diff --git "a/test.json" "b/test.json" --- "a/test.json" +++ "b/test.json" @@ -1,701 +1,701 @@ [ { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u9996\u9886\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u7537\u6027\u4f20\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5916\u7525\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6309\u5e38\u89c4\u7ba1\u7406\u5176\u7ee7\u55e3\u7fa4\u4f53\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u5c06\u5e26\u7740\u4ed6\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u7684\u8205\u8205\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ed6\u8205\u8205\u600e\u6837\u7ba1\u7406\u5c0f\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\u53e3\u8ff0\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u5deb\u672f\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u9996\u9886\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7279\u7f57\u5e03\u91cc\u6069\u5fb7\u7fa4\u5c9b\u5c9b\u6c11\u7684\u5934\u9886\u548c\u9996\u9886\u4eec\u662f\u4ece\u8205\u5c45\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u5df2\u5a5a\u592b\u5987\u5374\u662f\u4ece\u7236\u5c45\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u513f\u5b50\u4eec\u80fd\u5c65\u884c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u517b\u8093\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u513f\u5b50\u5c06\u4ece\u7236\u4eb2\u90a3\u91cc\u7ee7\u627f\u8bf8\u5982\u9676\u7f50\u548c\u8d35\u91cd\u7684\u77f3\u65a7\u3001\u77f3\u5200\u7b49\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002", - "output": "Thus, succession to positions of leadership passes from a man to his sister's son. For this reason, a man who is in line to take control of his descent group's assets will take his wife to live with the one he will succeed\u2014his mother's brother. This enables him to observe how the older man takes care of his hamlet's affairs, as well as to learn the oral traditions and magic he will need to be an effective leader. Although Trobriand leaders and chiefs live avunculocally, most married couples in this society live patrilocally. This allows sons to fulfill their obligations to their fathers, who helped build up and nurture them when they were small; in return, the sons will inherit personal property such as day pots and valuable stone axe blades from their fathers.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e24\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u6e20\u9053\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u8fdb\u884c\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\uff1a\uff08\u5546\u54c1\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u7684\uff09\u8d38\u6613\u4e0e\u91d1\u878d\u3002\u8d38\u6613\u8054\u7cfb\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4ea7\u54c1\u51fa\u53e3\u5230\u5916\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5185\u6d88\u8d39\u6216\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5546\u54c1\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u751f\u4ea7\u540e\u8f93\u5165\u8fdb\u6765\u3002", + "output": "Any economy is linked to the rest of the world through two broad channels: trade (in goods and services) and finance. The trade linkage means that some of a country\u2019s production is exported to foreign countries, while some goods that are consumed or invested at home are produced abroad and imported.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u53e518\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8054\u5408\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5e95\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u7701\u7565\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u7701\u7565\u8f6c\u6362\u9002\u7528\u6027\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u6761\u4ef6\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u67d0\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e86\u7701\u7565\u7684\u8bed\u7b26\u5217\u7684\u6d3e\u751f\u53f2\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd8\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u7b26\u5217\u6700\u7ec8\u5f97\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u539f\u7406\u3002", - "output": "What we must know, in fact, is that the two conjuncts of 18 derive from underlying structures in which the same element was deleted. It appears, once again, that some general condition on applicability of deletion transformations must be involved, a principle that somehow brings into consideration the history of derivation of deleted strings, perhaps certain properties of the deep structure from which they ultimately derive.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u592b\u5144\u5f1f\u5a5a\u548c\u59bb\u59d0\u59b9\u5a5a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u592b\u5144\u5f1f\u5a5a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5176\u5df2\u6545\u5144\u5f1f\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u6216\u59bb\u5b50\u4eec\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002", + "output": "The widespread institutions of levirate and sororate are explainable by this theory also. In the levirate a man marries the wife or wives of his deceased brother.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6b63\u5982\u5229\u5947\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6(\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5a5a\u59fb\u201d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff09\u8c08\u9053\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u6777\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f53\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6df7\u5408\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u591a\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff08polythetic\uff09\u5173\u7cfb\uff08Needham 1975),\u901a\u8fc7\u754c\u79cd\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6027\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\uff08Fratto 1976; Wlilk 1991\uff1bBrady and Turner 1994),\u4e5f\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u5341\u5206\u591a\u7965\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u8ff0\uff09\u5728\u5176\u5404\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7a76\u7adf\u54ea\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\uff0c\u5374\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u6210\u5408\u610f\u3002", - "output": "As Leach advised in another context (concerning the definition of the term \"marriage\") it is best to treat humanism as a bundle of traits, a \"polythetic category\" of concerns (Needham 1975), which are linked together by overlapping commonalities but have no one thing in common. Humanistic anthropology, then (cf. Fratto 1976; Wilk 1991; Brady and Turner 1994), would be expected to exhibit a range of characteristics (as follows), but not to show agreement, among its various exponents, concerning which characteristics properly belong nor how those that do ought to be prioritized.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8d44\u6599\u4e09\u89d2\u6821\u6b63\u662f\u6307\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f15\u5165\u591a\u79cd\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u8c03\u67e5\u8005\u4e09\u89d2\u6821\u6b63\u662f\u6307\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u96c7\u7528\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6216\u8bc4\u8bba\u8005\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4e09\u89d2\u6821\u6b63\u662f\u6307\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7528\u51e0\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u89c6\u89d2\u5206\u6790\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u6821\u6b63\u662f\u6307\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6536\u96c6\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002", + "output": "Researchers concerned with data triangulation draw on various sources of data in the research process. Investigator triangulation refers to the employment of several researchers or evaluators in a study. Theory triangulation involves researchers using several theories or perspectives to analyse data. Methodological triangulation involves researchers using several methods to gather data relevant to a study.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u533a\u57df\u5316\u548c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u76f8\u4e92\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u5c31\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u90e8\u95e8\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u5206\u914d\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8fde\u9501\u6027\u8d28\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u516c\u53f8\u5fc5\u987b\u8c03\u6574\u751f\u4ea7\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u8fc5\u901f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5730\u533a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73af\u5883\u3002", - "output": "In this respect the regionalization and globalization of production can be judged mutually reinforcing tendencies. This was demonstrated signally in the East Asian economic crisis of the late 1990s in so far as the interlocking nature of production and distribution networks in a number of sectors meant that manufacturing firms and businesses throughout Europe and America had to adjust production to accommodate rapidly changing economic circumstances in the region.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u52a0\u5de5\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u77e5\u89c9\u5c31\u662f\u6a21\u677f\u5339\u914d\u3002\u4eba\u5728\u957f\u65f6\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u50a8\u5b58\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u6a21\u677f\u6216\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u5fae\u578b\u590d\u5236\u54c1\uff0c\u5728\u9047\u5230\u523a\u6fc0\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u5c06\u523a\u6fc0\u4e0e\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u6a21\u677f\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u8fa8\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u523a\u6fc0\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u5df1\u6709\u7684\u6a21\u677f\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002", + "output": "An information processing theory of perception is template matching, which holds that people store templates, or miniature copies of stimuli, in LTM. When they encounter a stimulus, they compare it with existing templates and identify the stimulus if a match is found.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u8eab\u4efd\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u64cd\u63a7\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u5b58\u5728\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6539\u53d8\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u66f4\u6362\u8863\u670d\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u675c\u5229\u7279\u5c14\u5973\u58eb\uff08Ms Doolittle\uff09\u5728 G\u00b7B\u00b7\u8096\uff08G.B.Shaw)\u7684 \u201c\u76ae\u683c\u9a6c\u5229\u7fc1\u201d\uff08Pygmalion\uff09\u4e2d\u76f8\u5f53\u6210\u529f\u5730\u505a\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u53e3\u97f3\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e0d\u6613\u7684\u3002\u6539\u53d8\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5916\u5728\u5f62\u8c61\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002", - "output": "There are, in other words, real limits to the manipulative use of identity changes. It is relatively easy to change one's religion or one's clothes. It is less easy to change one's accent, manner and language, though Ms Doolittle managed to do it with considerable success in G.B. Shaw's Pygmalion. It is very difficult to alter one's physical appearance, one's phenotype.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u7740\u624b\u8fdb\u884c\u6295\u8d44\u5462\uff1f\u73b0\u91d1\u6d41\u91cf\u8d34\u73b0\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u5e74\u4efd\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u5e94\u8be5\u8d34\u73b0\u5230\u5f53\u524d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8ba1\u7b97\u5176\u73b0\u503c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5229\u7387\u4e3a10%\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\u7684110\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u7684100\u7f8e\u5143\u4ef7\u503c\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u4eca\u5929\u5c06100\u7f8e\u5143\u4ee510%\u7684\u5229\u7387\u8d37\u653e\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8d37\u653e\u4eba\u6700\u7ec8\u83b7\u5f97110\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5382\u5546\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u501f\u5230\u501f\u6b3e\u7684\u5229\u7387\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u73b0\u503c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u73b0\u503c\u662f\u6b63\u6570\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u3002", + "output": "Should the project be undertaken? Discounted cash flow analysis says that the revenues received in later years should be discounted to the present in order to calculate their present value. If the interest rate is 10 percent, $110 a year from now is worth the same as $100 now. Why? Because if $100 is lent out today at 10 percent, a year from now the lender will end up with $110. To calculate the value of the project, the firm calculates the project's present discounted value at the interest rate at which it can borrow. If the present value is positive, the project is undertaken.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u514b\u5229\u7eb3\u95e8\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u8f6c\u8131\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u540e\u8f88\u8bd7\u4eba\u7528\u4ee5\u8bc1\u5b9e\u65b0\u8bd7\u5b66\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff08\u6697\u6307\u53ea\u6709\u5927\u5e08\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u6216\u5e94\u8be5\u91c7\u7528\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6697\u542b\u7740\u5bf9\u524d\u8f88\u8bd7\u4eba\u7684\u6545\u610f\u8bef\u8bfb\u3002", - "output": "Clinamen is the \u2018swerve\u2019 a poet makes in order to justify a new poetic direction (a direction which, it is implied,the master would or should have taken). This involves a deliberate misinterpretation of an earlier poet.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u5c06\u751f\u6d3b\u770b\u505a\u662f\u552f\u7269\u8bba\uff0c\u770b\u505a\u662f\u7167\u7247\u4e0a\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u548c\u5bfa\u5e99\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u770b\u505a\u5c55\u89c8\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u5236\u54c1\u548c\u6807\u672c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u770b\u6cd5\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6216\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u666f\u6216\u5b8f\u89c2\u89c6\u89d2\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u66f4\u5173\u6ce8\u5fae\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u5176\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4e2a\u4f53\u6f14\u5458\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002", + "output": "The first group sees life as materialistic, as monuments and temples in photographs or as artifacts and specimens on exhibit. This view is informed by an evolutionary or similar schema that takes a panoramic, or macro, view. The second group is more concerned with a microcosm: the meaning of life to individual actors in their cultural context and the subtleties of social relationships.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u8d64\u5b57\u8f6c\u4e3a\u76c8\u4f59\u65f6\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u8d64\u5b57\u7684\u8feb\u5207\u8981\u6c42\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\uff0c\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u5c31\u4f1a\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u501f\u53e3\u6765\u9003\u907f\u4ee5\u524d\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u9884\u7b97\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u501f\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u7b49\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u9879\u76ee\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u7d27\u6025\u652f\u51fa\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u3001\u5230\u4e862002\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u9884\u7b97\u7ea6\u675f\u539f\u5219\u88ab\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u91cf\u5165\u4e3a\u51fa\u539f\u5219\u662f\u4e3a\u7acb\u6cd5\u65bd\u52a0\u9884\u7b97\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u673a\u5236\uff0c2009\u5e74\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u63d0\u6848\u518d\u5ea6\u8981\u6c42\u843d\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u3002", - "output": "However, when the deficit changed to surplus and the urgency of deficit-reduction declined, policymakers evaded the earlier budget caps with gimmicks like \u201cemergency spending\u201d for predictable items like the decennial census. Finally, in 2002, the budget caps were allowed to expire. Many economists believe that a pay-as-you-go rule is a useful mechanism to impose budget constraints on legislatures, and there were proposals to reinstate these in 2009.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5149\u7167\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u56de\u5230\u773c\u4e0b\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u60f3\u51fa\u90a3\u4e9b\u672c\u8be5\u88ab\u6db5\u62ec\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5b83\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9650\u5236\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u53ea\u6709\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u624d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u7f16\u8005\u5f97\u4ee5\u660e\u6670\u3002\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7684\u504f\u89c1\u4f7f\u5b83\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u7167\u7247\u3001\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u8868\u6f14\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\u827a\u6728\u3001\u975e\u865a\u6784\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3001\u201c\u65b0\u65b0\u95fb\u5199\u4f5c\u201d\u3001\u53e3\u8ff0\u53f2\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u5bf9\u4ece\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u76f8\u5bf9\u5173\u6ce8\u8f83\u5c11\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u518d\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u8bf4\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u7684\u8fd9\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6761\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u73af\u5883\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002", + "output": "In this spirit, let me turn to the present volume. Everyone will be able to think of individuals or perspectives that should have been included. The volume's focus limits it in ways its authors and editors can only begin to make apparent. Readers may note that its anthropological bias neglects photography, film, performance theory, documentary art, the nonfiction novel, \"the new journalism,\" oral history, and various forms of sociology. The book gives relatively little attention to new ethnographic possibilities emerging from non-Western experience and from feminist theory and politics. Let me dwell on this last exclusion, for it concerns an especially strong intellectual and moral influence in the university milieux from which these essays have sprung.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e8e\u662f\u201c\u5927\u4f17\u201d\u4e43\u7531\u5bb0\u5236\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5927\u4f17\u201d\u603b\u662f\u5728\u5176\u56de\u5e94\u5bb0\u5236\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5f97\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\uff1b\u4f46\u5bb0\u5236\u8005\u65e0\u6cd5\u5168\u76d8\u63a7\u5236\u5927\u4f17\u6240\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u4f17\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6548\u5fe0\u4ece\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u3002", - "output": "\"The popular,\" then, is determined by the forces of domination to the extent that it is always formed in reaction to them; but the dominant cannot control totally the meanings that the people may construct, the social allegiances they may form.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f46\u662f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u7ecf\u5bb6\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u8ddf\u8e2a\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u6216\u5229\u606f\u6bd4\u7387\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u62ef\u6551\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u6811\u6728\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u201c\u7eff\u8272\u7ecf\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u662f\u73af\u5883\u7ecf\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u7ecf\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u4f53\u7cfb\u529d\u8bf4\u516c\u53f8\u6e05\u9664\u6c61\u67d3\u548c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u7136\u533a\u57df\u3002", + "output": "But a growing number are choosing to use their skills not to track inflation or interest rates but to rescue rivers and trees. These are the \u201cgreen economists,\u201d more formally known as environmental economists, who use economic arguments and systems to persuade companies to clean up pollution and to help conserve natural areas.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u6d4b\u91cf\u5c06\u4e8c\u5143\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u6d4b\u91cf\u662f\u6307\u901a\u8fc7\u7edf\u8ba1\u8ba1\u7b97\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u6b64\u7c7b\u91cf\u6570\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u03bb\uff0c\u03b3\uff0c\u03a4\uff0c \u03c1\u4ee5\u53ca\u5361\u65b9\u3002\u88689-5\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u91cf\u6570\u90fd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6982\u8ff0\u3002", - "output": "Measures of association reduce informadon about a bivariate reladonship into a single numerical representation. Measures of association indicate whether there is or is not a relationship between the variables through the use of statistical calculations. There are a number of measures such as lambda, gamma, tau, rho and chi-square. An overview of each is presented in table 9.5.", + "input": "\u4ee5\u4e0a\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b54\u6848\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e8b\u5148\u89c4\u5b9a\u597d\u4e86\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u95ee\u5377\u4e0a\u7559\u51fa\u7a7a\u767d\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u7ed9\u4e88\u53d7\u8bbf\u8005\u8db3\u591f\u65f6\u95f4\u5b8c\u6210\u95ee\u5377\u3002\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u91c7\u7528\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u56de\u7b54\u5c06\u53ef\u80fd\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u5206\u7c7b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u7684\u7f16\u7801\u548c\u5206\u6790\u3002", + "output": "The above response sets are described as closed, because the answers have been predeter mined. Another type of question is the open-ended question, and it is posed with space on the questionnaire or sufficient time for the respondent to reply. The open-ended question might be analysed using content analysis procedures described in chapter 3, or the responses might be reduced to categories and numerically coded and analysed.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u6b21\u8c03\u67fb\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ece\u79bb\u804c\u8c08\u8bdd\u4e2d\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u9063\u6563\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u79bb\u804c\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u4e2d\u670938%\u7684\u4eba\u6307\u8d23\u5de5\u8d44\u548c\u798f\u5229\uff1b\u53ea\u67094%\u7684\u4eba\u8d23\u5907\u57fa\u5c42\u4e3b\u7ba1\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u6b6418\u4e2a\u6708\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u670924%\u7684\u4eba\u6307\u8d23\u57fa\u5c42\u4e3b\u7ba1\uff1b\u53ea\u670912%\u7684\u4eba\u6307\u8d23\u5de5\u8d44\u548c\u798f\u5229\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u5728\u79bb\u804c\u8c08\u8bdd\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u505a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002", - "output": "However, the information you get may be questionable. 107 Researchers found that at the time of separation, 38% of those leaving blamed salary and benefits, and only 4% blamed supervision. Followed up 18 months later, however, 24% blamed supervision and only 12% blamed salary and benefits. Getting to the real problem during the exit interview may thus require digging.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fdb\u5165\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u5de5\u5177\u4ecd\u7136\u7528\u6728\u3001\u77f3\u3001\u89d2\u3001\u9aa8\u5236\u9020\uff08\u56fe41\uff09\uff0c\u9752\u94dc\u5374\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u505a\u5175\u5668\u3001\u793c\u5668\uff08\u98df\u5668\u3001\u9152\u5668\u548c\u4e50\u5668\uff09\u3001\u88c5\u9970\u54c1\u548c\u65a7\u3001\u952f\u3001\u51ff\u7b49\u6728\u5de5\u7528\u5177\u3002\u540e\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5236\u4f5c\u6728\u5236\u6218\u8f66\u8fd9\u79cd\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u6700\u6709\u5a01\u6151\u529b\u7684\u6218\u5177\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002", + "output": "While agricultural implements continued to be made of stone, wood, antler, and bone during the Bronze Age (Figure 41), bronze was used conspicuously for the manufacturing of weapons, ritual paraphernalia (food vessels, wine vessels, and musical instruments), some ornaments, and such carpenter's tools as the ax, adz, and chisel. The carpenter's tools were presumably necessary for the construction of wooden chariots, which were the most formidable weapon of the Bronze Age.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u987e\u9889\u521a\u66fe\u5f15\u300a\u6613\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u201c\u5e1d\u4e59\u5f52\u59b9\u201d\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4e0e\u300a\u8bd7\u7ecf\u300b\u6240\u8ff0\u4e4b\u4e8b\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5373\u5e1d\u4e59\u5c06\u5176\u59b9\u5ac1\u7ed9\u4e86\u6587\u738b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6b64\u8bf4\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u90a3\u5f53\u65f6\u5ac1\u5973\u4e4b\u56fd\uff08\u5546\uff09\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u4fbf\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u5a36\u5987\u4e4b\u56fd\uff08\u5468\uff09\u4e3a\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u653f\u6cbb\u8054\u59fb\u65f6\u4eb2\u5c5e\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6b63\u597d\u543b\u5408\u3002", - "output": "Ku Chiehkang has long cited a reference in Yi (The Book of Changes) - \u201cTi Yi gives his daughter in marriage\" - as relating to the same story, namely, the marriage of Ti Yi's daughter to Wen Wang of Chou. If this is true, it appears that at the time of this marriage the political status of the wife-giver (Shang) was higher than that of the wife-receiver (Chou), a situation consistent with relative statuses in political marriages found in some ethnographic records", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u5316\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u673a\u6784\u6765\u534f\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u5404\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u7ed3\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u4e8e\u5185\u805a\u529b\u548c\u5353\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6574\u5408\u673a\u6784\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u6559\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5177\u6709\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u673a\u6784\u3002", + "output": "The differentiation of structure, the specialization of function, of civil society required a special mechanism to co-ordinate the various segments and classes of society and to integrate them into a coherent and effective whole. Such an integrative mechanism was produced. It was the \"State-Church/' i.e., a mechanism having temporal and ecclesiastical aspects.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u63cf\u5199\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63cf\u5199\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u5934\u8111\u91cc\u5185\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u63cf\u5199\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u65b9\u8a00\u7684\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6ee1\u8db3\u8bed\u8a00\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bf4\u67d0\u79cd\u6807\u51c6\u65b9\u8a00\u6216\u4f18\u52bf\u65b9\u8a00\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u89c9\u5f97\u5b66\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u8a00\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u793e\u4ea4\u6216\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u9762\u597d\u5904\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5f88\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u8bed\u8a00\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u5355\u8bcd\u53ca\u5176\u8bfb\u97f3\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u65b9\u8a00\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002", - "output": "The descriptive grammar of a language attempts to describe the rules internalized by a speaker of that language. It is different from a teaching grammar, which is used to learn another language or dialect. Teaching grammars can be helpful to people who do not speak the standard or prestige dialect, but find it would be advantageous socially and economically to do so. They are used in schools in foreign language classes. This kind of grammar gives the words and their pronunciations, and explicitly states the rules of the language, especially where they differ from the language of instruction.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6216\u8bb8\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u654f\u611f\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5982\u9053\u5bb6\u3001\u4f5b\u6559\u548c\u5112\u5b66(\u5728\u63a8\u52a8\u897f\u65b9\u201c\u751f\u6001\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4f20\u7edf\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u780d\u4f10\u68ee\u6797\u3001\u571f\u58e4\u6076\u5316\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u4fb5\u8680\u548c\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u7406\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u73af\u5883\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6309\u7167\u73b0\u4ee3\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u770b\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u707e\u96be\u3002", + "output": "The Chinese may have ecologically sensitive traditions of Tao, Buddhism, and Confucianism (traditions of thought which have played an important role in promoting an \"ecological consciousness\" in the west) but the historical geography of deforestation, land degradation, river erosion, and flooding in China contains not a few environmental events which would be regarded as catastrophes by modern-day standards.