diff --git "a/test.json" "b/test.json" --- "a/test.json" +++ "b/test.json" @@ -1,701 +1,701 @@ [ { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e24\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u6e20\u9053\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u8fdb\u884c\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\uff1a\uff08\u5546\u54c1\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u7684\uff09\u8d38\u6613\u4e0e\u91d1\u878d\u3002\u8d38\u6613\u8054\u7cfb\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4ea7\u54c1\u51fa\u53e3\u5230\u5916\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5185\u6d88\u8d39\u6216\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5546\u54c1\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u751f\u4ea7\u540e\u8f93\u5165\u8fdb\u6765\u3002", - "output": "Any economy is linked to the rest of the world through two broad channels: trade (in goods and services) and finance. The trade linkage means that some of a country\u2019s production is exported to foreign countries, while some goods that are consumed or invested at home are produced abroad and imported.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8d38\u6613\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u4ea7\u51fa\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u6027\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u5e02\u573a\u6216\u8005\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u539f\u6750\u6599\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5efa\u7b51\u4e1a\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u56fd\u5185\u539f\u6599\uff0c\u96c7\u7528\u672c\u571f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u548c\u6ee1\u8db3\u56fd\u5185\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u8bbe\u5907\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5efa\u7b51\u516c\u53f8\u56fd\u9645\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u914d\u5957\u670d\u52a1\u4e5f\u8bb8\u901a\u8fc7\u8d38\u6613\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002", + "output": "Trade has revolutionized the prospects of all industrial sectors -- today few industries rely purely on domestic markets or domestically produced components and raw materials. For example, although the construction industry primarily uses domestic materials, employs local labour and satisfies domestic demand, capital equipment may be imported and, with increasing international ownership of construction firms, support services may also be traded.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u592b\u5144\u5f1f\u5a5a\u548c\u59bb\u59d0\u59b9\u5a5a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u592b\u5144\u5f1f\u5a5a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5176\u5df2\u6545\u5144\u5f1f\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u6216\u59bb\u5b50\u4eec\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002", - "output": "The widespread institutions of levirate and sororate are explainable by this theory also. In the levirate a man marries the wife or wives of his deceased brother.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u624b\u5de5\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u9676\u5668\u5728\u94f8\u6a21\u4e00\u4ef6\u5bb9\u5668\u65f6\u8981\u4e48\u9009\u53d6\u7c98\u571f\u77f3\u82af\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u52a0\u8bbe\u5708\u5f62\u6216\u5f27\u5f62\u5377\u677f\uff0c\u7136\u540e \u7528\u8f83\u7a00\u7684\u571f\u6c34\u6df7\u5408\u6db2\u9ecf\u5408\u63a5\u53e3\uff08\u56fe6. 4\uff09\u3002", + "output": "Hand-forming pottery involves modeling a vessel either from a clay core or by adding coils or segments and welding the junctures with a thin solution of clay and water (Fig. 6.4).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8d44\u6599\u4e09\u89d2\u6821\u6b63\u662f\u6307\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f15\u5165\u591a\u79cd\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u8c03\u67e5\u8005\u4e09\u89d2\u6821\u6b63\u662f\u6307\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u96c7\u7528\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6216\u8bc4\u8bba\u8005\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4e09\u89d2\u6821\u6b63\u662f\u6307\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7528\u51e0\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u89c6\u89d2\u5206\u6790\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u6821\u6b63\u662f\u6307\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6536\u96c6\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002", - "output": "Researchers concerned with data triangulation draw on various sources of data in the research process. Investigator triangulation refers to the employment of several researchers or evaluators in a study. Theory triangulation involves researchers using several theories or perspectives to analyse data. Methodological triangulation involves researchers using several methods to gather data relevant to a study.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u65e9\u671f\u7f57\u9a6c\u793e\u4f1a\u6784\u6210\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u662f\u5212\u5206\u6210\u8d35\u65cf\u4e0e\u5e73\u6c11\u4e24\u5927\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u7f57\u9a6c\u8d35\u65cf\u7531\u738b\u653f\u65f6\u4ee3\u59d4\u4efb\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u5143\u8001\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u5bb6\u65cf\u7ec4\u6210\u3002", + "output": "The most noticeable element in the social organization of early Rome was the division between two groups---the patricians and the plebeians. The patrician class in Rome consisted of families who were descended from the original senators appointed during the period of the kings.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u52a0\u5de5\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u77e5\u89c9\u5c31\u662f\u6a21\u677f\u5339\u914d\u3002\u4eba\u5728\u957f\u65f6\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u50a8\u5b58\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u6a21\u677f\u6216\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u5fae\u578b\u590d\u5236\u54c1\uff0c\u5728\u9047\u5230\u523a\u6fc0\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u5c06\u523a\u6fc0\u4e0e\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u6a21\u677f\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u8fa8\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u523a\u6fc0\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u5df1\u6709\u7684\u6a21\u677f\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002", - "output": "An information processing theory of perception is template matching, which holds that people store templates, or miniature copies of stimuli, in LTM. When they encounter a stimulus, they compare it with existing templates and identify the stimulus if a match is found.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "4.\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u5904\u4e8e\u89c4\u8303\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u5c55\u73b0\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6f84\u6e05\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u671f\u671b\uff1b\u4e3a\u56e2\u961f\u6210\u5458\u4ee5\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ee9\u6548\u53cd\u9988\uff1b\u9f13\u52b1\u56e2\u961f\u660e\u786e\u8868\u8fbe\u672a\u6765\u613f\u666f\uff1b\u627e\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u516c\u5f00\u3001\u5f00\u653e\u5730\u4f20\u8fbe\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u613f\u666f\u3002", + "output": "If your team is in the norming stage, you want to exhibit certain leader behaviors. These behaviors include clarifying the team's goals and expectations, providing performance feedback to individual team members and the team, encouraging the team to articulate a vision for the future, and finding ways to publicly and openly communicate the team's vision.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u7740\u624b\u8fdb\u884c\u6295\u8d44\u5462\uff1f\u73b0\u91d1\u6d41\u91cf\u8d34\u73b0\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u5e74\u4efd\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u5e94\u8be5\u8d34\u73b0\u5230\u5f53\u524d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8ba1\u7b97\u5176\u73b0\u503c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5229\u7387\u4e3a10%\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\u7684110\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u7684100\u7f8e\u5143\u4ef7\u503c\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u4eca\u5929\u5c06100\u7f8e\u5143\u4ee510%\u7684\u5229\u7387\u8d37\u653e\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8d37\u653e\u4eba\u6700\u7ec8\u83b7\u5f97110\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5382\u5546\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u501f\u5230\u501f\u6b3e\u7684\u5229\u7387\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u73b0\u503c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u73b0\u503c\u662f\u6b63\u6570\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u3002", - "output": "Should the project be undertaken? Discounted cash flow analysis says that the revenues received in later years should be discounted to the present in order to calculate their present value. If the interest rate is 10 percent, $110 a year from now is worth the same as $100 now. Why? Because if $100 is lent out today at 10 percent, a year from now the lender will end up with $110. To calculate the value of the project, the firm calculates the project's present discounted value at the interest rate at which it can borrow. If the present value is positive, the project is undertaken.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u5b9e\u8df5\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u6c83\u571f\u3002\u7f57\u66fc\u00b7\u96c5\u53ef\u5e03\u68ee\u5bf9\u201c\u8a00\u8bed\u7f3a\u9677\u201d\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u8bd7\u5b66\u9690\u542b\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4f8b\u3002", + "output": "There are some instances when a structuralist theory provides the practical critic with a fertile ground for interpretative applications. This is true of Roman Jakobson\u2019s study of \u2018aphasia\u2019 (speech defect) and its implications for poetics.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u5c06\u751f\u6d3b\u770b\u505a\u662f\u552f\u7269\u8bba\uff0c\u770b\u505a\u662f\u7167\u7247\u4e0a\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u548c\u5bfa\u5e99\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u770b\u505a\u5c55\u89c8\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u5236\u54c1\u548c\u6807\u672c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u770b\u6cd5\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6216\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u666f\u6216\u5b8f\u89c2\u89c6\u89d2\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u66f4\u5173\u6ce8\u5fae\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u5176\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4e2a\u4f53\u6f14\u5458\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002", - "output": "The first group sees life as materialistic, as monuments and temples in photographs or as artifacts and specimens on exhibit. This view is informed by an evolutionary or similar schema that takes a panoramic, or macro, view. The second group is more concerned with a microcosm: the meaning of life to individual actors in their cultural context and the subtleties of social relationships.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5047\u8bbe\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6781\u9650\u5b9a\u7406\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u53ef\u6309\u7167\u4e0a\u8ff0\u505a\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u7136\u540e\u8fd0\u7528\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u7406\u8bba\u8ba1\u7b97\u6bcf\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u518d\u505a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u90fd\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7edf\u8ba1\u540e\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u3002", + "output": "This step can be done as above by assuming that the central limit theorem holds for each sequence and then applying normal distribution theory to calculate the individual path probabilities.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5149\u7167\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u56de\u5230\u773c\u4e0b\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u60f3\u51fa\u90a3\u4e9b\u672c\u8be5\u88ab\u6db5\u62ec\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u5b83\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9650\u5236\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u53ea\u6709\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u624d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u7f16\u8005\u5f97\u4ee5\u660e\u6670\u3002\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7684\u504f\u89c1\u4f7f\u5b83\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u7167\u7247\u3001\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u8868\u6f14\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\u827a\u6728\u3001\u975e\u865a\u6784\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3001\u201c\u65b0\u65b0\u95fb\u5199\u4f5c\u201d\u3001\u53e3\u8ff0\u53f2\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u5bf9\u4ece\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u76f8\u5bf9\u5173\u6ce8\u8f83\u5c11\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u518d\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u8bf4\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u7684\u8fd9\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6761\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u73af\u5883\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002", - "output": "In this spirit, let me turn to the present volume. Everyone will be able to think of individuals or perspectives that should have been included. The volume's focus limits it in ways its authors and editors can only begin to make apparent. Readers may note that its anthropological bias neglects photography, film, performance theory, documentary art, the nonfiction novel, \"the new journalism,\" oral history, and various forms of sociology. The book gives relatively little attention to new ethnographic possibilities emerging from non-Western experience and from feminist theory and politics. Let me dwell on this last exclusion, for it concerns an especially strong intellectual and moral influence in the university milieux from which these essays have sprung.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u52301940\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u5f97\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5411\u54c8\u7279\u5411\u7684\u201c\u533a\u57df\u5206\u5f02\u201d\u89c2\u70b9\u63d0\u51fa\u6311\u6218\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u300260\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u5361\u65af\u7279\u5c14\u65af\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837,\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u4e86\u3002", + "output": "By the 1940s it was becoming clear that places were no longer isolated, a fact that posed a challenge to Hartshorne\u2019s idea of \u2018areal differentiation\u2019. Over 60 years later, places worldwide are, as Castells argues, more intimately interlinked than ever before.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f46\u662f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u7ecf\u5bb6\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u8ddf\u8e2a\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u6216\u5229\u606f\u6bd4\u7387\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u62ef\u6551\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u6811\u6728\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u201c\u7eff\u8272\u7ecf\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u662f\u73af\u5883\u7ecf\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u7ecf\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u4f53\u7cfb\u529d\u8bf4\u516c\u53f8\u6e05\u9664\u6c61\u67d3\u548c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u7136\u533a\u57df\u3002", - "output": "But a growing number are choosing to use their skills not to track inflation or interest rates but to rescue rivers and trees. These are the \u201cgreen economists,\u201d more formally known as environmental economists, who use economic arguments and systems to persuade companies to clean up pollution and to help conserve natural areas.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5b83\u5e76\u975e\u5c06\u7f3a\u5e2d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ec\u5524\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u65e2\u4e0d\u5728\u573a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7f3a\u5e2d\u7684\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c06\u201c\u5524\u8d77\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u5c06\u4e24\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5982\u5524\u8d77\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u5524\u8d77\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5524\u8d77\u662f\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6216\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u62b5\u5236\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u8bf1\u60d1\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u8bbe\u60f3\u201c\u5524\u8d77y\u201d\u7684\u547d\u9898\u5f62\u5f0f\u5fc5\u7136\u610f\u5473\u7740x\u548cy\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u3001\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5524\u8d77\u201d\u7684\u201c\u8fc7\u7a0b-\u5b9e\u4f53\u201d\u6240\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u5148\u4e8ey\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\uff0cX\u5fc5\u987b\u662fy\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u8005y\u662fx\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u3002", + "output": "It is not a presence that calls into being something that was absent; it is acomin g to be of what was neither there present nor absent, for we are not to understand \"evocation\" as linking two differences in time and place, as something that evokes and something else evoked. Evocation is a unity, a single event or process, and we must resist the temptation of grammar that would make us think that the propositional form \"x evokes y\" must mean that x and y are different entities linked by a third rather peculiar \"process-entity\" called \"evoke,\" a n d that, moreover, x must precede y in time, and consequently x must be a condition of y or y a result of x.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4ee5\u4e0a\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b54\u6848\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e8b\u5148\u89c4\u5b9a\u597d\u4e86\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u95ee\u5377\u4e0a\u7559\u51fa\u7a7a\u767d\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u7ed9\u4e88\u53d7\u8bbf\u8005\u8db3\u591f\u65f6\u95f4\u5b8c\u6210\u95ee\u5377\u3002\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u91c7\u7528\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u56de\u7b54\u5c06\u53ef\u80fd\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u5206\u7c7b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u7684\u7f16\u7801\u548c\u5206\u6790\u3002", - "output": "The above response sets are described as closed, because the answers have been predeter mined. Another type of question is the open-ended question, and it is posed with space on the questionnaire or sufficient time for the respondent to reply. The open-ended question might be analysed using content analysis procedures described in chapter 3, or the responses might be reduced to categories and numerically coded and analysed.", + "input": "\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u6307\u5bfc\u7814\u7a76\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\uff08\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u5b9a\u91cf\u6216\u6df7\u5408\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09 \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e76\u9610\u660e\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u5206\u6790\u6240\u9700\u6570\u636e\u3002", + "output": "The methodology section needs to state the overlying methodology that is informing the research data collection and analysis (qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods). It also needs to state why that methodology has been chosen, and how that methodology enables the researcher to best gather the required data and analyse that data.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fdb\u5165\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u5de5\u5177\u4ecd\u7136\u7528\u6728\u3001\u77f3\u3001\u89d2\u3001\u9aa8\u5236\u9020\uff08\u56fe41\uff09\uff0c\u9752\u94dc\u5374\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u505a\u5175\u5668\u3001\u793c\u5668\uff08\u98df\u5668\u3001\u9152\u5668\u548c\u4e50\u5668\uff09\u3001\u88c5\u9970\u54c1\u548c\u65a7\u3001\u952f\u3001\u51ff\u7b49\u6728\u5de5\u7528\u5177\u3002\u540e\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5236\u4f5c\u6728\u5236\u6218\u8f66\u8fd9\u79cd\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u6700\u6709\u5a01\u6151\u529b\u7684\u6218\u5177\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002", - "output": "While agricultural implements continued to be made of stone, wood, antler, and bone during the Bronze Age (Figure 41), bronze was used conspicuously for the manufacturing of weapons, ritual paraphernalia (food vessels, wine vessels, and musical instruments), some ornaments, and such carpenter's tools as the ax, adz, and chisel. The carpenter's tools were presumably necessary for the construction of wooden chariots, which were the most formidable weapon of the Bronze Age.