diff --git "a/test.json" "b/test.json" --- "a/test.json" +++ "b/test.json" @@ -1,701 +1,701 @@ [ { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8d38\u6613\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u4ea7\u51fa\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u6027\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u5e02\u573a\u6216\u8005\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u539f\u6750\u6599\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5efa\u7b51\u4e1a\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u56fd\u5185\u539f\u6599\uff0c\u96c7\u7528\u672c\u571f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u548c\u6ee1\u8db3\u56fd\u5185\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u8bbe\u5907\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5efa\u7b51\u516c\u53f8\u56fd\u9645\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u914d\u5957\u670d\u52a1\u4e5f\u8bb8\u901a\u8fc7\u8d38\u6613\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002", - "output": "Trade has revolutionized the prospects of all industrial sectors -- today few industries rely purely on domestic markets or domestically produced components and raw materials. For example, although the construction industry primarily uses domestic materials, employs local labour and satisfies domestic demand, capital equipment may be imported and, with increasing international ownership of construction firms, support services may also be traded.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5979\u8fd8\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u201c\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0d\u4f46\u5bf9\u5927\u4f17\u6587\u5316\u5206\u6790\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u66f4\u4e3a\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u79ef\u6781\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u201d\u201c\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6b63\u4ee5\u6b96\u6c11\u5f0f\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u6025\u5267\u6269\u5f20\u4e14\u6beb\u65e0\u653e\u7f13\u4e4b\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002", + "output": "She also suggests that \"the recent debates on postmodernism possess both a positive attraction and a usefulness to the analyst of popular culture\". What is certainly the case is that as a concept postmodernism shows little sign of slowing down its colonial-like expansion.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u624b\u5de5\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u9676\u5668\u5728\u94f8\u6a21\u4e00\u4ef6\u5bb9\u5668\u65f6\u8981\u4e48\u9009\u53d6\u7c98\u571f\u77f3\u82af\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u52a0\u8bbe\u5708\u5f62\u6216\u5f27\u5f62\u5377\u677f\uff0c\u7136\u540e \u7528\u8f83\u7a00\u7684\u571f\u6c34\u6df7\u5408\u6db2\u9ecf\u5408\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u56fe6. 4\uff09\u3002", - "output": "Hand-forming pottery involves modeling a vessel either from a clay core or by adding coils or segments and welding the junctures with a thin solution of clay and water (Fig. 6.4).", + "input": "\u8d39\u6839\uff08B. Fagan 2001)\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u683c\u62c9\u5384\u59c6\u00b7\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u5b66\u672f\u751f\u6daf\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u80dc\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u672c\u901a\u4fd7\u4f20\u8bb0\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u5bf9\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u7ae0\u505a\u4e86\u6781\u597d\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\u3002\u7f57\u5229-\u5eb7\u97e6\uff08Rowley-Conwy 1999)\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u751f\u6daf\u6df1\u5177\u6d1e\u89c1\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u800c\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\uff08P.J. Smith 1997) \u5bf9\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u8457\u4f5c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u53f2\u524d\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u505a\u4e86\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u5199\u8fc7\u4e00\u672c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u4f20\uff08Clark 1974)\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u65af\u5854\u5361\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u505a\u4e86\u8bc4\u8bba\uff08Clark 1972)\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6daf\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u9009\u7f16\u4e86\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bfe\u9898\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8bba\u6587\uff08Clark 1989a, 1989b)\u3002\u897f\u592b\u91d1 (Sieveking 1976)\u548c\u67e5\u666e\u66fc\uff08R. Chapman 1979)\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e86\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u5bf9\u6234\u7ef4\u2022\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5bf9\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u2022\u5e0c\u683c\u65af\uff08Eric Higgs)\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u8d1d\u5229\uff08Bailey 1999)\u3002", + "output": "B. Fagan (2001) has published an attractive, popular book-length intellectual biography of Grahame Clark that contains admirable summaries of all Clark\u2019s important writings. Rowley-Conwy (1999) offers an insightful analysis of Clark\u2019s career and P. J. Smith (1997) provides valuable accounts of Clark\u2019s early research and publications and of his role in the establishment of the Prehistoric Society (Smith 1999). Clark authored a brief intellectual autobiography (Clark 1974) and a critique of his own work at Star Carr (Clark 1972). He also set his life and work into its Cambridge University context and reprinted his major papers on economic topics (Clark 1989a, 1989b). Sieveking (1976) and R. Chapman (1979) assess Clark\u2019s influence on the work of David Clarke and some of his other students. For an assessment of Eric Higgs\u2019s work, see Bailey (1999).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u65e9\u671f\u7f57\u9a6c\u793e\u4f1a\u6784\u6210\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u662f\u5212\u5206\u6210\u8d35\u65cf\u4e0e\u5e73\u6c11\u4e24\u5927\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u8d35\u65cf\u7531\u738b\u653f\u65f6\u4ee3\u59d4\u4efb\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u5143\u8001\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u5bb6\u65cf\u7ec4\u6210\u3002", - "output": "The most noticeable element in the social organization of early Rome was the division between two groups---the patricians and the plebeians. The patrician class in Rome consisted of families who were descended from the original senators appointed during the period of the kings.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5bf9\u53e57\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u4f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u2014\u2014\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u51fa\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u89c4\u5219\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u6cd5\u89c4\u5219\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u5e76\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u4e00\u79cd\u6216\u662f\u53e55\u6216\u662f\u53e56\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u5219\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u638c\u63e1\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u53e57\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u548c\u53e54\u7684\u542b\u7cca\u6027\u3002", + "output": "The fact that 7 is deviant requires explanation. The explanation in this case would be provided, at the level of particular grammar, by formulation of the grammatical rules that assign alternative deep structures and that in each case permit one but not the other of the extensions to 5 or 6. We would then explain the deviance of 7 and the ambiguity of 4 by attributing this system of rules to the person who knows the language, as one aspect of his knowledge.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "4.\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u5904\u4e8e\u89c4\u8303\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u5c55\u73b0\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6f84\u6e05\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u671f\u671b\uff1b\u4e3a\u56e2\u961f\u6210\u5458\u4ee5\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ee9\u6548\u53cd\u9988\uff1b\u9f13\u52b1\u56e2\u961f\u660e\u786e\u8868\u8fbe\u672a\u6765\u613f\u666f\uff1b\u627e\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u516c\u5f00\u3001\u5f00\u653e\u5730\u4f20\u8fbe\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u613f\u666f\u3002", - "output": "If your team is in the norming stage, you want to exhibit certain leader behaviors. These behaviors include clarifying the team's goals and expectations, providing performance feedback to individual team members and the team, encouraging the team to articulate a vision for the future, and finding ways to publicly and openly communicate the team's vision.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5c3d\u7ba1\u88c1\u51b3\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5e76\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7279\u5f81,\u4f46\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u4f1a\u7528\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8c08\u5224\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u4e89\u7aef\u3002\u8c08\u5224\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u88c1\u51b3\u7684\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u66ff\u4ee3\u529e\u6cd5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u89e3\u51b3\u52b3\u8d44\u7ea0\u7eb7\uff0c\u7f62\u5de5\u5de5\u4eba\u9996\u5148\u4f1a\u4e0e\u8d44\u65b9\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u501f\u52a9\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u7684\u8c03\u89e3\u3002", + "output": "Although the adjudication process is not universally characteristic, every society employs some form of negotiation to settle disputes. Often negotiation acts as a prerequisite or an alternative to adjudication. For example, in the resolution of U.S. labor disputes, striking workers may first negotiate with management, often with the mediation of a third party.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u5b9e\u8df5\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u6c83\u571f\u3002\u7f57\u66fc\u00b7\u96c5\u53ef\u5e03\u68ee\u5bf9\u201c\u8a00\u8bed\u7f3a\u9677\u201d\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u8bd7\u5b66\u9690\u542b\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4f8b\u3002", - "output": "There are some instances when a structuralist theory provides the practical critic with a fertile ground for interpretative applications. This is true of Roman Jakobson\u2019s study of \u2018aphasia\u2019 (speech defect) and its implications for poetics.", + "input": "\u5b83\u7684\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e5f\u6709\u683c\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5982he/him\u800c\u4e14\u548c\u7c98\u7740\u884d\u751f\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8bb8\u591a\u5b57\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u5b57\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u50cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u884d\u751f\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u5b57\u9996\u521b\u9020\u51fasensationalization\u548cDarwinianisms\u3002\u4e2d\u6587\u662f\u6bd4\u82f1\u8bed\u66f4\u4e3a\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u5b64\u7acb\u8bed\u8303\u4f8b\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5b83\u4e5f\u6709\u89c4\u5219\u7528\u4ee5\u521b\u9020\u7531\u591a\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u6784\u6210\u7684\u65b0\u8bcd\uff08\u5982\u590d\u5408\u8bcd\u548c\u884d\u751f\u8bcd\uff09\u3002", + "output": "It also has case distinctions in the pronouns, such as \u201che\u201d versus \u201chim\u201d. And like agglutinating languages, it has machinery that can glue many bits together into a long word, like the derivational rules and affixes that create \u201csensationalization\u201d and \u201cDarwinianisms\u201d. Chinese is supposed to be an even more extreme example of an isolating language than English, but it, too, contains rules that create multipart words such as compounds and derivatives.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5047\u8bbe\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6781\u9650\u5b9a\u7406\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u53ef\u6309\u7167\u4e0a\u8ff0\u505a\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u7136\u540e\u8fd0\u7528\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u6bcf\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u518d\u505a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u90fd\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7edf\u8ba1\u540e\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u3002", - "output": "This step can be done as above by assuming that the central limit theorem holds for each sequence and then applying normal distribution theory to calculate the individual path probabilities.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u53ea\u5728\u8272\u62c9\u91cc\u52a0\u51e0\u7247\u897f\u7ea2\u67ff\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u6297\u764c\u6548\u679c\u7684\uff0c\u897f\u7ea2\u67ff\u9700\u8981\u716e\u719f\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6700\u591a\u7684\u8425\u517b\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u9762\u6761\u91cc\u7684\u756a\u8304\u9171\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u756a\u8304\u7ea2\u7d2f\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u98df\u54c1\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u716e\u719f\u7684\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u80fd\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5438\u6536\u756a\u8304\u7ea2\u7d20\uff0c\u4f60\u540c\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u6444\u5165\u5c11\u91cf\u8102\u80aa\uff0c\u800c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u9762\u6761\u91cc\u7684\u756a\u8304\u9171\u6b63\u597d\u4e5f\u542b\u6709\u8102\u80aa\u3002", + "output": "But you can't just slice a few tomatoes into your salad to reap the effect; the tomato needs to be cooked in order to provide the most nutrients, Spaghetti sauce is actually the optimal food for lycopene; first of all, it\u2019s cooked\uff0cand second, for good absorption you need toconsume a little fat with the lycopene, and tomato sauce contains that as well.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u52301940\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u5f97\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5411\u54c8\u7279\u5411\u7684\u201c\u533a\u57df\u5206\u5f02\u201d\u89c2\u70b9\u63d0\u51fa\u6311\u6218\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u300260\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u5361\u65af\u7279\u5c14\u65af\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837,\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u4e86\u3002", - "output": "By the 1940s it was becoming clear that places were no longer isolated, a fact that posed a challenge to Hartshorne\u2019s idea of \u2018areal differentiation\u2019. Over 60 years later, places worldwide are, as Castells argues, more intimately interlinked than ever before.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u53cd\u5e94\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u66fe\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u90fd\u671d\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u770b\uff1f\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f60\u4e5f\u671d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u770b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6148\u5584\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u65b0\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6ee1\u6000\u5174\u8da3\u5730\u770b\u7740\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0b\u4f20\u7684\u6350\u6b3e\u7bee\u3002", + "output": "Response facilitation effects are common. Have you ever seen a group of people looking in one direction? This can serve as a cue for you to look in the same direction. Newcomers at meetings of volunteer groups may watch with interest as a basket is passed for donations.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5b83\u5e76\u975e\u5c06\u7f3a\u5e2d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ec\u5524\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u65e2\u4e0d\u5728\u573a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7f3a\u5e2d\u7684\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c06\u201c\u5524\u8d77\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u5c06\u4e24\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5982\u5524\u8d77\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u5524\u8d77\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5524\u8d77\u662f\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6216\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u62b5\u5236\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u8bf1\u60d1\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u8bbe\u60f3\u201c\u5524\u8d77y\u201d\u7684\u547d\u9898\u5f62\u5f0f\u5fc5\u7136\u610f\u5473\u7740x\u548cy\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u3001\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5524\u8d77\u201d\u7684\u201c\u8fc7\u7a0b-\u5b9e\u4f53\u201d\u6240\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u5148\u4e8ey\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\uff0cX\u5fc5\u987b\u662fy\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u8005y\u662fx\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u3002", - "output": "It is not a presence that calls into being something that was absent; it is acomin g to be of what was neither there present nor absent, for we are not to understand \"evocation\" as linking two differences in time and place, as something that evokes and something else evoked. Evocation is a unity, a single event or process, and we must resist the temptation of grammar that would make us think that the propositional form \"x evokes y\" must mean that x and y are different entities linked by a third rather peculiar \"process-entity\" called \"evoke,\" a n d that, moreover, x must precede y in time, and consequently x must be a condition of y or y a result of x.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u90fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5de8\u5e45\u9707\u8361\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u81ea\u5cf0\u9876\u4e0b\u8dcc\u4e8640%\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u4e1a\u94f6\u884c\u3001\u6295\u8d44\u94f6\u884c\u548c\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u91d1\u878d\u4f01\u4e1a\u9677\u5165\u7834\u4ea7\u6ce5\u6f6d\u3002", + "output": "All over the world, stock markets crashed, with the U.S market falling by 40% from its peak. Many financial firms, including commercial banks, investment banks, and insurance companies, went belly up.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u6307\u5bfc\u7814\u7a76\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\uff08\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u5b9a\u91cf\u6216\u6df7\u5408\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09 \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e76\u9610\u660e\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u5206\u6790\u6240\u9700\u6570\u636e\u3002", - "output": "The methodology section needs to state the overlying methodology that is informing the research data collection and analysis (qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods). It also needs to state why that methodology has been chosen, and how that methodology enables the researcher to best gather the required data and analyse that data.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u53e5\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\u90fd\u50a8\u5b58\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8bcd\u5178\u5f53\u4e2d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u53e5\u6cd5\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6811\u5f62\u56fe\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6807\u660e\u8be5\u8bcd\u53e5\u6cd5\u8303\u7574\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u540d\u8bcd\u4e0a\u6807N, \u9650\u5b9a\u8bcd\u4e0a\u6807Det , \u52a8\u8bcd\u4e0a\u6807V, \u7b49\u7b49\u3002", + "output": "In chapter 3 we discussed the fact that the syntactic category of each word is listed in our mental dictionaries. We now see how this information is used by the syntax of the language. Words appear in trees under labels that correspond to their syntactic category. Nouns are under N, determiners under Det, verbs under V, and so on.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5176\u4f59\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u9002\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u8054\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5f53\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u5206\u522b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u8054\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e\u9700\u6c42\u65b9\u7a0b\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46SEM\u5728\u7ecf\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u5e94\u7528\u3002", - "output": "Simultaneous equations models are appropriate when each equation in the system has a ceteris paribus interpretation. Good examples are when separate equations describe different sides of a market or the behavioral relationships of different economic agents. Supply and demand examples are leading cases, but there are many other applications of SEMs in economics and the social sciences.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7136\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u8bd5\u56fe\u56de\u7b54\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898,\u4f8b\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u90e8\u7f72\u4e00\u5957\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5,\u5305\u62ec\u89c2\u5bdf\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf\u3001\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u8ba8\u8bba\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u56de\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50,\u5229\u7528\u540e3\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b,\u770b\u770b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u600e\u6837\u5e2e\u52a9\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002", + "output": "Then, we can develop various strategies to attempt to answer the questions we have posed; we may, for example, deploy the range of scientific methods, which include observation, measurement, experimentation, and theorization. During the discussion of scientific method below, we will return to this example to assess how these approaches can be helpful, using the last of these three questions as a case study.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff08filtering)\u662f\u6307\u6545\u610f\u64cd\u7eb5\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u63a5\u6536\u8005\u8ba4\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u5411\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ecf\u7406\u6c47\u62a5\u4ed6\u60f3\u542c\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u65f6\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u5c31\u5728\u88ab\u8fc7\u6ee4\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u7ea7\u5411\u4e0a\u4f20\u9001\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u5404\u7ea7\u53d1\u9001\u8005\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u4ee5\u6d53\u7f29\u6216\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u8fc7\u6ee4\u3002", - "output": "Filtering is the deliberate manipulation of information to make it appear more favorable to the receiver. For example, when a person tells his or her manager what the manager wants to hear, information is being filtered. Or if information being communicated up through organizational levels is condensed by senders, that's filtering.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u8bed\u4e49\u7f51\u7edc\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bed\u4e49\u8868\u5f81\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4ee5\u903b\u8f91\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u8c13\u8bcd\u548c\u4e3b\u76ee\u3002", + "output": "Semantic representations may be based on logical expressions involving predicates and arguments, on semantic networks, or on other formal devices to represent meaning.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6c11\u65cf\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u53bb\u4e86\u89e3\u8003\u53e4\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ece\u5176\u4ea7\u751f\u3001\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u7834\u574f\u3002\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u7530\u91ce\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u6863\u6848\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u662f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\u54c1\u7684\u5206\u6790 (\u6bd4\u5982\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e86\u89e3\u5668\u7269\u7684\u5236\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u9676\u5668\u3001\u77f3\u5668\u3001\u91d1\u5c5e\u5236\u54c1\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\uff09\u3001\u83b7\u53d6\u98df\u7269\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u72e9\u730e\u91c7\u96c6\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u66f4\u5e38\u89c1\uff09\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u805a\u843d\u5f62\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u8003\u53e4\u6750\u6599\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff08Donnan and Clelow 1974; Gould 1978\uff0c1980; Moore 1986)\u3002", - "output": "Ethnoarchaeology is the study of present-day lifestyles to enable understanding of the processes that generate archaeological evidence, or are responsible for its preservation or destruction. Ethnoarchaeology usually involves fieldwork, which might be complemented by archival research or the analysis of museum collections, to look at such subjects as the making of artefacts (pots, stone and metal being the favourites), food-getting (huntergatherer studies are more common than those of farmers), space architecture and settlement patterns, and general formation processes of archaeological evidence (Donnan and Clelow 1974; Gould 1978, 1980; Moore 1986). Ethnoarchaeology", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u4f34\u7684\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u65b0\u89c4\u8303\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5e72\u9884\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e8b\u52a1\u6743\u5229\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u9488\u5bf9\u5df2\u7834\u574f\u6216\u6b63\u5728\u7834\u574f\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\uff08\u53c2\u770b\u672c\u4e661.3.3\u90e8\u5206\uff09 \uff08\u53c2\u770b\u672c\u4e661.3.3\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7684\u9884\u9632\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u7ecf\u5e38\u672a\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u79ef\u6781\u6210\u6548\u3002", + "output": "Associated with this expansion is the development of new international norms concerning the right of the international community to intervene in the sovereign affairs of states where crimes against humanity are believed to have occurred or to be occurring (see section 1.3.3 above). In this sense, the war and conflict prevention role of the UN has acquired increasing global salience even if the UN has often failed to achieve positive results.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u5fae\u5999\u3001\u590d\u6742\u548c\u96be\u4ee5\u9a7e\u9a6d\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7406\u8bba\u5f88\u96be\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u4e3b\u89c2\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u7528\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u4e2d\u7ea7\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u89c6\u6784\u5efa\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u4e2d\u7ea7\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u901a\u5219\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u53ef\u6d89\u8db3\uff08M. Salmon 1982 : 33-34; Gibbon 1984\uff1a 35-70; Gallay 1986\uff1a 117-121) \u3002", - "output": "Generally, however, they underestimate the tenuous, complex, and intractable nature of the relations between these two levels. By contrast, because high-level theory is hard to verify, highly susceptible to subjective influence, and not absolutely required to create middle-level theories, many inductivists regard the creation of high-level theories as an ultimate goal that archaeologists should address only after they have established a large corpus of reliable generalizations at the middle level (M. Salmon 1982: 33\u20134; Gibbon 1984: 35\u201370; Gallay 1986: 117\u201321).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u65b0\u9886\u57df\u5305\u62ec\u865a\u62df\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u6536\u76ca\u3001\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u5408\u4f5c\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u8054\u76df\u3001\u7279\u8bb8\u7ecf\u8425\u3001\u5883\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3001\u5c55\u89c8\u9986\u7b49\uff0c\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u3002\uff08Newman & Couturier\uff0c2002\uff09\u3002", + "output": "New sites include virtual, for-pro\ufb01t, open, corporate, technical, consortia, franchise, offshore, museum, diversi\ufb01cation (Newman and Couturier, 2002).