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u4ec0\u4e48\u521b\u9020\u4e70\u65b9\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002\u4fe1\u53f7\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u4e70\u65b9\u600e\u6837\u8ba4\u8bc6\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u66f4\u8d8b\u5411\u4e8e\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u53d1\u8d27\u540e\u52e4\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4fe1\u53f7\u6807\u51c6\u5e38\u5e38\u6765\u81ea\u5e02\u573a\u8425\u9500\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u804c\u80fd\u90e8\u95e8(\u548c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4ef7\u503c\u6d3b\u52a8)\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6807\u51c6\u3002", - "output": "Use criteria are specific measures of what creates buyer value. Signaling criteria are measures of how buyers perceive the presence of value. While use criteria tend to be more oriented to a supplier's product, outbound logistics and service activities, signaling criteria often stem from marketing activities. Nonetheless, every functional department of a firm (and most every value activity) can affect both.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u88c5\u914d\u7ebf\u4f7f\u751f\u4ea7\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7387\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u4f4e\u6d41\u52a8\u7387\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u52aa\u529b\u548c\u9ad8\u7d20\u8d28\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u53f8\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u652f\u4ed8\u6548\u7387\u5de5\u8d44\u5bf9\u798f\u7279\u6c7d\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002", + "output": "Thus, while assembly lines made production more efficient, they also raised the importance of low worker turnover, high worker effort, and high worker quality. As a result, paying efficiency wages may have been a better strategy for the Ford Motor Company than for other businesses at the time.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8ba1\u7b97\u6807\u51c6\u6700\u5927\u503c\u662f\u7528220\u51cf\u53bb\u672c\u4eba\u5e74\u9f84\u6570\uff1a\u5047\u5982\u662f40\u5c81\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u5fc3\u7387\u503c\u5e94\u4e3a\u6bcf\u5206\u949f\u7ea6180\u4e0b\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u503c\u768490%\u662f162,80%\u662f144\u3002", - "output": "Calculate the maximum by subtracting your calendar age from 220: If you're forty years old, your maximum heart rate should be about 180 beats per minute; 90 percent would be 162, 80 percent would be 144.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5404\u795e\u901a\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u6216\u8005\u5b83\u4eec\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u5219\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u4e00\u5e45\u9ed1\u4eba\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u4e00\u675f\u73ab\u7470\u82b1\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u81ea\u8eab\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5448\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u5e45\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u4e00\u5219\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u4e00\u675f\u73ab\u7470\u82b1\u3002\u5916\u5ef6\u662f\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u663e\u73b0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002", + "output": "On one level, the meaning of popular cultural signs is self-evident. They are what they are or what they appear to be, an advert, a photo of a black soldier, a bunch of roses and so on. They denote something to us, they present it to us as a matter of fact: this is a photo of a soldier, an advert, a bunch of roses. Denotation refers to those things which appear to us as natural and which we can take for granted.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6765\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u7eb3\u4e9a\u5c14\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u571f\u5730\u7684\u6b66\u58eb\u7b49\u7ea7\uff08\u4e0d\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\uff09\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u5730\u4ea7\u7531\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u56e2\u638c\u63e1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u56e2\u7531\u6839\u636e\u5973\u6027\u5bb6\u7cfb\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u7537\u4eb2\u5c5e\u7ec4 220\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7537\u4eb2\u5c5e\u90fd\u4e00\u8d77\u4f4f\u5728\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u91cc\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u9ad8\u8f88\u5206\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u505a\u5f53\u5bb6\u4eba\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb,\u7537\u5b50\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u7ea6\u57287\u5c81\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ece\u8fd9\u65f6\u8d77\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u6574\u4e2a\u9752\u5e74\u6210\u5e74\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u8fdc\u79bb\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u6709\u7eb3\u4e9a\u5c14\u4eba\u7684\u4e09\u9879\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\u4e8b\u52a1\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u5b69\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6765\u6708\u7ecf\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u59d1\u5a18\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u9752\u5e74\u7537\u5b50\u5728\u4e34\u65f6\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e2d\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5a5a\u59fb,\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u51e0\u5929\u540e\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002", - "output": "The Nayar constitute a landowning, warrior caste (rather than an independent society) from southwest India. Among them, estates are held by corporations of sorts made up of kinsmen related in the female line. These kinsmen all live together in a large household, with the eldest male serving as manager.Three Nayar transactions are of interest here. The first occurs shortly before a girl undergoes her first menstruation. It involves a ceremony that joins together in a temporary union the girl with a young man. This union, which may or may not involve sexual relations, lasts for a few days and then breaks up.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6211\u8bf4\u201c\u5b59\u5b50\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u8bf4\u201c\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a,\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u76f4\u7cfb\u540e\u4ee3\u662f\u5305\u62ec\u5e03\u83b1\u5e0c\u7279\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4eec\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u758f\u79bb\u6548\u679c\u201d\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u7684\u3002", + "output": "I say 'grandchild' rather than 'child', because the more direct offspring of the Formalists were the socialist artists of the German Weimar Republic \u2014Bertolt Brecht among them \u2014who employed such 'estrangement effects' to political ends.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "CBI\u662f\u8ba1\u7b85\u673a\u5b66\u4e60\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u666e\u904d\u5e94\u7528 (Jonassem 1966)\u3002CBI\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u64cd\u7ec3\u548c\u4e2a\u522b\u8f85\u5bfc\u4e2d\u3002\u64cd\u7ec3\u7a0b\u5e8f\u662f\u590d\u4e60\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e2a\u522b\u8f85\u5bfc\u662f\u4ea4\u4e92\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u7ed9\u5b66\u751f\u5448\u73b0\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u5206\u5c94\u5f0f\u6559\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u8f85\u5bfc\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002", - "output": "CBI was the most common application of computer learning in schools (Jonassen, 1996; today it is the Internet). CBI often is used for drills and tutorials. Whereas drills review information, tutorials are interactive: They present information and feedback to students and respond based on students\u2019 answers (e.g., branching programs).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u57fa\u7840\u8bad\u7ec3\u9636\u6bb5\u540e\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u662f\u4e3a\u671f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u5761\u5ea6\u8dd1\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\u8dd1\u8005\u5c06\u6309\u7167\u5229\u8fea\u4e9a\u5fb7\u7684\u201c\u5f39\u7c27\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u672c\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u662f\u4e3a\u8dd1\u8005\u4e0b\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u8bad\u7ec3\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u57284\u5468\u7684\u5761\u5ea6\u8dd1\u8bad\u7ec3\u540e\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u5229\u8fea\u4e9a\u5fb7\u8bad\u7ec3\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u8dd1\u8005\u5c06\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u8dd1\u9053\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210\u95f4\u6b47\u8dd1\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u662f\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5cf0\u503c\u671f\uff0c\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u5e26\u7ed9\u8dd1\u8005\u6700\u4f73\u8fd0\u52a8\u8868\u73b0\u3002", + "output": "Following this base-building phase came a month of hill work during which runners used a form Lydiard called \u201cspringing.\u201d This was a kind of bounding that prepared runners for the speed phases of the program. After 4 weeks of hill training, Lydiard\u2019s runners moved on to traditional speed work, running intervals on a track, followed by a peaking period that was intended to bring them to their best possible performance.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8be5\u8bd5\u9a8c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8df3\u8dc3\u529f\u7387\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5176\u4ed6\u65e0\u6c27\u529f\u7387\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u5728\u6d4b\u529b\u53f0\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u7eb5\u8df3\u65f6\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u529f\u7387\u8f93\u51fa\u5cf0\u503c\u4e0e\u5728\u7b49\u52a8\u529f\u7387\u8f66\u4e0a\u6d4b\u5f97\u7684\u5cf0\u503c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\uff08r=0.95)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u529f\u7387\u8f93\u51fa\u5728\u673a\u68b0\u4e0a\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u4f1a\u662f\u7cbe\u786e\u65e0\u6bd4\u7684\u3002", - "output": "The test is considered as the gold standard in jump power testing and has been used for validation of other anaerobic power tests. Peak power output recorded during a vertical jump on a force platform is highly correlated with that measured on an isokinetic cycle ergometer (r=o.95). However, the comparison of power outputs between different forms of activities can never be mechanically exact.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u524d\u9762\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8a00\u8bed\u94fe\u6e90\u81ea\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u590d\u6742\u7684\u795e\u7ecf-\u808c\u8089\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ea7\u751f\u4ee3\u8868\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u60f3\u6cd5\u6216\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u58f0\u5b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u8be5\u58f0\u5b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u542c\u8bdd\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u4fe1\u53f7\u89e3\u7801\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0e\u539f\u610f\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u4e86\u89e3\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u8a00\u8bed\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8d77\u6765\u8981\u96be\u4e8e\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u4e86\u89e3\u542c\u8bdd\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u8a00\u8bed\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002", + "output": "As we saw, the speech chain starts with a speaker who, through some complicated set of neuromuscular processes, produces an acoustic signal that represents a thought, idea, or message to be conveyed to a listener, who must then decode the signal to arrive at a similar message. It is more difficult to devise experiments that provide information about how the speaker proceeds than to do so for the listener's side of the process.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u91ca\u4f60\u5c06\u600e\u6837\u5c06\u7b2c8\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5168\u9762\u8d28\u91cf\u7ba1\u7406\u539f\u5219\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u9879\u5177\u6709\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u9879\u76ee\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5168\u9762\u8d28\u91cf\u7ba1\u7406\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u53d1\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u4e00\u9879\u5e38\u89c4\u9879\u76ee\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff1f", - "output": "Choose a new technology, describe its major features, and explain how you would applythe total quality management principles discussed in Chapter 8 to an R&D project aimed at commercialization. What is different about total quality management applied to an R&D project versus a conventional project?", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u975e\u4efb\u610f\u6837\u672c\u5355\u5143(Nonarbitrary sample units)\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u533a\u2014\u2014\u5982\u5c0f\u73af\u5883(microenvironment)\uff0c\u6216\u6587\u5316\u5b9e\u4f53(cultural entities)\u2014\u2014\u5982\u623f\u95f4\u3001\u623f\u5c4b\u3001\u9057\u5740(\u56fe4.13)\u3002", + "output": "Nonarbitrary sample units correspond either to natural areas, such as microenvironments, or to cultural entities, such as rooms, houses, or sites (Fig. 4.13).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6587\u5316\u9057\u7269\u4e0e\u751f\u6001\u9057\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u5e38\u5e38\u542b\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u7559\u6709\u5c60\u5bb0\u5207\u5272\u75d5\u8ff9\u7684\u9ab8\u9aa8\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e2\u662f\u6587\u5316\u9057\u7269\uff08\u53cd\u6620\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u6280\uff09\u53c8\u662f\u751f\u6001\u9057\u7269\uff08\u63d0\u4f9b\u53e4\u4ee3\u73af\u5883\u548c\u751f\u5b58\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff09\u3002", - "output": "The line between ecofacts and artifacts is often blurred. For example, bones with cut marks from butchering might be considered both artifacts (reflecting human technology) and ecofacts (yielding clues to ancient environment and subsistence).", + "input": "\u73b0\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u90fd\u4f1a\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff08Patterson 1986a\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u51b5\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94(Shanks and Tilley 1987a\uff1a31)\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u6210\u5458\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u5ea6\u4f1a\u9f13\u52b1\u8bb8\u591a\u8003\u53e4\u5bb6\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u8003\u53e4\u6750\u6599\u3002", + "output": "Many now maintained that archaeologists, both individually and collectively, were influenced in their interpretations, largely unconsciously, by their social milieu (Patterson 1986a). This was not a simple belief that all archaeologists reacted in the same way to a particular set of social conditions (Shanks and Tilley 1987a: 31). Yet it was widely believed that shared class membership or political loyalties encouraged large numbers of archaeologists, but not necessarily all of them, to interpret archaeological data from a similar perspective.", + "system": "", + "history": [] + }, + { + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u5bcc\u9976\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65b0\u6708\u72b6\u5730\u533a\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u534a\u5c9b\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6d77\u6ee8\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u738b\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u4e1c\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u96c6\u6563\u5730\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6d77\u4e0a\u8d38\u6613\u7f51\u7edc\u4e5f\u5174\u76db\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u572814\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c15\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d38\u6613\u7f51\u7edc\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8d38\u6613\u7f51\u7edc\u5df2\u5c06\u6b27\u6d32\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff08Abu-Lughod\uff0c1989; Chaudhuri\uff0c 1985; Snow\uff0c 1988\uff09\uff09\u3002", + "output": "Over the same period, seaborne networks of trade flourished between the Islamic lands of the fertile crescent and Arabia, the coastal city-states of India, African kingdoms and Arab entrepots on the east coast of Africa. In the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries these trade networks connected directly with China itself so that in the premodern era trading networks had developed linking Europe, Asia and Africa (Abu-Lughod, 1989; Chaudhuri, 1985; Snow, 1988).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u79d1\u5b66\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b97\u6559\u4f20\u7edf (\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u201c\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u6e3a\u5c0f\u7684\u201d)\u6781\u529b\u786e\u8ba4\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8fd8\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u8363\u3002", - "output": "With the possible exception of Christian Science, there are few if any religious traditions, \"great\" or \"little,\" in which the proposition that life hurts is not strenuously affirmed, and in some it is virtually glorified.", + "input": "\u963f\u591a\u8bfa\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ece\u53e4\u5178\u97f3\u4e50\u548c\u5148\u950b\u97f3\u4e50\u4e2d\u3001\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ece\u901a\u4fd7\u97f3\u4e50\u4e2d\u627e\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u70b9\u3002\u6839\u636e\u963f\u591a\u8bfa\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u53e4\u5178\u97f3\u4e50\u6216\u5148\u950b\u97f3\u4e50\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e25\u8083\u97f3\u4e50\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec6\u8282\u90fd\u4ece\u4e50\u66f2\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u83b8\u5f97\u4e86\u5b83\u5728\u97f3\u4e50\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002", + "output": "The contrasts which Adorno draws between classical and avant-garde music on the one hand, and popular music on the other, allow him to extend this argument. According to Adorno, with classical or avant-garde music, every detail acquires its musical sense from the totality of the piece, and its place within that totality.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4ece\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u4f7f\u7528\u4e66\u9762\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u53e3\u5934\u5f62\u5f0f\u6216\u56fe\u50cf\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u505a\u51fa\u6539\u53d8\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u62a5\u544a\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ecd\u7136\u4e3a\u884c\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53c2\u8003\u683c\u5f0f\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5f15\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u732e\u7efc\u8ff0\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u7ed3\u679c\u5206\u6790\u53ca\u672a\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u9009\u62e9\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002", - "output": "Researchers who engage in action research may choose to use written, oral or visual reports, and, for some, the change in the issue being studied may be the only outcome required and no report eventuates. However, a suggested format for action research reports is provided here. As with case studies, the report may be based on the scientific experimental model (introduction, literature review, method, findings and analysis, and future action plans), but there are alternative models.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6210\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u89c4\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bed\u8a00\u4e60\u5f97\u5728\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6709\u66f4\u4e3a\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\uff09\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u5047\u5b9a\u5b66\u751f\u5df2\u7ecf\u638c\u63e1\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u76ee\u6807\u8bed\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u6bcd\u8bed\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u91ca\u4e49\u8bcd\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u5373\u7ed9\u51fa\u5b66\u751f\u6bcd\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\u6cd5\u8bed\u8bcdmaison (\u623f\u5b50\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5047 \u5b9a\u5b66\u751f\u77e5\u9053\u91ca\u4e49\u8bcd\u201c\u623f\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e5f\u5c31\u77e5\u9053maison\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002", + "output": "It is often difficult for adults to learn a second language without formal instruction, even when they have lived for an extended period in a country where the language is spoken. (Second language acquisition is discussed in more detAn introduction to language in chapter 8.) Teaching grammars assume that the student already knows one language and compares the grammar of the target language with the grammar of the native language. The meaning of a word is provided by a gloss\u2014the parallel word in the student\u2019s native language, such as maison, \u201chouse\u201d in French. It is assumed that the student knows the meaning of the gloss \u201chouse,\u201d and so also the meaning of the word maison.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5c31\u50cf\u4e0a\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u5165\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u8d44\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u8f7b\u677e\u4e0e\u5426\u5c06\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5728\u8c03\u67fb\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u8005\u662f\u5426\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8c03\u67e5\u95ee\u5377\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u7f16\u7801\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7acb\u523b\u8f93\u4eba\u6570\u636e\uff1b\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u51c6\u5907\u7f16\u7801\u7c3f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u4eba\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u5165\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u8c03\u67e5\u95ee\u5377\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u76f8\u53c2\u7167\uff08\u8fd9\u4e5f\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5728\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u5165\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u72af\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff09\u3002", - "output": "As already noted above, there are a number of ways that data can beentered. The ease of data entry will depend on the researcher giving fullconsideration to the data analysis phase in the research design stage. It ispossible, for example, to enter data immediately from the questionnaire ifdata codes are included in the questionnaire design. Otherwise, code booksneed to be prepared and data entry will require some cross-referencingbetween the questionnaire and the computer program by the data entryperson (which also increases the chances of possible errors in data entry).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6784\u6210\u6574\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u62fc\u56fe\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7247\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5404\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u94bb\u77f3\u4f53\u7cfb\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\uff0c\u53cd\u6258\u62c9\u65af\u6cd5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u56fd\u5185\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u3001\u6cd5\u89c4\u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u56fd\u5185\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u60c5\u5f62\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u751f\u4ea7\u8981\u7d20\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u6536\u8d2d\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u523a\u6fc0\u76f8\u5173\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5174\u8d77\u7b49\u7b49\u3002", + "output": "The final element necessary to complete the picture is government. Government, at all levels, can improve or detract from the national advantage. This role is seen most clearly by examining how policies influence each of the determinants. Antitrust policy affects domestic rivalry. Regulation can alter home demand conditions. Investments in education can change factor conditions. Government purchases can stimulate related and supporting industries.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u91cc\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u7ec4\u4ea7\u751f\u5355\u5076\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u53c8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7ec4\u5bfc\u81f4\u591a\u5a5a\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u613f\u671b\u3002\u60c5\u51b5\u6b63\u597d\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002", - "output": "It is not one set of sentiments and desires that produces monogamy here, another set polygamy there. It is the other way around; it is the institution that determines the sentiments and behavior.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u50a8\u84c4\u8005\u548c\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8de8\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u8de8\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u8de8\u90e8\u95e8\u5730\u8f6c\u79fb\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u8d44\u91d1\u6d41\u52a8\uff08\u5982\u8d2d\u4e70XYZ\u516c\u53f8100\u80a1\u80a1\u4efd\uff09\u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\uff08\u5982\u8d2d\u4e70\u5171\u540c\u57fa\u91d1\u4efd\u989d\u6216\u5c06\u8d44\u91d1\u5b58\u5165\u4f60\u7684\u652f\u7968\u8d26\u6237\uff09\u5219\u7ecf\u7531\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u4ecb\u3002", + "output": "Savers and investors transfer funds across time, space, and sectors through financial markets and financial intermediaries. Some flows (such as buying 100 shares of XYZ) go directly through financial markets, while others (such as purchasing shares of mutual funds or depositing money in your checking account) go through financial intermediaries.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "2002\u5e74\u65e9\u671f\u9662\u6821\u8bc4\u4f30\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u739b\u683c\u4e3d\u7279\u2022\u970d\u5947\uff0c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u53f8\u957f\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u7b7e\u7f72\u9662\u6821\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u65b0\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u5979\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u8f7b\u5fae\u7684\u89e6\u53ca\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u63d0\u8bae\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u786e\u4fdd\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0d\u591f\u4e25\u683c\u201d \uff08Baty\uff0c2002)\u3002", - "output": "More controversy raged in early 2002 as Margaret Hodge, the higher education minister, refused to endorse new proposals for institutional audit, as she disagreed with a \u2018lighter touch\u2019 and felt that new proposals were \u2018insufficiently rigorous to ensure public accountability\u2019 (Baty, 2002)", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u62e5\u6709\u826f\u597d\u4eba\u9645\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u5927\u4ea7\u51fa\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u6c9f\u901a\u3001\u6fc0\u52b1\u3001\u9886\u5bfc\u3001\u6fc0\u53d1\u70ed\u60c5\u548c\u83b7\u5f97\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u6280\u80fd\uff08conceptual skills)\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7528\u6765\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u8fdb\u884c\u601d\u8003\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u80fd\u65f6\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8bbe\u60f3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982\u4f55 \u9002\u5e94\u5176\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002", + "output": "Managers with good human skills get the best out of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust. Finally, conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are most important to top managers.