of these bundles on the retention benefits of SPs. Combining 168 effect sizes from 83 field experiments, our meta-analysis reveals a significant overall effect size of OR = 1.46, suggesting that, on average, the odds of retention are 1.46 times higher for newcomers participating in a SP compared to newcomers in the control group. Our results also indicate that SPs' beneficial effects on newcomer retention are greater when they include the components of identifying effective task behaviors, encouraging proactivity, and facilitating social integration, a bundle aimed at satisfying key psychological needs identified by self-determination theory. We further demonstrate that the retention benefits associated with SP participation increase when the SPs are delivered in-person and in a staggered mode but remain intact across different sample types and study design features. We conclude by discussing how our study expands and develops theoretical understanding within the socialization literature and offers practical implications for managing newcomer retention that go beyond our current knowledge.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: As our understanding of the world's ocean and their history deepens, research on Marine Cultural Heritage (MCH) is increasingly vital for the preservation and maintenance of our shared cultural legacy. This paper conducts a bibliometric analysis of global MCH literature from January 1, 2000, to November 2, 2023, using Web of Science and VOSviewer. The results reveal three particularly interesting trends. Firstly, a significant increase in the volume of publications related to MCH research since 2018. Researchers in this field primarily hail from the Global North, particularly European countries, with their affiliated institutions displaying an international and diverse research profile in the MCH domain. Secondly, MCH research spans various disciplinary fields, including oceanography, environmental studies, ecology, and anthropology, forming the foundation for comprehensive MCH research. It encompasses a spectrum from traditional ecological knowledge to the impacts of climate change, extending to the influence of international law and policies. Thirdly, research hotspots in the MCH field include cultural heritage and climate change, coastal resilience and management, underwater cultural heritage, heritage conservation, and sustainable tourism, as well as Geoheritage and Geotourism. Building upon the bibliometric analysis, we provide suggestions for future research endeavors, emphasizing potential areas for further exploration and investigation.", + "input": "Abstract: A bibliometric study was performed to explore the financial and economic implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. The SCOPUS database was sourced, and VOSviewer version 1.6.20 was used to generate visualizations. Articles published between 2020 and 2024 were targeted, resulting in 1257 papers used in the analysis. The comprehensive bibliometric analysis conducted in this paper was guided by the keywords COVID-19, pandemic, financial crisis, financial impact, and economic impact, which revealed critical insights that contribute to the body of knowledge on the financial and economic implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. The outputs belong to topical areas of economics, finance, business, and management. Keyword mapping and clustering methods were employed to analyze links between the financial crisis, economic impact, and COVID-19 themes. A co-occurrence network analysis identified key thematic clusters, including economic and financial analysis; COVID-19 research and impact; social, environmental, and corporate responsibility; regional studies and disease-related research; and economic challenges and policy responses. This study reveals an annual publication decline of 62.94% and an average citation rate of 20.13 per document. The findings suggest an abundance of global collaboration networks and authorships. This study contributes to a better understanding of the multifaceted financial and economic impact of the pandemic from a bibliometric perspective, offering a foundation for future research and the application of financial strategies and effective crisis management.", "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Recently, researchers have become increasingly interested in urban resilience, which can be used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of urban development. Although some studies have addressed the effects of China's national urban agglomeration (NUA) policy on the economic and environmental resilience of Chinese cities, scholars have not yet adequately addressed the impact of NUA on comprehensive urban resilience. Accordingly, this study introduced a theoretical framework to explore the effects of NUA on comprehensive urban resilience in China. Specifically, this study conducted a quasi-natural experiment with NUA and adopted a difference-in-differences (DID) method to evaluate its effect on China's comprehensive urban resilience. As no widely acknowledged urban resilience evaluation method yet exists, we employed an entropy-weighted technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) to assign comprehensive urban resilience values to Chinese cities at the prefecture level or above based on the multiple economic resilience index, the social resilience index, the environmental resilience index, and the technological resilience index. The results indicate that NUA not only directly improves comprehensive urban resilience but also enhances it through the mediating effects of trade openness and industrial structure upgrading. In addition, the study revealed that city heterogeneity can impact NUA's effect on comprehensive urban resilience. These results not only expand current theoretical understanding of the effects of urban agglomeration on urban resilience but also offer insights useful for improving comprehensive urban resilience to facilitate the high-quality and sustainable development of cities.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: On 25 September 2017, the Kurdistan Regional Government held an independence referendum, which the government of Iraq and the international community rejected. Ample research is dedicated to various aspects of the referendum, including the policy of the US, Turkey, and Iran. Meanwhile, the positions and perceptions of the Arab states-governments and societies-have largely remained in shadow. This study aims to uncover how the Egyptian online media addressed and framed the event and explain the policy of Egypt towards the issue. The main findings of the research are the following: there is a perception in the Egyptian online media that the referendum was encouraged or orchestrated by foreign actors, particularly the US, with an objective to reshape the regional map and weaken the Arab states. They think that if the Kurdish region were to secede from Iraq, it would have terrible consequences for the Arab countries, and Israel would have been the winner. The government of Egypt viewed the referendum issue primarily through the lens of security challenges. From Egypt's perspective, the power vacuum in the region could potentially be exploited by terrorist and radical organizations, posing more significant and imminent threats to the country itself.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Prior research has delved into the diverse effects that social media news consumption has over broader social media interaction patterns. From social ties curation, to ties filtering, blocking, and other behaviors, social media news consumption has been empirically deemed to influence the way citizens socialize in these virtual spaces. Drawing on a diverse and nationally representative two wave-panel data from Spain, this study builds on this strand of the literature by investigating the role of social media news, social media culture of impunity and social media envy or feelings of jealousy, and resentment toward others, over trolling and insulting people in social media. Results show that social media news has a direct association with malicious trolling but does not fuel abusive verbal interactions. The latter is mainly explained by individuals who embrace a culture of impunity - the expectation that in social media one may commit a crime or violation and not be held accountable-, and social media envy. Furthermore, there is a positive divergent interaction between social media envy and culture of impunity on insulting other citizens. That is, people who report higher levels of social media envy and culture of impunity tend to engage in insulting others the most in social media.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Limited evidence exists regarding the socioeconomic inequalities in cerebrovascular disease (CBD) mortality at different urbanization levels. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the socioeconomic inequalities and urbanization levels in township-based CBD mortality in Taiwan.METHODS: Socioeconomic variables, including the percentages of low-income households, individuals with a university education and above, and tax payments, were measured at the township level from 2011 to 2020. Urbanization was also determined by the national survey and divided into seven levels. Age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of CBD was calculated using a Geographic Information System (GIS) in 358 townships. The effects of socioeconomic variables and urbanization levels on relative and absolute inequalities in township-based CBD mortality rates were examined.RESULTS: Significant differences in ASMR of CBD were observed across all socioeconomic status indicators over the years. Higher proportions of low-income households were associated with higher ASMR of CBD. Conversely, there were negative correlations between higher proportions of individuals with a university education and above and tax payments with ASMR of CBD. The regression analysis indicated significant impacts of relative and absolute socioeconomic inequalities on ASMR of CBD. Additionally, a moderation effect of socioeconomic variables and urbanization on CBD mortality rates was observed, with rural areas showing sensitivity to these factors.CONCLUSION: Although ASMR of CBD showed significant decreases over time, socioeconomic inequalities in CBD mortality rates persist. Interventions targeting socioeconomic inequalities in health outcomes, especially in rural areas, are needed to address this issue.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The perennial question of the nature of natural-language understanding has received renewed attention in recent years. Two kinds of natural-language understanding, in particular, have captivated the interest of philosophers: linguistic understanding and utterance understanding. While the literature is rife with discussions of linguistic understanding and utterance understanding, the question of how the two types of understanding explanatorily depend on each other has received relatively scant attention. Exceptions include the linguistic ability/know-how views of linguistic understanding proposed by Dean Pettit and Brendan Balcerak Jackson. On these views, to tacitly linguistically understand a sentence just is to possess the linguistic ability/knowledge-how needed to derive/infer what is said by different utterances of the sentence. Despite their focus on linguistic understanding, both views can straightforwardly explain utterance understanding as the output of a derivation/inference from a representation of the sentence uttered. Here, I take issue with these approaches to utterance understanding and then develop an alternative. More specifically, I distinguish two kinds of utterance understanding, experiential and doxastic, and then argue that experiences of what is said by utterances play distinct rational roles in the two kinds of utterance understanding. I conclude by addressing a recent challenge to my proposal.", + "input": "Abstract: AI is considered to be very abstract to a range of critics. In this regard, algorithms are referred to regularly as black boxes and divorced from human intervention. A particular philosophical maneuver supports this outcome. The aim of this article is to (1) bring the philosophy to the surface that has contributed to this distance between AI and people and (2) offer an alternative philosophical position that can bring this technology closer to individuals and communities. The overall goal of the analysis in this paper is the humanising of AI by addressing the shortcomings of conceptualising algorithms as black boxes.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In this paper I analyze the work on exchange rates and external imbalances by University of Chicago faculty members during the university's first 100 years, 1892 to 1992. Many people associate Chicago's views with Milton Friedman's advocacy for flexible exchange rates. But, of course, there was much more than that, including the work of J. Laurence Laughlin on bimetallism, Jacob Viner on the balance of payments, Lloyd Metzler on transfers, Harry Johnson on trade and currencies, Lloyd Mints on exchange rate regimes, Robert Mundell on optimal currency areas, and Arnold Harberger on shadow exchange rates, among others. The analysis shows that, although different scholars emphasized different issues, there was a common thread in this research, anchored on the role of relative prices' changes during the adjustment process.", + "input": "Abstract: This article considers the relationship of two prominent leaders of British women's temperance, Lady Henry Somerset and Lady Elizabeth Biddulph. They were noteworthy for taking opposing sides when the British Women's Temperance Association divided on the question of the political reach of its work. Somerset and Biddulph were elite women, daughters of earls and near neighbours around Ledbury, a centre of cider apple and hop cultivation in Herefordshire. Both made their first temperance pledge in the area. We examine their geographical proximity and consider the importance of local agricultural labour and landscapes to their temperance work.", "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Introduction: Mailed stool testing for colorectal cancer (CRC) may improve screening uptake and reduce the incidence and mortality of CRC, especially among patients at federally qualified health centers (FQHCs). To expand screening programs it is important to identify cost-effective approaches.Methods: We developed a decision-analytic model to estimate the cost, effects on screening and patient outcomes (CRCs detected, CRCs prevented, CRC deaths prevented), and cost-effectiveness of implementing a state-wide mailed stool testing program over 5 years among unscreened, age-eligible (aged 50-75 y) patients at FQHCs in Texas. We compared various outreach strategies and organizational structures (centralized, regional, or a hybrid). We used data from our existing regional mailed stool testing program and recent systematic reviews to set parameters for the model. Costs included start-up and ongoing activities and were estimated in 2022 US dollars from the perspective of a hypothetical third-party payer. Cost-effectiveness was assessed by using both incremental and average cost-effectiveness ratios.Results: Using either a statewide centralized or hybrid organizational configuration to mail stool tests to newly eligible FQHC patients and patients who have responded at least once since program inception is likely to result in the best use of resources over 5 years, enabling more than 110,000 additional screens, detecting an incremental 181 to 194 CRCs, preventing 91 to 98 CRCs, and averting 46 to 50 CRC deaths, at a cost of $10 million to $11 million compared with no program.Conclusions: A statewide mailed stool testing program for FQHC patients can be implemented at reasonable cost with considerable effects on CRC screening outcomes, especially when its structure maximizes program efficiency while maintaining effectiveness.", - "output": "Economics", - "system": "", - "history": [] - }, - { - "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Populism impacts policy choices and may contribute to fuelling crises and limiting the prospects for conflict resolution. This paper applies a multidimensional populism theoretical framework to compare quantitatively and qualitatively 18 speeches by Mahmoud Abbas and Benjamin Netanyahu at the United Nations General Assembly between 2010 and 2019. Our analysis shows that while both Abbas and Netanyahu use populist language-mostly focused on antagonistic, moral and idealised depictions of the 'people' and the 'other'-the latter consistently displayed a greater density of populist references in his UN speeches over the period analysed. Netanyahu's discourses were both more aggressive and exclusionary and made more allusions to religion and securitisation than those of the Palestinian leader. His framing essentialised the 'us' ('the Jewish people') as threatened by an 'enemy'; what he called 'militant Islam'. By contrast, Abbas referred more to borders as a requirement for statehood. Their different communicative frames and language suggest discrepant worldviews. Abbas's speeches reflected a more 'liberal' conception of international relations, relying more on international cooperation, institutions, and regulation to resolve the Palestinian question, while Netanyahu conveyed a realpolitik stance and stressed his concerns with external threats and willingness to act unilaterally.", + "input": "Abstract: In the early 1970s, the plight of a charismatic Black American communist and philosophy professor Angela Davis, put on trial in the United States for her alleged involvement in a courtroom shootout in California, galvanized international public opinion. A massive publicity campaign in support of Angela Davis resonated across the globe and drew in millions of volunteers and sympathizers. The nations of the communist bloc, led by the Soviet Union, were particularly active in rallying their citizens in defense of a jailed American radical. In 1970-1972, Davis became a household name throughout the Soviet Union (but also in East Germany, Cuba, Poland, and other socialist nations). The Free Angela Davis campaign was unprecedented in scope and left a lasting mark on the collective memory of the citizens of the Soviet Union and its socialist satellites. Such was the impact of this propaganda juggernaut that decades later the image of Angela Davis remained current as a pop-cultural phenomenon across the former Soviet spaces and a symbol of unrealized and often conflicting aspirations towards freedom.", "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Aim: To assess the mediating role of emotion regulation and emotional intelligence in the relationship between stress and academic engagement among Saudi undergraduate nursing students. Design: This study employed a quantitative cross-sectional research design. Methods: The study recruited 367 Saudi undergraduate nursing students at a major Saudi university. Structural equation modelling was used to explore the mediational model. Results: The results of the ANOVA and Welch F-test demonstrated that the emotional intelligence, emotional regulation and academic engagement scores were statistically significantly different according to stress levels (p-values <0.01). Perceived stress has a statistically significant moderate negative correlation with academic engagement and emotional intelligence and a strong negative correlation with emotional regulation. The results also showed that academic engagement had a statistically significant moderate positive association with emotional intelligence and emotional regulation. Results indicate that stress and academic engagement are negatively correlated among Saudi undergraduate nursing students. It focuses on the balancing functions of emotional regulation and emotional intelligence, highlighting their ability to lower stress levels and improve academic engagement. No Patient or Public Contribution. Results: The results of the ANOVA and Welch F-test demonstrated that the emotional intelligence, emotional regulation and academic engagement scores were statistically significantly different according to stress levels (p-values <0.01). Perceived stress has a statistically significant moderate negative correlation with academic engagement and emotional intelligence and a strong negative correlation with emotional regulation. The results also showed that academic engagement had a statistically significant moderate positive association with emotional intelligence and emotional regulation. Results indicate that stress and academic engagement are negatively correlated among Saudi undergraduate nursing students. It focuses on the balancing functions of emotional regulation and emotional intelligence, highlighting their ability to lower stress levels and improve academic engagement. No Patient or Public Contribution.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Drug waste poses a real threat to human health and the environment. Therefore, recycling and sustainability scholars have recently sought practical solutions to the drug waste problem. Furthermore, several governments have made significant efforts to reduce the negative effects of waste, such as establishing programs to take back unwanted drugs (expired and unused) for recycling (i.e., drug reuse or drug redispersing). However, many of these programs have failed to achieve their goals. In this context, it is expected that creating green start-ups to collect unwanted drugs will contribute to solving this problem. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the antecedents of intentions to create green start-ups for collecting unwanted drugs. To this end, the authors integrate start-up self-efficacy and drug waste collection-related knowledge constructs into the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Using a self-administered paper questionnaire and relying on a convenience sample, data were collected from 328 students in six Algerian universities. A hierarchical multiple regression was conducted to test the proposed study model. Theresults revealed that perceived behavioral control (PBC) (beta = 0.187, p < 0.001), attitudes (beta = 0.182, p = 0.002), start-up self-efficacy (beta = 0.169, p = 0.001), drug waste collection-related knowledge (beta = 0.161, p < 0.001), and subjective norms (beta = 0.088, p < 0.05) have a positive significant effect on the intention to create a start-up to collect unwanted drugs. In conclusion, this paper contributes to reducing drug waste by investigating the drivers of intention to create green start-ups for collecting unwanted drugs. Therefore, our study is expected to provide valuable insights for hospitals, pharmacies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, environmental protection associations, and stakeholders interested in reverse logistics.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Under what conditions do incumbents succeed in curtailing programs benefitting large constituencies of low-income voters? We undertake a within-country comparison of four highly popular cash transfer policies in Brazil in the 2010s. Our contribution is threefold. First, we refine the concept of policy drift by distinguishing executive-driven drift (resulting from incumbents' decisions) from opposition-driven drift (resulting from the veto power of welfare opponents). The latter results from the dispersion of authority; the former is favored by its concentration. Second, we show that executive-driven drift is a successful strategy when programs give incumbents discretion over entitlement and benefits, meaning authority to make unilateral decisions. Third, we argue that executive-driven drift explains retrenchment outcomes better than partisan orientation, size of program's clientele, and fiscal impacts. Incumbents were more successful in their retrenchment initiatives when concentration of authority in the executive branch allowed them to bypass legislative and judicial veto points.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: During the Roman domain of the Iberian Peninsula (from 201 BCE to 460 CE) water management infrastructures were built to satisfy high water demand. However, whether the Roman activities affected the hydrological balance of Iberian wetlands remains unclear. Here, we investigate the paleo-hydrology of Lake Zonar (southern Iberia) by using the stable isotopes (O-16, O-17, O-18, H-1 and H-2) of its gypsum (CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O) sediments and reconstruct the isotopic composition of the lake water during Roman times. A period of recurrent lake low stand occurred between 2120 and 1890 cal. yr BP (ca. 170 BCE to 60 CE), coinciding with a relatively dry climate stage recorded by most regional paleoclimate archives. The stable isotopes and hydrochemistry of the lake water during gypsum precipitation are consistent with a shallow saline lake that evaporated under relative humidity similar to 10% lower than the present annual mean and at least 20% less rainfall amount. Our analytical and archeological findings support lake level lowering during the Roman period was probably caused by combined arid climate conditions and diversion of the inlets feeding the lake. Spring capturing was likely necessary to satisfy the high water demand of nearby Roman settlements, in the framework of a period of persistent droughts.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Increasingly, research demonstrates economic benefits of tobacco cessation in cancer care, as seen in a new study by Kypriotakis and colleagues of the MD Anderson cessation program, demonstrating median health care cost savings of $1,095 per patient over 3 months. While the cost-effectiveness of tobacco cessation programs from a hospital perspective is important, implementation decisions in a predominantly fee-for-service system, such as in the United States, too often insufficiently value this outcome. Economic barriers, stakeholder disincentives, and payment models all impact program implementation. Combining economic evaluation with implementation research, including assessment of return-on-investment, may enhance sustainability and inform decision-making in cancer care settings. See related article by Kypriotakis et al., p. 217.", + "input": "Abstract: Lack of psychological detachment from work during leisure time is related to unfavorable affective states and poor well-being but little is known about the processes that drive this relationship. We propose that lack of detachment from work translates into next-day negative and positive affect by specific thought processes. Building on a control-theory approach to repetitive thought and rumination, we introduce a refined conceptualization of job-related cognitions during leisure time that integrates a valence perspective (referring to negative versus positive events) with a temporal-direction perspective (backward-oriented vs. forward-oriented). Using daily-survey data collected from 243 employees over two workweeks, multilevel path analysis revealed that lack of detachment from negative events predicted backward-oriented negative rumination and forward-oriented solution seeking. Lack of detachment from positive events predicted backward-oriented positive rumination and forward-oriented goal generation. Only backward-oriented negative rumination, in turn, predicted next-day negative affect. Neuroticism and extraversion moderated the relationships between lack of detachment and job-related cognitions, resulting in a particularly strong serial indirect effect between lack of detachment from negative events and next-day negative affect for persons high in neuroticism. Our study helps to understand why and for whom lack of psychological detachment from work during leisure time is particularly adverse.", "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Over the past few years, digitalisation has led to the development of new forms of Holocaust memory, with advances in digital technology reshaping and introducing alternative ways of remembering, understanding and representing the Holocaust. The purpose of this study is to examine how three Holocaust survivors - Lily Ebert (100), Gidon Lev (88) and Tova Friedman (85) - share their firsthand experiences on TikTok by segmenting traumatic memories using the platforms' audio-visual aesthetic and adapting their testimonies for the attention spans of young users. Based on 1-year content production and detailed analysis of 84 videos across the three profiles, a mixed-methods approach was applied to identify how each survivor interacts with their 'fans' using a unique communication style and with distinct goals. The results of the multimodal analysis show that the three survivors are engaged in meaningful acts of playful online activism on the memory of the Holocaust by bringing testimony and daily life together, in order to protect historical facts and combat antisemitism and Holocaust distortion.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic drew public attention back to urban living conditions, including access to green spaces and their effects on health and social wellbeing. This representative study concerning the metropolitan area of Vienna, Austria's capital (online panel survey; n = 1012; conducted in 2021), aims to evaluate the role of urban green spaces in mitigating the consequences of negative health and wellbeing amongst urban inhabitants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it specifically adds fresh insights regarding the impact of age on the use and perception of urban green spaces during this health crisis. While young adults reconnected with nature and increased the time they spent outdoors, older urban inhabitants reduced the time they spent in urban green spaces on average. 60 % of the respondents aged between 16 and 18 years increased time spent in green spaces, while the majority of the elderly population (65+ years) kept the pre -pandemic amount of outdoor activity (48 %) or reduced it (34 %). All age groups, however, acknowledged the general importance of green spaces for their physical, mental, and emotional health during the pandemic. Large majority of the respondents stated that contact to nature was very important or important for their physical (86 %), mental (89 %) and emotional (88 %) health and wellbeing. However, there were significant differences in the perception of negative health symptoms experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic amongst various age groups. The results show stronger negative symptoms reported by younger population than the older one. This study highlights the heterogeneity of the urban population's needs and behavioural changes during this health crisis and emphasises the necessity to consider the social and environmental justice component in shaping sustainable, resilient, and inclusive urban environments.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess financial protection and equity in the healthcare financing system among slum dwellers with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Iran in 2022.DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.SETTING: Primary care centres in Iran were selected from slums.PARTICIPANTS: Our study included 400 participants with T2D using a systematic random sampling method. Patients were included if they lived in slums for at least five consecutive years, were over 18 years old and did not have intellectual disabilities.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEASURES: A self-report questionnaire was used to assess cost-coping strategies vis-a-vis T2D expenditures and factors influencing them, as well as forgone care among slum dwellers.RESULTS: Of the 400 patients who participated, 53.8% were female. Among the participants, 27.8% were illiterate, but 30.3% could read and write. 75.8% had income below 40million Rial. There was an association between age, education, income, basic insurance, supplemental insurance and cost-coping strategies (p<0.001). 88.2% of those with first university degree used health insurance and 34% of illiterate people used personal savings. 79.8% of people with income over 4million Rial reported using insurance to cope with healthcare costs while 55% of those with income under 4million Rial reported using personal savings and a combination of health insurance and personal savings to cope with healthcare costs. As a result of binary logistic regression, illiterate people (adjusted OR=16, 95% CI 3.65 to 70.17), individuals with low income (OR 5.024, 95%CI 2.42 to 10.41) and people without supplemental insurance (OR 1.885, 95%CI 0.03 to 0.37) are more likely to use other forms of cost-coping strategies than health insurance.CONCLUSIONS: As a result of insufficient use of insurance, cost-coping strategies used by slum dwellers vis-a-vis T2D expenditures do not protect them from financial risks. Expanding universal health coverage and providing supplemental insurance for those with T2D living in slums are recommended. Iran Health Insurance should adequately cover the costs of T2D care for slum dwellers so that they do not need to use alternative strategies.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Despite extensive exploration of parental autonomy support and psychological control, certain ambiguities exist regarding their relationships with children's intelligence mindsets and academic outcomes. Based on a sample of 484 Chinese elementary school students, we aimed to elucidate the distinct roles of parental autonomy support and psychological control in predicting children's academic engagement and achievement. Additionally, we examined the potential mediating effects of children's intelligence mindsets in these relationships. Our findings revealed children's growth mindset acted as a mediator in the link between parental autonomy support and children's behavioral engagement. Conversely, children's fixed mindset mediated the pathway from parental psychological control to children's disengagement. Moreover, a multi-group analysis unveiled that the impact of parental autonomy support was more pronounced among boys who also exhibited greater susceptibility to the adverse influence of a fixed mindset. This study contributes to our understanding of the psychological mechanisms and emphasizes the significance of parental autonomy support in cultivating children's growth mindset.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: What is close reading and what are the steps we take in close reading as a methodological approach? This article explores reading strategies and advocates for a more conscious close reading. Starting by tracing the hermeneutic heritage of close reading, and examining its development from the New Criticism movement onwards, it then describes the fundamental physical and cognitive aspects of reading as a distinct form of analytic attentiveness. Three methodological steps are delineated, discussed, and exemplified through the author's close reading practices. By employing a paratextual lens to the close reading of manuscripts from the Early Modern period, the article demonstrates how theoretically informed readings, such as the paratextual perspective, enhance the reading process and deepen our understanding of historical conditions.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Since the 1990s, the Norwegian management for cultural heritage has increased its focus on finding effective solutions for protecting Norway's wooden cultural heritage from fire damage. The medieval churches in general, including the wooden stave churches, with their interiors and inventories, are of special interest. However, the usefulness of protecting valuable interiors and inventories when fighting fire has been questioned. An experiment was carried out to find manageable solutions for protecting large inventories by using fire covers in case of fire. An experiment using seven commercially available products was conducted by fire fighters to investigate whether these products could protect historic interiors from water and fire. The preliminary results show that it is possible to find manageable, large format covers for the protection of large, immovable historic inventories.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which a gamete (ovum or sperm) develops without being fertilized. Tomer Jordi Chaffer uses parthenogenesis to challenge Don Marquis' future-like-ours (FLO) argument against abortion. According to Marquis, (1) what makes it morally wrong to kill us is that it would deprive us of a possible future that we might come to value-a future like ours (FLO) and (2) human fetuses are numerically identical to any adult human organism they may develop into, and thus have a FLO. Chaffer contends that if human ova are capable of parthenogenesis, then they would have a FLO, which contraception may deprive them of, but contends this is absurd. Bruce P. Blackshaw challenges Chaffer, contending sexually fertilized embryos are not identical to unfertilized ovum, but this would yield a more absurd implication, that fertilization deprives an ovum of a FLO! Here I show Marquis' account of identity rules out both Chaffer's and Blackshaw's accounts.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The effects of female chromosomal polymorphisms (FCPs) on various aspects of reproductive health have been investigated, yet the findings are frequently inconsistent. This study aims to clarify the role of FCPs on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).METHODS: This retrospective cohort study comprised 951 couples with FCPs and 10,788 couples with normal karyotypes who underwent IVF/ICSI treatment at Peking University Third Hospital between 2015 and 2021. The exposure was FCPs. The embryological outcomes and clinical outcomes were compared.RESULTS: The FCPs, as a whole, compromised the oocyte maturation rate (76.0% vs. 78.8%, P=0.008), while they did not adversely affect other IVF/ICSI outcomes. Further detailed analyses showed that every type of FCPs contributed to the lower oocyte maturation rate, particularly the rare FCPs (69.0% vs. 78.8%, P=0.008). The female qh+was associated with a higher normal fertilization rate (63.0% vs. 59.2%, adjusted P=0.022), a higher clinical pregnancy rate (37.0% vs. 30.7%, adjusted P=0.048), and a higher live birth rate (27.0% vs.19.0%, adjusted P=0.003) in couples undergoing IVF. Conversely, in couples undergoing ICSI, female qh+was found to be related to a lower normal fertilization rate (58.8% vs. 63.8%, P=0.032), a comparable clinical pregnancy rate (25.7% vs. 30.9%, P=0.289), and a comparable live birth rate (19.8% vs. 19.2%, P=0.880) compared to the control group. Additionally, an increased risk of preterm birth was observed in women undergoing IVF with multiple polymorphisms (62.5% vs. 16.9%, adjusted P<0.001) and in women undergoing ICSI with pstk+ (36.4% vs. 15.4%, P=0.036).CONCLUSIONS: Our research unravels the diverse impacts of various FCPs on IVF/ICSI outcomes, highlighting the detrimental effects of FCPs on oocyte maturation and the risk of preterm birth.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Rationale and Objectives: With the shifting needs of radiologists due to escalating healthcare demands, the impetus for an increased focus on wellness and the benefits of the humanities in medicine inspired a novel approach to curricular planning of the 2023 Association of University Radiologists (AUR) annual meeting. In this manuscript, we describe the creative process behind planning and executing this innovative meeting format. Materials and Methods: Reimagining the annual meeting was a collaborative effort centered around the development of an innovative Arts and Wellness Program, with the goal of integrating opportunities for artistic expression and experiential wellness throughout the meeting. Results: Of the 1313 meeting attendees, 423 (32.2%) completed the annual meeting evaluation, of which 244 were in -person and 61 attended virtually. 178 of 423 respondents (42.1%) participated in the arts and wellness programming. 160 of 203 respondents (78.9%) reported that the arts and wellness programming enhanced the overall meeting experience. 164 of 197 respondents (83.2%) gained greater appreciation for the talents of radiology colleagues. 97 of 195 respondents (49.7%) stated that the programming gave them ideas as to how to cope effectively with stress. Conclusion: The incorporation of art, music, and other wellness activities into a national radiology meeting was well -received by meeting attendees. For many radiologists who participated in the various musical and artistic offerings at the AUR 2023 meeting, sharing artistic talents with the radiology community and colleagues represented the most fundamental way to be fully seen, express authenticity, and connect with others. (c) 2023 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Introduction Health technology assessment (HTA) plays a vital role in healthcare decision-making globally, necessitating the identification of key factors impacting evaluation outcomes due to the significant workload faced by HTA agencies.Objectives The aim of this study was to predict the approval status of evaluations conducted by the Brazilian Committee for Health Technology Incorporation (CONITEC) using natural language processing (NLP).Methods Data encompassing CONITEC's official report summaries from 2012 to 2022. Textual data was tokenized for NLP analysis. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator, logistic regression, support vector machine, random forest, neural network, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were evaluated for accuracy, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) score, precision, and recall. Cluster analysis using the k-modes algorithm categorized entries into two clusters (approved, rejected).Results The neural network model exhibited the highest accuracy metrics (precision at 0.815, accuracy at 0.769, ROC AUC at 0.871, and recall at 0.746), followed by XGBoost model. The lexical analysis uncovered linguistic markers, like references to international HTA agencies' experiences and government as demandant, potentially influencing CONITEC's decisions. Cluster and XGBoost analyses emphasized that approved evaluations mainly concerned drug assessments, often government-initiated, while non-approved ones frequently evaluated drugs, with the industry as the requester.Conclusions NLP model can predict health technology incorporation outcomes, opening avenues for future research using HTA reports from other agencies. This model has the potential to enhance HTA system efficiency by offering initial insights and decision-making criteria, thereby benefiting healthcare experts.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Although ground motion duration significantly influences structural response, there is a lack of accurate prediction models for ground motion duration. Ground motion duration plays a vital role in structural response during an earthquake. Even a small magnitude event may cause severe structural damage if the duration of the earthquake is long. Thus, accurate estimation of ground motion duration is essential for structural seismic design and analysis. This article uses machine learning techniques to estimate ground motion duration for the New Zealand region. This paper investigates the use of emerging machine learning algorithms to address this critical issue using data from the New Zealand earthquakes database. The utility of the prediction models is also evaluated using numerous parameters related to filtering frequencies, fault dimensions, S-wave triggering flag, etc., apart from the traditional source, path, and site. Other parameters, e.g., the usable frequency range and the uncertainty of the available parameters, are also considered in evaluating the prediction of the considered machine learning models. Root mean squared error, along with the coefficient of determination (R2), is used to evaluate the performance of the machine learning models. The method with the least difference between actual and predicted values on the test set is presented for each duration metric available within the New Zealand database. Most importantly, the game theory-based SHapely Additive exPlanations (SHAP) are provided as to whether each independent variable would push the predictions toward higher or lower values. These explanations demonstrate the relative importance of the parameters within the strong motion database in the prediction of earthquake duration.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: We revisit the old issue of the causal link between money and output using time-varying Granger causality. Despite the proliferation of studies on this issue to which the evidence is heavily focused on the United States, a consensus on this topic has remained elusive. Using more recent data, we then re-examine this issue not just for the United States, but also for forty-two other countries. We find the existence of a robust and uni-directional Granger causality from money to output for thirteen countries with identified causal episodes that vary across these countries. We also detected from our implementation of the time-varying Granger causality test the period corresponding to the first half of the 1980s for the United States, a period which generated intense controversy and debate in this literature. However, we find this episode to exhibit feedback effects (bi-directional) between money and output. Given the significant changes that have transpired over time in the way that countries conduct and operate their monetary policy, our evidence reinforces a present and growing trend on the re-emergence of the important role of money in the economy.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In times of person-centered care, it is all the more important to support patients in making good decisions about their care. One way to offer such support to patients is by way of Patient Decision Aids (PDAs). Ranging from patient brochures to web-based tools, PDAs explicitly state the decisions patients face, inform them about their medical options, help them to clarify and discuss their values, and ultimately make a decision. However, lingering discussions surround effectiveness research on PDAs. In this article, I focus on two subjective measures of decision quality that are widely used as outcome measures in effectiveness research on PDAs (i.e., the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) and measures of regret). Although these measurement instruments have attracted critical attention in the scientific literature, bioethicists have hardly engaged with them. Therefore, I set myself to analyze the relationship between (the different subscales of) the DCS and measures of regret, on the one hand, and ethical principles such as beneficence and autonomy, on the other hand. In light of that analysis, I will clarify some discussions regarding the use of these measures of decision quality in effectiveness research on PDAs. This should help us to align the way we evaluate PDAs with ethical principles and avoid that our attempts to support patients in making good decisions about their care that is so central to person-centered care point in unethical directions.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeThis study aims to identify and assess the key ethical challenges associated with integrating artificial intelligence (AI) in knowledge-sharing (KS) practices and their implications for decision-making (DM) processes within organisations.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs a mixed-methods approach, beginning with a comprehensive literature review to extract background information on AI and KS and to identify potential ethical challenges. Subsequently, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is conducted using data collected from individuals employed in business settings to validate the challenges identified in the literature and assess their impact on DM processes.FindingsThe findings reveal that challenges related to privacy and data protection, bias and fairness and transparency and explainability are particularly significant in DM. Moreover, challenges related to accountability and responsibility and the impact of AI on employment also show relatively high coefficients, highlighting their importance in the DM process. In contrast, challenges such as intellectual property and ownership, algorithmic manipulation and global governance and regulation are found to be less central to the DM process.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the ongoing discourse on the ethical challenges of AI in knowledge management (KM) and DM within organisations. By providing insights and recommendations for researchers, managers and policymakers, the study emphasises the need for a holistic and collaborative approach to harness the benefits of AI technologies whilst mitigating their associated risks.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: ObjectivesGiven the distinct political landscape of Japan, this study aims to explore the impact of gender on the parliamentary behavior of Japanese legislators.MethodsUtilizing a self-constructed data set covering the 44th-48th Diets (2005-2021), this study examines the individual-level parliamentary activities of male and female legislators in Japan. Key metrics analyzed include the frequency of speeches delivered in both plenary and committee sessions, alongside the submission of memorandums to the Diet.ResultsThe findings indicate that on the whole, gender exerts only a minimal effect on parliamentary activities. However, upon closer examination of members belonging to opposition parties during specific time periods, female legislators emerge as more active in terms of questioning and memorandum submission compared to their male counterparts.ConclusionThis study unveils a noteworthy trend wherein women legislators in Japan demonstrate equal or greater engagement in parliamentary activities than their male counterparts. These findings underscore the importance of exploring gender dynamics within political systems beyond the Western sphere. Moreover, they emphasize the necessity for ongoing research into gender representation and participation within Japan's political arena.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Earthquakes can cause significant damage to cultural artifacts, which often hold significant historical or cultural value. Seismic risk assessments can contribute to a more targeted approach by museum staff to the preventive conservation of cultural artifacts. The primary objective of this research is to suggest a new approach for assessing the seismic risk of cultural artifacts. This innovative method is founded on the Law of Large Numbers and aims to provide a more user-friendly way of evaluating the likelihood of potential seismic threat to cultural artifacts. The proposed method takes into account the statistical distribution of seismic ground motion and the seismic response characteristics of artifacts, and its accuracy and practicality are demonstrated by case studies. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method has the advantages of theoretical simplicity, low computational effort, and easier to be understood and mastered by museum staff. Furthermore, the impact of sample size on the assessment results was investigated. The findings demonstrate that the proposed method represents a valuable tool for cultural heritage risk decision-makers to evaluate the seismic risk of artifacts. By using this method, they can more effectively assess the potential damage caused by seismic effects and design suitable mitigation measures accordingly. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Conflictual relations between language groups make Belgium a fruitful ground to study the interplay between historical knowledge, importance, collective memory and social identity related to historical events. This study compared German-speaking and French-speaking Belgians on the these dimensions for a historical event for which contrasted responses were expected, the centenary of Armistice on 11 November 2018. We also focused on generational differences by comparing senior, intermediate, and junior age cohorts. Results showed no generational differences but revealed that German-speakers construct their social identity differently than French-speakers. Namely, German-speaking Belgians integrated political with non-political events in their collective memory and relied more on school as source of knowledge and nationally relevant memories. In contrast, French-speaking Belgians relied on family and friends as source of knowledge, intertwined more personally and nationally relevant memories, and showed a strong association of national identity with the importance attributed to World War I.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: As global greenhouse gas concentrations intensify climate change impacts, the risk of landslides increases, particularly in Southern Anambra State, Nigeria. This ongoing threat endangers lives, farmlands, and property, emphasizing the need to pinpoint susceptible areas for effective prevention and mitigation strategies. Employing four classical statistical models-frequency ratio (FR), Shannon's entropy (SE), the weight of evidence (WoE), and logistic regression (LR)-this study identified classes within conditioning factors contributing to landslide formation. The research also evaluated and contrasted the accuracy of these models, considering their combined application, which remained unexplored. Using high-resolution spatial data, twelve conditioning factors and landslide inventory datasets, divided into training (80%) and testing (20%), susceptibility maps, accuracy, and errors were generated for all the statistical models. All models exhibited good accuracy, with slightly increased error margins within an acceptable range. Susceptibility maps generated highlighted the central region as highly landslide-prone, influenced by geological factors (poorly consolidated formations), slope (> 12.253 degrees), elevation (212 to 328 m), rainfall (516.4 to 585.3 mm), distance to the stream (< 111.7 to 223.4 m), land cover (crops and rangeland), NDVI (< 0.201), and SPI (> 1.827). Comparison of the obtained statistical results revealed similarities and differences in accuracy and model performance; as inconsistencies exist with previous studies, suggesting that although geospatial characteristics influence landslide susceptibility studies, the controlling factors for landslide formation are not universally exclusive. The insights provided by this paper are valuable for decision-makers involved in hazard monitoring and management efforts.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Neuromorphic event-based cameras communicate transients in luminance instead of frames, providing visual information with a fine temporal resolution, high dynamic range and high signal-to-noise ratio. Enriching event data with color information allows for the reconstruction of colorful frame-like intensity maps, supporting improved performance and visually appealing results in various computer vision tasks. In this work, we simulated a biologically inspired color fusion system featuring a three-stage convolutional neural network for reconstructing color intensity maps from event data and sparse color cues. While current approaches for color fusion use full RGB frames in high resolution, our design uses event data and low-spatial and tonal-resolution quantized color cues, providing a high-performing small model for efficient colorful image reconstruction. The proposed model outperforms existing coloring schemes in terms of SSIM, LPIPS, PSNR, and CIEDE2000 metrics. We demonstrate that auxiliary limited color information can be used in conjunction with event data to successfully reconstruct both color and intensity frames, paving the way for more efficient hardware designs.