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5176\u4f59\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u9002\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u8054\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5f53\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u5206\u522b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u8054\u7acb\u65b9\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e\u9700\u6c42\u65b9\u7a0b\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46SEM\u5728\u7ecf\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u5e94\u7528\u3002", + "output": "Simultaneous equations models are appropriate when each equation in the system has a ceteris paribus interpretation. Good examples are when separate equations describe different sides of a market or the behavioral relationships of different economic agents. Supply and demand examples are leading cases, but there are many other applications of SEMs in economics and the social sciences.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u5316\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u673a\u6784\u6765\u534f\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u5404\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u7ed3\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u4e8e\u5185\u805a\u529b\u548c\u5353\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6574\u5408\u673a\u6784\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u6559\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5177\u6709\u4e16\u4fd7\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u673a\u6784\u3002", - "output": "The differentiation of structure, the specialization of function, of civil society required a special mechanism to co-ordinate the various segments and classes of society and to integrate them into a coherent and effective whole. Such an integrative mechanism was produced. It was the \"State-Church/' i.e., a mechanism having temporal and ecclesiastical aspects.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff08filtering)\u662f\u6307\u6545\u610f\u64cd\u7eb5\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u63a5\u6536\u8005\u8ba4\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u5411\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ecf\u7406\u6c47\u62a5\u4ed6\u60f3\u542c\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u65f6\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u5c31\u5728\u88ab\u8fc7\u6ee4\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u7ea7\u5411\u4e0a\u4f20\u9001\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u5404\u7ea7\u53d1\u9001\u8005\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u4ee5\u6d53\u7f29\u6216\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u8fc7\u6ee4\u3002", + "output": "Filtering is the deliberate manipulation of information to make it appear more favorable to the receiver. For example, when a person tells his or her manager what the manager wants to hear, information is being filtered. Or if information being communicated up through organizational levels is condensed by senders, that's filtering.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6216\u8bb8\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u751f\u6001\u654f\u611f\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5982\u9053\u5bb6\u3001\u4f5b\u6559\u548c\u5112\u5b66(\u5728\u63a8\u52a8\u897f\u65b9\u201c\u751f\u6001\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4f20\u7edf\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u780d\u4f10\u68ee\u6797\u3001\u571f\u58e4\u6076\u5316\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u4fb5\u8680\u548c\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u7406\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u73af\u5883\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6309\u7167\u73b0\u4ee3\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u770b\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u707e\u96be\u3002", - "output": "The Chinese may have ecologically sensitive traditions of Tao, Buddhism, and Confucianism (traditions of thought which have played an important role in promoting an \"ecological consciousness\" in the west) but the historical geography of deforestation, land degradation, river erosion, and flooding in China contains not a few environmental events which would be regarded as catastrophes by modern-day standards.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6c11\u65cf\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u53bb\u4e86\u89e3\u8003\u53e4\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ece\u5176\u4ea7\u751f\u3001\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u7834\u574f\u3002\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u7530\u91ce\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u6863\u6848\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u662f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\u54c1\u7684\u5206\u6790 (\u6bd4\u5982\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e86\u89e3\u5668\u7269\u7684\u5236\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u9676\u5668\u3001\u77f3\u5668\u3001\u91d1\u5c5e\u5236\u54c1\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\uff09\u3001\u83b7\u53d6\u98df\u7269\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u72e9\u730e\u91c7\u96c6\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u66f4\u5e38\u89c1\uff09\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u805a\u843d\u5f62\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u8003\u53e4\u6750\u6599\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\uff08Donnan and Clelow 1974; Gould 1978\uff0c1980; Moore 1986)\u3002", + "output": "Ethnoarchaeology is the study of present-day lifestyles to enable understanding of the processes that generate archaeological evidence, or are responsible for its preservation or destruction. Ethnoarchaeology usually involves fieldwork, which might be complemented by archival research or the analysis of museum collections, to look at such subjects as the making of artefacts (pots, stone and metal being the favourites), food-getting (huntergatherer studies are more common than those of farmers), space architecture and settlement patterns, and general formation processes of archaeological evidence (Donnan and Clelow 1974; Gould 1978, 1980; Moore 1986). Ethnoarchaeology", + "system": "", + "history": [] + }, + { + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u5fae\u5999\u3001\u590d\u6742\u548c\u96be\u4ee5\u9a7e\u9a6d\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7406\u8bba\u5f88\u96be\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u4e3b\u89c2\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u7528\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u4e2d\u7ea7\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u89c6\u6784\u5efa\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u4e2d\u7ea7\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u901a\u5219\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u53ef\u6d89\u8db3\uff08M. Salmon 1982 : 33-34; Gibbon 1984\uff1a 35-70; Gallay 1986\uff1a 117-121) \u3002", + "output": "Generally, however, they underestimate the tenuous, complex, and intractable nature of the relations between these two levels. By contrast, because high-level theory is hard to verify, highly susceptible to subjective influence, and not absolutely required to create middle-level theories, many inductivists regard the creation of high-level theories as an ultimate goal that archaeologists should address only after they have established a large corpus of reliable generalizations at the middle level (M. Salmon 1982: 33\u20134; Gibbon 1984: 35\u201370; Gallay 1986: 117\u201321).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u88c5\u914d\u7ebf\u4f7f\u751f\u4ea7\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7387\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u4f4e\u6d41\u52a8\u7387\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u52aa\u529b\u548c\u9ad8\u7d20\u8d28\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u53f8\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u652f\u4ed8\u6548\u7387\u5de5\u8d44\u5bf9\u798f\u7279\u6c7d\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002", - "output": "Thus, while assembly lines made production more efficient, they also raised the importance of low worker turnover, high worker effort, and high worker quality. As a result, paying efficiency wages may have been a better strategy for the Ford Motor Company than for other businesses at the time.", + "input": "\u5bcc\u6709\u521b\u65b0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7ecf\u5bb6\u5982\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u963f\u9a6c\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee\u548c\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u62c9\u5c3c\u65af\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u8003\u8651\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u9884\u671f\u5bff\u547d\u3001\u5165\u5b66\u7387\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u8bc6\u5b57\u7387\u548c\u5987\u5973\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u5747\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u3002", + "output": "Thoughtful economists such as Nobel Prize recipient Amartya Sen and Yale\u2019s Gustav Ranis emphasize that other factors should be considered in appraising a country\u2019s progress: Factors such as health and life expectancy, school enrollment, adult literacy, and independence of women are important goals for developing countries along with increasing per capita market consumption.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5404\u795e\u901a\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u6216\u8005\u5b83\u4eec\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u5219\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u4e00\u5e45\u9ed1\u4eba\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u4e00\u675f\u73ab\u7470\u82b1\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u81ea\u8eab\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5448\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u5e45\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u4e00\u5219\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u4e00\u675f\u73ab\u7470\u82b1\u3002\u5916\u5ef6\u662f\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u663e\u73b0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002", - "output": "On one level, the meaning of popular cultural signs is self-evident. They are what they are or what they appear to be, an advert, a photo of a black soldier, a bunch of roses and so on. They denote something to us, they present it to us as a matter of fact: this is a photo of a soldier, an advert, a bunch of roses. Denotation refers to those things which appear to us as natural and which we can take for granted.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5173\u4e8e\u519b\u5907\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u8bb0\u5f55\u662f1139\u5e74\u62c9\u7279\u5170\u516c\u4f1a\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u5b83\u7981\u6b62\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u519b\u961f\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f7f\u7528\u5f29\uff08Contamine\uff0c1984\uff0c\u7b2c274\u9875\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3e\u63aa\u50cf\u591a\u6570\u519b\u5907\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u88c1\u519b\u52aa\u529b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u53ea\u5177\u6709\u6682\u65f6\u7684\u3001\u6709\u9650\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ba1\u5236\uff08\u548c\u9884\u9632\uff09\u6218\u4e89\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\u3001\u6269\u6563\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u90e8\u7f72\u7684\u5e73\u6de1\u65e0\u5947\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5f00\u7aef\u3002", + "output": "One of the earliest recorded arms control initiatives is the decision of the Lateran Council in 1139 to prohibit the use of crossbows between Christian armies (Contamine, 1984, p. 274). This prohibition, like most arms control and disarmament initiatives, proved to have a very temporary and limited impact. Nevertheless, it represents the beginning of a somewhat uninspiring history of interstate attempts to regulate (and prevent) the acquisition, diffusion, use and deployment of the instruments of war.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u8bf4\u201c\u5b59\u5b50\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u8bf4\u201c\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a,\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u76f4\u7cfb\u540e\u4ee3\u662f\u5305\u62ec\u5e03\u83b1\u5e0c\u7279\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4eec\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u758f\u79bb\u6548\u679c\u201d\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u7684\u3002", - "output": "I say 'grandchild' rather than 'child', because the more direct offspring of the Formalists were the socialist artists of the German Weimar Republic \u2014Bertolt Brecht among them \u2014who employed such 'estrangement effects' to political ends.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\uff081953\uff09\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u64cd\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u53cd\u5c04\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fc1\u79fb\u6d89\u53ca\u628a\u4e00\u79cd\u8fa8\u522b\u6027\u523a\u6fc0\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u523a\u6fc0\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e00\u65e6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u8001\u5e08\u6309\u94c3\uff0c\u5c31\u628a\u4e66\u653e\u8fdb\u684c\u5b50\u3002", + "output": "Skinner (1953) propounded another view of transfer. According to operant conditioning theory, transfer involves generalization of responses from one discriminative stimulus to another. Thus, students might be taught to put their books in their desks when the bell rings.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u57fa\u7840\u8bad\u7ec3\u9636\u6bb5\u540e\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u662f\u4e3a\u671f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u5761\u5ea6\u8dd1\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\u8dd1\u8005\u5c06\u6309\u7167\u5229\u8fea\u4e9a\u5fb7\u7684\u201c\u5f39\u7c27\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u672c\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u662f\u4e3a\u8dd1\u8005\u4e0b\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u8bad\u7ec3\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u57284\u5468\u7684\u5761\u5ea6\u8dd1\u8bad\u7ec3\u540e\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u5229\u8fea\u4e9a\u5fb7\u8bad\u7ec3\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u8dd1\u8005\u5c06\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u8dd1\u9053\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210\u95f4\u6b47\u8dd1\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u662f\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5cf0\u503c\u671f\uff0c\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u5e26\u7ed9\u8dd1\u8005\u6700\u4f73\u8fd0\u52a8\u8868\u73b0\u3002", - "output": "Following this base-building phase came a month of hill work during which runners used a form Lydiard called \u201cspringing.\u201d This was a kind of bounding that prepared runners for the speed phases of the program. After 4 weeks of hill training, Lydiard\u2019s runners moved on to traditional speed work, running intervals on a track, followed by a peaking period that was intended to bring them to their best possible performance.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7b80\u5355\u7ed3\u6784\uff08simple structure):\u6218\u7565\u9876\u5c42\u662f\u5173\u952e\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u673a\u5236\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u76d1\u7ba1\u3002", + "output": "Simple structure: The strategic apex is the key part and direct supervision is the central coordinating device.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u524d\u9762\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8a00\u8bed\u94fe\u6e90\u81ea\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u590d\u6742\u7684\u795e\u7ecf-\u808c\u8089\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ea7\u751f\u4ee3\u8868\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u60f3\u6cd5\u6216\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u58f0\u5b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u8be5\u58f0\u5b66\u4fe1\u53f7\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u542c\u8bdd\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u4fe1\u53f7\u89e3\u7801\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0e\u539f\u610f\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u4e86\u89e3\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u8a00\u8bed\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8d77\u6765\u8981\u96be\u4e8e\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u4e86\u89e3\u542c\u8bdd\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u8a00\u8bed\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002", - "output": "As we saw, the speech chain starts with a speaker who, through some complicated set of neuromuscular processes, produces an acoustic signal that represents a thought, idea, or message to be conveyed to a listener, who must then decode the signal to arrive at a similar message. It is more difficult to devise experiments that provide information about how the speaker proceeds than to do so for the listener's side of the process.", + "input": "\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bed\u53ca\u5176\u59d0\u59b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bed\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u8bcd\u6c47\u8303\u7574\u80fd\u591f\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u540d\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u6216\u52a8\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u7b49\u3002\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0a\u4e00\u8282\u63d0\u5230\u7684PS\u6811\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2aVP\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bed\u3002VP\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u5176\u4ed6\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982NP\u6216CP\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u59d0\u59b9\u8303\u7574\u90fd\u662f\u8865\u8db3\u8bed\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u53d8\u5f97\u5b8c\u6574\u3002", + "output": "Another kind of relationship is that between the head of a phrase and its sisters. The head of a phrase is the word whose lexical category defines the type of phrase: the noun in a noun phrase, the verb in a verb phrase, and so on. Reviewing the PS rules in the previous section, we see that every VP contains a verb, which is its head. The VP may also contain other categories, such as an NP or CP. Those sister categories are complements; they complete the meaning of the phrase.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u975e\u4efb\u610f\u6837\u672c\u5355\u5143(Nonarbitrary sample units)\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u533a\u2014\u2014\u5982\u5c0f\u73af\u5883(microenvironment)\uff0c\u6216\u6587\u5316\u5b9e\u4f53(cultural entities)\u2014\u2014\u5982\u623f\u95f4\u3001\u623f\u5c4b\u3001\u9057\u5740(\u56fe4.13)\u3002", - "output": "Nonarbitrary sample units correspond either to natural areas, such as microenvironments, or to cultural entities, such as rooms, houses, or sites (Fig. 4.13).", + "input": "\u5728\u897f\u6b27\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u53f2\u524d\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u79cd\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5bfc\u601d\u60f3\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u626c\u5f03\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u897f\u6b27\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u7406\u5ff5\u4e00\u79cd\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u9500\u8680\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u522b\u60e0\u53ca\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9769\u65b0\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u575a\u6301\u65e5\u6e10\u8870\u8d25\u7684\u534a\u5c01\u5efa\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u540c\u65f6\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4ecd\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u5b88\u653f\u6743\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fdd\u5b88\u653f\u6743\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u88ab\u4ed6\u51fb\u8d25\u4e4b\u540e\u91cd\u65b0\u638c\u6743\u3002", + "output": "At the same time that a close relationship between prehistoric archaeology and ethnology was developing in western Europe and America, some of the principal ideas on which the Enlightenment had been based were undergoing significant modifications and were even being abandoned. In particular, the nineteenth century witnessed the slow erosion in western Europe of a belief in psychic unity. Especially after Napoleon had stabilized the reforms of the French Revolution in a manner that specifically benefited the middle classes, his conquests tended to be welcomed by these classes in Italy, Germany, and other countries where disadvantaging semifeudal political structures had persisted. His conquests simultaneously provoked nationalist reactions, which continued to be promoted by the conservative regimes that were restored to power in France, Germany, and Italy after his defeat.