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u6709\u5173\u8870\u8001\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5904\u8eab\u4f53\u90e8\u4f4d\u5c31\u662f\u76ae\u80a4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u76ae\u80a4\u76b1\u7eb9\u3001\u76ae\u80a4\u764c\u548c\u8001\u5e74\u6591\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u8870\u8001\u3002\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u8eab\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u6709\u597d\u5904\u7684\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u76ae\u80a4\u540c\u6837\u6709\u597d\u5904\u3002\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u7528\u9632\u6652\u971c\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f60\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u5904\u76ae\u80a4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u907f\u514d\u5438\u70df\uff08\u4e00\u5929\u543810\u652f\u70df\u4f1a\u4f7f\u8138\u90e8\u76b1\u7eb9\u52a0\u5de8\uff09\u90fd\u4f1a\u8d77\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\u76ae\u80a4\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002", - "output": "One of the first places we notice aging is in our skin. We see aging in wrinkles, in skin cancer, in liver spots. Generally, what's good for your inside is also good for your outside: protecting your skin with a 4 or more star UVA blocker and an SPF 45 on all exposed spots all the time and avoiding cigarettes (ten cigarettes a day can double facial lines).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u968f\u7740\u6b27\u6d32\u5728\u5168\u7403\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5404\u5927\u6587\u660e\u3001\u5404\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u5404\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u751f\u5b58\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u5bf9\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u672c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u574f\u5883\u548c\u672c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5168\u7403\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u590d\u6742\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u5730\u533a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5217\u5f3a\u6bd4\u5176\u9644\u5c5e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9886\u57df\u5b9e\u65bd\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u519b\u4e8b\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5168\u7403\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e00\u65e6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u89e3\u51b3\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6709\u6548\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002", + "output": "With the consolidation of Europe\u2019s global reach, civilizations, empires and nations around the globe became significantly interrelated in terms of their security and survival. The prospects for peace in each part of the world were no longer determined solely by local circumstances or local decision-makers but were increasingly contingent on the complex dynamics of global power relations and developments across interconnected sites of military and political decision-making. While the great powers had the capacity to exercise greater control over their strategic environment than subordinate states, every region was enmeshed in a global system of military and security relations which, lacking effective mechanisms of conflict resolution, was subject to severe and uncontrollable crisis tendencies with potentially catastrophic consequences.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6295\u8d44\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u7531\u4e8e\u9075\u5faa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u626d\u66f2\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u8fce\u5408\u53d1\u884c\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u80a1\u7968\u5e02\u573a\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u7e41\u8363\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5c31\u7684\u786e\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u8d56\u4ee5\u505a\u51fa\u8d22\u52a1\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u8bc1\u5238\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002", - "output": "Because of directives like this one, analysts in investment banks might distort their research to please issuers, and indeed this seems to have happened during the stock market tech boom of the 1990s. Such actions undermine the reliability of the information that investors use to make their financial decisions and, as a result, diminish the efficiency of securities markets.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6b63\u5982\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\u548c\u6469\u6839\u4ee5\u53ca\u56e0\u5df4\u5c14\u7b49\uff081995)\u5728\u7efc\u8ff0\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u808c\u8089\u529f\u7387\u548c\u8010\u529b\u7684\u53ef\u8bad\u7ec3\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8bad\u7ec3\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u901a\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u91c7\u53d6\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\uff085~30\u79d2\uff09\u7684\u53cd\u590d\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u6781\u9650\u6216\u6b21\u6781\u9650\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u9a91\u8f66\u6216\u8dd1\u6b65\u3002", + "output": "In adults, numerous intervention studies have demonstrated trainability of muscle power and endurance, as reviewed by Skinner and Morgan (1985) and by Inbar et al. (1995). Training regimens have spanned various approaches, but the common denominator has been the use of repetitions of short-term (e.g. 5-30 s) activities such as cycling or running at maximal or near-maximal intensity.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5c06\u57c3\u8d6b\u90a3\u987f\u738b\u671d\u9769\u547d\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u6216\u795e\u5b66\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba.\u662f\u4f9d\u636e\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u672a\u66fe\u89e3\u91ca\u54f2\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5219\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u4f9d\u636e\u4e16\u4fd7\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6574\u5408\u4e0e\u8c03\u8282\u673a\u6784\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u6765\u9610\u8ff0\u57c3\u8d6b\u90a3\u987f\u4e0e\u796d\u5e08\u96c6\u56e2\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u796d\u5e08\u4e0e\u540c\u5de5\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u4e89\u6597\u4e2d\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u57c3\u8d6b\u90a3\u987f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5f52\u4e8e\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u796d\u5e08\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u529b\u91cf\u8f83\u4e4b\u6cd5\u8001\u96c6\u56e2\u5f3a\u5f97\u591a\u6240\u81f4\u3002", - "output": "Thus we see that those who interpret the revolution of Iknaton's reign as a philosophical, or theological, affair account for political events in terms of rival philosophies, but they do not explain the philosophies. Our theory does both. It explains the struggle between Ikhnaton and the priests in terms of the structure of civil societies and the function of the State-Church as an integrative and regulative mechanism. And it explains the philosophies as instruments used by priests and king in this struggle. The philosophy of Ikhnaton failed because the political and economic power of the priesthoods was greater than that of the Pharaoh's party.", + "input": "\u6d1b\u514b\u66fe\u8bf4\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u65e2\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u5728\u9047\u5230\u51b2\u51fb\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\u7ef4\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f62\u6001\u201d\uff08Ellmann 1977: 1\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u611f\u89c9\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u60c5\u7eea\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u503e\u5411\u6027\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6001\u5ea6\u72b6\u51b5\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d9\u4e8b\u7ed3\u6784 (Flanagan 1992: 213)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\uff1a\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0d\u80fd\u8131\u79bb\u8eaf\u4f53\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002", + "output": "To elaborate upon Locke, consciousness may be defined as denoting: \"the movement of the mind both in recognizing its own shape and in maintaining that shape in the face of attack or change\" (Ellmann 1977:1). It includes sensations, perceptions, moods, emotions, propositional-attitudinal states, and narrative structures (Flanagan 1992:213), and it is embodied: there can be no mind without a body.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u719f\u6089\u7684\u5bf9\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u6700\u8f6f\u5f31\u65e0\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u6765\u81ea\u5df2\u6545\u7684\u535a\u963f\u65af\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u201c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u2026\u2026\u5c06\u4e2a\u4eba\u6eb6\u5408\u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u96b6\u5c5e\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5168\u90e8\u9636\u7ea7\u7279\u6027\u5f52\u5c5e\u5230\u4ed6\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e\u503e\u5411\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u535a\u963f\u65af\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u201c\u5e76\u4e0d\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c06\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u201c\u4ed6\u6240\u96b6\u5c5e\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e\u503e\u5411\u7a76\u7adf\u600e\u6837\u5bfc\u81f4\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u751a\u660e\u4e86\u3002", - "output": "One of the weakest of psychological explanations of race prejudice with which we are acquainted is that given once by the late Franz Boas. The prejudice, he said, \"...is founded essentially ... on the tendency of the human mind to merge the individual in the class to which he belongs, and to ascribe to him all the characteristics of his class.\" Just how the tendency of the human mind to identify an individual with \"the class to which he belongs\" produces racial prejudice and antagonism is not quite clear although Boas assures us that it \"is not difficult to understand\" in the light of this tendency of the human mind.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u52b3\u8d44\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u77db\u76fe\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u79ef\u7d2f/\u8d2c\u503c\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5371\u673a\u8d8b\u52bf(\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5168\u7403\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u74e6\u89e3\u6210\u654c\u5bf9\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u96c6\u56e2)\uff0c\u4e3a\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u521b\u9020\u6027\u548c\u8fdb\u53d6\u5fc3\u800c\u4fdd\u62a4\u8a00\u8bba\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u538b\u5236\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u89c1\u8005\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u77db\u76fe\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4fbf\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3b\u8981\u77db\u76fe\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u7406\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u5728\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7ed3\u3002", + "output": "The dass contradiction between capital and labor, the tendency to produce crises of overaccumulation/devaluation of capital (coupled with the disintegration of a global capitalism into warring geopolitical blocs), the need to guarantee freedom of speech and enquiry as part of a need to preserve entrepreneurial creativity and initiative, while repressing dissident voices ... these are all major contradictions within capitalism. The task of historical materialist enquiry is then to establish where the main contradictions lie in particular historical-geographical situations and how they might be interlinked.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5047\u8bbe\u201c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u2018\u771f\u7406\u2019\u548c\u2018\u8c2c\u8bef\u2019\u201d\u3002", - "output": "Positivist neo-classical economics assumes 'there are two absolute and mutually exclusive categories of \"truth\" and \"falsehood\"'.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6700\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u8bba\u6240\"\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u59d7\u59d7\u6765\u8fdf\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5728\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u89c1\u7f1d\u63d2\u9488\uff0c\u6324\u51fa\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5b83\u641c\u7f57\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u5269\u4f59\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8981\u6084\u7136\u6324\u5360\u8001\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9886\u5730\u3002\u5b83\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5305\u62ec\u53f2\u524d\u53f2\u3001\u6c11\u4fd7\u5b66\u3001\u4f53\u8d28\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5b83\u5371\u9669\u5730\u63a5\u8fd1\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5982\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002", + "output": "Anthropology, as the science of man at large, as the most comprehensive discipline in humanism without portfolio, was the last to come. It had to peg out its claims as to scope, subject matter, and method as best it could. It absorbed what was left over, and even had to encroach on some older preserves. It consists now of such studies as prehistory, folklore, physical anthropology, and cultural anthropology. These come dangerously near other legitimate fields of social and natural sciences: psychology, history, archaeology, sociology and anatomy.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f3a\u76d7\u7537\u7235\uff1f\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a1859\u5e74\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u2022\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff08Charles Darwin)\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff08On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life) \u7684\u51fa\u7248\u3002", - "output": "What motivated the robber barons? For some social historians, it was the publication in 1859 of Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5206\u6570\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\uff08central tendency) \u548c\u53d8\u5f02\u6027\uff08variability)\u4e4b\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u5206\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u901a\u5e38\u5c31\u662f\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u3001\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u6216\u4f17\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u8bed\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002", + "output": "Some of the more easily understood statistical and mathematical calculations are those that find the central tendency and variability of scores. When you have a group of scores, one number may be used to represent the group. That number is generally the mean, median, or mode. These terms are ways of expressing central tendency.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u5386\u53f2\u53ea\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u8fc1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u5927\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u90a3\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c31\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u7206\u70b8\u6027\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u524d\u6240\u672a\u95fb\u7684\u5168\u7403\u751f\u6001\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u6d6e\u51fa\u6c34\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u884c\u52a8\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7684\u751f\u6001\u5173\u7cfb\u6240\u7279\u6709\u7684\u3002", - "output": "The long history of urbanization is, after all, one of the most significant of all the processes of environmental modification that have occurred throughout recent world history. In the last century that process has become explosive, creating a set of global ecological conditions that have never been seen before. And environmental issues have emerged that are wholly specific to the ecologies our urbanizing activities have created.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u57c3\u53ca\u4eba\u4e5f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u56fe\u753b\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u5723\u4e66\u5b57\uff08\u6216\u8c61\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u6587\u5b57\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8153\u5c3c\u57fa\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u540e\u6765\u521b\u5236\u4e86\u897f\u95ea\u8bed\u97f3\u8282\u8868\u3002\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u8153\u5c3c\u57fa\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5728\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u672c\u65cf\u8bed\u6539\u9020\u8153\u5c3c\u57fa\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u7b26\u53f7\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u8f85\u97f3\u548c\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u5957\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002", + "output": "The Egyptians also developed a pictographic system known as hieroglyphics. This system influenced many peoples, including the Phoenicians, who developed the West Semitic Syllabary. The Greeks borrowed the Phoenician system, and in adapting it to their own language they used the symbols to represent both consonant and vowel sound segments, thus inventing the first alphabet.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u9ad8\u81ea\u6211\u76d1\u63a7\u8005\u5728\u8c03\u6574\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u65b9\u9762\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5916\u754c\u7ebf\u7d22\u975e\u5e38\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u201c\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c71\u4e0a\u5531\u4ec0\u4e48\u6b4c\u201d\uff0c\u7075\u6d3b\u5e94\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u3002\u9ad8\u81ea\u6211\u76d1\u63a7\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5f62\u8c61\u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e\u81ea\u6211\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002", - "output": "Individuals high in self-monitoring show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior. They\u2019re highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. High self-monitors are capable of presenting striking contradictions between their public persona and their private selves.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5173\u4e8e\u5929\u624d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u9610\u53d1\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u672c\u7ae0\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u8ff7\u611f\u4e0d\u89e3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5929\u624d\u4f55\u4ee5\u80fd\u5728\u65e2\u65e0\u89c4\u5f8b\u53ef\u5faa\u53c8\u65e0\u660e\u786e\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u5374\u53c8\u662f\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u4ef6\u4ea7\u54c1\u63a2\u5bfb\u51fa\u827a\u672f\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8fd9\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5374\u6709\u7740\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6700\u559c\u6b22\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e8c\u5f8b\u80cc\u53cd\u800c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u4ece\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u8131\u7684\u6218\u672f\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u8c0b\u800c\u5408\u7684\u3002", + "output": "Kant developed his entire view of the productive genius around the problem which, wc saw earlier in this chapter, had puzzled earlier critics: how the genius is able to form a work of art without rules or conscious method, yet achieve a product from which critics later draw the rules of art. This paradox the philosopher, who had read widely in English as well as German criticism, found congenial to his favorite tactic of\u00a3 posing dilemmas from which to extricate himself.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6240\u4ee5\u80be\u810f\u6fc0\u7d20\u7684\u5206\u6ccc\u5728\u7ed9\u8eab\u4f53\u91cc\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\u8f93\u9001\u6c27\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\uff08\u867d\u7136\u662f\u95f4\u63a5\u6027\u7684\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u50cf\u7535\u5f71\u4e2d\u7684\u9ed1\u624b\u515a\u8001\u5927\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4f60\u4ece\u6765\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u4ed6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f60\u5374\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e8b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u7740\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002", - "output": "So the kidneys\u2019 hormone secretion plays a key (even if indirect) role in delivering oxygen to every one of your cells. They\u2019re like a Mafia boss in the movies\u2014you never see the boss, but you know he has an oversized effect on the way other people function.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\uff08\u6216\u662f\u6309\u6211\u7684\u63a8\u6d4b\u66f4\u7a0d\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\uff09\u4e00\u76f4\u52aa\u529b\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u626e\u6210\u5c31\u50cf\u65e5\u672c\u6216\u57c3\u53ca\u90a3\u6837\u6587\u5316\u540c\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u5370\u5ea6\u6216\u662f\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u90a3\u6837\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u5728\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6587\u5b98\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u3002", + "output": "By acting as though it were culturally homogeneous like Japan or Egypt instead of heterogeneous like India or Nigeria, Indonesia (or more exactly, I suppose, the Indonesian elite) has managed to create anarchic politics of meaning outside the established structures of civil government.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u73b0\u5728\u968f\u774021\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u65b9\u9762\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u5f53\u4ee3\u519b\u4e8b\u540e\u52e4\u5b66\u7684\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u53ca\u7528\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5[\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5168\u7403\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08GPS\uff09\u3001\u5730\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08GIS\uff09\u548c\u5c04\u9891\u9274\u5b9a\u5668\uff08RFID\uff09\u4e09\u8005\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408]\u8fdb\u884c\u7a7a\u95f4\u914d\u51c6\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d4b\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u4e1a\u5df2\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u5df2\u7ecf\u5236\u5b9a\uff09\u6d4b\u5b9a\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u2014\u2014\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u2014\u2014\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002", - "output": "Now, in the twenty-first century, something very similar is taking place in space. Driven by the demands of modern logistics and new, more exact ways of registering space (most especially the combination of GPS, geographical information systems (GIS) and radio frequency identifier tags (RFID)) it will soon be possible to locate everything \u2013 yes, everything \u2013 using standards of measurement, some of which (as we have seen) were already being laid down in the eighteenth century.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cQ.D.\u5229\u7ef4\u65af\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u672c\u51fa\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\u6587\u5b66\u4f1f\u5927\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6bd4\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u672c\u9ec4\u8272\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6742\u5fd7\u8981\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u9ea6\u514b\u5510\u7eb3\u6765\u8bf4,\u89c2\u4f17\u5e94\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u9650\u5236\u5728\u5267\u9662\u6216\u8005\u65e0\u58f0\u7535\u5f71\u548c\u5148\u950b\u6d3e\u7535\u5f71\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u653e\u5728\u5eb8\u4fd7\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u597d\u83b1\u575e\u7535\u5f71\u4e0a\u3002", + "output": "Q.D.Leavis's work suggests, for example, that readers would be better off with a novel from the great tradition of English literature than a pulp fiction magazine, while MacDonald implies that audiences should confine themselves to the theatre or silent and avant-garde films rather than mainstream Hollywood cinema.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e0a\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u9760\u7740\u8c03\u67e5\u7537\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u53c2\u52a0\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u573a\u6218\u4e89\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u60f3\u6446\u8131\u4ed6\u6240\u538c\u6076\u7684\u94f6\u884c\u804c\u5458\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u60f3\u53bb\u5192\u9669\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u60f3\u79bb\u5f00\u4f7f\u4ed6\u96be\u582a\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u53bb\u770b\u770b\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u8428\u6469\u4e9a\u4eba\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u957f\u76f8\u5982\u4f55\uff1b\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u60f3\u7a7f\u7a7f\u5236\u670d\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u5219\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u65b0\u653f\u800c\u6218\u6597\uff1b\u5982\u6b64\u7b49\u7b49\u3002", - "output": "Warfare is a struggle between social organisms, not individuals. Its explanation is therefore social or cultural, not psychological. We could never understand why the United States entered World War II\u2014or any other war\u2014by an inquiry into the psychological motives of men and women. One man wanted to quit his distasteful job as bank clerk, another wanted adventure, a third sought release from an unbearable domestic situation, another wanted to see what the women of France, Samoa, or China are like, another wanted to wear a uniform, another fought for God, for Country, and the New Deal, and so on.", + "input": "\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7126\u70b9\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5438\u6536\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u751f\u53d1\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u6587\u672c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u5c11\u6570\u521d\u9732\u7aef\u502a\u7684\u4e66\u6216\u6587\u7ae0\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cAtkinson 1982\uff1bRoberts\uff0ced.1981)\u90fd\u662f\u5df2\u51fa\u7248\u8fc7\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u5f62\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u8457\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e0\u7591\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u50cf\u5b89\u59ae\u7279\u02d9\u97e6\u7eb3\uff08Weiner 1976)\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u8e0a\u8dc3\u5730\u6539\u5199\u5927\u7537\u5b50\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u3002\u4f46\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u7684\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5fe0\u5b9e\u5730\u8bb0\u5f55\u5987\u5973\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4fee\u6b63\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u8303\u7574(\u4f8b\u5982\u6587\u5316/\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u975e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6216\u5bf9\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6027\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u5165\u53cd\u601d\u3002", + "output": "Within this focus we could not draw on any developed debates generated by feminism on ethnographic textual practices. A few very initial indications (for example, Atkinson 1982; Roberts, ed. 1981) were all that had been published. And the situation has not changed dramatically since. Feminism clearly has contributed to anthropological theory. And various female ethnographers, like Annette Weiner (1976), are actively rewriting the masculinist canon. But feminist ethnography has focused either on setting the record straight about women or on revising anthropological categories (for example, the nature/culture opposition). It has not produced either unconventional forms of writing or a developed reflection on ethnographic textuality as such.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e03\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u9009\u4e2d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e8c\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u9009\u8fd8\u8981\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u56fd\u5927\u515a\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u5728\u591a\u6761\u6218\u7ebf\u4e0a\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90a6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6218\u6597\uff0c\u8981\u5bf9\u4ed8\u5229\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5580\u62c9\u62c9\u90a6\u3001\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u90a6\u53ca\u5b89\u5f97\u62c9\u90a6\u5bf9\u4ed8\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\uff1b\u5728\u65c1\u906e\u666e\u90a6\u3001\u5317\u65b9\u4e0e\u4e2d\u592e\u90a6\u53ca\u62c9\u8d3e\u65af\u5766\u90a6\u5bf9\u4ed8\u5b97\u6559\u7fa4\u56e2\u653f\u515a\u2026\u2026", - "output": "Thus, in the 1957 elections, even more than in those of 1952, the Congress found itself engaged in a multifront war, fighting different election battles in the various states, against different sorts of opponents capitalizing on different sorts of discontents\u2014against the Communists in Kerala, Bengal, and Andhra; against communal religious parties in Punjab, Uttar and Madhya Pradesh, and Rajahstan...", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u69ea\u5ff5\u5b66\u4e60\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8054\u5408\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u5171\u540c\u8868\u5f81(\u5982,\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ea2\u8272\u5706\u5f62\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u5982\u76d2\u5b50\u8fb9\u6570)\u5c31\u4e0e\u4e4b\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u4e86\u3002\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5219\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u8868\u5f81\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982,\u4efb\u610f\u989c\u8272\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5706\u5f62\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea2\u8272\u5706\u5f62\u3002", + "output": "The configuration of features in a concept-learning task can be varied to yield differentconcepts. A conjunctive concept is represented by two or more features (e.g., two red circles). Other features (number of borders) are not relevant. A disjunctive concept is representedby one of two or more features; for example, two circles of any color or one redcircle.