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Aim of this work is the development of a new kind of corrosion sensors, based on low-cost flexible sub-strates, specifically designed to detect Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) producing significant degrada-tion of artifacts in museum display cases. Sensors have been fabricated and tested in relevant environ-ment with three of the most relevant VOCs (acetic acid, formic acid and formaldehyde) to the artifacts preservation. Sensitivity has been measured to be lower than 1 ppm, which is several times better than what reported in the literature on corrosion sensors for the same VOCs. In addition, different sensors, arranged with different active materials, have been implemented for the first time into a so-called multi -sensor architecture, aimed at demonstrating VOC specificity: in particular, we report here on a prelimi-nary test in which the multi-sensor has been able to be selective between acetic acid and formaldehyde.(c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Globally, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mu m or less poses a significant threat to human health. The first step in quantifying human health impacts caused by exposure to PM2.5 pollution is exposure assessment. Population-weighted exposure level (PWEL) estimation is one of the methods that provides a more precise exposure assessment since it incorporates the spatiotemporal distribution of population with the pollution concentration estimate. In this study, PM2.5 exposure levels in the local communities around brickmaking industries were investigated, using the population census data of the study area and 1-year data from nine PM2.5 monitoring stations installed in and around the brickmaking industries. The observed PM2.5 data was spatially interpolated using inverse distance weight (IDW). Data on PM2.5 levels across the study area were classified based on the World Health Organization interim target (IT) guidelines and the South African National ambient air quality standard (NAAQS). An annual PM2.5 population weighted exposure level of 27.6 mu g/m(3) was estimated for the study area. However, seasonal exposure levels of 28.9, 37.6, 26.5, and 20.7 mu g/m(3) were estimated for the autumn, winter, spring, and summer seasons, respectively. This implies that local communities around the brick kiln in the Vhembe District are exposed to high levels of PM2.5, especially in winter. The PM2.5 levels in the brickmaking industries as well as its other sources in the Vhembe District, therefore, need to be lowered. Findings from population exposure level to pollutants can provide valuable data for formulating policies and recommendations on exposure reduction and public health protection. Implications: PM2.5 concentration in any given environment has high spatial and temporal variability due to the presence of diffused sources in the environment. Using ambient air concentrations to directly estimate population exposure without taking into consideration the disproportionate spatial and temporal distribution of the pollutant and the population may not yield accurate results on human exposure levels. It is, therefore, important to assess the aggregated PM2.5 exposure of a populace within a given area. This study therefore examines the PM2.5 population-weighted-exposure level of the host communities of the brickmaking industry in Vhembe District, South Africa.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: This article recovers Angela Davis's archived dissertation project, Towards a Kantian Theory of Force, from 1969, and places it in conversation with her mature work on prison abolition. It begins by documenting how, as a student of Frankfurt School Critical Theory, Davis honed an immanent critique of Kant's problem of freedom as a reflection of the historical contradiction that emerges between the moral claim to universal freedom and the socio-historical determinates that foreclose its material realization. It next reconstructs her dissertation project, showing how Davis teased this same problematic from Kant's little-explored political philosophy to argue persuasively that the liberal constitutional state's justified use of violence is a primary obstacle to the realization of moral freedom. By reading Davis's early critique in the context of contemporaneous Kant scholarship and in view of her subsequent abolitionist work, the article argues that Davis's early work can help to illuminate not just the central antagonism between freedom and state coercion that is the object of abolitionist critique, but the subjective-moral dimension inherent to its political practice.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PurposeElucidating on the concrete outline of conservation of resource theory, this study aims to explore the links between work-family conflict and workplace thriving. In particular, this study has integrated depersonalization as a mediator and tested the moderated mediation effects of intrinsic motivation in work-family conflict and depersonalization relationships.Design/methodology/approachData were collected using a sample of 357 doctors working across various public hospitals in India over two waves (T1 and T2) and was tested using AMOS and Process Macros.FindingsExploration reveals that work-family conflict is negatively associated with workplace thriving. The mediating role of depersonalization in between work-family conflict and workplace thriving was established. Moreover, the moderating role of intrinsic motivation in work-family conflict and workplace thriving via depersonalization was also established.Originality/valueThe present study makes a theoretical addition to the literature by investigating nuances through which work-family conflict relationships and thriving at the workplace can be affected. To date, such a relationship has not been established. The study also extends the role of depersonalization as an underlying mechanism between work-family conflict and workplace thriving, making an imperative contribution. This study also tested the moderating role of intrinsic motivation. Overall, these relationships are novel and have been seldom reported.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: The Sundarban region-located from the Hooghly River in India's state of West Bengal to the Baleswar River in Bangladesh-renowned for its distinctive ecosystem and agricultural techniques, heavily depends on groundwater for irrigation purposes. However, concerns arise regarding the suitability of groundwater for sustainable agriculture in this vulnerable coastal zone. This systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate the quality and appropriateness of groundwater and surface water for irrigation in the Sundarban region. By extensively searching scientific databases and relevant literature, we identified eighteen studies meeting our inclusion criteria. These studies encompassed hydrological, hydrochemical, and agronomic parameters, facilitating a thorough assessment of groundwater quality and its potential impacts on crop productivity. The review evaluates key parameters such as total hardness, residual sodium carbonate, potential salinity, permeability index, Kelly's ratio, sodium absorption ratio, corrosivity ratio, and chloroalkaline indices. The results revealed that irrigation water displays an alkaline nature, and both surface water and groundwater were unsuitable for irrigation due to exceedingly high-quality parameters beyond the standard limits. Nevertheless, groundwater exhibited favorable physiochemical properties. The review identifies critical research gaps and proposes future directions to enhance the understanding of groundwater suitability for irrigation in the Sundarban region. The findings emphasize the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to ensure sustainable agricultural practices and safeguard the delicate ecosystem of the Sundarban region.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is becoming prevalent in the pediatric population. The existing pediatric MetS definitions (e.g., the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition and the modified National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) definition) involve complex cut-offs, precluding fast risk assessment in clinical practice.We proposed a simplified definition for assessing MetS risk in youths aged 6-17years, and compared its performance with two existing widely used pediatric definitions (the IDF definition, and the NCEP definition) in 10 pediatric populations from 9 countries globally (n=19,426) using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. In general, the total MetS prevalence of 6.2% based on the simplified definition was roughly halfway between that of 4.2% and 7.7% estimated from the IDF and NCEP definitions, respectively. The ROC curve analyses showed a good agreement between the simplified definition and two existing definitions: the total area under the curve (95% confidence interval) of the proposed simplified definition for identifying MetS risk achieved 0.91 (0.89-0.92) and 0.79 (0.78-0.81) when using the IDF or NCEP definition as the gold standard, respectively.The proposed simplified definition may be useful for pediatricians to quickly identify MetS risk and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) clustering in clinical practice, and allow direct comparison of pediatric MetS prevalence across different populations, facilitating consistent pediatric MetS risk monitoring and the development of evidence-based pediatric MetS prevention strategies globally.", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To use verbal autopsy (VA) data to understand health system utilisation and the potential avoidability associated with fatal injury. Then to categorise any evident barriers driving avoidable delays to care within a Three-Delays framework that considers delays to seeking (Delay 1), reaching (Delay 2) or receiving (Delay 3) quality injury care.DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of existing VA data routinely collected by a demographic surveillance site.SETTING: Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) population, Northern Malawi.PARTICIPANTS: Fatally injured members of the HDSS.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the proportion of fatal injury deaths that were potentially avoidable. Secondary outcomes were the delay stage and corresponding barriers associated with avoidable deaths and the health system utilisation for fatal injuries within the health system.RESULTS: Of the 252 deaths due to external causes, 185 injury-related deaths were analysed. Deaths were predominantly among young males (median age 30, IQR 11-48), 71.9% (133/185). 35.1% (65/185) were assessed as potentially avoidable. Delay 1 was implicated in 30.8% (20/65) of potentially avoidable deaths, Delay 2 in 61.5% (40/65) and Delay 3 in 75.4% (49/65). Within Delay 1, 'healthcare literacy' was most commonly implicated barrier in 75% (15/20). Within Delay 2, 'communication' and 'prehospital care' were the most commonly implicated in 92.5% (37/40). Within Delay 3, 'physical resources' were most commonly implicated, 85.7% (42/49).CONCLUSIONS: VA is feasible for studying pathways to care and health system responsiveness in avoidable deaths following injury and ascertaining the delays that contribute to deaths. A large proportion of injury deaths were avoidable, and we have identified several barriers as potential targets for intervention. Refining and integrating VA with other health system assessment methods is likely necessary to holistically understand an injury care health system.", "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Drawing on findings from an ethnographic study, the paper at hand provides an example of a pronounced way of working with montage as a means of mobilizing knowledge in the architectural design process. With reference to a specific design project, the paper follows architecture students systematically exploring and structuring the problem's space of possibilities by applying montage. Highlighting the methodological rigor and logical coherence their procedure involves, the paper elaborates on montage as an effective method and traceable exploratory process. Presenting and discussing this empirical data, the paper aims at showing how montage allows for apprehending a problem in a holistic manner while at the same time facilitating its analysis into separate parts. In this way, montage engenders the mobilization of knowledge, which can be implicated to the case at hand.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Upper Palaeolithic sites in southwestern France attributed to the Upper Gravettian and the Solutrean yielded sub spherical gravels with a highly shiny appearance that have intrigued researchers since the 1930s. In this work, we analyze specimens from five sites, including the recently excavated Solutrean site of Landry, to establish whether their presence in archaeological layers and peculiar aspect are due to natural processes or human agency. We study the spatial distribution of gravels at Landry and submit archaeological gravels from the five sites, natural formations, Landry sediment sieving, and polishing experiments with a rotary tumbling machine to morphometric, colorimetric, microscopic, and textural analyses. Our results indicate the lustrous gravels found at the five sites result from deliberate selection and suggest their shiny appearance is the consequence of human agency, possibly resulting from prolonged contact with a soft material such as animal skin. Ethnographic accounts indicate that these gravels may have been used for magico-religious ritual purposes (charms, sorcery, divination etc.), in games, as elements of musical instruments, and as items serving other social and personal purposes. We argue that these objects reflect a cultural innovation emerged during the Gravettian and continued into the Solutrean.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Episodic memory gives us the ability to mentally travel back in time to revisit and relive past experiences. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the function of episodic memory. According to the orthodox view, episodic memory should be considered a part of a constructive system that simulates the future for sophisticated foresight and flexible planning. In this paper, I offer a novel alternative view. I argue that episodic memory provides invaluable information about the past behavior of others, allowing us to identify reliable and trustworthy partners while avoiding dealing with cheaters. Theoretical models demonstrate that cooperation in groups can be maintained if potential partners use information about an individual's past behavior to guide their behavior toward that individual. In these reputation-based models of human cooperation, individuals with a history of cheating are ostracized, whereas those with a history of cooperative behavior flourish. Against this theoretical background, it is possible to see a function of episodic memory in facilitating information exchange about others, helping group members make effective partner choices, and avoiding the risk of interacting with cheaters. If correct, episodic memory may have played a significant role in the evolution of human cooperation.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Background Hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) is a significant medical complication affecting pregnant women globally and is considered a public health burden due to the negative outcomes it can cause for both mother and infant. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the prevalence, risk factors, and feto-maternal outcomes of HIP in Ethiopia.Methods To gather relevant information for this study, both published and unpublished studies were searched for in several major databases, including PubMed, Embase, HINARI, Web of Science direct, and Google Scholar, as well as other sources. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the findings from these studies. Data was then extracted and summarized using a template in Microsoft Excel software, and the extracted data was analyzed using Stata software version 16.0. If significant heterogeneity was found between studies, subgroup analyses were conducted to further examine the data.Result Eighteen studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis, involving a total sample size of 50,816 pregnant women in Ethiopia. The prevalence of HIP among pregnant women varied considerably across the primary studies, ranging from 0.4 to 26.2%. The pooled prevalence of HIP among pregnant women in Ethiopia was found to be 6.9% (95% C 2.2-11.6). Pregnant women with a family history of diabetes had 2.5 times higher odds of developing HIP compared to those without a family history of diabetes (OR = 2.49; 95% CI = 2.02, 2.96). However, there was no significant association found between HIP and maternal obesity (OR 2.31, 95% CI = 0.85, 3.78) or previous history of abortion (OR 3.89; 95% CI 0.85, 6.94). The common fetal outcomes associated with HIP were admission to the intensive care unit (46.2; 95% CI 27.4, 65.1), macrosomia (27.3%; 95% CI 9.4%, 45.1%), and preterm birth (16.9; 95% CI 12.5, 21.3). Additionally, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (28.0%; 95% CI 15.2, 40.8) and operative delivery (51.4%; 95% CI 35.9, 66.8) were more common among women with HIP in Ethiopia.Conclusion Although there was some variation between studies, the meta-analysis revealed that approximately seven out of 100 pregnant women in Ethiopia had HIP. A family history of diabetes was found to be a significant predictor of HIP in Ethiopia. Additionally, HIP was associated with various serious adverse outcomes for both mothers and infants in Ethiopia. These findings highlight the need for national guidelines to ensure that pregnant women are uniformly screened for HIP.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Regenerative medicine solutions for type 1 diabetes are a rapidly developing field of medical technology. To date, these solutions have been principally cell-based treatments and at present, in Europe, these therapies are regulated under European Union regulations for advanced therapy medicinal products. But now, new emerging technology combining cellular therapy with medical devices is under development. The potential of this novel hybrid model to create a bioartificial pancreas to treat type 1 diabetes is tantalizing. However, incorporating medical devices creates a further layer of regulatory complexity. This article seeks to expose the complexity of this legal and regulatory landscape and demonstrate how evolving technology could challenge the entire existing legal paradigm. We start by summarizing the status of the only established cell-based therapy-transplantation. We set out the regulation of cellular therapies, their classification, and the role of statutory bodies. We examine the bottleneck of therapies moving from bench to bedside, and we consider the additional challenges of products, which use a combination of cells and medical devices. Finally, we argue that for the potential of this rapidly growing area of technology to be realized a seismic shift in how we regulate frontier cellular therapies will be required.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: This research examined the dynamics of news reporting and source attribution approaches employed by prominent media outlets - the New York Times, Guardian, China Daily, and The Times of India - in their coverage of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine crises. Using Quantitative Content Analysis to examine (n = 230) news articles, this study investigated the prevalence of official, unofficial, pro-Russian, and pro-Ukrainian sources, and how these sources impacted the objectivity of news reporting during the peak of the Russia-Ukraine crises. The findings of the study are twofold. Firstly, the study revealed a prevalence of official sources over unofficial sources in the news reports, raising concerns about the representational diversity within the news. Secondly, the study records a scarcity of pro-Russian sources across the media, a trend particularly pronounced in the New York Times and Guardian, where pro-Ukrainian sources held greater prominence, potentially skewing the overall perspective presented. This strategic selection of sources appeared to culminate in a convergence of narratives across the studied media outlets, potentially limiting the availability of varied viewpoints and interpretations for the audience. This study highlights the complex relationship between source selection and news objectivity in reporting international conflicts.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article is a history of the idea of neocolonialism from its first use in the 1960s to its more recent deployments in the 2010s. During the decolonization period, the concept of neocolonialism was a powerful ideological and analytical tool in the service of the global anti-colonial movement to denounce the persistence of subordinate relations between the former colonizers and the newly independent countries. The article argues that the decline of the concept was the result of the crisis of the postcolonial state in the 1980s and the parallel rise of the theory and ideology of globalization which was based on opposite theoretical premises. The crisis of the popularity of globalization in the 2010s has made room for a return of critical concepts in the analysis of international politics and, among them, neocolonialism. This new wave of literature on neocolonialism remains fragmented, undertheorized, and, unlike its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s, disconnected from social and political movements. Moreover, Western-based sources have recently started using the concept to describe China's activities in the Global South in a problematic way that seems to attribute solely to Beijing the very neocolonial practices that Western powers are normally denounced for.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Anaemia in pregnancy is associated with several adverse outcomes for mothers and newborns, as well as their families. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of anaemia and the associated factors among pregnant women in Rwanda.METHODS: Secondary data from the 2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS) was used. Multistage stratified sampling was used to select 435 pregnant women included in the study. Anaemia among pregnant women was defined as a haemoglobin value<11g/dL. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the associated factors with anaemia in pregnancy, using SPSS (version 26).RESULTS: Of the 435 pregnant women, 24.6% (95%CI: 21.1-29.3) were anaemic (1 in 4 pregnant women). Not working (AOR=2.45; 95%CI: 1.14-5.26), being unmarried (AOR=1.23; 95%CI: 1.24-3.57), low wealth index (AOR=9.19; 95%CI: 1.64-51.56), having difficulty accessing a nearby health facility (AOR=5.40; 95%CI: 2.21-13.23), and normal body mass index (AOR=3.33; 95%CI: 1.46-7.59) were associated with higher odds of being anaemic. However, not taking iron supplements (AOR=0.16; 95% CI: 0.04-0.67), having no exposure to television (AOR=0.35; 95%CI: 0.14-0.91), being from the southern region (AOR=0.14; 95% CI: 0.03-0.66), and low husband/partner's education (AOR=0.08; 95% CI: 0.01-0.59) were associated with lower odds of being anaemic.CONCLUSIONS: The study findings indicate a high prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy, which was associated with several socio-demographics. There is a need for setting up mobile clinics and health facilities in hard-to-reach areas for easy accessibility to early anaemia screening services. Conducting mass screening for anaemia targeting pregnant women who are not working, the unmarried, and those with a low wealth index would also be beneficial. The intake of locally available iron rich foods and/ or bio-fortified foods is also recommended.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE: To use time-driven, activity-based costing (TDABC) methodology to investigate drivers of cost variation and to elucidate preoperative and intraoperative factors associated with increased cost of outpatient arthroscopic hip labral repair.METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data from January 2020 to October 2021 was performed. Patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for labral repair in the outpatient setting were included. Indexed TDABC data from Avant-garde Health's analytics platform were used to represent cost-of-care breakdowns. Patients in the top decile of cost were defined as high cost, and cost category variance was determined as a percent increase between high and low cost. Analyses tested for associations between preoperative and perioperative factors with total cost. Surgical procedures performed concomitantly to labral repair were included in subanalyses.RESULTS: Data from 151 patients were analyzed. Consumables made up 61% of total outpatient cost with surgical personnel costs (30%) being the second largest category. The average total cost was 19% higher for patients in the top decile of cost compared to the remainder of the cohort. Factors contributing to this difference were implants (36% higher), surgical personnel (20% higher), and operating room (OR)consumables (15% higher). Multivariate linear regression modeling indicated that OR time (Standardized beta= 0.504; P < .001) and anchor quantity (standardized beta= 0.443; P < .001) were significant predictors of increased cost. Femoroplasty (Unstandardized beta= 15.274; P= .010), chondroplasty (Unstandardized beta= 8.860; P= .009), excision of os acetabuli (unstandardized beta= 13.619; P= .041), and trochanteric bursectomy (Unstandardized beta= 21.176; P= .009) were also all independently associated with increasing operating time.CONCLUSIONS: TDABC analysis showed that OR consumables and implants were the largest drivers of cost for the procedure. OR time was also shown to be a significant predictor of increased costs.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, economic analysis.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: The precarity of journalistic labour has received significant scholarly attention globally, leading to a plethora of studies that attempt to theorise changing journalistic roles, practices, and norms. Whereas precarity in newswork is formulated as the new normal in the Global North, the precarious situation of marginal(ised) newsworkers in the Global South has been simply normal. Based on ethnographic research in two small-town formations in South India, this article presents how stringers working in Indian-language newspapers have developed a complex professional identity and shared norms through journalistic and extra-journalistic practices to survive in the field. In doing so, we develop, in a novel way, Bourdieu's concept of illusio to understand the formation of a professional identity that spans adjacent fields. This paper's critical engagement with the difficult working lives of stringers and their invisible labour has learnings for analysis of precarity in journalism across the Global North and South.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: During the fire in April 2019, part of the central vaulting of the nave of Notre-Dame de Paris collapsed beneath the impact of the fallen spire. The blocks composing the transverse arch were decontaminated, then subjected to archeological examination prior to attempting to dry-mount them (i.e., without mortar) on the ground. The purpose was to collect as much information as possible about the arch itself (its state of conservation, geometry, fashioning of the blocks, assembly, etc.), to consider the possibility of putting the fallen stones back in their original places, and more broadly to improve knowledge about mediaeval cathedral vaulting. This article describes the method used during this mounting, which took place in winter 2020/21. Five criteria of differing kind and importance guided decisions on where to place the voussoirs, which way round to position them, and which to associate with which. Three were taken into consideration from the outset, with the interpretation of two of these changing over time: the non-standardized dimension of the voussoirs (their thickness), the presence of a cross mark on one of the joint faces, and the presence of rectangular notches on the extrados of the blocks for housing the end of a centering system for constructing the vault compartments. Two other criteria were incorporated as work progressed, pertaining to the order in which the blocks were collected after the fire, and the geological facies of the stones, thus introducing the idea of degree of confidence. By the end of this operation, only four blocks had been placed with certainty. Nevertheless, the criteria thereby defined and their weighting have been used as a starting point for other investigation methods. In terms of archaeology, the observations carried out on this arch in these exceptional conditions suggest we should reconsider the dating of the nave vaulting, while throwing light more broadly on the relative chronology of building works on this landmark monument of Gothic architecture. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Crude oil price volatility has drawn greater concern for the prudent exchange rate policy as well as price stability. Net oil -importing countries, like Bangladesh, experience persistent currency devaluation due to the oil price volatility in the international market. Understanding the relationship between oil price and exchange rate nexus, this study examines the oil price and exchange rate volatility by using daily time series data from 2015 to 2023. Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and exponential GARCH (EGARCH) models have been used to analyze the effects of oil price shocks on the nominal exchange rate. According to the study, a rise in oil prices leads to a depreciation of Bangladesh's taka vis-`a-vis the US dollar. The study also shows that oil price shocks have a long-lasting impact on exchange rate volatility, and the shocks to exchange rate volatility have an asymmetric effect, implying that the negative shocks give rise to higher volatility of exchange rates than positive shocks. This is an original study that contributes to the research gap by explaining the nexus between oil price and exchange rates.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Studies examining the effects of social participation on activities of daily living (ADL) disability are still scarce.AIM: To assess the reciprocal relationship between ADL disability trajectories and social participation among older Chinese people aged\u226560 years.METHODS: This study included 2976 participants aged\u226560 years in six waves of a community-based survey from 2015 to 2022. Basic activities of daily living (BADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were used to assess the ADL disability in each survey. Social participation was assessed by involvement in four social activities and an extensive social participation score. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify potential heterogeneity in longitudinal changes over 7 years and explore associations between baseline predictors of group membership and these trajectories.RESULTS: Two BADL disability trajectories were identified: stable (94.8%) and increase (5.2%). Additionally, three IADL disability trajectories were distinguished: stable (73.2%), moderate (20.2%), and increase (6.6%). After controlling for the potential covariates, each point increase in the extensive social participation score correlated with a 17% decrease in the odds of older individuals belonging to the increase BADL trajectory group (OR=0.83, 95% CI=0.68-1.00). For IADL, it decreased the odds of being assigned to the moderate trajectory group by 16% (OR=0.84, 95% CI=0.75-0.95) and to the increase trajectory group by 23% (OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.64-0.93).CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of social participation among older individuals were more likely to be classified as stable trajectories in both BADL and IADL. Increased participation in social activities by community-dwelling elderly adults may promote healthy aging.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: A key grievance of the student labor movement is that across much of academia, and especially in the social sciences and humanities, stipends tied to PhD assistantships fall short of a living wage. In this article, we consider the issue from a pedagogical perspective, expecting that higher pay may lead to stronger program outcomes. We collect and validate data on assistantship stipends in political science from PhDStipends.com, and on tenure-track placements from an analysis of departmental placement pages. Graduate pay is significantly associated with tenure-track placements in the job market cycles spanning 2019-2021, independently of program size, rank, student unionization, location, and institution type and endowment. Across model specifications, a US$5,000 increase in student pay corresponds with 2.7 more placements per 100 enrolled students (or 34% of the median rate) over this period.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Primary metastatic breast cancer (pMBC) accounts for 5-10% of annual breast cancers with a median survival of 3-4 years, varying among subtypes. In Denmark, the incidence of breast cancer increased until 2010, followed by a stabilisation. Several factors influencing pMBC incidence and survival, including screening prevalence, staging methods, and classification standards, remain pivotal but inadequately documented.MATERIAL AND METHOD: This retrospective observational study involving pMBC patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2020 encompassed all Danish oncology departments. Data from the Danish Breast Cancer Group database and the National Patient Register included diagnosis specifics, demographics, treatment, and follow-up.RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2020, 3,272 patients were diagnosed with pMBC, a rise from 355 patients in 2000-2004 to 1,323 patients in 2015-2020. The increase was particularly observed in patients aged 70 years or older. Changes in tumour subtypes were observed, notably with a rise in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive cases but a steady distribution of estrogen receptor (ER) status. Diagnostic practices changed over the two decades, with 6% evaluated with PET/CT (positron emission tomography-computed tomography) or CT (computed tomography) with a bone evaluation in 2000-2004 and 65% in 2015-2020. Overall survival (OS) improved from 23 months in 2000-2004 to 33 months in 2015-2020. In patients with ER-positive and HER2-positive disease, the multivariable model showed improved survival by year of diagnosis, and further, patients with ER-negative/HER2-negative disease fared worse the first 2 years after diagnosis.INTERPRETATION: Our study delineates changes in the treatment and survival of pMBC over two decades. Stage migration, screening introduction, and changes in registration practice, however, prevent a valid assessment of a possible causal relationship.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: A key component of professional accountability programmes is online reporting tools that allow hospital staff to report co-worker unprofessional behaviour. Few studies have analysed data from these systems to further understand the nature or impact of unprofessional behaviour amongst staff. Ethos is a whole-of-hospital professional accountability programme that includes an online messaging system. Ethos has now been implemented across multiple Australian hospitals. This study examined reported unprofessional behaviour that staff indicated created a risk to patient safety. This study included 1310 Ethos submissions reporting co-worker unprofessional behaviour between 2017 and 2020 across eight Australian hospitals. Submissions that indicated the behaviour increased the risk to patient safety were identified. Descriptive summary statistics were presented for reporters and subjects of submissions about unprofessional behaviour. Logistic regression was applied to examine the association between each unprofessional behaviour (of the six most frequently reported in the Ethos submissions) and patient safety risk reported in the submissions. The descriptions in the reports were reviewed and the patient safety risks were coded using a framework aligned with the World Health Organization's International Classification for Patient Safety. Of 1310 submissions about unprofessional behaviour, 395 (30.2%) indicated that there was a risk to patient safety. Nurses made the highest number of submissions that included a patient safety risk [3.47 submissions per 100 nursing staff, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.09-3.9] compared to other professional groups. Medical professionals had the highest rate as subjects of submissions for unprofessional behaviour with a patient safety risk (5.19 submissions per 100 medical staff, 95% CI: 4.44-6.05). 'Opinions being ignored' (odds ratio: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.23-2.22; P < .001) and 'someone withholding information which affects work performance' were behaviours strongly associated with patient safety risk in the submissions (odds ratio: 2.50; 95% CI: 1.73-3.62; P < .001) compared to submissions without a patient safety risk. The two main types of risks to patient safety described were related to clinical process/procedure and clinical administration. Commonly reported events included staff not following policy or protocol; doctors refusing to review a patient; and interruptions and inadequate information during handover. Our findings indicate that unprofessional behaviour was associated with risks to patient safety. Co-worker reports about unprofessional behaviour have significant value as they can be used by organizations to better understand how unprofessional behaviour can disrupt work practices and lead to risks to patient safety.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Survival of children with cancer has markedly improved over recent decades, largely due to intensified treatment regimes. The intensive treatment may, however, result in fatal complications. In this retrospective cohort study, we assessed temporal variation in the incidence of treatment-related death and associated risk factors among children diagnosed with cancer in Denmark during 2001-2021.METHOD: Among all children diagnosed with first incident cancer before age 15 years recorded in the Danish Childhood Cancer Register (n = 3,255), we estimated cumulative incidence of treatment-related death (death in the absence of progressive cancer) within 5 years from diagnosis using Aalen-Johansen estimators and assessed associated risk factors using Cox regression.RESULTS: Among all 3,255 children with cancer, 93 (20% of all 459 deaths) died from treatment. Of these treatment-related deaths, 39 (42%) occurred within 3 months of diagnosis. The 5-year cumulative incidences of treatment-related death were 3.3% during 2001-2010 and 2.5% during 2011-2021 (p = 0.20). During 2011-2021, treatment-related deaths accounted for more than half of all deaths among children with haematological cancers. Risk factors varied according to cancer group and included female sex, age below 1 year at diagnosis, disease relapse, stem cell transplantation, central nervous system involvement, and metastasis at diagnosis.INTERPRETATION: Despite increasing treatment intensities, the incidence of treatment-related death has remained stable during the past 20 years in Denmark. Still, clinical attention is warranted to prevent treatment-related deaths, particularly among children with haematological cancers. Patient characteristics associated with increased treatment-related death risk support patient-specific treatment approaches to avoid these fatalities.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the utility of ChatGPT, a state-of-the-art language model developed by Open AI, in the context of civil engineering education. To achieve this objective, 44 civil engineering students from a large state university in the United States were recruited and asked to respond to three questions pertaining to Construction Surveying and Geomatics. The students were then introduced to ChatGPT and provided with guidelines on how the platform could be utilized for educational purposes, including obtaining answers to questions like those presented to them earlier. The students were then given the opportunity to leverage ChatGPT to obtain responses to questions they had been presented with earlier and any other related queries of interest. Subsequently, the students were asked to provide written responses to the same questions they were presented with earlier, but without access to ChatGPT or its response, to assess any knowledge gains. The investigation also captured the student's acceptance and perceived usability based on their experience of using ChatGPT. The findings indicated that the student's written responses were more thorough, detailed, and informative after utilizing ChatGPT. The results also revealed that ChatGPT was largely well-received by the students and they held a positive perception of the AI platform. The findings can inform efforts targeted at successfully integrating AI tools for civil engineering education.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Medical service fragmentation is a common problem worldwide, and many countries have adopted integration to solve the difficulty. Contrary to developed countries, developing countries such as China must consider how to implement integration under a relatively weak medical foundation. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the Compact Union of County and Township Health Sectors policy on the medical service capacity of a typical integration model represented by Shanxi Province in China and determine the path the policy followed. By using Shanxi's county-level medical integration as a quasi-natural experiment, this study establishes a difference-in-differences model to investigate the effect of the policy using official data. A series of tests are conducted to verify the robustness of the result. Finally, the policy pathway is tested. The results show that the third-level surgeries and outpatient service utilization of leading hospitals and township institutions increased. Still, inpatient service utilization and fourth-level surgeries did not show a significant change in either type of institution. Moreover, the enhancement of leading hospitals' service capacity comes mainly through improving asset efficiency and personal income, while the improvement of township institutions' capacity comes primarily through increased personal income. Compact integration of county-level medical institutions can stimulate and improve service capacity by improving asset efficiency and personal income, even with a weak medical foundation. However, to achieve continuous service capacity improvement, the professional level of county-level institutions must be strengthened with a superior hospital's assistance, and personnel's enthusiasm for active innovation must be cultivated.", + "input": "Abstract: State courts wield the authority to elevate state constitutional protections above those afforded by the U.S. Constitution. That power is great-so great that some legislatures have intervened in constitutional adjudication, purportedly to undermine forum shopping and check a single judge's influence. Accordingly, North Carolina and Tennessee require that three-judge trial courts hear constitutional challenges to state laws. These courts echo twentieth-century congressional efforts to trim federal courts' equitable jurisdiction. They also present new and familiar drawbacks spawned by their federal ancestors. This Note examines these new constitutional courts through several lenses: their historical context, political development, advantages, and drawbacks. Although both current forms of the three-judge state constitutional court are flawed, this Note argues that safeguarding state constitutional adjudication is a worthy endeavor. Indeed, several reforms to current three-judge courts-including random selection and efficiency measures-could maximize these courts' advantages and mitigate their shortcomings. But, overall, these courts present a legitimate opportunity to balance the interests of legislatures and litigants in constitutional adjudication.", "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The parameter-free part PA2 & lowast;\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{PA}_2<^>*$$\\end{document} of PA2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{PA}_2$$\\end{document}, second order Peano arithmetic, is considered. We make use of a product/iterated Sacks forcing to define an omega\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\omega $$\\end{document}-model of PA2 & lowast;+CA(Sigma 21)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{PA}_2<^>*+ \\textbf{CA}(\\Sigma <^>1_2)$$\\end{document}, in which an example of the full Comprehension schema CA\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{CA}$$\\end{document} fails. Using Cohen's forcing, we also define an omega\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\omega $$\\end{document}-model of PA2 & lowast;\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{PA}_2<^>*$$\\end{document}, in which not every set has its complement, and hence the full CA\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\textbf{CA}$$\\end{document} fails in a rather elementary way.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Background A triplet chemotherapy regimen of docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) is used to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; however, it is toxic to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). We previously demonstrated that Ganoderma spore lipid (GSL) protect BMSCs against cyclophosphamide toxicity. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of GSL against TPF-induced BMSCs and hematopoietic damage. Methods BMSCs and C57BL/6 mice were divided into control, TPF, co-treatment (simultaneously treated with GSL and TPF for 2 days), and pre-treatment (treated with GSL for 7 days before 2 days of TPF treatment) groups. In vitro, morphology, phenotype, proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and differentiation of BMSCs were evaluated. In vivo, peripheral platelets (PLTs) and white blood cells (WBCs) from mouse venous blood were quantified. Bone marrow cells were isolated for hematopoietic colony-forming examination. Results In vitro, GSL significantly alleviated TPF-induced damage to BMSCs compared with the TPF group, recovering their morphology, phenotype, proliferation, and differentiation capacity (p < 0.05). Annexin V/PI and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining showed that GSL inhibited apoptosis and delayed senescence in TPF-treated BMSCs (p < 0.05). GSL downregulated the expression of caspase-3 and reduced ROS formation (p < 0.05). In vivo, GSL restored the number of peripheral PLTs and WBCs and protected the colony-forming capacity of bone marrow cells (p < 0.05). Conclusions GSL efficiently protected BMSCs from damage caused by TPF and recovered hematopoiesis.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: An interdisciplinary scientific project composed of different work groups was set up after the fire of Notre-Dame cathedral in 2019 which aims at studying all different aspects of the building and its evolutions from the 12th to the 19th century. One of them is the Metal work group who investigates the use of iron and lead in this monument and try for instance to trace the history of lead uses in the construction and restorations of cathedrals. The present paper focuses on the case of Notre-Dame de Paris, a jewel of French gothic architecture to question the role of this metal in its structure, to determine the quantities used and to investigate issues related to its provisioning and its recycling. Paradoxically, though the fire of 15th April 2019 melted almost the whole lead roof as well as decorative elements on the spire, lost forever for scientific investigations, it also enabled to reveal hidden parts of the cathedral where lead used as sealing became accessible thanks to scaffolding. A methodology combining archaeology, archive record study and archaeometry was implemented to study the remaining lead in the cathedral leading to a textual approach coupled with a material approach. Two case studies are considered in this paper as representative of lead uses at different periods of the cathedral's life: in medieval masonry with cramp's sealings in the tribunes, and on the sacristy's roof dating from the 19th century. For the first case, a chronology of the construction will be suggested and for the second a discussion between chemical analyses and archive records will be opened. (c) 2023 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR).", + "input": "Abstract: Earthquakes can cause significant damage to cultural artifacts, which often hold significant historical or cultural value. Seismic risk assessments can contribute to a more targeted approach by museum staff to the preventive conservation of cultural artifacts. The primary objective of this research is to suggest a new approach for assessing the seismic risk of cultural artifacts. This innovative method is founded on the Law of Large Numbers and aims to provide a more user-friendly way of evaluating the likelihood of potential seismic threat to cultural artifacts. The proposed method takes into account the statistical distribution of seismic ground motion and the seismic response characteristics of artifacts, and its accuracy and practicality are demonstrated by case studies. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method has the advantages of theoretical simplicity, low computational effort, and easier to be understood and mastered by museum staff. Furthermore, the impact of sample size on the assessment results was investigated. The findings demonstrate that the proposed method represents a valuable tool for cultural heritage risk decision-makers to evaluate the seismic risk of artifacts. By using this method, they can more effectively assess the potential damage caused by seismic effects and design suitable mitigation measures accordingly. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Some ecofeminist scholars have argued that being a feminist entails being a contextual vegan. Donna Haraway has opposed this position and received extensive critique. Yet no one, to my knowledge, has systematically studied how Haraway's theory can enrich ecofeminist vegan literature. To this end, I first establish the method of analysis, and/or framework, I use to read Haraway's work, what I call, interconstitutionality. Next, I delineate the limitations of Haraway's thinking insofar as it assumes a position of human dominion over animals. I then explore some aspects of Haraway's theory that can enrich ecofeminist vegan scholarship and provide insights to go beyond the limits of Haraway's corpus regarding: (1) the entanglements and embodied vulnerabilities that constitute human and non-human animals; (2) the agency of animals and the importance of curiosity and respect in leading just lives with other than human animals; (3) the ethical relevance of otherness, difference, and vulnerability at multiple scales: subject, community/herd, species, and cross-species (e.g., there are shared vulnerabilities between beings who are pregnant regardless of the species they belong to); and (4) the unavoidable violence that human existence entails. The text closes by affirming an ecofeminist non-anthropocentric vegan ontology and ethico-politics that aspires to overcome human dominion over animals.", + "input": "Abstract: A learning management system (LMS) is a web-based application or software platform computed to facilitate the development, tracking, management, reporting, and delivery of education and training programs. Many valuable and dominant factors are working behind the Learning Management System (LMS), but no one can find which factor is most important and valuable for LMS during COVID-19 among the following five alternatives, called Improved Accessibility, Blended Learning, Collaboration and Communications, Assessment and Evaluation, and Administrative Efficiency. For this, first, we derive the techniques of bipolar complex hesitant fuzzy (BCHF) sets, and then we evaluate some flexible operational laws, called Algebraic operational laws and Aczel-Alsina operational laws. Secondly, using the above techniques, we elaborate the technique of BCHF Aczel-Alsina power averaging (BCHFAAPA), BCHF Aczel-Alsina power weighted averaging (BCHFAAPWA), BCHF Aczel-Alsina power geometric (BCHFAAPG), and BCHF Aczel-Alsina power weighted geometric (BCHFAAPWG) operators. Some basic properties are also investigated for each proposed operator. Further, to evaluate the problem concerning LMS, we compute the multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) techniques for invented operators. Finally, we select some prevailing operators and try to compare their ranking results with our proposed results to enhance the worth and capability of the invented theory.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE: This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and risk factors for developing staphylococcal urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the Casablanca area of Morocco.METHODS: In Casablanca, Morocco, a retrospective evaluation of 772 UTIs patients was conducted between January 2020 and December 2022. The research included two groups of patients: those with staphylococcal UTIs and those without. Sex, age, chronic illnesses, antibiotic exposure, urinary catheterization, urological surgery, and UTIs history were the risk variables assessed. We employed a logistic regression model to identify the characteristics that were predictive of staphylococcal UTIs.RESULTS: Eight staphylococcal species were responsible for 16.84% of UTIs in 772 non-repeating individuals. Patients infected with S. saprophyticus (35.38%) were the most common, followed by those infected with S. epidermidis (24.61%), S. aureus (13.85%), and S. hemolyticus (10.78%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that male sex (95% CI: 0.261-0.563), immunosuppression and immunosuppressive treatments (95% CI: 0.0068-0.64), chronic diseases (95% CI: 0.407-0.965), previous UTIs (95% CI: 0.031-0.228), frequency of urination more than 8 times a day (95% CI:1.04-3.29), frequency of urination once or twice a day (95% CI: 1.05-2.39), and urinary catheterization (95% CI: 0.02-0.22) were the most likely predictors of staphylococcal UTIs. In addition, a larger proportion of patients with staphylococcal UTIs were made aware of the risk factors associated with staphylococcal UTIs (52.31%, chi2=4.82,=0.014).CONCLUSIONS: This is the first global study to evaluate the predictive factors for acquiring UTIs caused by staphylococci. Monitoring these factors will enable medical authorities to devise effective strategies for managing UTIs and combating antibiotic resistance.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: This paper analyzes the social representation (SR) of sustainable mobility as it emerges from social media networks. The role of social media (SM) as contexts of creation, negotiation, and diffusion of a mobility culture worldwide is discussed, together with the results of an empirical investigation that explored the contents and structure of the discourse on sustainable mobility as it emerges from the posts published (in English) on two highly used social media (Facebook and TikTok) platforms during the years 2022 and 2023. First of all, the results confirm the relevance of social media as an indicator of ongoing trends in the evolution of mobility culture and the usefulness of S. Moscovici's theory of social representations as a theoretical framework for analyzing such trends. In particular, several new trends in the SRs of sustainable mobility were identified. These include, for example, the decline in skeptical views and the rise of more optimistic ones, regarding the feasibility of changing people's mobility styles worldwide. Such views appear to be fostered by the positive perception of new technological innovations (electric vehicles), as well as by their endorsement by both the business sector and governmental institutions. Practical implications and theoretical indications for future research are also outlined.