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u73b0\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u90fd\u4f1a\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff08Patterson 1986a\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u51b5\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94(Shanks and Tilley 1987a\uff1a31)\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u6210\u5458\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u5ea6\u4f1a\u9f13\u52b1\u8bb8\u591a\u8003\u53e4\u5bb6\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u8003\u53e4\u6750\u6599\u3002", - "output": "Many now maintained that archaeologists, both individually and collectively, were influenced in their interpretations, largely unconsciously, by their social milieu (Patterson 1986a). This was not a simple belief that all archaeologists reacted in the same way to a particular set of social conditions (Shanks and Tilley 1987a: 31). Yet it was widely believed that shared class membership or political loyalties encouraged large numbers of archaeologists, but not necessarily all of them, to interpret archaeological data from a similar perspective.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u884c\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u4e8e\u96c7\u4e3b\u6765\u8bf4\u6b63\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u3001\u6295\u5165\u2014\u4ea7\u51fa\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002", + "output": "Action research, while highly problematic for its linear, input/output methodologies, is becoming attractive to employers.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u5bcc\u9976\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65b0\u6708\u72b6\u5730\u533a\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u534a\u5c9b\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6d77\u6ee8\u57ce\u5e02\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u738b\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u4e1c\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u8d27\u7269\u96c6\u6563\u5730\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6d77\u4e0a\u8d38\u6613\u7f51\u7edc\u4e5f\u5174\u76db\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u572814\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c15\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d38\u6613\u7f51\u7edc\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8d38\u6613\u7f51\u7edc\u5df2\u5c06\u6b27\u6d32\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff08Abu-Lughod\uff0c1989; Chaudhuri\uff0c 1985; Snow\uff0c 1988\uff09\uff09\u3002", - "output": "Over the same period, seaborne networks of trade flourished between the Islamic lands of the fertile crescent and Arabia, the coastal city-states of India, African kingdoms and Arab entrepots on the east coast of Africa. In the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries these trade networks connected directly with China itself so that in the premodern era trading networks had developed linking Europe, Asia and Africa (Abu-Lughod, 1989; Chaudhuri, 1985; Snow, 1988).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u5927\u8111\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0b\u4e18\u8111\u3001\u524d\u989d\u53f6\u76ae\u8d28\u548c\u674f\u4ec1\u6838\u3002\u5927\u8111\u4ee5\u963f\u7247\u7c7b\u836f\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5956\u8d4f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u9ad8\u56de\u62a5\u3002", + "output": "Many brain structures are involved, including the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. The brain produces its own rewards in the form of opiates that result in a natural high.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u963f\u591a\u8bfa\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ece\u53e4\u5178\u97f3\u4e50\u548c\u5148\u950b\u97f3\u4e50\u4e2d\u3001\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ece\u901a\u4fd7\u97f3\u4e50\u4e2d\u627e\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u70b9\u3002\u6839\u636e\u963f\u591a\u8bfa\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u53e4\u5178\u97f3\u4e50\u6216\u5148\u950b\u97f3\u4e50\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e25\u8083\u97f3\u4e50\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec6\u8282\u90fd\u4ece\u4e50\u66f2\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u83b8\u5f97\u4e86\u5b83\u5728\u97f3\u4e50\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002", - "output": "The contrasts which Adorno draws between classical and avant-garde music on the one hand, and popular music on the other, allow him to extend this argument. According to Adorno, with classical or avant-garde music, every detail acquires its musical sense from the totality of the piece, and its place within that totality.", + "input": "\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u7cfb\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u8da3\uff1a\u867d\u7136\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u53d7\u5230\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u91cd\u8981\u9886\u57df\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u53ca\u6bd4\u8f83\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5230\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u53ca\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u5c11\u6570\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u89e6\u53ca\u65b0\u8fd1\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u52aa\u529b\u5efa\u6784\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u80af\u5c3c\u601d\u00b7\u4f2f\u514b\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7b26\u53f7\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5b66\u79d1\u3002", + "output": "It is of singular interest in this connection that, although the general stream of social scientific theory has been deeply influenced by almost every major intellectual movement of the last century and a half\u2014Marxism, Darwinism, Utilitarianism, Idealism, Freudianism, Behaviorism, Positivism, Operationalism\u2014and has attempted to capitalize on virtually every important field of methodological innovation from ecology, ethology, and comparative psychology to game theory, cybernetics, and statistics, it has, with very few exceptions, been virtually untouched by one of the most important trends in recent thought: the effort to construct an independent science of what Kenneth Burke has called \"symbolic action.\"", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6210\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u89c4\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bed\u8a00\u4e60\u5f97\u5728\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6709\u66f4\u4e3a\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\uff09\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u5047\u5b9a\u5b66\u751f\u5df2\u7ecf\u638c\u63e1\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u76ee\u6807\u8bed\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u6bcd\u8bed\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u91ca\u4e49\u8bcd\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u5373\u7ed9\u51fa\u5b66\u751f\u6bcd\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\u6cd5\u8bed\u8bcdmaison (\u623f\u5b50\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5047 \u5b9a\u5b66\u751f\u77e5\u9053\u91ca\u4e49\u8bcd\u201c\u623f\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e5f\u5c31\u77e5\u9053maison\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002", - "output": "It is often difficult for adults to learn a second language without formal instruction, even when they have lived for an extended period in a country where the language is spoken. (Second language acquisition is discussed in more detAn introduction to language in chapter 8.) Teaching grammars assume that the student already knows one language and compares the grammar of the target language with the grammar of the native language. The meaning of a word is provided by a gloss\u2014the parallel word in the student\u2019s native language, such as maison, \u201chouse\u201d in French. It is assumed that the student knows the meaning of the gloss \u201chouse,\u201d and so also the meaning of the word maison.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8981\u8868\u660e\u98df\u54c1\u751f\u4ea7\u53ca\u5176\u5206\u914d\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u6784\u6210\u90e8\u843d\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u8425\u517b\u8865\u7ed9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u8bf4\u5230\u5bf9\u5927\u578b\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u5f81\u7a0e\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u90e8\u843d\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u65f6\u5e38\u63d2\u624b\u5176\u4e8b\u3002", + "output": "It is less difficult to show that production of food and its distribution are organized behavior systems, and that they form part of the tribal or national commissariat. Very often the tribe or the state enters into this, insofar as large-scale enterprise is controlled, taxed, and occasionally even organized.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6784\u6210\u6574\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u62fc\u56fe\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7247\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5404\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u94bb\u77f3\u4f53\u7cfb\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\uff0c\u53cd\u6258\u62c9\u65af\u6cd5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u56fd\u5185\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u3001\u6cd5\u89c4\u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u56fd\u5185\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u60c5\u5f62\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u53d1\u5c55\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u751f\u4ea7\u8981\u7d20\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u6536\u8d2d\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u523a\u6fc0\u76f8\u5173\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5174\u8d77\u7b49\u7b49\u3002", - "output": "The final element necessary to complete the picture is government. Government, at all levels, can improve or detract from the national advantage. This role is seen most clearly by examining how policies influence each of the determinants. Antitrust policy affects domestic rivalry. Regulation can alter home demand conditions. Investments in education can change factor conditions. Government purchases can stimulate related and supporting industries.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u533a\u57df\u6027\u548c\u5168\u7403\u6027\u5b89\u5168\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u56fd\u9645\u5b89\u5168\u4e8b\u52a1\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u56fd\u9645\uff08\u533a\u57df\u6027\u548c\u5168\u7403\u6027\uff09\u5b89\u5168\u673a\u5236\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u4e92\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5168\u7403\u89c4\u5236\u57fa\u7840\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u6743\u5a01\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u6df1\u6df1\u5730\u5d4c\u5165\uff08\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u7684\uff09\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u3002", + "output": "The existence of overlapping regional and global security regimes defines a new conjuncture in the historical pattern of international security affairs. For few states, and certainly no major global regions, are excluded from participation in existing international (regional and global) security regimes. Moreover, the institutionalization of and mutual interaction between these diverse regimes have contributed to the formation of a global regulatory infrastructure which, irrespective of its limited authority, is embedded (however unevenly) in the military and security practices of the majority of the world's states.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u50a8\u84c4\u8005\u548c\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8de8\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u8de8\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u8de8\u90e8\u95e8\u5730\u8f6c\u79fb\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u8d44\u91d1\u6d41\u52a8\uff08\u5982\u8d2d\u4e70XYZ\u516c\u53f8100\u80a1\u80a1\u4efd\uff09\u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\uff08\u5982\u8d2d\u4e70\u5171\u540c\u57fa\u91d1\u4efd\u989d\u6216\u5c06\u8d44\u91d1\u5b58\u5165\u4f60\u7684\u652f\u7968\u8d26\u6237\uff09\u5219\u7ecf\u7531\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u4ecb\u3002", - "output": "Savers and investors transfer funds across time, space, and sectors through financial markets and financial intermediaries. Some flows (such as buying 100 shares of XYZ) go directly through financial markets, while others (such as purchasing shares of mutual funds or depositing money in your checking account) go through financial intermediaries.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6ca1\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u4ea4\u5f80\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u957f\u4e2d\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u600e\u4e48\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u9274\u522b\u8bf8\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u793c\u8282\u3001\u4eea\u5f0f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u827a\u672f\u548c\u6e38\u620f\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5462\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u81ea\u7136\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e1d\u6beb\u6ca1\u6709\u9274\u522b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002", + "output": "How could a growing child know and appreciate such things as social organization, ethics, etiquette, ritual, science, religion, art and games without symbolic communication? The answer is of course that he could know nothing of these things and have no appreciation of them at all.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u62e5\u6709\u826f\u597d\u4eba\u9645\u6280\u80fd\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u5927\u4ea7\u51fa\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u6c9f\u901a\u3001\u6fc0\u52b1\u3001\u9886\u5bfc\u3001\u6fc0\u53d1\u70ed\u60c5\u548c\u83b7\u5f97\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u6280\u80fd\uff08conceptual skills)\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7528\u6765\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u8fdb\u884c\u601d\u8003\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u80fd\u65f6\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u5c06\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8bbe\u60f3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982\u4f55 \u9002\u5e94\u5176\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002", - "output": "Managers with good human skills get the best out of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust. Finally, conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are most important to top managers.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u02d9\u963f\u4f26\u7684\u300a\u4e9a\u62c9\u814a\u5c71\u4e4b\u884c\u300b\uff08Arlen 1975)\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u578b\u6587\u672c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u201c\u79fb\u60c5\u201d\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u7c7b\u672c\u6211\uff08id-like)\u529b\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u2014\u2014\u8fbe\u6210\u59a5\u534f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u662f\u514b\u670d\u7126\u8651\u2014\u2014\u7126\u8651\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4eff\u6548\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u6027\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u4ee5\u884c\u52a8\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u5b83\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u5e38\u89c4\u4ea4\u6d41\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u3001\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3001\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff1b\u5c06\u68a6\u8f6c\u8bd1\u4e3a\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u50cf\u6587\u672c\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u8a00\u8f9e\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e86\u5a92\u4ecb\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u626d\u66f2\uff09\uff1a\u79fb\u60c5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6587\u672c\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c06\u4ee5\u524d\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u5148\u524d\u67d0\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u91cd\u590d\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\u533b\u5e08\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002", + "output": "Michael Alien's Passage to Ararat (1975) is an archetypical text for displaying the \"transference\" mechanisms of ethnicity, and for coming to terms with an id-like force, experienced as defining one's self, yet coming from without. Crucial here is the conquest of an anxiety that manifests itself through repetition of behavioral patterns, and that cannot be articulated in rational language but can only be acted out. The analogy here is with the third of the three modes of communication routinely distinguished in psychoanalytic therapy: cognitive, rational, conscious investigation; translation from dreams into linear, textlike verbalizations (thereby introducing the distortions of the mediating language); and transference, in which no text is produced, but rather a repetition toward the analyst of behavior patterns previously established toward some prior significant other.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u968f\u7740\u6b27\u6d32\u5728\u5168\u7403\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5404\u5927\u6587\u660e\u3001\u5404\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u5404\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u751f\u5b58\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u4e92\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u5bf9\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u672c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u574f\u5883\u548c\u672c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5168\u7403\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u590d\u6742\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u5730\u533a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5217\u5f3a\u6bd4\u5176\u9644\u5c5e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9886\u57df\u5b9e\u65bd\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u519b\u4e8b\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5168\u7403\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e00\u65e6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u89e3\u51b3\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6709\u6548\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002", - "output": "With the consolidation of Europe\u2019s global reach, civilizations, empires and nations around the globe became significantly interrelated in terms of their security and survival. The prospects for peace in each part of the world were no longer determined solely by local circumstances or local decision-makers but were increasingly contingent on the complex dynamics of global power relations and developments across interconnected sites of military and political decision-making. While the great powers had the capacity to exercise greater control over their strategic environment than subordinate states, every region was enmeshed in a global system of military and security relations which, lacking effective mechanisms of conflict resolution, was subject to severe and uncontrollable crisis tendencies with potentially catastrophic consequences.", + "input": "\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u53ea\u67094\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u5a92\u4f53\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u4ee5\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\u7684\u767e\u4ee3\u3001\u5170\u514b\u96c6\u56e2\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u57f9\u751f\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u8def\u900f\u793e\u90fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u548c\u66f4\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff1b\u8d1d\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u96c6\u56e2\u4ee5\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\uff1bMatra-Hachette\u548cHavas\u6765\u81ea\u6cd5\u56fd\uff1b\u800c\u7231\u601d\u552f\u5c14\u548c\u5b9d\u4e3d\u91d1\u6765\u81ea\u8377\u5170\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8d1d\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u96c6\u56e2\u548cHachette\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5229\u7528\u6765\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6536\u5165\u8fdb\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u8d1d\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u96c6\u56e2\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86RCA\u5531\u7247\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u53cc\u65e5\u51fa\u7248\u96c6\u56e2\u548c\u5170\u767b\u4e66\u5c4b\uff0c Hachette\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5927\u7684Diamandis\u51fa\u7248\u96c6\u56e2\u3002", + "output": "Within Europe only four states have generated media MNCs of any considerable economic weight and international scope. Based in the UK, Thorn-EMI, Rank, BBC, Pearson and Reuters have all acquired a global presence. Continental European countries have produced larger and more concentrated firms; Bertelsmann based in Germany; Matra-Hachette and Havas from France; and Elsevier and Polygram from the Netherlands. Bertelsmann and Hachette, in particular, have expanded globally by using revenues from European markets to buy into the American market, Bertelsmann purchasing RCA records, Doubleday Books and Random House, Hachette acquiring the large Diamandis publishing group.