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5bcc\u6709\u521b\u65b0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7ecf\u5bb6\u5982\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u963f\u9a6c\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee\u548c\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u62c9\u5c3c\u65af\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u8003\u8651\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u9884\u671f\u5bff\u547d\u3001\u5165\u5b66\u7387\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u8bc6\u5b57\u7387\u548c\u5987\u5973\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u5747\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u3002", - "output": "Thoughtful economists such as Nobel Prize recipient Amartya Sen and Yale\u2019s Gustav Ranis emphasize that other factors should be considered in appraising a country\u2019s progress: Factors such as health and life expectancy, school enrollment, adult literacy, and independence of women are important goals for developing countries along with increasing per capita market consumption.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5f53\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u78b0\u5230\u8840\u7ba1\u58c1\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7684\u8865\u4e01\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u6563\u6210\u9897\u7c92\uff0c\u7262\u7262\u5730\u9644\u5728\u8840\u7ba1\u58c1\u4e0a\uff0c\u50cf\u6293\u6551\u547d\u7a3b\u8349\u4e00\u6837\u3002\uff08\u5982\u679c\u8840\u7ba1\u4e0d\u5e73\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u76ae\u80a4\u5272\u4f24\uff0c\u90a3\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u5f88\u9ad8\u5174\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u53ca\u65f6\u8d76\u5230\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8840\u7ba1\u7834\u635f\u5904\u51dd\u8840\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u53d8\u6210\u4f24\u75c2\uff0c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6b62\u8840\u590d\u539f\u3002\uff09", + "output": "When blood platelet do hit that rough patch, they degranulate and grab onto the lining as if it\u2019s a life preserver. (If the roughness were a cut in the skin, you\u2019d be glad they\u2019d arrived on the scene because they\u2019d be there to make a clot at the end of the blood vessel, which would eventually become a scab that would help you stop bleeding and heal.)", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5173\u4e8e\u519b\u5907\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u8bb0\u5f55\u662f1139\u5e74\u62c9\u7279\u5170\u516c\u4f1a\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u5b83\u7981\u6b62\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u519b\u961f\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f7f\u7528\u5f29\uff08Contamine\uff0c1984\uff0c\u7b2c274\u9875\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3e\u63aa\u50cf\u591a\u6570\u519b\u5907\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u88c1\u519b\u52aa\u529b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u6682\u65f6\u7684\u3001\u6709\u9650\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ba1\u5236\uff08\u548c\u9884\u9632\uff09\u6218\u4e89\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\u3001\u6269\u6563\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u90e8\u7f72\u7684\u5e73\u6de1\u65e0\u5947\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5f00\u7aef\u3002", - "output": "One of the earliest recorded arms control initiatives is the decision of the Lateran Council in 1139 to prohibit the use of crossbows between Christian armies (Contamine, 1984, p. 274). This prohibition, like most arms control and disarmament initiatives, proved to have a very temporary and limited impact. Nevertheless, it represents the beginning of a somewhat uninspiring history of interstate attempts to regulate (and prevent) the acquisition, diffusion, use and deployment of the instruments of war.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8f83\u4e4b\u4e00\u822c\u6210\u4eba\u7528\u8bed\uff0c\u5e7c\u513f\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u542c\u5988\u5988\u8bed , \u7136\u800c\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e, \u4f7f\u7528\u5988\u5988\u8bed\u4e0d\u4f1a\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u6587\u5316\u4e2d, \u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u98ce\u683c\u4e0e\u513f\u7ae5\u4ea4\u6d41,\u751a\u81f3\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u7fa4\u7684 \u6210\u4eba\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u4e0e\u5a74\u513f\u4ea4\u8c08\u3002", + "output": "Although infants prefer to listen to motherese over normal adult speech, studies show that using motherese does not significantly affect the child\u2019s language development. In many cultures, adults do not use a special style of language with children, and there are even communities in which adults hardly talk to babies at all.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\uff081953\uff09\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u64cd\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u53cd\u5c04\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fc1\u79fb\u6d89\u53ca\u628a\u4e00\u79cd\u8fa8\u522b\u6027\u523a\u6fc0\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u523a\u6fc0\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e00\u65e6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u8001\u5e08\u6309\u94c3\uff0c\u5c31\u628a\u4e66\u653e\u8fdb\u684c\u5b50\u3002", - "output": "Skinner (1953) propounded another view of transfer. According to operant conditioning theory, transfer involves generalization of responses from one discriminative stimulus to another. Thus, students might be taught to put their books in their desks when the bell rings.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5bf9\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4eba\u8bef\u89e3\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u5c5e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u3002", + "output": "Psychological interpretations of race prejudice and inter-racial antagonisms are misleading and unsound because these problems are sociological and cultural rather than psychological.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7b80\u5355\u7ed3\u6784\uff08simple structure):\u6218\u7565\u9876\u5c42\u662f\u5173\u952e\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u673a\u5236\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u76d1\u7ba1\u3002", - "output": "Simple structure: The strategic apex is the key part and direct supervision is the central coordinating device.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6210\u5206\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522b\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u548c\u975e\u91d1\u5c5e\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u80fd\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u5bf9\u4e00\u4ef6\u6587\u5316\u9057\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u5fae\u89c2\u68c0\u9a8c\u6709\u540b\u80fd\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5982\u5b83\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u9524\u6253\u3001\u9000\u706b\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u5177\u4f53\u7528\u5230\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002", + "output": "Constituent analysis not only can identify the metals and nonmetallic materials present but also may allow specification of the metal sources. Examination of the microstructure of an artifact may yield clues about the precise techniques used in its production\u2014hammering, annealing, and so on.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bed\u53ca\u5176\u59d0\u59b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bed\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u8bcd\u6c47\u8303\u7574\u80fd\u591f\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u540d\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u6216\u52a8\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u7b49\u3002\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0a\u4e00\u8282\u63d0\u5230\u7684PS\u6811\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2aVP\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bed\u3002VP\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u5176\u4ed6\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982NP\u6216CP\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u59d0\u59b9\u8303\u7574\u90fd\u662f\u8865\u8db3\u8bed\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u53d8\u5f97\u5b8c\u6574\u3002", - "output": "Another kind of relationship is that between the head of a phrase and its sisters. The head of a phrase is the word whose lexical category defines the type of phrase: the noun in a noun phrase, the verb in a verb phrase, and so on. Reviewing the PS rules in the previous section, we see that every VP contains a verb, which is its head. The VP may also contain other categories, such as an NP or CP. Those sister categories are complements; they complete the meaning of the phrase.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7537\u5973\u8bf8\u795e\u662f\u4f1f\u5927\u800c\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u5b87\u5b99\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b97\u6559\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u795e\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u591a\u795e\u6559\uff08polytheism\uff09,\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u638c\u7ba1\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u6b8a\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u7537\u795e\u548c\u5973\u795e\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5206\u5de5\u7684\uff1a\u5b99\u65af\u662f\u5929\u795e\uff0c\u6ce2\u585e\u51ac\u662f\u5927\u6d77\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\uff0c\u54c8\u5f97\u65af\u5219\u662f\u51a5\u754c\u4e4b\u795e\u548c\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u3002", + "output": "Gods and goddesses are the great and more remote beings. They usually are seen as controlling the universe, or, if several are recognized (known as polytheism), each has charge of a particular part of the universe. Such was the case of the gods and goddesses of ancient Greece: Zeus was lord of the sky, Poseidon was ruler of the sea, and Hades was lord of the underworld and ruler of the dead. Besides these three brothers were a host of other deities, female as well as male, each similarly concerned with specific aspects of life and the universe.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u897f\u6b27\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u53f2\u524d\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u79cd\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5bfc\u601d\u60f3\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u626c\u5f03\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u897f\u6b27\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u7406\u5ff5\u4e00\u79cd\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u9500\u8680\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u522b\u60e0\u53ca\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9769\u65b0\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u575a\u6301\u65e5\u6e10\u8870\u8d25\u7684\u534a\u5c01\u5efa\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u540c\u65f6\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4ecd\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u5b88\u653f\u6743\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fdd\u5b88\u653f\u6743\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u88ab\u4ed6\u51fb\u8d25\u4e4b\u540e\u91cd\u65b0\u638c\u6743\u3002", - "output": "At the same time that a close relationship between prehistoric archaeology and ethnology was developing in western Europe and America, some of the principal ideas on which the Enlightenment had been based were undergoing significant modifications and were even being abandoned. In particular, the nineteenth century witnessed the slow erosion in western Europe of a belief in psychic unity. Especially after Napoleon had stabilized the reforms of the French Revolution in a manner that specifically benefited the middle classes, his conquests tended to be welcomed by these classes in Italy, Germany, and other countries where disadvantaging semifeudal political structures had persisted. His conquests simultaneously provoked nationalist reactions, which continued to be promoted by the conservative regimes that were restored to power in France, Germany, and Italy after his defeat.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u7684\u5927\u5e45\u4e0a\u5347\u2014\u2014\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u753119\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u768440\u5c81\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5927\u7ea680\u5c81\u2014\u2014\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ee7\u53d1\u6027\u8870\u8001\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3002\u660e\u663e\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684150\u5e74\uff0c\u5065\u5eb7\u62a4\u7406\u3001\u533b\u7597\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8425\u517b\u65b9\u9762\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6539\u5584\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c \u539f\u53d1\u6027\u8870\u8001\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5e76\u672a\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bdd\u9898\u3002", + "output": "The progressive rise in longevity in developed nations\u2014doubling in the United States from an average of about 40 years in the mid-1800s to around 80 years at present\u2014is due entirely to a delay in secondary aging. The obvious explanation is the dramatic improvements in health care, sanitation, and nutrition that have occurred over the past 150 years. It is probable, however, that the natural course of primary aging in human beings has not changed over time. We\u2019ll discuss this a bit more later.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u884c\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u4e8e\u96c7\u4e3b\u6765\u8bf4\u6b63\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u3001\u6295\u5165\u2014\u4ea7\u51fa\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002", - "output": "Action research, while highly problematic for its linear, input/output methodologies, is becoming attractive to employers.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5f15\u53d1\u7834\u88c2\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u3001\u4eba\u4f53\u8840\u6db2\u4e2d\u9ad8\u534a\u80f1\u6c28\u9178\u7b49\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7684\u542b\u91cf\u9ad8\u3001\u5438\u70df\u3001\u6162\u6027\u708e\u75c7\u5982\u7259\u9f88\uff08\u7259\u5468\uff09\u708e\u6216\u6027\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u3001\u7d27\u5f20\u3001\u53d1\u6012\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8840\u7cd6\u542b\u91cf\u8fc7\u9ad8\u3002", + "output": "Nicks are caused by a raft of factors that you can largely control: high blood pressure, high blood levels of some compounds like homocysteine, smoking, chronic inflammation from things as diverse as gum (periodontal) disease or sexually transmitted disease, stress, anger, and having a too-high blood sugar level.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u5927\u8111\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0b\u4e18\u8111\u3001\u524d\u989d\u53f6\u76ae\u8d28\u548c\u674f\u4ec1\u6838\u3002\u5927\u8111\u4ee5\u963f\u7247\u7c7b\u836f\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5956\u8d4f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u9ad8\u56de\u62a5\u3002", - "output": "Many brain structures are involved, including the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. The brain produces its own rewards in the form of opiates that result in a natural high.", + "input": "\u548c\u4e66\u9762\u5e94\u7b54\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5047\u5b9a\u53e3\u5934\u5e94\u7b54\u80fd\u591f\u771f\u5b9e\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u5b66\u751f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u8a00\u8bed\u8868\u8fbe\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u505a\u7684\u4e8b \u60c5\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u628a\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7528\u8a00\u8bed\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6709\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u3001\u5bb3\u6015\u8bf4\u8bdd\u6216\u5b58\u5728 \u8a00\u8bed\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bc4\u4f30\u5b66\u4e60\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002", + "output": "Like written responses, we assume that oral responses are valid reflections of what students know, which may not always be true. Further, verbalization is a task, and there maybe problems translating what one knows into its oral expression due to unfamiliar terminology, anxiety about speaking, or language difficulties.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u7cfb\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u8da3\uff1a\u867d\u7136\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u53d7\u5230\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u91cd\u8981\u9886\u57df\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u53ca\u6bd4\u8f83\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5230\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u53ca\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u5c11\u6570\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u89e6\u53ca\u65b0\u8fd1\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u52aa\u529b\u5efa\u6784\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u80af\u5c3c\u601d\u00b7\u4f2f\u514b\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7b26\u53f7\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5b66\u79d1\u3002", - "output": "It is of singular interest in this connection that, although the general stream of social scientific theory has been deeply influenced by almost every major intellectual movement of the last century and a half\u2014Marxism, Darwinism, Utilitarianism, Idealism, Freudianism, Behaviorism, Positivism, Operationalism\u2014and has attempted to capitalize on virtually every important field of methodological innovation from ecology, ethology, and comparative psychology to game theory, cybernetics, and statistics, it has, with very few exceptions, been virtually untouched by one of the most important trends in recent thought: the effort to construct an independent science of what Kenneth Burke has called \"symbolic action.\"", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7981\u6b62\u56fd\u5bb6\u5265\u593a\u4eba\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u53ca\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7b2c14\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u90a3\u7965\uff1a\u7b2c14\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u5927\u5927\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u9ed1\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u4e0a\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u8d77\u591a\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u3002", + "output": "The history of the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibiting the states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property, epitomizes the ambiguity on this score. As every educated person knows, the Fourteenth Amendment has done precious little to protect Negroes and a tremendous amount to protect corporations.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8981\u8868\u660e\u98df\u54c1\u751f\u4ea7\u53ca\u5176\u5206\u914d\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u6784\u6210\u90e8\u843d\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u8425\u517b\u8865\u7ed9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u8bf4\u5230\u5bf9\u5927\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u5f81\u7a0e\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u90e8\u843d\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u65f6\u5e38\u63d2\u624b\u5176\u4e8b\u3002", - "output": "It is less difficult to show that production of food and its distribution are organized behavior systems, and that they form part of the tribal or national commissariat. Very often the tribe or the state enters into this, insofar as large-scale enterprise is controlled, taxed, and occasionally even organized.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u7a0e\u3001\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u969c\u7a0e\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6765\u8bb2\uff09\u8054\u90a6\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u52b3\u52a8\u7a0e\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u6536\u5165\u5f81\u7a0e\u3002", + "output": "The Social Security tax, the Medicare tax, and to a large extent, the federal income tax are labor taxes. Many state governments also tax labor earnings.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u533a\u57df\u6027\u548c\u5168\u7403\u6027\u5b89\u5168\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u56fd\u9645\u5b89\u5168\u4e8b\u52a1\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u56fd\u9645\uff08\u533a\u57df\u6027\u548c\u5168\u7403\u6027\uff09\u5b89\u5168\u673a\u5236\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u4e92\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5168\u7403\u89c4\u5236\u57fa\u7840\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u6743\u5a01\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u6df1\u6df1\u5730\u5d4c\u5165\uff08\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u7684\uff09\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u3002", - "output": "The existence of overlapping regional and global security regimes defines a new conjuncture in the historical pattern of international security affairs. For few states, and certainly no major global regions, are excluded from participation in existing international (regional and global) security regimes. Moreover, the institutionalization of and mutual interaction between these diverse regimes have contributed to the formation of a global regulatory infrastructure which, irrespective of its limited authority, is embedded (however unevenly) in the military and security practices of the majority of the world's states.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u6570\u636e\u5f00\u91c7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5305\u542b\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u63a8\u65ad\u4e2d\uff1b\u4f46\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u5374\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u4e14\u6781\u5176\u7f55\u89c1\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u641c\u7d22\u5927\u91cf\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u4f30\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53ea\u62a5\u544a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u6570\u636e\u5f00\u91c7\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u4ec5\u5728\u6240\u4f30\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u7edf\u8ba1\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u603b\u4f53\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u3002", + "output": "In principle, it is possible to incorporate the effects of data mining into our statistical inference; in practice, this is very difficult and is rarely done, especially in sophisticated empirical work. But we can try to minimize data mining by not searching over numerous models or estimation methods until a significant result is found and then reporting only that result. If a variable is statistically significant in only a small fraction of the models estimated, it is quite likely that the variable has no effect in the population.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6ca1\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u4ea4\u5f80\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u957f\u4e2d\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u600e\u4e48\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u9274\u522b\u8bf8\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u793c\u8282\u3001\u4eea\u5f0f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u827a\u672f\u548c\u6e38\u620f\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5462\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u81ea\u7136\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e1d\u6beb\u6ca1\u6709\u9274\u522b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002", - "output": "How could a growing child know and appreciate such things as social organization, ethics, etiquette, ritual, science, religion, art and games without symbolic communication? The answer is of course that he could know nothing of these things and have no appreciation of them at all.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6743\u529b\u5272\u636e\u2014\u2014\u5982\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u738b\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u6ce2\u5170\u516c\u56fd\u2014\u2014\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u653f\u6cbb\u533a\u57df\u7684\u7834\u788e\u548c\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5360\u636e\u9886\u571f\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u8005\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5360\u636e\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u80dc\u5229\u8005\u548c\u5f81\u670d\u8005\u52d2\u7d22\u8d21\u8d4b\u548c\u79df\u91d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4e0d\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u7740\u7586\u754c\u660e\u786e\u7684\u9886\u571f\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u9996\u8111\uff08Tilly\uff0c1990\uff0c\u7b2c38~39\u9875\uff09\u3002", + "output": "The major power divisions which emerged across the European land mass a thousand years ago - the Kingdom of France, the Germanic Empire, the Principality of Poland, for example - helped disguise the area's fragmented and divided political terrain. Those who prevailed over territories did so above all as military victors and conquerors, exacting tribute and rent; they were far from being heads of state governing clearly demarcated territories and peoples (Tilly, 1990, pp. 38-9).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u02d9\u963f\u4f26\u7684\u300a\u4e9a\u62c9\u814a\u5c71\u4e4b\u884c\u300b\uff08Arlen 1975)\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u578b\u6587\u672c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u201c\u79fb\u60c5\u201d\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u7c7b\u672c\u6211\uff08id-like)\u529b\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u2014\u2014\u8fbe\u6210\u59a5\u534f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u662f\u514b\u670d\u7126\u8651\u2014\u2014\u7126\u8651\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4eff\u6548\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u6027\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u4ee5\u884c\u52a8\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u5b83\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u5e38\u89c4\u4ea4\u6d41\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u3001\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3001\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff1b\u5c06\u68a6\u8f6c\u8bd1\u4e3a\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u50cf\u6587\u672c\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u8a00\u8f9e\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e86\u5a92\u4ecb\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u626d\u66f2\uff09\uff1a\u79fb\u60c5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6587\u672c\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c06\u4ee5\u524d\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u5148\u524d\u67d0\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u91cd\u590d\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\u533b\u5e08\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002", - "output": "Michael Alien's Passage to Ararat (1975) is an archetypical text for displaying the \"transference\" mechanisms of ethnicity, and for coming to terms with an id-like force, experienced as defining one's self, yet coming from without. Crucial here is the conquest of an anxiety that manifests itself through repetition of behavioral patterns, and that cannot be articulated in rational language but can only be acted out. The analogy here is with the third of the three modes of communication routinely distinguished in psychoanalytic therapy: cognitive, rational, conscious investigation; translation from dreams into linear, textlike verbalizations (thereby introducing the distortions of the mediating language); and transference, in which no text is produced, but rather a repetition toward the analyst of behavior patterns previously established toward some prior significant other.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6211\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u7684\u524d\u56db\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u5fb7\u56fd\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66(\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u65b9\u7406\u8bba\uff09\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66(\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u6f5c\u529b\u89c2\u70b9\uff09\u3001\u79ef\u7d2f\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u672c\u5730\u5316\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u2014\u2014\u662f\u8a00\u4e4b\u6709\u7406\u7684\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002", + "output": "The most important thing I learned is that all of my first four traditions in spatial analysis\u2014Germanic geometry (specifically central-place theory), social physics (specifically the market potential approach), cumulative causation, and localized external economies\u2014make perfectly good sense in terms of a rigorous economic model. They don't come out exactly the way their originators presented them, but the basic insights stand up quite well.