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In recent times, the advent of AI-based optical character recognition (OCR) has garnered significant attention in the realm of digital text conversion. However, it is imperative to note that OCR solely identifies individual characters or words, and lacks the ability to reunite them into cohesive units such as words or sentences. Consequently, the manual sorting of them to establish the appropriate reading order has emerged as a bottleneck. In this paper, we present an algorithm termed adjacent character detection (ACD), designed to serve as a post-processing of OCR, facilitating automatic digital text conversion. The algorithm involves line segmentation through a quad-ACD scan (up-down-down-up), allowing it to consecutively discern characters within a column based on their adjacency relations. Conventional projection profile analyses have struggled to effectively partition the distinct internal structure of Chinese historical text, where two annotation columns often subdivide from a single body column. In contrast, our ACD algorithm employs an approach, reuniting adjacent characters rather than fragmenting the entire text into isolated entities. Additionally, ACD algorithm enabled body/annotation classification for OCR-detected characters based on the pattern analysis of its quad scan. This cumulative information empowers the conversion of digital text in a desired reading order. To assess the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, a set of ground-truth OCR result was subjected to rigorous testing, culminating in a reading order accuracy of 98.6%. Noteworthy robustness was also demonstrated in the face of misaligned columns, experimentally induced by applying tilt, warp, and wavy noises to the original digital images. Lastly, the algorithm was integrated with two pre-developed OCR models, resulting in a reading order accuracy of 97.7%. (c) 2024 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Short, anonymous poems were a common feature in the popular magazines and literary journals of photography's first two decades, the 1840s and 1850s. Yet despite its wide readership, periodical poetry has been largely neglected in histories of photography. Through close readings of periodical poems, this essay addresses this gap and adds a fresh perspective to the complex history of photography's reception. It argues that whereas Victorian journalism often concentrated on photographic realism and focal clarity, periodical poets were more interested in photography's ability (or inability) to convey the emotional and psychological qualities of visual experience. By drawing on the technical process and language of photography but concentrating instead on affective qualities, the poems discussed here repositioned familiar debates about photography's status and made their own claims for the values of both arts as interpreters of the real.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Exposure to cigarette smoke introduces a large amount of nicotine into the bloodstream through the lungs. So, smoking can be a risk factor for many diseases. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of active and passive cigarette smoke on the blood lipid profile and dyslipidemia.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 5052 individuals who participated in the recruitment phase of the Shahedieh cohort study. A logistic regression model was used to investigate the relationship between smoking exposure status and lipid profiles.RESULTS: The prevalence of abnormal low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), abnormal HDL-C, abnormal total cholesterol (TC), abnormal triglyceride (TG), and dyslipidemia were 254 (5.00%), 562 (11.10%), 470 (9.30%), 1008 (20.00%), and 1527 (30.20%), respectively. Adjusting for confounders, it was observed that current smokers had higher odds of having abnormal HDL-C [OR (95% CI), 2.90 (2.28-3.69)], abnormal TG [OR (95% CI), 1.71 (1.38-2.13)] and dyslipidemia [OR (95% CI), 1.86 (1.53-2.25)]. Ex-smokers also had greater odds of abnormal HDL-C [OR (95% CI), 1.51 (1.06-2.16)] compared to non-smokers who were not exposed to cigarette smoke.CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that current smokers had higher TG and lower HDL. So, necessary measures should be taken to reduce smoking. The findings also showed that the prevalence of abnormal TG and HDL in ex-smokers was lower than in current smokers. Therefore, the existence of incentive policies to quit smoking seems necessary.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: The history of Soviet rights defenders is seemingly well known. Emerging in the 1960s in response to fears of a creeping re-Stalinization, the rights movement was part of the broader dissident milieu that coalesced in the Khrushchev and Brezhnev eras. Drawing on new documents from the Ukrainian KGB, this article broadens the canon of what we consider Soviet rights talk by focusing on a group completely ignored in the existing history of Soviet rights defenders: African students. As the article demonstrates, Soviet citizens were not the only people to draw on a discursive repertoire of civil and universal rights to articulate their demands against the Soviet state. By closely examining the letters and petitions activists produced, it becomes clear that African students' language of rights grew alongside and, in many respects, pre-empted the Soviet rights movement. The article concludes by considering why, despite sharing the same discursive and physical spaces, neither African nor Soviet rights defenders succeeded in building bridges between their respective islands of protest. Examining this failure to build meaningful solidarities demonstrates the value of pursuing the social history of internationalism; it is only in the banality of the everyday that the capacity for Soviet internationalism to create unanticipated frictions and conflicts reveals itself.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has low anthropogenic carbon emissions and large carbon stock in its ecosystems. As a crucial region in terrestrial ecosystems responding to climate change, an accurate understanding of the distribution characteristics of soil carbon density holds significance in estimating the soil carbon storage capacity in forests and grasslands. It performs a crucial role in achieving carbon neutrality goals in China. The distribution characteristics of carbon and carbon density in the surface, middle, and deep soil layers are calculated, and the main influencing factors of soil carbon density changes are analyzed. The carbon density in the surface soil ranges from a minimum of 1.62 kg/m(2) to a maximum of 52.93 kg/m(2). The coefficient of variation for carbon is 46%, indicating a considerable variability in carbon distribution across different regions. There are substantial disparities, with geological background, land use types, and soil types significantly influencing soil organic carbon density. Alpine meadow soil has the highest carbon density compared with other soil types. The distribution of soil organic carbon density at three different depths is as follows: grassland > bare land > forestland > water area. The grassland systems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have considerable soil carbon sink and storage potential; however, they are confronted with the risk of grassland degradation. The grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau harbor substantial soil carbon sinks and storage potential. However, they are at risk of grassland degradation. It is imperative to enhance grassland management, implement sustainable grazing practices, and prevent the deterioration of the grassland carbon reservoirs to mitigate the exacerbation of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. This highlights the urgency of implementing more studies to uncover the potential of existing grassland ecological engineering projects for carbon sequestration.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Augmented reality (AR) technology has potential advantages for application in STEM education. However, existing relevant studies lack a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the impact of AR on student achievement in STEM education. In this study, a meta-analysis of 33 studies published in eight SSCI journals of educational technology between 2010 and 2023 found that AR had a moderate impact (ES = 0.586) on student achievement in STEM fields, and the overall impact tended to increase gradually over time across years. Analysis of the six moderator variables revealed that AR had a more positive effect on student achievement in science and math, and that its intervention effects were better in primary and lower secondary education. The positive effects of AR were better with the integration of tablet and smartphone-like mobile devices. AR was predominantly multimedia-based in presenting STEM-related content, but integration of other pedagogical approaches had the potential to achieve better results. AR had the strongest contribution to student STEM achievement when the duration of the experiment was 1 week-1 month. In informal environments, AR was more effective in terms of intervening in student achievement in STEM education. Finally, this study offers some suggestions for future research and application of AR in STEM education.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study examined the multiple-deficit hypothesis among Arabic-speaking elementary school students. A total of 90 students, divided into three main groups based on their performance on an Arabic word-reading task: dyslexic (n = 30), regular age-matched (n = 30), and 3rd-grade regular students, who were matched to the dyslexic group in regard to their reading proficiency level (n = 30). Participants underwent a nine-domain Arabic reading experiment that measured accuracy and fluency to evaluate general reading proficiency. The performance of Arabic dyslexic students was significantly worse than age-matched controls, but similar to young matched controls based on the reading level of each cognitive task. Moreover, dyslexic students showed deficits in three or more cognitive functions, depending on severity. This study adds to the limited empirical research on the double-deficit hypothesis and its extension to the multiple-domain model among young Arabic students.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Poor ovarian response (POR) patients often encounter cycle cancellation and egg retrieval obstacles in assisted reproductive technology. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) ovarian injection is a potential treatment method, but the treatment methods are different, and the treatment results are controversial.OBJECTIVE: This study adopts a systematic review and meta-analysis method based on clinical research to explore the efficacy and safety of PRP injection on POR.METHOD: The following databases were searched for research published before March 2023; Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI). The literature was then screened by two independent researchers, who extracted the data and evaluated its quality. Research was selected according to the inclusion criteria, and its quality was evaluated according to the NOS standard Cohort study. The bias risk of the included study was assessed with STATE 14.0. RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis.MAIN RESULTS: Ten studies were included in the analysis, including 7 prospective cohort studies and 3 retrospective studies involving 836 patients. The results showed that after PRP treatment, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) significantly decreased and anti-Mueller hormone (AMH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) significantly increased in POR patients, but estradiol did not change significantly; The number of antral follicles increased, and the number of obtaining eggs and mature oocytes significantly increased; The number of Metaphase type II oocytes, 2PN and high-quality embryos, and cleavage stage embryos significantly increased. In addition, the patient cycle cancellation rates significantly decreased. The rate of natural pregnancy assisted reproductive pregnancy and live birth increased significantly. Four reports made it clear that no adverse reactions were observed.CONCLUSION: PRP may have the potential to improve pre-assisted reproductive indicators in POR patients, increase the success rate of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in POR patients, and improve embryo quality, and may be beneficial to the pregnancy outcome. There is no obvious potential risk in this study, but further clinical support is still needed.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Archaeological evidence supports sporadic seafaring visits to the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus by Epipaleolithic hunter-gatherers over 12,000 years ago, followed by permanent settlements during the early Neolithic. The geographical origins of these early seafarers have so far remained elusive. By systematically analysing all available genomes from the late Pleistocene to early Holocene Near East (c. 14,000-7000 cal BCE), we provide a comprehensive overview of the genetic landscape of the early Neolithic Fertile Crescent and Anatolia and infer the likely origins of three recently published genomes from Kissonerga-Mylouthkia (Cypriot Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, c. 7600-6800 cal BCE). These appear to derive roughly 80% of their ancestry from Aceramic Neolithic Central Anatolians residing in or near the Konya plain, and the remainder from a genetically basal Levantine population. Based on genome-wide weighted ancestry covariance analysis, we infer that this admixture event took place roughly between 14,000 and 10,000 BCE, coinciding with the transition from the Cypriot late Epipaleolithic to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA). Additionally, we identify strong genetic affinities between the examined Cypro-LPPNB individuals and later northwestern Anatolians and the earliest European Neolithic farmers. Our results inform archaeological evidence on prehistoric demographic processes in the Eastern Mediterranean, providing important insights into early seafaring, maritime connections, and insular settlement.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: How does greenfield versus M&A FDI establishment mode influence intangible asset creation in the parent companies of Chinese MNEs undertaking overseas knowledge sourcing/strategic asset-seeking types of FDI? We hypothesise that while springboard type cross-border acquisitions provide opportunities for the rapid addition of locally embedded competence-creating foreign subsidiaries, challenges in developing intra-MNE knowledge diffusion channels may frustrate integration and thus retard subsequent growth of parent firms' intangible assets. Greenfield R&D FDI, by contrast, may initially lack local embeddedness but holds out the potential for superior intra-MNE linkages and thus reverse knowledge diffusion to the MNE parent. Our results, based upon propensity score matching and difference in difference models comparing CMNE parent outcomes for FDI projects over the 2003-2018 period, support this argument. We discuss implications for mainstream international business theorising, including springboard theory, which largely overlooks greenfield establishment mode as a means of rapid firm-level catch-up for emerging market MNEs.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Novel medical devices must conform to medical device regulation (MDR) for European market entry. Likewise, chemicals must comply with the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACh) regulation. Both pose regulatory challenges for manufacturers, but concordantly provide an approach for transferring data from an already registered device or compound to the one undergoing accreditation. This is called equivalence for medical devices and read-across for chemicals. Although read-across is not explicitly prohibited in the process of medical device accreditation, it is usually not performed due to a lack of guidance and acceptance criteria from the authorities. Nonetheless, a scientifically justified read-across of material-based endpoints, as well as toxicological assessment of chemical aspects, such as extractables and leachables, can prevent failure of MDR device equivalence if data is lacking. Further, read-across, if applied correctly can facilitate the standard MDR conformity assessment. The need for read-across within medical device registration should let authorities to reconsider device accreditation and the formulation of respective guidance documents. Acceptance criteria like in the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) read-across assessment framework (RAAF) are needed. This can reduce the impact of the MDR and help with keeping high European innovation device rate, beneficial for medical device patients.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: In this article, we discuss the usage and availability of red pigments in the Huanchaco Maritime Community (HMC), a multi-generational group of people who subsisted on fishing practices and exploited other marine resources for 2600 years. This study aims to measure the degree of continuity and change in the use of red pigments (made of hematite and cinnabar), an essential element in their daily lives and ceremonial activities along the Andean coast. We conducted an elemental analysis of 17 red pigment samples from two archaeological sites in Huanchaco, on the North Coast of Peru. The methods employed were scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and conventional x-ray diffraction (XRD) refined using the Rietveld method. There was a significant decrease in the usage of red pigments, which shifted from domestic practices to state-sponsored craft production and then to exclusive use by powerful political entities performing large-scale ceremonies and practices. In other words, the red pigment became a critical good that was in the control of political and religious elites.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: A central function of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in the United States has been to center and express the lived experiences of Black people within the social and political framework of white supremacy. Regarding reproductive justice, BLM, as well as organizations like the Black Mamas Matter Alliance and Sistersong, have drawn political attention to the oppressive parameters existing for pregnant people birthing while Black. Attention to disparities in health and birth outcomes for Black persons has necessary positive effects, such as the ability to produce data on the deleterious effects of anti-Blackness. However, discourses surrounding Black birthing persons can function to obfuscate the collective action undertaken by Black women and non-Black women of color. In this paper, I argue the hyper-focus on the problems Black pregnant/birthing persons face has at least four issues: (1) it encourages an ontological collapse wherein Black birthers are positioned as problems, rather than human beings facing problems; (2) obscures the collective action and care Black women undertake to support one another; (3) results in state solutions that rely on underpaid and volunteer labor of Black and non-Black women of color; and (4) focuses myopically on the time period of pregnancy and birthing for Black persons.", + "input": "Abstract: COVID-19 represented a challenge for health care worldwide and led to new tasks and a rethinking of resource use. It was necessary to establish capacity within hospitals and to reassign critical resources between hospitals. This study aimed to explore pediatric nurses' experiences of redeployment, new tasks, and use of specialized competencies during the first wave of COVID-19. An exploratory design, involving qualitative individual interviews with 12 pediatric nurses was used. The analysis resulted in 3 main themes. Firstly, a feeling of social responsibility focused on how pediatric nurses felt committed to use their competencies during the crisis, whether they remained on the pediatric ward or were redeployed. Secondly, fewer children to counterbalance the shortage of pediatric nurses showed how redeployment was offset by fewer pediatric patients. Thirdly, adapting pediatric nursing competencies to new tasks described how the nurses adapted their skills to new tasks either in pediatric or adult wards. The results revealed that pediatric nurses had a social and ethical commitment to society in a crisis. They agreed to be redeployed and take on new tasks but were still concerned about the health and well-being of the children and their families, which led to a sense of ambivalence. They questioned whether their skills were being used appropriately in redeployment to adult wards. Fewer pediatric patients mitigated the workload of the remaining nurses. There is a risk of neglecting the needs of hospitalized children and their families during a pandemic. There was concern that voluntary coercion was a counterproductive strategy for reassignment.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Can a hearer be rationally justified to have beliefs based on testimony alone when the source of his information is known to have conflicting epistemic goals? When it comes to belief justification, existing theories either recommend avoiding epistemic conflicts of interest or ignoring them. This is an important epistemological limitation. A theory that comes in degrees, capable of explaining what beliefs we are justified to hold and why, despite epistemic conflict of interest, is still lacking. Building on a game-theoretical approach, I suggest such a theory and argue that the hearer can justify some beliefs on testimony alone. This justification relies on an equilibrium concept, which is only reached in the long run. In addition, the hearer's justified beliefs will always be less accurate than those held by the original source. For instance, assume the speaker is a climate scientist who has good reasons to believe that a 2 circle \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$<^>{\\circ }$$\\end{document} C increase in temperature will lower the current global GDP by 10 percentage points. Under epistemic conflict of interest, a hearer will typically be justified to a belief close to that value, but not equal to it. The smaller the epistemic conflict of interest, the closer, on average, the hearer's and speaker's belief. These results highlight the importance of scientific norms which, in practice, are the embodiment of these equilibrium mechanisms and thus of scientific credibility.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: The economic impact of resource investments into higher education has been the focus of considerable research in recent years. Many contributions analyse the strength of the connection between economic development and higher education at the local level and the conditions which make certain systems more effective and efficient than others. In this paper, we provide a systematic bibliometric review of the available literature on the subject, various dimensions of this complex issue, constructing and analysing a map of variables used by selected researchers in the field. A summary of knowledge gaps, research limitations, topics explored and applied methods is provided to envisage future research in this field.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Deacidification is a necessary and urgent means of protecting acidified paper documents. However, the contradiction between deacidification efficiency and uniformity in existing aqueous or organic phase deacidification methods has not been resolved yet, which is mainly attributed to the differences in capillary action of paper on solvents with different polarities. In this work, a strategy of two-phase deacidification was proposed to achieve efficient and uniform deacidification and long-lasting aging resistance. Impregnation of nano magnesium oxide organic dispersion of deacidified paper achieved efficient batch deacidification and sufficient alkali reserve. Using ultrasonic atomization of saturated calcium hydroxide aqueous solution, the penetration of alkaline substances into paper promoted uniform deacidification based on strong capillary action. Meanwhile, microstructural reinforcement of paper fibers was achieved based on the multiple interactions. This method can endow the treated paper with better thermal stability and long-lasting aging resistance. After artificial accelerated aging for 30 d, the treated paper samples still maintained the highest tensile index (18.46 Nm/g), folding endurance (8.5 times), tear index (3.95 mN center dot m2/g) and displayed negligible chromatic aberration (AE = 2.46 +/- 0.21). This method greatly extends the lifespan of acidified paper, which has significant value for the protection of paper documents. (c) 2024 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: We investigate corporate bond returns for the period 1838-1939 by compiling a unique new database of 201 000 monthly observations of bonds traded on the Brussels Stock Exchange. The value-weighted annualized total rate of return, net of coupon defaults and taxes, is 4.35 per cent in nominal terms and 2.81 per cent in real terms. Estimates of average returns show that corporate bonds outperformed equities during the entire nineteenth century. We find that the risk-adjusted performance of corporate bonds based on Sharpe ratios exceeds that of equities and sovereign bonds during the corporate bond market's first centennial.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The fire at Notre-Dame de Paris led to the discovery of several series of previously unknown iron armatures, which were systematically recorded. Amongst them, several iron staples from the top of the eaves walls, lead crest reinforcements and a sample of the tie rods used in the choir in the 19th century were analysed by metallography and tensile tests in order to determine their nature and mechanical characteristics. These results can be put into perspective with previous studies on such monuments. The chemical analysis with SEM-EDS of the slag inclusions contained in the matrix of these ferrous alloys makes it possible to determine the technical processes used for their production throughout the construction and restoration of the building, highlighting several differences depending on the typologies of the iron armatures. This information is complemented by a series of radiocarbon dates currently being carried out to better understand the periods of use of these ferrous reinforcements. When compared with those of other materials, these dates could be used to recalibrate the phasing of the building. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: The literature on administrative burdens has directed attention to why citizens struggle to engage with state services that would benefit them. In a paired conjoint experiment with Italian adults, COVID-19 vaccination intention is positively impacted by reducing administrative burdens, after controlling for vaccine's efficacy and side effects: automatic enrolment of citizens through pre-scheduled appointments, offering a convenient location, less time required to get vaccinated and social norms whereby the majority is in favour of getting vaccinated. Reductions in burdens are especially relevant for adults over the age of 64 and those with neutral or high vaccination intention.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This article introduces a novel approach called Digital Weighted Multi Criteria Decision Making (DWMCDM) that employs interval valued fuzzy sets to select the best contractor for building projects. The contractor is chosen based on the pre-qualification and bid evaluation phases. In the first phase, the distance between the actual and required skills of the significant criteria is determined, and it is then converted into digital weighted distances to identify the maximum number of criteria related to the specific project of each contractor. The second step ranks the best contractor based on the bid price and digital weighted distances.RESULTS: The suggested technique integrates the pre-qualification and bid review phases to address project award delays and other restrictions. Finally, a real-world application is addressed to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach to any type of interval valued fuzzy inputs.", + "input": "Abstract: Malignant tumors of the pancreas are the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. This is mainly because they are often diagnosed at a late stage. One of the challenges in diagnosing focal lesions in the pancreas is the difficulty in distinguishing them from other conditions due to the unique location and anatomy of the organ, as well as the similarity in their ultrasound characteristics. One of the most sensitive imaging modalities of the pancreas is endoscopic ultrasonography. However, clinicians recognize that EUS is a difficult and highly operator-dependent method, while its results are highly dependent on the experience of the investigator. Hybrid technologies based on artificial intelligence methods can improve the accuracy and objectify the results of endosonographic diagnostics. Endoscopic ultrasonography was performed on 272 patients with focal lesions of the pancreatobiliary zone, who had been treated in the surgical section of the Kursk Regional Clinical Hospital in 2014-2023. The study utilized an Olympus EVIS EXERA II video information endoscopic system, along with an EU-ME1 ultrasound unit equipped with GF UM160 and GF UC140P-AL5 echo endoscopes. Out of the focal formations in the pancreatobiliary zone, pancreatic cancer was detected in 109 patients, accounting for 40.1% of the cases. Additionally, 40 patients (14.7%) were diagnosed with local forms of chronic pancreatitis. The reference sonograms displayed distinguishable focal pancreatic pathologies, leading to the development of hybrid fuzzy mathematical decision-making rules at the South-West State University in Kursk, Russian Federation. This research resulted in the creation of a fuzzy hybrid model for the differential diagnosis of chronic focal pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Endoscopic ultrasonography, combined with hybrid fuzzy logic methodology, has made it possible to create a model for differentiating between chronic focal pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Statistical testing on control samples has shown that the diagnostic model, based on reference endosonograms of the echographic texture of pancreatic focal pathology, has a confidence level of 0.6 for the desired diagnosis. By incorporating additional information about the contours of focal formations obtained through endosonography, the reliability of the diagnosis can be increased to 0.9. This level of reliability is considered acceptable in clinical practice and allows for the use of the developed model, even with data that is not well-structured.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the prevalence of non-English languages in the US population, existing medical training to teach communication with linguistically diverse communities is limited to electives or solely focuses on medical interpreting. Language-appropriate communication skills are seldom comprehensively integrated in medical education. This study describes the development and evaluation of an intervention to teach foundational language equity concepts.METHODS: The authors implemented a pre-clinical language equity course at three medical school campuses between August 2020 and March 2022. Sessions focused on the impact of language in health, physician language proficiency standards, and working with medical interpreters. The study sought to (1) understand students' language skills and prior clinical experiences with patients with non-English language preference and (2) evaluate the curriculum's impact. Students self-reported their language skills and experiences as part of a voluntary pre-questionnaire. Pre and post-questionnaires evaluated knowledge, attitudes, and intent to apply language equity concepts. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests were used to examine trends; themes were identified from free-text responses.RESULTS: Overall, 301 students completed the course, 252 (83%) completed at least one questionnaire; for each session, between 35% and 46% of learners completed both pre and post-questionnaires. Three quarters (189/252) reported non-English languages. Over half (138/252) reported previous non-English language patient care, and 28% (62/224) had served as ad hoc (untrained) interpreters. Only two students (<1%) had ever been assessed for medical language abilities. Students demonstrated improved post-course language equity knowledge, strategies for interpreter-mediated encounters, and likelihood to report a plan for language skills assessment (all p<.001). Most plans were multifaceted (61%, 38/62), involving goals like completing a language course, taking a proficiency exam, openly discussing skills and uncertainties with team members, and increasing professional interpreter utilization.CONCLUSIONS: A longitudinal language equity curriculum can be feasibly integrated in pre-clinical education, highlight the linguistic diversity of the student body, and serve as a first step in ensuring that all students have a strong language equity foundation prior to clinical rotations. Future steps include evaluating the intervention's potential long-term effects on professional interpreter utilization, student clinical performance, and institutional culture that promotes multilingualism.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: To address the high-dimensional issues in credit risk assessment, an improved multilayer restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) based feature extraction method is proposed. In the improved multilayer RBM methodology, the reconstruction error method is first applied to ensure the number of RBM layers to construct an optimal model and then the weighted pruning approach is used to remove redundant and irrelevant traits. For verification purposes, two real-world credit datasets are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multilayer RBM methodology. The experimental results reveal that a significant improvement in credit classification performance can be obtained by the improved multilayer RBM methodology. This indicates the improved multilayer RBM model proposed in this paper can be used as a promising tool to solve the high-dimensionality issues in credit risk evaluation.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We redefine the concept of bird's-eye-view (BEV) imaging for machine cognition tasks, emphasizing its power as an image interpretation tool. Humans intuitively translate two-dimensional (2D) images into BEV representations by discerning and integrating spatial information, such as position and morphological aspects. Existing techniques focus primarily on improving accuracy in whole-to-whole mapping. However, this often results in a loss of global-local correlation, posing a significant challenge in predicting complex elements, such as multiscale dynamic objects and small-scale static objects in the distance. To address this issue, we propose correlated global-local spatial context learning (CGLSCL), one of the first attempts to amalgamate positional and morphological cues in translation for machine cognition tasks. Augmented by correlated learning, CGLSCL ensures more comprehensive BEV output, particularly for minor and fast-moving elements, which need to be captured more effectively than they are by existing methods. An evaluation of CGLSCL using the NuScenes and Argoverse 3D datasets demonstrated its superior performance compared to current state-of-the-art methods, particularly in predicting complex elements.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: We trace the long-term performance of the UK art market across a broad set of crises: world wars, economic recessions, financial crises, inflationary periods, and changes in monetary policy. By means of digitalized historical auction archives, we construct art price indices from the early twentieth century onwards and disclose that annual art auction value grew, in real terms, more than seven-fold over this period. The arithmetic annual real return and risk amount to 3.6 per cent and 20.1 per cent, respectively. Art returns plummeted at the onset of wars, but turned positive in the second half of wars when they outperformed stocks, suggesting that art was seen as a safe haven in times of political turmoil. During wars, smaller - and thus more transportable - paintings obtained higher returns. Art returns are sensitive to economic and financial crises, with the largest slumps occurring during the Great Depression, oil crisis, recessions of the early 1980s and early 1990s, and the Great Recession. We also document changes in art preferences for paintings' sizes, schools, liquid art, and artists' nationalities across crises. Art enters a broad optimal asset portfolio both in non-crisis periods and during war times.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: How members of perpetrator groups engage with their ingroup's negative history has received increasing attention over the past years. Yet, little research has addressed how people psychologically negotiate multiple past ingroup transgressions. Across two studies (n = 362), we exposed German participants to information about two ingroup transgressions, the Holocaust and the colonial genocide in former South West Africa, to test ideas of a multidirectional memory (= one memory productively informs another) versus a competitive memory (= memories stand in competition) effect. Along six indicators of memory (negativity and significance, acknowledging responsibility, collective guilt and shame, willingness to make reparations), we find that people build small memory hierarchies when given the opportunity. Overall, however, it seems that most people show similar levels of history engagement for different transgressions. We discuss how our findings relate to the public discourse on multiple memories.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Background Concerns that annual mass administration of ivermectin, the predominant strategy for onchocerciasis control and elimination, may not lead to elimination of parasite transmission (EoT) in all endemic areas have increased interest in alternative treatment strategies. One such strategy is moxidectin. We performed an updated economic assessment of moxidectin- relative to ivermectin-based strategies.Methods We investigated annual and biannual community-directed treatment with ivermectin (aCDTI, bCDTI) and moxidectin (aCDTM, bCDTM) with minimal or enhanced coverage (65% or 80% of total population taking the drug, respectively) in intervention-naive areas with 30%, 50%, or 70% microfilarial baseline prevalence (representative of hypo-, meso-, and hyperendemic areas). We compared programmatic delivery costs for the number of treatments achieving 90% probability of EoT (EoT90), calculated with the individual-based stochastic transmission model EPIONCHO-IBM. We used the costs for 40 years of program delivery when EoT90 was not reached earlier. The delivery costs do not include drug costs.Results aCDTM and bCDTM achieved EoT90 with lower programmatic delivery costs than aCDTI with 1 exception: aCDTM with minimal coverage did not achieve EoT90 in hyperendemic areas within 40 years. With minimal coverage, bCDTI delivery costs as much or more than aCDTM and bCDTM. With enhanced coverage, programmatic delivery costs for aCDTM and bCDTM were lower than for aCDTI and bCDTI.Conclusions Moxidectin-based strategies could accelerate progress toward EoT and reduce programmatic delivery costs compared with ivermectin-based strategies. The costs of moxidectin to national programs are needed to quantify whether delivery cost reductions will translate into overall program cost reduction.Moxidectin-based strategies could accelerate progress toward the elimination of onchocerciasis transmission and reduce programmatic delivery costs compared with ivermectin-based strategies. These results are particularly relevant for highly endemic areas where biannual moxidectin treatment will likely be necessary to achieve elimination.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This research combines Strontium (Sr-87/Sr-86) and Oxygen (delta O-18) isotope analysis to challenge the prevailing interpretation of patrilocal exogamic practices among eastern European Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik (LBK) communities. Patrilocality has been considered the key factor influencing the mobility patterns of central Europe's first farmers (c. 5500-4900 cal. BC), especially in the south-eastern Moravian region (Czech Republic). Focusing our attention on both male and female tooth enamel samples from cemeteries, settlement graves and small clusters of graves, this paper reassesses the correlation between mobility, biological sex, and funerary practices. This task is accomplished by establishing a new isotopic footprint using new Sr-87/Sr-86 data, as well as significantly increasing the number of sampled individuals for Sr-87/Sr-86 and delta O-18. The outcome of this research contributes to a better understanding of the mobility patterns among early farmers in central Europe, challenging existing theories and providing new insights into their social and cultural dynamics.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: The methodologies of Cultural Heritage research and in particular those related to conservation and the analytical study of heritage assets and works of art, recently grouped under the term Heritage Sciences, engage a broad range of disciplines, each with its own characteristic workflows for generating data. Consequently, an emerging challenge is the need to define a digital framework for multi-source data integration, associated with a single heritage asset, but generated by various tools and methods which are often pursued by different research groups and at different times. This digital framework is discussed in this essay as the digital twin of a heritage asset, comprising of the documentation data associated with a heritage asset and its virtual representation. To best describe and define a Heritage Digital Twin ontology and its associated knowledge graph, we use a specific example drawing from art historical and analytical investigation of a 13th century Italian painting masterpiece, the Crucifixion of Christ, by Giovanni Baronzio, one of the leaders of the so-called Rimini School of painting which was greatly influenced by the work of the famous Renaissance master Giotto di Bondone. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Women who are pregnant or recently gave birth are significantly more likely to be killed by an intimate partner than nonpregnant, nonpostpartum women of reproductive age, implicating the risk of fatal violence conferred by pregnancy itself. The rapidly increasing passage of state legislation has restricted or banned access to abortion care across the US. We used the most recent and only source of population-based data to examine the association between state laws that restrict access to abortion and trends in intimate partner violence-related homicide among women and girls ages10-44 during the period 2014-20. Using robust difference-in-differences ecologic modeling, we found that enforcement of each additional Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law was associated with a 3.4percent increase in the rate of intimate partner violence-related homicide in this population. We estimated that 24.3 intimate partner violence-related homicides of women and girls ages10-44 were associated with TRAP laws implemented in the states and years included in this analysis. Assessment of policies that restrict access to abortion should consider their potential harm to reproductive-age women through the risk for violent death.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: According to some of the past half-century's most influential critics of liberalism, John Locke is the pivotal subverter of the pre-modern ethical tradition. Locke's view of nature and of human nature, the story goes, divorced ethics from natural teleology and so set off an inevitable spiral downward into moral dissolution. This story about Locke remains influential even though the last fifty years of Locke scholarship have brought a cascade of studies treating Locke as operating within the tradition of Reformed natural law. These studies, in part because they embrace a distorted view of Locke's conception of the person, have failed to address satisfactorily the crux of the story told by the critics of liberalism. This article corrects that distortion and demonstrates how natural teleology operates within Locke's ethics. I show how Locke sought to identify the teleological ordering of human beings to the supreme good by developing a relational conception of the person, analysing the human being as embedded in and defined by a web of relationships including neighbour and God. The result is a Locke far more in continuity with pre-modern ethical approaches than has hitherto been realized, one who sought to preserve natural teleology for the modern world.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Previous research has shown that Artificial Intelligence is capable of distinguishing between authentic paintings by a given artist and human-made forgeries with remarkable accuracy, provided sufficient training. However, with the limited amount of existing known forgeries, augmentation methods for forgery detection are highly desirable. In this work, we examine the potential of incorporating synthetic artworks into training datasets to enhance the performance of forgery detection. Our investigation focuses on paintings by Vincent van Gogh, for which we release the first dataset specialized for forgery detection. To reinforce our results, we conduct the same analyses on the artists Amedeo Modigliani and Raphael. We train a classifier to distinguish original artworks from forgeries. For this, we use human-made forgeries and imitations in the style of well-known artists and augment our training sets with images in a similar style generated by Stable Diffusion and StyleGAN. We find that the additional synthetic forgeries consistently improve the detection of human-made forgeries. In addition, we find that, in line with previous research, the inclusion of synthetic forgeries in the training also enables the detection of AI-generated forgeries, especially if created using a similar generator.", + "input": "Abstract: In mid-1972, the World Bank approved its first loan for a sites and services project, selecting Senegal for the location based on the country's prior experience with similar schemes. Through a close reading of documents in the Bank archive, this article explores the serious differences that emerged between the Bank and Senegal in shaping the project, focusing on three issues: determining whether slum clearance or upgrading should be used to manage existing unregulated urban settlements; eliminating government subsidies for moderate-income housing schemes in order to shift investment to sites and services; and setting appropriate standards for the new Bank-sponsored neighbourhood. Moreover, the partners conceived the project quite differently: while the Bank was fixed on the successful implementation of its first sites and services scheme, for Senegal, this project was only one element of a larger vision for Dakar, which reflected the ambitions of the country's first postcolonial president, Leopold Senghor, and was given shape in the 1967 master plan developed by French urban planner Michel ecochard. The article examines the completed project through the contrasting evaluations produced by the project partners, and considers the complex power dynamics of the relationship between the Bank and Senegal as aid lender and recipient.", "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BackgroundPrediabetes management is a priority for policymakers globally, to avoid/delay type 2 diabetes (T2D) and reduce severe, costly health consequences. Countries moving from low to middle income are most at risk from the T2D epidemic and may find implementing preventative measures challenging; yet prevention has largely been evaluated in developed countries.MethodsMarkov cohort simulations explored costs and benefits of various prediabetes management approaches, expressed as savings to the public health care system, for three countries with high prediabetes prevalence and contrasting economic status (Poland, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam). Two scenarios were compared up to 15 y: inaction (no prediabetes intervention) and intervention with metformin extended release (ER), intensive lifestyle change (ILC), ILC with metformin (ER), or ILC with metformin (ER) titration.ResultsT2D was the highest-cost health state at all time horizons due to resource use, and inaction produced the highest T2D costs, ranging from 9% to 34% of total health care resource costs. All interventions reduced T2D versus inaction, the most effective being ILC + metformin (ER) titration (39% reduction at 5 y). Metformin (ER) was the only strategy that produced net saving across the time horizon; however, relative total health care system costs of other interventions vs inaction declined over time up to 15 y. Viet Nam was most sensitive to cost and parameter changes via a one-way sensitivity analysis.ConclusionsMetformin (ER) and lifestyle interventions for prediabetes offer promise for reducing T2D incidence. Metformin (ER) could reduce T2D patient numbers and health care costs, given concerns regarding adherence in the context of funding/reimbursement challenges for lifestyle interventions. imageConclusionsMetformin (ER) and lifestyle interventions for prediabetes offer promise for reducing T2D incidence. Metformin (ER) could reduce T2D patient numbers and health care costs, given concerns regarding adherence in the context of funding/reimbursement challenges for lifestyle interventions. imageHighlightsCountries moving from low to middle income are most at risk from the type 2 diabetes (T2D) epidemic and may find implementing preventative measures challenging; yet prevention has largely been evaluated in developed countries. This study explored costs and benefits of various prediabetes management approaches in Poland, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam, with the aim of facilitating resource use and planning decisions. Pharmacological and lifestyle prediabetes interventions offer promise for reducing T2D incidence. In the context of adherence concerns and funding/reimbursement challenges for lifestyle interventions, metformin alone may be an effective, cost-saving strategy. image", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Thermogravimetry (TG) is used to measure the change of sample mass versus temperature or time under a program controlling temperature. It is a common thermal analysis tool with a precise built-in balance, and accurate data can be obtained through a small amount of sample at the level of milligrams. The feasibility of the TG method for determining maximum water content (MWC) measurement of waterlogged archaeological wood was studied. Simulated waterlogged wood and waterlogged archaeological wood were used to determine the test condition for the TG method. MWC data obtained through the oven-dry and TG methods with different mass gradients from 0-10 mg to >50 mg were analyzed statistically. Deviation, error bar, and coefficient of variation were evaluated. According to the results, when sample mass is no less than 30 mg, and holding time at 105 degrees C is no less than 40 min, data deviation between these two methods is less than 5%. Effect of sampling depth and presence of inorganic deposits were also investigated. Specimens were taken from an archaeological wood with a sampling depth from 2 to 6 mm, then MWC was measured through the TG method. The results indicate MWC of the samples taken from a depth of 2-4 mm is higher than that taken from a depth of 0-2 mm and is lower than that taken from a depth of 4-6 mm, which is related to inorganic deposits. The presence of deposits was verified through SEM-EDX. MWC of three archaeological wood samples from China and five archaeological wood samples from Italy were measured to verify the effectiveness of the TG method when wood species and degradation degree are different.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article contributes to the growing historical literature on the 'first globalization' (1815-1913) and income inequality in countries that exported agricultural products. International market integration is expected to increase the demand for exports and therefore their prices. We estimate the effects of increased prices from international market integration on national welfare and income inequality between and within regions in three major exporters of agricultural products-British India, Colonial Indonesia, and the United States-using the prices of eleven key primary commodities. Market integration significantly increased aggregate welfare, but the gains were unevenly distributed. Producing regions gained up to nearly 6% of their GDP. Since the regions that made most welfare gains were also the poorest in their countries, market integration mitigated inequality between regions. Within the southern United States and Java, plantation owners obtained most gains, causing a substantial increase in inequality between persons.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Developmental biologist who led team that cloned the first mammal using adult cells.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Amber appears in the archaeological material of the Eastern Baltic region in the Middle Neolithic and continues in intensive use until the end of the Neolithic. Four major amber-working centres are known in the Eastern Baltic, the least studied of which is the settlement of Silinupe (4(th) mill. BC). Not yet widely applied in research on Stone Age amber technologies, but very promising, is an analytical approach combining experimental archaeology and traceology to study processing choices made in specific production stages (i. e., individual technological elements), revealing that fine-grained sandstone was favoured for surface grinding, while flint tools were most widely used for shaping and surface treatment, distinguishing three techniques, namely shaving, scraping and pressure flaking, each identifiable by characteristic features. The study suggests that amber and flint processing were largely intertwined, as pressure flaking along with indirect percussion (used for splitting amber) derive from flint processing, and in the case of pressure flaking, required specific know-how.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of carbon emission efficiency (CEE) is crucial for achieving the goal of urban carbon neutrality. However, most of the existing studies ignore the temporal dependence of the spatial pattern evolution of CEE and the scale variability of the factors influencing CEE. With the help of an exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis framework, this paper examined the spatiotemporal interactions of CEE across 110 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). In addition, a multiscale geographically weighted regression model was employed to reveal the scale effects of influencing factors on CEE. The main conclusions are as follows: first, the CEE of cities in the YREB shows a fluctuating upward trend, but the overall level is still low, and a certain polarization phenomenon exists. Second, the spatial pattern of the CEE of cities in the YREB is generally relatively stable, with strong spatial integration and path dependence. Finally, the factors influencing CEE exhibit obvious scale variability and spatial heterogeneity. Our findings can provide a basis for localized and differentiated carbon emission reduction decision-making at the city level, as well as new insights for the formulation of sustainable urban spatial planning and low-carbon development strategies.