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6b63\u5982\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\u548c\u6469\u6839\u4ee5\u53ca\u56e0\u5df4\u5c14\u7b49\uff081995)\u5728\u7efc\u8ff0\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u808c\u8089\u529f\u7387\u548c\u8010\u529b\u7684\u53ef\u8bad\u7ec3\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8bad\u7ec3\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u901a\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u91c7\u53d6\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\uff085~30\u79d2\uff09\u7684\u53cd\u590d\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u6781\u9650\u6216\u6b21\u6781\u9650\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u9a91\u8f66\u6216\u8dd1\u6b65\u3002", - "output": "In adults, numerous intervention studies have demonstrated trainability of muscle power and endurance, as reviewed by Skinner and Morgan (1985) and by Inbar et al. (1995). Training regimens have spanned various approaches, but the common denominator has been the use of repetitions of short-term (e.g. 5-30 s) activities such as cycling or running at maximal or near-maximal intensity.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u81ea\u6211\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u5f53\u524d\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6765\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u5224\u65ad\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u8bc1\u660e\u6210\u7ee9\u662f\u5426\u7a81\u51fa\u3001\u662f\u5426\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7b49\u7b49\u6765\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\u505a\u51fa\u81ea\u6211\u53cd\u5e94\u3002", + "output": "Of critical importance is self-evaluation of capabilities and progress in skill acquisition. Self-evaluation comprises self-judgments of present performance by comparing one\u2019s goal and self-reactions to those judgments by deeming performance noteworthy, unacceptable, and so forth.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6d1b\u514b\u66fe\u8bf4\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u65e2\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u5728\u9047\u5230\u51b2\u51fb\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\u7ef4\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f62\u6001\u201d\uff08Ellmann 1977: 1\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u611f\u89c9\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u60c5\u7eea\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u503e\u5411\u6027\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6001\u5ea6\u72b6\u51b5\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d9\u4e8b\u7ed3\u6784 (Flanagan 1992: 213)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\uff1a\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0d\u80fd\u8131\u79bb\u8eaf\u4f53\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002", - "output": "To elaborate upon Locke, consciousness may be defined as denoting: \"the movement of the mind both in recognizing its own shape and in maintaining that shape in the face of attack or change\" (Ellmann 1977:1). It includes sensations, perceptions, moods, emotions, propositional-attitudinal states, and narrative structures (Flanagan 1992:213), and it is embodied: there can be no mind without a body.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f46\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff1a\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u80fd\u6307\u4e0e\u6240\u6307\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7b26\u53f7\u5b66\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u540c\u5404\u79cd\u4e60\u4fd7\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u80fd\u6307\u4e0e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6240\u6307\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002", + "output": "However, the relationship between signifiers and signifieds is not arbitrary in culture as it is in language. According to semiology and structuralism, there are necessary factors linking conventions, codes and ideologies which ensure the association of specific signifiers with specific signifieds.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u52b3\u8d44\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u77db\u76fe\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u79ef\u7d2f/\u8d2c\u503c\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5371\u673a\u8d8b\u52bf(\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5168\u7403\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u74e6\u89e3\u6210\u654c\u5bf9\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u96c6\u56e2)\uff0c\u4e3a\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u521b\u9020\u6027\u548c\u8fdb\u53d6\u5fc3\u800c\u4fdd\u62a4\u8a00\u8bba\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u538b\u5236\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u89c1\u8005\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u77db\u76fe\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4fbf\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3b\u8981\u77db\u76fe\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u7406\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u5728\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7ed3\u3002", - "output": "The dass contradiction between capital and labor, the tendency to produce crises of overaccumulation/devaluation of capital (coupled with the disintegration of a global capitalism into warring geopolitical blocs), the need to guarantee freedom of speech and enquiry as part of a need to preserve entrepreneurial creativity and initiative, while repressing dissident voices ... these are all major contradictions within capitalism. The task of historical materialist enquiry is then to establish where the main contradictions lie in particular historical-geographical situations and how they might be interlinked.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u63cf\u5199\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63cf\u5199\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u5934\u8111\u91cc\u5185\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u63cf\u5199\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u65b9\u8a00\u7684\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6ee1\u8db3\u8bed\u8a00\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8bf4\u67d0\u79cd\u6807\u51c6\u65b9\u8a00\u6216\u4f18\u52bf\u65b9\u8a00\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u89c9\u5f97\u5b66\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u8a00\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u793e\u4ea4\u6216\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u9762\u597d\u5904\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5f88\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u6cd5\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u8bed\u8a00\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u5355\u8bcd\u53ca\u5176\u8bfb\u97f3\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u65b9\u8a00\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002", + "output": "The descriptive grammar of a language attempts to describe the rules internalized by a speaker of that language. It is different from a teaching grammar, which is used to learn another language or dialect. Teaching grammars can be helpful to people who do not speak the standard or prestige dialect, but find it would be advantageous socially and economically to do so. They are used in schools in foreign language classes. This kind of grammar gives the words and their pronunciations, and explicitly states the rules of the language, especially where they differ from the language of instruction.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6700\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u8bba\u6240\"\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u59d7\u59d7\u6765\u8fdf\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5728\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u89c1\u7f1d\u63d2\u9488\uff0c\u6324\u51fa\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5b83\u641c\u7f57\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u5269\u4f59\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8981\u6084\u7136\u6324\u5360\u8001\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9886\u5730\u3002\u5b83\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5305\u62ec\u53f2\u524d\u53f2\u3001\u6c11\u4fd7\u5b66\u3001\u4f53\u8d28\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5b83\u5371\u9669\u5730\u63a5\u8fd1\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5982\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002", - "output": "Anthropology, as the science of man at large, as the most comprehensive discipline in humanism without portfolio, was the last to come. It had to peg out its claims as to scope, subject matter, and method as best it could. It absorbed what was left over, and even had to encroach on some older preserves. It consists now of such studies as prehistory, folklore, physical anthropology, and cultural anthropology. These come dangerously near other legitimate fields of social and natural sciences: psychology, history, archaeology, sociology and anatomy.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u4f7f\u5ba2\u4f53\u53d8\u6210\u6587\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u8bd5\u56fe\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6784\u9020\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u5185\u90e8\uff1a\u5176\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9610\u8ff0\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5ba2\u4f53\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002", + "output": "They are concerned with the norms by which objects become cultural phenomena and hence signs. Linguistics attempts to formalize the set of rules which, for speakers, are constitutive of their language, and in this sense structuralism must take place within phenomenology: its task is to explicate what is phenomenally given in the subject\u2019s relation to his cultural objects.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5206\u6570\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\uff08central tendency) \u548c\u53d8\u5f02\u6027\uff08variability)\u4e4b\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u5206\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u901a\u5e38\u5c31\u662f\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u3001\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u6216\u4f17\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u8bed\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002", - "output": "Some of the more easily understood statistical and mathematical calculations are those that find the central tendency and variability of scores. When you have a group of scores, one number may be used to represent the group. That number is generally the mean, median, or mode. These terms are ways of expressing central tendency.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u56fa\u5b9a\u7f34\u6b3e\u5236\uff08defined contribution)\u4f1a\u786e\u5b9a\u96c7\u4e3b\u5728\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u91d1\u57fa\u91d1\u6216\u50a8\u84c4\u91d1\u57fa\u91d1\u4e2d\u5e94\u5360\u7684\u4efd\u989d\u3002\u56fa\u5b9a\u7f34\u6b3e\u5236\u5e76\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u96c7\u5458\u6700\u7ec8\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u786e\u5b9a\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5b9a\u671f\u7f34\u7eb3\u989d\u3002\u5728\u56fa\u5b9a\u6536\u76ca\u5236\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c7\u5458\u5728\u9000\u4f11\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e8b\u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u6240\u5f97\u3002", + "output": "Defined contribution plans specify ( define ) what contribution the employee and employer will make to the employees retirement or savings fund. Here the contribution is defined, not the pension. With a defined benefitplan, the employee can compute what his or her retirement benefits will be upon retirement.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u57c3\u53ca\u4eba\u4e5f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u56fe\u753b\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u5723\u4e66\u5b57\uff08\u6216\u8c61\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u6587\u5b57\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8153\u5c3c\u57fa\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u540e\u6765\u521b\u5236\u4e86\u897f\u95ea\u8bed\u97f3\u8282\u8868\u3002\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u8153\u5c3c\u57fa\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5728\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u672c\u65cf\u8bed\u6539\u9020\u8153\u5c3c\u57fa\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u7b26\u53f7\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u8f85\u97f3\u548c\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u5957\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002", - "output": "The Egyptians also developed a pictographic system known as hieroglyphics. This system influenced many peoples, including the Phoenicians, who developed the West Semitic Syllabary. The Greeks borrowed the Phoenician system, and in adapting it to their own language they used the symbols to represent both consonant and vowel sound segments, thus inventing the first alphabet.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u52a8\u7269\u7269\u79cd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u673a\u4f53\u5fc5\u987b\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u4fdd\u969c\u5176\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u4ea6\u80fd\u4f7f\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u7fa4\u4f53\u6301\u7eed\u800c\u6b63\u5e38\u5730\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u624d\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u4f1a\u660e\u663e\u5730\u968f\u7740\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u840e\u7f29\u800c\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u4ea1\u3002", + "output": "We have to base our theory of culture on the fact that all human beings belong to an animal species. Man as an organism must exist under conditions which not only secure survival, but also allow of healthy and normal metabolism. No culture can continue if the group is not replenished continually and normally. Otherwise, obviously, the culture will perish through the progressive dying out of the group.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5173\u4e8e\u5929\u624d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u9610\u53d1\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u672c\u7ae0\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u8ff7\u611f\u4e0d\u89e3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5929\u624d\u4f55\u4ee5\u80fd\u5728\u65e2\u65e0\u89c4\u5f8b\u53ef\u5faa\u53c8\u65e0\u660e\u786e\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u5374\u53c8\u662f\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u4ef6\u4ea7\u54c1\u63a2\u5bfb\u51fa\u827a\u672f\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8fd9\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5374\u6709\u7740\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6700\u559c\u6b22\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e8c\u5f8b\u80cc\u53cd\u800c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u4ece\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u8131\u7684\u6218\u672f\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u8c0b\u800c\u5408\u7684\u3002", - "output": "Kant developed his entire view of the productive genius around the problem which, wc saw earlier in this chapter, had puzzled earlier critics: how the genius is able to form a work of art without rules or conscious method, yet achieve a product from which critics later draw the rules of art. This paradox the philosopher, who had read widely in English as well as German criticism, found congenial to his favorite tactic of\u00a3 posing dilemmas from which to extricate himself.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u8ba1\u5212\u6280\u672f\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u9879\u76ee\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u811a\u672c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u90fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u7075\u6d3b\u6027 (flexibility)\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u52a8\u6001\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u8ba1\u5212\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u6548\u7387\u548c\u6709\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002", + "output": "Two planning techniques that are appropriate for this type of environment are project management and scenarios. Both techniques emphasize flexibility, something that\u2019s important to making planning more effective and efficient in this type of organizational environment.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\uff08\u6216\u662f\u6309\u6211\u7684\u63a8\u6d4b\u66f4\u7a0d\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\uff09\u4e00\u76f4\u52aa\u529b\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u626e\u6210\u5c31\u50cf\u65e5\u672c\u6216\u57c3\u53ca\u90a3\u6837\u6587\u5316\u540c\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u5370\u5ea6\u6216\u662f\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u90a3\u6837\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u5728\u5df2\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6587\u5b98\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u3002", - "output": "By acting as though it were culturally homogeneous like Japan or Egypt instead of heterogeneous like India or Nigeria, Indonesia (or more exactly, I suppose, the Indonesian elite) has managed to create anarchic politics of meaning outside the established structures of civil government.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u867d\u7136\u51fa\u58f0\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u97f3\u6ce2\u6709\u4e3b\u9891\u7387\u7684\u632f\u52a8\uff0c\u5b83\u548c\u97f3\u53c9\u6216\u7d27\u6025\u8b66\u62a5\u8bd5\u653e\u65f6\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u58f0\u97f3\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u9891\u7387\u7684\u7eaf\u97f3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u6240\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u662f\u548c\u97f3\u3002", + "output": "Though voicing creates a sound wave with a dominant frequency of vibration, it is not like a tuning fork or a test of the Emergency Broadcasting System, a pure tone with that frequency alone. Voicing is a rich, buzzy sound with many \"harmonics.\"", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cQ.D.\u5229\u7ef4\u65af\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u672c\u51fa\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\u6587\u5b66\u4f1f\u5927\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6bd4\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u672c\u9ec4\u8272\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6742\u5fd7\u8981\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u9ea6\u514b\u5510\u7eb3\u6765\u8bf4,\u89c2\u4f17\u5e94\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u9650\u5236\u5728\u5267\u9662\u6216\u8005\u65e0\u58f0\u7535\u5f71\u548c\u5148\u950b\u6d3e\u7535\u5f71\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u653e\u5728\u5eb8\u4fd7\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u597d\u83b1\u575e\u7535\u5f71\u4e0a\u3002", - "output": "Q.D.Leavis's work suggests, for example, that readers would be better off with a novel from the great tradition of English literature than a pulp fiction magazine, while MacDonald implies that audiences should confine themselves to the theatre or silent and avant-garde films rather than mainstream Hollywood cinema.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6559\u7ec3\u5f88\u96be\u5728\u8dd1\u6b65\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3001\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4f60\u505a\u8d1f\u91cd\u6760\u94c3\u6df1\u8e72\u6216\u5012\u7acb\u4fef\u5367\u6491\u65f6\u624d\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u597d\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u6d6e\u51fa\u6c34\u9762\u4e4b\u524d\u5c3d\u65e9\u53d1\u73b0\u3002", + "output": "Weaknesses, imbalances, and range-of-motion issues that might not be apparent to a coach during a running workout can become visible when you perform squats with a loaded barbell or attempt to do handstand push-ups. Better to catch these deficiencies sooner than later, before they work their way to the surface.