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u53ea\u67094\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u5a92\u4f53\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u4ee5\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\u7684\u767e\u4ee3\u3001\u5170\u514b\u96c6\u56e2\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u57f9\u751f\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u8def\u900f\u793e\u90fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u548c\u66f4\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff1b\u8d1d\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u96c6\u56e2\u4ee5\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\uff1bMatra-Hachette\u548cHavas\u6765\u81ea\u6cd5\u56fd\uff1b\u800c\u7231\u601d\u552f\u5c14\u548c\u5b9d\u4e3d\u91d1\u6765\u81ea\u8377\u5170\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8d1d\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u96c6\u56e2\u548cHachette\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5229\u7528\u6765\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6536\u5165\u8fdb\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u8d1d\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u96c6\u56e2\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86RCA\u5531\u7247\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u53cc\u65e5\u51fa\u7248\u96c6\u56e2\u548c\u5170\u767b\u4e66\u5c4b\uff0c Hachette\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5927\u7684Diamandis\u51fa\u7248\u96c6\u56e2\u3002", - "output": "Within Europe only four states have generated media MNCs of any considerable economic weight and international scope. Based in the UK, Thorn-EMI, Rank, BBC, Pearson and Reuters have all acquired a global presence. Continental European countries have produced larger and more concentrated firms; Bertelsmann based in Germany; Matra-Hachette and Havas from France; and Elsevier and Polygram from the Netherlands. Bertelsmann and Hachette, in particular, have expanded globally by using revenues from European markets to buy into the American market, Bertelsmann purchasing RCA records, Doubleday Books and Random House, Hachette acquiring the large Diamandis publishing group.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u8fd9\u9996\u8bd7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u201d\u6765\u5bf9\u5f85\uff1b\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u8bc9\u8bf8\u9605\u8bfb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u4f5c\u54c1\u5f97\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6587\u5316\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u62c9\u6cd5\u7279\u91cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u628a\u4f5c\u54c1\u770b\u4f5c\u201c\u8bdd\u8bed\u201d\u3002", + "output": "In true structuralist fashion, they treat the poem as 'language'; Riffaterre, by appealing to the reading process and the cultural situation in which the work is apprehended, has gone some way towards regarding it as 'discourse'.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u81ea\u6211\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u5f53\u524d\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6765\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u5224\u65ad\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u8bc1\u660e\u6210\u7ee9\u662f\u5426\u7a81\u51fa\u3001\u662f\u5426\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7b49\u7b49\u6765\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\u505a\u51fa\u81ea\u6211\u53cd\u5e94\u3002", - "output": "Of critical importance is self-evaluation of capabilities and progress in skill acquisition. Self-evaluation comprises self-judgments of present performance by comparing one\u2019s goal and self-reactions to those judgments by deeming performance noteworthy, unacceptable, and so forth.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u80fd\u6cbb\u7597\u6240\u6709\u7684\u764c\u75c7\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u764c\u75c7\u9700\u8981\u624b\u672f\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u764c\u75c7\u5374\u6700\u597d\u7528\u653e\u5c04\u6cbb\u7597\u3001\u5316\u7597\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u653e\u7597\u4e0e\u5316\u7597\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u764c\u75c7\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u53d1\u4f5c\uff0c\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u53d1\u4f5c\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u623f\u5b50\u7740\u4e86\u706b\u6216\u662f\u906d\u4e86\u7535\u51fb\uff0c\u764c\u75c7\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7f13\u6162\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u767d\u8681\u3001\u9709\u83cc\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5730\u57fa\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u88c2\u7f1d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u6700\u7ec8\u6467\u6bc0\u4f60\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u3002", + "output": "There's no one way to treat all cancers. Some cancers require surgery, while others are best treated with radiation, chemotherapy, or some combination of all of them. Unlike a heart attack, which is similar to a fire or lightning strike to your home, cancer is more of a slow-growing problem\u2014termites, mold, a crack in the foundation that can eventually destroy your home.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f46\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff1a\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u80fd\u6307\u4e0e\u6240\u6307\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7b26\u53f7\u5b66\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u540c\u5404\u79cd\u4e60\u4fd7\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u80fd\u6307\u4e0e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6240\u6307\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002", - "output": "However, the relationship between signifiers and signifieds is not arbitrary in culture as it is in language. According to semiology and structuralism, there are necessary factors linking conventions, codes and ideologies which ensure the association of specific signifiers with specific signifieds.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u6c34\u5e73\u663e\u7136\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u628a\u7ecf\u8425\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u628a\u751f\u4ea7\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u4ece\u56fd\u5916\u8fdb\u53e3\u539f\u6599\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u5931\u4e1a\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u8428\u514b\u65af\uff08Sachs\uff09\u548c\u6c99\u8328\uff08Schatz\uff09\u5bf9\u6b64\u8868\u793a\u6000\u7591\uff081994\uff09\u3002", + "output": "Differential productivity levels obviously limit the possibilities for shifting operations to low wage countries. Among US MNCs Lawrence found that relocation to developing countries and outsourcing did not explain much of the fall in manufacturing employment in the USA. But Sachs and Schatz question this finding (1994).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u63cf\u5199\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63cf\u5199\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u5934\u8111\u91cc\u5185\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u63cf\u5199\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u65b9\u8a00\u7684\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6ee1\u8db3\u8bed\u8a00\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bf4\u67d0\u79cd\u6807\u51c6\u65b9\u8a00\u6216\u4f18\u52bf\u65b9\u8a00\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u89c9\u5f97\u5b66\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u8a00\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u793e\u4ea4\u6216\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u9762\u597d\u5904\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5f88\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u8bed\u8a00\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u5355\u8bcd\u53ca\u5176\u8bfb\u97f3\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u65b9\u8a00\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002", - "output": "The descriptive grammar of a language attempts to describe the rules internalized by a speaker of that language. It is different from a teaching grammar, which is used to learn another language or dialect. Teaching grammars can be helpful to people who do not speak the standard or prestige dialect, but find it would be advantageous socially and economically to do so. They are used in schools in foreign language classes. This kind of grammar gives the words and their pronunciations, and explicitly states the rules of the language, especially where they differ from the language of instruction.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u81ea\u4e07\u5386\u4e2d\u671f\u4e4b\u201c\u4e89\u56fd\u672c\u201d\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd1\u6148\u5723\u4e4b\u5949\u4f5b\u58eb\u5927\u592b\u8f6c\u800c\u652f\u6301\u7687\u957f\u5b50\u5e38\u6d1b\uff0c\u9042\u5f00\u542f\u665a\u660e\u515a\u4e89\u4e4b\u5e8f\u5e55\uff0c\u5176\u5e55\u540e\u64cd\u7eb5\uff0c\u4ea6\u51fa\u6148\u5723\u4e4b\u624b\u3002", + "output": "Since the dispute over the foundation of a nation in Mid Wanli, those Buddhist scholars and courtiers who had been close to the emperor's mother, Cisheng, changed their mind to support the eldest son of the emperor, Changluo. Hence the prelude of the party striving in the late Ming Dynasty began, and it was also directed by Cisheng.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u4f7f\u5ba2\u4f53\u53d8\u6210\u6587\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u8bd5\u56fe\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6784\u9020\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u5185\u90e8\uff1a\u5176\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9610\u8ff0\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5ba2\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002", - "output": "They are concerned with the norms by which objects become cultural phenomena and hence signs. Linguistics attempts to formalize the set of rules which, for speakers, are constitutive of their language, and in this sense structuralism must take place within phenomenology: its task is to explicate what is phenomenally given in the subject\u2019s relation to his cultural objects.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fd9\u4e9b\u534f\u5b9a\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5145\u6ee1\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u635f\u5bb3\u67d0\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5982\u53d6\u6d88\u7eba\u7ec7\u54c1\u5173\u7a0e\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u8be5\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u3002", + "output": "Such agreements are often contentious. Theysometimes harm certain groups, as when removing textile tariffs reduces employment in that industry.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u56fa\u5b9a\u7f34\u6b3e\u5236\uff08defined contribution)\u4f1a\u786e\u5b9a\u96c7\u4e3b\u5728\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u91d1\u57fa\u91d1\u6216\u50a8\u84c4\u91d1\u57fa\u91d1\u4e2d\u5e94\u5360\u7684\u4efd\u989d\u3002\u56fa\u5b9a\u7f34\u6b3e\u5236\u5e76\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u96c7\u5458\u6700\u7ec8\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u786e\u5b9a\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5b9a\u671f\u7f34\u7eb3\u989d\u3002\u5728\u56fa\u5b9a\u6536\u76ca\u5236\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c7\u5458\u5728\u9000\u4f11\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e8b\u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u6240\u5f97\u3002", - "output": "Defined contribution plans specify ( define ) what contribution the employee and employer will make to the employees retirement or savings fund. Here the contribution is defined, not the pension. With a defined benefitplan, the employee can compute what his or her retirement benefits will be upon retirement.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u90e8Chaco Canyon\u5730\u533a\u5b58\u5728\u53f2\u524d\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u822a\u7a7a\u52d8\u5bdf\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u624d\u641e\u6e05\u8be5\u9053\u8def\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5168\u8c8c\u3002", + "output": "Although it was known that prehistoric roadways existed within Chaco Canyon in the American Southwest, it was only when a major aerial reconnaissance project was undertaken by the National Park Service in the 1970s that the full extent of the system of roads was appreciated.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u52a8\u7269\u7269\u79cd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u673a\u4f53\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u4fdd\u969c\u5176\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u4ea6\u80fd\u4f7f\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u7fa4\u4f53\u6301\u7eed\u800c\u6b63\u5e38\u5730\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u624d\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u4f1a\u660e\u663e\u5730\u968f\u7740\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u840e\u7f29\u800c\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u4ea1\u3002", - "output": "We have to base our theory of culture on the fact that all human beings belong to an animal species. Man as an organism must exist under conditions which not only secure survival, but also allow of healthy and normal metabolism. No culture can continue if the group is not replenished continually and normally. Otherwise, obviously, the culture will perish through the progressive dying out of the group.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\u9769\u547d\u5bf9\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u9884\u671f\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u65b0\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\uff09\u4e0e\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u578b\u7ecf\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6765\u547d\u540d\u5b83\uff09\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u9884\u671f\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u9884\u671f\u5b8c\u5168\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0a\u3002", + "output": "To obtain a clearer picture of the impact of the rational expectations revolution on our analysis of the aggregate economy, we can compare the two rational expectations models (the new classical macroeconomic model and the new Keynesian model) to a model that we call, for lack of a better name, the traditional model. In the traditional model, expectations are not rational. That model uses adaptive expectations, expectations based solely on past experience.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u8ba1\u5212\u6280\u672f\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u9879\u76ee\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u811a\u672c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u90fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u7075\u6d3b\u6027 (flexibility)\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u52a8\u6001\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u8ba1\u5212\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u6548\u7387\u548c\u6709\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002", - "output": "Two planning techniques that are appropriate for this type of environment are project management and scenarios. Both techniques emphasize flexibility, something that\u2019s important to making planning more effective and efficient in this type of organizational environment.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4ece\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u548c\u63a5\u6536\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6587\u5316\u73af\u5883\u6700\u7ec8\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u9047\u89c1\u4e00\u79cd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53c2\u7167\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u9738\u6743\u6216\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u8bb0\u5f55\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6587\u5316\u521b\u9020\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6df7\u5408\u6587\u5316\u548c\u8de8\u56fd\u793e\u533a\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u4e3b\u6d41\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u611f\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u3002", + "output": "The cultural context of production and transmission must always in the end encounter an already existing frame of reference in the eyes of the consumer or receiver. The latter involves a process of great complexity -- simple notions of homogenization, ideological hegemony or imperialism fail to register properly the nature of these encounters and the interplay, interaction and cultural creativity they produce. However, it is not clear at all that these hybrid cultures and transnational communities have made significant inroads into mainstream national cultures and national identities.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u867d\u7136\u51fa\u58f0\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u97f3\u6ce2\u6709\u4e3b\u9891\u7387\u7684\u632f\u52a8\uff0c\u5b83\u548c\u97f3\u53c9\u6216\u7d27\u6025\u8b66\u62a5\u8bd5\u653e\u65f6\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u58f0\u97f3\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u9891\u7387\u7684\u7eaf\u97f3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u6240\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u662f\u548c\u97f3\u3002", - "output": "Though voicing creates a sound wave with a dominant frequency of vibration, it is not like a tuning fork or a test of the Emergency Broadcasting System, a pure tone with that frequency alone. Voicing is a rich, buzzy sound with many \"harmonics.\"", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u56e0\u6b64\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ece\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u4f53\u3002\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u578b\u72e9\u730e\u91c7\u96c6\u7fa4\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51b3\u65ad\u800c\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e5f\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u4f53\u3002", + "output": "The state as a whole is thus the polity. At the other end of the scale, a small group of hunter-gatherers may make its own decisions and recognize no higher authority: that group also constitutes a polity.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6559\u7ec3\u5f88\u96be\u5728\u8dd1\u6b65\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3001\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4f60\u505a\u8d1f\u91cd\u6760\u94c3\u6df1\u8e72\u6216\u5012\u7acb\u4fef\u5367\u6491\u65f6\u624d\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u597d\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u6d6e\u51fa\u6c34\u9762\u4e4b\u524d\u5c3d\u65e9\u53d1\u73b0\u3002", - "output": "Weaknesses, imbalances, and range-of-motion issues that might not be apparent to a coach during a running workout can become visible when you perform squats with a loaded barbell or attempt to do handstand push-ups. Better to catch these deficiencies sooner than later, before they work their way to the surface.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f46\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4\u524d\u667a\u4eba\u6709\u7b80\u5355\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u548c\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u62d2\u7edd\u5fc3\u7406\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u79d1\u5185\u7684\u79cd\u7cfb\u53d1\u80b2\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u66f4\u65b0\u4e16\u665a\u671f\u667a\u4eba\u51e0\u4e4e\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5168\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5f53\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u8fc7\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u79cd\u7684\u706d\u7edd\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u3002", + "output": "On the other hand, however, a denial of a simple independence of sociocultural and biological processes in pre-Homo sapiens man does not imply a rejection of the doctrine of psychic unity, because phyletic differentiation within the hominid line effectively ceased with the terminal Pleistocene spread of Homo sapiens over nearly the whole world and the extinction of whatever other Homo species may have been in existence at that time.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5c06\u7b49\u4ea7\u91cf\u66f2\u7ebf\u548c\u7b49\u6210\u672c\u7ebf\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u6216\u6700\u5c0f\u6210\u672c\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u56de\u987e\u4ee5\u6700\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u80fd\u591f\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u4ea7\u91cfq=346\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u6295\u5165\u7ec4\u5408\u6240\u5904\u7684\u70b9\u3002\u4e3a\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u628a\u90a3\u6761\u7b49\u4ea7\u91cf\u66f2\u7ebf\u653e\u5230\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u7070\u8272\u7684\u7b49\u6210\u672c\u7ebf\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u56fe7A-3\u6240\u793a\u3002", - "output": "Combining the equal-product and equal-cost lines, we can determine the optimal, or cost-minimizing, position of the firm. Recall that the optimal input combination comes at that point where the given output of q = 346 can be produced at least cost. To find such a point, simply superimpose the single green equal-product curve upon the family of blue equal-cost lines, as shown in Figure 7A-3.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u62df\u5305\u62ec:(1)\u5411\u5b66\u5458\u5c55\u793a\u6b63\u786e\u7684(\u6216\u6a21\u578b)\u505a\u4e8b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c(2)\u8ba9\u5b66\u5458\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u7136\u540e(3)\u5bf9\u5b66\u5458\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u9988\u3002", + "output": "Behavior modeling involves (1) showing trainees the right (or model ) way of doing something, (2) letting trainees practice that way, and then (3) giving feedback on the trainees performance.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6587\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u89e3\u8bfb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5185\u90e8\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53d8\u5316\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u519c\u4e1a\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u89c1\u56fe9.1\uff09\u3002\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u5316\u5305\u62ec\u5fc5\u7136\u53d8\u5f02\u3001\u53d1\u660e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u53d8\u5f02\u6307\u7684\u662f\u957f\u671f\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u98df\u7269\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u589e\u52a0\u3002", - "output": "The culture historical interpretation sees the causes for the shift to agri- culture in a combination of internal and external culture changes (see Fig. 9.1). The internal changes include inevitable variation, invention, and cultural selec- tion. Inevitable variation in this case refers specifically to long-term population increase, which led to the need to increase the food supply.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5bf9\u5979\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u5316\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u5173\u6ce8\u90fd\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u770b\u6210\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u505c\u6b62\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5185\u5316\u3002\u201d", + "output": "For her multiskilling and split focusing are political issues: We politically need to view all this talk about quality as being talk about management processes, and we need to stop internalizing the language of management.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u5546\u4ee3\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u4eba\u6c11\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u623d\u6597\u63d0\u6c34\u3002\u623d\u6597\u591a\u7528\u67f3\u6761\u7f16\u7ec7\uff0c\u6597\u4e24\u8fb9\u6263\u7ed3\u7740\u9ebb\u7ef3\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u62c9\u52a8\u540e\u5448\u5e73\u884c\u56db\u8fb9\u5f62\uff0c\u4f9d\u5176\u5408\u529b\uff0c\u53d8\u6362\u56db\u8fb9\u5f62\uff0c\u6c34\u4fbf\u88ab\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0b\u5730\u63d0\u4e0a\u6765\u704c\u8fdb\u7530\u91cc\u3002\u6625\u79cb\u672b\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53c8\u5229\u7528\u6760\u6746\u8d77\u91cd\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u6d45\u4e95\u6c34\u63d0\u53d6\u5de5\u5177\u62ee\u69d4\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6df1\u4e95\u63d0\u6c34\u5de5\u5177\u8f98\u8f73\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4e09\u56fd\u65f6\u7684\u9b4f\u56fd\uff0c\u6709\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u9a6c\u94a7\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9002\u5e94\u519c\u4e1a\u704c\u6e89\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7531\u6c60\u5858\u3001\u6cb3\u9053\u5411\u659c\u5761\u6c72\u6c34\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002", - "output": "In our country the working people had used scoop to carry water since the Shang dynasty. The scoop is woven with willow twigs and has hemp ropes fastened on both sides. When it is pulled by two people, the scoop turns into a parallelogram and is transformed with joint force, hence water can be carried little by little and be used to irrigate the land. In the period of late Spring and Autumn, people used leverage principle and created shadoof to fetch water from shallow well. Meanwhile, the tool of waterwell which was used to fetech water from deep well was began to put into use. During the period of the Three Kingdoms, in order to meet the need of agricultural irrigation, a man named Ma Jun from the state of Wei invented a tool that could draw water from pond and river to slope.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5916\u6837\u5927\u540d\u6210\u4e86\u5012\u5e55\u6d3e\u7684\u5148\u950b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u738b\u653f\u590d\u53e4\u201d\u53d6\u4ee3\u5fb7\u5ddd\u6c0f\u800c\u7edf\u6cbb\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6c42\u6362\u4e00\u4e0b\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u3002\u519c\u6c11\u4eec\u76fc\u671b\u591a\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u5df1\u6536\u83b7\u7684\u7a3b\u7c73\uff0c\u5374\u8ba8\u538c\u201c\u6539\u9769\u201d\u3002\u6b66\u571f\u9636\u5c42\u5219\u5e0c\u671b\u4fdd\u6301\u4ff8\u7984\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u6325\u5200\u4e0a\u9635\u5efa\u7acb\u529f\u52cb\u3002\u5728\u8d22\u653f\u4e0a\u652f\u6301\u738b\u653f\u590d\u53e4\u6d3e\u519b\u961f\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u63a8\u884c\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5374\u4ece\u672a\u6307\u8d23\u8fc7\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\u3002", + "output": "The great Outside Lords, the daimyo of Japan's strongest fiefs who spearheaded the overthrow of the Shogunate, thought of the Restoration as a way in which they, instead of the Tokugawa, could rule Japan. They wanted a mere change of personnel. The farmers wanted to keep more of the rice they raised but they hated 'reforms.' The samurai wanted to keep their pensions and be allowed to use their swords for greater glory. The merchants, who financed the Restoration forces, wanted to expand mercantilism but they never arraigned the feudal system.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6210\u672c\u9886\u5148\u8981\u6c42\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u8fbe\u5230\u6709\u6548\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5168\u529b\u4ee5\u8d74\u964d\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u6293\u7d27\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u51cf\u5c0f\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u63a8\u9500\u3001\u5e7f\u544a\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6210\u672c\u8d39\u7528\u3002", - "output": "Cost leadership requires aggressive construction of efficient-scale facilities, vigorous pursuit of cost reductions from experience, tight cost and overhead control, avoidance of marginal customer accounts, and cost minimization in areas like R&D, service, sales force, advertising, and so on.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6000\u5b55\u671f\u548c\u53d1\u80b2\u6210\u719f\u671f\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u663e\u793a\uff1a\u968f\u7740\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u201c\u7b49\u7ea7\u201d\u4e0a\u6bcf\u4e0a\u5347\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u6000\u5b55\u548c\u6210\u719f\u671f\u5c31\u4f1a\u968f\u4e4b\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u8f83\u4f4e\u7b49\u7684\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u5219\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5929\u6027\u3002", + "output": "A related comparison, between the periods of gestation and maturation for human and nonhuman primates, shows neatly that, as one moves up the evolutionary \"scale\", the duration of gestation and maturation increases. This suggests that humans depend more on learning whereas lower primates depend more on instinct.