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Individuals deceive themselves about a wide variety of subjects. In fortunate circumstances, where those who manage to leave self-deception embrace reality, an interesting phenomenon occurs: the formerly self-deceived often confess to having 'known [the truth] all along'. These post-self-deception judgments are not conceptually innocuous; if genuine, they call into question the core feature of prominent theories of self-deception, namely that self-deceived individuals do not believe the unwelcome truth. In this paper I argue that post-self-deception judgments do not track a belief, but rather a suspicion of the unwelcome truth. I do this by showing that post-self-deception judgments are themselves instances of self-deception where the individual is self-deceived that they believed the unwelcome truth. I then suggest that the motivational cause of the self-deceit is hindsight bias, specifically the kind known as foreseeability, and that as a result, post-self-deception judgments are not reliable because they do not accurately track previous self-deceptive experiences.", + "input": "Abstract: The present investigation studied the effect of process parameters on the extraction of phytochemicals from red cabbage by the application of ultrasonication and temperature. The solvent selected for the study was deep eutectic solvent (DES) prepared by choline chloride and citric acid. The ultrasound assisted extraction process was modeled using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithm and integrated with the genetic algorithm for optimization purposes. The independent variables that influenced the responses (total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin activity, and total flavonoid content) were ultrasonication power, temperature, molar ratio of DES, and water content of DES. Each ANFIS model was formed by the training of three Gaussian -type membership functions (MF) for each input, trained by a hybrid algorithm with 500 epochs and linear type MF for output MF. The ANFIS model predicted each response close to the experimental data which is evident by the statistical parameters (R-2 > 0.953 and RMSE < 1.165). The integrated hybrid ANFIS-GA algorithm predicted the optimized condition for the process parameters of ultrasound assisted extraction of phytochemicals from red cabbage was found to be 252.114 W for ultrasonication power, 52.715 degree celsius of temperature, 2.0677:1 of molar ratio of DES and 25.947 % of water content in DES solvent with maximum extraction content of responses, with fitness value 3.352. The relative deviation between the experimental and ANFIS predicted values for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin activity, and total flavonoid content was found to be 1.849 %, 3.495 %, 2.801 %, and 4.661 % respectively.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The femur is one of the most important bone in the human body, as it supports the body's weight and helps with movement. The aging global population presents a significant challenge, leading to an increasing demand for artificial joints, particularly in knee and hip replacements, which are among the most prevalent surgical procedures worldwide. This study focuses on hip fractures, a common consequence of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly population. To accurately predict individual bone properties and assess fracture risk, patient-specific finite element models (FEM) were developed using CT data from healthy male individuals. The study employed ANSYS 2023 R2 software to estimate fracture loads under simulated single stance loading conditions, considering strain-based failure criteria. The FEM bone models underwent meticulous reconstruction, incorporating geometrical and mechanical properties crucial for fracture risk assessment. Results revealed an underestimation of the ultimate bearing capacity of bones, indicating potential fractures even during routine activities. The study explored variations in bone density, failure loads, and density/load ratios among different specimens, emphasizing the complexity of bone strength determination. Discussion of findings highlighted discrepancies between simulation results and previous studies, suggesting the need for optimization in modelling approaches. The strain-based yield criterion proved accurate in predicting fracture initiation but required adjustments for better load predictions. The study underscores the importance of refining density-elasticity relationships, investigating boundary conditions, and optimizing models throughin vitrotesting for enhanced clinical applicability in assessing hip fracture risk. In conclusion, this research contributes valuable insights into developing patient-specific FEM bone models for clinical hip fracture risk assessment, emphasizing the need for further refinement and optimization for accurate predictions and enhanced clinical utility.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Background: Nurses need to recognize how intersectionality shapes the experiences of individuals and families navigating complex health systems. Guided reflection on complex social justice issues serves as an approach to move beyond simply understanding social determinants of health toward shaping core professional values of developing nurses to promote lasting change. Method: Third-year Canadian undergraduate prelicensure nursing students co created assignment expectations, completed online modules, and submitted initial reflections before class in a mandatory social justice course. In-class debriefing was based on students' reflections and cofacilitated by subject matter experts. Students completed a final reflection that focused on advocating for social change. Results: Student feedback, reflections, and grades as well as faculty observations support the success of this interactive student-centered approach. Conclusion: A flexible approach to debriefing modular content informed by universal design for learning and simulation theory enables nurse educators to promote in-depth, meaningful, and lasting student learning.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Under what conditions does the US public support the domestic use of different institutions of coercive state power? We theorize how the type of situation, the type of actor, the mission, and the type of intervention influence public support for such missions. We use a preregistered conjoint survey experiment to test our hypotheses and find that participants (i) are less supportive of interventions in response to protests than to natural disasters or terrorism, (ii) generally prefer the police or the National Guard to the military, (iii) mistrust order maintenance interventions, and (iv) prefer intervening actors be unarmed. Preferences (ii)-(iv) are strongly conditioned on the type of event. We also find that Republicans are more accepting of military actors, order maintenance interventions, armed interventions, and policing responses to protests. We note implications for public trust in the military, the militarization of policing, and the domestic use of federal forces.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Following the continuous reform and innovation of classroom teaching methods and pedagogy in higher education, the support provided by traditional classrooms for new classes seems to be insufficient. Empirical exploration into the impact of learning spaces on student learning motivation, particularly in terms of how and to what extent, has been limited. This study focuses on student intrinsic learning motivation as the dependent variable and constructs an influence model incorporating factors such as learning space, pedagogy and classroom relationships. A comparative analysis is conducted to assess the differential influence between two learning space types: active learning spaces and traditional classrooms. Utilizing a convenience sampling method, students engaged in coursework at University A's 'Future Learning Experience Center' and traditional multimedia learning spaces over three academic terms were selected. Differential tests were performed on data collected from various learning environment types, and the impact of learning space, teaching methods and social relationships on students' intrinsic learning motivation was validated using structural equation modelling. Results indicate that scores in the dimensions of learning space, teacher-student relationships, student-student relationships and student intrinsic learning motivation were significantly higher in the active learning space compared to traditional classrooms. Surprisingly, learning space exhibited no significant direct effect on student intrinsic learning motivation but demonstrated a significant indirect effect. The influencing factors model presented in this study sheds light on the type of learning space's impact on student intrinsic learning motivation, offering theoretical guidance and practical data for future research endeavours.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Community-acquired pneumonia continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality due to infectious disease. The aetiologies, clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities and therapeutic options are changing and outpacing the creation of management guidelines. This educational article summarizes a roundtable activity sponsored by an unrestricted educational grant by Paratek that included US experts discussing these changes and identifying gaps in the current guidelines.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio are recognized as simple non-insulin-based insulin resistance indices. Our study aimed to explore the relationship between these two indicators and heart failure (HF) in overweight or obesity individuals without diabetes.METHODS: This cross-sectional study selected 13,473 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2018 dataset. Weighted multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analysis were employed to evaluate the relationships between TyG index, TG/HDL-C ratio, and HF prevalence, respectively. Additionally, smooth curve fitting was utilized to analyze the dose-response relationships.RESULTS: A total of 13,473 obesity or overweight people without diabetes were included in this study through screening, among whom 291 (2.16%) had comorbid HF. The results of multivariable logistic regression suggested that the highest TyG index (OR=2.4, 95% CI=1.4-4.2, p=0.002) and the highest TG/HDL-C ratio (OR=1.2, 95% CI=1.1-1.3, p<0.001) both increased the prevalence of HF, especially in the non-Hispanic population. Dose-response relationships suggested nonlinear relationships between these two indicators and HF.CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that elevated TyG index and TG/HDL-C ratio were closely associated with the prevalence of HF, and both exhibited nonlinear relationships with HF prevalence in overweight/obesity adults without diabetes. Based on these findings, additional prospective studies are needed for further validation.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Objectives: To investigate communication clarity and understanding at the time of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) diagnosis and whether they can influence patient engagement and compliance.METHODS: Consecutive PDAC patients were enrolled at the time of diagnosis after obtaining informed consent in a single-center study. The patients completed a validated scale (PHE-s), and the understanding rate was assessed using standardized tools. Patient compliance was evaluated, and the correlation between the PHE-s, understanding, and compliance was calculated.RESULTS: Thirty patients were enrolled (15 female) with a mean age 64.4, 13 were metastatic. The mean visit time was 31min, being longer if visiting doctor was an oncologist (p=0.002). The engagement level was high in 70% of the patients, and all but one were compliant. The analysis of doctor-patient interactions showed a median of 121 conversational turns for doctors, 75 for patients, and 20 for caregivers (p<0.0001), and the median percentage of speaking time was 77% for doctors, 13% for patients, and 2% for caregivers (p<0.0001). Female caregivers spent more time speaking than did male caregivers (median 11.6% vs. 1.3%; p=0.06). There were 290 instances of problematic understanding, most of which occurred during the taking of patients' personal medical history for doctors, while for patients and caregivers, these occurred mainly during the discussion of diagnosis/treatment (p<0.0001). In a multivariable analysis, only origin from central or southern Italy was associated with high engagement (p=0.0087).CONCLUSION: In this first attempt to measure clarity of communication and engagement in patients with PDAC, typical features of conversation and problematic understanding emerged, which deserves further investigation.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 is the latest interstadial period with unstable climate regimes that provides an indispensable key to better predict future climate change. However, paleoclimate reconstruction in the Yangtze Delta covering MIS 3 remains elusive due to limited archives with reliable age. Here, we derived a 53,000-year-long paleoclimate record from the northern Yangtze Delta, using luminescence age-based palynological data of a coastal sediment core (YZ07). The results show that the climate was relatively warm and wet during similar to 53.0-37.5 ka, followed by a slightly cool but wetter condition between similar to 37.5 ka and similar to 33.2 ka. Afterwards, a cool and dry climate prevailed from similar to 33.2 ka to similar to 30.7 ka. Three cold events were identified around 48.0 ka, 39.0 ka and 31.0 ka, corresponding to the timings of Heinrich Event (HE 5), HE 4 and HE 3, respectively. From similar to 30.7 ka to similar to 11.5 ka, broadleaved forests and wetland herbs obviously contracted in the Yangtze Delta region, indicating cold and dry climate conditions. From the late Pleistocene to Holocene, the pollen variations in this core site were linked to coastal geomorphology under climate-induced sea-level changes. Besides, our findings suggest that the percentages of emergent vegetation in this work were negatively correlated with El Ni & ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-linked flood events during the Holocene. Overall, from mid-MIS 3 to MIS 2, the climate exhibits a 'warm-cool-cold' pattern in the Yangtze Delta, broadly concordant with other climate proxies in East Asian monsoon domain and beyond on suborbital or millennial timescales. We argue that the northern hemisphere summer insolation may be responsible for the paleoclimate variability and paleovegetation successions in the Yangtze Delta. However, the variability of precipitation in MIS 3 might be governed by interhemispheric insolation forcing, which accounts for a wetter climate phase occurring during late MIS 3 rather than mid-MIS 3.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Given the increasing attention to glycemic variability (GV) and its potential implications for cardiovascular outcomes. This study aimed to explore the impact of acute GV on short-term outcomes in Chinese patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).METHODS: This study enrolled 7510 consecutive patients diagnosed with acute STEMI from 274 centers in China. GV was assessed using the coefficient of variation of blood glucose levels. Patients were categorized into three groups according to GV tertiles (GV1, GV2, and GV3). The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause death, and the secondary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Cox regression analyses were conducted to determine the independent correlation between GV and the outcomes.RESULTS: A total of 7136 patients with STEMI were included. During 30-days follow-up, there was a significant increase in the incidence of all-cause death and MACEs with higher GV tertiles. The 30-days mortality rates were 7.4% for GV1, 8.7% for GV2 and 9.4% for GV3 (p=0.004), while the MACEs incidence rates was 11.3%, 13.8% and 15.8% for the GV1, GV2 and GV3 groups respectively (p<0.001). High GV levels during hospitalization were significantly associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality and MACEs. When analyzed as a continuous variable, GV was independently associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.679, 95% confidence Interval [CI] 1.005-2.804) and MACEs (HR 2.064, 95% CI 1.386-3.074). Additionally, when analyzed as categorical variables, the GV3 group was found to predict an increased risk of MACEs, irrespective of the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM).CONCLUSION: Our study findings indicate that a high GV during hospitalization was significantly associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality and MACE in Chinese patients with STEMI. Moreover, acute GV emerged as an independent predictor of increased MACEs risk, regardless of DM status.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: To support academics in their professional development as university teachers throughout their careers, a more comprehensive understanding is needed of their expertise development. In this study we therefore explored the order in which academics develop their expertise in various teacher tasks and the interrelatedness between their expertise development in these tasks. We conducted a multiple case study of 18 academics at a Dutch research-intensive university. We found a general pattern for academics' expertise development in five teacher tasks over time, connectedness as well as distinctness of these tasks, and mutually beneficial relationships between expertise development in all tasks. These findings confirm the need for more holistic academic development, which combines attention for connections between teacher tasks with attention for specific teacher tasks.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Journal Voices in the Civil Rights Era During the social tumult of the 1960s and 1970s, the Journal opened its pages to advocates of reform in the profession and society at large, but it did not completely break with its troubled racial past.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Urban rehabilitation of brownfields advances cities' resilience and contributes to residents' wellbeing and nature preservation. This article explores the transformation of one such site-Hiriya, once the largest landfill in Israel-into a large metropolitan park. The rebirth of the area, taken to new levels by the design of German landscape architect Peter Latz, combines a regional solution to problems exacerbated by climate change, drainage, and transportation and brings social recovery to neglected neighbourhoods in the southern Tel Aviv metropolis. We argue that the success of Hiriya's transformation was a national-scale event, resulting not only from an evolved Israeli environmental discourse but from parallel processes including a maturing national planning system, a new approach to water and streams, and an overdue national plan for waste treatment problems resulting from threats to vital infrastructures. Using a range of textual and visual documents, the article examines the processes that led to the transformation of Hiriya and looks at how an excellent design turned Hiriya from a brownfield on the outskirts of the cities into a lively, green, functioning space in an urban setting, thereby providing a regional, even a global, model for creating sustainable spaces.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study analyses an eastern mirror with a central loop, related to the Berjozovka-Carnuntum-M & ouml;dling type, which was recently discovered in Secuieni, Bac & abreve;u County, Romania. Such mirrors, common among nomadic tribes, have been found mainly in the northern Caucasus and north, north-west of the Black Sea. It is thought that the nomads of Central Asia adopted them due to their frequent interactions with China. The mirrors made their way to Europe during the Migration Period, accompanying the eastward advance of the Alans and Hunnic tribes. Notably, they were found mainly in the Middle and Lower Danube region in the 5(th) century AD. Most of these mirrors were recovered from the graves of women, often with artificially deformed crania, buried with prestigious objects (such as large silver fibulae with semi-circular plates, Adlerfibeln, gold diadems, granulated earrings, beads, etc.). Only 12 such mirrors have been documented in Romania, and only one in the region of Moldavia (Romania, Region between Eastern Carpathians and Prut) in fragmentary form. The recent discovery of a mirror at Secuieni is therefore of great archaeological value, shedding light on the archaeological landscape of the Migration Period east of the Carpathians and far beyond, as far as China.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: This paper deals with Partition refugees from Bannu who identified as Bannuwals and continue to do so. It aims to examine the microhistory of post-Partition Bannu refugees resettled across North India and focuses on their preservation of their Bannuwal identity. The role of language, proverbs and songs, cuisine and rituals in identity preservation by Bannuwals has been examined. Qualitative methodology using oral history interviews to record the memories and post-memories of Bannuwals has been used to identify a distinctive Bannuwal identity. Data for the qualitative research was collected through fieldwork in cities in India where the Bannu community is primarily resettled. Secondary sources such as books and essays on Bannu and the North-West Frontier Province and archival documents were consulted to obtain an informed perspective on Bannu's historical background. Seventeen people were interviewed using unstructured interviews.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The principal curvature (PC) of a freeform surface, as an important indicator of its fundamental features, is frequently used to guide their rationalization in the field of architectural geometry. The division of a surface using its PC lines into principal strips (PSs) is an innovative way to break down a freeform surface for construction. However, the application of PC networks in architectural design is hindered by the difficulty to generate them and flexibly control their density. This paper introduces a method for PS-based reconstruction of freeform surfaces with different umbilical conditions in the early stages of design. An agent-based modeling approach is developed to find the umbilics and increase the degree of control over the spacing of PC lines. This research can effectively expand the application range of PS-based surface reconstruction methods for freeform architectures.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: The mediatization concept rests on the increasing centrality of media in everyday spheres. Within academia, mediatization is explored in various ways, such as through the use of social media, news media, and researchers' adoption of certain media logic(s). While many studies focus on media logic(s) as an explanatory device, it can also be seen as a contextual relationship between actors enacted for various purposes. This paper explores how academics enact media logic(s) in climate communication and for what purpose. By drawing on interviews with initiators of open letters on climate change, this paper illustrates that media logic(s) is evoked as a publishing strategy and a way to demarcate academics from news media journalists. The study thus suggests a conceptual shift from debates about what media logic(s) is to what it does in specific communication contexts.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Mark Witton is a UK-based palaeontologist and artist. Since completing a PhD at the University of Portsmouth researching pterosaur ecology and diversity, he has predominantly worked as a consultant, author and artist, although he also remains active in palaeontological research. His artwork has been displayed around the world, from London's Natural History Museum to Yale's Peabody Museum. He is also known for his work researching and promoting the 'Crystal Palace Dinosaurs', which are among the world's first naturalistic dinosaur reconstructions. Ahead of the bicentenary of the naming of Megalosaurus, we caught up with him to discuss the art and science of dinosaur reconstruction.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: The article examines the role of children's magazines in promoting internationalism and solidarity in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Analysing the magazines ABC-Zeitung, Bummi, and Frosi, it sheds light on their contribution to the GDR's system for collecting and distributing charitable donations and to cultivating children's commitment to countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The article uncovers multifaceted layers of meaning associated with internationalism and emphasizes the significance of the connection between the state-ideological and the everyday levels. Its analysis of primary sources, including articles from the children's magazines, files from the Federal Archives, and historical publications, reveals that the magazines played a crucial role in fostering international solidarity and shaping the political consciousness of young readers. The use of techniques such as suggestion, competition, and renunciation in the magazines not only evoked a sense of collective responsibility, but also positioned children as active contributors to shaping an international socialist future. The children's magazine Bummi is particularly significant in the GDR's charitable donations system as it shows the involvement of other parts of society and thus raises issues of transgenerational education through the medium of children's magazines. By shifting away from the narrative of indoctrination, this article highlights the broader understanding of internationalism in the GDR and its integration into everyday life. It therefore underscores the vital role of children's magazines not only in fostering a stance of anti-imperialist solidarity among young readers, but also in shaping the GDR's vision of an international socialist future.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: For the majority of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), disease management has improved in recent years. However, there are still populations underrepresented or excluded in current registries and randomized controlled trials. HERA-FIB (Heidelberg Registry of Atrial Fibrillation) was planned to assess real-world evidence for the prevalence, demographic characteristics and management of patients with the diagnosis of AF presenting consecutively to a chest pain unit.METHODS AND RESULTS: HERA-FIB is a retrospective, observational, single-center study on patients with a diagnosis of AF presenting to a chest pain unit from June 2009 until March 2020. This article describes the structure, governance, outcome assessment, quality and data collection processes of the registry. Additionally, characteristics of populations of special interest are described. The study consecutively enrolled 10222 patients presenting with AF to the chest pain unit of the University Hospital of Heidelberg. Clinical parameters and patient characteristics were assessed retrospectively. Outcome parameters included rates for all-cause death, stroke, myocardial infarction and major bleedings. We were able to investigate patient cohorts of special interest such as advanced chronic kidney disease, octogenarians, and those with acute coronary syndrome who are often underrepresented in current studies and randomized controlled trials.CONCLUSIONS: HERA-FIB is one of the largest real-world single-center retrospective registries on patients with AF, which captures the era of transition from vitamin K antagonists to non-vitamin K oral anticoagulation regimens in clinical practice and offers the possibility to investigate patient populations usually underrepresented or excluded in current available randomized controlled trials and registries.REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; unique identifier: NCT05995561.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: There is some evidence to suggest an absence of emotional activation about climate change, partly due to the perception of it as a distant phenomenon. Little research to date has also examined whether individual portrayals are best within the context of psychological distance. There is also a lack of studies that experimentally evaluate human and animal messaging using a causal research design. We examine human and animal effects and individual and group effects on a set of psychological and behavioral variables: psychological distance, positive emotions, negative emotions, pro-environmental intent, and donation behavior. We explore these variables across two separate experiments that manipulate the content of a hypothetical news article describing climate change impacts: one featuring drought in Ethiopia and the other featuring wildfires in Arizona. Findings suggest that the psychological distance subdimensions of geographic, hypotheticality, and temporal distance matter for climate change messages and that messages that emphasize impacts on animals may actually diminish distance on these subdimensions relative to messages that feature humans.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Remote monitoring technologies show potential to help health professionals deliver preventative interventions which can avoid hospital admissions and allow patients to remain in a home setting.AIMS: To assess whether an Internet of Things (IoT) driven remote monitoring technology, used in the care pathway of community dementia patients in North Warwickshire improved access to care for patients and cost effectiveness.METHOD: Patient level changes to anonymised retrospective healthcare utilisation data were analysed alongside costs.RESULTS: Urgent care decreased following use of an IoT driven remote monitoring technology; one preventative intervention avoided an average of three urgent interventions. A Chi-Square test showing this change as significant. Estimates show annualised service activity avoidance of 201,583 for the cohort; 8764 per patient.CONCLUSIONS: IoT driven remote monitoring had a positive impact on health utilisation and cost avoidance. Future expansion of the cohort will allow for validation of the results and consider the impact of the technology on patient health outcomes and staff workflows.", + "input": "Abstract: This study examines whether and how board gender diversity can affect corporate wage inequity by drawing on diversity theory and gender socialization and ethicality theories. Building on an exogenous relaxation of China's one-child policy (OCP) in 2013, which led to a substantial decline in the female labor force participation rate. Our empirical analysis suggests that board gender diversity is negatively associated with corporate wage inequity. This result is robust to various endogeneity and sensitivity analyses. We find that the OCP relaxation only increases average executive pay; it does not affect employee pay. One potential mechanism driving our results is that the decline in board gender diversity caused by the OCP relaxation reduces supervision, restriction, and fairness within the firm, which increases executives' pursuit of personal interests and ultimately leads to the rise of wage inequity. Our findings are particularly significant for firms in capital-intensive industries, firms with a low level of employee bargaining power, and large firms.", "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Explanations in behavioural neuroscience are often said to be mechanistic in the sense that they explain an organism's behaviour by describing the activities and organisation of the organism's parts that are constitutively relevant to organism behaviour. Much has been said about the constitutive relevance of working parts (in debates about the so-called mutual manipulability criterion), but relatively little has been said about the constitutive relevance of the organising relations between working parts. Some New Mechanists seem to endorse a simple causal-linking account: organising relations are constitutively relevant to organism behaviour if and only if (and because) they are causal relations that link the working parts that are constitutively relevant to organism behaviour. In this paper, I argue that the causal-linking account is inadequate because it neglects the constitutive relevance of anatomical relations that organise the working parts of a behaving organism. I demonstrate this by considering a case study where the anatomical organisation of the barn owl (Tyto alba) is constitutively relevant to their mechanism for sound localization. The anatomical organisation of this mechanism is best understood as the back-and-forth flow of task information across 7 levels of anatomy (a notion that I distinguish from levels of mechanism). A further implication, I conclude, is that at least some of the interlevel structure of neuroscientific explanation is accounted for by levels of anatomy, not levels of mechanism.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Pyrotechnological activities leave many traces in the archaeological record, most notably ash, which is the powdery residue of the combustion of organics such as wood. These traces have provided important insights into the biological and cultural evolution of humans. Given the common occurrence of ash layers at archaeological sites, the charred remains embedded within these features have been regularly targeted for radiocarbon dating. However, often charcoal does not preserve in sediments, and only the mineral fraction of ash is left. The latter is composed of calcium carbonate derived from the thermal decomposition of calcium oxalates produced by the plants used as fuel, and in principle can be dated using radiocarbon. Past attempts have shown that pyrogenic calcium carbonate in the form of calcite does not always preserve the radiocarbon content of the original plant, and that it is prone to recrystallization. Recently, pyrogenic aragonite (a metastable polymorph of calcium carbonate) in archaeological ash has produced accurate radiocarbon age determinations because its crystals did not recrystallize over time. In this paper, we report on the radiocarbon dating of an ash layer rich in aragonite identified at Tell es-Safi/Gath (Israel). Using a combination of infrared spectroscopy and micro-spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, phytolith analysis, micromorphology, and radiocarbon dating, we reconstructed the formation processes of the combustion feature and showed that most of the pyrogenic aragonite crystals in the ash layer exchanged carbon with the environment, and thus cannot be considered a closed system suitable for dating. Therefore, we proposed an improved extraction method to isolate the smallest crystals of pyrogenic aragonite and calcite, which are more likely to keep their original isotopic composition based on independent age controls from the same depositional context.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: As the concentration of fine particles (PM2.5) is declining, ozone (O3) concentration has been increasing in China in recent years. To collaboratively control PM2.5 and O3, it is critical to understand the relationship between the two and identify major controlling factors. We use a convergent cross-mapping method to detect the causal relationship between daily PM2.5 and maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) O3 concentrations in Beijing, Taizhou, Shenzhen and Chengdu, China, in the four seasons in 2015-2021. In addition, we also examined causal effects of atmospheric oxidation capacity, precursors and meteorological elements on PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 in the four cities. PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 are strongly positively correlated and show bidirectional causal relationships during the Beijing and Taizhou summer and in the four seasons in Shenzhen, due mainly to the strong photochemical reactions in the daytime. During the Beijing winter, PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 show bidirectional causal relationships, but the two are significantly negatively correlated, driven by NO2 and relative humidity. Weak bidirectional, unidirectional and no causal effects between PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 are detected in other seasons in the four cities. In these seasons and cities, the top three causal factors of PM2.5 differ from those of MDA8 O3. Season-, city- and pollutant-specific control measures of PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 are required.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Anti-vax conspiracy theories are major drivers of vaccine hesitancy, a top-10 threat to global health according to the WHO. This paper investigates the interpretative mechanisms and discursive conditions of anti-vax discourse on Twitter (X), through the analysis of seven tweets posted by an anti-vax influencer. Mixed methods of discourse analysis are employed, focusing on the strategic character and potential social effects of discourse. As a set of relations, the code-text of anti-vax conspiracy theories is characterized by a conflict between authority and freedom. The archetype of the enemy is diffuse and composed of different elements (government, mainstream media, medical/scientific community) that are all totalized into one-and-the-same evil: the authorities. Overall, when facing the increasing deconstruction of epistemic authority on social media, the form (independently from content) with which anti-vax discourse seeks to provide argumentation (by framing identities and social relations in the shape of dichotomic oppositions) is fundamentally undesirable.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in patients with kidney failure, and their risk of cardiovascular events is 10 to 20 times higher as compared with the general population.METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated 508822 patients who initiated dialysis between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2014 using the United States Renal Data System with linked Medicare claims. We determined hospitalization rates for cardiovascular events, defined by acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and stroke. We examined the association of sex with outcome of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death using adjusted time-to-event models. The mean age was 70\u00b112years and 44.7% were women. The cardiovascular event rate was 232 per thousand person-years (95% CI, 231-233), with a higher rate in women than in men (248 per thousand person-years [95% CI, 247-250] versus 219 per thousand person-years [95% CI, 217-220]). Women had a 14% higher risk of cardiovascular events than men (hazard ratio [HR], 1.14 [95% CI, 1.13-1.16]). Women had a 16% higher risk of heart failure (HR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.15-1.18]), a 31% higher risk of stroke (HR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.28-1.34]), and no difference in risk of acute coronary syndrome (HR, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.99-1.03]). Women had a lower risk of cardiovascular death (HR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.88-0.90]) and a lower risk of all-cause death than men (HR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.95-0.97]).CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing dialysis, women have a higher risk of cardiovascular events of heart failure and stroke than men. Women have a lower adjusted risk of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Ship design involves optimizing the hull in order to enhance safety, economic efficiency, and technical efficiency. Despite the long-term research on this problem and a number of significant conclusions, some of its content still needs to be improved. In this study, block and midship coefficients are incorporated to optimize the ship's hull. The considered ship was a patrol vessel. The seakeeping analysis was performed employing strip theory. The hull form was generated using a fuzzy model. Though the body lines generated by the midship coefficient (CM) and block coefficient (CB) varied indecently, the other geometric parameters remained the same. Multi-objective optimization was used to optimize CB and CM. According to the results of this study, these coefficients have a significant impact on the pitch motion of the patrol vessel as well as the motion sickness index. Heave and roll motions, as well as the added resistance, were not significantly influenced by the coefficients of CM and CB. However, increasing the hull form parameters increases the maximum Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) of heave and roll motions. The frequency of occurrence of the maximum roll RAO was in direct relation with CB and CM. These coefficients, however, had no meaningful impact on the occurrence frequency of other motion indices. In the end, the CB and CM coefficients were selected based on the vessel's seakeeping performance. These findings might be used by shipbuilders to construct the vessel with more efficient seakeeping performance.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In light of the challenges posed by climate change and rural revitalization, high-quality construction in rural areas is facing significant obstacles from rainstorm flooding. This study adopts a regional disaster system analysis framework and examines the characteristics of rural rainstorm flooding disasters, including the instability of the breeding environment, the hazard characteristics, and the vulnerability of the exposure. Using this framework, we explore the various causes of rainstorm flooding in rural China, assess the effectiveness of responses to these disasters, and examine the differences between urban and rural responses. Our analysis reveals that the increase in rainstorm flooding in rural China is a complex result of multiple factors, including increased risk, instability, and vulnerability. While rural areas have made some progress in monitoring and responding to rainstorm flooding disasters, they remain weaker than cities in terms of governance and disaster management systems. To address these challenges, we recommend increased attention to rural flood control and disaster reduction, stronger preparation for disaster prevention and reduction plans, enhanced rural disaster infrastructure defense, increased financial support for water conservancy projects, and stronger professional emergency response teams, disaster relief equipment, and materials. Additionally, we recommend strengthening disaster prevention and reduction education and publicity among rural residents to promote the ability to self-rescue and mutual rescue.The disastrous impact of climate change and resulting extreme weather events on rural areas has become increasingly evident in recent years. China's vast rural areas have been particularly affected by frequent rainstorm flooding disasters. This paper identifies the increase in rainstorms, the instability of the disaster breeding environment in rural areas, and the increased vulnerability of exposures in these areas as the main reasons behind the intensification of rural rainstorm flooding. To mitigate the impact of these disasters, attention should be paid to natural disaster risk management, normalized flood control, and disaster reduction in rural areas. This requires overall coordination of rural disaster prevention and reduction planning, emphasis on improving the defense capacity of rural areas, increasing financial support for defensive water conservancy projects, promoting the construction of professional emergency rescue teams in rural areas, scientifically distributing flood prevention and disaster relief equipment and materials, strengthening publicity and education on disaster prevention and reduction, and enhancing rural disaster prevention awareness and self-rescue and mutual rescue capabilities.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) consists of plasma and a concentrate of platelets extracted from fresh whole blood of the person being treated. Research has suggested that intrauterine or intraovarian infusion/injection of PRP before embryo transfer may improve endometrial receptivity and response to ovarian stimulation in women undergoing assisted reproduction. We compared these interventions to standard treatment, placebo, or other interventions (mechanical or pharmacological).OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of intrauterine and intraovarian infusion/injection of platelet-rich plasma in infertile women undergoing assisted reproductive technology cycles.SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group's Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Epistemonikos database in January 2023. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles and contacted the trial authors and experts in the field for any additional trials.SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the application of PRP in the uterine cavity, ovaries, or both versus no intervention, placebo, or any other intervention (either mechanical or pharmacological) in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles.DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We followed standard methodological procedures recommended by Cochrane, including use of the updated risk of bias tool (RoB 2). The primary outcomes were live birth (or ongoing pregnancy) and miscarriage. The secondary outcomes were clinical pregnancy, complications of the procedure, multiple pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, and fetal abnormality. We estimated the average effect of the interventions by fitting a Der Simonian-Laird's random-effects meta-analysis model. We reported pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We restricted the primary analyses to trials at low risk of bias for the outcomes and performed sensitivity analyses that included all studies.MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 parallel-group RCTs that recruited a total of 1069 women. We identified three different comparison groups. Using GRADE, we assessed the certainty of evidence as very low for almost all outcomes. Intrauterine injection/infusion of platelet-rich plasma versus no intervention or placebo Nine studies evaluated intrauterine PRP versus no intervention or placebo. Eight included women with at least two or three previous implantation failures. Only one was assessed at low risk of bias for each outcome. This study provided very low-certainty evidence about the effect of intrauterine PRP injection versus no intervention on live birth (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.38 to 3.14; 94 women) and miscarriage (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.13 to 7.09; 94 women). If the likelihood of live birth following no intervention is assumed to be 17%, then the likelihood following intrauterine PRP would be 7% to 40%; and if the risk of miscarriage following no intervention is 4%, then the risk following intrauterine PRP would be 1% to 24%. When we analyzed all studies (regardless of risk of bias), we found very low-certainty evidence about the effect of intrauterine PRP compared with placebo or no intervention on live birth or ongoing pregnancy (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.16 to 4.86; I = 54%; 6 studies, 564 women) and miscarriage (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.59 to 4.01; I = 0%; 5 studies, 504 women). The study at low risk of bias provided very low-certainty evidence about the effect of intrauterine PRP compared with no intervention on clinical pregnancy (OR 1.55, 95% CI 0.64 to 3.76; 94 women) and ectopic pregnancy (OR 2.94, 95% CI 0.12 to 73.95; 94 women). The synthesis of all studies provided very low-certainty evidence about the effect of intrauterine PRP compared with placebo or no intervention on clinical pregnancy (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.50 to 3.27; I = 24%; 9 studies, 824 women), multiple pregnancy (OR 2.68, 95% CI 0.81 to 8.88; I = 0%; 2 studies, 240 women), and ectopic pregnancy (OR 2.94, 95% CI 0.12 to 73.95; 1 study, 94 women; very low-certainty evidence). Intrauterine infusion of PRP may increase the risk of preterm delivery compared with no intervention (OR 8.02, 95% CI 1.72 to 37.33; 1 study, 120 women; low-certainty evidence). No studies reported pain, infection, allergic reaction, fetal growth restriction, or fetal abnormality. Intrauterine infusion of platelet-rich plasma versus intrauterine infusion of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Two RCTs evaluated intrauterine PRP versus intrauterine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF); both included women with thin endometrium, and neither was judged at low risk of bias for any outcome. We are uncertain about the effect of intrauterine PRP compared with intrauterine G-CSF on live birth (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.81; 1 study, 132 women; very low-certainty evidence), miscarriage (OR 1.94, 95% CI 0.63 to 5.96; 1 study, 132 women; very low-certainty evidence), and clinical pregnancy (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.66 to 2.35; 2 studies, 172 women; very low-certainty evidence). Neither study reported adverse outcomes other than miscarriage. Intraovarian injection of platelet-rich plasma versus no intervention One RCT evaluated PRP injection into both ovaries versus no intervention; it was judged at high risk of bias for the two outcomes it reported. We are uncertain about the effect of intraovarian PRP injection compared with no intervention on ongoing pregnancy (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.33 to 3.63; 73 women; very low-certainty evidence) and clinical pregnancy (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.31 to 2.60; 73 women; very low-certainty evidence). The study examined no safety outcomes.AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We are uncertain about the effect of intrauterine or intraovarian administration of PRP on outcomes of assisted reproduction technology in infertile women. The pooled results should be interpreted with caution. Only one of the 12 included studies was judged at low risk of bias. Other limitations of the included trials were failure to report live birth, poor reporting of methods, lack of prospective protocol registration, low precision due to the small number of enrolled participants, indirectness due to the specific subpopulations and settings studied, and insufficient or absent safety data.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Numerous philosophers accept the differentiation condition, according to which one does not see an object unless one visually differentiates it from its immediate surroundings. This paper, however, sounds a sceptical note. Based on suggestions by Dretske (2007) and Gibson (2002 [1972]), I articulate two 'principles of occlusion' and argue that each principle admits of a reading on which it is both plausible and incompatible with the differentiation condition. To resolve the inconsistency, I suggest we abandon the differentiation condition.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Understanding the resources bees use is essential because we depend greatly on their ecosystem services, and this information could help guide conservation efforts. One way to identify the flowers that bees visit is to collect pollen directly from the bee and then identify the pollen with plant taxa. However, the current method for processing such pollen samples, acetolysis, is designed for samples such as those collected across individuals (e.g., pollen trap), bee nests, or, at the very least, from pollen pellets collected from live bees or from the exhaustive removal of pollen from lethally collected individuals. Smaller samples, including those down to just a few pollen grains sampled from live bees, could facilitate additional opportunities for bee-pollen research, if they can be processed effectively. We present a revised acetolysis methodology designed specifically for processing small pollen samples, so that they can then be used for more accurate identification. Using pollen samples from cotton swabs directly applied to live bees in the field, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology for processing small pollen samples, including samples too small to be visually detected. This methodology can permit nonlethal collections in the field from a greater number of bee species.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: While the concept of interspecies solidarity has been central to ecofeminist work on animal rights since the 1980s, less attention has been devoted to the question of animal desire within the feminist animal care tradition, the majority of which has focused on women's and animals' shared oppression under patriarchy. This article offers a reformulation of feminist animal care ethics, one that seeks to recenter animal desire as the ground for interspecies solidarity. The first section of the article offers a review of the relationship between women and interspecies solidarity as articulated within the feminist animal care tradition. Part two draws upon multispecies ethnographic participant observation at a cat sanctuary in Syros, Greece, to account for questions of animal agency, as well as the gendered, racialized, and classed dimensions of interspecies care work. The final section of the article concludes by considering the ways in which grief and mourning are central to the decolonial project of feminist interspecies care and solidarity in a post-pandemic world.", + "input": "Abstract: Infinite scroll as a digital technology feature was introduced in 2006 and instantly gained momentum in a variety of platforms. The efficient and engaging technology experience brought by infinite scroll aligns well with the French sociologist Jacques Ellul's concept of technique. Ellul does not perceive technique as technology, instead, he views it as a phenomenon of efficiency, permeating the societal, political and economic fields of human activity. By applying the characteristics of Ellul's technique to the infinite scroll feature within social media, this paper uncovers insights into how it aligns with Ellul's concept. In such a way, the Ellulian perspective allows an understanding of infinite scroll as part of a broader sociotechnical phenomenon. The article does not aim to spread a negative approach towards technology but rather to provide another perspective upon which digital technology might be analysed.