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7126\u70b9\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5438\u6536\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u751f\u53d1\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u6587\u672c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u5c11\u6570\u521d\u9732\u7aef\u502a\u7684\u4e66\u6216\u6587\u7ae0\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cAtkinson 1982\uff1bRoberts\uff0ced.1981)\u90fd\u662f\u5df2\u51fa\u7248\u8fc7\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u5f62\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u8457\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e0\u7591\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u50cf\u5b89\u59ae\u7279\u02d9\u97e6\u7eb3\uff08Weiner 1976)\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u8e0a\u8dc3\u5730\u6539\u5199\u5927\u7537\u5b50\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u3002\u4f46\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u7684\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5fe0\u5b9e\u5730\u8bb0\u5f55\u5987\u5973\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4fee\u6b63\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u8303\u7574(\u4f8b\u5982\u6587\u5316/\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u975e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6216\u5bf9\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u7684\u6587\u672c\u6027\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u5165\u53cd\u601d\u3002", - "output": "Within this focus we could not draw on any developed debates generated by feminism on ethnographic textual practices. A few very initial indications (for example, Atkinson 1982; Roberts, ed. 1981) were all that had been published. And the situation has not changed dramatically since. Feminism clearly has contributed to anthropological theory. And various female ethnographers, like Annette Weiner (1976), are actively rewriting the masculinist canon. But feminist ethnography has focused either on setting the record straight about women or on revising anthropological categories (for example, the nature/culture opposition). It has not produced either unconventional forms of writing or a developed reflection on ethnographic textuality as such.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5c06\u7b49\u4ea7\u91cf\u66f2\u7ebf\u548c\u7b49\u6210\u672c\u7ebf\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u6216\u6700\u5c0f\u6210\u672c\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u56de\u987e\u4ee5\u6700\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u80fd\u591f\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u4ea7\u91cfq=346\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u6295\u5165\u7ec4\u5408\u6240\u5904\u7684\u70b9\u3002\u4e3a\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u628a\u90a3\u6761\u7b49\u4ea7\u91cf\u66f2\u7ebf\u653e\u5230\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u7070\u8272\u7684\u7b49\u6210\u672c\u7ebf\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u56fe7A-3\u6240\u793a\u3002", + "output": "Combining the equal-product and equal-cost lines, we can determine the optimal, or cost-minimizing, position of the firm. Recall that the optimal input combination comes at that point where the given output of q = 346 can be produced at least cost. To find such a point, simply superimpose the single green equal-product curve upon the family of blue equal-cost lines, as shown in Figure 7A-3.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u69ea\u5ff5\u5b66\u4e60\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8054\u5408\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u5171\u540c\u8868\u5f81(\u5982,\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ea2\u8272\u5706\u5f62\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u5982\u76d2\u5b50\u8fb9\u6570)\u5c31\u4e0e\u4e4b\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u4e86\u3002\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5219\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u8868\u5f81\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982,\u4efb\u610f\u989c\u8272\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5706\u5f62\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea2\u8272\u5706\u5f62\u3002", - "output": "The configuration of features in a concept-learning task can be varied to yield differentconcepts. A conjunctive concept is represented by two or more features (e.g., two red circles). Other features (number of borders) are not relevant. A disjunctive concept is representedby one of two or more features; for example, two circles of any color or one redcircle.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6587\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u89e3\u8bfb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5185\u90e8\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53d8\u5316\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u519c\u4e1a\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u89c1\u56fe9.1\uff09\u3002\u5185\u90e8\u53d8\u5316\u5305\u62ec\u5fc5\u7136\u53d8\u5f02\u3001\u53d1\u660e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u53d8\u5f02\u6307\u7684\u662f\u957f\u671f\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u98df\u7269\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u589e\u52a0\u3002", + "output": "The culture historical interpretation sees the causes for the shift to agri- culture in a combination of internal and external culture changes (see Fig. 9.1). The internal changes include inevitable variation, invention, and cultural selec- tion. Inevitable variation in this case refers specifically to long-term population increase, which led to the need to increase the food supply.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u6539\u53d8\u7740\u5168\u7403\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u519b\u4e8b\u6280\u672f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5206\u5c42\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5904\u4e8e\u5546\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u9769\u65b0\u524d\u6cbf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u518d\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5f3a\u56fd\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u5de5\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u4ece\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u53d7\u5230\u542f\u53d1\uff1a\u57281989\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd38%\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u662f\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\uff0c\u4e94\u89d2\u5927\u697c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u67093\u5bb6\u65e5\u672c\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u5176\u5bfc\u5f39\u548c\u98de\u673a\u5347\u5165\u5929\u7a7a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd93\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e8695%\u7684\u9676\u74f7\u7ba1\u58f3\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u7535\u5b50\u201d\uff08OAT\uff0c1991\uff0c\u7b2c38\u9875\uff1bEconomist Intelligence Unit\uff0c1994\uff0c\u7b2c18\u9875\uff09\u3002", - "output": "This in turn is transforming the stratification of military-technological power within the global system. For the cohort of states and corporations at the leading edge of commercial technological innovation is no longer entirely synonymous with the cohort of today's great military powers or military-industrial corporations. In this respect, it is instructive to note that in 1989 38 per cent of US military semiconductors were imported while the Pentagon 'cannot put a single missile or aircraft up in the sky without the help of three Japanese companies that provide 95 per cent of the ceramic packages that protect their electronics' (OTA, 1991, p. 38; Economist Intelligence Unit, 1994, p. 18).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u5546\u4ee3\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u4eba\u6c11\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u623d\u6597\u63d0\u6c34\u3002\u623d\u6597\u591a\u7528\u67f3\u6761\u7f16\u7ec7\uff0c\u6597\u4e24\u8fb9\u6263\u7ed3\u7740\u9ebb\u7ef3\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u62c9\u52a8\u540e\u5448\u5e73\u884c\u56db\u8fb9\u5f62\uff0c\u4f9d\u5176\u5408\u529b\uff0c\u53d8\u6362\u56db\u8fb9\u5f62\uff0c\u6c34\u4fbf\u88ab\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0b\u5730\u63d0\u4e0a\u6765\u704c\u8fdb\u7530\u91cc\u3002\u6625\u79cb\u672b\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53c8\u5229\u7528\u6760\u6746\u8d77\u91cd\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u6d45\u4e95\u6c34\u63d0\u53d6\u5de5\u5177\u62ee\u69d4\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6df1\u4e95\u63d0\u6c34\u5de5\u5177\u8f98\u8f73\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4e09\u56fd\u65f6\u7684\u9b4f\u56fd\uff0c\u6709\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u9a6c\u94a7\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9002\u5e94\u519c\u4e1a\u704c\u6e89\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7531\u6c60\u5858\u3001\u6cb3\u9053\u5411\u659c\u5761\u6c72\u6c34\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002", + "output": "In our country the working people had used scoop to carry water since the Shang dynasty. The scoop is woven with willow twigs and has hemp ropes fastened on both sides. When it is pulled by two people, the scoop turns into a parallelogram and is transformed with joint force, hence water can be carried little by little and be used to irrigate the land. In the period of late Spring and Autumn, people used leverage principle and created shadoof to fetch water from shallow well. Meanwhile, the tool of waterwell which was used to fetech water from deep well was began to put into use. During the period of the Three Kingdoms, in order to meet the need of agricultural irrigation, a man named Ma Jun from the state of Wei invented a tool that could draw water from pond and river to slope.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u80dc\u7b97\u6bd4\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5982\u540c\u5728\u4e16\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6240\u4f30\u7b97\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u80dc\u7b97\u6bd4\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u503c\u662f1.0\u3002\u5f53\u503c\u9ad8\u4e8e1.0\u4ee3\u8868\u98ce\u9669\u589e\u52a0;\u5c0f\u4e8e1.0\u8868\u793a\u98ce\u9669\u4e0b\u964d\u3002", - "output": "The odds ratio is interpreted as an estimate of the relative risk that would have been calculated in the study group if a cohort study had been conducted. Like the relative risk, the null value of the odds ratio is 1.0. Values above 1.0 typically indicate increased risk, and values less than 1.0 indicate reduced risk.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6210\u672c\u9886\u5148\u8981\u6c42\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u8fbe\u5230\u6709\u6548\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5168\u529b\u4ee5\u8d74\u964d\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u6293\u7d27\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u51cf\u5c0f\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u63a8\u9500\u3001\u5e7f\u544a\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6210\u672c\u8d39\u7528\u3002", + "output": "Cost leadership requires aggressive construction of efficient-scale facilities, vigorous pursuit of cost reductions from experience, tight cost and overhead control, avoidance of marginal customer accounts, and cost minimization in areas like R&D, service, sales force, advertising, and so on.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u91c7\u7eb3\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u6027\u604b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u7a81\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002", - "output": "Whether taking a Black feminist, a radical feminist or a psychoanalytic approach, lesbian feminist theory foregrounds one or all of these elements.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5982\u679c\u8981\u628a\u73af\u5883\u6b63\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u751f\u6001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u547d\u9898\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u65e2\u8981\u63a2\u7a76\u73af\u5883\u6539\u9020\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u53c8\u8981\u63a2\u7a76\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u6d88\u8d39\u548c\u5206\u914d\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002", + "output": "Alternative modes of production, consumption, and distribution as well as alternative modes of environmental transformation have to be explored if the discursive spaces of the environmental justice movement and the theses of ecological modernization are to be conjoined in a program of radical political action.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u6587\u79d1\u4e03\u827a\u540e\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u6216\u8005\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u51e0\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5907\u53d7\u63a8\u5d07\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5176\u5b66\u4e60\u5f80\u5f80\u8017\u65f6\u5341\u5e74\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u4e45\u3002", - "output": "After completing the liberal arts curriculum, a student could go on to study law, medicine, or theology, which was the most highly regarded subject of the medieval curriculum. The study of law, medicine, or theology could take a decade or more.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8003\u53e4\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u53c2\u7167\u7269\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fc7\u53bb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u73b0\u4eca\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba\u79cd\u5fd7\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8bd5\u56fe\u590d\u5236\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u3002", + "output": "Analogs used in archaeological interpretation come from diverse sources: historical accounts and documents that describe societies in the past, ethnographic studies that describe present-day societies, and actualistic studies that attempt to duplicate conditions that existed in the past.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5973\u6027\u5728\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u738b\u56fd\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u548c\u4fee\u5973\u5206\u5f00\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u4f46\u5171\u540c\u53c2\u52a0\u6559\u4f1a\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u738b\u56fd\u90fd\u53ef\u89c1\u5230\u3002\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u548c\u4fee\u5973\u9075\u5b88\u5171\u540c\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5973\u6027\u800c\u975e\u7537\u6027\u3002\u5973\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u9662\u957f\u957f\u662f\u738b\u5ba4\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5728\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\u2014\u2014\u6492\u514b\u900a\u5c24\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\u3002", - "output": "Women played an important role in the monastic missionary movement and the conversion of the Germanic kingdoms. Double monasteries, where both monks and nuns lived in separate houses but attended church services together, were found in both the English and Frankish kingdoms. The monks and nuns followed a common rule under a common head. Frequently, this leader was an abbess rather than an abbot. Many of these abbesses belonged to royal houses, especially in Anglo-Saxon England.", + "input": "\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u8fd9\u6b21\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u5e2e\u52a9\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u57281974\u5e74\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u81f3\u5c11\u670968%\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5408\u4e4e\u60c5\u7406\u5730\u79f0\u4f5c\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1b\u800c\u5230\u4e861995\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd175%\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u589e\u957f\u3002", + "output": "The most recent wave helped secure a dominant position for liberal democracy across many of the world's regions. In 1974 at least 68 per cent of all countries could reasonably be called authoritarian; by the end of 1995, nearly 75 per cent of all countries had established procedures for competitive elections and adopted some formal guarantees of political and civil rights. At the current juncture, the number of liberal democracies appears to be still growing.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5316\uff08\u548c\u8fd4\u9b45\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a2\u5bfb\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u591a\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u52aa\u529b\u6b65\u8c03\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u51b7\u6f20\u7684\u3001\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u5730\u7406\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u80fd\u751f\u4ea7\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u60ca\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\u3002", - "output": "Socio-ecological projects, much more in tune with confronting questions of alienation (and re-enchantment) and opening up diverse possibilities for self-realization, can be regarded as fundamentally part of some socialist future. The failures of capitalism to produce anything other than the uneven geographical development of bland, commoditized, homogeneity is, surely, one of the most striking features of its failures.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u96c6\u4e2d\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u8d28\u91cf\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u7ee9\u6548\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u6ee1\u610f\u5ea6\u3001\u758f\u79bb\u7b49\u3002", + "output": "Chapter 4 focuses on the psychic economy of quality. It includes discussion on identity, trust, performativity, job satisfaction, alienation, and re\ufb02exivity.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u201c\u7194\u7089\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u968f\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u4fe1\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u5f52\u5c5e\u6216\u826f\u597d\u6c9f\u901a\u80fd\u591f\u6eb6\u89e3\u65cf\u88d4\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u3002\u4ece\u8d5e\u683c\u5a01\u5c14\u7684\u5267\u4f5c\u4e0a\u6f14\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u6709\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u95ee\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u65cf\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7194\u7089\u91cc\u6eb6\u89e3\uff1f", - "output": "The expression \"the melting pot\" subsequently became a slogan forall those who believed that civic nationalism, or modernisation, oreducation, or class allegiances, or better communications, woulddissolve prior ethnic loyalties. Three generations on from thestaging of Zangwill's play, and we still have to ask the question \"why does ethnicity not dissolve in the melting pot?\"", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u9676\u5668\u5b71\u548c\u7269\u3002 \u7b80\u5355\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u6709\u65f6\u5c31\u8db3\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u9ecf\u571f\u5185\u7684\u5408\u6210\u7269\u2014\u2014\u5b71\u548c\u7269\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u9ecf\u571f\u4e2d\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u4e9b\u586b\u5145\u7269\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u9676\u5668\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u70e7\u5236\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7206\u88c2\u548c\u76b1\u7f29\u3002", + "output": "Pot Tempers. Simple observation will sometimes identify the inclusions in the clay that are known as its temper \u2013 the filler incorporated to give the clay added strength and workability and to counteract any cracking or shrinkage during firing.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3001\u4ed6\u7684\u7a7f\u7740\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u8bf4\u8bdd\u7684\u8154\u8c03\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u620f\u4eff\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35 \u65cf\uff1b\u4ed6\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u72c2\u6b22\u8282\u5f0f\u9690\u55bb\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u5728\u90a3\u513f\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a \u4e86\u88ab\u5632\u7b11\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a \u89c4\u5219\u5374\u5728\u88ab\u6253\u7834\u3002", - "output": "His name, his dress, and his accent all parody the traditional English aristocrat; he is a carnivalesque metaphor of social power and status who is there to be laughed at. The social rules that he embodies are to be broken at the same time the information he imparts is accepted.