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u53d7\u5230\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u4f0a\u2022 \u62c9\u5e15\u6ce2\u7279\uff08Roy Rappaport 1968)\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u5f17\u5170\u7eb3\u5229\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u540c\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u8c03\u8282\u751f\u6001\u9002\u5e94\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e5\u76ca\u5173\u6ce8\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u770b\u505a\u5851\u9020\u6587\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff08Flannery and Marcus l993)\u3002", - "output": "Inspired by the work of the ecologist Roy Rappaport (1968), Flannery came to view cultural traditions and belief systems as playing active roles in regulating ecological adaptation. As a result, he paid increasing attention to beliefs and cognition as factors shaping cultural development (Flannery and Marcus 1993).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u6539\u53d8\u7740\u5168\u7403\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u519b\u4e8b\u6280\u672f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5206\u5c42\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5904\u4e8e\u5546\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u9769\u65b0\u524d\u6cbf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u518d\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5f3a\u56fd\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u5de5\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u4ece\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u53d7\u5230\u542f\u53d1\uff1a\u57281989\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd38%\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u662f\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\uff0c\u4e94\u89d2\u5927\u697c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u67093\u5bb6\u65e5\u672c\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u5176\u5bfc\u5f39\u548c\u98de\u673a\u5347\u5165\u5929\u7a7a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd93\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e8695%\u7684\u9676\u74f7\u7ba1\u58f3\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u7535\u5b50\u201d\uff08OAT\uff0c1991\uff0c\u7b2c38\u9875\uff1bEconomist Intelligence Unit\uff0c1994\uff0c\u7b2c18\u9875\uff09\u3002", + "output": "This in turn is transforming the stratification of military-technological power within the global system. For the cohort of states and corporations at the leading edge of commercial technological innovation is no longer entirely synonymous with the cohort of today's great military powers or military-industrial corporations. In this respect, it is instructive to note that in 1989 38 per cent of US military semiconductors were imported while the Pentagon 'cannot put a single missile or aircraft up in the sky without the help of three Japanese companies that provide 95 per cent of the ceramic packages that protect their electronics' (OTA, 1991, p. 38; Economist Intelligence Unit, 1994, p. 18).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u8457\u540d\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u798f\u514b\u7eb3\uff08William Faulkner)\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u6b8b\u5b58\u7684\u56fe\u817e\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u50cf\u5728\u5176\u300a\u718a\u300b(The Bear) \u6216\u300a\u6211\u5f25\u7559\u4e4b\u9645\u300b\uff08As I lay dying)\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u718a\u3001\u9a6c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u9c7c\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u56fe\u817e\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f1a\u575a\u5b9a\u4e0d\u79fb\u5730\u5728\u5206\u7c7b\u4e0a\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u5176\u56fe\u817e\u8054\u7cfb\u5230\u4e00\u8d77\u3002", - "output": "And in the work of a sensitive writer such as William Faulkner, one sees a surviving sense of totemism; read \"The Bear\", or As I Lay Dying, where people identify with bears, horses, and even fish. But in true totemic cultures, a person deeply and categorically identifies with his totem. The Bororo of Brazil are said to believe, in certain special ways and contexts, that they are the animal that is their totem.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u80dc\u7b97\u6bd4\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5982\u540c\u5728\u4e16\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6240\u4f30\u7b97\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u80dc\u7b97\u6bd4\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u503c\u662f1.0\u3002\u5f53\u503c\u9ad8\u4e8e1.0\u4ee3\u8868\u98ce\u9669\u589e\u52a0;\u5c0f\u4e8e1.0\u8868\u793a\u98ce\u9669\u4e0b\u964d\u3002", + "output": "The odds ratio is interpreted as an estimate of the relative risk that would have been calculated in the study group if a cohort study had been conducted. Like the relative risk, the null value of the odds ratio is 1.0. Values above 1.0 typically indicate increased risk, and values less than 1.0 indicate reduced risk.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0e\u201c\u80fd\u529b\u201d \u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u751f\u6210\u8bed\u6cd5\u6765\u8868\u5f81\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u7406\u8bba\u5219\u4e00\u76f4\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5c40\u9650\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ed\u9698\u800c\u4e0d\u5f53\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4e1a\u5df2\u4e60\u5f97\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u2014\u2014\u5373\u523a\u6fc0-\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u8054\u63a5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8054\u60f3\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u50a8\u5907\u5e93\uff0c\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u7279\u5316\u7684\u524c\u6fc0\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4ee5\u7279\u6b8a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f5c\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u503e\u5411\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5c31\u884c\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u6cbb\u7597\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u5730\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5c40\u9650\u5728\u201c\u6240\u4e60\u5f97\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u3002", - "output": "It has no concept corresponding to \u201ccompetence,\u201d in the sense in which competence is characterized by a generativegrammar. The theory of learning has limited itself to a narrow and surely inadequate concept of what is learned \u2013 namely a system of stimulus-response connections, a network of associations, a repertoire of behavioral items, a habit hierarchy, or a system of dispositions to respond in a particularway under specifiable stimulus conditions.5 Insofar as behavioral psychology has been applied to education or therapy, it has correspondingly limited itself to this concept of \u201cwhat is learned.\u201d", + "input": "\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u91c7\u7eb3\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u6027\u604b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u7a81\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002", + "output": "Whether taking a Black feminist, a radical feminist or a psychoanalytic approach, lesbian feminist theory foregrounds one or all of these elements.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5ba3\u79f0\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u6d88\u5931\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8fd8\u4e3a\u65f6\u592a\u65e9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u4ecd\u7136\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u800c\u4e14\u4e1d\u6beb\u672a\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5417\uff1f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u8bc1\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u53d1\u8fd6\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u5341\u5206\u5f3a\u5927\u3002", - "output": "While the announcement of the eradication of national cultural differences seems highly premature, is it the case that national cultures remain robust and unsullied? There is considerable evidence to suggest that processes of national cultural fragmentation are at work in the contemporary world. One of the best indicators of this is the existence and political strength of devolutionist, regionalist or independence movements within many SIACS.", + "input": "\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u6587\u79d1\u4e03\u827a\u540e\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u6216\u8005\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u51e0\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5907\u53d7\u63a8\u5d07\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5176\u5b66\u4e60\u5f80\u5f80\u8017\u65f6\u5341\u5e74\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u4e45\u3002", + "output": "After completing the liberal arts curriculum, a student could go on to study law, medicine, or theology, which was the most highly regarded subject of the medieval curriculum. The study of law, medicine, or theology could take a decade or more.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f15\u53d1\u5e76\u5b9a\u4e49\u6c14\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u505a\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u7b26\u53f7\u6216\u7b26\u53f7\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c06\u6c14\u8d28\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u603b\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u6216\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5f15\u8d77\u60ca\u8bb6\u3002", - "output": "That the symbols or symbol systems which induce and define dispositions we set off as religious and those which place those dispositions in a cosmic framework are the same symbols ought to occasion no surprise.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5973\u6027\u5728\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u738b\u56fd\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u548c\u4fee\u5973\u5206\u5f00\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u4f46\u5171\u540c\u53c2\u52a0\u6559\u4f1a\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u90fd\u53ef\u89c1\u5230\u3002\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u548c\u4fee\u5973\u9075\u5b88\u5171\u540c\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5973\u6027\u800c\u975e\u7537\u6027\u3002\u5973\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u9662\u957f\u957f\u662f\u738b\u5ba4\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5728\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\u2014\u2014\u6492\u514b\u900a\u5c24\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\u3002", + "output": "Women played an important role in the monastic missionary movement and the conversion of the Germanic kingdoms. Double monasteries, where both monks and nuns lived in separate houses but attended church services together, were found in both the English and Frankish kingdoms. The monks and nuns followed a common rule under a common head. Frequently, this leader was an abbess rather than an abbot. Many of these abbesses belonged to royal houses, especially in Anglo-Saxon England.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u523017\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u62fc\u51d1\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9010\u6e10\u8fdb\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u539f\u5219\u548c\u9886\u571f\u539f\u5219\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4f18\u5148\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5404\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5de9\u56fa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u4f53\u7cfb\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08Giddens\uff0c1985\uff0c\u7b2c91\u9875\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u65e0\u53ef\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u5c31\u662f\u627f\u8ba4\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7586\u57df\u5185\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5373\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u8981\u6c42\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u4e92\u76f8\u8ba4\u53ef\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u76f8\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u5bf9\u65b9\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u9886\u571f\u548c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u529b\u3002", - "output": "By the end of the seventeenth century Europe was no longer simply a mosaic of polities, but an evolving 'society of states' in which the principles of sovereignty and territoriality became supreme. The consolidated power of each individual state was at the same time part of the process of overall interstate formation (Giddens, 1985, p. 91). For a concomitant of each and every state's claim to uncontestable authority was the recognition that such a claim gave other states an equal entitlement to autonomy and respect within their own borders. The development of state sovereignty was central to the process of mutual recognition whereby states granted each other rights of jurisdiction in their respective territories and communities.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5316\uff08\u548c\u8fd4\u9b45\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a2\u5bfb\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u591a\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u52aa\u529b\u6b65\u8c03\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u51b7\u6f20\u7684\u3001\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u5730\u7406\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u80fd\u751f\u4ea7\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u60ca\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\u3002", + "output": "Socio-ecological projects, much more in tune with confronting questions of alienation (and re-enchantment) and opening up diverse possibilities for self-realization, can be regarded as fundamentally part of some socialist future. The failures of capitalism to produce anything other than the uneven geographical development of bland, commoditized, homogeneity is, surely, one of the most striking features of its failures.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u53cc\u5b58\u50a8\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u52a0\u5de5\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5148\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u5173\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u6765\u8c08\u8c08\u5173\u4e8e\u8a00\u8bed\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002", - "output": "The two-store (dual) memory model serves as our basic information processing perspective on learning and memory, although as noted earlier not all researchers accept this model (Matlin, 2009). Research on verbal learning is covered next to provide a historical backdrop.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u201c\u7194\u7089\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u968f\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u4fe1\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u5f52\u5c5e\u6216\u826f\u597d\u6c9f\u901a\u80fd\u591f\u6eb6\u89e3\u65cf\u88d4\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u3002\u4ece\u8d5e\u683c\u5a01\u5c14\u7684\u5267\u4f5c\u4e0a\u6f14\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u6709\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u95ee\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u65cf\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7194\u7089\u91cc\u6eb6\u89e3\uff1f", + "output": "The expression \"the melting pot\" subsequently became a slogan forall those who believed that civic nationalism, or modernisation, oreducation, or class allegiances, or better communications, woulddissolve prior ethnic loyalties. Three generations on from thestaging of Zangwill's play, and we still have to ask the question \"why does ethnicity not dissolve in the melting pot?\"", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u622a\u7136\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u6d41\u6d3e\u3001\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\uff0c\u5728\u5c55\u793a\u4eb2\u5c5e\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5deb\u672f\u548c\u9b54\u672f\u3001\u4eea\u5f0f\u548c\u795e\u8bdd\u3001\u738b\u4f4d\u548c\u9996\u9886\u5236\u5ea6\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u63cf\u5199\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5219\u7a0d\u5fae\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5f3a\u8c03\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002", - "output": "Functionalism and configurationalism are not so much separate schools of thought as different emphases that guide ethnographicdescription. Social anthropology in Britain traditionally has emphasized a functionalist sort of description in masterful monographs that show the workings of kinship systems, of witchcraft and sorcery, ritual and myth, kingship and chieftainship. Cultural anthropology in America has emphasized somewhat more the configurationalist approach.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3001\u4ed6\u7684\u7a7f\u7740\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u8bf4\u8bdd\u7684\u8154\u8c03\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u620f\u4eff\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35 \u65cf\uff1b\u4ed6\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u72c2\u6b22\u8282\u5f0f\u9690\u55bb\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u5728\u90a3\u513f\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a \u4e86\u88ab\u5632\u7b11\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a \u89c4\u5219\u5374\u5728\u88ab\u6253\u7834\u3002", + "output": "His name, his dress, and his accent all parody the traditional English aristocrat; he is a carnivalesque metaphor of social power and status who is there to be laughed at. The social rules that he embodies are to be broken at the same time the information he imparts is accepted.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e66\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u5de5\u4f5c\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5206\u89e3\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u5206\u89e3\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5305\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7684\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u4e1a \u6d3b\u52a8\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u8be5\u5de5\u4f5c\u5305\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u9884\u8ba1\u6bcf\u4e00\u9879\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5f88\u96be\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u7ed9\u4e88\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u9884\u8ba1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u591a\u91c7\u7528\u70b9\u4f30\u8ba1\u6216\u8005\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u6cd5\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e1a\u7ba1\u7406\u7ecf\u7406\u4e86\u89e3\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\u3002\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u4f30\u7b97\u7684\u53c2\u7167\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8bb0\u5f55\u6216\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u7ed9\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u4f30\u7b97\u5e26\u6765\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53c2\u6570\u6570\u636e\u901a\u5e38\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u6548\u4f30\u7b97\u3002", - "output": "Tasks are defined in the SOW and then translated into the WBS. Each work package in the WBS is decomposed into a set of activities that reflect its predefined scope. Estimating the duration of each activity is a major issue in time management. Activity durations are rarely known with certainty and so are given as either point estimates or probability distributions. The work package manager is the best source of these estimates because he or she knows the technology. Sometimes an estimate can be derived from a database of similar activities. A problem is created when organizations do not maintain time-related records or do not associate parameters with an activity. The absence of parameterized data often precludes its use in deriving time estimates.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u65e7\u5927\u9646\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u2014\u2014\u5982\u4e09\u671f\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u8d77\u521d\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u65b0\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u672c\u571f\u6587\u5316\u7f3a\u5c11\u6587\u732e\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u4fbf\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u7f8e\u6d32\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3b\u6d41\u6846\u67b6\u90fd\u662f\u5355\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\u2014\u2014\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5927\u81f4\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\u3002", + "output": "This commitment to understanding required adopting models or interpretive frameworks that could be tested against the evidence. Models developed in the Old World, such as the three-age system, were initially derived mainly from history. In the New World, where most native cultures lacked written histories, archaeology became closely allied with anthropology. For both areas at the time the dominant framework was unilinear cultural evolution, whereby the same broad stages were defined for all societies.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6b64\u5047\u8bf4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8bed\u8a00\u7ed3\u6784\u5f71\u54cd\u8bf4\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u4eba\u5bf9\u5176\u5468\u56f4\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u5f80\u5f80\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5176\u8f83\u5f31\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u8bed\u8a00\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u8bed\u8a00\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u3002", - "output": "The proposition that the structure of a language influences how its speakers perceive the world around them. It is often presented in its weak form, linguistic relativism, and its strong form, linguistic determinism.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5fc5\u987b\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u5b66\u8bf4\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bf8\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u7262\u7262\u5730\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u52a8\u5f97\u4ee5\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5730\u7406\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u6539\u9020\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5148\u950b\u6d3e(\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u5e7d\u7075)\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u5148\u950b\u6d3e(\u5fb7\u91cc\u8fbe\u7684\u5e7d\u7075)\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u5b83\u4e9f\u5f85\u57f9\u80b2\u3002", + "output": "Organizations, institutions, doctrines, programs, formalized structures and the like simply have to be created. And these political activities must be firmly grounded in and transformative of the concrete historical and geographical conditions through which human action unfolds. Between the traditional avant-gardism of communist parties (the specter of Lenin) and an idealized avant-gardism (the specter of Derrida) there lies a terrain of political organization and struggle that desperately cries out for cultivation.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u5929\u5730\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4ece\u8003\u53e4\u65b9\u9762\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u535c\u9aa8\u8868\u660e\u5deb\u89cb\u6c9f\u901a\u5929\u5730\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7532\u9aa8\u4e0a\u523b\u8bb0\u535c\u8f9e\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\u3002", - "output": "The material means of access that we have discussed provide obvious archaeological evidence of the system of political authority. Oracle bones suggest shamanistic communication, but the inscriptions found on them are acts that are more political than religious.", + "input": "\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e74\u4ee3\u6d4b\u5b9a\u6280\u672f\u4ee5\u51fa\u5904\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u5730\u5c42\u5b66\uff0c\u6216\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u88ab\u6062\u6587\u7269\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u4e0a\u2014\u2014\u5982\u98ce\u683c\u6216\u9891\u7387\u6392\u961f\u6cd5\u3002", + "output": "Archaeologists have long used relative dating techniques based on provenience, such as stratigraphy, or based on the characteristics of recovered remains, such as stylistic or frequency seriation.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u518d\u4f9d\u9760\u590d\u6742\u7684\u51b0\u8fdb\u548c\u51b0\u9000\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65e7\u77f3\u5668\u65f6\u4ee3\u6d4b\u5e74\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u66f4\u65b0\u4e16\u548c\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u6c14\u5019\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u88ab\u6df1\u6d77\u5ca9\u82af\u3001\u51b0\u82af\u548c\u542b\u5b62\u7c89\u7684\u6c89\u79ef\u7269\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u7528\u4e8e\u5e74\u4ee3\u6d4b\u5b9a\u8fd8\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u3002", - "output": "Archaeologists no longer rely on complex glacial advances and retreats as the basis for dating the Paleolithic. However, fluctuations in Pleistocene and Hol- ocene climate as recorded in deep-sea cores, ice cores, and sediments containing pollen are of considerable value for dating purposes.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f20\u5a92\u5316\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u62a5\u9053\uff09 \u5e76\u975e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5448\u73b0\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u5229\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u6765\u8bef\u5bfc\u4ed6\u4eba\uff08Fiske\uff0c1996)\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5305\u542b\u5728\u6545\u4e8b\u91cc\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u201c\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u5efa\u6784\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ed9\u8bfb\u8005\u6216\u662f\u89c2\u4f17\u7684\uff08Fiske, 1996)\u3002", + "output": "Mediated messages (e.g., news media coverage) are not objective accounts of events. Instead, the media privilege certain interpretations while simultaneously discouraging others (Fiske, 1996). In other words, what is included in the story, and more importantly, how it is discussed help \"frame\" an event for the reader or viewer (Fiske, 1996).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5c0f\u6837\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u662f\u65e0\u504f\u6027\u548c\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u540e\u8005\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u65e0\u504f\u4f30\u8ba1\u91cf\u7684\u65b9\u5dee\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5927\u6837\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u6837\u672c\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u5927\u65f6\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4f30\u8ba1\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u8ba1\u91cf\u7ecf\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u91cf\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6781\u9650\u5b9a\u7406\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u6837\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u91cf\u7684\u62bd\u6837\u5206\u5e03\u90fd\u662f\u8fd1\u4f3c\u6b63\u6001\u7684\u3002", - "output": "The most important small sample properties are unbiasedness and efficiency, the latter of which depends on comparing variances when estimators are unbiased. Large sample properties concern the sequence of estimators obtained as the sample size grows, and they are also depended upon in econometrics. Any useful estimator is consistent. The central limit theorem implies that, in large samples, the sampling distribution of most estimators is approximately normal.", + "input": "\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u653e\u5f03\u73b0\u65f6\u6d88\u8d39\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u8d44\u672c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u5982\u65b0\u5efa\u4e00\u5ea7\u5de5\u5382\u6216\u4fee\u7b51\u4e00\u6761\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u5e74\u9650\u6216\u63d0\u9ad8\u6559\u80b2\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u77e5\u8bc6\u6280\u672f\u79ef\u7d2f\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u63d0\u9ad8\u672a\u6765\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u6211\u4eec\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u3002", + "output": "Economic activity involves forgoing current consumption to increase our capital. Every time we invest\u2014building a new factory or road, increasing the years or quality of education, or increasing the stock of useful technical knowledge\u2014we are enhancing the future productivity of our economy and increasing future consumption.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5176\u4e2d\uff0ca\u4ee3\u8868\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u6d88\u8d39\u652f\u51fa\uff08autonomous consumer expenditure)\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e0e\u53ef\u652f\u914d\u6536\u5165\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u662f\u6d88\u8d39\u51fd\u6570\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u622a\u8ddd\u9879\u3002\u5b83\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u53ef\u652f\u914d\u6536\u5165\u4e3a\u96f6\u65f6\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u91d1\u989d\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u98df\u54c1\u3001\u8863\u7269\u548c\u4f4f\u5904\uff09\u3002", - "output": "The term a stands for autonomous consumer expenditure, the amount of consumer expenditure that is independent of disposable income and is the intercept of the consumption function line. It tells us how much consumers will spend when disposable income is 0 (they still must have food, clothing, and shelter).