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: One of the widely used metal additive manufacturing processes, named Selective laser melting (SLM), can facilitate the printing of novel metal matrix nanocomposites through the fusion of metallic powders with nanoparticles. The current study proposes a novel numerical model to simulate microstructure formation considering local nanoparticle distribution during the SLM process. The proposed model formulates a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with Lagrangian particle tracking to simulate a single-track, single-layer SLM process of aluminum alloy reinforced with titanium diboride (chemical formula: TiB2) nanoparticles in ANSYS FLUENT. A very low weight fraction (0.0009%) of nanoparticles was considered due to the computational limitations of the software package. The temperature distribution and particle distribution results were first calculated by the 3D CFD model. Then, the results were one-way coupled to a 2D Cellular Automata (CA) model to predict the microstructure evolution using matlab. The coupled CFD-CA model and Lagrangian particle tracking were separately validated in this study. The results showed that the nanoparticles migrate within the recirculation zones formed by both Marangoni and natural convection in the fluid of the molten pool. The microstructure predicted by this model showed that the introduction of the nanoparticles increased bulk nucleation during solidification. The growth of large columnar grains is interrupted by the formation of randomly oriented small equiaxed grains. The average grain diameter decreased by 40% when nanoparticles were present compared to microstructures without nanoparticles.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Indonesia is home to the greatest area of mangroves globally, which provide an essential source of livelihoods and food for millions of people. Despite this, there is a gap in the empirical evidence on the role mangroves play as a food system and the diversity of species they provide. This study aimed to examine mangroves as a gendered food system through the knowledge of community mangrove resource users in West Kalimantan. The research applied a case study approach, using gendered focus group discussions and a participatory seasonal food mapping method in two villages. The research identified participants' extensive local knowledge of 276 species across 12 food groups sourced seasonally from mangroves primarily for food and as a source of income. Barriers to utilizing mangroves for women were influenced by socio-cultural norms, including but not limited to gender roles and access to fishing infrastructure, while men alone faced political and institutional challenges to mangrove utilisation. This study found that mangroves are an important local food system in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, and argues for greater consideration of the contribution mangroves make to local food and nutrition security. This study contributes to a growing global discourse of gendered food systems and inclusion of local knowledges in natural resource management.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The pollution of antibiotics in aquatic environments has received extensive attention. Yet, research on antibiotic contamination in river-lake systems, a significant form of modern aquatic environments, still needs to be explored. This study focuses on the Chaohu Basin (China) investigating the occurrence characteristics, influencing factors, and risk assessments of antibiotics in the river-lake system. The total antibiotic concentrations in the water phase and sediment phase were 3.14-1887.49 ng/L and 0.92-1553.75 ng/g, respectively. Clindamycin was the predominant antibiotic in the water phase, whereas tetracycline prevailed in the sediment phase. Notable differences in concentration and structural composition of antibiotics between the tributaries (river system) and Chaohu Lake were observed, indicating the involvement of various geochemical processes in the attenuation of antibiotics during transport to the receiving lake. Spatial analysis suggested that the western river is the primary source of antibiotics in Chaohu Lake. Controlling nutrient influx in heavily polluted areas is crucial to addressing the escalating issue of antibiotic pollution in the river-lake system. The widespread occurrence of clindamycin in the waters is likely due to wastewater treatment plant discharges, and high-intensity human activities continue to exacerbate antibiotic contamination. Risk assessment indicated that sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, lincomycin, and clindamycin ranked in the top four with the highest risks to the most sensitive aquatic organisms. Nonetheless, the antibiotics presented no risk to consumer health. This study provides valuable insights for controlling antibiotic pollution in riverlake systems.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: Constituent rocks of Cultural Heritage monuments and buildings are of mixed mineral compositions. For materials with homogeneous color properties, colorimetric evaluation is a well-established task. The colorimetric similarity of heterogeneous surfaces is difficult to measure due to the uneven distribution of minerals with different colors. The present work proposes a methodology for color difference calculation, exemplified on granite samples. The methodology proposed includes a technique to divide the rock images into color profiles using multivariate analysis and clustering. The differences between rock samples are evaluated (i) in average color profile distances, (ii) in the tone difference, and (iii) in the color profile distribution on the surface. The method proposed is appropriate for in-situ measurements using widely available digital imaging. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: During summer 2021, the world watched the swift and, for some, surprising collapse of Afghanistan's government. However, a Taliban victory was always a possibility for players of A Distant Plain (ADP), a boardgame about insurgency and counterinsurgency in post-9/11 Afghanistan. These events inspired many ADP players, and its designers, to (re)engage with the game, thus providing scholars with a unique opportunity to investigate in real time how historical practice occurs within the popular culture space. Utilizing primary sources, this article demonstrates that contemporary history games - those which depict current events or open-ended, unresolved periods, rather than ones designed to model what is seen as 'settled' history - are uniquely subject to external, out-of-game interventions which may prompt reevaluations of their assumptions and models, since players and designers are repeatedly challenged by changing circumstances to integrate new data into how they perceive and consume the historical representations found therein. These games are therefore exceptionally suited to engendering genuine and ongoing historical practice, through the use of evidence, argumentation and debate, retrospective reassessments, and counterfactual analysis. The broader discipline will greatly benefit from taking a more inclusive view of popular history by paying greater attention to historical games of this type.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: The global energy transition is disrupting old industries needing to decarbonise. Meanwhile, resource-rich countries stand to benefit from the rush for 'energy-transition minerals'. Here, institutional investors and governments promote climate policies compatible with natural resource extraction. This begs the question: How have extractive conglomerates reorganised their interests to benefit from the energy transition? Focusing on the nickel extraction to lithium battery to EV industry in Indonesia, this article contends that the intersection of decarbonisation, developmentalism, and resource nationalism offer extractive capital an 'EV-fix' for declining legitimacy. This is more than an ideological shift, as new alliances of state capital, domestic conglomerates, politicians and international battery and EV manufacturers are forged under a 'green development-resource nationalist nexus'.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The Saddest Waste The moral that Joaquin Sorolla meant to convey in his 1899 painting Sad Inheritance! was based on a faulty diagnostic theory. In retrospect, the boys he depicted suffered from polio - not congenital syphilis.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Limekilns, common throughout the southern Levant in carbonate rock highlands, were rare in aeolian sand terrains. This study presents for the first time a limekiln within an archaeological landscape of an Early Islamic groundwater harvesting Plot-and-Berm agroecosystem, in an anthropogenically modified Mediterranean coastal dunefield near the ancient town of Caesarea. The agroecosystem consists of a checkerboard landscape pattern of human-made rectangular depressions used as agricultural plots possessing a distinct dark gray anthrosol. The anthrosols made of sand mixed with domestic refuse transported from Caesarea are hypothesized to retain physical agricultural utilities. The plots are confined by anthropogenically designed, sand-based berms, coated by anthrosediments. Applying archaeological, minerological (FTIR), microarchaeological (thin section analysis), portable OSL reconnaissance profiling, and OSL dating, coupled with similar data from nearby anthrosols and anthrosediments of the agroecosystem, we demonstrate that the limekiln produced pyrogenic lime. The lime additives, in combination with the refuse, enrichened and stabilized the aeolian sand substrate and probably improved its water retention capacity. These actions demonstrate an additional technological innovation regarding water harvesting in dead lands that, in turn, supported for a defined timespan extensive agricultural practice whose crop types/species remain a mystery. The limekiln possibly functioned for a couple hundred years, contemporary and imbricated with the P&B agroecosystem. It is the first evidence of such an endeavor to improve sandy soil properties for a novel and ancient agricultural practice.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Drawing on recently published correspondence as well as on a survey of Polish and international philosophical activity published in 1937 and details concerning the publisher and bookseller Aleksander Mazzucato, I provide evidence that, contrary to some recent assertions (but in line with older bibliographical entries), Tarski's 'Der Wahrheitsbegriff in den formalisierten Sprachen' was not published in journal form until 1936, although preprints, lacking two corrections and a small addendum, were likely available in the late months of 1935.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: This article explores the path of the reformist concept of garden suburb. It covers the initial idea in England to its dissemination and later re-appropriation in France and in Brazil. The project of Hampstead in London resulted from the studies of Raymond Unwin, who associated the garden suburb model with a national code regulating the occupation of areas for urban sprawl. In France, the model was reinterpreted by members of the Musee Social and Henri Sellier and was also employed for urban expansion with the construction of several cites-jardins providing affordable housing for the working population. In Brazil, the model's reinterpretation would stem from Unwin and Barry Parker, with the construction of garden suburbs for urban expansion areas. The article points out the importance of the garden suburb model and its replicability, given its association with environmental preservation and healthy housing.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Most existing learning-based deraining methods are supervisedly trained on synthetic rainy-clean pairs. The domain gap between the synthetic and real rain makes them less generalized to complex real rainy scenes. Moreover, the existing methods mainly utilize the property of the image or rain layers independently, while few of them have considered their mutually exclusive relationship. To solve above dilemma, we explore the intrinsic intra-similarity within each layer and inter-exclusiveness between two layers and propose an unsupervised non-local contrastive learning (NLCL) deraining method. The non-local self-similarity image patches as the positives are tightly pulled together and rain patches as the negatives are remarkably pushed away, and vice versa. On one hand, the intrinsic self-similarity knowledge within positive/negative samples of each layer benefits us to discover more compact representation; on the other hand, the mutually exclusive property between the two layers enriches the discriminative decomposition. Thus, the internal self-similarity within each layer (similarity) and the external exclusive relationship of the two layers (dissimilarity) serving as a generic image prior jointly facilitate us to unsupervisedly differentiate the rain from clean image. We further discover that the intrinsic dimension of the non-local image patches is generally higher than that of the rain patches. This insight motivates us to design an asymmetric contrastive loss that precisely models the compactness discrepancy of the two layers, thereby improving the discriminative decomposition. In addition, recognizing the limited quality of existing real rain datasets, which are often small-scale or obtained from the internet, we collect a large-scale real dataset under various rainy weathers that contains high-resolution rainy images. Extensive experiments conducted on different real rainy datasets demonstrate that the proposed method obtains state-of-the-art performance in real deraining.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: A goal in chemistry education research and teaching is to make chemistry education inclusive to our diverse students. Ethnography is one approach that can support this goal, because it supports researchers and educators in questioning what is considered ordinary by exploring chemistry as a culture. By exploring chemistry as a culture, we can understand how we represent the discipline of chemistry to our students in what we teach, how we teach, and who we teach. Questioning the ordinary aspects of research and teaching can help us work towards creating a more inclusive chemistry culture for our students, researchers, and instructors. Within this perspective, the authors explore ethnography as a research methodology and an approach to understanding experiences in practice. This perspective explores how different choices in research design, such as the research questions, theoretical framework, methods, and methodology framing, lead to different goals and representations of chemistry culture. This perspective aims to start conversations around what we can learn from different representations of chemistry culture for chemistry practice by questioning what is taken for granted in the learning theories chosen, approaches to interventions, and systematic barriers. In its potential to illuminate how chemistry culture is represented and transmitted to students, ethnography can help create more inclusive, accessible, and supportive spaces for learning and interdisciplinary research.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The Rainwater Harvesting Tool is a publicly available web-based geographic information system tool. It was developed using geospatial analysis in combination with historic zone improvement plan (ZIP) Code-level monthly average precipitation and evapotranspiration data across the US to help select potential locations for harvesting rainwater. Rainwater harvesting can provide a key alternative water source for a variety of uses, including landscape irrigation, vehicle washing, cooling tower make-up, dust suppression, and toilet flushing. Rainwater harvesting can help to diversify water sources for institutional, commercial, and residential buildings and offset the use of treated potable water. This tool aims to help organizations strategically target locations in which to implement rainwater harvesting systems. The metric used in the tool is called the rainwater harvesting potential, which is a normalized metric. The rainwater harvesting potential describes the amount of rainwater that reasonably can be collected and stored at a specific location. This metric was used to rank areas delineated by ZIP Codes across the US from lowest to highest to show the relative availability of rainwater for harvesting. Two mapping layers are included in the tool: a layer that shows the general year-round rainwater harvesting potential, and a layer that specifically shows the potential for harvesting rainwater to supply irrigation water. The Rainwater Harvesting Tool allows users to view the overall trends across the US and view the data at a scale at which the ZIP Code boundaries are clearly delineated. The tool can be used to help organizations with buildings located in multiple regions to strategically identify where to install rainwater harvesting systems and prioritize locations that may be optimal for rainwater harvesting.The Rainwater Harvesting Tool is a web-based geographic information system tool, which is free and available to the public. The tool presents the rainwater harvesting potential across the US to help determine locations that are potentially good candidates for harvesting rainwater and capable of meeting the water demands of institutional, commercial, and residential buildings. Rainwater can supply water for irrigation, cooling towers, vehicle washing, toilet flushing, and so forth, and offsets the use of treated potable water. The tool contains two mapping layers. The first shows the general potential for capturing rainwater and indicates the relative ability of a given location to collect rainwater throughout the year for beneficial use. The second identifies areas with favorable precipitation patterns for collecting rainwater during the irrigation season. The Rainwater Harvesting Tool provides interactive functions within a single browser session. Users enter specific locations (by ZIP Code), and the tool outputs a relative rank of the harvesting potential. The amount of rain potentially harvested each month also is provided. This portfolio planning, decision support tool can be utilized by organizations to target locations that are most conducive for rainwater harvesting across many locations.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: In October 1958, seven Japanese writers attended the first great cultural event of the Bandung era, the week-long Afro-Asian Writers Conference held in Tashkent, the capital of Soviet Uzbekistan. The 'literary Bandung' resulted in the creation of the Afro-Asian Writers Association (AAWA), a source of growing interest among historians of anti-colonialism for the institutions it founded to support a literary culture unmediated by London, Paris or New York, and thereby advance political solidarity among colonized and newly independent countries in the so-called Third World. The participation of writers from Japan, a former empire aligned with the United States, has no place in the historiography of post-war Japan, the Cold War or decolonization. Japanese participants and observers used the conference and the AAWA as a means of dissent equally unfamiliar in received narratives. They argued that commitment to the decolonization of Asia and Africa offered a means to resist amnesia about Japan's colonialist history and obstruct its role in the American empire. The work of Japanese writers in Tashkent and after reveals a broader genealogy of Afro-Asianism and anti-colonial internationalism and opportunities for dissent made possible by crossing between post-imperial and postcolonial worlds in the Bandung era.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article investigates the relationship between public funding and the political activities of youth organisations in Europe. By analysing original data from a random sample of about 4500 youth organisations in nine countries generated through a content analysis of organisations' websites, we examine the extent to which they engage in political activities. The analysis provides evidence for a negative impact of public funding on the engagement of youth organisations in political activities. This suggests that receiving financial resources from state institutions may lead to depoliticisation. Moreover, we also show how the effect of public funding is conditional upon the broader context, suggesting that the question of whether public funding encourages or discourages youth organisations to carry out political activities may be contingent on their broader economic and political environment.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Recent decades have witnessed digital twin as a toolkit to collect, process, and utilize graphical, spatial and other attribute data of cultural heritage. It has been widely applied on cultural world heritage sites in China, which have significant differences in ages, types, materials, and history of maintenance and conservation. Although specific cases are reported previously, a comprehensive overview is still lacking. This paper explores the association between digital twin and heritage conservation, classifying digital twin techniques into six levels to tackle three tasks: data acquisition, visualization and application. It systematically reviews Chinese heritage digitization practices, considering variations in complexity and purposes, and demonstrates typological and chronological characteristics as well as the composition of stakeholders. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Like other European countries, Austria introduced employment restrictions for foreigners after World War I. Access to the labor market was to be reserved primarily for Austrian citizens. These new regulations related exclusively to dependent employees and allowed exceptions in view of family reunification, among other things. They were based on official labor market categories and reflected widely accepted imaginations of gender-specific abilities and responsibilities. However, many foreigners earned their living in a household context and their activities hardly matched the official categories of work and family. Since decision-making on employment permits required unambiguous categorization, this situation posed a dilemma for the authorities in charge. Given the vast variety of work arrangements and relations, they struggled to clearly draw the line between employed and not employed workers. Using the example of domestic help and Bulgarian gardeners, this article investigates administrative authorities' attempts to make such distinctions and it examines migrants' efforts to occupy labor market niches. While migrants un/intentionally circumvented regulations and made their living in Austria, the ongoing disputes paradoxically contributed to an enforcement of restrictions. Administrative authorities gradually increased their endeavor to locate unauthorized foreign workers even within households and they sharpened the criteria for their categorization.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: Northern Mexico is home to more than 32 million people and is of significant agricultural and economic importance for the country. The region includes three distinct hydroclimatic regions, all of which regularly experience severe dryness and flooding and are highly susceptible to future changes in precipitation. To date, little work has been done to characterize future trends in either mean or extreme precipitation over northern Mexico. To fill this gap, we investigate projected precipitation trends over the region in the NA-CORDEX ensemble of dynamically downscaled simulations. We first verify that these simulations accurately reproduce observed precipitation over northern Mexico, as derived from the Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) product, demonstrating that the NA-CORDEX ensemble is appropriate for studying precipitation trends over the region. By the end of the century, simulations forced with a highemissions scenario project that both mean and extreme precipitation will decrease to the west and increase to the east of the Sierra Madre highlands, decreasing the zonal gradient in precipitation. We also find that the North American monsoon, which is responsible for a substantial fraction of the precipitation over the region, is likely to start later and last approximately three weeks longer. The frequency of extreme precipitation events is expected to double throughout the region, exacerbating the flood risk for vulnerable communities in northern Mexico. Collectively, these results suggest that the extreme precipitation-related dangers that the region faces, such as flooding, will increase significantly by the end of the century, with implications for the agricultural sector, economy, and infrastructure.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Created and published in a printed volume in 1611, the emblem chosen by the literary Academy of the Umoristi is intriguing at multiple levels. At a time when the water cycle was still unknown, the image engaged the thorny question of how the evaporation of salty seawater, condensed into clouds, could subsequently pour down as sweet rain. Additionally, the Lucretian motto Redit agmine dulci audaciously evoked the philosophy of atoms. The combination of the image and the motto suggested looking at the meteorological phenomenon on display as a sort of natural distillation process, not different from the circulations taking place in the alembic. This enquiry will document how the Academy of the Umoristi was influenced in the choice of its emblem by the scientific Academy of the Lincei and how, towards the end of the seventeenth century, under the patronage of Christina of Sweden, the interconnection of alchemy and atomism alluded to in the academic emblem was reclaimed as a distinctive philosophical banner.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pre-eruptive intramural resorption (PEIR) is defined as an abnormal, well-circumscribed radiolucency within the coronal dentin of the tooth, which is often overlooked in plain radiographs. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PEIR and its related factors using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).METHODS: CBCT images of 590 unerupted teeth were evaluated for the presence of PEIR, location of PEIR, number of lesions in the affected tooth, PEIR score, tooth angulation, tooth position, and pericoronal space. Binary logistic tests were used to analyze the association between the characteristics of PEIR and the patient's demographic data and related factors.RESULTS: The tooth prevalence of PEIR was 13.6% among unerupted teeth. However, it was noteworthy that 19.2% of the unerupted teeth with PEIR were planned to be kept. PEIR was significantly associated with transverse (p=0.020), inverted-angulated (p=0.035), and centrally-positioned teeth (p=0.043). The severity of PEIR was more pronounced in teeth with distal (p=0.019), lingual (p=0.023), or inverted-angulated (p=0.040) positions, and in the absence of pericoronal space (p=0.036).CONCLUSION: PEIR should be suspected in transverse, inverted-angulated, centrally positioned unerupted teeth, particularly in molars, with no pericoronal space. Further monitoring through CBCT is recommended in such cases.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The management of unerupted teeth does not always involve surgical removal. Instead, they could be utilized for artificial eruption or tooth transplantation. The present study emphasizes the significance of early detection of PEIR. Clinical recommendations for screening PEIR in unerupted teeth are also proposed, which can be applied to routine plain radiographs.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Ethnographic records show that wooden tools played a pivotal role in the daily lives of hunter- gatherers including food procurement tools used in hunting (e.g., spears, throwing sticks) and gathering (e.g. digging sticks, bark peelers), as well as, domestic tools (e.g., handles, vessels). However, wood rarely survives in the archeological record, especially in Pleistocene contexts and knowledge of prehistoric hunter- gatherer lifeways is strongly biased by the survivorship of more resilient materials such as lithics and bones. Consequently, very few Paleolithic sites have produced wooden artifacts and among them, the site of Schoningen stands out due to its number and variety of wooden tools. The recovery of complete wooden spears and throwing sticks at this 300,000 - y - old site (MIS 9) led to a paradigm shift in the hunter vs. scavenger debate. For the first time and almost 30 y after their discovery, this study introduces the complete wooden assemblage from Schoningen 13 II - 4 known as the Spear Horizon. In total, 187 wooden artifacts could be identified from the Spear Horizon demonstrating a broad spectrum of wood- working techniques, including the splitting technique. A minimum of 20 hunting weapons is now recognized and two newly identified artifact types comprise 35 tools made on split woods, which were likely used in domestic activities. Schoningen 13 II - 4 represents the largest Pleistocene wooden artifact assemblage worldwide and demonstrates the key role woodworking had in human evolution. Finally, our results considerably change the interpretation of the Pleistocene lakeshore site of Schoningen.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) has emerged as a powerful companion to assisted reproduction technologies. The origins and history of PGT are reviewed here, along with descriptions of advances in molecular assays and sampling methods, their capabilities, and their applications in preventing genetic diseases and enhancing pregnancy outcomes. Additionally, the potential for increasing accuracy and genome coverage is considered, as well as some of the emerging ethical and legislative considerations related to the expanding capabilities of PGT.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In this paper, I aim to discuss what puns, metaphysically, are. I argue that the type-token view of words leads to an indeterminacy problem when we consider puns. I then outline an alternative account of puns, based on recent nominalist views of words, that does not suffer from this indeterminacy.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Human trafficking can have multiple adverse effects on a victim's mental and physical health. The study explored how a small UK community arts project was experienced by individuals post-trafficking and the impact it had on well-being. Community-based participatory research was employed to increase understanding the experiences of six female participants taking part in a community arts project. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Themes of Authentic Care, Building Confidence, and Creative Expression were developed. Findings suggest the community arts organization played a vital role in supporting women to build trust and social connections, as well as to feel valued. Artistic activities helped participants express individuality, had therapeutic benefits, and provided motivation, routine, and space from worries. The role of community arts organizations is important in supporting individuals in the context of limited post-trafficking services.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Medical students hold significant importance, as they represent the future of healthcare provision. This study aimed to explore psychological antecedents towards the monkeypox (mpox) vaccines amongpostgraduate and undergraduatemedical students across countries.METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among medical students aged 18 years old and above in 7 countries; Egypt, Romania, Malaysia, and Yemen, Iraq, India, and Nigeria. We used social media platforms between September 27 and November 4, 2022. An anonymous online survey using the 5C scale was conducted using snowball and convenience Sampling methods to assess the 5 psychological antecedents of vaccination (i.e., confidence, constraints, complacency, and calculation, as well as collective responsibility).RESULTS: A total of 2780 participants were recruited. Participants' median age was 22 years and 52.1% of them were males. The 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination were as follows: 55% were confident about vaccination, 10% were complacent, 12% experienced constraints, and 41% calculated the risk and benefit. Lastly, 32% were willing to be vaccinated for the prevention of infection transmission to others. The Country was a significant predictor of confidence, complacency, having constraints, and calculation domains (P < 0.001). Having any idea about the mpox vaccine was linked to 1.6 times higher odds of being more confident [OR = 1.58 (95% CI, 1.26-1.98), P < 0.001] Additionally, living in a rural area significantly increased complacency [OR = 1.42 (95% CI, 1.05-1.95), P = 0.024] as well as having anyone die from mpox [OR = 3.3 (95% CI, 1.64-6.68), P < 0.001]. Education level was associated with increased calculation [OR = 2.74 (95% CI, 1.62-4.64), P < 0.001]. Moreover, being single and having no chronic diseases significantly increased the calculation domain [OR = 1.40 (95% CI, 1.06-1.98), P = 0.02] and [OR = 1.54 (95% CI, 1.10-2.16), P = 0.012] respectively. Predictors of collective responsibility were age 31-45 years [OR = 2.89 (95% CI, 1.29-6.48), P = 0.01], being single [OR = 2.76 (95% CI, 1.94 -3.92), P < 0.001], being a graduate [OR = 1.59 (95% CI (1.32-1.92), P < 0.001], having no chronic disease [OR = 2.14 (95% CI, 1.56-2.93), P < 0.001], and not knowing anyone who died from mpox [OR = 2.54 (95% CI, 1.39-4.64), P < 0.001), as well as living in a middle-income country [OR = 0.623, (95% CI, 0.51-0.73), P < 0.001].CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the multifaceted nature of psychological antecedents of vaccination, emphasizing the impact of socio-demographic factors, geographic location, and awareness, as well as previous experiences on individual attitudes and collective responsibility towards vaccination.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The chronosequence of soils buried under constructions of different ages at the large (3.5 m in height and 74 m in diameter) Shumny Kurgan in the Krasnodar region has been studied. The kurgan was built sequentially by the people of Catacomb (28th-22nd centuries BC) and Srubnaya (15th-10th centuries BC) cultures and includes five constructions made of the material of local soils and anthropogenic admixtures. Each of the subsequent constructions overlapped the previous one and went beyond it, covering some additional space. This allows us to study a consecutive series of soils buried under the constructions. During the kurgan building (28th-10th centuries BC), the morphological and physicochemical properties of the soils changed: the content of organic matter and magnetic susceptibility increased, whereas the mixing up of the upper horizons by burrowing animals, the content of carbonates, and the exchangeable sodium percentage decreased. The direction of these changes in the properties of the materials of kurgan constructions over time agree with changes in the properties of corresponding buried soils. For the uneven-aged constructions of the kurgan, local soils were used, which had different properties at the stages of the construction. These soils occupied a significantly larger area than the kurgan, which increases the reliability of the study. Evolutionary changes in the properties of buried soils and earth materials of kurgan structures are indicative of the climatic trend during the long-term kurgan construction-an increase in atmospheric moistening and a decrease in the mean annual temperature from the Early Catacomb to Srubnaya cultures. An independent palynological analysis of buried paleosols confirms this conclusion about the tendency of climate changes. According to micromorphological data, the Early Catacomb time can be additionally characterized as an arid epoch, which manifested itself in soil cracking and accumulation of carbonates in the upper part of soil profiles. Based on the structure and properties of the kurgan, it is possible to identify technologies of the construction, which included tamping down of earthy material in dry and wet states; its mixing; and adding of river silt, charcoal, and bones.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper introduces a novel class of negative-stiffness (NS) core sandwich composite structures that exhibit unique mechanical performance, including shape recovery, superelasticity, and energy absorption (EA) in bending and shear mode. The core of these structures consists of a periodic cellular arrangement of double-curved beams that undergo consecutive local snap-buckling transitions between multiple equilibrium states, enabling the structures to change shape reversibly between their initial and deformed configurations. To characterize the force-displacement relationship of the core, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using a combination of 3D printed models and finite-element simulations. The metamaterial core with gradient-thickness negative-stiffness beams were examined under uniform compression, demonstrating that the snap-through behavior of the curved beams was intricately controlled by the beam thickness in each row. The numerical simulations accurately predicted the deformation characteristics of the graded cellular core, supporting the design of a metamaterial core with functionally varied beam thickness for nonuniform transverse loading. This led to spatially controlled NS core material with specific EA of around 50 J kg-1 and an apparent core shear strength of 0.1 MPa, all mainly within the reusable elastic regime. The resulting sandwich structures efficiently mitigated the localized effect from concentrated compressive forces and achieved complete snap-through buckling in all curve beams. Three-point bending response revealed three distinct phases of flexural deformation: the local facial bending phase, the sequential core-snapping superelastic phase, and the global bending phase.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Background There has been a proliferation of frameworks with a common goal of bridging the gap between evidence, policy, and practice, but few aim to specifically guide evaluations of academic-policy engagement. We present the modification of an action framework for the purpose of selecting, developing and evaluating interventions for academic-policy engagement.Methods We build on the conceptual work of an existing framework known as SPIRIT (Supporting Policy In Health with Research: an Intervention Trial), developed for the evaluation of strategies intended to increase the use of research in health policy. Our aim was to modify SPIRIT, (i) to be applicable beyond health policy contexts, for example encompassing social, environmental, and economic policy impacts and (ii) to address broader dynamics of academic-policy engagement. We used an iterative approach through literature reviews and consultation with multiple stakeholders from Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and policy professionals working at different levels of government and across geographical contexts in England, alongside our evaluation activities in the Capabilities in Academic Policy Engagement (CAPE) programme.Results Our modifications expand upon Redman et al.'s original framework, for example adding a domain of 'Impacts and Sustainability' to capture continued activities required in the achievement of desirable outcomes. The modified framework fulfils the criteria for a useful action framework, having a clear purpose, being informed by existing understandings, being capable of guiding targeted interventions, and providing a structure to build further knowledge.Conclusion The modified SPIRIT framework is designed to be meaningful and accessible for people working across varied contexts in the evidence-policy ecosystem. It has potential applications in how academic-policy engagement interventions might be developed, evaluated, facilitated and improved, to ultimately support the use of evidence in decision-making.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study presents a new solution algorithm to calculate the bearing capacity coefficient N-gamma for a fully rough strip footing located on an infinite slope considering different soil friction angles phi and ground slopes beta degrees using the stress characteristics method. The results showed that N-gamma coefficients decreased with an increase in slope inclination, and roughness contribution prevented further reduction, particularly for higher phi values. The higher contribution of the upside-sloping ground for footing laid on the infinite slope led to a lower reduction of the N-gamma coefficients compared with the footing placed at the slope vicinity in terms of a larger area affected by the stress field, and a larger plastic region of the downface slope. The reduction value was more eminent for steeper slopes beta >= 20 degrees due to the tendency for nonsymmetrical failure pattern, especially for higher phi values. The findings of the current research and those described in the literature were in good agreement, so much so that the lower-bound limit analysis and the current solution technique virtually reflect the same trend. The load inclination values for footings located adjacent to the slope with beta <= 30 degrees were not meaningful, whereas for footing resting on an infinite slope with beta >= 25 degrees it exceeds 15 degrees, which reflects the fact that its effect should not be neglected, especially for ground slopes greater than 20 degrees. By increasing beta degrees, the maximum values of plastic length and plastic depth on the left and right sides of the footing decrease and increase, respectively. The maximum depth of the plastic region for beta >= 20 degrees from around the right side of the footing shifts toward the downward-sloping face. The maximum width of the elastic wedge gradually reduces, and the intersection point of the left and right plastic regions slowly shifts to the left and upside of the footing.", + "input": "Abstract: PurposeThis study aims to investigate mechanisms and boundary conditions of the impact of customer engagement strategies (CESs) on customer loyalty (CL) based on goal-framing and well-being theory.Design/methodology/approachThrough a three-stage, time-lagged research design, 246 valid samples were obtained. This study tested and validated the proposed framework using hierarchical regression analysis and a moderated mediation procedure.FindingsFirst, CESs have a significant positive impact on CL. Second, consumer well-being (CWB) partially mediates the CESs-CL relationship. Third, information processing style (IPS) moderates the impact of CESs on CWB, with a more pronounced effect observed under the affective processing style. Finally, IPS further moderates the indirect effect of CESs on CL, indicating that CESs enhance CL through increased CWB, particularly under the affective processing style.Originality/valueRevealing the pivotal role of CESs in enhancing CL at the corporate level helps bridge the gap between companies and customers, thereby facilitating the establishment of long-term cooperative relationships. Additionally, introducing the concept of CWB into the study of CL offers a novel perspective for understanding customer behavior.", "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This is an essay that explores the phenomenon of stripping dedicatory names-commemorative toponyms-from buildings, particularly on university campuses, but with the wider lens of thinking through renaming more generally. It comes out of my experience as a faculty member at U.C. Berkeley, where a number of buildings have been-or are in the process of being-renamed. The essay uses a building named after the eminent Anthropologist Alfred Kroeber-and recently unnamed, but not yet renamed-as the point of departure for exploring the various arguments for unnaming, as well as preserving names on buildings. Along the way, it investigates issues of what constitutes history or institutional memory, whether toponyms can be understood as free speech, and how institutions use unnaming to perform cultural work that is only peripherally about memory.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: BackgroundNeuroscientific approaches have historically triggered changes in the conception of creativity and artistic experience, which can be revealed by noting the intersection of these fields of study in terms of variables such as global trends, methodologies, objects of study, or application of new technologies; however, these neuroscientific approaches are still often considered as disciplines detached from the arts and humanities. In this light, the question arises as to what evidence the history of neurotechnologies provides at the intersection of creativity and aesthetic experience.MethodsWe conducted a century-long bibliometric analysis of key parameters in multidisciplinary studies published in the Scopus database. Screening techniques based on the PRISMA method and advanced data analysis techniques were applied to 3612 documents metadata from the years 1922 to 2022. We made graphical representations of the results applying algorithmic and clusterization processes to keywords and authors relationships.ResultsFrom the analyses, we found a) a shift from a personality-focus quantitative analysis to a field-focus qualitative approach, considering topics such as art, perception, aesthetics and beauty; b) The locus of interest in fMRI-supported neuroanatomy has been shifting toward EEG technologies and models based on machine learning and deep learning in recent years; c) four main clusters were identified in the study approaches: humanistic, creative, neuroaesthetic and medical; d) the neuroaesthetics cluster is the most central and relevant, mediating between creativity and neuroscience; e) neuroaesthetics and neuroethics are two of the neologism that better characterizes the challenges that this convergence of studies will have in the next years.ConclusionsThrough a longitudinal analysis, we evidenced the great influence that neuroscience is having on the thematic direction of the arts and humanities. The perspective presented shows how this field is being consolidated and helps to define it as a new opportunity of great potential for future researchers.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In Entities and Indices, M. J. Cresswell argued that a first-order modal language can reach the expressive power of natural-language modal discourse only if we give to the formal language a semantics with indices containing infinite possible worlds and we add to it an infinite collection of operators actually n \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\varvec{actually}}}_n$$\\end{document} and R e f n \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ Ref _n$$\\end{document} which store and retrieve worlds. In the fourth chapter of the book, Cresswell gave a proof that the resulting intensional language, which he called L & lowast; \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {L}}<^>*$$\\end{document} , is as expressive as an extensional variant of it, called L \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {L}}$$\\end{document} , which has full quantification over worlds. In both linguistics and philosophy, Cresswell's book has been viewed as offering a compelling argument for preferring extensional systems in the study of natural language. In this paper, after providing a model-theoretic definition of the relation being as expressive as that can be applied to Cresswell's languages L \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {L}}$$\\end{document} and L & lowast; \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {L}}<^>*$$\\end{document} , we show that the intensional language L & lowast; \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {L}}<^>*$$\\end{document} is not as expressive as the extensional language L \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {L}}$$\\end{document} . This result, we claim, undermines Cresswell's argument to the effect that English modal discourse has the power of explicit quantification over worlds.Additionally, we show that L & lowast; \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {L}}<^>*$$\\end{document} does become as expressive as L \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {L}}$$\\end{document} when we add Cresswell's operator of universal modality square \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\square $$\\end{document} to L & lowast; \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {L}}<^>*$$\\end{document} , which provides an extra amount of expressive power. Recently, I. Yanovich has advocated a view that is similar to ours in important respects. At the end of the paper we offer a short discussion of his formalism.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Currently, impacts of rapid cropland reclamation and its intense structural changes in internal paddy-upland on ecosystem service are insufficient in Sanjiang Plain, China. Further, land management systems of Sanjiang Plain consist of state-owned and private farms; however, exploring the impact of different land management systems on land use-landscape-ecosystem service is still lacking. To reveal this issue, the integrated methodology of land dynamic tracking-landscape index-improved ecosystem service assessment was established. Results are displayed below: From 1990 to 2020, land use was featured by decreases in forest (-3308.62 km2), grassland (-6030.86 km2), waters (-475.81 km2), and unused land (-3037.27 km2), with a slight increase in constructed land (+403.25 km2) and a rapid increase in cropland (+12,447.56 km2). Although nearly equal increments of cropland on state-owned and private farms (i.e., 6156.70 km2 vs. 6290.86 km2) were monitored, different cropland structure changes were still revealed, namely a drastic expansion of paddy fields (13,788.32 km2) and an acute decrease in upland crops (-7631.62 km2) on state-owned farms, but both a slight increments in paddy fields (5920.08 km2) and upland crops (370.78 km2) on private farms. For landscape, private farms were more fragmented (SHDI = +0.63%), causing a decrease in aggregation (AI = -0.56%) and a more complex shape (LSI = +23.3%), by contrast, state-owned farms displayed an increased integrity (SHDI = -9.88%), along with an increase in aggregation (AI = +0.43%) and simplified shape (LSI = -13.30%). Evaluated ecosystem service value changed from 338.62 to 296.25 billion yuan from 1990 to 2020, a loss rate of 12.58% in Sanjiang Plain. Then, a new finding showed a higher loss rate on state-owned than private farms (i.e., 30.15% vs. only 6.18%). This study revealed differentiated processes of land use-landscape-ecosystem service in different land management system regions in China, providing new findings in the fields of land management system, ecological landscape, and environment.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Individuals strive to maintain their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) by being exposed to correct information, having access to contraceptives, and promoting safe sex practices. Adolescent SRH promotion efforts should consider the influence of role models. This review explored the availability and nature of strategies and programmes on adolescents' SRH role modelling and described them using a scoping review.METHODS: Studies were retrieved from four databases and grey literature through a search of 223 studies. The databases included EBSCO-host, Medline, Sabinet, and Pubmed. Data extraction was guided by a data-extraction tool adapted from the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. The characteristics of the selected studies were recorded in a Microsoft spreadsheet. Eleven studies published between 2014 and 2022 were included for the final review and analysed using thematic analysis.RESULTS: Selected articles focused on adolescents' SRH; however, only two studies focused particularly on role modelling. Nonetheless, some aspects of the findings and recommendations presented could be extrapolated to adolescents' SRH role modelling. This includes adolescent-parent communication on SRH, community engagement, mentoring, positive role modelling, and information sharing through media campaigns.CONCLUSION: There is a lack of literature on SRH role modelling because most studies did not focus on role modelling as an aspect of SRH. Therefore, research needs to be conducted on strategies and programmes focusing on SRH modelling.Contribution:The findings of this scoping review may encourage the development and implementation of strategies and programmes targeting adolescents' SRH throughout diverse communities to promote adolescent SRH.", + "input": "Abstract: Among patients with cancer, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent comorbid condition. With an aging population and an increase in the prevalence of cancer and DM, the number of cancer patients with DM will rise. To date, studies have largely focused on understanding the context of cancer and DM co-management from the perspectives of oncology and primary care providers. To better understand the potential barriers to optimal cancer and DM co-management, we conducted 17 semi-structured interviews with DM patients receiving cancer care at New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center outpatient oncology clinics in New York, NY. In total, 53% patients were female, 35% were non-White, and the mean age was 64.75 (SD 11.10) years. We qualitatively analyzed our data and identified the following nine themes: (1) patients develop DM during or after cancer treatment; (2) patients do not know about the possible interactions between DM and cancer treatment; (3) cancer care is prioritized over DM management; (4) severity of DM symptoms drive patients' DM self-management during cancer care; (5) impact of cancer treatment on quality of life; (6) demands from cancer care make DM management more difficult; (7) patients want individualized treatment plans that integrate DM and cancer co-management; (8) need for greater patient activation; (9) lack of patient-centered educational resources on DM management during cancer care. Owing to these results, our findings highlight the need to increase patient engagement by developing and disseminating patient-centered educational resources on cancer and DM to improve self-management practices and patient outcomes.", "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper follows a detection-theoretic approach for using synthetic-aperture measurements, made at multiple moving passive receivers, in order to form an image showing the locations of stationary sources that are radiating unknown electromagnetic or acoustic waves. The paper starts with a physics-based model for the propagating fields, and, following the general approach of McWhorter et al (2023 arXiv:2302.06816, IEEE Open J. Signal Process. 4 437-51), derives a detection statistic that is used for the image formation. This detection statistic is a quadratic function of the data. Each point in the scene is tested as a possible hypothesized location for a source, and the detection statistic is plotted as a function of location. Because this image formation process is nonlinear, the standard linear methods for determining resolution cannot be applied. This paper shows how to analyze the detection image by first writing the noiseless image as a coherent sum of shifted complex ambiguity functions of the source waveform. The paper then develops a technique for calculating image resolution; resolution is found to depend on the sensor-source geometry and also on the properties (bandwidth and temporal duration) of the source waveform. Optimal filtering of the image is given, but a simple example suggests that optimal filtering may have little effect. Analysis is also given for the case in which multiple sources are present.", + "input": "Abstract: This paper examines the ethical and legal challenges encountered during the GATEKEEPER Project and how these challenges informed the development of a comprehensive framework for future Large-Scale Pilot (LSP) projects. GATEKEEPER is a LSP Project with 48 partners conducting 30 implementation studies across Europe with 50,000 target participants grouped into 9 Reference Use Cases. The project underscored the complexity of obtaining ethical approval across various jurisdictions with divergent regulations and procedures. Through a detailed analysis of the issues faced and the strategies employed to navigate these challenges, this study proposes an ethical and legal framework. This framework, derived from a comparative analysis of ethical application forms and regulations, aims to streamline the ethical approval process for future LSP research projects. By addressing the hurdles encountered in GATEKEEPER, the proposed framework offers a roadmap for more efficient and effective project management, ensuring smoother implementation of similar projects in the future.", "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Plastic advertising banners (PABs) have been widely used for advertising and publicizing with large usage amount. The PABs are usually added with plenty of chemical additives for improving material performance, and the additives can be released during the lifetime of the PABs. However, limited knowledge is available on the composition and release of the additives in the PABs. In this study, benzenoids were found as the dominant additive categories in PABs. Release kinetics of benzenoid additives with high detection frequency and high abundance from the PABs under indoor and outdoor environments were investigated. During the 150-day release experiment, average release rates of the additives from the PABs under outdoor and indoor environments were 8.3*10-10kg/m2\u00b7s and 6.3*10-10kg/m2\u00b7s, respectively. The release rates of the additives were negatively related to the thickness of the PAB samples. Health risk assessment indicated that chemicals associated with PABs have potential carcinogenic risks to salesmen in the shopping malls. The risks of chemical exposure associated with PABs to consumers in the shopping malls were acceptable. This study unveils a considerable source of chemical exposure to humans.