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5982\u679c\u8981\u628a\u73af\u5883\u6b63\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u751f\u6001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u547d\u9898\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u65e2\u8981\u63a2\u7a76\u73af\u5883\u6539\u9020\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u53c8\u8981\u63a2\u7a76\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u548c\u5206\u914d\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002", - "output": "Alternative modes of production, consumption, and distribution as well as alternative modes of environmental transformation have to be explored if the discursive spaces of the environmental justice movement and the theses of ecological modernization are to be conjoined in a program of radical political action.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u3001\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u795e\u5723\u7684\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6700\u540e\u968f\u7740\u73b0\u4ee3\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6211\uff08moi\uff09\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u65f6\u4ee3\uff1a\u4e2a\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u201d\u62e5\u6709\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6743\u76ca\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002", + "output": "Here is the individual conceived of as indivisible and rational, with a conscience, indeed, with a unique sacred soul, who serves as the foundation of all political, economic and legal institutions. Finally, accompanied by modern schools of psychology, there is the peculiar Western stage of moi: the individual as a \"self with an increasing self-interestedness and self-knowledge\".", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8003\u53e4\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u53c2\u7167\u7269\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fc7\u53bb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u73b0\u4eca\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba\u79cd\u5fd7\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8bd5\u56fe\u590d\u5236\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u3002", - "output": "Analogs used in archaeological interpretation come from diverse sources: historical accounts and documents that describe societies in the past, ethnographic studies that describe present-day societies, and actualistic studies that attempt to duplicate conditions that existed in the past.", + "input": "\u8482\u59c6\u2022\u9ed8\u91cc(Tim Murray 2001a: xix-xx)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5dee\u5f02\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5171\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bf8\u5982\u5206\u7c7b\u8fd9\u6837\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f7c\u6b64\u6c9f\u901a\u5e76\u4ea4\u6d41\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002", + "output": "Tim Murray (2001a: xix\u2013xx) points out that, despite archaeology\u2019s great diversity, the common questions and fundamental activities, such as classification, that lie at the core of archaeology enable archaeologists to communicate with each other and exchange knowledge.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u8fd9\u6b21\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u5e2e\u52a9\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u57281974\u5e74\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u81f3\u5c11\u670968%\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5408\u4e4e\u60c5\u7406\u5730\u79f0\u4f5c\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1b\u800c\u5230\u4e861995\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd175%\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u589e\u957f\u3002", - "output": "The most recent wave helped secure a dominant position for liberal democracy across many of the world's regions. In 1974 at least 68 per cent of all countries could reasonably be called authoritarian; by the end of 1995, nearly 75 per cent of all countries had established procedures for competitive elections and adopted some formal guarantees of political and civil rights. At the current juncture, the number of liberal democracies appears to be still growing.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u51c0\u73b0\u503c\u3001\u5e74\u91d1\u548c\u7ec8\u503c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u6839\u636e\u6bd4\u7387\u5bf9\u9879\u76ee\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u9610\u91ca\u5229\u6da6\u6700\u5927\u5316\u8fd9\u4e00\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u3002", + "output": "Net PW, AW, and FWdiffer in this respect from the other criteria of evaluation, which rank projects by ratiosand hence do not directly address the bottom-line question of maximizing profit.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u96c6\u4e2d\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u8d28\u91cf\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u7ee9\u6548\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u6ee1\u610f\u5ea6\u3001\u758f\u79bb\u7b49\u3002", - "output": "Chapter 4 focuses on the psychic economy of quality. It includes discussion on identity, trust, performativity, job satisfaction, alienation, and re\ufb02exivity.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b66\u8bf4\u5bf9\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u6df7\u6c8c\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u63a8\u52a8\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u590d\u6742\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e8e\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u8fc7\u5185\u90e8\u8fd0\u8f6c\u4f7f\u6df7\u6c8c\u5411\u6709\u5e8f\u5feb\u901f\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u578b\u201d\uff08Rubinstein & Firstenberg 1999,p. 34)\u3002", + "output": "The ramifications of both theories challenge the assumptions inherent in the paradigms discussed above for explaining the world \u2014 that is, the nature of reality or the operation of the world. While chaos theory tries to describe the world using non-linear dynamics, complexity theory suggests the world is akin to 'a model o f complex systems that go through a rapid transition from chaos to order by self-organising' (Rubinstein & Firstenberg 1999, p. 34).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u9676\u5668\u5b71\u548c\u7269\u3002 \u7b80\u5355\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6709\u65f6\u5c31\u8db3\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u9ecf\u571f\u5185\u7684\u5408\u6210\u7269\u2014\u2014\u5b71\u548c\u7269\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u9ecf\u571f\u4e2d\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e9b\u586b\u5145\u7269\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u9676\u5668\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u70e7\u5236\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7206\u88c2\u548c\u76b1\u7f29\u3002", - "output": "Pot Tempers. Simple observation will sometimes identify the inclusions in the clay that are known as its temper \u2013 the filler incorporated to give the clay added strength and workability and to counteract any cracking or shrinkage during firing.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5728\u53cd\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7684\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u4f1a\u8d62\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u8912\u5956\u3002", + "output": "Thus, a credible policy earns a credibility bonus in the fight against inflation.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6d77\u62c9\u548c\u83b1\u6587\u65af\uff081992\uff1a236\uff09\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u201c\u9002\u5f53\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a-\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u662f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6311\u6218\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u552f\u4e00\u2018\u6b63\u786e\u2019\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u6240\u5efa\u6784\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u89c4\u6a21\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u70b9\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728(\u53c2\u9605\u672c\u4e66\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0)\u3002", - "output": "\"Issues of appropriate scaling,\" Haila and Levins (1992: 236) argue, \"are among the fundamental theoretical challenges in the understanding of society\u2013nature interactions.\" There is, they say, \"no single 'correct' way\" to define temporal and spatial scales: these are constituted by the organisms considered so that different scales are simultaneously present at any particular site in nature (see chapter 10).", + "input": "\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df4\u65af\u5361\u5c14\uff08BhaSkar,1979)\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4ed6\u79f0\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u5f53\u4ee3\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u3002", + "output": "In The possibility of naturalism, Bhaskar (1979) applies these ideas to what he terms as the \u2018contemporary human sciences'.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8054\u7ed3\u4e3b\u4e49\u6a21\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u8868\u5f81 (\u5373\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6269\u6563)\u3001\u5e73\u884c\u52a0\u5de5 (\u8bb8\u591a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7acb\u5373\u53d1\u751f)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u91cf\u7b80\u5355\u52a0\u5de5\u5355\u5143\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528 (Siegler, 1989)\u3002\u5728\u6fc0\u6d3b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u8054\u7ed3 (Smith, 1996)\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u53ca\u67d0\u4e00\u5c42\u5185\u90e8\u6216\u5c42\u4e0e\u5c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u8054\u7ed3\u3002", - "output": "Connectionist models include distributed representations of knowledge (i.e., spread out over a wide network), parallel processing (many operations occur at once), and interactions among large numbers of simple processing units (Siegler, 1989). Connections may be at different stages of activation (Smith, 1996) and linked to input into the system, output, or one or more in-between layers.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5458\u5de5\u57f9\u8bad\u4f9d\u65e7\u4e3a\u65b0\u5458\u5de5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f(\u5982\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5bc6\u7801\u548c\u516c\u53f8\u89c4\u5219);\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u5e2e\u52a9\u65b0\u5458\u5de5\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u516c\u53f8\u4ea7\u751f\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9d\u604b\u3002", + "output": "Employee orientation still provides new employees with the information they need to function (such as computer passwords and company rules); ideally, though, it should also help new employees start getting emotionally attached to the firm.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u65af\u6cf0\u7eb3\uff0c\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u65e0\u8bba\u4e2a\u4f53\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8baf\u606f\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u90fd\u662f\u7ffb\u8bd1\u201d(Steiner 1975:238\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5408\u683c\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8981\u6c42\u5177\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u8bdd\u8005\u5728\u4e60\u8bed\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4ece\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u8fbe\u5230\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ece\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f16\u7801\u4ea4\u6362\u603b\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u548c\u201c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u201d\uff08\u594e\u56e0 Quine\uff09\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5305\u542b\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002", - "output": "Theorists of translation, such as George Steiner, will argue that individuals must translate whenever they receive others' messages: \"all communication is translation\" (1975: 238). Furthermore, guaranteed translation requires guaranteed access to the unique idiolect of the individual interlocutor\u2014something which is never achievable and never demonstrable. Hence, codificatory exchange is always ambiguous and \"indeterminate\" (Quine). No two individuals' experience is the same and any translation between them must involve inventive interpretation.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u4e5f\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\u548c\u957f\u671f\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff1a\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5267\u70c8\u53d8\u9769\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u8005\u516c\u6c11\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u638c\u63e1\u6216\u8005\u62b5\u5236\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u6709\u529b\u5730\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u9650\u5ea6\u3002", + "output": "For many, globalization is also associated with a sense of political fatalism and chronic insecurity in that the sheer scale of contemporary social and economic change appears to outstrip the capacity of national governments or citizens to control, contest or resist that change. The limits to national politics, in other words, are forcefully suggested by globalization.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u72c2\u6b22\u8282\u5bfe\u8eab\u4f53\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u8eab\u4f53\u539f\u5219(body principle),\u4ea6\u5373\u6784\u6210\u4e2a\u4f53\u6027\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5e76\u5148\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6027\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u7269\u8d28\u5c42\u9762\uff08\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e07\u7269\u7686\u5e73\u7b49\uff09\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8ff0 (representation)\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u5e38\u51c6\u8bb8\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u7b49\u7ea7\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0e\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u90fd\u88ab\u60ac\u7f6e\u3002", - "output": "Carnival is concerned with bodies, not the bodies of individuals, but with the \"body principle,\" the materiality of life that underlies and precedes individuality, spirituality, ideology, and society. It is a representation of the social at the level of materiality on which all are equal, which suspends the hierarchical rank and privilege that normally grants some classes power over others.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u91c7\u7528FFP\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u627f\u5305 \u4eba\u5bf9\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u672c\u3001\u8fdb\u5ea6\u548c\u6280\u672f\u65b9\u9762\u5168\u6743\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5408\u540c\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f4e\u3001 \u6280\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u5b8c\u5584\u3001\u8fdb\u5ea6\u53ca\u6210\u672c\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u6982\u7387\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002", + "output": "Under FFP contracts, the contractor assumes full responsibility for cost, schedule, and technical aspects of the project. This type of contract is suitable only when the levels of uncertainty are low, technical specifications are well defined, and schedule and cost estimates are subject to minimal errors.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8d2b\u82e6\u519c\u6c11\u5bf9\u519c\u6751\u516c\u793e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u6027\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u7a81\u7136\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u4f1a\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5bf9\u516c\u6709\u571f\u5730\u7684\u5206\u5272\uff09\u4ece\u800c\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u5c0f\u5757\u571f\u5730\u65f6\uff0c \u4ed6\u4eec\u5174\u9ad8\u91c7\u70c8\u3002", - "output": "The poor peasants had no generalized attachment to the village community. When they caught a glimpse of the opportunity to get a plot of land out of dividing up the common lands of the village during the Revolution, they were loud in their cries to do so.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u50cf\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u7406\u8bba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u4e2a\u522b\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u591a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4efb\u4e00\u5757\u571f\u5730\u7684\u5229\u7528\u90fd\u662f\u5176\u751f\u4ea7\u80fd\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u628a\u5176\u4ea7\u54c1\u8fd0\u9001\u5230\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff08\u7531\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u627f\u62c5\uff09\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002", + "output": "Set, like central place theory, in the context of neo-classical economics, whereby individual producers cannot affect the price of their commodities, it argued that the use of any piece of land would be a function of its productivity and the costs (borne by the producer) of transporting its output to the market.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\uff0c\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u5728\u65f6\u673a\u638c\u63a7\u4e0a\uff08\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u5f53\u7403\u62b5\u8fbe \u672c\u5792\u65f6\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u5e94\u8be5\u4f55\u65f6\u5f00\u59cb\u6325\u52a8\u7403\u68d2\uff09\u6bd4\u975e\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u66f4\u52a0\u6280\u827a\u7eaf\u719f\u3002\u68d2\u7403\u51fb\u7403\u6216\u63a5\u7403\u7684\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e0e\u89c6\u7ebf\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5230\u7684\u7403\u5728\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u77ed\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u548c\u773c\u7403\u8ffd\u8e2a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u987a\u7545\u6027\u4e5f\u76f8\u5173\u3002", - "output": "It should come as no surprise that studies indicate that athletes are more skilled at coincidental timing (figuring out just when to swing the bat as the ball arrives over home plate) than nonathletes are. And skill in baseball hitting and catching has been shown to be directly related to the length of time that a ball in flight can be visually followed, as well as smoothness of eye pursuit movements.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5f15\u8d77\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u901a\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5e7f\u544a\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5987\u5973\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u5982\u8d1d\u5c14\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u8fd0\u52a8\u5c31\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u786e\u5207\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a\u2018\u5a92\u4ecb\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u2019\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u3001\u7ecf\u5e38\u662f\u6124\u6012\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002", + "output": "Advertising and its representation of women are areas of popular culture which have attracted the attention of feminists. Baehr comments: \u2018from its very beginnings the Women\u2019s movement has responded critically, often angrily, to what it has rather loosely called \u201csexism in the media\u201d.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5b66\u6d3e\u4e2d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u73af\u5883\u91cc\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u8f83\u5bcc\u88d5\u9636\u5c42\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u505a\u662f\u5bf9\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6781\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9632\u8303\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u8303\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7889\u5821\u5f0f\u5efa\u7b51\uff08bunker architecture)(\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u57ce\u5821\u5f0f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u589e\u5f3a\u5f0f\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u5984\u60f3\u72c2\u5f0f\u201d\u5efa\u7b51\uff09\u7684\u589e\u591a\uff1a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u9662\u95e8\u3001\u6805\u680f\u548c\u56f4\u5899\u3001\u4fdd\u5b89\u3001\u7ea2\u5916\u611f\u5e94\u5668\u3001\u884c\u52a8\u76d1\u89c6\u5668\u3001\u4e0e\u8b66\u5bdf\u5c40\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53cd\u5e94\u8054\u7cfb\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bf8\u5982\u6709\u7ebf\u7535\u89c6\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u76d1\u89c6\u88c5\u7f6e\u3002", - "output": "Another important theme associated with urbanization under a regime of flexible accumulation is increasing social polarization and the development of protective measures by the more affluent sections of society in an environment in which violence and crime are routine. One manifestation of these defensive measures is the growth of so-called bunker architecture (also termed \u2018citadel\u2019, \u2018fortified\u2019 and \u2018paranoid\u2019architecture): urban developments with gates, barriers and walls, security guards, infra-red sensors, motion detectors, rapid response links with police departments and surveillance equipment such as CCTV.", + "input": "\u5b83\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u516d\u4e2a\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\u660e\u786e\u7279\u5f81\uff08Taylor, 1986a)\uff1a\u5168\u7403\u5546\u54c1\u5e02\u573a\uff1b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ade\u4e89\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u5355\u4f4d\u80fd\u591f\u63a7\u5236\u8be5\u5e02\u573a\uff1b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e00\u5916\u56f4\u5f0f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff1b\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u96c6\u56e2\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7c7b\u522b\u5206\u5316\uff1b\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u53d7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u957f\u6ce2\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff1b\u7cfb\u7edf\u957f\u671f\u6269\u5c55\u76f4\u5230\u6210\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5168\u7403\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002", + "output": "Its development has not been a simple linear progression, but it has had six consistent, defining characteristics (Taylor, 1986a): a global market for commodities; a competitive state system, with no one political unit able to control the market; a core-periphery organization of space; an economic class division which interacts with both status groups and the spatial organization; a cyclic economic process, dominated by long waves; and the secular spread of the system until it becomes truly global.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5373\u89d2\u8272\u541e\u5e76\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u8ba4\u540c\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u7279\u70b9 (hightened salience)\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u662f\u72ec\u7279\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u80cc\u666f\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u89d2\u8272\u541e\u6ca1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u3002", - "output": "This conclusion is tied to the fact that role engulfment often involves a heightened salience of a situation-specific identity that is unique and unrelated to other identities and contexts. However, the process of role engulfment is itself problematic.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u8d28\u5728\u53d7\u5230\u649e\u51fb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4ee5\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u65ad\u88c2\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6cbf\u7740\u5ca9\u77f3\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u81ea\u7136\u65ad\u88c2\u9762\u3002\u649e\u51fb\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u9707\u52a8\u6ce2\u4f20\u904d\u88ab\u51fb\u4e2d\u7684\u77f3\u5934\u6216\u9525\u5f62\u4f53\u7684\u77f3\u82af(core)\uff0c\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u4e00\u5757\u53eb\u505a\u8584\u7247\uff08flake\uff0c\u56fe6.1\uff09\u7684\u65ad\u7247\u3002", + "output": "When struck, these materials fracture in a uniform manner, not following any natural cleavage planes in the rock. Instead, shock waves from the blow spread through the struck stone or core in a cone-shaped pattern, detaching a fragment called a flake (Fig. 6.1).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u201c\u6709\u6559\u517b\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u65f6\u542b\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u6559\u517b\u624d\u80fd\u63ed\u793a\u6839\u672c\u7684\u7f8e\uff1b\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u6559\u517b\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u7684\u7f8e\u2014\u2014\u6709\u6559\u517b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6807\u51c6\u53d8\u6210\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u70b9\u6210\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u552f\u7f8e\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d(Aestheticism)\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff1b\u7f57\u65af\u91d1\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u80fd\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u533a\u522b\u8fd9\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u611f\u89c9\u3002", - "output": "The question of the 'goodness' of the artist is, however, at times ambiguous. At times, he must be good in order to reveal essential Beauty; at other times he is good because he reveals essential Beauty-other criteria of goodness are irrelevant. The latter will be recognized as characteristic of what was later called 'aestheticism', a body of feeling from which Ruskin is not always distinct.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6267\u884c\u9636\u6bb5\uff08performing stage\uff09\u662f\u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u88ab\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u5458\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u6210\u5458\u628a\u4e3b\u8981\u7cbe\u529b\u4ece\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u4e92\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u4e86\u89e3\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4ece\u4e8b\u672c\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0a\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7fa4\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u9879\u76ee\u56e2\u961f\u3001\u7279\u522b\u884c\u52a8\u7ec4\u6216\u8005\u4ece\u4e8b\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7fa4\u4f53\uff09\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u89e3\u4f53\u9636\u6bb5\uff08adjourning stage)\u3002", + "output": "The fourth stage is the performing stage. The group structure is in place and accepted by group members. Their energies have moved from getting to know and understand each other to working on the group\u2019s task. This is the last stage of development for permanent work groups. However, for temporary groups\u2014project teams, task forces, or similar groups that have a limited task to do\u2014the final stage is adjourning.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u672c\u8282\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u79f0\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08true experimentaldesigns)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ec4\u522b\u662f\u968f\u673a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u7814\u7a76\u8d77\u59cb\u65f6\u662f\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\uff08\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u5728\uff09\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6210\u719f\uff08\u5404\u7ec4\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u5747\u7b49)\u3001\u6d4b\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ec4\u95f4\u4e0d\u7b49\u800c\u6765\u7684\u65e0\u6548\u5ea6\u6765\u6e90\uff08\u7edf\u8ba1\u56de\u5f52\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u504f\u8bef\u53ca\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u6210\u719f\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u4e00\u7ec4\uff08\u9664\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5904\u7406\u4e4b\u5916\uff09\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\uff08\u76ee\u524d\u8d44\u6599\uff09\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4f9d\u53d8\u9879\u5206\u6570\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eea\u5668\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u53d8\u52a8\u5206\u6570\uff0c\u7ec4\u522b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u6d41\u5931\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff08\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6d41\u5931\u7387\uff09\u3002", - "output": "The designs discussed in this section are called true experimental designs because the groups are randomly formed, allowing the assumption that they were equivalent at the beginning of the research. This controls for past (but not present) history, maturation (which should occur equally in the groups), testing, and all sources of invalidity that are based on nonequivalence of groups (statistical regression, selection biases, and selection-maturation interaction). But only the experimenter can make sure that nothing happens to one group (besides the treatment) and not the other (present history), that scores on the dependent measure do not vary as a result of instrumentation problems, and that the loss of participants is not different between the groups (experimental mortality).", + "input": "\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u52a8\u8109\u8840\u7ba1\u5065\u5eb7\u80fd\u591f\u6539\u5584\u52c3\u8d77\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u7126\u8651\u3001\u7d27\u5f20\u548c\u6291\u90c1\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u4e5f\u4e0e\u52c3\u8d77\u529f\u80fd\u969c\u788d\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u3002", + "output": "Still, its important to note that while good arterial health increases erectile health, the chemical reactions in your brain that come in the form of anxiety, stress, and depression can also be related to erectile dysfunction.