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4eba\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u8f7b\u6613\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f3a\u8feb\u3002\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u65f6\u7a7a\u5e38\u5e38\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u9002\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fdb\u5165\u6697\u542b\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5e76\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ee5\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7b1b\u5361\u513f\u672f\u8bed\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u9886\u5730\u548c\u571f\u5730\u6743\u7684\u5206\u9694\u3002", + "output": "Such impositions were not necessarily well received. The spread of a capitalist value system and its associated sense of intersubjective space-time has often entailed a fierce battle to socialize different peoples into the common net of time-space discipline implicit in industrial organization and into a respect for partitions of territorial and land rights specified in strictly Cartesian terms.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\uff089.11.1\uff09\u4eff\u771f\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6bcf\u9879\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5206\u5e03\u968f\u673a\u4ea7\u751f\u5b9e\u65bd\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u5bf9\u9879\u76ee\u8fdb\u884c\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u5982\u7b2c2\u8282\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4eff\u771f\u8fd0\u7b97\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u6bcf\u9879\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5b9e\u65bd\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u8def\u5f84\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8def\u5f84\u548c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u6b21\u91cd\u590d\u8be5\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u6216\u67f1\u72b6\u56fe\u3002\u7136\u540e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u5e03\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u9879\u76ee\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u65e5\u671f\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u9884\u671f\u9519\u8bef\u3002", - "output": "9.11.1 Simulation ApproachThis approach is based on simulating the project by randomly generating performance times for each activity from their perceived distributions. In most cases, it is assumed that activity times follow a beta distribution as discussed in Section 9.2.1. In each simulation run, a sample of the performance time of each activity is taken and a CPM analysis is conducted to determine the critical path and the project finish time for that realization. By repeating the process a large number of times, it is possible to construct a frequency distribution or histogram of the project completion time. This distribution then may be used to calculate the probability that the project finishes by a given date, as well as the expected error of each such estimate.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5c11\u6709\u5546\u54c1\u4ea4\u5f80\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u76f8\u5bf9\u81ea\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u7b28\u91cd\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u53c8\u4e0d\u4fbf\u8fd0\u8f93\u3002\u516c\u5143\u5934\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0cHopewell\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5708\u5728\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e1c\u90e8\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u5f88\u5927\u3002", + "output": "Few commodities moved between regions because each region was relatively selfsufficient and bulky goods were hard to transport. One interaction sphere, the Hopewell, operated on a very large scale in what is now the eastern United States during the first two centuries AD.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6bcf\u9879\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5206\u5e03\u968f\u673a\u4ea7\u751f\u5b9e\u65bd\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u5bf9\u9879\u76ee\u8fdb\u884c\u6a21\u62df\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u5982\u7b2c2\u8282\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\uff0c \u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4eff\u771f\u8fd0\u7b97\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u6bcf\u9879\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5b9e\u65bd\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u8def\u5f84\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8def\u5f84\u548c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u95f4\u3002", - "output": "This approach is based on simulating the project by randomly generating performance times for each activity from their perceived distributions. In most cases, it is assumed that activity times follow a beta distribution as discussed in Section 2. In each simulation run, a sample of the performance time of each activity is taken and a CPM analysis is conducted to determine the critical path and the project finish time for that realization.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u65b0\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7a0d\u540e\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u97e6\u5c3c\u00b7C.\u5e03\u601d\uff08Wayne C. Booth\uff09\u66f4\u4e3a\u8457\u540d\uff0c\u5e03\u601d\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u7684\u65b0\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4fee\u8f9e\u5b66\u300b\uff081961\uff09\u88ab\u5e7f\u4e3a\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u540e\u6765\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u7406\u8bba\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u548c\u4e0d\u8db3\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u662f\u5f17\u5229\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u8a79\u59c6\u900a\uff0c\u89c1\u7b2c5\u7ae0\uff1b\u201c\u8bfb\u8005\u5bfc\u5411\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5176\u4f5c\u4e86\u9690\u542b\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u89c1\u7b2c3\u7ae0\uff09\u3002", + "output": "In effect, the Neo-Aristotelians were most influential in the study of narrative structure in the novel, and most particularly by way of the work of a slightly later critic, Wayne C. Booth, who nevertheless acknowledged that he was a Chicago Aristotelian. His book The Rhetoric of Fiction (1961) has been widely read and highly regarded, although latterly contemporary crit- ical theory has demonstrated its limitations and inadequacies (by Fredric Jameson, see Chapter 5, p. 105, and implicitly by much \u2018reader-oriented\u2019 theory, see Chapter 3).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u89c4\u5219\u201d\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u7684\u534f\u5546\u6216\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6cd5\u9662\u91cc\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u80fd\u591f\u542c\u5230\u5404\u56fd\u5bf9\u89c4\u5219\uff08\u6216\u547d\u4ee4\uff09\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6216\u9002\u7528\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u6cd5\u5ead\u5728\u534f\u8c03\u6b27\u76df\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65b9\u9762\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002", - "output": "Of all these instruments, 'regulations' are the most notable because they have the status of law independently of any further negotiation or action on the part of member states. Disputes about national interpretations and applications of regulations (or directives) can be heard at the European Court of Justice; and the Court has taken on a major role in the harmonization of law within the Union.", + "input": "\u5728\u8fd1\u4e1c\uff0c\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u9769\u547d\u540c\u6837\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5229\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5728\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u65b0\u6708\u5730\u5e26\uff08\u5373\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5317\u90e8\uff09\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u9ad8\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u8015\u79cd\u6bd4\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6cb3\u8c37\u66f4\u4e3a\u6709\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u964d\u96e8\u91cf\uff0c\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u91ce\u751f\u4f5c\u7269\uff08\u5927\u9ea6\u548c\u5c0f\u9ea6\uff09\u548c\u56db\u79cd\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u9a6f\u517b\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u732a\u3001\u725b\u3001\u5c71\u7f8a\u548c\u7ef5\u7f8a\uff09\u7684\u6545\u4e61\u3002", + "output": "The Neolithic agricultural revolution needed a favorable environment. In the Near East, the upland areas above the Fertile Crescent (present-day northern Iraq and southern Turkey) were more conducive to systematic farming than the river valleys. This region received the necessary rainfall and was the home of two wild plant species (barley and wheat) and four wild animal species (pigs, cows, goats, and sheep) that humans eventually domesticated.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u88684-11\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u6d41\u5411\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u8f6c\u8f68\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u8d44\u672c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8f6c\u8f68\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5df2\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u4efd\u989d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e1c\u4e9a\u548c\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u4ecd\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d41\u91cf\u3002\u523090\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u6d41\u5411\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u8d44\u672c\u5360\u5176\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u6216\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9ad8\u4e8e70\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d41\u91cf\u57281997\u301c1998\u5e74\u4e1c\u4e9a\u8d27\u5e01\u5371\u673a\u4e4b\u540e\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u6700\u7a77\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7279\u522b\u662f\u975e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\u6d41\u91cf\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u4e0d\u53ca\u603b\u66881%\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002", - "output": "Table 4.11 details private capital flows to developing countries and to transition economies. East Asia and Latin America continue to dominate these flows, although the transition economies have attracted an increasing share. By the late 1990s private capital flows to developing economies were higher relative to either their GDP or investment levels than during the 1970s. However, these flows declined sharply following the East Asian currency crises of 1997-8. FDI flows to the poorest economies, notably in Africa, remain less than 1 per cent of the total.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8eab\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u5feb\u611f\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5e76\u4e14\u4ecd\u5c06\u662f\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u89c4\u907f\u3001\u89c4\u8bad\u4e0e\u89e3\u653e \u76f8\u4e92\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u63a2\u7d22\u6b64\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u867d \u7136\u8eab\u4f53\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u8eab\u4f53\u653f\u6cbb\uff08\u9636\u7ea7\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u6027\u522b\u5316\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff09\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002", + "output": "In this chapter, I wish to trace some of the ways in which the body and its pleasures have been, and continue to be, the site of a struggle between power and evasion, discipline and liberation; though the body may appear to be where we are most individual, it is also the material form of the body politic: the class body, the racial body, and the body of gender.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8212\u59c6\u548c\u5229\u514b\u8482\u7684\u201c\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0e\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u201d (Schumm and Lichty 1965. Time, Space and Causality)\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u5730\u8c8c\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u539f\u56e0\u53d8\u91cf\u5982\u4f55\u968f\u7814\u7a76\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002", - "output": "Schumm and Lichty\u2019s (1965) \u2018Time, space and causality\u2019 is a classic paper in geomorphology, explaining how causal variables differ with changing scale of interest, in both space and time.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u9632\u6cbb\u7259\u9f88\u708e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5403\u5bcc\u542b\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7684\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u82f9\u679c\uff0c\u6216\u56bc\u65e0\u7cd6\u53e3\u9999\u7cd6\uff0c\u5229\u4e8e\u553e\u6db2\u5206\u6ccc\u3002\u8fd9\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u53e3\u5e72\uff0c\u800c\u53e3\u8154\u5e72\u6da9\u662f\u5f15\u53d1\u7259\u9f88\u708e\u7684\u666e\u904d\u539f\u56e0\u3002", + "output": "Another way to thwart inflamed gums: Eat fibrous foods like apples or chew sugarless gum, which helps build up saliva. That helps you avoid dry mouth, which is a common cause of gingivitis.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5316\u77f3\u548c\u8fd1\u5f53\u4ee3\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5316\u77f3\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u65f6\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u6982\u7387\u6cd5\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u540e\u66f4\u65b0\u4e16\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u5934\u76d6\u9aa8\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5f62\u6001\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u9762\u90e8\u548c\u524d\u989d\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ddf\u6574\u4e2a\u5934\u76d6\u9aa8\u5c3a\u5bf8\u53d8\u5c0f\u6709\u5173\u3002", - "output": "An alternative analytical method, using a likelihood approach, is described and employed in a comparison of these fossils with a near-contemporary comparative series. The results demonstrate that a variety of morphological changes have occurred in the Australian cranium in the post-Pleistocene period, particularly of the face and forehead, associated with a general reduction in overall size.", + "input": "\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u9752\u94dc\u793c\u5668\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0a\u9762\u52a8\u7269\u7eb9\u6837\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u5148\u79e6\u53e4\u7c4d\u91cc\u65e9\u5df2\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e0b\u300a\u56fd\u8bed\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u7edd\u5730\u5929\u901a\u7684\u795e\u8bdd\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u539f\u6587\u91cc\u63d0\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff1a\u201c\u7269\uff08\u52a8\u7269\u727a\u7272\uff09\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5668\uff08\u796d\u7940\u7528\u5668\uff09\u201d\u3002", + "output": "I believe that such a theory exists. In fact, explanations of the meaning of both the bronze ritual vessels and their animal motifs are furnished by the ancient Chinese themselves in pre-Ch'in texts. Recall the description of the myth of the separation of heaven and earth, as related in Kuo Yii. The Chinese original of the passage that was quoted in Chapter 3 used two words, wu (animal offerings) and ch'i (ritual vessels).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8272\u7518\u9178\u7684\u9884\u9632\u6548\u679c\u6301\u7eed\u7ea62\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u7279\u5e03\u4ed6\u6797\u5408\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u9884\u9632\u6548\u679c\u52a0\u500d\u3002\u8272\u7518\u9178\u94a0\u67093\u79cd\u5242\u578b\uff1a\u80f6\u56ca\u7c89\u5242(\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u80f6\u56ca\u542b20 mg)\u7ecf\u7c89\u96fe\u5438\u5165\u5668\u5438\u5165\uff1b\u5b9a\u91cf\u5438\u5165\u5242\u6bcf\u6b21\u55b7\u5c041 mg;\u55b7\u96fe\u5668\u6eb6\u6db2\u6bcf\u74f6\u542b20 mg\u3002\u5c3c\u591a\u9178\u94a0\u662f\u542b\u6709\u8272\u7518\u9178\u94a0\u7684\u5408\u5242\uff0c\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd2\u6027\u3002", - "output": "Cromolyn\u2019s protective effect lasts about 2 h, but in combination with terbutaline, protection lasts twice as long. Cromolyn sodium is available in three forms: a powder contained within a capsule (20 mg \u2022 capsule-1), inhaled via a Spinhaler, a metered-dose inhaler (1 mg \u2022 puff-1) and a nebulizer solution (20mg \u2022 amp-1). Nedocromil sodium is a com pound related to cromolyn sodium, with com parable potency and efficacy, and comparable freedom from toxicity.", + "input": "\u572851\u4f8b\u6b7b\u4ea1\u75c5\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c23\u4f8b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u80f8\u90e8\u88ab\u7403\u51fb\u4e2d\u540e\u7ee7\u53d1\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u5916\u529b\u901a\u8fc7\u80f8\u58c1\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u5fc3\u808c\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5fc3\u810f\u7834\u88c2\u662f\u68d2\u7403\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u521b\u4f24\u81f4\u6b7b\u56e0\u7d20 (Abrunzo, 1991)\u3002\u4e0e\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u88ab\u7403\u51fb\u4e2d\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u76f8\u5bf9\u8584\u7684\u80f8\u58c1\u5c31\u4f1a\u5c06\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u5fc3\u808c\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u5fc3\u5f8b\u5931\u5e38\u6216\u5fc3\u5f8b\u4e0d\u9f50\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u81f4\u6b7b\u6027\u635f\u4f24\u539f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5934\u90e8\u88ab\u7403\u51fb\u4e2d\u800c\u7ee7\u53d1\u95ed\u5408\u6027\u9885\u8111\u635f\u4f24\u3002\u5934\u80f8\u90e8\u88ab\u51fb\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u4e8e\u51fb\u7403\u548c\u6295\u7403\u65f6\uff08Rutherford, 1981)\u3002", + "output": "Of the 51 deaths 23 occurring during this period were secondary to being struck in the chest by the ball. Commotio cordis, which occurs secondary to forces generated through the chest wall to the myocardium, has been recognized as the most common cause of traumatic death in baseball (Abrunzo, 1991). When struck with a baseball, the relatively thin, compliant chest wall of a child is thought to transmit greater energy to the myocardium than that of the adult, resulting in fatal dysrhythmias or arrythmia. The next most common category of injury resulting in death involves the head being struck by the ball and consequent closed head injury. The greatest risk of being struck in the chest or head is incurred while batting or pitching (Rutherford 1981).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56e0\u7d20\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u56e0\u7d20\u4ee5\u53ca\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u90fd\u9a71\u52a8\u7740\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5168\u7403\u8fc1\u79fb\u3002\u968f\u7740\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u5411\u5916\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u7b49\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u8fdb\u653b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u7ecf\u5e38\u7684\u662f\u4e8c\u8005\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5148\u6709\u519b\u4e8b\u8fdb\u653b\u540e\u6709\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u5c31\u662f\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002", - "output": "Economic pressures, ideological forces and inquisitiveness drove the first global migrations. With the establishment of settled centres of power, migrations tended to accompany the outward thrust of military might, occasionally preceded but more often accompanied by or followed by missionaries, traders and agrarians. The expansion of the Roman Empire and the Chinese Empire are examples of this.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8d6b\u8328\u4f2f\u683c\u7684\u53cc\u56e0\u7d20\u7406\u8bba\uff08two-factor theory)(\u4e5f\u53eb\u505a\u6fc0\u52b1_\u4fdd\u5065\u7406\u8bba\uff08moti\u001fvation-hygiene theory)) \u8ba4\u4e3a\u5185\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u6ee1\u610f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u5916\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u8d6b\u8328\u4f2f\u683c\u60f3\u8981\u4eba\u4eec\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u597d\uff08\u6ee1\u610f\uff09\u6216\u8005\u7279\u522b\u5dee\uff08\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\uff09 \u7684\u60c5\u5883\uff08\u89c1\u56fe\u886816\u20142)\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u611f\u5230\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u548c\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002", + "output": "Frederick Herzberg\u2019s two-factor theory (also called motivation-hygiene theory) proposes that intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction. Herzberg wanted to know when people felt exceptionally good (satisfied) or bad (dissatisfied) about their jobs. (These findings are shown in Exhibit 16-2.) He concluded that the replies people gave when they felt good about their jobs were significantly different from the replies they gave when they felt badly.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u6536\u652f\u5e73\u8861\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u52a0\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u6574\u673a\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u5236\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u6536\u652f\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u5f71\u54cd\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u652f\u51fa\uff1b\u5931\u4e1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5de5\u8d44\u548c\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u3002", - "output": "Adjustment to a balance-of-payments problem can be achieved in two ways. One is to change economic policy; the second is through automatic adjustment mechanisms. There are two automatic mechanisms: Payments imbalances affect the money supply and hence spending, and unemployment affects wages and prices and thereby competitiveness.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u8fd96\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u768450\u5e74\u91cc\u90fd\u5df2\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5176\u5377\u5165\u5168\u7403\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u521a\u521a\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5df2\u5e9f\u5f03\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u534f\u5b9a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d4\u4e2a\u662f\u5317\u7ea6\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u745e\u5178\u6700\u8fd1\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u5317\u7ea6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u201c\u548c\u5e73\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u67094\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u884c\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\u3002", + "output": "It is readily apparent that the enmeshment of each of the six countries in global politics has changed shape and form over the last five decades. While each of the countries began life very differently in the immediate postwar years, they have practically all shed their previous colonial commitments, four are members of NATO and Sweden recently joined a linked NATO programme, the Partnership for Peace. In addition, four countries are now members of the European Union, and all are major players - albeit with somewhat different levels of enmeshment in IGOs and INGOs - in international and global politics.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e00\u79cd\u63aa\u65bd\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u964d\u4f4e\u957f\u671f\u5229\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u8d2d\u4e70\u957f\u671f\u503a\u5238\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u5e73\u5e38\u4e00\u6837\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u653e\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u8bc1\u5238\u3002", - "output": "One step would be to attempt to lower long-term interest rates. This would require that the central bank purchase long-term bonds instead of focusing on short-term securities, which is its usual practice.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6bdb\u91cc\u6c42\u65af\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u6240\u9662\u6821\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u3002", + "output": "I mean Mauritius has got three institutions, so you know, the notion of peer review is a bit different, they don\u2019t really have any.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6709\u4e9b\u611f\u67d3\u4f1a\u5927\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u4f60\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7231\u6cfc\u65af\u5766\u5df4\u5c14\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u80fd\u653b\u51fb\u4f60\u7684\u809d\u5e76\u9020\u6210\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u5355\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u589e\u591a\u75c7\uff0c\u4f7f\u813e\u810f\u80bf\u80c0\u3002\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f31\u70b9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u80fd\u5165\u4fb5\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u67d0\u79cd\u8fd0\u8f93\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u4f53\u628a\u5b83\u8fd0\u9001\u5230\u90a3\u91cc\u3002", - "output": "Other infections change the way you live. The Epstein-Barr virus, for example, attacks your liver and causes infectious mononucleosis with a spleen swollen with immune cells ready for battle. One of the weaknesses of viruses is that in order for a virus to invade a cell, it needs some mode of transportation it needs a chemical transporter to take it there.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u56fe4-1\uff08a\uff09\u590d\u5236\u4e86\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7d22\u6d1b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u589e\u957f\u56fe\u5f62\u3002\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u7a33\u6001\u5747\u8861\u51fa\u73b0\u5728C\u70b9\u3002\u50a8\u84c4\u7ebf\u4e0e\u6295\u8d44\u9700\u6c42\u7ebf\u76f8\u4ea4\u5728\u8be5\u70b9\u4e0a\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u50a8\u84c4\u7ebf\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6295\u8d44\u9700\u6c42\u7ebf\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u5728\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5c31\u5728\u589e\u957f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4eceA\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5411\u53f3\u8fb9\u79fb\u52a8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f1a\u6700\u7ec8\u5904\u4e8e\u505c\u987f\uff08\u5373\u8fbe\u5230\u7a33\u6001\uff09\u5462\uff1f\u7531\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u4ea7\u54c1\u9012\u51cf\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u5e76\u884c\u7684\u50a8\u84c4\u66f2\u7ebf\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u5f97\u5e73\u76f4\u3002", + "output": "Figure 4-1a reproduces the basic Solow growth diagram from Chapter 3. You will remember that the steady state occurs at point \ud835\udc36, where the saving and investment requirement lines cross. Anywhere the saving line is above the investment requirement line, the economy is growing because capital is being added. Starting at point \ud835\udc34, for example, the economy moves, over time, to the right. How do we know that this process eventually comes to a halt (i.e., reaches a steady state)? Because of the diminishing marginal product of capital, the production function and the parallel saving curve eventually flatten out.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u8981\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5e73\u5747\u603b\u6210\u672c\u662f\u5e73\u5747\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u5e73\u5747\u53ef\u53d8\u6210\u672c\u7684\u548c\u3002\u5e73\u5747\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u672c\u603b\u662f\u968f\u7740\u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u800c\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u672c\u88ab\u5206\u644a\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e0a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fb9\u9645\u4ea7\u91cf\u9012\u51cf\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u53ef\u53d8\u6210\u672c\u4e00\u822c\u968f\u7740\u4ea7\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u3002", - "output": "To understand why, remember that average total cost is the sum of average fixed cost and average variable cost. Average fixed cost always declines as output rises because the fixed cost is spread over a larger number of units. Average variable cost typically rises as output increases because of diminishing marginal product.