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: This study aims to move away from the cross-sectional approach related to burnout and conduct a longitudinal study to explore the factors influencing learning burnout among management students. The study primarily adopts a questionnaire survey, with students majoring in business management. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM) are used to analyze the data and validate the hypotheses. The findings are: (1) There is a significant negative relationship between English anxiety and self-efficacy and a significant positive relationship between past English learning performance and self-efficacy. (2) The changes in self-efficacy are negatively related to the changes in burnout, while the changes in workload are positively related to the changes in burnout. Additionally, there is a positive relationship between English anxiety and learning burnout. (3) There is a significant negative relationship between English learning performance and burnout. The direct impact of self-efficacy on English learning performance is not supported, but it has an indirect effect through the mediating role of burnout. The study proposes strategies to improve student outcomes and well-being: (1) making English courses more engaging to boost performance and confidence, reducing learning burnout; (2) encouraging and supporting students to enhance self-efficacy and motivation; (3) assigning tasks seen as useful and interesting to lessen perceived workload and emotional exhaustion; (4) and considering English anxiety in admissions to decrease learning burnout, especially as schools gain more autonomy in their policies.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We performed magnetic and GPR measurements to image the buried ruins of the Middle Age abbey San Pietro in Crapolla, on the Sorrento-Amalfi Coast (Massa Lubrense, Southern Italy). The site represents an important religious location, which is nowadays partially buried along the cliff. An integrated study was necessary to map the buried structures and address the archaeological excavation. For this reason, we carried out the surveys on two main grids in order to reconstruct the structures of the abbey and of its related church. The magnetic data were filtered through the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and then transformed to total gradient maps. The obtained maps were interpreted with depth from extreme points (DEXP) imaging method to assess the horizontal and depth positions of the top. The GPR data were processed and time-depth converted. Results from the integrated interpretation of these data suggest the possible presence of different vaulted rooms and an elongated structure at 0.3-m depth from ground surface. This latter is interpretable in terms of perimetral and internal walls of the abbey and its church. These outcomes were crucial to successfully address archaeological excavations, which targeted one of the modelled areas and unearthed a wall at the predicted depths.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Objectives: Global health challenges are complex and new approaches are pivotal. Engagement in arts and cultural activities is commonplace across different cultures, and research shows associations with benefits for health and wellbeing. Using the arts for health promotion and prevention of illness has increased worldwide. Study design: A population-based study. Methods: Data were obtained from the Danish Health and Wellbeing Survey in 2019. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 14,000 randomly selected adults (aged >= 15 years). The questionnaire included items on self-rated health and frequency of participation in various cultural activities (concerts or musical events; participation in a choir, band, or orchestra; theatre show or other performing arts; cinema; art museum or exhibition; library). A cultural participation index was calculated based on the six questions on cultural activities. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the associations between the index and good self-rated health, adjusting for relevant covariates. Results: In total, 6629 individuals completed the questionnaire (47.4%). The most frequent activity, used at least once a month, was visiting a library. A strong association between the cultural participation index and self-reported health was observed. A one-point-higher index score was associated with a 10% higher likelihood of having good self-reported health (adjusted odds ratio: 1.10; 95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.12). Conclusions: This study supports the understanding that engagement in arts and cultural activities is beneficial for self-rated good health. Individuals with higher frequency of arts and culture engagement were more likely to report good health than those with lower engagement. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Three dimensional (3D) virtual models for neurosurgery have demonstrated substantial clinical utility, especially for neuro-oncological cases. Computer-aided design (CAD) modelling of radiological images can provide realistic and high-quality 3D models which neurosurgeons may use pre-operatively for surgical planning. 3D virtual models are useful as they are the basis for other models that build off this design. 3D virtual models are quick to segment but can also be easily added to normal neurosurgical and radiological workflow without disruption. Three anatomically complex neuro-oncology cases that were referred from a single institution by three different neurosurgeons were segmented and 3D virtual models were created for pre-operative surgical planning. A face-to-face interview was performed with the surgeons after the models were delivered to gauge the usefulness of the model in pre-surgical planning. All three neurosurgeons found that the 3D virtual model was useful for presurgical planning. Specifically, the virtual model helped in planning operative positioning, understanding spatial relationship between lesion and surrounding critical anatomy and identifying anatomy that will be encountered intra-operatively in a sequential manner. It provided benefit in Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings and patient education for shared decision making.3D virtual models are beneficial for pre-surgical planning and patient education for shared decision making for neurosurgical neuro-oncology cases. We believe this could be further expanded to other surgical specialties. The integration of 3D virtual models into normal workflow as the initial step will provide an easier transition into modalities that build off the virtual models such as printed, virtual, augmented and mixed reality models.", - "output": "Communication", + "input": "Abstract: This large cross-national study investigates the development of transversal skills in the context of open schooling-an educational approach integrating schools, universities, and communities to address real-world challenges-through the CARE-KNOW-DO framework. Utilising a mixed-methods approach across five countries, this research employs a novel validated self-report instrument to evaluate the perceptions of 12,074 underserved students concerning their learning experiences in open schooling environments. An exploratory factor analysis enabled us to explore quantitative insight into students' skill development, while thematic analysis of 20 teachers' reports contributed qualitative depth. The study identified six critical transversal skills: self-initiative, problem-solving, emotional engagement, scientific citizenship, authentic learning, and future prospects. Significant geographic, gender, and age-related variations were found, with notable disparities in skill perceptions among nonbinary students, indicating the need for more inclusive educational support. All countries showed high levels of perceived transversal skills, with 83% of Greek and 80% of Brazilian students leading, compared to 64% in Romania and the UK, and 62% in Spain. Trends suggest secondary students exhibit stronger global citizenship and authentic learning, although they report less confidence in problem-solving and self-initiative than their primary counterparts. These findings, viewed alongside 12 teaching competencies revealed through thematic analysis, underscore the effectiveness of open schooling, which is underexplored, in fostering key skills and call for pedagogical innovations that integrate real-life issues into the curriculum. The study contributes to Agenda 2030-quality of education by demonstrating the real-world applicability of the CARE-KNOW-DO framework for educational practice and policy towards equity and sustainability. Our comparative analysis of transversal skill development across diverse student populations, as well as teaching competencies, further advances the discourse on improving 21st-century education.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Paleoethnobotanical remains from basketry and cordage from the Paisley Caves offer an opportunity to explore how people engaged with plant communities over time. Fiber identification of textiles, together with radiocarbon dating, contributes new information about landscape use within the Summer Lake Basin. Expanded marshlands during the terminal Pleistocene / Early Holocene created suitable plant communities ideal for fiber technology, specifically wetland monocots and herbaceous dicots-including dogbane and stinging nettle-by 11,000 years ago. This technology is key to subsistence activities and craft production throughout the Holocene. Despite climatic events during the Middle Holocene, in which people transitioned from caves to sites centered on lakeshores and wetlands, the suite of fiber plants and their technological application remains constant. During the Late Holocene, bast fiber material diversified with the addition of flax and milkweed. The presence of flax in particular, a high-elevation plant, may reflect the increased use of upland root collection areas as populations increased. This research provides long-term data on culturally significant native plants used in the manufacture of fiber-based textiles over the last 14,000 years.Restos paleoetnobotanicas de cesteria y cordaje de las Cuevas Paisley ofrecen una oportunidad a explorar como la gente interactuaron con comunidades vegetales con el tiempo. Identificacion de fibras textiles, junto con datacion por radiocarbono, contribuye nueva informacion sobre el uso del paisaje dentro de la Cuenca del Lago de Verano. Pantanos expandidos durante el Tarde Pleistoceno / Temprano Holoceno crearon comunidades vegetales adecuadas ideales para tecnologia de fibra, especificamente monocotiledoneas de humedales y dicotiledoneas herbaceas incluyendo dogbane y ortiga hace 12.000 cal aP Esta tecnologia es clave para las actividades de subsistencia y la produccion artesanal durante todo el Holoceno. A pesar de los acontecimientos climaticos durante el Holoceno Medio, en los que la gente hizo la transicion de cuevas a sitios centrados alrededor de lagos y humedales, el conjunto de plantas de fibra y su aplicacion tecnologica se mantienen constantes. Durante el Holoceno Tardio, el material de fibra de liber se diversifico con la adicion de lino y algodoncillo. La presencia de lino en particular, una planta de gran altitud, puede reflejar el aumento del uso de las zonas de recoleccion de raices de las tierras altas a medida que aumentaban las poblaciones. Esta investigacion proporciona datos a largo plazo sobre plantas nativas culturalmente significativas utilizadas en la fabricacion de textiles a base de fibra durante los ultimos 14.000 anos.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with Men (MSM) are known to contribute to increased HIV prevalence as an integral part of key populations with high vulnerability to HIV/AIDS due to their sexual behaviours. Mozambique conducted two rounds of bio-behavioral surveys (BBS) in this population with the main objective of estimating HIV prevalence and associated risk behaviors among MSM in Mozambique. The present study aims to estimate the trend of HIV prevalence and determine the correlations of HIV infection among MSM.METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from secondary data from the first and second rounds of BBS in Mozambique conducted in 2011 and 2020-2021 respectively. Each round used a similar methodology which allowed for comparison between the two surveys. Chi-square test and logistic regression was used to compare the HIV prevalence between the BBS rounds, identify factors associated with HIV, and assess changes in HIV prevalence across selected risk factors.RESULTS: There was a significant increase in HIV prevalence among MSM (7.1-14.9%), living in Maputo (9.3-14.7%), uncircumcised (11.7-25.1%), and those who reported two sexual partners in the last year (5.2-14.4%). In contrast, there was a decrease in prevalence among adult MSM aged between 25 and 29 years (24.7-13.9%), aged 30 years or older (45.7-27.7%), married (29.1-16.8%), with higher education (16.7-5.9%) and moderate perception of HIV risk (10.9-3.4%). Multivariable analysis showed that factors such as age, marital status, religion, sexual identity, circumcision, and the use of lubrication during anal sex are significantly associated with the risk of HIV infection.CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the continuing need for HIV prevention and education efforts. The rise in prevalence among specific population segments and the sustained presence of risk factors emphasize the requirement for holistic strategies tailored to the unique requirements of each subgroup. Understanding trends and risk factors is crucial to guiding public health policies and designing efficacious prevention programs that aim to curtail HIV transmission while enhancing the well-being of those impacted by the condition.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lockdowns have been implemented to limit the number of hospitalisations and deaths during the first wave of 2019 coronavirus disease. These measures may have affected differently death characteristics, such age and sex. France was one of the hardest hit countries in Europe with a decreasing east-west gradient in excess mortality. This study aimed at describing the evolution of age at death quantiles during the lockdown in spring 2020 (17 March-11 May 2020) in the French metropolitan regions focusing on 3 representatives of the epidemic variations in the country: Bretagne, Ile-de-France (IDF) and Bourgogne-Franche-Comte (BFC).METHODS: Data were extracted from the French public mortality database from 1 January 2011 to 31 August 2020. The age distribution of mortality observed during the lockdown period (based on each decile, plus quantiles 1, 5, 95 and 99) was compared with the expected one using Bayesian non-parametric quantile regression.RESULTS: During the lockdown, 5457, 5917 and 22346 deaths were reported in Bretagne, BFC and IDF, respectively. An excess mortality from+3% in Bretagne to+102% in IDF was observed during lockdown compared to the 3 previous years. Lockdown led to an important increase in the first quantiles of age at death, irrespective of the region, while the increase was more gradual for older age groups. It corresponded to fewer young people, mainly males, dying during the lockdown, with an increase in the age at death in the first quantile of about 7years across regions. In females, a less significant shift in the first quantiles and a greater heterogeneity between regions were shown. A greater shift was observed in eastern region and IDF, which may also represent excess mortality among the elderly.CONCLUSIONS: This study focused on the innovative outcome of the age distribution at death. It shows the first quantiles of age at death increased differentially according to sex during the lockdown period, overall shift seems to depend on prior epidemic intensity before lockdown and complements studies on excess mortality during lockdowns.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: This article explores how the conventions and culture of beauty vlogging elucidate Asian Australian identity and politics. Drawing on a qualitative analysis of Asian Australian beauty vlogger Tina Yong's vlogs, I explore how national, ethnic, and racial identities are negotiated through platform logics, commercial imperatives, and community participation. Yong's vlogs offer tangible ways to narrate the mundane, everyday experiences of Asian Australian identity that are underrepresented in mainstream Australian media. At the same time, Yong's self-representation is made legible through her engagements with the commercialized beauty vlogosphere and her transnational audience, which tend to reduce the potential for illuminating hybrid and culturally specific Asian Australian experiences, communities, and politics. While Yong's vlogs generate productive dialogue on race/ethnicity and race-based affinity communities, platform and commercial logics hinder her representational capacity as an Asian Australian subject who is doubly marginalized within the global beauty vlogosphere.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Shadow detection is a basic task of remote sensing image analysis, but it is often seriously disturbed by vegetation, water bodies, and black objects. It is observed that vegetation and dark objects often show a dark look in visible bands but brighter in the near-infrared (NIR), and is also noticed that the reflection of inland water bodies in the green band is stronger than that in the blue band. Taking advantage of these physical properties and combining them with the bluish and dark appearance of shadows, we propose a simple but effective shadow detection method for multispectral remote sensing images. These physical properties are used to create transformation models that suppress features such as vegetation, water bodies, etc., but at the same time enhance shadows. Then, we transform the shadow representation into a color space to generate candidate shadows using dominant color components. To separate shadows from the others, we propose two indexes, the normalized Color Difference Composite Index (CDCI) and Color Purity Index (CPI), and fuse them to achieve shadows and their confidence. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can effectively detect the shadows in multispectral images and outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: The past several years have seen increased scholarly attention to the concept of 'extraction' and 'extractivism' as critical frameworks in the humanities and social sciences. These are not only concepts and processes through which to understand material extraction but also expanded formations of extraction as requiring an assemblage of interlocking activities united under an umbrella of exploitative, material economic practices. This article demonstrates that digital data infrastructures, especially data centres, are acting as tools in which to manage the compounding contradictions of paired 'green,' digital growth in constrained electricity systems like Ireland. Building on theories of 'green extractivism' in the digital sphere and drawing upon fieldwork and policy analysis in data centre industry settings, this article argues that in the form of interconnected climate and digital infrastructures, tech capital is shoring up its role in green transformations, including in the grid systems that will need to adapt away from fossil fuel supply to intermittent energy sources and increasing demand from data centres. In this way, data centres are becoming technologies of green extractivism for overlapping projects of digital grid transformations and climate-friendly capitalism.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: When making decisions on behalf of someone, is asking what they would have wanted a good way to respect their autonomy? Against prevalent assumptions, I argue that in decisions about the care and treatment of those with advanced dementia, the notion of 'what one would have wanted' is conceptually, epistemically, and practically problematic. The problem stems from the disparity between the first-person subjectivity of the past person and that of the present person. The transformative nature of dementia renders the very meaning of 'what the patient would have wanted' problematic. When applied to those with advanced dementia, the subjunctive notion is either (i) incoherent, (ii) fundamentally indeterminate, or (iii) normatively irrelevant.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: This essay analyses the implementation of a work-based learning policy in upper secondary schools in Italy. The policy aims to improve student orientation and enhance their soft skills. Based on two ethnographic research studies in Italy, this essay utilises Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical framework, particularly the 'field' concept, to examine how this policy has been implemented in different tracks of the Italian school system in a peripheral region. The policy has challenged the autonomy of the scholastic field, primarily advocated by teachers and students in the dominant pole, represented by the classical and scientific lyceums. The policy has been translated into a series of projects in museums, libraries and third-sector associations in this field segment. These initiatives reinforce students' citizenship values while highlighting their detachment from manual work. In the dominated pole of the field, represented by vocational schools primarily located in the suburbs of large cities and rural areas, the policy has been well received as it aligns with the expectations of teachers and students. However, due to the prevalence of small family companies, planning truly formative work-based learning experiences becomes challenging. Consequently, this leads to an early, albeit tense, socialisation of students within the hierarchical order of small companies.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of neurocognitive disorder among people living with HIV/AIDS in South Gondar primary hospitals, North-West Ethiopia, 2023.DESIGN: Institution-based cross-sectional study design.SETTING: South Gondar primary hospitals, North-West Ethiopia.PARTICIPANTS: 608 participants were recruited using the systematic random sampling technique.MEASUREMENT: Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and medical chart reviews. The International HIV Dementia Scale was used to screen for neurocognitive disorder. The data were entered through EPI-DATA V.4.6 and exported to SPSS V.21 statistical software for analysis. In the bivariable logistic regression analyses, variables with a value of p<0.25 were entered into a multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors independently associated with neurocognitive disorder. Statistical significance was declared at a value of p<0.05.RESULTS: The prevalence of neurocognitive disorder among HIV-positive participants was 39.1%. In multivariable logistic regression, lower level of education (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.94; 95% CI 1.29 to 6.82), unemployment (AOR=2.74; 95% CI 1.29 to 6.84) and comorbid medical illness (AOR=1.80; 95% CI 1.03 to 3.14) were significantly associated with neurocognitive disorder.CONCLUSION: HIV-associated neurocognitive problems affected over a third of the participants. According to the current study, comorbid medical conditions, unemployment and low educational attainment are associated with an increased risk of neurocognitive disorder. Therefore, early detection and treatment are essential.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has had significant impacts on the connectivity and performance of container ports in Southeast Asia. The application of social network analysis (SNA) in conjunction with key indicators, such as container throughput, total capacity of ships, number of ship calls, and berth duration, provides a comprehensive understanding of the development of the regional port system. While major ports in the region, namely Singapore, Port Kelang, Manila, and Laem Chabang, have exhibited signs of recovery owing to the expeditious and timely implementation of targeted policies to mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic, smaller ports in the region, such as Bangkok, Penang, Tanjung Priok, and Tanjung Perak, are grappling with enduring repercussions and encountering challenges in resilience. These challenges stem from inadequate infrastructure, limited accommodation capacity, low loading/unloading productivity, and other significant risk events associated with the pandemic, all of which have weakened their competitiveness. In contrast, ports in Vietnam, including Cai Mep, Hai Phong, and Ho Chi Minh, as well as Malaysia's Tanjung Pelepas, have demonstrated that they are less impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This can be attributed to the sustained growth of their respective economies and the continued surge in domestic production to meet the unabated demand for exports. Based on these findings, several policy recommendations can be suggested for port authorities to effectively manage and mitigate the impact of risky events, such as pandemics, in the future while also enhancing the competitiveness of ports.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Creating environmentally sustainable healthcare culture within the dental field requires embedding the content in the dental curriculum at the undergraduate level. This study aimed to explore the current awareness and drivers among dental students and educators regarding environmentally sustainable dentistry (ESD) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and identify barriers and enablers to embrace it.METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using online questionnaires was carried out in six undergraduate dental education institutes within the UAE. Data analysis included descriptive statistics.RESULTS: In total 153 students and 53 educators participated in the survey. Most students and educators were not aware of any ESD content in their curricula. However, the majority of educators were familiar with the concept of ESD, while students were mostly unfamiliar or slightly familiar. Nonetheless, students largely agreed on its importance and their interest in learning it, as they viewed it relevant to their future practice. Educators agreed that the dental profession has a responsibility to be environmentally friendly and expressed their desire in introducing ESD content into the curricula. Several barriers were reported such as lack of knowledge, curricula space, educational resources, and time. Meanwhile, enablers included providing ESD capacity building, training and resources.CONCLUSIONS: There was no explicit presence of ESD content in the dental curricula in the UAE. Despite the lack of adequate awareness on this topic among educators and more so among students, they both had positive views towards incorporating ESD into dental curricula. Overall, this study highlighted the importance of promoting ESD in dental programs.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: ESD is gradually becoming a critical aspect of modern oral healthcare system. It has been mandated in the dental curricula in several regions globally. Embedding ESD in the UAE dental curricula would have several benefits for the environment as well as the future of the dental profession in the region. The clinical significance includes, but not limited to, improved treatment outcomes; patients, students and staff health and well-being; reduced health risks, and cost savings.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: So far, most ethical consumerism research has been contained within Western countries, thus limiting our understanding of the concept in emerging markets. Given the call for extending empirical-based knowledge for a better understanding of peculiarities, dynamics and country-level variations (i.e. social, cultural) in the context of ethical consumerism in emerging markets, this research cross-examines the interactive nature of individual- and country-level predictors of ethical consumerism in emerging and developed markets, employing a multilevel approach. At the individual level, we posit that ethical consumerism is motivated by social and cultural capital. In contrast, at the contextual level, we choose country-level affluence as an influential factor that might impact the relationship between socio-cultural capital and ethical consumerism. The study uses the International Social Survey Programme's (ISSP) 2014 citizenship module data set (including 34 countries) for investigating individual-level predictors (of social and cultural capital). The GDP per capita data from the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) Economic Outlook database was used to examine the cross-level interactions between individual-level predictors and country-level affluence. The findings suggest that social and cultural capitals positively influence ethical consumerism in emerging and developed markets. Further, country-level affluence moderates the relationship between socio-cultural capital and ethical consumerism for both markets. However, cultural capital proved to be a stronger predictor of ethical consumerism as country-level affluence increases. The research findings highlight meaningful cross-country-level interactions that help further understand the basis of ethical consumerism from a global perspective.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This dialogic piece highlights how whiteness shapes the social ecology of different spaces and how positions change depending on space or the people in that space. Employing a methodology rooted in spatial experiences via participant observation and reflective dialogue about those experiences, we suggest that the complexities of whiteness, of masculinities, and of identities mean that there are fissures and moments that create the potential for disruption and for breaking apart hegemonic whiteness and masculinity. We discuss strategic resistance in white spaces, the racial spiral of whiteness, being subject to the white gaze of suspicion, strategic collaborative manipulation of whiteness, coalitionary whiteness, touristic whiteness, and white (mis)staking/(mis)taking.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: The warrior stelae, also called southwestern stelae or western stelae, emerge as one of the most characteristic manifestations of the Bronze Age in Iberia. Since the earliest findings more than a century ago, these monoliths have received great attention from scholars, becoming the subject of an intense debate, without a consensus having been reached on their meaning and sense. A slow but steady trickle of new findings, as well as the implementation of new approaches to their study, has only enriched these discussions in recent years. One of the most successful lines has been the spatial analysis focused on the relationship of these monuments with routes, transit areas, and resources of great value. It is within this line that this article explores the potential relationship that the stelae may have had with a critical mineral resource: the tin ores distributed in western Iberia, which is the highest concentration of this mineral in Europe. To do this, a detailed spatial analysis has been conducted in order to explore if the uneven density of these monuments across western Iberia may be linked with the presence of tin ores or, alternatively, with the control of the routes that allowed the circulation of this mineral by land.", + "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Stratigraphic data form the backbone of archaeological records from excavated sites and are essential for the integrated analysis and wider interpretation of artefacts and sites. Accessible archiving of this data is therefore vital for understanding and revisiting such interpretations. Here, the authors highlight the need for more consistent digital records of stratigraphic and associated temporal relationships derived during post-excavation analysis phasing activities. They argue for the distillation of best practice in post-excavation procedures and the application of consistent and persistent terminology to make this fundamental archaeological data sustainably FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) and 'Open' across present-day geopolitical and spatiotemporal boundaries.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Some scholars have criticized pretrial assessments for perpetuating racial bias in the criminal legal system by offering biased predictions of future legal system outcomes. Although these critiques have some empirical support, the scholarship has yet to examine the predictive validity and differential prediction of pretrial assessments across individuals by their age. Following the guidance of the life-course literature, the present study serves as the first age-graded evaluation of the Public Safety Assessment (PSA) focused on assessing whether the predictive validity and scoring predictions of the tool vary across the lifespan.HYPOTHESES: We expected that the predictive validity of the PSA scores would vary across the lifespan, such that the PSA underpredicts for younger individuals and overpredicts for older individuals.METHOD: The present study relied on pretrial information collected from 31,527 individuals during the Advancing Pretrial Policy and Research project. Logistic regression models were estimated to evaluate the differential prediction of the PSA for individuals ranging from 18 to 68 years of age. The results of bivariate models were used to produce area under the curve estimates at each year of age.RESULTS: The results of the present study provided some evidence that the PSA differentially predicted pretrial outcomes for individuals from 18 to 68 years of age. Specifically, the predictive validity of the New Criminal Arrest and the New Violent Criminal Arrest scales appears to improve as individuals become older, suggesting that these instruments are better able to predict pretrial outcomes for older individuals relative to younger individuals.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the PSA is a valid predictor of pretrial outcomes and that the predictive validity of some PSA scores is impacted by age. These findings suggest that the age of the defendant should be accounted for when interpreting the new criminal arrest and new violent criminal arrest scores. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) exhibits a heightened incidence in regions with a high prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection, with previous studies suggesting an association with diabetes mellitus (DM). Our study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of CCA in relation to O. viverrini infection and DM within high-risk populations in Northeast Thailand. Participants from 20 provinces underwent CCA screening through the Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program between 2013 and 2019. Health questionnaires collected data on O. viverrini infection and DM, while ultrasonography confirmed CCA diagnoses through histopathology. Multiple zero-inflated Poisson regression, accounting for covariates like age and gender, assessed associations of O. viverrini infection and DM with CCA. Bayesian spatial analysis methods explored spatial relationships. Among 263,588 participants, O. viverrini infection, DM, and CCA prevalence were 32.37%, 8.22%, and 0.36%, respectively. The raw standardized morbidity ratios for CCA was notably elevated in the Northeast's lower and upper regions. Coexistence of O. viverrini infection and DM correlated with CCA, particularly in males and those aged over 60years, with a distribution along the Chi, Mun, and Songkhram Rivers. Our findings emphasize the association of the spatial distribution of O. viverrini infection and DM with high-risk CCA areas in Northeast Thailand. Thus, prioritizing CCA screening in regions with elevated O. viverrini infection and DM prevalence is recommended.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Given the surge in xenophobia faced by Chinese communities during the pandemic, there is a pressing need to delve into the concealed ideologies within public discourse that fuel discrimination. Against this backdrop, this study employs Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics to scrutinise the discursive construction and communication of China's image in Australian print media during the early outbreak of COVID-19. The analysis uncovered recurrent negative depictions of the Chinese government, associating it with authoritarianism and responsibility for the pandemic. In the context of blame attribution and racialisation of COVID-19 terms, a counter-narrative was observed in Australian newspapers, reflecting journalistic efforts to present a balanced perception of China and to challenge the prevailing racialisation and discrimination. Furthermore, the study revealed Australian media's focus on economic consequences over human losses during the early outbreak of this pandemic. That underscores China's role as Australia's indispensable economic partner. This research contends that the depiction of China in Australian news discourses during the COVID-19 pandemic is intertwined with historical tensions, bilateral relations, and journalistic efforts to counter prevailing biases.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is considered to be a causal risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), but whether there is an independent or joint association of Lp(a) and atherosclerotic plaque with ASCVD risk remains uncertain. This study aims to assess ASCVD risk independently or jointly conferred by Lp(a) and carotid atherosclerotic plaque.METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 5471 participants with no history of cardiovascular disease at baseline were recruited and followed up for ASCVD events (all fatal and nonfatal acute coronary and ischemic stroke events) over a median of 11.5years. Independent association of Lp(a), or the joint association of Lp(a) and carotid plaque with ASCVD risk, was explored using Cox proportional hazards models. Overall, 7.6% of the participants (60.0\u00b17.9years of age; 2649 [48.4%] men) had Lp(a) \u226550mg/dL, and 539 (8.4/1000 person-years) incident ASCVD events occurred. Lp(a) concentrations were independently associated with long-term risk of total ASCVD events, as well as coronary events and ischemic stroke events. Participants with Lp(a) \u226550mg/dL had a 62% higher risk of ASCVD incidence (95% CI, 1.19-2.21) than those with Lp(a) <10mg/dL, and they exhibited a 10-year ASCVD incidence of 11.7%. This association exists even after adjusting for prevalent plaque. Moreover, participants with Lp(a) \u226530mg/dL and prevalent plaque had a significant 4.18 times higher ASCVD risk than those with Lp(a) <30mg/dL and no plaque.CONCLUSIONS: Higher Lp(a) concentrations are independently associated with long-term ASCVD risk and may exaggerate cardiovascular risk when concomitant with atherosclerotic plaque.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: Doro-e refers to a genre of Japanese folk paintings: it is a group of works, likely to be produced from the mid-eighteenth to the nineteenth century, that emerged during a time when some of the techniques of European paintings, such as vanishing point, perspective, and mirror image were being incorporated into traditional Japanese paintings. Indeed, doro-e paintings played an important role in familiarising the Japanese public with these new techniques. However, the process of painting doro-e including materials and painting techniques used has not been interpreted, and the definition of doro-e remains elusive. This article begins by exploring Kamigata doro-e, particularly megane-e (vue d'optique), which was painted in the initial period of doro-e works. Materials analysis indicates the use of smalt, which is not often found in traditional Japanese paintings. Indigo was also used to depict landscapes, indicating that traditional blue dye was still the preferred colour for European-influenced paintings during the Edo period (1603-1868). This study also discusses the application of gold-coloured outlines identified as brass. A diversity of colourants and techniques was used in doro-e, a fact that is not reflected in the current definition regarding doro-e, and is discussed in this article.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study examines how the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the subsequent Western responses influence Chinese public opinion on the use of force. Using two original, preregistered online survey experiments, first in June 2022 and then in June 2023, we show that the Russian invasion is associated with a modest but statistically significant increase in Chinese support for using military force in international affairs in general and against Taiwan in particular. However, information on Western military measures aiding Ukraine curbs the modest impact of the invasion. Such information is especially effective in reducing support for an outright military invasion of Taiwan. Causal mediation analyses reveal that the Russian invasion influences public opinion by inducing optimism regarding military success and pessimism regarding peaceful resolution of the conflict. These findings suggest that foreign military aggression and subsequent international countermeasures can sway domestic public opinion on using military force.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Spelling difficulties are commonly associated primarily with spelling errors. However, it is not uncommon for spelling challenges to transform the whole writing process into a formidable struggle. This paper delves into the exploration of whether and to what extent analyses of children's writing processes can enhance our understanding of their difficulties, potentially contributing to the assessment of spelling challenges. We focused particularly on the degree of hesitation within words and the ability to detect and correct spelling errors among children with and without reading and spelling difficulties, as well as how these processes impact the quality and lexical diversity of their texts. Additionally, we sought to contribute to disentangling the influence of spelling and decoding abilities on these processes. A cohort of 47 children, aged 10-13, participated in the study, comprising 16 typically developing children, 16 with predominantly spelling difficulties, and 15 with both reading and spelling difficulties. Our analysis encompassed their spelling performance in both standardized tests and task-oriented writing samples, as well as an examination of their pausing and revision behaviour. As expected, we found robust correlations between the children's spelling test scores and the proportions of spelling errors in their texts. Furthermore, our findings indicated that children encountering spelling difficulties exhibited a reduced ability to detect and correct errors compared to their peers without such challenges. Additionally, they displayed a slightly higher tendency to experience word-internal interruptions, aligning with prior research. The children who also had reading difficulties produced fewer words and processed words more slowly compared to children in both the other groups. Intriguingly, process data did not reliably predict text characteristics, suggesting that dysfluent writing may not significantly detriment the overall quality of the text, contrary to our initial expectations based on prevailing writing development models. Nevertheless, the study revealed considerable individual variation, with some participants demonstrating a high degree of struggling and dysfluency, resulting in poorer text outcomes, but also others whose struggling processes led to better outcomes. We posit that the crucial aspect lies in identifying these individuals within a classroom context and gaining insights into their processes to provide them with appropriate, formative feedback and adequate writing tools to facilitate their writing.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The Loess Plateau is one of the most severely eroded areas in the world. The complexity of the multiple challenges facing the Loess Plateau entails the support of scientific and systematic innovations in land use. Based on technological innovation cluster (TIC) theory, this paper develops a self-circulation structure model for the TIC to analyze the hierarchical structure of the land-use innovations in the Loess Plateau. Then, employing the selfcirculation structure model and taking the Gully Land Consolidation Project (GLCP) as a case study, this paper proposes one TIC-driven sustainable land use mode (TSLUM). A TIC has been developed among innovations in the TSLUM. The structure of TSLUM consists of three types of innovations: basic, related, and infrastructure innovations. Basic innovations are generally radical innovations that breed related, and infrastructure innovations. Diffusion-based and reversal-based mechanisms govern the evolution of the TSLUM. These two clustering mechanisms integrate with each other and jointly promote the development of the TSLUM in a self-circulation way. Furthermore, the TSLUM exhibits multiple functions, such as optimizing gully-slope interaction mechanism, providing continuous driving forces, consolidating the achievements of the Grain for Green Project, bolstering rural livelihoods, and fostering some feasible ways for food security. The results obtained will be useful for advancing sustainable land use and regional sustainable development in the Loess Plateau via TICs effectively and systematically.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: The scientific tradition in marketing research has alienated marketing practitioners from academics. As a counterpoint, we argue that theory from the humanities, especially theatre and drama studies, can provide meaningful insights into consumer culture. Inspired by the Theatre of the Absurd, we develop four absurd prompts present in consumer culture: menace, aphasia, parody, and frustration. Taken together, these prompts amount to an absurd condition, a hall of mirrors, in which consumers inevitably find themselves. While the market promises different ways out of this condition, through manners, speech, sincerity, and attainment, we argue that these promises remain empty, amounting only to absurd inversions leading to new halls of mirrors. Through the lens of the Theatre of the Absurd, we map such promises of inversions and their implications for marketing theory.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The discovery of a specific form of Late Neolithic object in northeast Poland, commonly interpreted as reed arrowshaft straighteners, prompted investigation into the possible use of reed for archery in the European past. To examine the archery qualities of this raw material, and thus the likely rationale behind the manufacture and use of reed arrowshafts, a number of mechanical and experimental analyses were conducted. The results presented here indicate that reed was well suited for prehistoric archery. This is demonstrated above all by the arrowshaft stiffness required by this discipline, defined as the spine-force, but also both the technological ease of production of arrows and their ballistic capabilities.", + "input": "Abstract: Plantation forests (PF) and natural secondary forests (NSF) are the primary reforestation approaches. The establishment of PF can affect forest hydrological processes by changing soil structure. To date, few studies have focused on these changes and the effects on hydrological processes for the paleo-periglacial landform. To reveal reforestation approaches effects on water infiltration, including soil water infiltration capacity, retention capacity, and waterflow path pattern, we conducted field dye-tracer investigations with rainfall and laboratory infiltration experiments for the paleo-periglacial landform of eastern Liaoning mountains, China. The results showed that (1) Soil physical properties (including total porosity (TP), capillary porosity (CP), non-capillary porosity (NCP), initial soil water content (IWC), field water capacity (FWC)) and root abundance (RA) decreased with soil depth in both PF and NSF, while the soil bulk density (BD) and distribution of gravel content showed opposite changes. (2) Establishment of PF reduced the infiltration capacity and water retention capacity in the 0-20 cm layer, but enhanced the water retention capacity in 20-30 cm layer. Low IWC was conducive to increase soil water content (SWC) after infiltration. (3) Infiltration capacity parameters (including saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), SWC, difference between SWC and IWC (SWC-IWC), dye coverage ratio (DC)) were significantly correlated with BD, TP, CP, NCP, FWC, and fine roots RA (P < 0.05). Better connectivity gravels were more conducive to water infiltration. (4) Preferential flow was the main infiltration type, but with different waterflow paths pattern, with the 'funnel', 'finger' shape for PF, NSF, respectively. Increasing infiltration could increase flow path connectivity. Our findings show that soil physical properties, roots, and gravel occurrence affected soil infiltration, and different reforestation approaches had varying impacts on soil infiltration, water redistribution, transportation, and storage of surface and groundwater, improving the understanding of ecohydrological processes and effects of water resources management in forest ecosystems of paleo-periglacial landform.", "output": "Archaeology", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study aims to determine the efficiency of Polyamide 6 in consolidating fragile vegetable-tanned leather artifacts. Through two proposed interaction strategies, molecular modeling calculations demonstrated how the proposed polyamide 6 structure can protect vegetable-tanned leather from deteriorating environmental conditions. The total dipole moment was calculated as a potential descriptor of structure reactivity, and all of PA6 and the two proposed interaction models reveal poor reactive behavior when compared to pristine structures, confirming its capabilities as a protective layer. Furthermore, electrostatic potential maps were created to enhance PA6' s ability to safeguard leather artifacts and transform them into neutral, non-reactive substances. It was also created new vegetable-tanned leather prototypes. Polyamide 6 was produced in various concentrations and impregnated into the aged untreated samples. The evaluation process used some physical qualities (digital and scanning electron microscopes, color change, water absorption, and water vapor permeability). All examinations and investigations revealed that 2% and 3% concentrations produced the best results, while the concentration of 5% produced the worst. As a result, this study suggests employing 2% and 3% concentrations to treat historical and archaeologically fragile vegetable-tanned leather objects. (c) 2024 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: This essay explores the unique roles played by writers as intermediaries between the secret state and the public sphere, providing an introduction to the special issue Writers in Intelligence. Though frequently remarked upon, the history, nature, and politics of this relationship remains under-studied. Some spies-turned-writers write in the hope of legitimizing a problematic role, others to own their own identities in a police state. For some, writing is an avenue for critique of a toxic security culture, while others have lent their skills to intelligence agencies as a form of patriotic duty. We examine how fictional representations of intelligence work have been both a boon and a hindrance to various secret services; and how exposing elements of intelligence work can occasionally lead to conspiracy rather than clarity.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Maternal and neonatal mortality remains a major concern in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and the country's protracted crisis context exacerbates the problem. This political economy analysis examines the maternal and newborn health (MNH) prioritization in the DRC, focussing specifically on the conflict-affected regions of North and South Kivu. The aim is to understand the factors that facilitate or hinder the prioritization of MNH policy development and implementation by the Congolese government and other key actors at national level and in the provinces of North and South Kivu.METHODS: Using a health policy triangle framework, data collection consisted of in-depth interviews with key actors at different levels of the health system, combined with a desk review. Qualitative data were analysed using inductive and then deductive approaches, exploring the content, process, actor dynamics, contextual factors and gender-related factors influencing MNH policy development and implementation.RESULTS: The study highlighted the challenges of prioritizing policies in the face of competing health and security emergencies, limited resources and governance issues. The universal health coverage policy seems to offer hope for improving access to MNH services. Results also revealed the importance of international partnerships and global financial mechanisms in the development of MNH strategies. They reveal huge gender disparities in the MNH sector at all levels, and the need to consider cultural factors that can positively or negatively impact the success of MNH policies in crisis zones.CONCLUSIONS: MNH is a high priority in DRC, yet implementation faces hurdles due to financial constraints, political influences, conflicts and gender disparities. Addressing these challenges requires tailored community-based strategies, political engagement, support for health personnel and empowerment of women in crisis areas for better MNH outcomes.