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u53ea\u8981\u4ea7\u54c1\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0e\u5229\u6da6\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c31\u80fd\u523a\u6fc0\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u4f46\u548c\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u2014\u2014\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u71c3\u6599\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u5546\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ea6\u6709\u5176\u56fd\u6709\u5c40\u9650\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4e1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u66fe\u7ecf\u6709\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u548c\u5438\u6536\u5176\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u5de5\u4e1a\u5229\u6da6\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6309\u652f\u4ed8\u7ed9\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5de5\u4eba\u4ee5\u5de5\u8d44\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u672c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5c31\u5f97\u5b8c\u86cb\uff01\u201d\u8fd9\u662f\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u4ece\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u542c\u5230\u7684\u7edd\u671b\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u3002", - "output": "The price and profit system stimulated production and technological progress as long as the output could find a market. But, like the socio-economic system of the Bronze Age, the new commercialism of the Fuel era had its inherent limitations. No industrial nation had or could have purchasing power sufficient to keep and absorb its own output; the very basis of the industrial profit system was an excess in value of product over the cost of production in terms of wages paid to the industrial workers. Export of surplus was therefore essential; \"we must export or die\" is a cry of desperation heard from more than one nation in recent years.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u901a\u8fc7\u8fa8\u522b\u80fd\u666e\u904d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9e\u65bd\u652f\u6301\u751a\u81f3\u81ea\u884c\u9a71\u52a8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d41\u7a0b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u81ea\u884c\u9a71\u52a8\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6bcf\u4e00\u9879\u6d41\u7a0b\u7684\u4f8b\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0e\u8f93\u5165\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u6d41\u7a0b\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4ee5\u53ca\u8f93\u51fa\u4fe1\u606f\u4e00\u540c\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9879\u76ee\u4e0e\u9879\u76ee\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684 \u4ea7\u54c1\u8303\u56f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u91c7\u7528\u81ea\u52a8\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7cfb\u7edf\u6765\u652f\u6301\u9879\u76ee\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u6267\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u5e26\u6765\u53cc\u91cd\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u7531\u4e8e\u6d41\u7a0b\u754c\u5b9a\u6e05\u6670\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d41\u7a0b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u662f\u81ea\u52a8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7a0b\u5ea6\u964d\u4f4e\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u6027\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u6613\u4e8e\u5411\u65b0\u5458\u5de5\u8fdb\u884c\u8bb2\u6388\u6216\u8005\u53cd\u590d\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d89\u53ca\u591a\u4e2a\u76f8\u4f3c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u91cd\u590d\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u8ff0\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7528\u4e8e\u652f\u6301\u5236\u5b9a\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u6548\u7387\u5c06\u5f97\u5230\u6781\u5927\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u6548\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u7ed3\u6784\u3002", + "output": "By identifying processes that are common to more than one project within an or\u00adganization, it is possible to implement a workflow system that supports and even auto\u00admates those processes. Automation means that the routing of each process is defined along with the input information, processing tools and techniques, and output informa\u00adtion. Although the product scope may vary substantially from project to project, when the execution of the project scope is supported by an automatic workflow system, the benefits are twofold: (1) the level of uncertainty is reduced because processes are clearly defined and the flow of information required to support those processes is au\u00adtomatic, and (2) learning is enabled. In general, a well-structured process can be taught easily to new employees or learned by repetition. For the organization that deals with many similar projects, efficiency is greatly enhanced when the same processes are re\u00adpeated, the same formats are used to present information, and the same models are used to support decision making. The workflow management system provides the structure for realizing this efficiency.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5bf9\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53e3\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u53e3\u5c06\u9010\u6b65\u5728\u4f4e\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u548c\u4f4e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u8fbe\u5230\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u56fd\u5bb6\u8db3\u591f\u5bcc\u88d5\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u81ea\u613f\u5730\u964d\u4f4e\u751f\u80b2\u7387\u3002", - "output": "And for countries which manage to boost their per capita incomes, there is the prospect of making the demographic transition, which occurs when a population stabilizes with low birth rates and low death rates. Once countries get rich enough, and infant mortality drops, people voluntarily reduce their birth rates.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u90bb\u8fd1\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u67cf\u67cf\u5c14\u4eba\u4f01\u56fe\u95fb\u8fdb\u79d1\u6069\u7684\u4f4f\u5904\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u671d\u5929\u5f00\u4e86\u67aa\u3002", + "output": "Some Berbers, from yet another neighboring tribe, tried to break into Cohen's place, but he fired his rifle in the air.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u6027\u4f34\u4fa3\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u67d0\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u793e\u533a\u5185\u5bfb\u89c5\u5230\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u822c\u4e5f\u5b9e\u884c\u6751\u843d\u5185\u5a5a\u5236\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u3002\u9976\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5916\u5a5a\u5236\u5305\u62ec\u6216\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u54ea\u4e9b\u4eb2\u621a\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u5929\u4e3b\u654e\u4f1a\u4e00\u76f4\u7981\u6b62\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\u7684\u5802\u8868\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u768431\u4e2a\u5dde\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed619\u4e2a\u5dde\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\u5802\u8868\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u662f\u4f18\u5148\u9009\u53d6\u7684\u914d\u5076\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u865a\u6784\u4fe1\u5ff5,\u4f46\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\u5802\u8868\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u7ed3\u5a5a\u751f\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u6ca1\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u02d9\u6cf0\u52d2\u7235\u58eb\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd1\u4eb2\u4ea4\u914d\u7684\u6289\u62e9\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u5916\u5ac1\u5a36\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u706d\u7edd\u201d\u3002", - "output": "However, since eligible sex partners are to be found within one's own community, village endogamy, though not obligatory, is commonly practiced. Interestingly, a wide variety exists among societies as to which relatives are or are not covered by exogamy rules. In Europe, for example, the Catholic Church has long had a prohibition on marriages to first cousins, and in the 19th century such marriages were illegal in most of the United States. In numerous other societies, however, first cousins are preferred spouses.In the 19th century, Sir Edward Tylor advanced a proposition that alternatives to inbreeding were either \"marrying out or being killed out\".", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6210\u672c\u9886\u5148\u5927\u6982\u662f\u4e09\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u6218\u7565\u4e2d\u6700\u660e\u786e\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u751f\u4ea7\u5382\u5546\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u6709\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u7ec6\u5206\u5e02\u573a\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7ecf\u8425\u2014\u2014\u4f01\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5e7f\u5ea6\u901a\u5e38\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u4f18\u52bf\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002", + "output": "Cost leadership is perhaps the clearest of the three generic strategies. In it, a firm sets out to become the low-cost producer in its industry. The firm has a broad scope and serves many industry segments, and may even operate in related industries\u2014the firm\u2019s breadth is often important to its cost advantage.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u548c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u7cfb\u8fd8\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u201c\u6539\u9020\u81ea\u7136\u201d\u8ba1\u5212\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5206\u5e03\u6027\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6b64\u7c7b\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u662f\u6025\u70c8\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u5f53\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u73af\u5883\u6b63\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d \u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u591a\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u7126\u70b9(\u53c2\u9605\u672c\u4e66\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0)\u3002", - "output": "But this connection between the domination of nature and the domination of others has a further dimension. \"Nature-transforming\" projects of any sort have distributional consequences and the patent inequity of many of these has been the source of powerful conflicts. These are now the focus of struggle in the environmental justice movement and within a polyglot group of movements known as \"the environmentalism of the poor\" (see chapter 13).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6709\u4e9b\u611f\u67d3\u4f1a\u5927\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u4f60\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7231\u6cfc\u65af\u5766-\u5df4\u5c14\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u80fd\u653b\u51fb\u4f60\u7684\u809d\u5e76\u9020\u6210\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u5355\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u589e\u591a\u75c7\uff0c\u4f7f\u813e\u810f\u80bf\u80c0\u3002\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f31\u70b9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u80fd\u5165\u4fb5\u7ec6\u80de,\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u67d0\u79cd\u8fd0\u8f93\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u4f53\u628a\u5b83\u8fd0\u9001\u5230\u90a3\u91cc\u3002\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u96c6\u4e2d\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u963b\u65ad\u8fd0\u8f93\u4f53\u4ee5\u4fbf\u75c5\u6bd2\u5230\u8fbe\u4e0d\u4e86\u7ec6\u80de\u3002", + "output": "Other infections change the way you live. The Epstein-Barr virus, for example, attacks your liver and causes infections mononucleosis with a spleen swollen with immune cells ready for battle. One of the weaknesses of viruses is that in order for a virus to invade a cell, it needs some mode of of transportation\u2014it needs a chemical transporter to take it there. The latest therapies for virus can't get into the cells.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5f53\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u6539\u53d8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bbe\u8ba1 (organizational design)\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d89\u53ca\u516d\u9879\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u95e8\u5316\uff1b\u90e8\u95e8\u5316\uff1b\u6307\u6325\u94fe\uff1b\u7ba1\u7406\u8de8\u5ea6\uff1b\u96c6\u6743\u548c\u5206\u6743\uff1b\u6b63\u89c4\u5316\u3002", - "output": "When managers create or change the structure, they're engaged in organizational design, a process that involves decisions about six key elements: work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization, and formalization.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5bf9\u4f69\u8bfa\u5e03\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u730e\u624b\u5355\u72ec\u53bb\u68ee\u6797\u4e2d\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u665a\u4e0a\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u542c\u5230\u50cf\u6d93\u6cfd\u5973\u5e15\u65af\u514b\u5fb7\u739b\u65af\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u54ed\u53eb\u58f0\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u4f69\u8bfa\u5e03\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5373\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u5728\u8eaf\u4f11\u7761\u7740\u65f6\u56db\u5904 \u6e38\u8361\uff0c\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7269\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002", + "output": "To the Penobscot, all of this was quite believable; the lone hunter, for example, off for extended periods in the forest, could hear in the night what sounded like the cry of Fskedemus, the swamp woman. And a Penobscot accepted as fact that his or her spirit routinely traveled about while the body slept, interacting with various of these supernatural beings.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u9769\u65b0\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u519b\u961f\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u9ad8\u7684\u540e\u52e4\u80fd\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u9053\u8def\u4fee\u5efa\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u6269\u5f20\u80fd\u529b\u660e\u663e\u63d0\u9ad8\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9769\u65b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u5316\u9769\u65b0\u4f7f\u5f97\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u521b\u9020\u5e76\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8de8\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u9664\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u3001\u5185\u5728\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u56e2\u7ed3\u4ee5\u53ca\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4eea\u5f0f\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u89c2\uff08Millar\u7b49\uff0c 1967; Mann\uff0c 1986\uff09 \u3002", - "output": "This decisive shift in power wielded by the Roman imperial state was made possible by a series of innovations. Most important, probably, was the enhanced logistical capabilities of the Roman legions and their capacity for complex civil engineering, roadbuilding and organization. But alongside this phenomenal increase in the extensive reach of military power was a series of cultural innovations that allowed the Romans to generate and reproduce a transimperial ruling class bound by ties of more than just kinship: political community, immanent class solidarity and shared cultural rituals, beliefs and aesthetics (Millar et al., 1967; Mann, 1986).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5f71\u50cf\u3001\u89c6\u89c9\u56fe\u50cf\u4e0e\u201c\u51dd\u89c6\u201d\u2014\u2014\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u89c2\u770b\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u2014\u2014\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u51dd\u89c6\u7a7a\u95f4\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u89c2\u5bdf\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\uff1b\u7528\u5ba1\u89c6\u94bb\u7814\u7684\u773c\u5149\u601d\u8003\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4e0e\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\uff1b\u5bfb\u6c42\u5c06\u51dd\u89c6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u5e76\u6311\u6218\u5ba2\u89c2\u8d85\u8131\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff1b\u5206\u6790\u5708\u5b9a\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bf9\u8c61\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u64cd\u4f5c\u8be6\u89c1Rose, 2001\uff09\u3002", + "output": "More recently, cultural geographers have increasingly recognized that vision, visual representation and \u2018the gaze\u2019 \u2013 in other words, practices of looking and observing \u2013 are inherently spatial. Interpreting the spatiality of the gaze means paying attention to where observation takes place as well as what is being observed; thinking critically about the distance between the observer and the subject of observation; seeking to locate and embody the gaze and to challenge claims for objective detachment; and analysing various framing strategies that put boundaries around what is being observed (and for more on how to do this in practice, see Rose, 2001).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6700\u597d\uff0c\u4ee5\u91cd\u91cf\u8868\u793a\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\u5e94\u8be5\u91c7\u7528\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6b63\u786e\u6821\u6b63\u7684\u6760\u6746\u5f0f\u4f53\u91cd\u8ba1\u6765\u79f0\u91cd\u5e76\u8bb0\u5f55\u52300.1kg\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3002\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u88f8\u4f53\u79f0\u91cd\u6216\u8005\u7a7f\u7740\u5df2\u77e5\u91cd\u91cf\u7684\u670d\u88c5\uff08\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u88f8\u4f53\u7684\u91cd\u91cf)\u3002\u5728\u65e9\u6668\u5e38\u89c4\u6d4b\u5b9a\u7684\u79f0\u91cd\u503c\u662f\u76d1\u6d4b\u4f53\u91cd\u53d8\u5316\u6700\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc712\u5c0f\u65f6\u6d88\u5316\u548c\u6392\u6cc4\u540e\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u5bf9\u4e8e\u76d1\u6d4b\u751f\u957f\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6821\u6b63\u8fc7\u7684\u5f39\u7c27\u79f0\u6d4b\u91cf\u52300.5kg\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5df2\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u8981\u6c42\u3002", - "output": "Ideally, body mass expressed in units of weight should be obtained on an accurately calibrated beam-type balance and recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg. The subject should be weighed nude or in clothing of known weight so a correction to nude weight can be made. The most stable values for monitoring weight change are those obtained routinely in the morning, 12 h after having ingested food, and after voiding. However, such exact control is not generally necessary for growth records. For most purposes, a calibrated spring scale with measurement made to the nearest 0.5 kg is satisfactory.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6982\u5ff5\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u53c2\u7167\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4f4d\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb(\u6216\u8005\u7528\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u201c\u60c5\u5883\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6027\u201d)\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u800c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u201d(place)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6211\u4eec\u201c\u5b89\u7f6e\u201d(place)\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u601d\u8003\u4e8b\u7269\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u201d\u3002", + "output": "Concepts of space and time affect the way we understand the world to be. And they also provide a reference system by means of which we locate ourselves (or define our \"situatedness\" and \"positionality,\" to use the language of chapter 3) with respect to that world. It is therefore impossible to proceed far with a discussion of space and time without invoking the term \"place.\" This in turn has implications for how we \"place\" things and how we think of \"our place\" in the order of things in particular.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "1470\u53f7\u5934\u9aa8\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u8ddd\u4eca189\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u80fd\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u8111\u91cf\u5927\u7ea6\u662f752cc\u6216775cc\uff1b\u800c1805\u53f7\u5934\u9aa8\uff0c\u8ddd\u4eca165\u4e07\u5e74\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u5c5e\u6216\u5357\u65b9\u53e4\u733f\u5c5e\uff0c\u4e0e\u5357\u65b9\u53e4\u733f\u7684\u8111\u91cf\u4e00\u81f4\uff08582cc\uff09\u3002", - "output": "Skull 1470, dating to about 1.89 million years and usually attributed to Homo habilis, had a capacity of either 752 cc or about 775 cc, while 1805, dating to about 1.65 million years and belonging to either Homo or Australopithecus, had a brain of australopithecine size (582 cc).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u9009\u62e9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74 \u6765\uff0c\u786c\u4ef6\u6210\u672c\u5927\u5e45\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7535\u8111\u5c24\u5176\u660e\u663e\u3002\u5c31\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u968f\u673a\u5b58\u50a8\u5668 (RAM)\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5176\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u4f1a\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u7528\u8f83\u4fbf\u5b9c\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u786c\u76d8\u5b58 \u53d6\u64cd\u4f5c\u4ee3\u66ffRAM\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5176\u6027\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u8f6f\u4ef6\u652f\u6301\u5404\u79cd\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u8f93\u5165/\u8f93\u51fa \u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u5176\u63a5\u5165\u7f51\u7edc\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e00\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002", + "output": "Another issue to consider in the selection process is hardware requirements. Hardware costs, especially for personal computers, have decreased radically in recent years. Software that can use larger amounts of random access memory (RAM) will run more quickly and so might be better than less-expensive packages that perform numerous disk access operations to reduce R A M use. A software package's ability to support a variety of existing input/output devices is also important, as well as its ability to work in a network.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\uff08\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7684\u610f\u601d\u4e3a\u72ec\u5c45\u8005\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ffd\u6c42\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8654\u8bda\u6216\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u5949\u732e\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u800c\u8c0b\u6c42\u4e0e\u4e16\u9694\u7edd\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u5c31\u662f\u9996\u5148\u57fa\u4e8e\u653e\u5f03\u6240\u6709\u4e16\u4fd7\u793e\u4f1a\u8ffd\u6c42\u7075\u6027\u7684\u9690\u4fee\u58eb\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002", - "output": "A monk (Latin monachus, meaning \u201cone who lives alone\u201d) was a person who sought to live a life divorced from the world, cut off from ordinary human society, in order to pursue an ideal of godliness or total dedication to the will of God. Christian monasticism was initially based on the model of the solitary hermit who forsakes all civilized society to pursue spirituality.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e54\u59c6\u65af\u57fa\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8868\u73b0\u201d\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5bf9\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4f5c\u4e86\u6700\u4f73\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5bf9\u672f\u8bed\u4e0e\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8a00\u8bed\u201d\u6b63\u597d\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u79cd\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u53cd\u6620\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u8a00\u5e76\u4e0d\u56e0\u5176\u5177\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u800c\u7a77\u5c3d\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u4ece\u672a\u8bf4\u51fa\u8fc7\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u53e5\u5219\u80fd\u5448\u73b0\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u8bed\u6cd5\u7ed3\u6784\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u4ece\u672a\u63a5\u89e6\u8fc7\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5177\u5907\u4e86\u8d85\u51fa\u5176\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u80fd\u529b\u3002", + "output": "In linguistics the distinction between rule and behaviour is most conveniently expressed by Chomsky\u2019s terms competence and performance, which are related, respectively, to langue and parole. Actual behaviour is not a direct reflection of competence for a variety of reasons. The English language is not exhausted by its manifestations. It contains potential sentences which have never been uttered but to which it would assign meaning and grammatical structure; someone who has learned English possesses, in his ability to understand sentences that he will never encounter, a competence that outstrips his performance.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u53ea\u7ec3\u4e60\u524d\u503e\u548c\u4e0b\u8e72\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u505a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u8df3\u8dc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u5148\u719f\u6089\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u589e\u5f3a\u81c0\u90e8\u548c\u80a1\u56db\u5934\u808c\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002", - "output": "Practice leaning and squatting without actually hopping, which will accustom you to the movement and build strength in your hips and quads.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u65e6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u5f97\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u5230\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u79cd\u5df2\u4e60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e38\u7684\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5907\u9009\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u996e\u6599\u6d12\u5728\u987e\u5ba2\u7684\u5916\u5957\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u9910\u9986\u7ecf\u7406\u786e\u5b9a\u51b3\u7b56\u6807\u51c6\u5e76\u4e3a\u4e4b\u5206\u914d\u6743\u91cd\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u627e\u51fa\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6837\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u529e\u6cd5\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u9910\u9986\u7ecf\u7406\u53ea\u9700\u4f9d\u8d56\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff1a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1b\u653f\u7b56\u3002", + "output": "Because once the structured problem is defined, the solution is usually self-evident or at least reduced to a few alternatives that are familiar and have proved successful in the past. The spilled drink on the customer\u2019s coat doesn\u2019t require the restaurant manager to identify and weight decision criteria or to develop a long list of possible solutions. Instead, the manager relies on one of three types of programmed decisions: procedure, rule, or policy.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5408\u8d44\u4f01\u4e1a\uff08joint venture)\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6218\u7565\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5404\u5408\u4f5c\u65b9\u4e3a\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u5546\u4e1a\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u5171\u540c\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u4e3b\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u60e0\u666e\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5408\u8d44\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e3a\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bbe\u5907\u751f\u4ea7\u5404\u79cd\u96f6\u90e8\u4ef6\u3002", - "output": "A specific type of strategic alliance in which the partners form a separate, independent organization for some business purpose is called a joint venture. For example, Hewlett-Packard has had numerous joint ventures with various suppliers around the globe to develop different components for its computer equipment.