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e09\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u89c2\u3002[26]\u4f20\u7edf\u51b2\u7a81\u89c2\uff08traditional view of conflict)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b\u907f\u514d\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b2\u7a81\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7fa4\u4f53\u5185\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u53e6 \u2014\u2022\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u51b2\u7a81\u89c2\uff08human relations view of conflict)\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b2\u7a81\u662f\u6240\u6709 \u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd^\u7136\u800c\u7136\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u8d1f\u9762\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ee9\u6548\u4f5c\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u79ef\u6781\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u51b2\u7a81\u89c2 (interactionist view of conflict)\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u79ef\u6781\u529b\u91cf\uff0c \u800c\u4e14\u6709\u4e9b\u51b2\u7a81\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u6709\u6548\u5f00\u5c55\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002", + "output": "Three different views have evolved regarding conflict.26 The traditional view of conflict argues that conflict must be avoided\u2014that it indicates a problem within the group. Another view, the human relations view of conflict, argues that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group and need not be negative, but has potential to be a positive force in contributing to a group\u2019s performance. The third and most recent view, the interactionist view of conflict, proposes that not only can conflict be a positive force in a group but that some conflict is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u65e0\u8bba\u5361\u7279\u6797\u8fd8\u662f\u6b4c\u5fb7\uff0c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5b5c\u5b5c\u4ee5\u6c42\u5730\u53bb\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u5361\u7279\u6797\u53ea\u662f\u4fee\u8f9e\u6027\u5730\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u66fc\u4e39\u4eba\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6b27\u5409\u5e15\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u201c\u8038\u4eba\u542c\u95fb\u7684\u4e8b\u201d[\u201c\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u6298\u78e8)\u4f9d\u7136\u5386\u5386\u5728\u76ee\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u4e0d\u5fcd\u5352\u7779\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bfb\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u53eb\u4eba\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e16\u754c\u4ea7\u751f\u6000\u7591\uff081857:157)]\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f92\u52b3\u5730\u52aa\u529b\u965a\u4e88\u5b83\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6cd5\u5728\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u719f\u6089\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u597d\u8ba9\u5b83\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u652f\u79bb\u7834\u788e\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u72c2\u6b22\u8282\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b4c\u5fb7\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5219\u4e2a\u4eba\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u5bd3\u8a00\u3002\u5b83\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u90a3\u4e48\u964c\u751f\u3002", - "output": "Neither Catlin nor Goethe make any sustained effort to describe the experience for the participants of the ceremonies they observed. Catlin assumes the perspective of the Mandan only rhetorically. For him, the O-Kee-Pa was a \"shocker\" (\"This part o f the ceremony [the torture], as I have just witnessed it, is truly shocking to behold, and will stagger the belief of the world when they read of it\" [ 1857 : 157 ] ) ; and he struggled unsuccessfully to give it meaning. He could find no familiar story in which to fit it in more than a fragmented way. T h e Roman carnival became for Goethe an allegory o f individual destiny. It was o f course not that unfamiliar.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5173\u4e8e\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u4e89\u8bba\u2026\u2026\u53ef\u88ab\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e3a\u5927\u4f17\u6587\u5316\u5f00\u59cb\u201c\u5927\u4e3e\u8fdb\u653b\u201d\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u5927\u4f17\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7f8e\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5305\u5b55\u7684\u6f5c\u80fd\u8fc5\u901f\u653b\u9677\u4e86\u7279\u6743\u8005\u7684\u9886\u571f\u3002\u6587\u5316\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u5316\u7f51\u7edc\u65e2\u7c97\u72c2\u53c8\u51cc\u4e71\uff0c\u5374\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u8bdd\u8bed\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u8be0\u91ca\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u4f20\u64ad\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7279\u6743\u5730\u4f4d\u5c8c\u5c8c\u53ef\u5371\uff0c\u5176\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u4ea6\u906d\u9047\u91cd\u65b0\u6d17\u724c\u3002", + "output": "The debate over postmodernism can...be read as the symptom of the disruptive ingression of popular culture, its aesthetics and intimate possibilities, into a previously privileged domain. Theory and academic discourses are confronted by the wider, unsystemized, popular networks of cultural production and knowledge. The intellectual\u2019s privilege to explain and distribute knowledge is threatened; his authority, for it is invariably \u2018his\u2019, redimensionalized.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6839\u636e\u8fea\u6797\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff08Dearing\uff0c1997\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6559\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08ILT\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b83\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97\u5b83\u4f1a\u5897\u5f3a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u3002", - "output": "The Institute of Learning and Teaching (ILT) was established in Britain as a result of recommendations made by the Dearing Committee (Dearing, 1997). It has been highly controversial, perceived as both the de- or re-professionalization of academics.", + "input": "\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u81ea\u8eab\u4ea7\u751f\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u91ca\u653e\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u5176\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u6709\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4f53\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5bfb\u6c42\u4f53\u5185\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u6216\u7740\u8bf4\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u751f\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002", + "output": "Energy builds within organisms and releases itself in behaviors designed to help species survive. Others have emphasized the individual\u2019s need for homeostasis, or optimal levels of physiological states.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fde\u97f3\u660e\u786e\u4e86\u6784\u8bcd\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u8054\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u97f3\u4f4d\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u89e3\u91ca\u89c4\u5219\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002", - "output": "These junctures specify the manner in which formatives are combined; they provide information which is required by the interpretive rules of the phonological component.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "16. \u786c\u4ef6\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u786c\u4ef6\u6210\u672c\u5927\u5e45\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7535\u8111\u5c24\u5176\u660e\u663e\u3002\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u968f\u673a\u5b58\u50a8\u5668 \uff08RAM\uff09\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5176\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u4f1a\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u7528\u8f83\u4fbf\u5b9c\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u786c\u76d8\u5b58\u53d6\u64cd\u4f5c\u4ee3\u66ffRAM\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5176\u6027\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u8f6f\u4ef6\u652f\u6301\u5404\u79cd\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u8f93\u5165/\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u5176\u63a5\u5165\u7f51\u7edc\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e00\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002", + "output": "16. Hardware requirements. Another issue to consider in the selection process is hardware requirements. Hardware costs, especially for personal computers, have decreased radically in recent years. Software that can use larger amounts of random access memory (RAM) will run more quickly and so might be better than less-expensive packages that perform numerous disk access operations to reduce RAM use. A software package\u2019s ability to support a variety of existing input/output devices is also important, as well as its ability to work in a network.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6c11\u65cf\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u795e\u5723\u9886\u8896\u8981\u4e48\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\uff08\u7518\u5730\u3001\u5c3c\u8d6b\u9c81\u3001\u82cf\u52a0\u8bfa\u3001\u6069\u514b\u9c81\u739b\u3001\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u4e94\u4e16\u3001\u5434\u52aa\u3001\u771f\u7eb3\u3001\u672c\u2022\u8d1d\u62c9\u3001\u51ef\u5854\u3001\u963f\u5409\u514b\u7ef4\u3001\u7eb3\u8d5b\u5c14\u3001\u73ed\u8fbe\u62c9\u5948\u514b\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u7531\u66f4\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u6216\u662f\u66f4\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u620f\u5267\u5316\u7684\u5c06\u519b\u6240\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u964d\u4f4e\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9996\u8111\uff08\u80af\u96c5\u5854\u3001\u5c3c\u96f7\u5c14\u3001\u5e03\u5c14\u5409\u5df4\u3001\u674e\u5149\u8000\u3001\u585e\u53e4\u2022\u675c\u5c14\u3001\u5361\u65af\u7279\u7f57\uff09\u3002", - "output": "The sacred leaders of the national struggle are either gone (Gandhi, Nehru, Sukarno, Nkrumah, Muhammed V, U Nu Jinnah, Ben Bella, Keita, Azikiwe, Nasser, Bandaranaike), replaced by less confident heirs or less theatrical generals, or have been diminished to mere heads of state (Kenyatta, Nyerere, Bourguiba, Lee, Sekou Toure, Castro).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5bf9\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53e3\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u53e3\u5c06\u9010\u6b65\u5728\u4f4e\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u548c\u4f4e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u8fbe\u5230\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u56fd\u5bb6\u8db3\u591f\u5bcc\u88d5\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u81ea\u613f\u5730\u964d\u4f4e\u751f\u80b2\u7387\u3002", + "output": "And for countries which manage to boost their per capita incomes, there is the prospect of making the demographic transition, which occurs when a population stabilizes with low birth rates and low death rates. Once countries get rich enough, and infant mortality drops, people voluntarily reduce their birth rates.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u914d\u9001\u6210\u672c\uff08distribution cost\uff09\u662f\u6307\u5c06\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u4ea7\u6210\u54c1\u4ece\u5de5\u5382\u8fd0\u81f3\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u6240\u82b1\u8d39\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002", - "output": "Distribution cost is the cost of transporting the firm's output from the factory to the consumer.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u2605\u5b83\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4f60\u7684\u8840\u538b\u5347\u9ad8\u3002\u2605\u8fd9\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u3001\u4e2d\u98ce\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u529b\u51cf\u9000\u3001\u80be\u8870\u7aed\u3001\u773c\u775b\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u5173\u8282\u708e\u548c\u80ba\u75c5\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u2605\u5b83\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4f60\u5bf9\u6297\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002", + "output": "\u2605 It increases your blood pressure.\u2605 It increases your risk of heart attacks, strokes, memory loss, kidney failure, eye problems, arthritis, and lung disease.\u2605 It decreases your ability to fight off infections.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u7b80\u5316\u8bba\u8005\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u628a\u79d1\u5b66\u63a8\u5411\u7814\u7a76\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u89c2\u5bdf\u6d4b\u91cf\u6280\u672f\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u9ad8\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u662f\u628a\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e2d\u89c6\u89c9\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eea\u5668\u5e2e\u52a9\u201c\u89c2\u770b\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u7f6e\u4e8e\u9996\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u3002", - "output": "The reductionist tendency in science has driven it to examine phenomena of ever- smaller scale, demanding increasing resolution of techniques for observation and measurement. Linked with this is the primacy of the visual sense in observation, and the development of instruments to assist in \u2018seeing\u2019 these phenomena.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5448\u73b0\u5206\u6570\u7684\u5168\u8ddd\uff08\u6700\u9ad8\u548c\u6700\u4f4e\uff09\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u800c\u975e\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u65f6\u3002\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u548c\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u4e92\u642d\u914d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u670915\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u6267\u884c\u4e8610\u7ec4\u3001\u6bcf\u7ec410\u4e2a\u5c1d\u8bd5(\u5171100\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff09\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u65f6\u95f4\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u6bcf\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u768410\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u91cc\u7684\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u505a\u4e3a\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6570\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c06\u4f1a\u670910\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u5206\u6570\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u5355\u4e00\u56de\u540810\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e2d\u9009\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u9009\u51fa\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u7684\u5206\u6570\u5168\u8ddd\u3002", + "output": "Sometimes the range of scores (highest and lowest) may also be reported, particularly when the median is used rather than the mean. The median and the mean may be used in connection with each other. For example, 15 people might be given 10 blocks of 10 trials (100 total trials) on a reaction-time task. The experimenter may decide to use the median reaction time of a person\u2019s 10 trials as the most representative score in each block. Thus, each person would have 10 median scores, one for each of the 10 trial blocks.Here, the range of scores from which the median was selected should be reported.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u88ab \u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0e\u6709\u5173\u5fc3\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7ed3\u6784\u666e\u904d\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e3b\u5f20\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4, \u4e5f\u4e0e\u6709\u5173\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5f15\u8d77\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u76f8 \u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5728\u91c7\u53d6\u7b26\u53f7\u5b66\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5177\u5907\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u5728\u672c\u7ae0\u91cc\u5c06\u4fdd\u6301\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c \u5168\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7b26\u53f7\u5b66 \u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269", - "output": "Structuralism claims that mental and cultural structures are universal, and that their causal effects give rise to observable social phenomena. However, semiology need not be associated with either of these claims. This is roughly the usage that will be followed in this chapter. It is not totally satisfactory because structuralism and semiology have studied the same things in similar ways.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u5e74\u6cd5\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u5e74\u6cd5\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u76f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u5e74\u6cd5(Direct dating)\u5206\u6790\u6587\u5316\u9057\u7269\u3001 \u751f\u6001\u9057\u7269\u548c\u8ff9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u5e74\u9f84\u3002\u95f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u5e74\u6cd5(Indirect dating)\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u9057\u7269\u3001\u751f\u6001\u9057\u7269\u6216\u8ff9\u8c61\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u8bc4\u4f30\u5176\u5e74\u9f84\u3002", + "output": "Before we discuss specific techniques, however, we should consider a few basic definitions. First, direct dating uses analysis of the artifact, ecofact, or feature itself to arrive at its age. Indirect dating uses analysis of material associated with the artifact, ecofact, or feature being studied to evaluate its age.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u5404\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u8d38\u6613\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6240\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u8981\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u53d8\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u53d8\u574f\u3002", - "output": "In reality, of course, the issues involved in trade among nations are more complex than this example suggests. Most important among these issues is that each country has many citizens with different interests. International trade can make some individuals worse off, even as it makes the country as a whole better off.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a2\u5bfb\u672c\u8d28\uff0c \u6279\u8bc4\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6279\u8bc4\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u53c2\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u6cd5\u3001\u6df1\u5ea6\u8bbf\u8c08\u3001\u7126\u70b9\u7fa4\u4f53\u6cd5\u3001\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8c03\u67fb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u63ed\u9732\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u7fa4\u4f53\u6240\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u548c\u5265\u524a\u3002", + "output": "To get below the surface, the critical theorist researcher will predominantly use a qualitative methodology. Furthermore, as outlined above, the process is subjective and, as a consequence, the process is also value laden. Methods used by a critical theorist researcher would include, for example, participant observation, indepth interviewing, focus groups, Delphic panels and appreciative inquiry in order to expose the oppression, subjugation and exploitation of the minority group being studied.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ff7\u5931\u6b63\u662f\u72c2\u559c\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5979\u80fd\u591f\u9003\u907f\u90a3\u538b\u670d\u5979\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53cd\u800c\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u83b7\u5f97\u6743\u529b\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u91cf\u5c31\u4f1a \u88ab\u538b\u6291\u6389\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9003\u907f\u5f0f\u7684\u5feb\u611f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00 \u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u591f\u5e26\u5979\u8d70\u51fa\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u6b64\u7c7b\u5feb\u611f\u3002", - "output": "This loss is characteristic of jouissance and enables her to avoid the forces that subjugate her, which in turn produces a sense of empowerment and an energy otherwise repressed. These evasive pleasures are not text-specific: any book will produce them provided it can take her out of the social self.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c0f\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u8981\u9996\u9009\u76f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u91cf\u5438\u6c27\u91cf \u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u53cc\u6807\u8bb0\u6c34\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u5fc3\u7387\u8bb0\u5f55\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u52a0\u901f\u5ea6\u6d4b\u91cf\u4eea\u6280\u672f\u3002", + "output": "For very small groups a direct measurement of oxygen uptake or DLW technique has to be preferred. For larger groups HR recording combined with accelerometers appears to be the most favourable technique.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u7c7b\u4f3c\u804c\u4f4d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5e8f\u5217\u6216\u70b9\u503c\u4e0a\u76f8\u8fd1\uff09\u5f52\u5165\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u8d44\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5c31\u65e0\u9700\u5904\u7406\u51e0\u767e\u79cd\u5de5\u8d44\u7387\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u6bd4\u598210\u4e2a\u621612\u4e2a\u5de5\u8d44\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002", - "output": "Employers typically group similar jobs (in terms of points) into grades for pay purposes. Then, instead of having to deal with hundreds of job rates, you might only have to focus on, say, pay rates for 10 or 12 pay grades.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6211\u7684\u597d\u53cb\u517c\u540c\u4e8b\u8a79\u59ae\u5f17\u2022 A(Jenniger Azzariti)\u66fe\u5bf9\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u9762\u6027\u7ed9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u5979\u628a\u8fd9\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u4fdd\u6301\u6d3b\u529b\u201d\u3002\u8a79\u59ae\u5f171991\u81f31997\u5e74\u66fe\u5728\u534e\u76db\u987f\u533a\u65e9\u671f\u5b66\u4e60\u793a\u8303\u4e2d\u5fc3\u62c5\u4efb\u827a\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\u6559\u5e08\u3002", + "output": "My close colleague and friend Jennifer Azzariti, who worked as atelierista at the Model Early Learning Center in Washington, D.C., from 1991\u20131997, has a different name for this multifaceted way of being a teacher. She calls it \u201cstaying alive.\u201d", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5bbe\u7279\u5229\u592b\uff08Bintliff 1993)\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u8fc7\u65e9\u7684\u540e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u8ba3\u544a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4ed6\u58f0\u79f0\u8ba4\u77e5-\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u540e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u201c\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u5408\u74a7\u201d\u3002", - "output": "Bintliff (1993) presented what turned out to be a premature obituary of postprocessual archaeology in which he argued that cognitive-processual archaeology represents an ideal \u201cpragmatic merger\u201d of the processual and postprocessual approaches.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5fae\u89c2\u653f\u6cbb\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u7ec4\u7ec7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6f5c\u53f0\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u538b\u529b\u3001\u6124\u6068\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u5fae\u89c2\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u5408\u5e76\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u7b56\u7565\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u6216\u963b\u788d\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u8c23\u4f20\u3001\u6d41\u8a00\u3001\u8bbd\u523a\u3001\u5e7d\u9ed8\u3001\u62d2\u7edd\u3001\u201c\u4f7f\u7528\u540e\u5c31\u629b\u5f03\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u8054\u76df\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002", + "output": "Micropolitics has been read as a subtext of organizational life in which con\ufb02icts, tensions, resentments, competing interests and power imbalances in\ufb02uence everyday transactions in institutions. Micropolitics is about in\ufb02uence, networks, coalitions, political and personal strategies to effect or resist change. It involves rumour, gossip, sarcasm, humour, denial, \u2018throwaway remarks\u2019, and alliance building.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7279\u5225\u662f\u56fe\u8868\u8bba\uff08chanism)\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6c47\u7387\u504f\u79bb\u5176\u5747\u8861\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u4ea4\u6613\u8005\u7684\u77ed\u671f\u884c\u4e3a\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u79cd\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u96c6\u4e2d\u3002\u4ece\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5229\u7387\u5e73\u4ef7\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u4e3b\u8981\u56fd\u5bb6\u5185\u5b9e\u9645\u5229\u7387\u7684\u8d8b\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8d44\u91d1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u8d8b\u540c\u3002", - "output": "In particular, chartism can drive the exchange rate away from its equilibrium value, the short-term focus of most traders leading to a relative concentration on such movements. Over the longer term there is evidence of interest rate parity, including evidence of convergence of real interest rates among the leading economies, implying some convergence in the costs of capital.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20,\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0e\u4e3a\u8089\u98df\u800c\u6e05\u7406\u52a8\u7269\u5c38\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u72e9\u730e\u4e00\u8d77\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u6309\u7167\u6027\u522b\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u3001\u98df\u7269\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65e5\u5e38\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u5fc3\u53ca\u98df\u7269\u5206\u4eab\u5730\u70b9\u7684\u8425\u5730\u3002\u5bfb\u98df\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u8981\u6c42\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u79ef\u7d2f\u751f\u5b58\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5730\u4f4d\u5dee\u522b\u9650\u4e8e\u4ee5\u5e74\u9f84\u548c\u6027\u522b\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0e\u6027\u522b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5dee\u522b\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5987\u5973\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7537\u5b50\u3002\u98df\u7269\u8d44\u6e90\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u914d\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u79ef\u805a\u7269\u54c1\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u6216\u5730\u4f4d\u3002", + "output": "Three important elements of human social organization probably developed along with scavenging and hunting for meat. These are a sexual division of labor, food sharing, and the camp as the center of daily activity and the place where food sharing occurs. A characteristic of food-foraging societies is their egalitarianism. Since this way of life requires mobility, people accumulate only the material goods necessary for survival, so status differences are limited to those based on age and sex. Status differences associated with sex, however, do not imply subordination of women to men. Food resources are distributed equally throughout the groups; thus no individual can achieve the wealth or status hoarding might bring.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fd9\u662f\u53e4\u5178\u8c03\u6574\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4ef7\u683c\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u4ee5\u8d38\u6613\u4f59\u989d\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u5e94\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u8be5\u8c03\u6574\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u82b1\u8d39\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8981\u6c42\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u3002\u4ee3\u66ff\u7b49\u5f85\u7740\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u6574\u673a\u5236\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u5168\u90e8\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u505a\u51fa\u660e\u786e\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u8d8b\u5411\u5e73\u8861\u3002", - "output": "This is the classical adjustment process. It relies on price adjustments and an adjustment in the money supply based on the trade balance. The adjustment process \"works,\" but it may take a very long time and require a very long recession. The alternative to waiting for the automatic adjustment mechanisms to do the whole job is to make explicit policy changes to move the economy more rapidly toward balance.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u6b4c\u5fb7\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8d6b\u5c14\u5fb7\u5c31\u91c7\u7528\u8fc7\u666e\u7f57\u7c73\u4fee\u65af\u7684\u6bd4\u65b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u4ee5\u524d\u8bc4\u8bba\u8005\u6240\u6301\u7684\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u5b87\u5b99\u89c2\u4fee\u6539\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u838e\u58eb\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u620f\u5267\u4e00\u5c31\u5176\u4eba\u7269\u548c\u60c5\u8282\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5730\u70b9\u548c\u573a\u666f\u4e0a\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u8f6c\u6362\u800c\u8a00\u4e00\u6d3b\u50cf\u539f\u521d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002", + "output": "Even earlier than Goethe, Herder had adopted the Prometheus simile, and he modified the Leibnizian heterocosmology of earlier commentators into the view that a Shakespeare play\u4e00 in the complex inter-relations of its characters and actions, and in its quick changes of time, place, and scene\u2014is, like the primal creation itself, a great and living whole.