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Background Resilience, in the field of Resilience Engineering, has been identified as the ability to maintain the safety and the performance of healthcare systems and is aligned with the resilience potentials of anticipation, monitoring, adaptation, and learning. In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic challenged the resilience of US healthcare systems due to the lack of equipment, supply interruptions, and a shortage of personnel. The purpose of this qualitative research was to describe resilience in the healthcare team during the COVID-19 pandemic with the healthcare team situated as a cognizant, singular source of knowledge and defined by its collective identity, purpose, competence, and actions, versus the resilience of an individual or an organization.Methods We developed a descriptive model which considered the healthcare team as a unified cognizant entity within a system designed for safe patient care. This model combined elements from the Patient Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) and the Advanced Team Decision Making (ADTM) models. Using a qualitative descriptive design and guided by our adapted model, we conducted individual interviews with healthcare team members across the United States. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and extracted codes were organized within the adapted model framework.Results Five themes were identified from the interviews with acute care professionals across the US (N = 22): teamwork in a pressure cooker, consistent with working in a high stress environment; healthcare team cohesion, applying past lessons to present challenges, congruent with transferring past skills to current situations; knowledge gaps, and altruistic behaviors, aligned with sense of duty and personal responsibility to the team. Participants' described how their ability to adapt to their environment was negatively impacted by uncertainty, inconsistent communication of information, and emotions of anxiety, fear, frustration, and stress. Cohesion with co-workers, transferability of skills, and altruistic behavior enhanced healthcare team performance.Conclusion Working within the extreme unprecedented circumstances of COVID-19 affected the ability of the healthcare team to anticipate and adapt to the rapidly changing environment. Both team cohesion and altruistic behavior promoted resilience. Our research contributes to a growing understanding of the importance of resilience in the healthcare team. And provides a bridge between individual and organizational resilience.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study explored supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of bioactive molecules from Ammodaucus leucotrichus seeds, a little-known source of potent bioactive compounds. Response surface methodology assessed extraction parameters (pressure, temperature, and ethanol co-solvent) and their effects on global yield, total phenolic compound (TPC), total carbohydrate content (TCC), and anti-Alzheimer activity. Optimization via a BoxBehnken design identified the optimal conditions: 15 % ethanol, 300 bar, and 70 degrees C. Chemical profiling using GC-MS and UHPLC-q-tof-MS/MS detected over 41 metabolites. In addition, a biorefinery sequential extraction process was performed to obtain extracts with high neuroprotective potential. The SFE extracts exhibited modest AChE inhibition. Notably, sequential SFE and PLE extractions yielded extracts with enhanced antioxidant activity compared to separate processes. In conclusion, Ammodaucus leucotrichus presents a promising natural source of secondary metabolites. Its potential health benefits warrant further exploration, emphasizing the need for continued research.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Unlocking the full potential of digital public health (DiPH) systems requires a comprehensive tool to assess their maturity. While the World Health Organization and the International Telecommunication Union released a toolkit in 2012 covering various aspects of digitalizing national healthcare systems, a holistic maturity assessment tool has been lacking ever since. To bridge this gap, we conducted a pioneering Delphi study, to which 54 experts from diverse continents and academic fields actively contributed to at least one of three rounds. 54 experts participated in developing and rating multidisciplinary quality indicators to measure the maturity of national digital public health systems. Participants established consensus on these indicators with a threshold of 70% agreement on indicator importance. Eventually, 96 indicators were identified and agreed upon by experts. Notably, 48% of these indicators were found to align with existing validated tools, highlighting their relevance and reliability. However, further investigation is required to assess the suitability and applicability of all the suggestions put forward by our participants. Nevertheless, this Delphi study is an essential initial stride toward a comprehensive measurement tool for DiPH system maturity. By working towards a standardized assessment of DiPH system maturity, we aim to empower decision-makers to make informed choices, optimize resource allocation, and drive innovation in healthcare delivery. The results of this study mark a significant milestone in advancing DiPH on a global scale.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Purpose Immune-related thyroid adverse events (irTAEs) occur frequently following immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge about the incidence, clinical timeline characteristics, associated factors of irTAEs, and potential impact on treatment efficacy in patients with melanoma receiving adjuvant ICI therapy. Methods A national multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients with resected stage III/IV melanoma treated with adjuvant PD-1 inhibitors between November 2018 and December 2020. Data were extracted from the Danish Metastatic Melanoma Database. The irTAEs were defined as two consecutive abnormal TSH values and subdivided into transient or persistent. Results Of 454 patients, 99 developed an irTAE (21.8%), of these were 46 transient (46.5%) and 53 persistent (53.5%). Median time to transient and persistent irTAE was 55 and 44 days, respectively (p = 0.57). A hyperthyroid phase followed by hypothyroidism was seen in 73.6% of persistent irTAEs, whereas 87% of transient irTAEs developed an isolated hypo- or hyperthyroid phase. Multiple variable analysis demonstrated an association between irTAE and female sex (HR 2.45; 95% CI 1.63-3.70; p < 0.001), but no association with recurrence-free survival (HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.50-1.48; p = 0.587) or overall survival (HR 1.05; 95% CI 0.52-2.12, p = 0.891). Conclusions IrTAE is a common side effect to PD-1 inhibitors primarily occurring within the first 3 months, with a high risk of persistency. Female sex is a strong predictive factor. IrTAE was not associated with improved clinical outcome.", + "input": "Abstract: This paper comparatively investigates variations in journalistic role performances in politicized media systems. Poland and Hungary are included in the quantitative content analysis as illustrative cases of Central and Eastern European countries featuring democratic erosion, political polarization, and media systems with a high level of political parallelism. Our study identifies whether the fall of liberal and deliberative democracy and increasing political pressure on the media have been accompanied by modifications in the manifestation of journalistic roles and, if so, what those changes have been. We employ Mellado's (2015) concept of journalistic roles by focusing on democracy-related domains, namely journalistic voice and power relations, and four roles: interventionist, watchdog, loyal facilitator, and civic. We compare data from national newspapers from two periods, namely 2012 and 2020. Despite experiencing similar changes in political context, journalists in Poland and Hungary have differed in their performance of the watchdog and civic roles. However, they have been alike in relation to the steady rise of journalistic interventionism. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of the elevation of the loyal facilitator model in newspapers. This study indicates that systemic politicization and political pressure on the media go alongside with diminishing objectivity and detachment in professional role performance.", "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This article explores the design, development and deployment of a digital platform for scholarly work at Notre Dame Cathedral and demonstrates the transformative impact of digital technology on heritage disciplines. By merging technology and human expertise, the platform facilitates the creation, integration, sharing, and analysis of extensive scientific data on the multidisciplinary post-fire study of the cathedral. This multi-layered approach includes community building for collaborative efforts, digital tools tailored to different stakeholders, data structuring approaches for managing multidimensional features, and experience-based workflows for documenting, categorising and semantically enriching scientific and restoration data. The overall goal is to introduce an integrated solution for collaborative studies and to promote a digital memory of the collective initiative in accordance with the principles of FAIR for scientific heritage data. This initiative not only supports the research and restoration of Notre Dame, but also serves as a paradigm for future conservation and documentation efforts in the field of cultural heritage. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: In education, there is a risk that joy in learning is counteracted by allowing a performance culture to dominate. Research shows that emotions are of great importance for results, motivation and well-being. This study aims to add knowledge about the essential meanings of joy in learning based on students' lived experiences and thereby implications for the learning environment. The essence of the phenomenon of joy in learning has been formulated through descriptive phenomenological analysis. Qualitative data consists of 25 narratives from students engaged in voluntary forms of education. The study shows that joy in learning emerges throughout the learning process, when students discover that they gain knowledge, understand and can control their learning process and achieve something with their knowledge. The implications for teaching involve awareness of the learning process providing a balance between structure, support, challenge and personal choice which was valued along with relationships that contribute to autonomy.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Micro-X-ray fluorescence (XRF) screening of 244 glass sherds from Ribe, Denmark, identified 23 wood ash glasses. The closely dated finds pinpoint the arrival of the earliest wood ash glass produced in Western Europe in this important North Sea trading hub. This glass type was absent among glass from 700 to 790 CE but feature strongly from 790 to 810 CE. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of 24 glasses show the presence of four types. We show the strengths of classifying wood ash glass based on the glass-producing sands and conclude that the earliest production took place on a considerable scale and had a major impact on glass circulation in Northern Europe in the ninth century.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding control is critical in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving oral anticoagulants (OAC). This subgroup analysis aimed to clarify the actual state and significance of GI bleeding in elderly non-valvular AF (NVAF) patients. We evaluated the incidence and risk factors of GI bleeding during the 2-year follow-up and examined the GI bleeding impact on mortality. Of the 32,275 patients in the ANAFIE Registry, 1139 patients (3.5%) experienced GI bleeding (incidence rate, 1.92 events per 100 person-years; mean follow-up, 1.88 years); 339 upper and 760 lower GI bleeding events occurred. GI bleeding risk factors included age\u226585 years, body mass index\u226525.0 kg/m2, prior major bleeding, hyperuricaemia, heart failure, P-glycoprotein inhibitor use, GI disease, and polypharmacy (\u22655 drugs). No significant differences in GI bleeding risk were found between direct OAC (DOAC) vs warfarin users (adjusted hazard ratios [95% confidence interval], 1.01 [0.88-1.15]). The 1-year post-GI bleeding mortality rate was numerically higher in patients with upper (19.6%) than lower GI bleeding (8.9%). In elderly Japanese NVAF patients, this large-scale study found no significant difference in GI bleeding risk between DOAC vs. warfarin users or 1-year mortality after upper or lower GI bleeding.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: PURPOSE: Frailty and Circadian Syndrome (CircS) are prevalent among the elderly, yet the link between them remains underexplored. This study aims to examine the association between CircS and frailty, particularly focusing on the impact of various CircS components on frailty.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2007 to 2018. The 49-item Frailty Index (FI) was employed to assess frailty. To understand the prevalence of CircS in relation to frailty, we applied three multivariate logistic regression models. Additionally, subgroup and interaction analyses were performed to investigate potential modifying factors.RESULTS: The study included 8,569 participants. In fully adjusted models, individuals with CircS showed a significantly higher risk of frailty compared to those without CircS (Odds Ratio [OR]=2.18, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.91-2.49, p<0.001). A trend of increasing frailty risk with greater CircS component was observed (trend test p<0.001). Age (p=0.01) and race (p=0.02) interactions notably influenced this association, although the direction of effect was consistent across subgroups. Sensitivity analysis further confirmed the strength of this relationship.CONCLUSION: This study identifies a strong positive correlation between CircS and frailty in the elderly. The risk of frailty escalates with an increasing number of CircS components. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between circadian syndrome and frailty in older adults, offering valuable insights for developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: What kind of people choose to join protests in contemporary Africa? Aiming to reduce the existing uncertainty related to the impact of different factors on protest participation, this article tests several hypotheses about participation in Third Wave demonstrations across the African continent, related to democratic values, socioeconomic status, and corruption perceptions. To do so, it deploys an innovative regression model that corrects for missing value bias through multiple imputation and that separates the broad survey data into regional subsamples, dependent upon historical patterns of neopatrimonialism and democratization. Its results show for the first time the existence of different profiles of protester associated with North, West, East, Central, and Southern Africa. Its most surprising result is that across the board, responders open to considering alternatives to democracy were more prone to protesting, while corruption perceptions mattered only in Western African countries. The largest contrast then regards the urban-rural divide: city dwellers lead the way in Southern Africa, while the countryside takes the helm in the Western part of the continent. Finally, people who declare to have voted and those who have more frequent political conversations also fit the profile of the average protester.", + "output": "Law", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study sought to assess disaster resilience in Korean metropolitan cities and explore the factors influencing disaster management in these cities. Statistical data from 17 metropolitan cities and provinces in Korea spanning the years 2016 to 2020 were collected. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), a method for estimating relative efficiency using multiple input and output variables, was employed to calculate the disaster resilience scores of these cities. The results indicate higher level of disaster resilience in capital regions and large cities in Korea, with social and economic characteristics significantly influencing resilience. Moreover, the study reveals that robust infrastructure, particularly in terms of housing, strongly impacts resilience scores. The use of DEA allows for the practical evaluation of relative resilience scores without requiring weighted value calculations, making it an effective methodology for assessing city resilience.This study aimed to assess how well Korean metropolitan cities are prepared for disasters and understand what factors affect their disaster management. We collected statistics data on the social, economic, infrastructure, community capital, and institutions of 17 Korean metropolitan cities and provinces from 2016 to 2020. We used a method called data envelopment analysis (DEA) to figure out how well these cities are handling disasters. The results show that capital regions and large cities in Korea are better at handling disasters. This is because factors such as social and economic characteristics have a significant impact on their ability to respond to disasters. Additionally, having strong infrastructure, especially when it comes to housing, plays a big role in how well a city can respond to disasters. Using DEA allowed us to evaluate how well cities are prepared for disasters without needing complicated calculations, making it a useful method for assessing city readiness for disasters.", + "input": "Abstract: This study proposes the energy conversion of vine prunings to supply energy to local wineries, with a focus on the Riunite & CIV branch winery located in Carpi (Modena, Italy), exploring the possibility of generating both electricity and heat through biomass gasification. A Matlab-Simulink model is used to evaluate the energy savings that can be achieved when an energy storage system is coupled with the combined heat and power generation system. Within this context, the results showed that it is possible to save approximate to 60% of the thermal energy demanded by the winery. However, the economic viability of the project is hindered by high investment and operation costs. DPB is strongly affected by the cost of biomass and the energy prices, resulting in a profitable investment for electricity prices higher than 0.30(sic)> 0.57 euro/kWh according to the different scenarios investigated.", "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In the literature, different frameworks of probabilistic epistemic logic have been proposed. Most of these frameworks define knowledge or belief by relational structure. In this paper, we explore the relationship between probability and belief, based on the Lockean thesis, and adopt neighborhood semantics that defines belief directly using probability. We provide a sound and weakly complete axiomatization for our framework. We also try to explain the lottery paradox by modelling it within our framework. Moreover, the paper presents findings concerning the relationship between knowledge, belief and probability within various frameworks.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: This article examines two teachers' efforts to re-organize their science teaching around issues of environmental and food justice in the urban community where they teach through the pedagogical approach of community-oriented framing. We introduce this approach to teachers' framing of phenomena in community as supporting students' framing of phenomena as personally and locally relevant. Drawing on classroom observations of remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, we took an analytic approach that characterized features of classroom discourse to rate community-oriented framing at the lesson level. Results show that teachers framed phenomena as both social and scientific, and as rooted in students' lived experiences, with classroom activities designed to gather localized and personalized evidence needed to explain or model phenomena. We also share examples of how Black and Latinx students took up this framing of phenomena in their classroom work. By providing a detailed description of the launch and implementation of activities, findings illustrate how community-oriented framing supported teachers in posing local questions of equity and justice as simultaneously social and scientific, and helping students perceive science learning as meaningful to their everyday lives. Community-oriented framing offers a practical means of designing locally and socially relevant instruction. We contribute to justice-centered science pedagogies by conceptualizing transformative science learning environments as those in which students understand their goal in science class as understanding, and later addressing, inequities in how socioscientific issues manifest in their community.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The progress of dentistry towards a profession allied to medicine and surgery was incremental, and a most important step in that process was the separation of the surgeons from the barbers in 1745. Hogarth's illustration of a dentally active barber has been discussed previously in the British Dental Journal. In this paper, his probable contribution to the campaign for separation led successfully by his friend, surgeon John Ranby FRS (1703-1773), through the dramatic and much analysed painting The death of the countess (1743), is analysed. In this paper, it is suggested that William Hogarth was not only aware of the tensions between the physicians, surgeons and barbers that had come to a head, but that he modified the first thoughts, seen in a sketch (now at the Ashmolean, Oxford), to incorporate in this painting, and the print made from it a conspicuous sub-scene, almost central in a composition where the dying countess would be expected to be the only subject, as a satirical comment on that internal conflict.Provides a history of dentistry and professional advance.Focuses on William Hogarth and John Ranby FRS.Delves into medical ethics at the time.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: The article aims to sketch out the main features of the political culture of the Radical Party (PR). This political culture is paradigmatic of a much broader phenomenon that has affected the politics of Western democracies since the 1970s: the critique of traditional parties in the name of a party model formed by spontaneous groupings of society; the extreme emphasis placed on individual choices in political action, and the programmatic tracing of the latter back to the former; and the call for a less 'mediated' relationship between citizens and institutions. Yet, this culture contained certain ingredients that would distance it from the populist forms of the twenty-first century. After grafting anti-authoritarianism onto its liberal matrix the PR identified the promotion of civil rights as the goal and battle for the transformation of the relationship between politics and the citizen. This transformation emphasised the sphere of individual freedom and the liberty to participate in community decisions, and thus implied a transformation of the ways and means of doing politics. In the late 1970s, the PR deepened its critique of parties and partitocracy and, at the same time, emphasised a supranational view of politics, eventually becoming a 'transnational transparty' party in 1989.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: The need to transform the United Kingdom's (UK) delivery of health and care services to better meet population needs and expectations is well-established, as is the critical importance of research and innovation to drive those transformations. Allied health professionals (AHPs) represent a significant proportion of the healthcare workforce. Developing and expanding their skills and capabilities is fundamental to delivering new ways of working. However, career opportunities combining research and practice remain limited. This study explored the perceived utility and value of a doctorate to post-doctoral AHPs and how they experience bringing their research-related capabilities into practice environments.METHODS: With a broadly interpretivist design, a qualitatively oriented cross-sectional survey, with closed and open questions, was developed to enable frequency reporting while focusing on the significance and meaning participants attributed to the topic. Participants were recruited via professional networks and communities of practice. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse closed question responses, while combined framework and thematic analysis was applied to open question responses.RESULTS: Responses were received from 71 post-doctoral AHPs located across all four UK nations. Findings are discussed under four primary themes of utilisation of the doctorate; value of the doctorate; impact on career, and impact on self and support. Reference is also made at appropriate points to descriptive statistics summarising closed question responses.CONCLUSION: The findings clearly articulate variability of experiences amongst post-doctoral AHPs. Some were able to influence team and organisational research cultures, support the development of others and drive service improvement. The challenges, barriers and obstacles encountered by others reflect those that have been acknowledged for many years. Acknowledging them is important, but the conversation must move forward and generate positive action to ensure greater consistency in harnessing the benefits and value-added these practitioners bring. If system-wide transformation is the aim, it is inefficient to leave navigating challenges to individual creativity and tenacity or forward-thinking leaders and organisations. There is an urgent need for system-wide responses to more effectively, consistently and equitably enable career pathways combining research and practice for what is a substantial proportion of the UK healthcare workforce.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Relatively little is known about the performance of open questions in self-administered questionnaires compared to interviewer-administered ones. We examined this issue using the responses to the 2016 American National Election Study's Web self-administered questionnaires and face-to-face computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI) from independently drawn samples that asked three sets of open questions: most important problem(s) facing the country; candidate for and against reasons; and political party likes and dislikes. Although Web respondents gave shorter answers with fewer codeable ideas than face-to-face respondents, the two modes produced similar distributions of substantive answers. Despite our expectation that open answers to interviewers would be more civil than those expressed on the Web, there was no difference in civility between the modes. However, the construct validity of the four candidate for and against items (predicting vote choice of Clinton vs. Trump) was higher on the Web than in the interviewer-administered CAPI. These findings call into question the conventional wisdom that open questions are not well suited for self-administration and suggest that researchers should consider more frequent use of open questions in Web surveys.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Foliar functional traits are essential for understanding plant adaptation strategies and ecosystem function. Due to limited in-situ observational data, there is a growing interest in upscaling these traits from field sites to regional and global levels. However, limitations persist: (1) global/national scale upscaling that relies on plant functional type (PFT) maps, environmental variables or coarse resolution multispectral images, which fail to capture localscale trait variability; (2) airborne imaging spectroscopy that enables high-resolution and accurate mapping but is restricted to site scale and is costly; and (3) multispectral satellites like Sentinel-2 that offer global coverage but have limited spectral bands and resolution. While previous research has demonstrated the connection between traits and vegetation phenology, our study seeks to build upon this foundation by further exploring the integration of phenological information for large-scale trait prediction. We examined the integration of Sentinel-2 data with its time series (for phenology information) to map 12 foliar functional traits across 14 National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites in the eastern United States. Our results show that time-series Sentinel-2 models effectively capture the variance in these 12 traits (R2 = 0.60-0.80) when compared with benchmark trait data generated by state-of-the-art airborne imaging spectroscopy. The models adequately capture considerable trait variations observed within sites and PFTs. Our approach outperforms existing methods that rely on environmental variables, or a single Sentinel-2 image as predictors across examined NEON sites in eastern United States. Interestingly, including environmental variables in our models does not significantly improve predictive power. Further analysis reveals that a 'fast-slow' principal axis predominantly explains the covariation in Enhanced Vegetation Index amplitude (a proxy for leaf longevity), leaf mass per area, and leaf nitrogen content across PFTs. This finding highlights the importance of incorporating phenological information for trait mapping and suggests a potential mechanism underlying these spectra-based models. Our proposed method, which simultaneously achieves high accuracy, large-scale scalability, and high spatial resolution, represents a promising avenue for future global trait mapping. Validation on a larger scale to fully realize its potential in addressing fundamental ecological questions will be a key future focus.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: During COVID-19 remote instruction, instructors were tasked with providing students with authentic laboratory experiences in an out-of-classroom environment. One solution developed for our introductory general chemistry laboratory involved students critiquing readily available technique videos to distinguish between correct and incorrect laboratory technique. After returning to in-person labs in Fall 2021, we incorporated this assessment into the pre-lab assignments in an effort to reduce the cognitive load of learning a new technique. Here we explore whether this critical-review exercise translates into improved technique as measured by precision and accuracy when using a 10 mL volumetric pipet. Additionally, we consider the impact of the pre-lab assignment given the involvement level of the TA, as some TAs are more willing to provide feedback on student technique during the lab period. We found that while students self-report the exercise as useful towards their learning, there are no significant changes in performance for most students. We did, however, find a reduction in the overall outliers and saw improvements when additional feedback (through a TA) was provided as well. These findings indicate that the exercise may be most useful for students who make large errors and who receive little individualized feedback.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This paper demonstrates the utility of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to inform forensic archaeology recovery efforts of missing service members from historic conflict-related aircraft crash sites. This approach is becoming more common and improving recovery strategies by pinpointing potential subsurface anomalies prior to excavation. Two examples of recovery efforts at WWII aircraft crash sites are presented, revealing the diversity of landscape upheaval signatures that result from aircraft impacts. In both situations, the GPR successfully located feature boundaries and identified aviation impacturbation. The landscape signature varied in both cases due to factors including the trajectory and velocity of the aircraft crash and the topography of the impacted landscape. Notably, a 'halo' effect was identified in association with one crash site, revealing the force of the impact on sandy soils. Recognition of these anthropogenic signals is important to promote effective recovery strategies, thus saving time, labour and funds, particularly in historic sites where postincident taphonomic conditions have severely altered the morphology of the landscape.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: In the fast-evolving global context of audiovisual streaming services, stand-up comedy shows, such as Rock & Roast, have become a popular medium for articulating, expressing, and critiquing significant social-cultural concerns in China. This article examines how Chinese female stand-up comedians enact, activate, and monetize the female complaint, originally theorized by Lauren Berlant, suggests that women's experiences are often marked by a pursuit of love that proves to be both demanding and unrewarding. We contend that in the Chinese context, female stand-up comedians have devised ways to express soft, safe, and marketable female complaints that align with their goals of profitable performances and adherence to the Communist Party's standards of positive energy. As such, the article enriches Berlant's theory of the female complaint by infusing it with a global perspective, exploring new mediums of expression (stand-up comedy), highlighting the interplay with political and economic dynamics, and situating it within the specific cultural and feminist context of China.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Floods are the most frequent weather-related disaster, causing significant health impacts worldwide. Limited studies have examined the long-term consequences of flooding exposure.METHODS: Flood data were retrieved from the Dartmouth Flood Observatory and linked with health data from 499,487 UK Biobank participants. To calculate the annual cumulative flooding exposure, we multiplied the duration and severity of each flood event and then summed these values for each year. We conducted a nested case-control analysis to evaluate the long-term effect of flooding exposure on all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Each case was matched with eight controls. Flooding exposure was modelled using a distributed lag non-linear model to capture its nonlinear and lagged effects.RESULTS: The risk of all-cause mortality increased by 6.7% (odds ratio (OR): 1.067, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.063-1.071) for every unit increase in flood index after confounders had been controlled for. The mortality risk from neurological and mental diseases was negligible in the current year, but strongest in the lag years 3 and 4. By contrast, the risk of mortality from suicide was the strongest in the current year (OR: 1.018, 95% CI: 1.008-1.028), and attenuated to lag year 5. Participants with higher levels of education and household income had a higher estimated risk of death from most causes whereas the risk of suicide-related mortality was higher among participants who were obese, had lower household income, engaged in less physical activity, were non-moderate alcohol consumers, and those living in more deprived areas.CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to floods is associated with an increased risk of mortality. The health consequences of flooding exposure would vary across different periods after the event, with different profiles of vulnerable populations identified for different causes of death. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the long-term impacts of flooding exposure.", - "output": "Demography", + "input": "Abstract: In this study, an IPN based enzymatic levan-polyacrylamide hydrogel (EL-PA) was developed and charac-terized for its structural, morphological, rheological properties and swelling kinetics to underline hydrogel properties and its potential use in paper conservation. The addition of levan also led to changes in the viscoelastic behavior of the hydrogels, with the complex viscosity of EL-PA samples showing pronounced dependence on shear rate. The swelling and the overall surface area of the hydrogels were increased with the addition of levan into the polymer network. Source associated structural differences were found to be negligible such that both microbially produced linear and enzymatically produced branched forms of levan performed equally well. Solvent loaded hydrogels were then applied on an artifact, a 19th century book of Namik Kemal, and investigated using FTIR, SEM, XRD and colorimetric analysis. Old adhesive lay-ers were successfully removed, and hydrogels showed good compatibility and ease of application. This study has shown that levan has improved hydrogel properties and levan based systems bear high poten-tial in conservation science.(c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: This study assessed the staffing allocations and associated costs incurred by Ohio local health departments (LHDs) in response to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were extracted from the annual financial reports of Ohio LHDs for 2020 and 2021, encompassing a sample of 38 LHDs in 2020 and 60 LHDs in 2021. Descriptive analysis showed that Ohio LHDs committed substantial resources to responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although there was considerable variability across LHDs, median staffing and compensation collectively constituted 22% of total staffing and compensation. Multivariate regression analysis found minimal associations between the examined agency and community-level variables and the differences in staffing allocations and associated costs incurred by LHDs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. After decades of underfunding and understaffing, securing sustainable funding will be crucial to equip LHDs across the country with the necessary resources to deliver comprehensive public health services in their communities.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a potentially life-threatening disease that affects the intestine of the neonate, causing necrosis and general inflammation. Treatment consists of feeding cessation and antibiotic therapy. In more severe cases, surgical intervention is necessary. Recently, different NEC models have been used to study the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods. This work modified an experimental NEC model in rat pups by a single exposure of animals to NEC-causing factors and testing the impact of mother's milk on prevalence of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty rat pups were subjected to the NEC protocol, in which they were exposed to 100% nitrogen atmosphere and cold stress for set periods of time and formula feeding with exposure to mother's milk and artificial milk. Twenty-nine pups were used for control. After a set time of 72 h, bowel fragments were obtained and examined histologically by hematoxylin-eosin staining with a modified 3-grade scale. RESULTS Histological features of NEC were present in most of the samples (10/14) in the group exposed to 1 min of hypoxia (P=0.016), 10 min of cold stress (P=0.4) and formula feeding every 3 h with no mother's milk (P=0.001). In the group of 11 animals with the same stress conditions but fed mother's milk right after birth, only 1 sample of NEC was present. CONCLUSIONS The modified experimental NEC model based on formula feeding and single exposure to hypothermia and hypoxia was assessed statistically and histologically. In this model, mother's milk had a protective effect against necrotizing enterocolitis.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The recognition of low-density urbanisation has been important in documenting how diverse human settlements generated enduring social and economic change. In tropical regions, the key challenges to studying low-density urbanisation have been the difficulty in acquiring past built environment data and integrating the frameworks that illuminate the social behaviours intrinsic to urbanisation. The introduction of lidar mapping and urban science methods has proven revolutionary in our understanding of low-density urbanisation as demonstrated by emerging research on settlements and states in Mesoamerica and Southeast Asia. These studies draw on urban theory to highlight patterns in the built environment associated with profound societal changes including the rise of social institutions, agglomeration effects, and ongoing settlement growth. Here, we present an approach that combines lidar survey and archaeological fieldwork with recent developments in urban science to understand the built environment of Tongatapu; the location of an archaic state whose influence spread across the southwest Pacific Ocean between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries a.d. Quantitative results show-for the first time-that settlements on a Pacific island were urbanised in a distinct low-density form and that the processes of urbanisation began prior to state development. This study highlights the potential contribution of Pacific landscapes to urban science and the low-density settlement phenomena given the presence of large populations, hierarchical societies, and vast distributions of archaeological built remains on many island groups.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: In recent years, higher education institutions have been under increasing pressure to innovate in teaching, research, and learning methodologies. This longitudinal study adopts a participatory research approach, utilizing photovoice techniques, narrative methodologies, and focus groups to explore student perceptions of innovative pedagogies within a specialized Higher Education Institution (HEI). Spanning three academic semesters and involving 43 students from a variety of disciplines, the research integrates photographs and self-authored narratives as data sources. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), in conjunction with photovoice, facilitated a detailed data analysis, revealing four main clusters of pedagogies viewed as innovative by students: Hero Pedagogies, highlighting emotional engagement and storytelling; Community and Solidarity Pedagogies, emphasizing community involvement; Sustainable Green Pedagogies, focusing on sustainability; and Technology Enhanced Pedagogies, which utilize technology to improve learning experiences. Students expressed a strong preference for pedagogical strategies that promote emotional connections and incorporate storytelling, stressing the importance of human interaction in the learning process. They also valued approaches that foster community-centered learning, interdisciplinary methods, and experiential education for tackling broader societal and economic challenges. The role of technology in bridging theory with practical application was also underscored. These findings offer insights into effective pedagogical practices by highlighting student-supported approaches. Integrating these innovative pedagogical clusters can enhance the educational experience for institutions, communities, and learners alike, fostering active engagement in the learning journey.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Previous research has highlighted that decentralization is key to understanding the marketization of the Swedish welfare state, while local political factors are important to explaining the subnational differences in actual degrees of welfare service privatization. Other research has highlighted the impact of pragmatism rather than ideology in local government's decisions to outsource welfare services, including policy diffusion through geographical proximity to highly privatized municipalities. However, little research has been done on the role or type of political representation and whether this matters to the diffusion of welfare service privatization. Thus, there is little knowledge about whether local governments are primarily responsive to public preferences, the ideological position of the local government, or influences from neighboring municipalities. Drawing on the literature on political representation and policy diffusion, I test three hypotheses: that the local governments are primarily responsive to public preferences (sanction representation), that local governments are primarily responsive to their own ideological position (gyroscopic representation), or that local governments are primarily influenced by outsourcing in neighboring municipalities (contagion). Using a time-lagged correlational design with survey data covering both local politicians and ordinary municipal residents, as well as public accounts of municipal outsourcing, I find that public preferences play a negligible role to the privatization process. A minor part of the between-municipal variation in welfare service privatization can be attributed to the preferences of local politicians (gyroscopic representation), while a more substantial part is due to pressures from outsourcing among municipal neighbors (contagion).", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Introduction Endometriosis is a common condition affecting 5 to 10% of women of childbearing age. The true incidence of endometriosis of the appendix is currently unknown. Since symptoms often overlap with those of acute appendicitis, endometriosis of the appendix presents a diagnostic challenge in the emergency department. This large retrospective study investigates the incidence and perioperative clinical, radiologic, and laboratory findings, as well as possible differences between patients with and without endometriosis.Introduction Endometriosis is a common condition affecting 5 to 10% of women of childbearing age. The true incidence of endometriosis of the appendix is currently unknown. Since symptoms often overlap with those of acute appendicitis, endometriosis of the appendix presents a diagnostic challenge in the emergency department. This large retrospective study investigates the incidence and perioperative clinical, radiologic, and laboratory findings, as well as possible differences between patients with and without endometriosis.Methods Data from consecutive patients who underwent appendectomy for suspected appendicitis without a history of endometriosis were analyzed. Perioperative clinical, laboratory, perioperative, and histopathologic findings were compared between women with and without endometriosis.Results Between January 2008 and June 2023, 2484 consecutive patients without a history of endometriosis underwent urgent appendectomy for suspected appendicitis. Endometriosis was detected on histopathologic examination in 17 (0.7%) patients. Signs of appendicitis were found less frequently on ultrasound in the endometriosis group compared to the non-endometriosis group (23.4% vs. 61.5%; p = 0.002; OR = 0.193; 95% CI 0.063-0.593). There were no differences in physical examination findings, duration of symptoms, degree of inflammation, surgical outcomes, or complication rates.Conclusion The incidence of endometriosis of the appendix in patients undergoing appendectomy for suspected appendicitis was higher than suggested by data from autopsy series and populations with biopsy-proven endometriosis. Patients with endometriosis of the appendix were less likely to have a positive ultrasound finding, but perioperative and histopathologic findings and severity of inflammation did not differ from patients without endometriosis, presenting diagnostic challenges for clinicians.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: While some people pore over the textbook and train through the classics of the field, many scientists come to immunology when they discover it intersecting with their first love interests. Five of these accidental immunologists tell us how they found their way to a fascination with the immune system.", - "output": "History", + "input": "Abstract: The industrial heritage of the city of Belgrade is the focus of this research, which highlights the possibilities of preserving industrial heritage from the perspective of a contemporary context and sustainable development. Guided by theoretical principles on the preservation of cultural and industrial heritage, their values, authenticity and spirit of place, as well as the idea of the necessity of integrating industrial heritage into the contemporary context, this paper aims to examine the possibilities for the preservation of industrial heritage following theoretically established principles, with the introduction of new uses and sustainable solutions. The analysis of the case studies of Belgrade's industrial heritage presented in this paper results from research conducted by the teachers, associates and students of the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture. The research focuses on the possibilities of translating the principles of preserving cultural and industrial heritage from their theoretical definition to practical application. The students' conceptual solutions for protection, revitalisation and presentation of the analysed case studies represent the research results. An important aspect of this paper is defining the criteria for valorising students' conceptual solutions, which are aligned with the principles of preserving cultural heritage and establishing sustainable development. The valorisation of students' conceptual solutions through a defined set of criteria indicates real possibilities for the simultaneous preservation of all the values of industrial heritage and its transformation into a social, ecological and economic resource of the contemporary city.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The purpose of this work is to study the influence of oil and surfactant present in produced water on the membrane distillation and membrane crystallization performance. The latter is evaluated in terms of permeate flux, quality of permeate and sodium chloride crystallization kinetics. Polypropylene and Hyflon AD40H/PVDF composite membranes with 0.2 mu m \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathrm{\\mu m}$$\\end{document} pore size were used in the investigation. The tests were carried out in direct contact configuration using two synthetic feed solutions: the first one without oil and surfactant, and the second one with oil and surfactant. The achieved results showed a permeate flux reduction of 20 and 40% for PP and AD40H, respectively, in membrane distillation and of 35% in membrane crystallization. These results may be attributed to the interaction between the salts and surfactant, which led to the deterioration of the membrane performance. Despite this, high salt rejection factors greater than 99.9% and total carbon rejections ranging between 80 and 90% indicated the good potential of membrane distillation technology for the treatment of produced water. Moreover, good quality crystals and high total water recovery factor (97%) were achieved using the membrane crystallization process. Nevertheless, the presence of oil and surfactant in the feed caused an increase in the induction time compared to the system without oil and surfactant. In addition, in the performed experiments, simple physical cleaning with distillate water was sufficient to recover the initial trans-membrane flux of the membranes.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Despite severe political pressures on journalism and civil society after the implementation of the National Security Law in Hong Kong, over 20 community newspapers have continued their operation. Through content analysis of 60 issues of the papers and in-depth interviews with over 20 individuals involved in their establishment and operation, this study aims to unravel their intriguing resilience. Findings reveal that these papers adopted two non-confrontational content strategies: identity politics and life politics. On the one hand, by publishing soft content, they construct local identities and provide counternarratives to official discourse. On the other hand, they foster discussions on everyday life issues, bridging personal experiences with political engagement. Operationally, the voluntary nature and decentralized, collaborative structures cultivate a strong sense of community. We argue that community papers in Hong Kong represent an intersection of citizen journalism and hyperlocal journalism, which creates a unique resilience under political pressure.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The cave of Saint-Marcel is known for its extensive network (64 km of galleries) and its history of human occupation (Middle Palaeolithic and Neolithic) in the entrance area. Close observation of the main network reveals areas with high concentrations of broken speleothems, which are usually attributed to the first tourist visits of the nineteenth century. However, archaeo-geomorphological mapping of the broken speleothems, many of which are lying on the floor and sealed by stalagmite regrowth or crust, indicates intentional organisation of the underground space into speleothem supply zones and zones in which the speleothems were used to build structures. Age estimates of the stalagmite seals on these human-made structures suggest that the structures were a result of human activity that occurred between the end of the Upper Palaeolithic and the European Mesolithic. These age estimates radically change the way we look at the broken speleothems in the cave of Saint-Marcel and the structures associated with them. They bring to light the engagement of past human communities with the deep underground environment, at more than 1.5 km from the cave entrance, which can only be accessed by crossing obstacles (pits) that, today, are considered as difficult to be crossed. Our findings and ongoing research stress the unequivocal archaeological significance of the cave.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: The frequency of urban disasters such as waterlogging has markedly increased, highlighting the urgent need to strengthen urban disaster prevention capabilities and resilience. This research, anchored in the resilience characteristics of robustness, redundancy, resource deploy ability, and rapid response, devised a resilience clustering factor system specifically designed for older urban districts. The old city district of Shijiazhuang, China, was selected as the empirical case study area. This research employs the K-Means++ clustering method to analyze the region's resilience units against waterlogging. Furthermore, it utilizes the method of pedigree classification to categorize the identified ten types of resilience. Secondly, these were subsequently divided into three primary categories based on a spectrum of strengths and weaknesses within each unit: dominant, mixed, and disadvantaged clustering. This categorization unveiled the unique resilience distribution patterns within the area. The findings of this study reveal a pronounced differentiation in resilience types among the units in Shijiazhuang's old city district. This spatial analysis highlighted a significant heterogeneity, with a tendency towards cluster formation. The spatial distribution of different resilience unit types was found to be uneven, leading to the emergence of clustered, patch-like, and zonal agglomerations. Combined with the unit clustering classification and the mean clustering performance of each factor, the response unit of waterlogging control resilience planning is determined for the study area, and the strategy of resilience waterlogging control and linkage is proposed. By mapping the spectrum of rainwater resilience types across the studied area, this research broadens the scope of resilience evaluation from a traditional vertical-level assessment to a more comprehensive horizontal typological analysis, offering empirical, theoretical insights for future resilience-building endeavors in older urban districts.