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6d77\u62c9\u548c\u83b1\u6587\u65af\uff081992\uff1a236\uff09\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u201c\u9002\u5f53\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a-\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u662f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6311\u6218\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u552f\u4e00\u2018\u6b63\u786e\u2019\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u6240\u5efa\u6784\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u89c4\u6a21\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u70b9\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728(\u53c2\u9605\u672c\u4e66\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0)\u3002", + "output": "\"Issues of appropriate scaling,\" Haila and Levins (1992: 236) argue, \"are among the fundamental theoretical challenges in the understanding of society\u2013nature interactions.\" There is, they say, \"no single 'correct' way\" to define temporal and spatial scales: these are constituted by the organisms considered so that different scales are simultaneously present at any particular site in nature (see chapter 10).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u65e7\u5927\u9646\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u2014\u2014\u5982\u4e09\u671f\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u8d77\u521d\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u65b0\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u672c\u571f\u6587\u5316\u7f3a\u5c11\u6587\u732e\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u4fbf\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u7f8e\u6d32\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3b\u6d41\u6846\u67b6\u90fd\u662f\u5355\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\u2014\u2014\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5927\u81f4\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\u3002", - "output": "This commitment to understanding required adopting models or interpretive frameworks that could be tested against the evidence. Models developed in the Old World, such as the three-age system, were initially derived mainly from history. In the New World, where most native cultures lacked written histories, archaeology became closely allied with anthropology. For both areas at the time the dominant framework was unilinear cultural evolution, whereby the same broad stages were defined for all societies.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8054\u7ed3\u4e3b\u4e49\u6a21\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u8868\u5f81 (\u5373\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u6269\u6563)\u3001\u5e73\u884c\u52a0\u5de5 (\u8bb8\u591a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7acb\u5373\u53d1\u751f)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u91cf\u7b80\u5355\u52a0\u5de5\u5355\u5143\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528 (Siegler, 1989)\u3002\u5728\u6fc0\u6d3b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u8054\u7ed3 (Smith, 1996)\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u8f93\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u53ca\u67d0\u4e00\u5c42\u5185\u90e8\u6216\u5c42\u4e0e\u5c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u8054\u7ed3\u3002", + "output": "Connectionist models include distributed representations of knowledge (i.e., spread out over a wide network), parallel processing (many operations occur at once), and interactions among large numbers of simple processing units (Siegler, 1989). Connections may be at different stages of activation (Smith, 1996) and linked to input into the system, output, or one or more in-between layers.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5fc5\u987b\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u5b66\u8bf4\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bf8\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u7262\u7262\u5730\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u52a8\u5f97\u4ee5\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5730\u7406\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u6539\u9020\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5148\u950b\u6d3e(\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u5e7d\u7075)\u548c\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u5148\u950b\u6d3e(\u5fb7\u91cc\u8fbe\u7684\u5e7d\u7075)\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u5b83\u4e9f\u5f85\u57f9\u80b2\u3002", - "output": "Organizations, institutions, doctrines, programs, formalized structures and the like simply have to be created. And these political activities must be firmly grounded in and transformative of the concrete historical and geographical conditions through which human action unfolds. Between the traditional avant-gardism of communist parties (the specter of Lenin) and an idealized avant-gardism (the specter of Derrida) there lies a terrain of political organization and struggle that desperately cries out for cultivation.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u65af\u6cf0\u7eb3\uff0c\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u65e0\u8bba\u4e2a\u4f53\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8baf\u606f\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u90fd\u662f\u7ffb\u8bd1\u201d(Steiner 1975:238\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5408\u683c\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8981\u6c42\u5177\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u8bdd\u8005\u5728\u4e60\u8bed\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4ece\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u8fbe\u5230\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ece\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f16\u7801\u4ea4\u6362\u603b\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u548c\u201c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u201d\uff08\u594e\u56e0 Quine\uff09\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5305\u542b\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002", + "output": "Theorists of translation, such as George Steiner, will argue that individuals must translate whenever they receive others' messages: \"all communication is translation\" (1975: 238). Furthermore, guaranteed translation requires guaranteed access to the unique idiolect of the individual interlocutor\u2014something which is never achievable and never demonstrable. Hence, codificatory exchange is always ambiguous and \"indeterminate\" (Quine). No two individuals' experience is the same and any translation between them must involve inventive interpretation.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e74\u4ee3\u6d4b\u5b9a\u6280\u672f\u4ee5\u51fa\u5904\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u5730\u5c42\u5b66\uff0c\u6216\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u88ab\u6062\u6587\u7269\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u4e0a\u2014\u2014\u5982\u98ce\u683c\u6216\u9891\u7387\u6392\u961f\u6cd5\u3002", - "output": "Archaeologists have long used relative dating techniques based on provenience, such as stratigraphy, or based on the characteristics of recovered remains, such as stylistic or frequency seriation.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u72c2\u6b22\u8282\u5bfe\u8eab\u4f53\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u8eab\u4f53\u539f\u5219(body principle),\u4ea6\u5373\u6784\u6210\u4e2a\u4f53\u6027\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5e76\u5148\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6027\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u7269\u8d28\u5c42\u9762\uff08\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e07\u7269\u7686\u5e73\u7b49\uff09\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8ff0 (representation)\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u5e38\u51c6\u8bb8\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u7b49\u7ea7\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0e\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u90fd\u88ab\u60ac\u7f6e\u3002", + "output": "Carnival is concerned with bodies, not the bodies of individuals, but with the \"body principle,\" the materiality of life that underlies and precedes individuality, spirituality, ideology, and society. It is a representation of the social at the level of materiality on which all are equal, which suspends the hierarchical rank and privilege that normally grants some classes power over others.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f20\u5a92\u5316\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u62a5\u9053\uff09 \u5e76\u975e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5448\u73b0\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u5229\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u6765\u8bef\u5bfc\u4ed6\u4eba\uff08Fiske\uff0c1996)\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5305\u542b\u5728\u6545\u4e8b\u91cc\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u201c\u6846\u67b6\u201d\u5efa\u6784\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ed9\u8bfb\u8005\u6216\u662f\u89c2\u4f17\u7684\uff08Fiske, 1996)\u3002", - "output": "Mediated messages (e.g., news media coverage) are not objective accounts of events. Instead, the media privilege certain interpretations while simultaneously discouraging others (Fiske, 1996). In other words, what is included in the story, and more importantly, how it is discussed help \"frame\" an event for the reader or viewer (Fiske, 1996).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8d2b\u82e6\u519c\u6c11\u5bf9\u519c\u6751\u516c\u793e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u6027\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u7a81\u7136\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u4f1a\uff08\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5bf9\u516c\u6709\u571f\u5730\u7684\u5206\u5272\uff09\u4ece\u800c\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u5c0f\u5757\u571f\u5730\u65f6\uff0c \u4ed6\u4eec\u5174\u9ad8\u91c7\u70c8\u3002", + "output": "The poor peasants had no generalized attachment to the village community. When they caught a glimpse of the opportunity to get a plot of land out of dividing up the common lands of the village during the Revolution, they were loud in their cries to do so.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u653e\u5f03\u73b0\u65f6\u6d88\u8d39\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u8d44\u672c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u5982\u65b0\u5efa\u4e00\u5ea7\u5de5\u5382\u6216\u4fee\u7b51\u4e00\u6761\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u5e74\u9650\u6216\u63d0\u9ad8\u6559\u80b2\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u77e5\u8bc6\u6280\u672f\u79ef\u7d2f\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u63d0\u9ad8\u672a\u6765\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u6211\u4eec\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u3002", - "output": "Economic activity involves forgoing current consumption to increase our capital. Every time we invest\u2014building a new factory or road, increasing the years or quality of education, or increasing the stock of useful technical knowledge\u2014we are enhancing the future productivity of our economy and increasing future consumption.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\uff0c\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u5728\u65f6\u673a\u638c\u63a7\u4e0a\uff08\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u5f53\u7403\u62b5\u8fbe \u672c\u5792\u65f6\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u5e94\u8be5\u4f55\u65f6\u5f00\u59cb\u6325\u52a8\u7403\u68d2\uff09\u6bd4\u975e\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u66f4\u52a0\u6280\u827a\u7eaf\u719f\u3002\u68d2\u7403\u51fb\u7403\u6216\u63a5\u7403\u7684\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e0e\u89c6\u7ebf\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5230\u7684\u7403\u5728\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u77ed\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u548c\u773c\u7403\u8ffd\u8e2a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u987a\u7545\u6027\u4e5f\u76f8\u5173\u3002", + "output": "It should come as no surprise that studies indicate that athletes are more skilled at coincidental timing (figuring out just when to swing the bat as the ball arrives over home plate) than nonathletes are. And skill in baseball hitting and catching has been shown to be directly related to the length of time that a ball in flight can be visually followed, as well as smoothness of eye pursuit movements.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4eba\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u8f7b\u6613\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f3a\u8feb\u3002\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u65f6\u7a7a\u5e38\u5e38\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u9002\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fdb\u5165\u6697\u542b\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5e76\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ee5\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7b1b\u5361\u513f\u672f\u8bed\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u9886\u5730\u548c\u571f\u5730\u6743\u7684\u5206\u9694\u3002", - "output": "Such impositions were not necessarily well received. The spread of a capitalist value system and its associated sense of intersubjective space-time has often entailed a fierce battle to socialize different peoples into the common net of time-space discipline implicit in industrial organization and into a respect for partitions of territorial and land rights specified in strictly Cartesian terms.", + "input": "\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5b66\u6d3e\u4e2d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u73af\u5883\u91cc\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u8f83\u5bcc\u88d5\u9636\u5c42\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u505a\u662f\u5bf9\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6781\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9632\u8303\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u8303\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7889\u5821\u5f0f\u5efa\u7b51\uff08bunker architecture)(\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u57ce\u5821\u5f0f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u589e\u5f3a\u5f0f\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u5984\u60f3\u72c2\u5f0f\u201d\u5efa\u7b51\uff09\u7684\u589e\u591a\uff1a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u9662\u95e8\u3001\u6805\u680f\u548c\u56f4\u5899\u3001\u4fdd\u5b89\u3001\u7ea2\u5916\u611f\u5e94\u5668\u3001\u884c\u52a8\u76d1\u89c6\u5668\u3001\u4e0e\u8b66\u5bdf\u5c40\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u53cd\u5e94\u8054\u7cfb\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bf8\u5982\u6709\u7ebf\u7535\u89c6\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u76d1\u89c6\u88c5\u7f6e\u3002", + "output": "Another important theme associated with urbanization under a regime of flexible accumulation is increasing social polarization and the development of protective measures by the more affluent sections of society in an environment in which violence and crime are routine. One manifestation of these defensive measures is the growth of so-called bunker architecture (also termed \u2018citadel\u2019, \u2018fortified\u2019 and \u2018paranoid\u2019architecture): urban developments with gates, barriers and walls, security guards, infra-red sensors, motion detectors, rapid response links with police departments and surveillance equipment such as CCTV.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5c11\u6709\u5546\u54c1\u4ea4\u5f80\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u76f8\u5bf9\u81ea\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u7b28\u91cd\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u53c8\u4e0d\u4fbf\u8fd0\u8f93\u3002\u516c\u5143\u5934\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0cHopewell\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5708\u5728\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e1c\u90e8\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u5f88\u5927\u3002", - "output": "Few commodities moved between regions because each region was relatively selfsufficient and bulky goods were hard to transport. One interaction sphere, the Hopewell, operated on a very large scale in what is now the eastern United States during the first two centuries AD.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5373\u89d2\u8272\u541e\u5e76\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u8ba4\u540c\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u7279\u70b9 (hightened salience)\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u662f\u72ec\u7279\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u80cc\u666f\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u89d2\u8272\u541e\u6ca1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6709\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u3002", + "output": "This conclusion is tied to the fact that role engulfment often involves a heightened salience of a situation-specific identity that is unique and unrelated to other identities and contexts. However, the process of role engulfment is itself problematic.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u65b0\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7a0d\u540e\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u97e6\u5c3c\u00b7C.\u5e03\u601d\uff08Wayne C. Booth\uff09\u66f4\u4e3a\u8457\u540d\uff0c\u5e03\u601d\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u7684\u65b0\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4fee\u8f9e\u5b66\u300b\uff081961\uff09\u88ab\u5e7f\u4e3a\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u540e\u6765\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u7406\u8bba\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u548c\u4e0d\u8db3\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u662f\u5f17\u5229\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u8a79\u59c6\u900a\uff0c\u89c1\u7b2c5\u7ae0\uff1b\u201c\u8bfb\u8005\u5bfc\u5411\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5176\u4f5c\u4e86\u9690\u542b\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u89c1\u7b2c3\u7ae0\uff09\u3002", - "output": "In effect, the Neo-Aristotelians were most influential in the study of narrative structure in the novel, and most particularly by way of the work of a slightly later critic, Wayne C. Booth, who nevertheless acknowledged that he was a Chicago Aristotelian. His book The Rhetoric of Fiction (1961) has been widely read and highly regarded, although latterly contemporary crit- ical theory has demonstrated its limitations and inadequacies (by Fredric Jameson, see Chapter 5, p. 105, and implicitly by much \u2018reader-oriented\u2019 theory, see Chapter 3).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u201c\u6709\u6559\u517b\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u65f6\u542b\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u6559\u517b\u624d\u80fd\u63ed\u793a\u6839\u672c\u7684\u7f8e\uff1b\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u6559\u517b\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u7684\u7f8e\u2014\u2014\u6709\u6559\u517b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6807\u51c6\u53d8\u6210\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u70b9\u6210\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u552f\u7f8e\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d(Aestheticism)\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff1b\u7f57\u65af\u91d1\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u80fd\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u533a\u522b\u8fd9\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u611f\u89c9\u3002", + "output": "The question of the 'goodness' of the artist is, however, at times ambiguous. At times, he must be good in order to reveal essential Beauty; at other times he is good because he reveals essential Beauty-other criteria of goodness are irrelevant. The latter will be recognized as characteristic of what was later called 'aestheticism', a body of feeling from which Ruskin is not always distinct.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u8fd1\u4e1c\uff0c\u65b0\u77f3\u5668\u9769\u547d\u540c\u6837\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5229\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5728\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u65b0\u6708\u5730\u5e26\uff08\u5373\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5317\u90e8\uff09\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u9ad8\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u8015\u79cd\u6bd4\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6cb3\u8c37\u66f4\u4e3a\u6709\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u964d\u96e8\u91cf\uff0c\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u91ce\u751f\u4f5c\u7269\uff08\u5927\u9ea6\u548c\u5c0f\u9ea6\uff09\u548c\u56db\u79cd\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u9a6f\u517b\u7684\u91ce\u751f\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u732a\u3001\u725b\u3001\u5c71\u7f8a\u548c\u7ef5\u7f8a\uff09\u7684\u6545\u4e61\u3002", - "output": "The Neolithic agricultural revolution needed a favorable environment. In the Near East, the upland areas above the Fertile Crescent (present-day northern Iraq and southern Turkey) were more conducive to systematic farming than the river valleys. This region received the necessary rainfall and was the home of two wild plant species (barley and wheat) and four wild animal species (pigs, cows, goats, and sheep) that humans eventually domesticated.