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6210\u957f\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u4e5f\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5bf9\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u8f6c\u5411\u7eaf\u7cb9\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5177\u5907\u5728\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u63d0\u51fa\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u6000\u7591\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u89e3\u91ca(\u56e0\u6b64\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7f3a\u53e3)\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7edd\u4e0d\u6000\u7591\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002", - "output": "To begin with, Whitehead, as befits someone raised in the traditions of British empiricism, pushed for a realist rather than a logical version of the relational view He thereby counters Leibniz's tendency to veer off into unalloyed idealism. He also had the advantage of writing after Einstein published the general theory of relativity. While he disputed Einstein's interpretations (thereby opening a gap between the relative and relational views) he never doubted the importance or veracity of Einstein's discoveries.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u9a6c\u65af\u6d1b\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5c42\u6b21\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4e94\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff08\u751f\u7406\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u9700\u6c42\uff09\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u9700\u6c42\u88ab\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u5730\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4f1a\u4ece\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5411\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8fc7\u6ce2\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u67d0\u79cd\u9700\u6c42\u83b7\u5f97\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u5177\u6709\u6fc0\u52b1\u4f5c\u7528\u3002", + "output": "In Maslow's hierarchy, individuals move up the hierarchy of five needs (physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization) as needs are substantially satisfied. A need that's substantially satisfied no longer motivates.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7531\u4e8e\u5404\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u8d44\u683c\u9274\u5b9a\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8d44\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e5\u76ca\u6cdb\u6ee5\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ad8\u6559\u548c\u804c\u6559\u7684\u72c2\u70ed\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u52a0\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u7a33\u5351\u6307\u6807\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u8d28\u91cf\u548c\u6807\u51c6\u3002", - "output": "Hence the rise in credentialism, with professionals wanting more evidence of their development in the form of accreditation. All this frenzied activity in higher and professional education suggests an even greater demand for stable indicators of quality and standards.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u529b\u56fe\u63a2\u7d22\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7269\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8fd9\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u51b3\u88c2\u3002", + "output": "It should be obvious even from this brief account of phenomenology that it is a form of methodological idealism, seeking to explore an abstraction called 'human consciousness' and a world of pure possibilities. But if Husserl rejected empiricism, psychologism and the positivism of the natural sciences, he also considered himself to be breaking with the classical idealism of a thinker like Kant.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u57fa\u4e8e\u9a6c\u5e93\u65af\u548c\u6c83\u592b\u7ed9\u81ea\u6211\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0b\u7684\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u81ea\u5c0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u9648\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u53cd\u6620\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u5173\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u8054\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u5c0a\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002", - "output": "Self-conceptions logically encompass self-esteem given that self-conceptions have been broadly defined by Markus and Wurf (1987) so as to include \u2018self-representations that can be the subject of conscious reflection\u2019 (p. 305). Thus, self-esteem is one of a myriad of self-conceptions that in combination comprise the self-concept.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e00\u5207\u8bdd\u8bed\u3001\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u610f\u6307\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u4ece\u7535\u5f71\u4e0e\u7535\u89c6\u5230\u5c0f\u8bf4\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u6f5c\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5b58\u6743\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ef4\u6301\u6216\u8005\u6539\u53d8\u5219\u4e0e\u6b64\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e5f\u4e0e\u6b64\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002", + "output": "Discourses, sign-systems and signifying practices of all kinds, from film and television to fiction and the languages of natural science, produce effects, shape forms of consciousness and unconsciousness, which are closely related to the maintenance or transformation of our existing systems of power. They are thus closely related to what it means to be a person.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5f53\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u6743\u57281917\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\u5f00\u59cb\u6267\u653f\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8bf4\u6210\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u5982\u6b64\u516c\u5f00\u548c\u6709\u529b\u5730\u652f\u6301\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\uff08L.Gmham 1967:32-33)\u3002\u65b0\u5174\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9769\u547d\u9886\u8896\u5bfb\u6c42\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u4f7f\u4fc4\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u94f2\u9664\u53e4\u8001\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7eca\u811a\u77f3\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5728\u5185\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5728\u63a5\u8e35\u800c\u6765\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4eba\u6c11\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e8e1919\u5e744\u670818\u65e5\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u7531\u5217\u5b81\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u5728\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\uff08\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4fc4\u56fd\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff08the Russian Academy for the History of Material Culture,RAIMK)0\u5b83\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u3002\u968f\u7740\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u9662(the State Academy for the History of Material Culture,GAIMK),\u5e76\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u4e86\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6240\u6709\u52a0\u76df\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u5bf9\u8003\u53e4\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743(M.Miller 1956\uff1a47)\u3002", - "output": "It has been claimed that \u201cno previous government in history was so openly and energetically in favor of science\u201d as was the Soviet regime that came to power in the autumn of 1917 (L. Graham 1967: 32\u20133). The revolutionary leaders of the new state looked to scientific knowledge to modernize the Russian economy and to eliminate Russia\u2019s age-old religious mysticism, which was viewed as a hindrance to social and economic progress. The social sciences, including archaeology, had a crucial role to play in the ensuing ideological struggle. A decree of the Council of People\u2019s Commissars dated 18 April 1919 and signed by V. I. Lenin established the Russian Academy for the History of Material Culture (RAIMK) in Petrograd (St. Petersburg). It embraced all branches of archaeology. Following the creation of the Soviet Union, the RAIMK became the State Academy for the History of Material Culture (GAIMK) and was assigned ultimate jurisdiction over archaeological institutions not only in the Russian Republic but throughout the Union (M. Miller 1956: 47).", - "system": "", - "history": [] - }, - { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7531\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u53d6\u4e0d\u540c\u8fd0\u52a8\u9879\u76ee\u635f\u4f24\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u635f\u4f24\u5728\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e2d\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u7387\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u8fd0\u52a8\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u635f\u4f24\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u4f46\u6839\u636e1985\u5e74\u7684\u6570 \u636e\uff0c\u7ea630%\u7684\u773c\u90e8\u4e25\u91cd\u635f\u4f24\u4e0e\u68d2\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u6709\u5173\uff08Schein et al., 1988)\u3002", - "output": "The severity of these injuries as well as participation rates for different sports are unavailable precluding the use of relative injury risk data for specific sports. However, in 1985 baseball accounted for nearly 30% of severe sport-related eye injuries (Schein et al., 1988).", + "input": "\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u8c03\u67e5(Archaeological survey)\u6307\u7684\u662f\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u884c\u6316\u6398\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4ece\u9057\u5740\u6216\u5730\u533a\u83b7\u5f97\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u8c03\u67fb\u603b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u8868\u5c42\u9057\u5b58\u548c\u5229\u7528\u9065\u611f\u6280\u672f\u63a2\u6d4b\u5730\u4e0b\u8ff9\u8c61\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730\u786e\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u9057\u5740\u6216\u5730\u533a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002", + "output": "Archaeological survey refers to methods archaeologists use to acquire data from sites or regions without excavation. The overall objective of archaeological surveys is to determine as much as possible about a given site or region based on both observing surface remains and detecting subsurface features through remote means.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5c42\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5206\u4eab\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u80fd\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u7ea7\u6210\u4e3a\u540c\u76df\u8005\uff0c\u5374\u53cd\u76ee\u6210\u4ec7\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7206\u53d11830\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u65e7\u8d35\u65cf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7d27\u5bc6\u56e2\u7ed3\u3001\u5bcc\u6709\u6548\u7387\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u96c6\u56e2\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5728\u4ee5\u540e\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u58f0\u671b\u3002", - "output": "The failure to share power with the haute bourgeoisie, or to make this classits ally instead of its enemy, was an important cause of the Revolution of 1830. At this point the old aristocracy disappeared from the political arena as a coherent and effective political group, even if it retained considerable social prestige for a long time afterward.", + "input": "\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4f17\u591a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u53ca18\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u90fd\u4f53\u73b0\u5f97\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u3002", + "output": "One of these ideologies was liberalism, which owed much to the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century and the American and French Revolutions at the end of that century. It was based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. This opinion is evident in both economic and political liberalism.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u638c\u63e1\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5dee\u5f02\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u800c\u9010\u6e10\u51cf\u5c11\u3002L.\u5b89\u5fb7 \u68ee\uff081976\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8865\u6551\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u901a\u8fc7\u638c\u63e1\u6559\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u7ecf\u9a8c\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9010\u6e10\u5730\u53ea\u9700\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u989d\u5916\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u638c\u63e1\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u6c34\u5e73\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u638c\u63e1\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef\u6548\u5e94\u3002", - "output": "An important premise of mastery learning is that individual differences in student learning decrease over time. Anderson (1976) found that when remedial students gained experience with mastery instruction, they gradually required less extra time to attain mastery because their entry-level skills improved. These results imply cumulative benefits of mastery learning.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7236\u4eb2\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7684\u4e08\u592b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u975e\u5f97\u662f\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u672a\u5a5a\u5988\u5988\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u201c\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u5e76\u4e0d\u88ab\u5426\u8ba4\u3002\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u7236\u4eb2\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u666e\u57c3\u5e03\u6d1b\u6c11\u65cf\uff08\u8bf8\u5982\u970d\u76ae\u4eba\uff09\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u7236\u4eb2\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0e\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6beb\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u81ea\u52a8\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u6bcd\u4eb2\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5979\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002", + "output": "In Western societies generally, the father is supposed to be the mother Kusbandj but he does not have to be. In the United States, the child of an unwed mother may be spoken of as aillegitimate, yet its citizenship rights, as well as those of inheritance, are not denied. Nor does legitimacy require the father to be married to the mother. In numerous other societies\u2014for example, among the Pueblo peoples (such as the Hopi) of the North American Southwest\u2014fatherhood is utterly irrelevant to the child's legitimacy. In their societies legitimacy comes automatically from one s mother, regardless of whether or not she is married.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4ece\u672a\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u624d\u575a\u6301\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u79cd\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u201d\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u662f\u4f9d\u80a4\u8272\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u5236\u9020\u6307\u610f\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5173\u952e\u4e4b\u5904\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u80a4\u8272\u5dee\u5f02\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u6307\u610f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6309\u7167\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u901a\u8fc7\u4f55\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8ba9\u5dee\u5f02\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002", - "output": "Human biology does not divide people into different \"races\"; it is racism (and sometimes its counter arguments) that insists on this division. In other words, \"race\" is a cultural and historical category, a way of making difference signify between people of a variety of skin tones. What is important is not difference as such, but how it is made to signify; how it is made meaningful in terms of a social and political hierarchy.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5784\u65ad\u4e5f\u91c7\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u7b2c20\u7ae0\uff08\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\uff09\u8ba8\u8bba\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u7684\u5b9a\u4ef7\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u8c03\u63a7\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5784\u65ad\uff08\u4f9b\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u6709\u7ebf\u7535\u89c6\u7f51\u3001\u7535\u8bdd\u7f51\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u79c1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u52a0\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u3002", + "output": "Local governments have the same options for other natural monopolies. Chapter 20 (Mass Transit) discusses the pricing and regulation of mass transit. For other natural monopolies (water systems, cable television networks, telephone networks), the government can either produce the service itself or regulate a private producer.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5982\u679c\u5f3a\u5236\u52b3\u52a8\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u51fa\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u88ab\u6d88\u9664\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u975e\u771f\u5373\u5047\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bba\u70b9\uff1a\u5854\u592b\u8131\u4e00\u54c8\u7279\u83b1\u6cd5\u6848\u662f\u5bf9\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u7684\u6c38\u8fdc\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002", - "output": "If forced labor camps come, for whatever reasons, to play a less prominent role in the American image of the Soviet Union, it will not be the symbol's veracity that has dissolved but its very meaning, its capacity to be either true or false. One must simply frame the argument\u2014that the Taft-Hartley Act is a mortal threat to organized labor\u2014in some other way.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5fae\u89c2\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u6743\u529b\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7410\u4e8b\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u770b\u4f3c\u7410\u7ec6\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u53ca\u5176\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002", + "output": "Micropolitics focuses on the ways in which power is relayed in everyday practices. It discloses the subterranean con\ufb02icts, competitions and minutiae of social relations. It describes how power is relayed through seemingly trivial incidents and transactions.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u77e9\u9635\u578b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65b0\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u5df2\u6709\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u6216\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u548c\u627f\u5305\u5546\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u7ec4\u5408\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u804c \u80fd\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8d44\u6e90\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u548c\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u4f1a\u5168\u90e8\u7559\u5728\u804c\u80fd\u90e8\u95e8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5373\u4f7f\u9879\u76ee\u88ab\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0a\u7684\u635f\u5931\u3002", - "output": "The matrix organization can adapt to changing conditions, including the arrival of new competition in the market, the termination of existing projects, and the realignment of suppliers and subcontractors. The functional skeleton is not affected by such changes, and resources can be reallocated and rescheduled as needed. No loss of knowledge is experienced when projects terminate, because the experts are kept within the functional units.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\u8fd8\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4fe1\u6761\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u2014\u2014\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u6280\u672f\u8fd8\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u5230\u590d\u6742\u3001\u4ece\u539f\u59cb\u5230\u6587\u660e\u9010\u6e10\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u4e4b\u60c5\u51b5\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6b63\u9762\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u5728\u8fe5\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73b0\u5b58\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u201d\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\uff08\u4ece\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u5bfc\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\uff09\u3002\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5355\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316(unilinear cultural evolution)\u3002", + "output": "Development of evolutionary theory in biology followed a parallel trend and supported acceptance of cultural evolution. These notions were coupled with the recognition of tremendous diversity among living societies, documented in the course of colonial expansion, and with the need to explain (and thereby justify) the political and economic dominance of 19th-century \u201cEuropean civilization\u201d over many other societies. The result was a model of unilinear cultural evolution.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u5546\u4ee3\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u4eba\u6c11\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u623d\u6597\u63d0\u6c34\u3002\u623d\u6597\u591a\u7528\u67f3\u6761\u7f16\u7ec7\uff0c\u6597\u4e24\u8fb9\u6263\u7ed3\u7740\u9ebb\u7ef3\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u62c9\u52a8\u540e\u5448\u5e73\u884c\u56db\u8fb9\u5f62\uff0c\u4f9d\u5176\u5408\u529b\uff0c\u53d8\u6362\u56db\u8fb9\u5f62\uff0c\u6c34\u4fbf\u88ab\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0b\u5730\u63d0\u4e0a\u6765\u704c\u8fdb\u7530\u91cc\u3002\u6625\u79cb\u672b\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53c8\u5229\u7528\u6760\u6746\u8d77\u91cd\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u6d45\u4e95\u6c34\u63d0\u53d6\u5de5\u5177\u62ee\u69d4\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6df1\u4e95\u63d0\u6c34\u5de5\u5177\u8f98\u8f73\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4e09\u56fd\u65f6\u7684\u9b4f\u56fd\uff0c\u6709\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u9a6c\u94a7\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9002\u5e94\u519c\u4e1a\u704c\u6e89\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7531\u6c60\u5858\u3001\u6cb3\u9053\u5411\u659c\u5761\u6c72\u6c34\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002", - "output": "In our country the working people had used scoop to carry water since the Shang dynasty. The scoop is woven with willow twigs and has hemp ropes fastened on both sides. When it is pulled by two people, the scoop turns into a parallelogram and is transformed with joint force, hence water can be carried little by little and be used to irrigate the land. In the period of late Spring and Autumn, people used leverage principle and created shadoof to fetch water from shallow well. Meanwhile, the tool of waterwell which was used to fetech water from deep well was began to put into use. During the period of the Three Kingdoms, in order to meet the need of agricultural irrigation, a man named Ma Jun from the state of Wei invented a tool that could draw water from pond and river to slope.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u6210\u5206\uff08affective component)\u662f\u6001\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u6216\u611f\u53d7\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e3e\u521a\u624d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4,\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u5e15\u7279\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6b67\u89c6\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u88d4\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u9648\u8ff0\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6001\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u6210\u5206\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u60c5\u611f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u884c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u3002", + "output": "The affective component of an attitude is the emotional or feeling part of an attitude. Using our example, this component would be reflected by the statement, \u201cI don't like Pat because he discriminates against minorities.\u201d Finally, affect can lead to behavioral outcomes.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u89c4\u6a21\u62a5\u916c\u4e0d\u53d8\u8868\u793a\u6240\u6709\u6295\u5165\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ea7\u51fa\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u571f\u5730\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6295\u5165\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u500d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u62a5\u916c\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ea7\u51fa\u4e5f\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u500d\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7406\u53d1\u6216\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u624b\u5de5\u7ec7\u5e03\uff09\u5c31\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u89c4\u6a21\u62a5\u916c\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002", - "output": "Constant returns to scale denote a case where a change in all inputs leads to a proportional change in output. For example, if labor, land, capital, and other inputs are doubled, then under constant returns to scale output would also double. Many handicraft industries (such as haircutting in America or handloom operation in a developing country) show constant returns.", + "input": "\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u6536\u652f\u5e73\u8861\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u52a0\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u6574\u673a\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u5236\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u6536\u652f\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u5f71\u54cd\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u652f\u51fa\uff1b\u5931\u4e1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5de5\u8d44\u548c\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u3002", + "output": "Adjustment to a balance-of-payments problem can be achieved in two ways. One is to change economic policy; the second is through automatic adjustment mechanisms. There are two automatic mechanisms: Payments imbalances affect the money supply and hence spending, and unemployment affects wages and prices and thereby competitiveness.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u786e\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u5408\u6cd5\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u6297\u8bae\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u7b49\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u9769\u547d\u66b4\u529b\u4fbf\u786e\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\uff08\u5370\u5ea6\u58eb\u5175\u8d77\u4e49\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u56de\u6eaf\u65e2\u5f80\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff09\u3002", - "output": "India indeed constitutes an important instance where at least the formal structure of democracy and a significant portion of its substance, such as the existence of legal opposition and channels for protest and criticism, have arisen without a phase of revolutionary violence. (The Sepoy Mutiny was mainly a backward-looking affair.)", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4ece\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u201d\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u90fd\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b97\u4f5c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8054\u7cfb\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5929\u6027\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e90\u81ea\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7b49\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f00\u59cb\u63a2\u8ba8\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u672c\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u662f\u751f\u547d\u5de8\u94fe\uff08Great Chain of Being)\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u786e\u5b9a\u5728\u795e\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002", + "output": "From a \"history of ideas\" point of view, the writings of ancient Greek philosophers and travellers, medieval Arab historians, medieval and Renaissance European travellers, and later European philosophers, jurists, and scientists of various kinds, are all plausible precursors. My choice, though, would be with the concept of the \"social contract\", and the perceptions of human nature, society, and cultural diversity which emerged from this concept. This is where I shall begin. Another, essentially unrelated, beginning is the idea of the Great Chain of Being, which deWned the place of the human species as between God and the animals.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u968f\u7740\u751f\u6d3b\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u6295\u8d44\u5730\u4f4d\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5730\u4f4d\u7ade\u4e89\u5f97\u5230\u5f3a\u5316\uff08Hirsch 1976\uff0cpp.3,30 \u2014 31,49,51,57,67)", - "output": "As living standards rise, more people can invest in positional goods and positional competition is intensified (Hirsch 1976, pp. 3, 30-1, 49, 51, 57, 67)", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f53\u8d28\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4eba\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u8fc7\u53bb\u548c\u73b0\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u53d8\u5f02\u3002\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u5316\u60d1\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6709\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u4ece\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u53d1\u7814\u7a76\u7269\u8d28\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u6b64\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\uff1a\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u501f\u52a9\u8bed\u8a00\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u5e76\u4ee3\u4ee3\u76f8\u4f20\uff1b\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u3001\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u6587\u5316\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002", + "output": "Physical anthropologists study humans as biological organisms, tracing the evolutionary development of the human animal and looking at biological variations within the species, past and present. Cultural anthropologists are concerned with human cultures, or the ways of life in societies. Within the field of cultural anthropology are archaeologists, who seek to explain human behavior by studying material objects, usually from past cultures; linguists, who study languages, by which cultures are maintained and passed on to succeeding generations; and ethnologists, who study cultures as they have been observed, experienced, and discussed with persons whose culture they seek to understand.