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Low admission rates at Polish medical universities led many students to study abroad. Ukraine provided an appealing option for years. The purpose of the study is to investigate the most important factors that motived Polish students enrolled at I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University in Ukraine to pursue medical and dentistry studies in lower middle-income countries, just before the outbreak of the war. It has become incredibly important to determine crucial economic and non-economic factors.METHODS: The paper draws on a quantitative survey (N=94) conducted among medical and dental students from Poland who had studied at I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University in Ukraine using a semi-structured questionnaire. To test whether there was a relationship between the importance of the motives, Pearson's chi-square independence test was employed.RESULTS: The study found the key economic and non-economic factors for pursuing Ukrainian studies were rejection from Polish tuition-free programs, lower Ukrainian tuition and living costs compared to Poland and to other European Union countries. Determining reasons for choosing Ternopil University were recruiter and friend recommendations and its prestige among Ukrainian medical schools. Gender influenced the ranking of motives.CONCLUSION: The article examines the unique pre-war educational migration from Poland to Ukraine - occurring counter to typical flows from lower to higher a lower income country. The study showed that universities should strengthen recruiting efforts and highlight competitive tuition and living costs to attract international students, especially from relatively more developed nations.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Digital twins offer a promising approach to sustainable value creation by providing specific life cycle data and enabling the monitoring and implementation of circular economy strategies throughout the product's life cycle. By analyzing product, component, and material data, as well as process data, it is possible to create transparency throughout a product's life cycle, build a data-driven product ecosystem, and establish new business and value creation models, from SMEs to large enterprises. This paper identifies application scenarios, their technological readiness level, and the challenges of digital twins for the circular economy in the manufacturing industry based on a systematic literature review. Gaps such as ensuring a continuous flow of information and taking into account the different levels of digitalization of companies are identified. As a main result, a holistic concept for the scoping of a digital twin for the circular economy is presented. One specific use case for end-of-life decision-making is elaborated upon. It is shown that the circular economy can be supported by digital twin data, especially for the optimal decision on end-of-life vehicles.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The objective of this case study is to present the issues, methods and experiments underway to enable the acquisition of data and the creation of digital models of the timber structures, also known as the Forest , of Notre-Dame de Paris at different temporal states. Among the different models created, a restitution was developed from all the data collected and produced. This interpretation is the result of collecting, collating, and synthesizing heterogeneous data on pre- and post-fire structures. Indeed, the constitution of this model is also based on new data, obtained after the accident, which required the development of ad-hoc solutions to meet the various constraints of the site. These different resources have made it possible to produce the first univocal and three-dimensional restitution of the frameworks before - and after - the fire and the way to gather in particular all the partial data having been used to create it. This experimentation proposes the necessary qualities to enrich the future ecosystem of analysis and multidimensional memorization for the restoration and conservation of Notre-Dame. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: In this article, I explore the relationship between religion and nationhood among contemporary Lithuanian migrants in Norway. The central puzzle is the lack of an open national feeling in the religious setting. However, academic literature has well documented the tight connection between the Catholic Church and Lithuanian nationhood. Interpreting the empirical data from qualitative interviews and participant observations through the lens of everyday nationalism, I argue that seeming lacklustre national sensibilities among Lithuanian Catholics do not signal Catholicism's demise as the vehicle for reproducing Lithuanian nationhood. Instead, it is an expression of the resilience of banal forms of nationalism reproduced via the institutional framework of the Catholic Church and the practices of the clergy and laity. I suggest that the case of Lithuanian Catholics in Norway intimates the need for a more nuanced approach to the concept of individual agency as opposed to a strict agency vs. banality dichotomy in everyday nationhood scholarship. Scrutinising habitual, banal forms of nationhood, together with the conscious ones, is pivotal in comprehending the complex relationship between religion and nationalism in empirical cases where visible displays of national sensibilities may be subtle but nonetheless meaningful.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Catcalls have been said to insult, intimidate, and silence their targets. The harms that catcalls inflict on individuals are reason enough to condemn them. This paper argues that they also inflict a type of structural harm by subordinating their targets. Catcalling initiates an unwanted conversation where none should exist. This brings the rules and norms governing conversations to bear in such a way that the catcall assigns their target a subordinate discourse role. This not only constrains the behavior of the target here and now, but also influences the norms governing future conversations. Catcalls are then not only bad because of the effects on their target, but also because of their pernicious contribution to the wider normative landscape.", + "input": "Abstract: The essay discloses dimensions of communicative awareness, which are both local and general in the sense that they are recognised in all civilisations and pervade the researches of anthropologists, archeologists and historians. These dimensions are bodily activities composed of six practical orientations: up -down, left -right and forward -backward. Our social architecture, our systems of practical implements, our spaces and times of orientations are inscribed by both, the specific bodily situations and their silent background in all communicative awareness. Even languages are variations on these silent dimensions of activities: we face the future - a forward orientation; we leave the past behind - pertaining to our backward dimension; there are upper and lower social classes, left and right political movements. These silent dimensions are both universal and contingent.", "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Flight altitude is relevant to the climate effects resulting from aircraft emissions. Other research has shown that flying higher within the troposphere leads to larger warming from O-3 production. Aircraft NOx emissions are of particular interest, as they lead to warming via the short-term production of O-3, but also to reduced warming via processes like CH4 depletion. We focus on short-term O-3 production, as it constitutes one of aviation's largest warming components. Understanding how O-3 formation varies altitudinally throughout the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere is essential for designing climate-compatible aircraft and routing. We quantify this variation by performing simulations with a global atmospheric chemistry model for three representative cruise altitudes, five regions and two seasons using three methods: Eulerian tagging, perturbation and Lagrangian tagging. This multi-method, regional approach overcomes limitations of previous studies that utilize only one of these methods and apply global emission inventories biased towards present-day flight distributions, thus limiting their applicability to future aviation scenarios. Our results highlight that underrepresenting emissions in areas with growing flight activity (e.g. Asia Pacific) may lead to significant, regional underestimations of the altitudinal sensitivity of short-term NOx-related O-3 warming effects in certain cases. We find that emitting in Southern regions, like Australasia, leads to warming larger by a factor of two when compared to global averages. Our findings also suggest that flying lower translates to lower warming from short-term O-3 production and that this effect is strongest during the local summer. We estimate differences ranging from a factor of 1.2-2.6 between tagging and perturbation results that are attributable to non-linearities of NOx-O-3 chemistry, and derived regional correction factors for a widely-used sub-model. Overall, we stress that a combination of all three methods is necessary for a robust assessment of aviation climate effects as they address fundamentally different questions.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prevalence and predictors of workplace sexual harassment against nurses in the Central Region of Ghana.DESIGN: A cross-sectional online survey.SETTING: Central Region of Ghana.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1494 male and female nurses from various healthcare facilities in the Central Region participated in this survey from August to September 2021.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence of sexual harassment was determined using the Sexual Experiences Questionnaires and the Workplace Violence in the Health Sector Questionnaires. We used descriptive statistics to analyse participants' characteristics and the occurrence of sexual harassment. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of sexual harassment. The survey instrument yielded a reliability value of 0.82.RESULTS: The prevalence of sexual harassment was 43.6% when behaviour-based questions were applied and 22.6% when a direct question was used. The main perpetrators of sexual harassment were male physicians (20.2%), male nurses (15.4%), male relatives of patients (15.1%) and male patients (11.6%). Unfortunately, only a few victims lodged complaints of harassment. Compared with males, female nurses were more likely to be sexually harassed (adjusted OR, aOR 1.59, 95%CI 1.23 to 2.07). Moreover, nurses with higher work experience (aOR 0.86, 95%CI 0.80 to 0.93), those married (aOR 0.54, 95%CI 0.41 to 0.72) and those working in private or mission/Christian Health Association of Ghana health facilities (aOR 0.49, 95%CI 0.36 to 0.68) were less likely to be sexually harassed.CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of workplace sexual harassment against nurses in the Central Region of Ghana is high and may compromise quality healthcare delivery in the region. Therefore, managers of healthcare facilities and the Ghana Health Service need to institute antisexual harassment interventions, including education, training and policy, with a focus on females in general, but especially those who are not married, less experienced and those working in public health facilities.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: The unprecedented emotion aroused by the burning of Notre-Dame de Paris on April 15, 2019 implies an attachment to this building whose foundations anthropology attempts to uncover. Therefore, it is also a case of questioning the way in which a heritage can be as universally shared as is the Parisian cathedral. Moreover, in the present of the restoration, which holds the monument at a distance from its users in an unprecedented way, the current investigation aims to understand what happens to this link, as revealed by the catastrophe. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", + "input": "Abstract: Historical heritage is demanding robust pipelines for preserving, enhancing, and disseminating its prominent value. Semantic segmentation of 3D Point Clouds has gained increasing attention over the years, since it might assist in automati -cally recognizing historical architectural elements, thus facilitating large dataset management. Nonetheless, semantic segmentation is particularly challenging in Cultural Heritage (CH) domain, due to the shapes complexity and the limited repeatability of elements across different architectures, which strengthens the difficulty to define common patterns within the same class of elements. Besides, as Deep Neural Networks demand an appreciably amount of labelled data to be trained, the lack of available annotated heritage point clouds prevent the research in this direction. To tackle these issues, in this paper it is proposed a Deep Learning system able to recognize historical building elements by lever -aging synthetic point cloud. The generation of the 3D models, vaults, is based on a procedural modeling approach that follows the ideal shapes, according to the rules of descriptive geometry for the main types of vaults. The approach has been applied to a newly synthetic dataset which is publicly available. This dataset comprises 6 labelled points clouds, derived from a comprehensive on -tological taxonomy in order to describe an univocal and robust architectural hierarchy: barrel vaults, groined vaults, mirror vaults, barrel vaults with clois -ter heads and lunettes, barrel vaults with lunettes, sail vaults. The experiments yield high accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness and suitability of the pro -posed approach.", "output": "Art", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Patient education is a vital role of nurses in nurse-led clinics(NLCs). Since 2011, independent NLCs entitled health education Nurse-led clinics(HENLCs) have been established in Iran. In order for this newly developed service to be able to perform perfectly in implementation and evaluation, it should be explained based on one of the quality evaluation models. The objective of the study was to determine the dimension of service quality in HENLCs based on service providers' and service recipients' experience.METHODS: This research is a qualitative study of directed content analysis type conducted between May and November 2020. Twenty-nine participants who had rich experiences in the patient education in HENLCs were interviewed in this study. Asarroodi et al.'s (2018) qualitative content analysis method was used for data analysis, and MaxQDA software was used for data management. We used credibility, dependability, and Confirmability to confirm the trustworthiness of the study's findings.RESULTS: In this study service providers including managers, policymakers, decision-makers, nurses, physicians, and service recipients including patients and families participated. Seven generic categories, including (1) a competent and self-motivated nurse educator, (2) an easily accessible and comfortable environment, (3) informational-educational materials and health education equipment, (4) motivational facilities, (5) access to the health education support team, (6) organizational communication supporting the education process, and (7) receiving the patient education fee, constituted the main category of structure. Five generic categories, including (1) assessment and determination of the educational needs of the target group, (2) description of the nurse's duties, (3) teaching-learning methods, (4) patient referral, and (5) the process of preparing and publishing educational content, constituted the main category of process. One generic category called evaluation constituted the main category of outcome.CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, it is suggested to managers to pay attention to the dimensions of the quality model of Donabedian (SPO) in setting up and developing the performance of HENLCs, it is recommended that future quantitative studies based on the categories formed in this study evaluate the observance of the dimensions of structure, process and outcome.", + "input": "Abstract: Peer feedback literacy is becoming increasingly important in higher education as peer feedback has substantially grown as a pedagogical approach. However, quality of produced feedback, a key behavioral aspect of peer feedback literacy, lacks a systematic and evidence-based conceptualization to guide research, instruction, and system design. We introduce a novel framework involving six conceptual dimensions of peer feedback quality that can be measured and supported in online peer feedback contexts: reviewing process, rating accuracy, feedback amount, perceived comment quality, actual comment quality, and feedback content. We then test the underlying dimensionality of student competencies through correlational analysis, Multidimensional Scaling, and cluster analysis, using data from 844 students engaged in online peer feedback in a university-level course. The separability of the conceptual dimensions is largely supported in the cluster analysis. However, the cluster analysis also suggests restructuring perceived and actual comment quality in terms of initial impact and ultimate impact. The Multi-Dimensional Scaling suggests the dimensions of peer feedback can be conceptualized in terms of relative emphasis on expertise vs. effort and on overall review quality vs. individual comment quality. The findings provide a new road map for meta-analyses, empirical studies, and system design work focused on peer feedback literacy.", "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Spotlighting a 500 -year -old detail in Michelangelo's David, this paper delves into the intricate connection between technique and art in the medical field, especially in esthetic surgery. With rapid technological advancement, medical specialties are becoming increasingly segmented, leading to potential oversights in holistic human examination. Drawing from an- cient Greek concepts, Techne, Ars, and Episteme are explored as symbolic re- presentations of the convergence of skill and knowledge. Art, defined as a reflection of human creativity and emotion, was historically intertwined with science, as symbolized by the nine Muses. The Renaissance period, exemplified by works like David, underlines the profound relationship between art and anatomy. Dr. Gelfman's observations on the David sign serve as a testament to the continuous dance between medical science and artistic representation. This paper underscores the timeless value of a comprehensive approach in medical practice, urging professionals to amalgamate technical precision with an artistic understanding of the human form. Level of evidence: Level V, opinion expert. (c) 2024 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Background Shortness of breath is a common complaint among individuals contacting emergency communication center (EMCCs). In some prehospital system, emergency medical services include an advanced life support (ALS)-capable team. Whether such team should be dispatched during the phone call or delayed until the BLS-capable paramedic team reports from the scene is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the impact of delayed MMT dispatch until receiving the paramedic review compared to immediate dispatch at the time of the call on patient outcomes. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in Lyon, France, using data obtained from the departmental EMCC during the period from January to December 2019. We included consecutive calls related to adult patients experiencing acute respiratory distress. Patients from the two groups (immediate mobile medical team (MMT) dispatch or delayed MMT dispatch) were matched on a propensity score, and a conditional weighted logistic regression assessed the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for each outcome (mortality on days 0, 7 and 30). Results A total of 870 calls (median age 72 [57-84], male 466 53.6%) were sought for analysis [614 (70.6%) immediate MMT dispatch and 256 (29.4%) delayed MMT groups]. The median time before MMT dispatch was 25.1 min longer in the delayed MMT group (30.7 [26.4-36.1] vs. 5.6 [3.9-8.8] min, p < 0.001). Patients subjected to a delayed MMT intervention were older (median age 78 [66-87] vs. 69 [53-83], p < 0.001) and more frequently highly dependent (16.3% vs. 8.6%, p < 0.001). A higher proportion of patients in the delayed MMT group required bag valve mask ventilation (47.3% vs. 39.1%, p = 0.03), noninvasive ventilation (24.6% vs. 20.0%, p = 0.13), endotracheal intubation (7.0% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.07) and catecholamine infusion (3.9% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.01). After propensity score matching, mortality at day 0 was higher in the delayed MMT group (9.8% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.002). Immediate MMT dispatch at the call was associated with a lower risk of mortality on day 0 (0.60 [0.38;0.82], p < 0.001) day 7 (0.50 [0.27;0.72], p < 0.001) and day 30 (0.56 [0.35;0.78], p < 0.001) Conclusions This study suggests that the deployment of an MMT at call in patients in acute respiratory distress may result in decreased short to medium-term mortality compared to a delayed MMT following initial first aid assessment.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Emergency medical systems in the world are mainly based on two main models: the Franco-German System (FGS) and the Anglo-American System (AAS). The characteristic feature of the FGS is the Stay and Play principle, while the AAS system is based on the Scoop and Run principle. The Polish model is a mix of those two systems mainly based on the work of paramedics. Their scope of operations and powers have changed over time. As a result of the advocacy undertaken by paramedics in Poland, legislation was drafted and became law in June 2023. The central changes include: the introduction of a paramedic register, the establishment of a professional self-government of paramedics, the expansion of professional competencies such as the ability to declare death, and new opportunities for professional development including speciality training or paid training leave. This article discusses the new law in the context of previous legislative solutions in the field of emergency medicine in Poland and in other European countries.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) often escapes detection, given its frequent paroxysmal and asymptomatic presentation. Deep learning of transthoracic echocardiograms (TTEs), which have structural information, could help identify occult AF. We created a two-stage deep learning algorithm using a video-based convolutional neural network model that (1) distinguished whether TTEs were in sinus rhythm or AF and then (2) predicted which of the TTEs in sinus rhythm were in patients who had experienced AF within 90 days. Our model, trained on 111,319 TTE videos, distinguished TTEs in AF from those in sinus rhythm with high accuracy in a held-out test cohort (AUC 0.96 (0.95-0.96), AUPRC 0.91 (0.90-0.92)). Among TTEs in sinus rhythm, the model predicted the presence of concurrent paroxysmal AF (AUC 0.74 (0.71-0.77), AUPRC 0.19 (0.16-0.23)). Model discrimination remained similar in an external cohort of 10,203 TTEs (AUC of 0.69 (0.67-0.70), AUPRC 0.34 (0.31-0.36)). Performance held across patients who were women (AUC 0.76 (0.72-0.81)), older than 65 years (0.73 (0.69-0.76)), or had a CHA2DS2VASc >= 2 (0.73 (0.79-0.77)). The model performed better than using clinical risk factors (AUC 0.64 (0.62-0.67)), TTE measurements (0.64 (0.62-0.67)), left atrial size (0.63 (0.62-0.64)), or CHA2DS2VASc (0.61 (0.60-0.62)). An ensemble model in a cohort subset combining the TTE model with an electrocardiogram (ECGs) deep learning model performed better than using the ECG model alone (AUC 0.81 vs. 0.79, p = 0.01). Deep learning using TTEs can predict patients with active or occult AF and could be used for opportunistic AF screening that could lead to earlier treatment.", + "output": "Communication", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: Empathy is described as one's ability to perceive and apprehend another person's feelings, situation, emotions, and problems as their own. Empathetic behavior increases patients' satisfaction, reduces discomfort, and helps with patient's satisfaction.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Jefferson Empathy Scale and compare the measure of invariance within genders and amongst the public and private sector dental students.METHOD: This cross-sectional study utilized JSE-HPS version for research purpose. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to detect underlying factors. Reliability of the study tool was evaluated using Cronbach alpha test. Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the differences in scores between genders and among public and private university students while Student's t analysis compared the scores according to different domains. The level of significance was \u22640.05.RESULTS: Females demonstrated higher empathy levels (88.52\u00b114.19) along with private institute students (88.46\u00b113.98). Perspective taking and compassionate care domain was also scored highest by the females (31.73\u00b16.49 & 29.31\u00b16.22) and among second year students (33.30\u00b17.11 & 30.50\u00b17.16). PCA analysis extracted 4 factors namely (i) Health-care-provider's sense of humor contributed to improved outcome (ii) Health-care provider's understanding of patients' feelings and of their families influences treatment outcomes (iii) Understanding body language is as important as verbal communication and (iv) Patients feel better when their feelings are understood, which accounted for the 59.51% of the total variance.CONCLUSION: The findings revealed that students from private institute and females demonstrated higher empathy score. Moreover, the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) was found to be a reliable and validated tool for assessment of empathy in our sample population.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: This paper develops the concept of transience of (in)formality to refer to the intersection of formal and informal negotiating procedures in the WTO decision-making system. It argues that both formal and informal negotiating processes are essential for delivering negotiating outcomes in the WTO. Particularly, the article assesses how informal negotiating practices emerge within the WTO formal framework and align with it. The analysis highlights how negotiating practices (re)shape existing norms, both formal and informal, adapting the WTO to overcome challenges and meet current needs. It also disputes legal formalistic perspectives that permeate trade literature and offer limited accounts of Members' agency in the WTO. The paper uses the Joint Initiatives as a case study to illustrate the convergence between formality and informality and a possible way ahead for the WTO negotiations. By broadening the understanding of law-making, it contributes to the discussion on WTO reform. It provides alternatives that reflect the reality of WTO negotiations and underlines the institution's relevance.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: We develop a dynamic model of investment with moral hazard and provide a micro -foundation for financing constraints. In the model, standard investmentcash -flow sensitivity regressions will find a small coefficient on Tobin's Q and a large and significant coefficient on cash flow. Our calibration replicates the empirical fact that larger and more mature firms are less financially constrained but have higher investment -cash -flow sensitivity. Our theory therefore resolves the long-standing puzzle of the existence of the investment -cash -flow sensitivity and the seemingly weak relationship between investment -cash -flow sensitivity and the severity of financing constraints documented by Kaplan and Zingales (1997) and many others.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: In the 16th century at the latest there were strong political, cultural and literary ties between the Iberian Peninsula and the Dutch speaking regions in north western Europe. Literature in general and especially romances from the 'south' were printed, translated and adapted in Dutch. After an introduction in which the contribution presents a short overview of the translation and adaptation of Iberian romances in Dutch the focus will be on the 'Amadijs' tradition especially. For the first time the Spanish source and the 'Amadijs' are compared, including an analysis of the paratextual elements of the first Dutch edition of 'Amadijs' (1546), which clearly shows that Nuyts did not follow his source as an inspiration for the design of his edition, but copied the design of earlier Dutch editions of narratives as a marketing strategy. Part four shows that the Dutch 'Amadijs' was obviously read by everyone in the early modern period.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Birch bark tar is the most widely documented adhesive in prehistoric Europe. More recent periods attest to a diversification in terms of the materials used as adhesives and their application. Some studies have shown that conifer resins and beeswax were added to produce compound adhesives. For the Iron Age, no comparative large-scale studies have been conducted to provide a wider perspective on adhesive technologies. To address this issue, we identify adhesive substances from the Iron Age in north-eastern France. We applied organic residue analysis to 65 samples from 16 archaeological sites. This included residues adhering to ceramics, from vessel surface coatings, repaired ceramics, vessel contents, and adhesive lumps. Our findings show that, even during the Iron Age in north-eastern France, birch bark tar is one of the best-preserved adhesive substances, used for at least 400 years. To a lesser extent, Pinaceae resin and beeswax were also identified. Through statistical analyses, we show that molecular composition differs in samples, correlating with adhesive function. This has implications for our understanding of birch bark tar production, processing and mode of use during the Iron Age in France and beyond.", - "output": "Archaeology", + "input": "Abstract: The article examines the role of memory in Yugoslav exchanges with the postcolonial world, focusing on the agency of Yugoslav war veterans and their involvement with Algeria. During decolonization, Yugoslav institutions and associations stood in solidarity with anti-colonial liberation movements. Former Partisans were critical agents of Yugoslav internationalism, and the memory of the People's Liberation War (Narodnooslobodila & ccaron;ki rat, NOR), which dominated the Yugoslav memory culture, played a connecting role in this context. The article focuses on the transnational aspect of the Yugoslav war memory, an intrinsically everyday phenomenon, exploring its exportation and internationalization. Applying the transnational memory framework to relations between Yugoslav Partisans and Algerian mujahideen, the article illuminates the twofold role of memory: as narratives of the shared past, and as the transfer of knowledge in war commemoration. Firstly, Yugoslav veterans identified with the anti-colonial struggle as comparable to their own. This was not only an official political discourse, but was also shared by Yugoslav society at large. Secondly, they engaged in transfers of knowledge in memory work, providing expertise and training to Algerian veterans. The People's Liberation War memory constituted a key aspect of everyday life in Yugoslav state socialism and veterans internationalized it, adding the dimension of personal war memory. The exchanges of knowledge illuminate the transfer from the discursive level of the shared past to the sphere of commemorative policies and practices that reshaped cultures of war remembrance. The article represents a starting point of a global history of the Yugoslav revolution and a transnational history of memory from the perspective of anti-colonial solidarities.", + "output": "History", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: In the spirit of America's Shakespeare, August Wilson (1997), I have written this article as a testimony to the conditions under which I, and too many others, engage in scholarly discourse. I hope to make clear from the beginning that although the ideas presented here are not entirely my own-as they have been inherited from the minority of scholars who dared and managed to bring the most necessary, unpalatable, and unsettling truths about our discipline to the broader scientific community-I do not write for anyone but myself and those scholars who have felt similarly marginalized, oppressed, and silenced. And I write as a race scholar, meaning simply that I believe that race-and racism-affects the sociopolitical conditions in which humans, and scholars, develop their thoughts, feelings, and actions. I believe that it is important for all scholars to have a basic understanding of these conditions, as well as the landmines and pitfalls that define them, as they shape how research is conducted, reviewed, and disseminated. I also believe that to evolve one's discipline into one that is truly robust and objective, it must first become diverse and self-aware. Any effort to suggest otherwise, no matter how scholarly it might present itself, is intellectually unsound.", - "output": "Law", + "input": "Abstract: This paper examines flow of value that goes with trade flows in global value chains (GVCs) by a residence-based domestic value-added trade measure. Accordingly, the paper puts forward a concept of residence-based domestic value-added exports from activity domains and develops a corresponding trade measure. Export activities of G20 economies are scrutinized empirically, with which sizeable differences are observed between figures in the proposed residence-based domestic value-added trade measure and the conventional domestic value-added trade measure. This calls for new measures, to which the present study responds. It has been demonstrated that the developed G20 gains persistently in residence-based domestic value-added exports, increasing from the conventional domestic value-added exports measure. Whereas trade performance of the developing G20 deteriorates with considerably reduced surpluses in the new measure. Considerable additional value flows out from developing to developed economies in GVCs. Developed economies continue to gain from international trade as a matter of fact.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Natural disasters devastate communities by damaging built infrastructure systems that support residential habitation, forcing people to evacuate from their homes, find alternative housing, and eventually rehabitate. Disaster mitigation projects can reduce damage to built infrastructure and community recovery time. Most mitigation projects are analyzed using monetary measures, thereby not fully accounting for benefits due to other factors, such as residential habitation, which are difficult to quantify and model. A recent US Army Corps of Engineers policy requires the inclusion of nonmonetary impacts in mitigation project analyses. However, rigorous modeling and quantification methods of nonmonetary impacts are needed. This paper describes such a modeling approach and the Disaster Habitation Model (DHM) for rigorously modeling and quantifying the habitation impacts of disaster mitigation projects for project analysis and selection. The DHM combines the impacts of critical internal infrastructure systems in a community to simulate habitation over a community's disaster experience. The approach and model are illustrated using the Halls Bayou watershed in Houston, Texas. Results estimate the habitation benefits of a proposed mitigation program and thereby provide a basis for including other social effects of projects in mitigation project analyses. The approach and method are found to be capable of realistically portraying disaster habitation behavior and are useful in quantifying improvements due to mitigation efforts. Application across different disaster types, mitigation efforts, limitations, and future development opportunities are discussed.", - "output": "Geography", + "input": "Abstract: This article examines migrant homesharing programs in Italy through a dwelling lens, which seeks to understand how homesharing transcends the home and provides new opportunities for migrants to build a life as more than temporary guests. Homesharing is a growing reception practice across the Global North, and it sees residents house migrants in their own homes. We start from a critique of hospitality as the primary organizing framework through which homesharing is designed and implemented. We then put forth dwelling, as an alternative lens to hospitality, which imagines a wider array of relationships to and across space. We draw from ethnographic research in Turin, Bologna, and Florence, Italy, to showcase how migrants, residents, and practitioners engaged in homesharing are already thinking beyond guest-host dichotomies, and prioritizing ways of doing cohabitation that go beyond hospitality. If hospitality indicates the conditionality of being hosted, maintaining the power relations between the host and the guest, dwelling concerns the process by which the conditionality and impermanence of hospitality are eroded, asserting the right of migrants to be more than guests.", + "output": "Demography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Healthcare professionals often face ethical conflicts and challenges related to decision-making that have necessitated consideration of the use of conscientious objection (CO). No current guidelines exist within Spain's healthcare system regarding acceptable rationales for CO, the appropriate application of CO, or practical means to support healthcare professionals who wish to become conscientious objectors. As such, a procedural framework is needed that not only assures the appropriate use of CO by healthcare professionals but also demonstrates its ethical validity, legislative compliance through protection of moral freedoms and patients' rights to receive health care. Our proposal consists of prerequisites of eligibility for CO (individual reference, specific clinical context, ethical justification, assurance of non-discrimination, professional consistency, attitude of mutual respect, assurance of patient rights and safety) and a procedural process (notification and preparation, documentation and confidentiality, evaluation of prerequisites, non-abandonment, transparency, allowance for unforeseen objection, compensatory responsibilities, access to guidance and/or consultative advice, and organizational guarantee of professional substitution). We illustrate the real-world utility of the proposed framework through a case discussion in which our guidelines are applied.", - "output": "Philosophy", + "input": "Abstract: Migrant workers play a crucial role as potential entrepreneurs in enhancing the quality and efficiency of rural revitalization, garnering widespread attention from both the academic and practical realms. Our paper utilizes micro-survey data from 542 farmers collected by our research team from 2021 to 2022 and employs experimental economics methods to measure farmers' cognitive abilities (CA) and risk preferences (RP). It systematically examines the impact and mechanisms of migration work experience (MWE) on migrant workers' return home for entrepreneurship (RHE). The findings reveal that MWE promotes farmers' participation in RHE. This conclusion remains robust after addressing endogeneity issues through robustness checks and instrumental variable methods. Further mechanism exploration indicates that MWE can enhance farmers' CA, thereby increasing their likelihood of engaging in RHE. Additionally, RP strengthens the positive effect of MWE on farmers' participation in RHE. These findings not only provide theoretical evidence for migrant workers' involvement in RHE but also offer valuable insights for stimulating endogenous entrepreneurial vitality in rural areas and achieving rural revitalization.", + "output": "Economics", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: Analytical studies of ancient Chinese handmade papers and paper-based materials have long faced challenges, due to the need for high-quality, scientifically sound data that can lead to suitable diagnostic criteria. This study applies Herzberg staining, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to five Hetian Administration Banknotes (HABs), a particular type of regional banknotes issued by Ma Hu-shan (1910-1954), a Hui warlord, in southern Xinjiang between 1933 and 1937. The results shed important insights into the use of fiber and dyes on HABs, revealing how locally handmade Sangpi (bark of the mulberry tree, Morus alba L.) papers and imported synthetic dyes (Rhodamine B, Methyl Violet 2B, Direct Black 38, and presumably Sudan II) were combined to serve the needs of the regional economy in southern Xinjiang during the 1930s. We conclude the paper by tentatively proposing guidelines for applying low- and high-resolution analytical methods to understand the manufacture and use of ancient Chinese handmade papers and paper-based materials.", - "output": "Art", + "input": "Abstract: Northern Europe and Northeast Asia, which are climatologically mild and temperate in early summer, both witnessed record-breaking heat extremes in June 2023. With a focus on the subseasonal time scale, this study highlights a teleconnected relationship in historical early-summer heat extremes between Northern Europe and Northeast Asia. By diagnosing the thermal budget and wave activity flux, we show that over one third of historical Northeast Asian heat extremes are initialized by Eurasian mid-latitude Rossby wave packets. The wave packets manifest as strong anticyclonic anomalies over subpolar North Atlantic, cyclonic anomalies over Ural region and anticyclonic anomalies over Northeast Asia, which directly cause coexisting heat extremes in Northern Europe and Northeast Asia. Such wave packets are strongly modulated by the Eurasian jet stream. By carrying out numerical experiments, we further explain why the wave packet is significant in early summer. We find that the quasi-stationary response of the Eurasian midlatitude Rossby wave packets to a specified heating in subpolar North Atlantic is dependent on the background jet structure. In early summer, the double-jet state over Eurasia favors Rossby wave propagation. This is of great practical importance for accurate prediction of Northeast Asian heat extreme amplitude and location.", + "output": "Geography", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: This article describes an investment case methodology for tobacco control that was applied in 36 countries between 2017 and 2022.METHODS: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) investment cases compared two scenarios: a base case that calculated the tobacco-attributable mortality, morbidity and economic costs with status quo tobacco control, and an intervention scenario that described changes in those same outcomes from fully implementing and enforcing a variety of proven, evidence-based tobacco control policies and interventions. Health consequences included the tobacco-attributable share of mortality and morbidity from 38 diseases. The healthcare expenditures and the socioeconomic costs from the prevalence of those conditions were combined to calculate the total losses due to tobacco. The monetised benefits of improvements in health resulting from tobacco control implementation were compared with costs of expanding tobacco control to assess returns on investment in each country. An institutional and context analysis assessed the political and economic dimensions of tobacco control in each context.RESULTS: We applied a rigorous yet flexible methodology in 36 countries over 5 years. The replicable model and framework may be used to inform development of tobacco control cases in countries worldwide.CONCLUSION: Investment cases constitute a tool that development partners and advocates have demanded in even greater numbers. The economic argument for tobacco control provided by this set of country-contextualised analyses can be a strong tool for policy change.", - "output": "Economics", + "input": "Abstract: Objectives: Among Aboriginal children, the year between birth and 1 year of age has the highest mortality rate compared with any other age. Prompt administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) leads to better outcomes and a lower likelihood of ongoing sequalae. Current education on infant CPR is not provided to parents except in certain circumstances in a neonatal intensive care unit. Currently, there are no identified CPR education courses specifically available for Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people, meaning that current infant CPR education courses are not culturally responsive.Design: Partnering with an Aboriginal community from the Bindjareb region of the Western Australian Noongar nation, the researchers used a co-design approach and an Aboriginal Participatory Action Research (APAR) design to explore how to deliver culturally safe and responsive infant CPR community education. This resulted in the development of the Koolangka Infant Life Saving Education Framework (KILSEF), which can be used to guide future planning and delivery of culturally safe and responsive community level infant CPR education.Results: The study findings identified that members of the Aboriginal community were very interested in receiving infant CPR education, but the barriers identified from mainstream CPR course delivery need to be removed for the community to benefit from culturally responsive ways of learning. Culturally responsive community CPR education should be provided in culturally safe places and the focus of learning should be on the practical applications of CPR and less on the academic pre-reading and written requirements. Explanations should be provided in lay terms and patience is required to communicate ideas in ways that facilitate understanding, and the course may need to be delivered over several days to accommodate community participant availability.Conclusion: Addressing Aboriginal community concerns and barriers allowed for the implementation of culturally responsive infant resuscitation education which was highly valued by community members and led to increased community confidence and participation in CPR education.", + "output": "Education", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", - "input": "Abstract: BACKGROUND: More than 767 million coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) cases and 6.9 million deaths with COVID-19 have been recorded as of August 2023. Several public health and social measures were implemented in schools to contain the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and prevent onward transmission. We built upon methods from a previous Cochrane review to capture current empirical evidence relating to the effectiveness of school measures to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission.OBJECTIVES: To provide an updated assessment of the evidence on the effectiveness of measures implemented in the school setting to keep schools open safely during the COVID-19 pandemic.SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, Educational Resources Information Center, World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease database, and the US Department of Veterans Affairs Evidence Synthesis Program COVID-19 Evidence Reviews on 18 February 2022.SELECTION CRITERIA: Eligible studies focused on measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, among students (aged 4 to 18 years) or individuals relating to the school, or both. We categorized studies that reported quantitative measures of intervention effectiveness, and studies that assessed the performance of surveillance measures as either 'main' or 'supporting' studies based on design and approach to handling key confounders. We were interested in transmission-related outcomes and intended or unintended consequences.DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors screened titles, abstracts and full texts. We extracted minimal data for supporting studies. For main studies, one review author extracted comprehensive data and assessed risk of bias, which a second author checked. We narratively synthesized findings for each intervention-comparator-outcome category (body of evidence). Two review authors assessed certainty of evidence.MAIN RESULTS: The 15 main studies consisted of measures to reduce contacts (4 studies), make contacts safer (7 studies), surveillance and response measures (6 studies; 1 assessed transmission outcomes, 5 assessed performance of surveillance measures), and multicomponent measures (1 study). These main studies assessed outcomes in the school population (12), general population (2), and adults living with a school-attending child (1). Settings included K-12 (kindergarten to grade 12; 9 studies), secondary (3 studies), and K-8 (kindergarten to grade 8; 1 study) schools. Two studies did not clearly report settings. Studies measured transmission-related outcomes (10), performance of surveillance measures (5), and intended and unintended consequences (4). The 15 main studies were based in the WHO regions of the Americas (12), Europe (2), and Eastern Mediterranean (1). Comparators were more versus less intense measures, single versus multicomponent measures, and measures versus no measures. We organized results into relevant bodies of evidence, or groups of studies relating to the same 'intervention-comparator-outcome' categories. Across all bodies of evidence, certainty of evidence ratings limit our confidence in findings. Where we describe an effect as 'beneficial', the direction of the point estimate of the e\ufb00ect favours the intervention; a 'harmful' e\ufb00ect does not favour the intervention and 'null' shows no effect either way. Measures to reduce contact (4 studies) We grouped studies into 21 bodies of evidence: moderate- (10 bodies), low- (3 bodies), or very low-certainty evidence (8 bodies). The evidence was very low to moderate certainty for beneficial effects of remote versus in-person or hybrid teaching on transmission in the general population. For students and staff, mostly harmful effects were observed when more students participated in remote teaching. Moderate-certainty evidence showed that in the general population there was probably no effect on deaths and a beneficial effect on hospitalizations for remote versus in-person teaching, but no effect for remote versus hybrid teaching. The effects of hybrid teaching, a combination of in-person and remote teaching, were mixed. Very low-certainty evidence showed that there may have been a harmful e\ufb00ect on risk of infection among adults living with a school student for closing playgrounds and cafeterias, a null e\ufb00ect for keeping the same teacher, and a beneficial e\ufb00ect for cancelling extracurricular activities, keeping the same students together and restricting entry for parents and caregivers. Measures to make contact safer (7 studies) We grouped studies into eight bodies of evidence: moderate- (5 bodies), and low-certainty evidence (3 bodies). Low-certainty evidence showed that there may have been a beneficial effect of mask mandates on transmission-related outcomes. Moderate-certainty evidence showed full mandates were probably more beneficial than partial or no mandates. Evidence of a beneficial effect of physical distancing on risk of infection among staff and students was mixed. Moderate-certainty evidence showed that ventilation measures probably reduce cases among sta\ufb00 and students. One study (very low-certainty evidence) found that there may be a beneficial e\ufb00ect of not sharing supplies and increasing desk space on risk of infection for adults living with a school student, but showed there may be a harmful e\ufb00ect of desk shields. Surveillance and response measures (6 studies) We grouped studies into seven bodies of evidence: moderate- (3 bodies), low- (1 body), and very low-certainty evidence (3 bodies). Daily testing strategies to replace or reduce quarantine probably helped to reduce missed school days and decrease the proportion of asymptomatic school contacts testing positive (moderate-certainty evidence). For studies that assessed the performance of surveillance measures, the proportion of cases detected by rapid antigen detection testing ranged from 28.6% to 95.8%, positive predictive value ranged from 24.0% to 100.0% (very low-certainty evidence). There was probably no onward transmission from contacts of a positive case (moderate-certainty evidence) and replacing or shortening quarantine with testing may have reduced missed school days (low-certainty evidence). Multicomponent measures (1 study) Combining multiple measures may have led to a reduction in risk of infection among adults living with a student (very low-certainty evidence).AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: A range of measures can have a beneficial effect on transmission-related outcomes, healthcare utilization and school attendance. We rated the current findings at a higher level of certainty than the original review. Further high-quality research into school measures to control SARS-CoV-2 in a wider variety of contexts is needed to develop a more evidence-based understanding of how to keep schools open safely during COVID-19 or a similar public health emergency.", - "output": "Education", + "input": "Abstract: Background Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites (Annonaceae) is a medicinal plant that has been reported for its various pharmacological potentials, such as its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and neuropharmacological activities. This study aimed to analyze the leaf essential oils of P. suberosa (PSLO) collected in different seasons, to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, and to corroborate the obtained results via in-silico molecular docking studies. Methods The leaf essential oils of P. suberosa collected in different seasons were analyzed separately by GC/MS. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the leaves oil was assessed via colorimetric assay. In-silico molecular docking studies were elucidated by virtual docking of the main compounds identified in P. suberosa leaf essential oil to the active sites in human acetylcholinesterase crystal structure. Results A total of 125 compounds were identified where D-limonene (0.07 - 24.7%), alpha-copaene (2.25 - 15.49%), E-beta-caryophyllene (5.17 - 14.42%), 24-noroleana-3,12-diene (12.92%), beta-pinene (0.14 - 8.59%), and alpha-humulene (2.49-6.9%) were the most abundant components. Results showed a noteworthy influence of the collection season on the chemical composition and yield of the volatile oils. The tested oil adequately inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme with an IC50 value of 91.94 mu g/mL. Additionally, in-silico molecular docking unveiled that palmitic acid, phytol, p-cymene, and caryophyllene oxide demonstrated the highest fitting scores within the active sites of human acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Conclusions From these findings, it is concluded that P. suberosa leaf oil should be evaluated as a food supplement for enhancing memory.", + "output": "Communication", + "system": "", + "history": [] + }, + { + "instruction": "According to the text of the abstract of the paper in the field of humanities and social sciences given below, determine which discipline this text belongs to, and select a discipline from ['Archaeology', 'Economics', 'Communication', 'Demography', 'Education', 'Geography', 'Law', 'Art', 'History', 'Philosophy'] for output, only the name of the category needs to be output, don't output any other content. ", + "input": "Abstract: In 1963, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) published the first volume of its long-awaited cultural and scientific history of mankind. First announced in 1948, the History of Mankind was envisioned as a comprehensive, universal human history, from the evolution of Homo sapiens to the middle of the twentieth century. This article uses editorial conflicts over the site of the cradle of the human species to explore the position of scientific knowledge in world history writing and to examine tensions between different national traditions of expertise at a moment of political and scientific transition.", + "output": "Philosophy", "system": "", "history": [] }