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5979\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u8be5\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5feb\u611f\uff08\u9664\u975e\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u8bc1 \u5b9e\u5979\u4eec\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8d64\u88f8\u88f8\u7684\u7236\u6743\u5236\u7684\u6050\u6016\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u628a\u9009\u62e9\u770b\u8fd9 \u4e00\u8282\u76ee\u5f53\u6210\u5979\u4eec\u53e3\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u4e5f\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u5229\u7528\u8be5\u8282\u76ee\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u5bf9\u5979\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6587\u672c\u65e2\u975e\u751f\u4ea7\u8005 \u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "output": "They found no pleasure in the text (except, possibly, that of confirming their knowledge of the horror of patriarchy in the raw), they did not choose to watch the show as part of their everyday lives, and so they made no productive use of the resources it offered. For them the text was neither producerly nor popular.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u9f7f\u6cbf\u97f3(\u6216\u9f7f\u95f4\u97f3)[\u03b8][\u00f0]\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u97f3\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u90fd\u62fc\u5199th\u3002\u53d1\u97f3\u65f6\u820c\u5c16\u63d2\u5728\u4e0a\u4e0b\u9f7f\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u628a\u820c\u5934\u89e6\u53ca\u4e0a\u9f7f\u6cbf\u540e\uff0c\u6240\u53d1\u4e4b\u97f3\u66f4\u5e94\u79f0\u4e3a\u9f7f\u97f3\u3002", - "output": "Interdentals [\u03b8] [\u00f0] These sounds, both spelled th, are pronounced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth. However, for some speakers the tongue merely touches behind the teeth, making a sound more correctly called dental.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "20\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64,\u5373\u4f7f\u572820\u5e74\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u8d38\u6613\u5360\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ecd\u7136\u4f4e\u4e8e\u53e4\u5178\u91d1\u672c\u4f4d\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u572830\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u666e\u904d\u4e0b\u964d\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u8d38\u6613\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u8d38\u6613\u91cf\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d\u3002", + "output": "Hyperinflation in the early 1920s severely disrupted trade, such that even in the late 1920s trade relative to GDP was still below those levels typical of the classical Gold Standard period. Trade fell sharply in the 1930s as a result of both the general decline in world trade and the protectionist policies of the Nazis.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u505a\u8d77\u6765\u5374\u5f88\u96be\u3002\u8fd9\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u67d0\u4e2a\u52bf\u529b\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u4e3e\u884c\u516c\u6c11\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5411\u516c\u6c11\u63d0\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u7b49\u4e8e\u51b3\u5b9a\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u5e94\u8be5\u5212\u5230\u54ea\u91cc\u3002\u662f\u5426\u4e3e\u884c\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u5728\u54ea\u513f\u4e3e\u884c\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u90fd\u5f88\u5927\u3002", - "output": "However, this answer is not as simple as it sounds. Someone, and usually some power, has to decide in what area such a plebiscite should be held, and what question should be asked. This often comes close to a decision on where the boundary line should run. The question of whether, and where, to hold such plebiscites is extremely controversial.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u9000\u8fd8\u8058\u91d1\u6216\u8005\u5986\u5941\u603b\u662f\u4e0d\u4fbf\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5265\u593a\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ef4\u7cfb\u8fd9\u4e00\u5a5a\u59fb\u5177\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u610f\u5411\uff0c\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\u963b\u6b62\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eb2\u5c5e\u53bb\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u635f\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002", + "output": "In any event, the return of dowry or bride-price would be an in convenience or a deprivation. Consequently they are likely to take a keen interest in the marriage and to try to prevent their own relative from doing anything to disrupt it.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\"\u660e\u9053\u6551\u4e16\"\u662f\u6e05\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u987e\u708e\u6b66\u63d0\u51fa\u505a\u5b66\u95ee\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u51e0\u90e8\u91cd\u8981\u8457\u4f5c(\u53f6\u4f2f\u548c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u300b\u3001\u90d1\u89d0\u6587\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u300b\u3001\u738b\u5149\u7948\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u300b\u3001\u6768\u836b\u6d4f\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u7eb2\u300b)\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u97f3\u4e50\u5927\u91cf\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u65b0\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u5b66\u65b0\u7684\"\u9053\"\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u6551\u56fd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u56db\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u4f53\u4f8b\u5404\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\"\u660e\u9053\u6551\u4e16\"\u5374\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002", - "output": "As a scholar in early Qing dynasty, Gu Yanwu proposed that for doing scholarship, it was significant both to profoundly comprehend the truth and save the world. There are several important works on the history of music in modern China : Ye Bo's the History of Chinese Music, Zheng Jinwen's the History of Chinese Music, Wang Guangqi's the History of Chinese Music, Yang Yinliu's the History of Chinese Music.Influenced by western music theory, China formed its own new conceptions of music. In that time, important masterpieces of music historiography had established a new \"Tao\", and played a significant role in saving our country. Although the content and style of these four works were different, \"saving the world by the way of enlightenment\" was their common feature.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8bed\u8a00\u900f\u8fc7\u5b69\u5b50\u800c\u4e0d\u673d\u3002\u5f53\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u53ea\u6709\u5927\u4eba\u5728\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u5df1\u7ecf\u53bb\u65e5\u65e0\u591a\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u5373\u5c06\u6765\u4e34\u7684\u60b2\u5267\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8b66\u544a\u3002", + "output": "Languages are perpetuated by the children who learn them. When linguists see a language spoken only by adults, they know it is doomed. By this reasoning, they warn of an impending tragedy in the history of humankind.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u603b\u6210\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u672c\u548c\u53ef\u53d8\u6210\u672c\u3002\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u672c\u662f\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u6539\u53d8\u4ea7\u91cf\u65f6\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002\u53ef\u53d8\u6210\u672c\u662f\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u6539\u53d8\u4ea7\u91cf\u65f6\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002", - "output": "A firm\u2019s total costs can be divided between fixedcosts and variable costs. Fixed costs are costs thatdo not change when the firm alters the quantityof output produced. Variable costs are costs thatchange when the firm alters the quantity of outputproduced.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4eba\u7c7b\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u65e9\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u7c7b\u805a\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5730\u7406\u7c7b\u578b\u4ee5\u53ca\u82e5\u5e72\u770b\u4f3c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u800c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6df1\u6df1\u624e\u6839\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u4eb2\u5c5e\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u79f0\u8c13\u3001\u5a5a\u59fb\u89c4\u5219\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u7b49\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u5185\u6709\u7740\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u73af\u5883\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u6784\u6210\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u53d7\u675c\u5c14\u51ef\u59c6\uff08Durkheim) (1964[1895])\u3001\u62c9\u5fb7\u514b\u5229\u592b\u4e00\u5e03\u6717\u53ca\u9a6c\u6797\u8bfa\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u6001\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002", + "output": "It became clear at an early stage that the anthropogeographic approach could not account for observed realities. Cultures were grouped together on the grounds that they occupied the same type of habitat and shared a few seemingly significant features. And yet some of the cultural characteristics which most occupied anthropologists\u2019 minds, such as kinship terminologies, marriage rules and political systems, varied quite markedly within geographical areas. It appeared that, whatever the effects of the environment on such institutions, they were not directly causal. In Britain, following the influence of Durkheim (1964 [1895]), Radcliffe-Brown and Malinowski, anthropologists responded by turning their attention to the social, rather than the ecological, functions of cultural institutions.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u867d\u7136\u9700\u8981\u5f88\u591a\u4e2a\u6848\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5236\u5b9a\u4e2d\u7a0b\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u91c7\u7528\u6c11\u65cf\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd0\u7528\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u6750\u6599\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u8981\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5fae\u75d5\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u57cb\u85cf\u5b66\uff08Tringham 1978)\u3002", - "output": "Although multiple case studies are necessary to establish such contexts, this approach lessened the need for broad cross-cultural studies. Formulating middle-range theory utilized not only the results of ethnoarchaeological research and of cross-cultural studies using ethnographic data but also the findings of other forms of actualistic studies, such as use-wear analysis, experimental archaeology, and taphonomy (Tringham1978).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u5973\u5b69\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8eab\u4f53\u7d20\u8d28\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u73b0\u7a33\u5b9a\u65f6\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u6709\u53d8\u665a\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u4ece\u4f5b\u5170\u5fb7\u5973\u5b69\u7206\u53d1\u529b\u3001\u808c\u8089\u8010\u529b\u3001\u8dd1\u6b65\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u80a2\u4f53\u79fb\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u66f2\u7ebf\u4e0a\u53ef\u660e\u663e\u770b\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002", + "output": "Some evidence suggests that the plateau of performances of adolescent girls in a number of motor tasks has shifted to a slightly older age in more recent studies. This is apparent in the distance curves for explosive strength, muscular endurance, running speed and speed of limb movement in Flemish girls.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u98ce\u9669\u662f\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u6295\u4fdd\u98ce\u9669\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u5468\u671f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u7684\u6536\u5165\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u603b\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u800c\u8d77\u4f0f\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u98ce\u9669\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u4e48\u901a\u8fc7\u8d2d\u4e70\u4fdd\u9669\u6765\u9884\u9632\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5728\u5229\u6da6\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u98ce\u9669\u6ea2\u4ef7\u3002", - "output": "A further concern is the uninsurable or systematic risk of investments. A company may have a high degree of sensitivity to business cycles, which means that its earnings fluctuate a great deal when aggregate out-put goes up or down. All of these risks must either be insured against or earn a risk premium in profits.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u94b1\u5e84\u4e0d\u518d\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b17\u4e16\u7eaa\u5546\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u9700\u8981\u7684\u591a\u9879\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u673a\u6784\u5174\u8d77\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u5e02\u4e8e1609\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u5151\u6362\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\uff0c\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u5185\u8bc1\u5238\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u3002", + "output": "Traditional family banking firms were no longer able to supply the numerous services needed for the commercial capitalism of the seventeenth century, and new institutions arose to take their place. In 1609, the city of Amsterdam created the Bank of Amsterdam as both a deposit and a transfer institution and the Amsterdam Bourse, or Exchange, where the trading of stocks replaced the exchange of goods.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0e\u6027\u522b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6750\u6599\u8981\u6574\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff1f\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6574\u5408\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff1b\u56f4\u7ed5\u6027\u522b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u5f80\u5f80\u592a\u590d\u6742\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u5176\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u53bb\u6389\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5404\u7ae0\u5b89\u6392\u8fd9\u79cd\u6750\u6599\u5728\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5bf9\u6027\u5225\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7b2c\u5341\u7248\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u5217\u51fa\uff09\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6027\u522b\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u4e00\u822c\u81f3\u5c11\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0b\u8ff0\u4e09\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u5173\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53d8\u5316\uff1b\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u6027\u522b\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5173\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u548c\u6027\u5225\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u65b0\u7d20\u6750\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5bf9\u540c\u6027\u604b\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u793e\u4f1a\u96cc\u6027\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5173\u4e8e\u5973\u6027\u5272\u9634\u7684\u6700\u8fd1\u65b0\u95fb\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u6709\u7a33\u5b9a\u8282\u594f\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u7b2c\u5341\u7248\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u6027\u522b \u201c\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u201d\u524d\u540e\u65e0\u547c\u5e94\u7684\u5355\u72ec\u7ae0\u8282\u5185\u3002", - "output": "Much of the new content for the ninth edition (listed below) relates to gender in some way. These changes generally fall into at least one of three categories: changes in thinking about gender within the discipline, examples that have important ramifications on gender in a particular society or culture, and cross-cultural implications about gender and gender relations. Examples of new material range from an expanded definition of marriage and additional material on homosexual identity to current thinking on the role of Hadza women in food provisioning and recent news in regard to female genital mutilation. Through a steady drumbeat of such coverage, the ninth edition avoids a thunderous crash of relegating ugenderw to a single chapter that is preceded and followed by silence.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u8f86\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5bff\u547d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6240\u9700\u71c3\u6599\u7684\u6210\u672c\u662f\u884c\u9a76\u8ddd\u79bb\u3001\u6c7d\u8f66\u91cd\u91cf\u3001\u6c7d\u8f66\u53d1\u52a8\u673a\u89c4\u683c\u53ca\u9884\u671f\u8def\u51b5\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5229\u7528\u56de\u5f52\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u6216\u66f2\u7ebf\u62df\u5408\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u71c3\u6599\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u5229\u7528\u6210\u672c\u4f30\u7b97\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u6210\u672c\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f62\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u6210\u672c\u4f30\u7b97\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u672c\u8981\u7d20\u4e0e\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\u3002", + "output": "For example, the cost of fuel required during the operational life of a car might be estimated as a function of the distance driven, the weight of the car, the car's engine size, and the expected road conditions. An equation, relating the cost of fuel to the explanatory variables, can be developed by using regression analysis or any other curve-fitting technique. With the use of CERs, the expected effect of changing any explanatory variable on the LCC can be analyzed. To develop CERs, past data on the values of the cost component under investigation and the explanatory variables are required.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\u662f\u6218\u7565\u9876\u5c42\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u6838\u5fc3\u3001\u652f\u6301\u4eba\u5458\u4ee5\u53ca\u6280\u672f\u7ed3\u6784\u3002", - "output": "The key elements of structure are the strategic apex, middle line, operating core, support staff, and technostructure.", + "input": "\u6d77\u9a6c\u4f53\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u8bb0\u5fc6\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5927\u8111\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u591a\u4e45\u4e86\uff1f\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u7b2c5\u7ae0\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5373\u65f6\u548c\u957f\u671f\uff08\u6c38\u4e45\uff09\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002", + "output": "The hippocampus is the brain structure responsible for memory of the immediate past. How long is the immediate past? As we will see in Chapter 5, there is no objective criterion for what constitutes immediate and long-term (permanent) memory.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u57289.4\u8282\u7b80\u8981\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u51e0\u79cd\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u6837\u672c\u9009\u62e9\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5176\u5173\u952e\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u5916\u751f\u548c\u5185\u751f\u6837\u672c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5728\u65ad\u5c3e\u6258\u5bbe\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u663e\u7136\u662f\u5185\u751f\u6837\u672c\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u56e0\u800cOLS\u662f\u6709\u504f\u8bef\u548c\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6837\u672c\u4ec5\u7531\u5916\u751f\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u91cf\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u5916\u751f\u6837\u672c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u4ecb\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u5219\u4e0d\u751a\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u505a\u51fa\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u5047\u5b9a\u3002", - "output": "In Section 9.4, we provided a brief discussion of the kinds of sample selection that can be ignored. The key distinction is between exogenous and endogenous sample selection. In the truncated Tobit case, we clearly have endogenous sample selection, and OLS is biased and inconsistent. On the other hand, if our sample is determined solely by an exogenous explanatory variable, we have exogenous sample selection. Cases between these extremes are less clear, and we now provide careful definitions and assumptions for them.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u8fd1\u4e1c\u7684\u571f\u4e18\u7b49\u5f88\u6df1\u7684\u9057\u5740\u5f88\u5c11\u4f7f\u7528\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u63a2\u65b9\u53d1\u6398\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u968f\u7740\u53d1\u6398\u5411\u4e0b\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u63a2\u65b9\u91cc\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f88\u5feb\u53d8\u5f97\u65e2\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\uff0c\u53c8\u5f88\u5371\u9669\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u9636\u68af\u5f0f\u63a2\u6c9f\u201d\uff08step-trenching\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u4e0a\u90e8\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u9762\u79ef\u63ed\u9732\uff0c\u5f80\u4e0b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5927\u578b\u9636\u68af\u9010\u6e10\u7f29\u5c0f\u53d1\u6398\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002", + "output": "The rigid box-grid, for instance, has rarely been employed to excavate very deep sites, such as Near Eastern tells, because the trench squares rapidly become uncomfortable and dangerous as the dig proceeds downward. One solution commonly adopted is step-trenching, with a large area opened at the top which gradually narrows as the dig descends in a series of large steps.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7531\u56fe28-3\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4ece1979-1985\u5e74\u521d\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u6c47\u7387\u5347\u9ad8\u4e8680%\u3002\u4ece1985\u5e74\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u5bb6\u90fd\u6df1\u4fe1\u7f8e\u5143\u88ab\u9ad8\u4f30\u3002\u8d27\u5e01\u9ad8\u4f30\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5176\u957f\u671f\u7684\u6216\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002", - "output": "Figure 28-3 shows that during the period from 1979 to early 1985, the real exchange rate on the dollar rose by 80 percent. Many economists believe the dollar was overvalued in 1985\u2014an overvalued currency is one whose value is high relative to its long-run or sustainable level.", + "input": "\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6b63\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e76\u4e3a\u9000\u4f11\u5b58\u94b1\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8d85\u8fc7\u6d88\u8d39\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6536\u5165\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u91d1\u878d\u4f53\u7cfb\u673a\u6784\u4f17\u591a\uff0c\u6709\u94f6\u884c\u3001\u5171\u540c\u57fa\u91d1\u3001\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u7b49\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8fd8\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u8d37\u6b3e\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u62c5\u4fdd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8865\u5145\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u50a8\u84c4\u8005\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u5f15\u5411\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u3002", + "output": "Older people, who are working and saving forretirement, may have income in excess of their expenditures and can provide the savings. A vast financial system of banks, mutual funds, insurance companies, and pension funds\u2014often supplemented by government loans and guarantees\u2014serves to channel the funds of those who are saving to those who are investing.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6269\u5145\u5ba2\u6237\u9009\u62e9\u57fa\u70b9\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5c06\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8425\u9500\u4e0e\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u5728\u5927\u578b\u6da1\u8f6e\u53d1\u7535\u673a\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c\u901a\u7528\u7535\u5668\u516c\u53f8\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u975e\u5e38\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u7740\u8fd9\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u3002", - "output": "Widening the basis of buyers' choice requires a combination of effective marketing on this basis and product development that supports the story convincingly. General Electric has practiced this strategy very successfully for decades in the large turbine generator industry.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7L. \u6851\u4ee3\u514b (Edward L. Thorndike\uff0c1874~1949) \u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7406\u8bba (\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8054\u7ed3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba)\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e00\u76f4\u5360\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d (Mayer, 2003)\u3002\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u8fc1\u79fb\u3001\u4e2a\u522b\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u667a\u529b\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u5174\u8da3 (Hilgard, 1996; McKeachie, 1990)\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u7528\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6d4b\u91cf\u5728\u6821\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u3002", + "output": "Edward L. Thorndike (1874\u20131949) was a prominent U.S. psychologist whose theory of learning\u2014connectionism\u2014was dominant in the United States during the first half of the twentieth century (Mayer, 2003). Unlike many early psychologists, he was interested in education and especially learning, transfer, individual differences, and intelligence (Hilgard, 1996; McKeachie, 1990). He applied an experimental approach when measuring students\u2019 achievement outcomes.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6982\u62ec\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u4ece\u52ab\u63a0\u5411\u5b98\u50da\u653f\u6cbb\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u5370\u5ea6\u675c\u4f1a\uff1a\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u7a0e\u6536\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u786e\u7acb\u519c\u6751\u4e2d\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u519c\u4e1a\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u5316\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u505a\u6cd5\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\u662f\u519c\u6751\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u906d\u5230\u5c40\u90e8\u7834\u574f\uff1b\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b65\u662f1857\u5e74\u8bd5\u56fe\u6323\u8131\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5974\u5f79\u7684\u5175\u53d8\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u53c8\u4e3a\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u6cbf\u81f3\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u6784\u67b6\u3002", - "output": "Such then, if in sketchy outline, was the evolution of the British from piracy to bureaucracy. Three interrelated consequences for Indian society followed: the beginnings of an abortive commercialization of agriculture through the establishment of law and order, regular taxes, and property in the countryside; secondly, the partial destruction of rural handicrafts, and, finally, an unsuccessful attempt to throw off the British yoke in the Mutiny of 1857. In turn these three processes set the basic framework for what has taken place down to the present day.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08Statistical Analysis System) (SAS)\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u53d6\u3001\u6570\u636e\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u53ca\u6570\u636e\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002\u6b64\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ef\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff1a\u8f93\u5165\u53ca\u5b58\u50a8\u6570\u636e\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u68c0\u7d22\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5236\u4f5c\u56fe\u8868\u53ca\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u64b0\u5199\u62a5\u544a\u3002", + "output": "Statistical Analysis System (SAS) is predicated to data access, management, analysis and presentation. The software package enables researchers to: enter and store data, untilise retrieval strategies, engage in statistical analyses, generate graphics nad reports, manage research projects, and write reports.