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u5982\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u516d\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5bf9\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u68ee\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8bd7\u5b66\u53ea\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u4fe1\u606f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u603b\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u5728\u8bd7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bd7\u6b4c\u8bed\u8a00\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u3002", - "output": "And the linguist cannot neglect one of these six if he would achieve a comprehensive theory of language. Indeed, for Jakobson poetics is an integral part of linguistics and can be de\ufb01ned as 'the linguistic study of the poetic function in the context of verbal messages in general and in poetry in particular'.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7ec4\u7ec7\u90fd\u4f1a\u6d89\u53ca\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u5b89\u88c5\u65b0\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u8d44\u6e90\u8ba1\u5212\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5c06\u65b0\u7684\u6536\u8d2d\u6574\u5408\u5230\u516c\u53f8\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u6216\u5f00\u62d3\u65b0\u5e02\u573a\u7b49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ea\u5904\u7406\u5076\u53d1\u6027\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5219\u6700\u597d\u91c7\u7528\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u9879\u76ee\u7edf\u7b79\u652f\u6301\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u7ed3\u6784\u3002", + "output": "Most organizations are involved in projects. Common examples are the installation of a new enterprise resource planning system, the integration of a new acquisition into the company structure, or the cultivation of a new market. If an organization is dealing with projects only infrequently, then a functional structure supported by ad hoc project coordinators may be best.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e24\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff1a\u539f\u59cb\u8d44\u6599\u548c\u4e8c\u624b\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u539f\u59cb\u8d44\u6599\u662f\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u7531\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u539f\u59cb\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u5305\u62ec\u8bf8\u5982\u95ee\u5377\u8c03\u67fb\u3001\u8bbf\u8c08\u6587\u672c\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u4e8c\u624b\u8d44\u6599\u662f\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u4e0e\u521d\u59cb\u9879\u76ee\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u4e8c\u624b\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u5305\u62ec\u8bf8\u5982\u7edf\u8ba1\u8bb0\u5f55\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u65e5\u8bb0\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002", - "output": "Researchers are able to access two types of data sources: primary and secondary. Primary data sources are those that are collected first-hand by the researcher for use in their research project. Primary data include, for example, responses to questionnaires, interview texts and observations. Secondary data sources are those that have been produced by someone else for primary usage and are then used by another researcher not connected with the first project. Secondary data include, for example, statistical records, government documents, diaries and letters, and research data conducted by other researchers.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u521b\u9020\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u533a\u3001\u5730\u533a\u548c\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u957f\u671f\u3001 \u6574\u4f53\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5065\u5eb7\u5177\u6709\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6700\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65b0\u589e\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb15\u5e74\u5185\uff0c\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5927\u7ea665%\u7684\u65b0\u589e\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u3002", + "output": "We know that job creation is important to the overall long-term economic health of communities, regions, and nations. The latest figures show that small businesses accounted for most of the net new jobs. In fact, over the last 15 years, small businesses have created some 65 percent of the net new jobs.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u300a\u5c0f\u8bf4\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u300b(1964)\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u63a2\u8ba8\u73b0\u4ee3\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u540c\u6e90\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4e89\u8bba\u8bf4\uff0c1910\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u82f1\u96c4\u201d\u65f6\u4ee3\u5411\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u9636\u6bb5\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u671f\u3002", - "output": "His later work, especially Pour une sociologie du roman (1964), appears to resemble that of the Frankfurt School by focusing on the \u2018homology\u2019 between the structure of the modern novel and the structure of the market economy. He argues that by about 1910 the transition from the \u2018heroic\u2019 age of liberal capitalism to its imperialist phase was well under way.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f11\u65af\u548c\u6cf0\u7279\uff08Tight\uff0c1998: 184\uff09\u53cd\u9a73\u9053\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bc1\u636e\u6765\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u65e2\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u603b\u91cf\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6280\u672f\u7684\u591a\u5c11\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002", + "output": "Hughes and Tight (1998: 184) argue that there is little evidence to support the view that the total quantity of training is closely correlated to a country\u2019s economic performance, nor is there a necessary connection between stocks of skilled labour and productivity.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fd9\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u6bcd\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0e\u75be\u75c5\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u4e0e\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u3002\u6bcd\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u662f\u68c0\u6d4b\u635f\u4f24\u3001\u7f79\u75c5\u7684\u76db\u884c\u7387\u6216\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u5371\u9669\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u51b5\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5f53\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8003\u91cf\u56e0\u7d20\u3002", - "output": "This type of research pertains to the frequencies and distributions of health and disease conditions among populations. Rate of occurrence is the basic concept in epidemiological studies. The size of the population being studied is an important consideration in examining the prevalence of such things as injuries, illnesses, or health conditions in a specified at-risk population.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u89e3\u8bfb\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u6709\u4f7f\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u8282\u9769\u547d\u5316\u6765\u6539\u53d8(\u6216\u7814\u7a76)\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u73af\u8282\u90fd\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u88ab\u5185\u5728\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u501f\u5386\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u540d\u628a\u6709\u5173\u5185\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\u642c\u5230\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002", + "output": "A common Marxist reading of this is that we only have to revolutionize (or to study) the moment of production to change (or understand) the whole world because all else is internalized there. But this is nothing less than the idealist view of internal relations imported into Marxism in the name of historical materialism.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u804c\u4e1a\u6a44\u6984\u7403\u6709\u5173\u4eba\u5458\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u5410\u8840\u95e8\u5982\u6b64\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u7528\u4e86\u57c3\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\uff08Elias,1978)\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u5410\u8840\u95e8\u4e11\u95fb\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f20\u5a92\u8bdd\u8bed\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u6b3a\u9a97\u7684\u8087\u4e8b\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u5176\u516c\u5f00\u5851\u5f62\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5448\u73b0\u3002", - "output": "To understand why the media and those involved in professional rugby reacted the way they did to Bloodgate, we apply Elias's (1978) notion of the civilizing process. From this perspective, in order to make sense of contemporary practices such as those at the center of the Bloodgate scandal (and how perpetrators of cheating are understood and publicly shaped in media discourses), we must examine their historical emergence.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u8857\u89d2\u8f6c\u5f2f\u5904\u8fdb\u4eba\u5927\u62f1\u95e8\u6240\u5728\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u773c\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u5ea7\u9ad8\u8038\u4eba\u4e91\u7684\u94a2\u7b4b\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u5927\u53eb\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff01\u201d\u4ed6\u4eec\u6325\u821e\u7740\u80f3\u818a\u53c8\u8e66\u53c8\u8df3,\u201c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u62f1\u95e8\uff01\u201d", + "output": "As we round the corner at the top of the street and enter the national park surrounding the Gateway Arch, we get our first glimpse of the towering steel structure.\u201cThere it is!\u201dthe children cry,jumping up and down,waving their arms,\u201cThere\u2019s the arch!\u201d", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u516c\u5143\u524d4000\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u957f\u6c5f\u4e0b\u6e38\u5730\u533a\u7531\u9a6c\u5bb6\u6d5c\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5165\u5230\u5d27\u6cfd\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u73af\u592a\u6e56\u5468\u8fb9\u6c34\u7cfb\u627f\u8f7d\u4e86\u805a\u843d\u7fa4\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\u3002\u5d27\u6cfd\u6587\u5316\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u96c6\u7fa4\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u6728\u6750\u3001\u77f3\u6750\u3001\u7389\u6750\u7b49\u8d44\u6e90\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u9009\u5b9a\u826f\u6e1a\u9057\u5740\u7fa4\u6240\u5728\u5730\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u57fa\u5730\u3002\u826f\u6e1a\u6587\u5316\u65f6\u671f\u7389\u6587\u5316\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u805a\u843d\u7b49\u7ea7\u548c\u805a\u843d\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u5893\u4e3b\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u5730\u4f4d\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5176\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u742e\u3001\u74a7\u3001\u94ba\u548c\u795e\u4eba\u517d\u9762\u50cf\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5d27\u6cfd\u6587\u5316\u65f6\u671f\u796d\u5668\u548c\u793c\u5668\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u6837\uff0c\u800c\u826f\u6e1a\u6587\u5316\u65f6\u671f\u7422\u7389\u5de5\u827a\u5219\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u56fa\u5b9a\u548c\u50f5\u5316\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8eab\u4efd\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u548c\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u9884\u793a\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u6765\u4e34\u3002\u968f\u7740\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u67af\u7aed\u3001\u827a\u672f\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u6d88\u6020\u751a\u81f3\u8ff7\u5931\u4ee5\u53ca\u5916\u90e8\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u826f\u6e1a\u6587\u5316\u964d\u4e0b\u4e86\u5e37\u5e55\u3002", - "output": "As the lower reach of the Yangtze River transited from the Majiabang Culture to the Songze Culture around 4000 B.C., the Taihu Lake basin became a key area where settlements were formed and developed. The late period of the Songze Culture saw a large of scale of migration of these settlements to other areas, and the area which later developed into Liangzhu Culture was selected as the main settlement due to its advantageous wood, stone and jade resources. The primitive religious belief represented in the jade culture of Liangzhu can be seen in the grade and scale of the settlement and from the identity and social status of the tomb owner. Along with the forming of the jade culture, jade objects such as cong, bi, yue and animal-faced shaman figures were produced. While in Songze Culture the ritual and sacrificial wares enjoyed a great variety, the jade carving (carve gems or carve jade) in Liangzhu was formalized in some standardized style as an expression of social status and mysticism. Such cultural change indicated the forthcoming of a social change: the Liangzhu Culture came to an end with the exhaustion of resources, the missing of artistic creativity and the affects from external factors.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u65391:\u867d\u7136\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u58eb\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5230\u4eba\u53e3\u76842\uff05\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u62e5\u6709 95\u201497%\u7684\u571f\u5730\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ea6\u5360\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u603b\u6570\u768495%\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u571f\u5730\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u76843%\u662f\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u4e13\u95e8\u804c\u4e1a\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff1b\u5c31\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u4eab\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u58f0\u671b\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u76d6\u8fc7\u4e86\u98ce\u5934\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8d35\u65cf\u770b\u4e0d\u8d77\u7ecf\u8425\u5546\u4e1a\u6216\u4ece\u4e8b\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u3001\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u635f\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u7ec5\u58eb\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u504f\u89c1\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u65e0\u8c13\u7684\u865a\u8363\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f0a\u8fbe\u6208\u786e\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u5207\u597d\u5904\u2014\u2014\u8363\u8a89\u3001\u514d\u7a0e\u548c\u5730\u4ea7\uff1b\u5730\u4ea7\u6bd4\u5546\u4e1a\u6216\u5de5\u4e1a\u8d22\u5bcc\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u3002", + "output": "Although the aristocrats together with the higher churchmen, comprised less than 2 percent of the population, they owned 95 to 97 percent of the land. It follows that the peasants, about 95 percent of all Spaniards, were almost all landless. The remaining 3 percent --- clerics, merchants, and professional people, many of whom were Jews --- were not a middle class in any economic or social sense. They were completely overshadowed by the nobilily who had social status and prestige. And because the nobility looked down on careers in commerce or industry as demeaning, this prejudice became the national norm. Nor was this mere empty vanity, for the hidalgo had all the advantages --- honors, exemption from taxation, and territorial wealth, which was more secure than commercial or industrial riches.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4ece\u89e3\u91ca\u5b66\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u6587\u5b66\u6279\u8bc4\u201c\u6d3e\u522b\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7528\u7406\u8bba\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e00\u90e8\u4f5c\u54c1\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u201d\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff1a\u201c\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u201d\uff08\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff0c\u201c\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7edf\u4e00\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u201d\uff08\u65b0\u6279\u8bc4\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff0c\u201c\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u604b\u6bcd\u60c5\u7ed3\u77db\u76fe\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u201d\uff08\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\uff09\uff0c\u201c\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u904f\u5236\u98a0\u8986\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u201d\uff08\u65b0\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff0c\u201d\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u201c\uff08\u5973\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff0c\u201d\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u672c\u81ea\u6211\u7ed3\u6784\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u201c\uff08\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff0c\u201d\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u963b\u788d\u7684\u201c\uff08\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff0c\u201d\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5f02\u6027\u604b\u6839\u6e90\u7684\u201c\uff08\u540c\u6027\u604b\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u3002", - "output": "What are commonly seen as \u2018schools\u2019 of literary criticism or theoretical \u2018approaches\u2019 to literature are, from the point of view of hermeneutics, dispositions to give particular kinds of answers to the question of what a work is ultimately \u2018about\u2019: \u2018the class struggle\u2019 (Marxism), \u2018the possibility of unifying experience\u2019 (the New Criticism), \u2018Oedipal conflict\u2019 (psychoanalysis), \u2018the containment of subversive energies\u2019 (new historicism), \u2018the asymmetry of gender relations\u2019 (feminism), \u2018the self- deconstructive nature of the text\u2019 (deconstruction), \u2018the occlusion of imperialism\u2019 (post-colonial theory), \u2018the heterosexual matrix\u2019 (gay and lesbian studies).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6e05\u4ee3\u5b66\u653f\u4e3a\u94a6\u5b9a\u4e4b\u5b98\uff0c\u4e13\u804c\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7763\u5bdf\u4e00\u7701\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u53d6\u58eb\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b66\u653f\u5728\u5c65\u804c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8bf8\u591a\u5f0a\u7aef\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u9632\u5f0a\u63aa\u65bd\u4e5f\u6536\u6548\u751a\u5fae\u3002", + "output": "The provincial educational commissioner was an officer appointed by the emperor in the Qing dynasty, who was in charge of education within a province. It played an important role in the system of imperial examinations. At the same time, problems occurred when provincial educational commissioners carried out their responsibilities. Even though the Qing dynasty made great efforts trying to reduce those problems, it turned out to be in vain.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6d6e\u52a8\u6c47\u7387\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d27\u5e01\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7a33\u5b9a\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u6216\u964d\u4f4e\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5267\u70c8\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5176\u8d27\u5e01\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0e\u4e00\u79cd\u4f4e\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u6c47\u7387\uff08\u6b27\u6d32\u8d27\u5e01\u4f53\u5236\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u4ee5\u5fb7\u56fd\u8d27\u5e01\u4e3a\u51c6\uff0c\u62c9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u7f8e\u5143\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u53cd\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7684\u94c1\u951a\u201d\u3002", - "output": "Floating exchange rates can lead to rapid and dramatic shifts in currency values such that governments' pursuit of stable inflation, and possibly the pursuit of low inflation too, may be jeopardized. In a desire to prevent such dramatic movements many governments have sought to manage the exchange rate by fixing its value to that of a low inflation currency (Germany for EMS members, the USA for Latin American countries), so providing an 'anti-inflationary anchor'.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u540c\u6837\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5458\u5de5\u611f\u5230\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d1f\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u9988\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5458\u5de5\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e86\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u3002", + "output": "Notice, too, that jobs that possess autonomy give the jobholder a feeling of personal responsibility for the results and that if a job provides feedback, the employee will know how effectively he or she is performing.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8bd7\u6b4c\u7684\u968f\u5fc3\u6240\u6b32\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5b83\u5bf9\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u81ea\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u5d07\u9ad8\u201d\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u8ffd\u6c42\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d85\u8d8a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u89e3\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e00\u79cd\u656c\u754f\u6216\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u7ed9\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u4e00\u79cd\u8d85\u8d8a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d85\u9a8c\u7684\u70ed\u70c8\u8ffd\u6c42\u662f\u4e0e\u4fee\u8f9e\u624b\u6bb5\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u547c\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u5e76\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u542c\u4f17\u8bb2\u8bdd\u7684\u4fee\u8f9e\u624b\u6bb5\uff1b\u62df\u4eba\u6cd5\uff0c\u628a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u8d4b\u4e88\u975e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff1b\u6d3b\u73b0\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba9\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5177\u5907\u8bb2\u8bdd\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002", - "output": "The extravagance of poetry includes its aspiration to what theorists since classical times have called the\u2018sublime\u2019: a relation to what exceeds human capabilities of understanding, provokes awe or passionate intensity, gives the speaker a sense of something beyond the human. But this transcendent aspiration is linked to rhetorical figures such as apostrophe, the trope of addressing what is not an actual listener, personification, the attribution of human qualities to what is not human, and prosopopoeia, the granting of speech to inanimate objects.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u592b\u4e00\u59bb\u5236\u548c\u4e00\u592b\u591a\u59bb\u5236\u662f\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f88\u5c11\u89c1\u3002\u4e00\u59bb\u591a\u592b\u5236\uff08polyandry\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u5b50\u540c\u65f6\u4e0e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u7537\u5b50\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u513f\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u89c1\u5230\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u7537\u5b50\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5bff\u547d\u6bd4\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u77ed\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7537\u5a74\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u9ad8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7537\u5b50\u8fc7\u5269\u662f\u4e0d\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6027\u522b \u6bd4\u4f8b\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u62c9\u8fbe\u514b\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5987\u5973\u53ef\u80fd\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u4e00\u59bb\u591a\u592b\u5236\u5c11\u89c1\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5a5a\u59fb\u5f62\u5f0f\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u66f4\u52a0\u9650\u5236\u4e00\u4e2a\u7537\u5b50\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u7eb3\u4e9a\u5c14\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u59bb\u591a\u592b\u5236\u4f7f\u5973\u5b50\u6000\u5b55\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6700\u5927\u5316\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5176\u7ee7\u55e3\u7fa4\u4f53\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u751f\u80b2\u3002", + "output": "Although monogamy and polygyny are the most common forms of marriage in the world today, other forms do occur, however rarely. Polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men simultaneously, is known in only a few societies, perhaps in part because men's life expectancy is shorter than women's, and male infant mortality is high, so a surplus of men in a society is unlikely. Where sex ratios are balanced, as in Ladakh, many women are likely to remain unmarried. Another reason for polyandry rarity is that it limits a man's descendants more than any other pattern.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\"\u6559\u5e08\"\u542b\u4e49\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u5982\u5e08\u6c0f\u3001\u4fdd\u6c0f\u3001\u5e08\u3001\u5e08\u5112\u3001\u5e08\u5085\u3001\u5148\u751f\u3001\u592b\u5b50\u3001\u8001\u5e08\u3001\u535a\u58eb\u3001\u6559\u6388\u3001\u52a9\u6559\u3001\u6559\u8c15\u3001\u897f\u5e2d\u3001\u8bb2\u5e08\u3001\u6559\u4e60\u3001\u6559\u5458\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u7684\u901a\u79f0\"\u6559\u5e08\"\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u5374\u6210\u578b\u786e\u5b9a\u8f83\u665a\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4ece\"\u5e08\u6c0f\"\u5230\"\u6559\u5e08\"\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u6f14\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002", - "output": "In the ancient and modern Chinese language there are many words to express the meaning of \"teacher\", such as \"shi fu\"(master), \"xian sheng\"(gentleman), \"bo shi\"(doctor)\", \"jiao shou\"(professor), \"jiang shi\"(instructor), \"xixi\"(family tutor) and so on. However, the formation of the modern Chinese term \"jiao shi\"(teacher) emerged quite late. It has gone through a long developmental course.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e00\u76f4\u62e5\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u515a\u4eba\uff0c\u5219\u62b1\u7740\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5185\u52a1\u5927\u81e3\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u7f57\u7d20\u52cb\u7235\u7981\u6b62\u5e72\u6d89\u5baa\u7ae0\u6d3e\u57281838\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u5927\u578b\u5b97\u6559\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u5916\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5baa\u7ae0\u6d3e\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u4e88\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6587\u4ef6\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u63d0\u53ca\u8fd9\u573a\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002", + "output": "The Whigs, who were in power at the beginning and the end of this period, were much more lenient. Lord John Russell, the Home Secretary, forbade interference with the Great Chartist meetings held in the autumn of 1838. Except for comparatively brief periods, the government paid very little attention to the Chartists. Russell\u2019s private papers contain only an occasional reference to the movement.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u884c\u4e3a\uff08supportive leader behavior)\u5173\u5fc3\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u53cb\u597d\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u91cd\u89c6\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u7231\u597d\u3002", - "output": "Third, supportive leader behavior displays a concern for subordinates' welfare, creates a friendly and psychologically supportive work environment, and takes into account subordinates' needs and preferences.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5f53\u7a0e\u6536\uff08\u6216\u67d0\u79cd\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u7b56\uff09\u626d\u66f2\u4e86\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u679c\u65f6\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u603b\u5269\u4f59\u51cf\u5c11\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u65e0\u8c13\u635f\u5931\u3002\u65e0\u8c13\u635f\u5931\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u7528\u9762\u79efC+E\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u3002", + "output": "The fall in total surplus that results when a tax (or some other policy) distorts a market outcome is called the deadweight loss. The area C+E measures the size of the deadweight loss.", "system": "", "history": [] }