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u672c\u8282\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u79f0\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08true experimentaldesigns)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ec4\u522b\u662f\u968f\u673a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u7814\u7a76\u8d77\u59cb\u65f6\u662f\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\uff08\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u5728\uff09\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6210\u719f\uff08\u5404\u7ec4\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u5747\u7b49)\u3001\u6d4b\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ec4\u95f4\u4e0d\u7b49\u800c\u6765\u7684\u65e0\u6548\u5ea6\u6765\u6e90\uff08\u7edf\u8ba1\u56de\u5f52\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u504f\u8bef\u53ca\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u6210\u719f\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u4e00\u7ec4\uff08\u9664\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5904\u7406\u4e4b\u5916\uff09\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\uff08\u76ee\u524d\u8d44\u6599\uff09\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4f9d\u53d8\u9879\u5206\u6570\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eea\u5668\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u53d8\u52a8\u5206\u6570\uff0c\u7ec4\u522b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u6d41\u5931\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff08\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6d41\u5931\u7387\uff09\u3002", + "output": "The designs discussed in this section are called true experimental designs because the groups are randomly formed, allowing the assumption that they were equivalent at the beginning of the research. This controls for past (but not present) history, maturation (which should occur equally in the groups), testing, and all sources of invalidity that are based on nonequivalence of groups (statistical regression, selection biases, and selection-maturation interaction). But only the experimenter can make sure that nothing happens to one group (besides the treatment) and not the other (present history), that scores on the dependent measure do not vary as a result of instrumentation problems, and that the loss of participants is not different between the groups (experimental mortality).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8eab\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u5feb\u611f\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5e76\u4e14\u4ecd\u5c06\u662f\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u89c4\u907f\u3001\u89c4\u8bad\u4e0e\u89e3\u653e \u76f8\u4e92\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u63a2\u7d22\u6b64\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u867d \u7136\u8eab\u4f53\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u8eab\u4f53\u653f\u6cbb\uff08\u9636\u7ea7\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u6027\u522b\u5316\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff09\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002", - "output": "In this chapter, I wish to trace some of the ways in which the body and its pleasures have been, and continue to be, the site of a struggle between power and evasion, discipline and liberation; though the body may appear to be where we are most individual, it is also the material form of the body politic: the class body, the racial body, and the body of gender.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u53ea\u8981\u4ea7\u54c1\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0e\u5229\u6da6\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c31\u80fd\u523a\u6fc0\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u4f46\u548c\u9752\u94dc\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u2014\u2014\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u71c3\u6599\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u5546\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ea6\u6709\u5176\u56fd\u6709\u5c40\u9650\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4e1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u66fe\u7ecf\u6709\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u548c\u5438\u6536\u5176\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u5de5\u4e1a\u5229\u6da6\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6309\u652f\u4ed8\u7ed9\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5de5\u4eba\u4ee5\u5de5\u8d44\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u672c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5c31\u5f97\u5b8c\u86cb\uff01\u201d\u8fd9\u662f\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u4ece\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u542c\u5230\u7684\u7edd\u671b\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u3002", + "output": "The price and profit system stimulated production and technological progress as long as the output could find a market. But, like the socio-economic system of the Bronze Age, the new commercialism of the Fuel era had its inherent limitations. No industrial nation had or could have purchasing power sufficient to keep and absorb its own output; the very basis of the industrial profit system was an excess in value of product over the cost of production in terms of wages paid to the industrial workers. Export of surplus was therefore essential; \"we must export or die\" is a cry of desperation heard from more than one nation in recent years.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u9632\u6cbb\u7259\u9f88\u708e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5403\u5bcc\u542b\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7684\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u82f9\u679c\uff0c\u6216\u56bc\u65e0\u7cd6\u53e3\u9999\u7cd6\uff0c\u5229\u4e8e\u553e\u6db2\u5206\u6ccc\u3002\u8fd9\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u53e3\u5e72\uff0c\u800c\u53e3\u8154\u5e72\u6da9\u662f\u5f15\u53d1\u7259\u9f88\u708e\u7684\u666e\u904d\u539f\u56e0\u3002", - "output": "Another way to thwart inflamed gums: Eat fibrous foods like apples or chew sugarless gum, which helps build up saliva. That helps you avoid dry mouth, which is a common cause of gingivitis.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5bf9\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53e3\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u53e3\u5c06\u9010\u6b65\u5728\u4f4e\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u548c\u4f4e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u8fbe\u5230\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u56fd\u5bb6\u8db3\u591f\u5bcc\u88d5\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u81ea\u613f\u5730\u964d\u4f4e\u751f\u80b2\u7387\u3002", + "output": "And for countries which manage to boost their per capita incomes, there is the prospect of making the demographic transition, which occurs when a population stabilizes with low birth rates and low death rates. Once countries get rich enough, and infant mortality drops, people voluntarily reduce their birth rates.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u9752\u94dc\u793c\u5668\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0a\u9762\u52a8\u7269\u7eb9\u6837\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u5148\u79e6\u53e4\u7c4d\u91cc\u65e9\u5df2\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u5fc6\u4e00\u4e0b\u300a\u56fd\u8bed\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u7edd\u5730\u5929\u901a\u7684\u795e\u8bdd\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u539f\u6587\u91cc\u63d0\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff1a\u201c\u7269\uff08\u52a8\u7269\u727a\u7272\uff09\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5668\uff08\u796d\u7940\u7528\u5668\uff09\u201d\u3002", - "output": "I believe that such a theory exists. In fact, explanations of the meaning of both the bronze ritual vessels and their animal motifs are furnished by the ancient Chinese themselves in pre-Ch'in texts. Recall the description of the myth of the separation of heaven and earth, as related in Kuo Yii. The Chinese original of the passage that was quoted in Chapter 3 used two words, wu (animal offerings) and ch'i (ritual vessels).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u6027\u4f34\u4fa3\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u67d0\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u793e\u533a\u5185\u5bfb\u89c5\u5230\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u822c\u4e5f\u5b9e\u884c\u6751\u843d\u5185\u5a5a\u5236\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u3002\u9976\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5916\u5a5a\u5236\u5305\u62ec\u6216\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u54ea\u4e9b\u4eb2\u621a\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u5929\u4e3b\u654e\u4f1a\u4e00\u76f4\u7981\u6b62\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\u7684\u5802\u8868\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u768431\u4e2a\u5dde\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed619\u4e2a\u5dde\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\u5802\u8868\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u662f\u4f18\u5148\u9009\u53d6\u7684\u914d\u5076\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u865a\u6784\u4fe1\u5ff5,\u4f46\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\u5802\u8868\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u7ed3\u5a5a\u751f\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u6ca1\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u02d9\u6cf0\u52d2\u7235\u58eb\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd1\u4eb2\u4ea4\u914d\u7684\u6289\u62e9\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u5916\u5ac1\u5a36\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u706d\u7edd\u201d\u3002", + "output": "However, since eligible sex partners are to be found within one's own community, village endogamy, though not obligatory, is commonly practiced. Interestingly, a wide variety exists among societies as to which relatives are or are not covered by exogamy rules. In Europe, for example, the Catholic Church has long had a prohibition on marriages to first cousins, and in the 19th century such marriages were illegal in most of the United States. In numerous other societies, however, first cousins are preferred spouses.In the 19th century, Sir Edward Tylor advanced a proposition that alternatives to inbreeding were either \"marrying out or being killed out\".", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u572851\u4f8b\u6b7b\u4ea1\u75c5\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c23\u4f8b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u80f8\u90e8\u88ab\u7403\u51fb\u4e2d\u540e\u7ee7\u53d1\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u5916\u529b\u901a\u8fc7\u80f8\u58c1\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u5fc3\u808c\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5fc3\u810f\u7834\u88c2\u662f\u68d2\u7403\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u521b\u4f24\u81f4\u6b7b\u56e0\u7d20 (Abrunzo, 1991)\u3002\u4e0e\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u88ab\u7403\u51fb\u4e2d\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u76f8\u5bf9\u8584\u7684\u80f8\u58c1\u5c31\u4f1a\u5c06\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u5fc3\u808c\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u5fc3\u5f8b\u5931\u5e38\u6216\u5fc3\u5f8b\u4e0d\u9f50\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u81f4\u6b7b\u6027\u635f\u4f24\u539f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5934\u90e8\u88ab\u7403\u51fb\u4e2d\u800c\u7ee7\u53d1\u95ed\u5408\u6027\u9885\u8111\u635f\u4f24\u3002\u5934\u80f8\u90e8\u88ab\u51fb\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u4e8e\u51fb\u7403\u548c\u6295\u7403\u65f6\uff08Rutherford, 1981)\u3002", - "output": "Of the 51 deaths 23 occurring during this period were secondary to being struck in the chest by the ball. Commotio cordis, which occurs secondary to forces generated through the chest wall to the myocardium, has been recognized as the most common cause of traumatic death in baseball (Abrunzo, 1991). When struck with a baseball, the relatively thin, compliant chest wall of a child is thought to transmit greater energy to the myocardium than that of the adult, resulting in fatal dysrhythmias or arrythmia. The next most common category of injury resulting in death involves the head being struck by the ball and consequent closed head injury. The greatest risk of being struck in the chest or head is incurred while batting or pitching (Rutherford 1981).", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u548c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u7cfb\u8fd8\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u201c\u6539\u9020\u81ea\u7136\u201d\u8ba1\u5212\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5206\u5e03\u6027\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6b64\u7c7b\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u662f\u6025\u70c8\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u5f53\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u73af\u5883\u6b63\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d \u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u591a\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u7126\u70b9(\u53c2\u9605\u672c\u4e66\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0)\u3002", + "output": "But this connection between the domination of nature and the domination of others has a further dimension. \"Nature-transforming\" projects of any sort have distributional consequences and the patent inequity of many of these has been the source of powerful conflicts. These are now the focus of struggle in the environmental justice movement and within a polyglot group of movements known as \"the environmentalism of the poor\" (see chapter 13).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8d6b\u8328\u4f2f\u683c\u7684\u53cc\u56e0\u7d20\u7406\u8bba\uff08two-factor theory)(\u4e5f\u53eb\u505a\u6fc0\u52b1_\u4fdd\u5065\u7406\u8bba\uff08moti\u001fvation-hygiene theory)) \u8ba4\u4e3a\u5185\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u6ee1\u610f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u5916\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u8d6b\u8328\u4f2f\u683c\u60f3\u8981\u4eba\u4eec\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u597d\uff08\u6ee1\u610f\uff09\u6216\u8005\u7279\u522b\u5dee\uff08\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\uff09 \u7684\u60c5\u5883\uff08\u89c1\u56fe\u886816\u20142)\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u611f\u5230\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u548c\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002", - "output": "Frederick Herzberg\u2019s two-factor theory (also called motivation-hygiene theory) proposes that intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction. Herzberg wanted to know when people felt exceptionally good (satisfied) or bad (dissatisfied) about their jobs. (These findings are shown in Exhibit 16-2.) He concluded that the replies people gave when they felt good about their jobs were significantly different from the replies they gave when they felt badly.", + "input": "\u5f53\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u6539\u53d8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bbe\u8ba1 (organizational design)\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d89\u53ca\u516d\u9879\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e13\u95e8\u5316\uff1b\u90e8\u95e8\u5316\uff1b\u6307\u6325\u94fe\uff1b\u7ba1\u7406\u8de8\u5ea6\uff1b\u96c6\u6743\u548c\u5206\u6743\uff1b\u6b63\u89c4\u5316\u3002", + "output": "When managers create or change the structure, they're engaged in organizational design, a process that involves decisions about six key elements: work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization, and formalization.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u8fd96\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u768450\u5e74\u91cc\u90fd\u5df2\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5176\u5377\u5165\u5168\u7403\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u521a\u521a\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5df2\u5e9f\u5f03\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u534f\u5b9a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d4\u4e2a\u662f\u5317\u7ea6\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u745e\u5178\u6700\u8fd1\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u5317\u7ea6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u201c\u548c\u5e73\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u67094\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u884c\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\u3002", - "output": "It is readily apparent that the enmeshment of each of the six countries in global politics has changed shape and form over the last five decades. While each of the countries began life very differently in the immediate postwar years, they have practically all shed their previous colonial commitments, four are members of NATO and Sweden recently joined a linked NATO programme, the Partnership for Peace. In addition, four countries are now members of the European Union, and all are major players - albeit with somewhat different levels of enmeshment in IGOs and INGOs - in international and global politics.", + "input": "\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u9769\u65b0\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u519b\u961f\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u9ad8\u7684\u540e\u52e4\u80fd\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u9053\u8def\u4fee\u5efa\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u6269\u5f20\u80fd\u529b\u660e\u663e\u63d0\u9ad8\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9769\u65b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u5316\u9769\u65b0\u4f7f\u5f97\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u521b\u9020\u5e76\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8de8\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u9664\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u3001\u5185\u5728\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u56e2\u7ed3\u4ee5\u53ca\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4eea\u5f0f\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u89c2\uff08Millar\u7b49\uff0c 1967; Mann\uff0c 1986\uff09 \u3002", + "output": "This decisive shift in power wielded by the Roman imperial state was made possible by a series of innovations. Most important, probably, was the enhanced logistical capabilities of the Roman legions and their capacity for complex civil engineering, roadbuilding and organization. But alongside this phenomenal increase in the extensive reach of military power was a series of cultural innovations that allowed the Romans to generate and reproduce a transimperial ruling class bound by ties of more than just kinship: political community, immanent class solidarity and shared cultural rituals, beliefs and aesthetics (Millar et al., 1967; Mann, 1986).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6bdb\u91cc\u6c42\u65af\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u6240\u9662\u6821\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u3002", - "output": "I mean Mauritius has got three institutions, so you know, the notion of peer review is a bit different, they don\u2019t really have any.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6700\u597d\uff0c\u4ee5\u91cd\u91cf\u8868\u793a\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\u5e94\u8be5\u91c7\u7528\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6b63\u786e\u6821\u6b63\u7684\u6760\u6746\u5f0f\u4f53\u91cd\u8ba1\u6765\u79f0\u91cd\u5e76\u8bb0\u5f55\u52300.1kg\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3002\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u88f8\u4f53\u79f0\u91cd\u6216\u8005\u7a7f\u7740\u5df2\u77e5\u91cd\u91cf\u7684\u670d\u88c5\uff08\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u88f8\u4f53\u7684\u91cd\u91cf)\u3002\u5728\u65e9\u6668\u5e38\u89c4\u6d4b\u5b9a\u7684\u79f0\u91cd\u503c\u662f\u76d1\u6d4b\u4f53\u91cd\u53d8\u5316\u6700\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc712\u5c0f\u65f6\u6d88\u5316\u548c\u6392\u6cc4\u540e\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u5bf9\u4e8e\u76d1\u6d4b\u751f\u957f\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6821\u6b63\u8fc7\u7684\u5f39\u7c27\u79f0\u6d4b\u91cf\u52300.5kg\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5df2\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u8981\u6c42\u3002", + "output": "Ideally, body mass expressed in units of weight should be obtained on an accurately calibrated beam-type balance and recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg. The subject should be weighed nude or in clothing of known weight so a correction to nude weight can be made. The most stable values for monitoring weight change are those obtained routinely in the morning, 12 h after having ingested food, and after voiding. However, such exact control is not generally necessary for growth records. For most purposes, a calibrated spring scale with measurement made to the nearest 0.5 kg is satisfactory.