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6709\u4e2a\u5728\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u540c\u8bfa\u66fc\u5f88\u719f\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\u727a\u7272\u4e86\uff0c\u4f2f\u7279\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u53cc\u7b52\u671b\u8fdc\u955c(\u4e00\u79cd\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u89c6\u754c?)\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e34\u7ec8\u4e4b\u9645\u628a\u5b83\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u683c\u6e29\u3002\u4f2f\u7279\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218(\u88ab\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e3a\u201c\u53cd\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u540e\u6218\u4e89\u201d)\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u8d1f\u91cd\u4f24\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u8138\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u4f24\u75d5\uff1a\u4f2f\u7279\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u5949\u732e\u7684\u8bb0\u53f7\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u5730\u8d42\u5728\u4e86\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0a\u3002", - "output": "When the student, who was close to Norman at Cambridge, is killed in action, Bert acquires his binoculars (a symbolic terrain of vision?) only on his deathbed to hand them on to Gwyn. Bert also fights in World War II (billed as \"the ultimate war against fascism\"), and suffers a hideous injury in Normandy that permanently disfigures his face \u2014 Bert forever carries the marks of his internationalist commitments on his body.", + "input": "\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u628a\u51b2\u7a81\u5185\u5728\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u5927\u4f17\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4e25\u8083\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u73af\u5883\u2014\u751f\u6001\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u635c\u96c6\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u6311\u6218\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u5bf9\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u8c03\u63a7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u4ed8\u8bf8\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u63a7\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u5b9e\u9645\u5730\u6291\u5236\u4e0d\u53d7\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u79ef\u7d2f\u7684\u6f5c\u80fd\u3002", + "output": "As a discourse, ecological modernization internalizes conflict. It has a radical populist edge, paying serious attention to environmental-ecological issues and most particularly to the accumulation of scientific evidence of environmental impacts on human populations, without challenging the capitalist economic system head on. It does imply strict regulation of private property rights, however, and in so far as it leads to action it can de facto, through regulatory action, curb the possibilities for uncontrolled capital accumulation.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u201d\u4e8e\u57fa\u7840\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u5b83\u4ee5\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u5bf9\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6b65\u4f10\u4e0e\u65b9\u5411\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u7740\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u59cb\u7ec8\u96be\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u540c\u5176\u4ed6\u5f71\u54cd\u5206\u5f00\u3002", - "output": "But this does not prevent superstructures from being \"relatively autonomous\" from the base, or from exercising power and influence upon the base, and upon the pace and direction of social change. In the real world, economic determinism never exists in a pure form, so its existence and effects are always difficult to disentangle from other influences, and determine in their own right.", + "input": "\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u4f53\u7cfb\u201c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\uff08\u5176\u8bcd\u6c47\u3001\u53e5\u6cd5\u3001\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u610f\u4e49\uff09\u603b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5b83\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u4e4b\u80fd\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\uff1b\u5b83\u662f\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u7136\u3002", + "output": "Langue is the overall system or structure of a language (its words, syntax, rules, conventions and meanings). It makes the use of language (parole) possible and is given or taken for granted by any individual speaker.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u590d\u6570\u8bed\u7d20\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u53d1\u97f3\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u62fc\u5199\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662fs\u8fd8\u662fes\uff0c\u90fd\u8d77\u7740\u8bef\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2az\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u2014\u2014\u9664\u975e\u4f60\u4f1a\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8bfb\u5f97\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u521a\u521a\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u5f53\u9047\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u6548\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\u5217\u4e2a\u8868\uff0c\u628a\u8be5\u8bed\u7d20\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d8\u4f53\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u53eb\u6cd5\u662f\u8bed\u7d20\u53d8\u4f53\uff09\u6240\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u73af\u5883\u7ed9\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u7528\u5bbd\u5f0f\u8bb0\u97f3\u628a\u524d\u4e09\u5217\u7684\u8bcd\u5199\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u590d\u6570\u8bed\u7d20\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002", - "output": "How do we know how to pronounce this plural morpheme? The spelling, which adds s or es, is misleading\u2014not a z in sight\u2014yet if you know English, you pronounce it as we indicated. When faced with this type of question, it\u2019s useful to make a chart that records the phonological environments in which each variant of the morpheme is known to occur. (The more technical term for a variant is allomorph.) Writing the words from the first three columns in broad phonetic transcription, we have our first chart for the plural morpheme.", + "input": "\u8fd9\u79cd\u56e0\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5883\u51b5\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5dee\u5f02\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u8bed\u8a00\u53d8\u9879\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf8\u5982\u53cc\u91cd\u5426\u5b9a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u975e\u6807\u51c6\u5f62\u5f0f\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u81ea\u5c0a\u5fc3\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u8bed\u5883\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u8bf4\u5947\u5361\u8bfa\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u548c\u8bf4AAE\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u90fd\u80fd\u8bf4\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u8a00\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u51b5\u4f7f\u7528\u5947\u5361\u8bfa\u82f1\u8bed\uff08\u6216AAE\uff09\u6216\u8005SAE\u3002", + "output": "Linguistic differences of this sort that vary with the social situation of the speaker are termed sociolinguistic variables. For example, the use of nonstandard forms like double negation is often associated with pride of ethnicity, which is part of the social context. Many Chicano speakers (and speakers of AAE) are bidialectal; they can use either ChE (or AAE) or SAE, depending on the social situation.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "SEM\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5145\u5206\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u54ea\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u88ab\u5047\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5916\u751f\u7684\u548c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u54ea\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u90fd\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u51b3\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u7a0b\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\uff08\u5373\u80fd\u88ab\u4f30\u8ba1)\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u65b9\u7a0b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8bf4\u660e\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u81f3\u5c11\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7cfb\u6570\u975e\u96f6\u7684\u5916\u751f\u53d8\u91cf\u3002", - "output": "An important feature of SEMs is that, by fully specifying the system, it is clear which variables are assumed to be exogenous and which ones appear in each equation. Given a full system, we are able to determine which equations can be identified (that is, can be estimated). In the important case of a two-equation system, identification of (say) the first equation is easy to state: at least one exogenous variable must be excluded from the first equation that appears with a nonzero coefficient in the second equation.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e9\u671f\u7075\u957f\u76ee\u52a8\u7269\u53d8\u6210\u6816\u6811\u8005\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u7259\u9f7f\u3001\u611f\u5b98\u3001\u8111\u548c\u9aa8\u9abc\u7ed3\u6784\u7b49\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u8c03\u9002\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4e60\u5f97\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u73b0\u65f6\u7075\u957f\u76ee\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bfb\u627e\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u91cd\u5efa\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u50cf\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u90a3\u6837\u7075\u957f\u76ee\u52a8\u7269\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7075\u957f\u76ee\u52a8\u7269\u65e2\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e5f\u662f\u73b0\u65f6\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u7684\u7956\u5148\u3002", + "output": "As the early primates became tree dwellers, various modifications occurred\u2014in dental characteristics, sense organs, the brain, and skeletal structure\u2014that helped them to adapt to their environment. In addition, learned social behavior became increasingly important to them. By studying the behavior of present-day primates, anthropologists seek clues for reconstructing be\u001fhavioral patterns that may have characterized the apelike primates ancestral to both humans and present-day apes.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u706d\u7edd\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u627f\u62c5\u8005\u90fd\u6b7b\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u96be\u6c11\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6709\u7740\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e2d\u95f4\u3002\u6b64\u7c7b\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u770b\u5230\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe15.4\uff09\uff1b\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5728\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u5df4\u897f\u7684\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u76c6\u5730\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u53d1\u751f\u57281968\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u6740\u624b\u53d7\u96c7\u53bb\u6d88\u706d\u51e0\u4e2a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u8f9b\u5854\u62c9\u52a0\u65cf\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u8f7b\u578b\u98de\u673a\u4e0a\u6492\u4e0b\u7812\u971c\uff0c\u6254\u4e0b\u70b8\u836f\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u673a\u5173\u67aa\u626b\u5c04\uff1b\u81f3\u4e8e\u8f9b\u5854\u62c9\u52a0\u4eba\uff0c\u6740\u624b\u4eec\u9009\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3e\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u672c\u65cf\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e0b\u624b\u53bb\u88ad\u51fb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6751\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6751\u5b50\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u969c\u788d\u3002", - "output": "Extinction is the phenomenon whereby so many carriers of a culture die that those who survive become refugees living among peoples of other cultures. Examples of this may be seen in many parts of the world today; the closest examples are found in many parts of South America, again as in Brazil's Amazon basin. One particularly well-documented case occurred in 1968, when hired killers tried to wipe out several Indian groups, including the Cinta-Larga. For this they used arsenic, dynamite, and machine guns from light planes; in the case of the Cinta-Largas, the killers chose a time when an important native ceremony was taking place to attack a village seen as an obstacle to development.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u8fd0\u52a8\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u51b0\u7403\u7b49\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u665a\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5219\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u65e9\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e74\u957f\u4e00\u4e9b\u7684\u5728\u751f\u7406\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u6210\u719f\u4e00\u4e9b\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u5f3a\u58ee\uff0c\u4f53\u91cd\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u8eab\u9ad9\u66f4\u9ad9\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5728\u6bd4\u8d5b\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u65e9\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u9752\u6625\u671f\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5f88\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u6210\u4eba\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u68d2\u7403\u3001\u51b0\u7403\u3001\u8db3\u7403\u548c\u7bee\u7403\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u6839\u636e\u8d5b\u5b63\u5212\u5206\u540e\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u65e5\u671f\u7684\u504f\u79fb\u5206\u5e03\u3002", + "output": "Numerous studies have documented this effect. Rosters of participants in youth sports, particularly hockey, are biased toward those with birth dates in the first portion of the year, as compared to the last. The usual explanation is that those who are chronologically older are also more likely to be more biologically mature\u2014stronger, heavier, and taller\u2014offering a competitive advantage. No surprises here. Yet it is intriguing that this same bias for early birth date is seen in highly successful young-adult athletes after puberty as well. Studies of competitors in professional baseball, ice hockey, soccer, and basketball have all indicated a skewing of birthdates toward the quarter of each year.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u201c\u6c38\u6052\u6027\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8054\u7cfb\u201d\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u6e90\u81ea\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b9e\u4f53\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u5185\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u521b\u9020\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5185\u5728\u79e9\u5e8f\u5b89\u6392\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6682\u65f6\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c38\u6052\u4ee5\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6700\u7ec8\u5360\u636e\u4e00\u5757\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u6682\u65f6\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e(\u6682\u65f6\u7684\uff09\u3002", - "output": "A \"permanence\" arises as a system of \"extensive connection\" out of processes. Entities achieve relative stability in their bounding and their internal ordering of processes creating space, for a time. Such permanences come to occupy a piece of a space in an exclusive way (for a time) and thereby define a place \u2014 their place \u2014 (for a time).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f30\u8ba1\u91cf\u7684\u62bd\u6837\u5206\u5e03\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6784\u9020\u7f6e\u4fe1\u533a\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u4f30\u8ba1\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u5747\u503c\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u975e\u6b63\u6001\u60c5\u5f62\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7f6e\u4fe1\u533a\u95f4\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u68c0\u9a8c\u7edf\u8ba1\u91cf\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u754c\u503c\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u5047\u8bbe\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u7acb\u5047\u8bbe\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e00\u4e2ap\u503c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd9\u79cd\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002", + "output": "The sampling distribution of an estimator can be used to construct confidence intervals. We saw this for estimating the mean from a normal distribution and for computing approximate confidence intervals in nonnormal cases. Classical hypothesis testing, which requires specifying a null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis, and a significance level, is carried out by comparing a test statistic to a critical value. Alternatively, a p-value can be computed that allows us to carry out a test at any significance level.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u7fa4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6298\u5c04\u51fa\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u4f53\u80b2\u8868\u6f14\uff08\u6b63\u5982\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u6240\u8bba\uff0c\u4f53\u80b2\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u52b3\u52a8\u8ce6\u4e88\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u77eb\u5065\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u6298\u5c04\u51fa\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u5f81\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u6027\u522b\u5dee\u5f02\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u5374\u662f\u62a2\u593a\u7537\u6027\u6c14\u8d28\uff08masculinity )\u4e0e\u5973\u6027\u6c14\u8d28\uff08femininity )\u4e4b\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u7684\u6218\u626c\u3002", - "output": "This meaning cluster could be inflected toward strength, physical labor, and sports performance (for, as argued in Chapter 4, sport allows the middle-class body the recognition of physical prowess that labor allows the working class) for the men, and toward sexuality for the women. Of course, such gender differences are not essential, but they are sites of struggle for control over the meanings of masculinity and femininity.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u867d\u7136\u7f8e\u8054\u50a8\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6291\u5236\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u548c\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u7684\u5229\u7387\u538b\u529b\u3002\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u548c\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u5229\u7387\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u76f4\u63a5\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u672c\u56fd\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u9006\u5411\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u98ce\u9669\u95ee\u9898\u3002", + "output": "Although the Fed's monetary policy actions were successful in keeping U.S. inflation in check, they put upward pressure on interest rates in both Mexico and Argentina. The rise in interest rates in Mexico and Argentina directly added to increased adverse selection and moral hazard problems in their financial markets.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5206\u6570\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\uff08central tendency)\u548c\u53d8\u5f02\u6027\uff08variability)\u4e4b\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u5206\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u901a\u5e38\u5c31\u662f\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u3001\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u6216\u4f17\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u8bed\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u7fa4\u5206\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u522b\u5206\u6570\u548c\u524d\u8ff0\u5448\u73b0\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u5206\u6570\u90fd\u4f1a\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002", - "output": "Some of the more easily understood statistical and mathematical calculations are those that find the central tendency and variability of scores. When you have a group of scores, one number may be used to represent the group. That number is generally the mean, median, or mode. These terms are ways of expressing central tendency. Within the group of scores, each individual score differs to some degree from the central tendency score.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5229\u7528\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u4e09\u9879\u76f8\u501a\u5173\u7cfb\u628a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u8054\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5e94\u7528\u884c\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u9002\u5e94\u884c\u4e3a\u3002", + "output": "Complex behaviors are formed by chaining together simple behaviors in successive three-term contingencies. Behavior modification programs have been commonly applied in diverse contexts to promote adaptive behaviors. Self-regulation is the process of bringing one\u2019s behaviors under self-selected stimulus and reinforcement control.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u800c\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u7b26\u53f7\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210\u6216\u201c\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u201d\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u90a3\u79cd\u5927\u5bb6\u6240\u6613\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\u7b26\u53f7\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u5176\u5185\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u65e0\u987b\u4efb\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u3002", - "output": "But in the case of linguistic signs the conventional or \u2018arbitrary\u2019 basis is obvious, and therefore by taking linguistics as a model one may avoid the familiar mistake of assuming that signs which appear natural to those who use them have an intrinsic meaning and require no explanation.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u88ab\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u8fd8\u6709\uff0c\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a\u83ab\u65af\u7279\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u65cf\u7fa4\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u9057\u5740\u5229\u7528\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u5f88\u50cf\u535a\u5c14\u5fb7\u4e0e\u5bbe\u798f\u5fb7\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u4e8e\u897f\u6b27\u83ab\u65af\u7279\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff08R. Davis 1983)\u3002\u5927\u7ea61940\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7981\u533a\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8bc1\u636e\u5fc5\u987b\u975e\u5e38\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\uff0c\u5e76\u5f80\u5f80\u9650\u4e8e\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5883\u5185\uff08Trigger 1980a: 104)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d8b\u52bf\u57281950\u5e74\u9a6c\u5c14\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u5b98\u65b9\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u540e\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u52a0\u5f3a\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u6765\u8bc1\u5b9e\u672c\u571f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5927\u7ea6\u57281950\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u8de8\u8d8a\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002", + "output": "It also was discussed whether systematic variations in Mousterian assemblages in the Caucasus region reflected ethnic groups or functionalvariations in site use, producing a debate that had much in common with that between Bordes and Binford concerning the Mousterian of western Europe (R. Davis 1983). By the 1940s, the discussion of diffusion and migration was no longer prohibited, although the evidence had to be very convincing and usually was confined to the territory of the Soviet Union (Trigger 1980a: 104). These tendencies were reinforced after Marr\u2019s theories were officially repudiated in 1950 and with them the main underpinning for the concept of autochthonous development. By the 1950s, some migrations of ethnic groups were seen as covering great distances.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u201c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u68d2\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5956\u91d1\u76f8\u5bf9\u66f4\u9ad9\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u51fb\u7403\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u201d Stephen Kindel (\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u2022\u574e\u5fb7\u5c14\uff09\u5728\u798f\u5e03\u65af\u6742\u5fd7\uff08Forbes)\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u4f4dNFL\uff08\u7f8e\u56fd\u804c\u4e1a\u6a44\u6984\u7403\u8054\u76df\uff09\u7684\u56db\u5206\u536b\u4f20\u7403\u6210\u529f\u7387\u4e0d\u4f4e\u4e8e50%\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e \u804c\u7bee\u4e2d\u950b\uff0c\u6295\u7bee\u5f97\u5206\u6210\u529f\u7387\u4e0d\u4f4e\u4e8e50%\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5f88\u5feb\u4f1a\u88ab\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e3a\u80a1\u7968\u7ecf\u7eaa\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5356\u5564\u9152\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u68d2\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u6570\u989d\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5408\u7ea6\u5956\u52b1\u6bd4\u4f8b\u53ea\u67090.300\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u51fb\u7403\u624b\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u7387\u662f70%\u3002", - "output": "\u201cThe complexity of hitting,\u201d noted Stephen Kindel in an article in Forbes magazine, \u201cis why baseball, of all sports, rewards relative failure so well. An NFL quarterback who hits his receiver less than 50% of the time or an NBA center who sinks fewer than half his baskets would soon be training as a stockbroker or selling beer. But baseball rewards 0.300 hitters\u2014failure rates of 70%\u2014with enormous contracts.\u201d", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6216\u8005\u201c\u79d8\u5bc6\u5750\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f7f\u79d8\u5bc6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u5750\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u62df\u4eba\u6cd5)\u3002\u4fee\u8f9e\u5b66\u5bb6\u66fe\u7ecf\u8bd5\u56fe\u628a\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u201c\u6bd4\u55bb\u7528\u8bed\u201d\u548c\u6db5\u76d6\u800c\u66f4\u5e7f\u7684\u3001\u95f4\u63a5\u7684 \u201c\u4fee\u8f9e\u201d\u624b\u6bb5\u533a\u522b\u5f00\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u201c\u653e\u5f03\u201d\u6216\u8005\u6539\u53d8\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7684\u610f\u4e49 (\u5982\u7528\u5728\u6bd4\u55bb\u5f53\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u4ee5\u5b57\u8bcd\u7684\u6392\u5217\u8fbe\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4fee\u8f9e\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5934\u97f5\u6cd5\uff08\u91cd\u590d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8f85\u97f3\u97f5\uff09\uff1b\u547c\u8bed\u6cd5 (\u5bf9\u672c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c4\u542c\u4f17\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u5e73\u9759\u4e0b\u6765\u5427\uff0c\u6211 \u7684\u5fc3\uff01\u201d\uff09\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u51c6\u62bc\u97f5\u6cd5\uff08\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u97f3\u97f5)\u3002", + "output": "Or \u2018The Secret Sits\u2019 makes the secret an agent capable of sitting (personification). Rhetoricians formerly attempted to distinguish specific \u2018tropes\u2019 which \u2018turn\u2019 or alter the meaning of a word (as in metaphor) from more miscellaneous \u2018figures\u2019 of indirection which arrange words to achieve special effects. Some figures are: alliteration (the repetition of a consonant); apostrophe (addressing something that is not a regular listener, as in \u2018Be still, my heart!\u2019); and assonance (the repetition of a vowel sound).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6c83\u5c14\u683c\u6797\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u5949\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4ee3\u5c14\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b83\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4e8e\u516c\u53f8\u6574\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u59cb\u7ec8\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u575a\u4fe1\u80fd\u591f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5c79\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff1b\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u76f4\u63a5\u9762\u5bf9\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u9886\u57df\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e25\u9177\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u201d", - "output": "Throughout, Walgreens executives embraced the Stockdale Paradox: \"We have complete faith that we can prevail in an Internet world as a great company; yet, we must also confront the brutal facts of reality about the Internet.\"", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u5728\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u53c8\u79f0\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u675c\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u5206\u88c2\u4e86\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u5373\u5c06\u6765\u4e34\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u7ba1\u5404\u79cd\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5374\u62d2\u7edd\u9769\u547d\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u79cd\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7ee7\u7eed\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u5927\u4f17\u653f\u515a\u91cc\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5171\u540c\u4e89\u53d6\u6539\u9769\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u6bd4\u4ee5\u5f80\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6c11\u4e3b\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002", + "output": "Marxist parties also divided over the issue of revisionism, also known asevolutionary socialism. Some Marxists believed in a pure Marxism that accepted the imminent collapse of capitalism and the need for socialist ownership of the means of production. But others rejected the revolutionary approach and argued in a revisionist direction that the workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work together with the other progressive elements in a nation to gain reform. With the extension of the right to vote, workers were in a better position than ever to achieve their aims through democratic channels.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u66fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6700\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u610f\u56fe\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u610f\u8bc6\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u67d0\u79cd\u6709\u673a\u8bba\u7f8e\u5b66\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002", - "output": "The momentous historical shift from the view that the making of a work of art is a supremely purposeful activity to the view that its coming-into-being is, basically, a spontaneous process independent of intention, precept, or even consciousness, was the natural concomitant of an organic aesthetics.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5176\u4ed6\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u5219\u88ab\u4f0a\u66fc\u7ebd\u5c14\u2022\u6c83\u52d2\u65af\u5766\uff08Immanuel Wallerstein 1974)\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba(world-system theory)\u6240\u5438\u5f15(Kohl 1978\uff0c1979\uff0c1987\uff1bEkholm and Friedman 1979; Blanton et al. 1981\uff1bRenfrew and Sherman 1982\uff1a58)\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u7a7a\u95f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u533a\u57df\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u52b3\u52a8\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5468\u8fb9\u533a\u57df\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u533a\u57df\u63d0\u4f9b\u539f\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u6838\u5fc3\u533a\u57df\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4f5c\u7528\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u2022\u79d1\u5c14\uff08Philip Kohl)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec5\u5728\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002", + "output": "Other archaeologists were attracted by Immanuel Wallerstein\u2019s (1974) world-system theory (Kohl 1978, 1979, 1987; Ekholm and Friedman 1979; Blanton et al. 1981; Renfrew and Shennan 1982: 58). This approach involved the study of large-scale spatial systems, assuming an interregional division of labor in which peripheral areas supplied core areas with raw materials, the core areas were politically and economically dominant, and the economic and social development of all regions was constrained by their changing roles in the system. Philip Kohl suggested that the world systems of antiquity probably only superficially resembled those of modern times.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7b2c7\u7ae0\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e8c\u503c\u56e0\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u6982\u7387\u6a21\u578b\u5fc5\u7136\u5177\u6709\u5f02\u65b9\u5dee\u7684\u8bef\u5dee\u9879\u3002\u5904\u7406 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f02\u65b9\u5dee\u2014\u2014\u7a33\u5065\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u91cf\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u62df\u5408\u503c\uff08\u5373\u6240\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff09\u90fd\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u4ecb\u4e8e0\u548c1\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u52a0\u6743\u6700\u5c0f\u4e8c\u4e58\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u6e10\u8fd1\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u91cf\u3002", - "output": "As we discussed in Chapter 7, the linear probability model for a binary dependent variable necessarily has a heteroskedastic error term. A simple way to deal with this problem is to compute heteroskedasticity-robust statistics. Alternatively, if all the fitted values (that is, the estimated probabilities) are strictly between zero and one, weighted least squares can be used to obtain asymptotically efficient estimators.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u9608\u9650\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u81ea\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u201c\u6781\u9650\uff08limen\uff09\u201d\uff08\u82f1\u6587threshold\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u6240\u6709\u95f4\u9699\u6027\u7684\u6216\u6a21\u68f1\u4e24\u53ef\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u7ef4\u514b\u591a\u00b7\u7279\u7eb3\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u6240\u62d3\u5c55\u7684\u963f\u8bfa\u5fb7\u00b7\u8303\u00b7\u76d6\u7eb3\u666e\u7684\u539f\u521b\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u5206\u4e0d\u5f00\u7684\u3002\u9a6c\u79d1\u65af\u00b7\u683c\u62c9\u514b\u66fc\u3001\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u548c\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u00b7\u5229\u5947\u90fd\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u83b7\u76ca\u532a\u6d45\uff0c\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u5e94\u7528\u3002", + "output": "The concept of liminality, from the Latin word for \u2018threshold\u2019 (limen) and implying all manner of interstitiality, of being betwixt and between, is most associated with the work of Victor Turner, and his extending of the original ideas of Arnold van Gennep; it has also been put to profitable use by Max Gluckman, Mary Douglas and Edmund Leach, and given rise to a host of spin-off applications.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e2a\u6848\u5bf9\u7167\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7f3a\u70b9\u4e3a\u66b4\u9732\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u5728\u75be\u75c5\u8bca\u65ad\u51fa\u6765\u540e\u53d6\u5f97\u7684 \uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u62db\u52df\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u96be\u5ea6\u8f83\u5927 \u3002\u66b4\u9732\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u80dc\u7b97\u6bd4\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002", - "output": "The major disadvantages of case-control studies are that exposure information is obtained after the disease has been diagnosed and that recruiting an appropriate control group can be challenging. The exposure information and the resulting odds ratios may be adversely affected by problems in each of these areas.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u503e\u5411\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5168\u56fd\u73ed\u4e3b\u4efb\u4e13\u4e1a\u8d44\u683c\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff08NPHQ\uff09\u3002", + "output": "There is a growing inclination for \u2018professionalization\u2019 of all educational activities in many professions. Professionally-related programmes in Britain such as the National Professional Quali\ufb01cation for Headteachers (NPQH) have been introduced.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5f53\u671f\u671b\u65b0\u90ce\u4e3a\u65b0\u5a18\u5bb6\u52b3\u52a8\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5a5a\u59fb\u52b3\u5f79\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u3002\u5ac1\u5986\u662f\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u7ed3\u5a5a\u65f6\u4ed8\u7ed9\u5979\u548c\u5979\u4e08\u592b\uff1b\u5728\u7537\u5b50\u505a\u592a\u90e8\u5206\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5973\u5b50\u53ea\u5176\u751f\u6b96\u6f5c\u80fd\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u5ac1\u5986\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u5bf9\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u4f9b\u517b\u3002", - "output": "Bride service occurs when the groom is expected to work for a period for the bride's family. A dowry is the payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of marriage to her or her husband; its purpose is to ensure support for women in societies where men do most of the productive work and women are valued for their reproductive potential alone.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u897f\u8499\u559c\u6b22\u63a5\u53d7\u533a\uff08zone of acceptance)\u8fd9\u4e00\u66f4\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u88ab\u4ea4\u66ff\u4f7f\u7528\u3002", + "output": "Simon prefers the more positive term, zone of acceptance, but the terms are used interchangeably in the literature.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u62b5\u5236\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u793a\u4ef7\u503c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u91d1\u94b1\u6216\u8005\u5bfb\u6c42\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u7b49\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u5019\u9009\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5728\u6b64\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5b83\u628a\u4ef7\u503c\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u5185\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7f8e\u5b66\u3001\u73af\u4fdd\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u751f\u6001\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u90e8\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u90a3\u79cd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u8981\u7d20\u3002", - "output": "There has been a long history within bourgeois life of resistance to and search for an alternative to money as a way to express values. Religion, community, family, nation, have all been preferred as candidates, but the particular set of alternatives I here wish to consider are those which see values residing in nature --for romanticism, esthetics, environmentalism, and ecologism all have strong elements of that ethic built within them.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u901a\u5e38 \uff0c\u82e5\u6548\u679c\u91cf\u65e0\u6cd5\u670d\u4ece\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u52a0\u5165\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5230\u6a21\u578b\u91cc\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u53d1\u8868\u6216\u672a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6548\u679c\u91cf\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u79bb\u7fa4\u503c\uff08\u975e\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6570\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u79bb\u7fa4\u503c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u4e8e\u786e\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6548\u679c\u91cf\u5c31\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002", + "output": "Often, the ESs that do not follow the same pattern may suggest other characteristics that can be added to the model (e.g., published vs. unpublished studies). Moreover, some ESs may represent outliers (unrepresentative scores). In either case, the use of outlier techniques is helpful in identifying these ESs.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u975e\u5e38\u6b23\u8d4f\u5384\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u76d6\u5c14\u7eb3\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4e0e\u5e26\u7ed9\u6211\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u3002\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6293\u4f4f\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u57281964\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u6478\u7d22\u7814\u7a76\u90a3\u4e9b\u5438\u5f15\u6211\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u975e\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e4b\u540e\u5230\u5904\u5f25\u6f2b\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\u3002", - "output": "I greatly appreciate the achievement and the inspiration provided to me, and to all of us, by Ernest Gellner. It was his work that first caught my imagination in 1964, when I was groping for a method of studying phenomena that had already for some time absorbed me and that were, after the wave of decolonisation in Africa and Asia, very much in the air.", + "input": "[\u9752\u6625\u671f]\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5371\u673a\u6216\u7d27\u5f20\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5e8f\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u5973\u5b69\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u77db\u76fe\u6240\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u82e6\u607c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u56f0\u6270\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fdc\u5927\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u5973\u5b69\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u7231\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6751\u5b50\u91cc\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff0c\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eb2\u621a\u4eec\u4f4f\u5f97\u4e0d\u8fdc\uff0c\u751f\u5f88\u591a\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c31\u662f\u59cb\u7ec8\u5982\u4e00\u5e76\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\uff08Mead 1978\uff0cp. 129\uff09", + "output": "[Adolescence] represented no period of crisis or stress, but was instead an orderly developing of a set of slowly maturing interests and activities. The girls' minds were perplexed by no conflicts, troubled by no philosophical queries, beset by no remote ambitions. To live as a girl with many lovers as long as possible and then to marry in one's own village, near one's relatives, and to have many children, these were uniform and satisfying ambitions. (Mead 1978, p. 129)", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5b9e\u65bd\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0a\uff1a\u8d44\u6599\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u8d44\u6599\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u8d44\u6599\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u6b21\u524d\u6d4b\u3002", - "output": "Implementing the research design is focused on two major activities: data collection and data analysis. Both activities are associated with ethical issues relating to permission to conduct the study and to the researcher acting ethically during data collection and analysis. Also in this phase, the researcher will be involved in running a pilot of the study.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u636e\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u79c1\u5229\uff0c\u624d\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6240\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9ed8\u591a\u514b\u548c\u6208\u5c14\u4e01\u5374\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bf4\uff0c\u50cf\u82f1\u56fd\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5a92\u4ecb\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u5546\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u673a\u6784\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u53bb\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8bf4\u670d\u653f\u5e9c\u7ef4\u6301\u6216\u8005\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u8d39\u3002", + "output": "Public service, not private profit, is said to determine what gets produced. However, Murdock and Golding argue that state media institutions such as the BBC have in practice to operate as if they were commercial enterprises and not public services. The BBC has to persuade governments to maintain or raise its licence fee.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u74e3\u819c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4e8c\u5c16\u74e3\u8131\u5782\u3002\u8865\u5145\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u201c\u4e8c\u5c16\u74e3\u201d\uff08mitral\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6e90\u81ea\u201c\u4e3b\u6559\u51a0\u201d\uff08miter),\u5b83\u662f\u4e3b\u6559\u6234\u7684\u5e3d\u5b50\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c16\u3002\u5982\u56fe2.3\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5de6\u5fc3\u623f\u548c\u5de6\u5fc3\u5ba4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u74e3\u819c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u5e38\u95ed\u5408\u3002", - "output": "The most common valve problem is mitral valve prolapse (the name \"mitral\" by the way, comes from miter, the two-leaved hat worn by popes), in which the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle doesn't slam closed fully just like in Figure 2.3.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6839\u636e\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7b54\u9519\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6559\u5b66\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5206\u4e3a\u76f4\u7ebf\u5f0f\u6559\u7a0b\u548c\u5206\u5c94\u5f0f\u6559\u7a0b\u4e24\u79cd\u3002\u76f4\u7ebf\u5f0f\u6559\u7a0b\u7684\u7f16\u6392\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u6309\u540c\u6837\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u5b66\u5b8c\u8bfe\u7a0b(\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff09\u3002", + "output": "Linear and branching programs are distinguished according to how they treat learner errors. Linear programs are structured in such a way that all students proceed through them in the same sequence (but not necessarily at the same rate).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7231\u8428\u8bfa\u548c\u7c73\u5207\u9c8d\u5c14\uff08Asarnow & Meichenbaum\uff0c1979\uff09\u9274\u522b\u51fa\u5728\u7cfb\u5217\u56de\u5fc6\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u53d1\u590d\u8ff0\u7684\u5e7c\u513f\u3002\u8bad\u7ec3\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u57fa\u5c3c\u7b49\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u590d\u8ff0\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u5e7c\u513f\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u5bfc\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u7ec4\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u4e24\u79cd\u8bad\u7ec3\u90fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u66f4\u4e3a\u6709\u6548\u3002", - "output": "Asarnow and Meichenbaum (1979) identified kindergartners who did not spontaneously rehearse on a serial recall test. Some were trained to use a rehearsal strategy similar to that of Keeney et al., whereas others received self-instructional training. Both treatments facilitated recall relative to a control condition, but the self-instructional treatment was more effective.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u65e8\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u4fe1\u606f\u62ab\u9732\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u5341\u5206\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u6291\u5236\u91d1\u878d\u673a\u6784\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5192\u9669\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u53d1\u6325\u5c06\u8d44\u672c\u5206\u914d\u5230\u6700\u5177\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u7528\u9014\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u8bc1\u5238\u4ea4\u6613\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u62ab\u9732\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bc1\u5238\u4ea4\u6613\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7ecf\u7eaa\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5171\u540c\u57fa\u91d1\u3001\u4ea4\u6613\u6240\u548c\u4fe1\u7528\u8bc4\u7ea7\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u90fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u76d1\u7ba1\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u3002", + "output": "Regulation to increase disclosure is needed to limit incentives to take on excessive risk and to improve the quality of information in the marketplace so that investors can make informed decisions, thereby improving the ability of financial markets to allocate capital to its most productive uses. The efficiency of markets is assisted by the SEC's disclosure requirements mentioned above, as well as its regulation of brokerage firms, mutual funds, exchanges, and credit-rating agencies to ensure that they produce reliable information and protect investors.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u540c\u6837\u7684\u53e3\u9f3b\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e5f\u89c1\u4e8eraid [red](\u88ad\u51fb)\u548c rain [ren](\u4e0b\u96e8)\u3001rug [r\u028cg](\u5730\u6bef) \u548c rung [r\u028c\u014b]\u3002\u53d1[d]\u548c[g]\u65f6\u8f6f\u816d\u62ac\u8d77\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba9\u7a7a\u6c14\u4ece\u9f3b\u8154\u6d41\u51fa\u3002\u800c\u53d1[n]\u548c[\u014b]\u65f6\u8f6f\u816d\u5782\u4e0b\uff0c\u7a7a\u6c14\u4ece\u9f3b\u5b50\u91cc\u6d41\u51fa\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u9664\u963b\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u4ece\u53e3\u8154\u6d41\u51fa\u3002\u56e0\u800c[m]\uff0c[n]\u548c[\u014b]\u662f\u9f3b\u97f3\uff0c[b]\uff0c[d]\uff0c[g]\u662f\u53e3\u97f3\u3002\u6839\u636e\u9f3b\u97f3\u548c\u6d4a\u97f3\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bed\u97f3\u7279\u5f81\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u6240\u6709\u8bed\u97f3\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u7c7b\uff1a\u6d4a\u97f3\u3001\u6e05\u97f3\u3001\u9f3b\u97f3\u3001\u53e3\u97f3\u3002", - "output": "The same oral/nasal difference occurs in raid [red] and rain [ren], rug [r\u028cg] and rung [r\u028c\u014b]. The velum is raised in the production of [d] and [g], preventing the air from flowing through the nose, whereas for [n] and [\u014b] the velum is down, allowing the air out through both the nose and the mouth when the closure is released. The sounds [m], [n], and [\u014b] are therefore nasal sounds, and [b], [d], and [g] are oral sounds.The presence or absence of these phonetic features\u2014nasal and voiced\u2014permit the division of all speech sounds into four classes: voiced, voiceless, nasal, and oral.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u56f4\u975e\u5e38\u6d69\u5927\u3002\u5b83\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u6587\u660e\u7684\u201c\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u201d\u3001\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u660e\u548c\u5f53\u4ee3\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u6700\u72ec\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u7126\u70b9\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u7c7b\u7fa4\u4f53\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u90a3\u4e9b\u9ed8\u9ed8\u65e0\u95fb\u548c\u5feb\u8981\u7edd\u79cd\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u3001\u5f02\u56fd\u4ed6\u4e61\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u5c0f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u60f3\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u4fd7\u6c11\u793e\u533a\u3002", + "output": "The scope of anthropology is vast. It treats the \"cradles\" of civilization, the great historic civilizations, and contemporary life, sharing, of course, these topics with other fields. But the most distinctive focus of anthropology is on a kind of group that at first glance seems to relegate the field to obscurity and eventual extinction: the exotic and the small. Anthropology seeks to know the nature of the elementary human community. We shall first try to discover the category, folk community, in folklore.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f97\u4ee5\u201c\u6a2a\u7a7a\u51fa\u4e16\u201d\u7684\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u7ad9\u5728\u201c\u53cd\u6297\u8005\u201d\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fe8\u7136\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u69c1\u5982\u6b7b\u7070\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u5178\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u5982\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff1a\u5b9b\u82e5\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u7684\u68a6\u9b47\u3002", - "output": "This is surely one of the most plausible explanations for the emergence of postmodernism itself, since the younger generation of the 1960s will now confront the formerly oppositional modern movement as a set of dead classics, which \"weigh like a nightmare on the brains of the living\", as Marx once said in a different context.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8003\u53e4\u5b66(archaiologia; \u62c9\u4e01\u6587antiquitates)\u6700\u5148\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d4\u4e16\u7eaa\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u6307\u91c7\u7528\u795e\u8bdd\u3001\u4f20\u8bf4\u3001\u53e3\u8ff0\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u9057\u5b58\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f83\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff08\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u662f\u201c\u8d77\u59cb\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u4fa7\u91cd\u7814\u7a76\u4e16\u7cfb\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5efa\u9020\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u7fa4\u3001\u673a\u6784\u548c\u4e60\u4fd7\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u6d41\u4f20\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u88ab\u81ea\u65e9\u671f\u94c1\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u6301\u7eed\u81f3\u4eca\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u5d07\u62dc\u6240\u5f3a\u5316\uff08Antonaccio 1995)\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f20\u7edf\u4f20\u9012\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u53ea\u4f7f\u7528\u9752\u94dc\u5668\u800c\u975e\u94c1\u5668\uff08Momigliano 1966; Schnapp 1997\uff1a60-65)\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ed3\u5408\u5230\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u63a8\u6d4b\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u6709\u5173\u5b87\u5b99\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5bf9\u5b87\u5b99\u8f6e\u56de\u548c\u6301\u7eed\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9000\u5316\u8bba\u8005\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u8bbe\u60f3\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u91d1\u3001\u94f6\u3001\u94dc\u3001\u94c1\u8fd9\u6837\u76f8\u7ee7\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u800c\u672a\u6765\u662f\u94c5\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u8f9b\u82e6\u52b3\u4f5c\u53ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u75db\u82e6\u66f4\u751a\u4e8e\u4e0a\u4e00\u4ee3\u4e3a\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5c31\u662f\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\uff08Epicureans)\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bbe\u60f3\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u662f\u4ece\u8d64\u624b\u7a7a\u62f3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u77f3\u5668\uff0c\u6700\u5148\u5236\u9020\u7684\u662f\u9752\u94dc\u5668\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u94c1\u5668\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u9000\u5316\u8fd8\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u7cc5\u5408\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u5373\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u65e9\u4e8e\u94c1\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002", + "output": "The term archaiologia (Latin antiquitates) was first used in the fourth century bc to refer to the study of the more remote past (literally, \u201cbeginnings\u201d arche) using myths, legends, oral traditions, and material remains. The main emphasis was on genealogies, the founding of cities, and the origins of peoples, institutions, and customs. The survival of traditions about the past was facilitated by hero cults that had persisted through the Early Iron Age (Antonaccio 1995). These traditions, for example, transmitted accurate memories of an age when bronze had been used but not iron (Momigliano 1966; Schnapp 1997: 60\u20135). Knowledge of this sort was incorporated into the broad range of speculative chronologies that largely replaced religious accounts of the origins of the universe and of human beings in classical Greece. These included cyclical and steady-state views of the universe as well as degenerationist accounts that posited successive ages of gold, silver, bronze, iron, and, in the future, lead, each characterized by harder work and greater human misery than the one before, and the evolutionary theories of Epicureans who posited that technological progress moved from the use of bare hands and then stones to the manufacture first of bronze and then of iron tools. Both the degenerationist and evolutionary theories incorporated memories that an age of bronze had preceded that of iron.", "system": "", "history": [] }