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u56fe4-1\uff08a\uff09\u590d\u5236\u4e86\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7d22\u6d1b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u589e\u957f\u56fe\u5f62\u3002\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u7a33\u6001\u5747\u8861\u51fa\u73b0\u5728C\u70b9\u3002\u50a8\u84c4\u7ebf\u4e0e\u6295\u8d44\u9700\u6c42\u7ebf\u76f8\u4ea4\u5728\u8be5\u70b9\u4e0a\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u50a8\u84c4\u7ebf\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6295\u8d44\u9700\u6c42\u7ebf\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u5728\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5c31\u5728\u589e\u957f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4eceA\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5411\u53f3\u8fb9\u79fb\u52a8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f1a\u6700\u7ec8\u5904\u4e8e\u505c\u987f\uff08\u5373\u8fbe\u5230\u7a33\u6001\uff09\u5462\uff1f\u7531\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u4ea7\u54c1\u9012\u51cf\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u5e76\u884c\u7684\u50a8\u84c4\u66f2\u7ebf\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u5f97\u5e73\u76f4\u3002", - "output": "Figure 4-1a reproduces the basic Solow growth diagram from Chapter 3. You will remember that the steady state occurs at point \ud835\udc36, where the saving and investment requirement lines cross. Anywhere the saving line is above the investment requirement line, the economy is growing because capital is being added. Starting at point \ud835\udc34, for example, the economy moves, over time, to the right. How do we know that this process eventually comes to a halt (i.e., reaches a steady state)? Because of the diminishing marginal product of capital, the production function and the parallel saving curve eventually flatten out.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "1470\u53f7\u5934\u9aa8\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u8ddd\u4eca189\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u80fd\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u8111\u91cf\u5927\u7ea6\u662f752cc\u6216775cc\uff1b\u800c1805\u53f7\u5934\u9aa8\uff0c\u8ddd\u4eca165\u4e07\u5e74\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u5c5e\u6216\u5357\u65b9\u53e4\u733f\u5c5e\uff0c\u4e0e\u5357\u65b9\u53e4\u733f\u7684\u8111\u91cf\u4e00\u81f4\uff08582cc\uff09\u3002", + "output": "Skull 1470, dating to about 1.89 million years and usually attributed to Homo habilis, had a capacity of either 752 cc or about 775 cc, while 1805, dating to about 1.65 million years and belonging to either Homo or Australopithecus, had a brain of australopithecine size (582 cc).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e09\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u89c2\u3002[26]\u4f20\u7edf\u51b2\u7a81\u89c2\uff08traditional view of conflict)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b\u907f\u514d\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b2\u7a81\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7fa4\u4f53\u5185\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u53e6 \u2014\u2022\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u51b2\u7a81\u89c2\uff08human relations view of conflict)\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b2\u7a81\u662f\u6240\u6709 \u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd^\u7136\u800c\u7136\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u8d1f\u9762\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ee9\u6548\u4f5c\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u79ef\u6781\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u51b2\u7a81\u89c2 (interactionist view of conflict)\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u79ef\u6781\u529b\u91cf\uff0c \u800c\u4e14\u6709\u4e9b\u51b2\u7a81\u5bf9\u7fa4\u4f53\u6709\u6548\u5f00\u5c55\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002", - "output": "Three different views have evolved regarding conflict.26 The traditional view of conflict argues that conflict must be avoided\u2014that it indicates a problem within the group. Another view, the human relations view of conflict, argues that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group and need not be negative, but has potential to be a positive force in contributing to a group\u2019s performance. The third and most recent view, the interactionist view of conflict, proposes that not only can conflict be a positive force in a group but that some conflict is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\uff08\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7684\u610f\u601d\u4e3a\u72ec\u5c45\u8005\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ffd\u6c42\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8654\u8bda\u6216\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u5949\u732e\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u800c\u8c0b\u6c42\u4e0e\u4e16\u9694\u7edd\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u5c31\u662f\u9996\u5148\u57fa\u4e8e\u653e\u5f03\u6240\u6709\u4e16\u4fd7\u793e\u4f1a\u8ffd\u6c42\u7075\u6027\u7684\u9690\u4fee\u58eb\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002", + "output": "A monk (Latin monachus, meaning \u201cone who lives alone\u201d) was a person who sought to live a life divorced from the world, cut off from ordinary human society, in order to pursue an ideal of godliness or total dedication to the will of God. Christian monasticism was initially based on the model of the solitary hermit who forsakes all civilized society to pursue spirituality.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5173\u4e8e\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u4e89\u8bba\u2026\u2026\u53ef\u88ab\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e3a\u5927\u4f17\u6587\u5316\u5f00\u59cb\u201c\u5927\u4e3e\u8fdb\u653b\u201d\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u5927\u4f17\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7f8e\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5305\u5b55\u7684\u6f5c\u80fd\u8fc5\u901f\u653b\u9677\u4e86\u7279\u6743\u8005\u7684\u9886\u571f\u3002\u6587\u5316\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u5316\u7f51\u7edc\u65e2\u7c97\u72c2\u53c8\u51cc\u4e71\uff0c\u5374\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u8bdd\u8bed\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u8be0\u91ca\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u4f20\u64ad\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7279\u6743\u5730\u4f4d\u5c8c\u5c8c\u53ef\u5371\uff0c\u5176\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u4ea6\u906d\u9047\u91cd\u65b0\u6d17\u724c\u3002", - "output": "The debate over postmodernism can...be read as the symptom of the disruptive ingression of popular culture, its aesthetics and intimate possibilities, into a previously privileged domain. Theory and academic discourses are confronted by the wider, unsystemized, popular networks of cultural production and knowledge. The intellectual\u2019s privilege to explain and distribute knowledge is threatened; his authority, for it is invariably \u2018his\u2019, redimensionalized.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u53ea\u7ec3\u4e60\u524d\u503e\u548c\u4e0b\u8e72\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u505a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u8df3\u8dc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u5148\u719f\u6089\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u589e\u5f3a\u81c0\u90e8\u548c\u80a1\u56db\u5934\u808c\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002", + "output": "Practice leaning and squatting without actually hopping, which will accustom you to the movement and build strength in your hips and quads.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u81ea\u8eab\u4ea7\u751f\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u91ca\u653e\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u5176\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u6709\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4f53\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5bfb\u6c42\u4f53\u5185\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u6216\u7740\u8bf4\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u751f\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002", - "output": "Energy builds within organisms and releases itself in behaviors designed to help species survive. Others have emphasized the individual\u2019s need for homeostasis, or optimal levels of physiological states.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5408\u8d44\u4f01\u4e1a\uff08joint venture)\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6218\u7565\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5404\u5408\u4f5c\u65b9\u4e3a\u4e86\u67d0\u4e2a\u5546\u4e1a\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u5171\u540c\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u4e3b\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u60e0\u666e\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5408\u8d44\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e3a\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8bbe\u5907\u751f\u4ea7\u5404\u79cd\u96f6\u90e8\u4ef6\u3002", + "output": "A specific type of strategic alliance in which the partners form a separate, independent organization for some business purpose is called a joint venture. For example, Hewlett-Packard has had numerous joint ventures with various suppliers around the globe to develop different components for its computer equipment.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "16. \u786c\u4ef6\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u786c\u4ef6\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u786c\u4ef6\u6210\u672c\u5927\u5e45\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7535\u8111\u5c24\u5176\u660e\u663e\u3002\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u968f\u673a\u5b58\u50a8\u5668 \uff08RAM\uff09\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5176\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u4f1a\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u7528\u8f83\u4fbf\u5b9c\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u786c\u76d8\u5b58\u53d6\u64cd\u4f5c\u4ee3\u66ffRAM\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5176\u6027\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u8f6f\u4ef6\u652f\u6301\u5404\u79cd\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u8f93\u5165/\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u5176\u63a5\u5165\u7f51\u7edc\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e00\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002", - "output": "16. Hardware requirements. Another issue to consider in the selection process is hardware requirements. Hardware costs, especially for personal computers, have decreased radically in recent years. Software that can use larger amounts of random access memory (RAM) will run more quickly and so might be better than less-expensive packages that perform numerous disk access operations to reduce RAM use. A software package\u2019s ability to support a variety of existing input/output devices is also important, as well as its ability to work in a network.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u9f7f\u6cbf\u97f3(\u6216\u9f7f\u95f4\u97f3)[\u03b8][\u00f0]\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u97f3\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u90fd\u62fc\u5199th\u3002\u53d1\u97f3\u65f6\u820c\u5c16\u63d2\u5728\u4e0a\u4e0b\u9f7f\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u628a\u820c\u5934\u89e6\u53ca\u4e0a\u9f7f\u6cbf\u540e\uff0c\u6240\u53d1\u4e4b\u97f3\u66f4\u5e94\u79f0\u4e3a\u9f7f\u97f3\u3002", + "output": "Interdentals [\u03b8] [\u00f0] These sounds, both spelled th, are pronounced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth. However, for some speakers the tongue merely touches behind the teeth, making a sound more correctly called dental.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5bf9\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53e3\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u53e3\u5c06\u9010\u6b65\u5728\u4f4e\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u548c\u4f4e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0a\u8fbe\u5230\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u56fd\u5bb6\u8db3\u591f\u5bcc\u88d5\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u81ea\u613f\u5730\u964d\u4f4e\u751f\u80b2\u7387\u3002", - "output": "And for countries which manage to boost their per capita incomes, there is the prospect of making the demographic transition, which occurs when a population stabilizes with low birth rates and low death rates. Once countries get rich enough, and infant mortality drops, people voluntarily reduce their birth rates.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u505a\u8d77\u6765\u5374\u5f88\u96be\u3002\u8fd9\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u67d0\u4e2a\u52bf\u529b\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u4e3e\u884c\u516c\u6c11\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5411\u516c\u6c11\u63d0\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u7b49\u4e8e\u51b3\u5b9a\u8fb9\u754c\u7ebf\u5e94\u8be5\u5212\u5230\u54ea\u91cc\u3002\u662f\u5426\u4e3e\u884c\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u5728\u54ea\u513f\u4e3e\u884c\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u90fd\u5f88\u5927\u3002", + "output": "However, this answer is not as simple as it sounds. Someone, and usually some power, has to decide in what area such a plebiscite should be held, and what question should be asked. This often comes close to a decision on where the boundary line should run. The question of whether, and where, to hold such plebiscites is extremely controversial.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u2605\u5b83\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4f60\u7684\u8840\u538b\u5347\u9ad8\u3002\u2605\u8fd9\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u3001\u4e2d\u98ce\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u529b\u51cf\u9000\u3001\u80be\u8870\u7aed\u3001\u773c\u775b\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u5173\u8282\u708e\u548c\u80ba\u75c5\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u2605\u5b83\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4f60\u5bf9\u6297\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002", - "output": "\u2605 It increases your blood pressure.\u2605 It increases your risk of heart attacks, strokes, memory loss, kidney failure, eye problems, arthritis, and lung disease.\u2605 It decreases your ability to fight off infections.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\"\u660e\u9053\u6551\u4e16\"\u662f\u6e05\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u987e\u708e\u6b66\u63d0\u51fa\u505a\u5b66\u95ee\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u51e0\u90e8\u91cd\u8981\u8457\u4f5c(\u53f6\u4f2f\u548c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u300b\u3001\u90d1\u89d0\u6587\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u300b\u3001\u738b\u5149\u7948\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u300b\u3001\u6768\u836b\u6d4f\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u7eb2\u300b)\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u97f3\u4e50\u5927\u91cf\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u65b0\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u97f3\u4e50\u53f2\u5b66\u65b0\u7684\"\u9053\"\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u6551\u56fd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u56db\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u4f53\u4f8b\u5404\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\"\u660e\u9053\u6551\u4e16\"\u5374\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002", + "output": "As a scholar in early Qing dynasty, Gu Yanwu proposed that for doing scholarship, it was significant both to profoundly comprehend the truth and save the world. There are several important works on the history of music in modern China : Ye Bo's the History of Chinese Music, Zheng Jinwen's the History of Chinese Music, Wang Guangqi's the History of Chinese Music, Yang Yinliu's the History of Chinese Music.Influenced by western music theory, China formed its own new conceptions of music. In that time, important masterpieces of music historiography had established a new \"Tao\", and played a significant role in saving our country. Although the content and style of these four works were different, \"saving the world by the way of enlightenment\" was their common feature.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5448\u73b0\u5206\u6570\u7684\u5168\u8ddd\uff08\u6700\u9ad8\u548c\u6700\u4f4e\uff09\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u800c\u975e\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u65f6\u3002\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u548c\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u4e92\u642d\u914d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u670915\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u6267\u884c\u4e8610\u7ec4\u3001\u6bcf\u7ec410\u4e2a\u5c1d\u8bd5(\u5171100\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff09\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u65f6\u95f4\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u6bcf\u4e00\u56de\u5408\u768410\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u91cc\u7684\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u505a\u4e3a\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6570\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c06\u4f1a\u670910\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u5206\u6570\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u5355\u4e00\u56de\u540810\u6b21\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e2d\u9009\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u9009\u51fa\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u7684\u5206\u6570\u5168\u8ddd\u3002", - "output": "Sometimes the range of scores (highest and lowest) may also be reported, particularly when the median is used rather than the mean. The median and the mean may be used in connection with each other. For example, 15 people might be given 10 blocks of 10 trials (100 total trials) on a reaction-time task. The experimenter may decide to use the median reaction time of a person\u2019s 10 trials as the most representative score in each block. Thus, each person would have 10 median scores, one for each of the 10 trial blocks.Here, the range of scores from which the median was selected should be reported.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u603b\u6210\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u672c\u548c\u53ef\u53d8\u6210\u672c\u3002\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u672c\u662f\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u6539\u53d8\u4ea7\u91cf\u65f6\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002\u53ef\u53d8\u6210\u672c\u662f\u5728\u4f01\u4e1a\u6539\u53d8\u4ea7\u91cf\u65f6\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002", + "output": "A firm\u2019s total costs can be divided between fixedcosts and variable costs. Fixed costs are costs thatdo not change when the firm alters the quantityof output produced. Variable costs are costs thatchange when the firm alters the quantity of outputproduced.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u5e74\u6cd5\u548c\u95f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u5e74\u6cd5\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u76f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u5e74\u6cd5(Direct dating)\u5206\u6790\u6587\u5316\u9057\u7269\u3001 \u751f\u6001\u9057\u7269\u548c\u8ff9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u5e74\u9f84\u3002\u95f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u5e74\u6cd5(Indirect dating)\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u9057\u7269\u3001\u751f\u6001\u9057\u7269\u6216\u8ff9\u8c61\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u8bc4\u4f30\u5176\u5e74\u9f84\u3002", - "output": "Before we discuss specific techniques, however, we should consider a few basic definitions. First, direct dating uses analysis of the artifact, ecofact, or feature itself to arrive at its age. Indirect dating uses analysis of material associated with the artifact, ecofact, or feature being studied to evaluate its age.", + "input": "\u867d\u7136\u9700\u8981\u5f88\u591a\u4e2a\u6848\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5236\u5b9a\u4e2d\u7a0b\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u91c7\u7528\u6c11\u65cf\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd0\u7528\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u6750\u6599\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u8981\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5fae\u75d5\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u57cb\u85cf\u5b66\uff08Tringham 1978)\u3002", + "output": "Although multiple case studies are necessary to establish such contexts, this approach lessened the need for broad cross-cultural studies. Formulating middle-range theory utilized not only the results of ethnoarchaeological research and of cross-cultural studies using ethnographic data but also the findings of other forms of actualistic studies, such as use-wear analysis, experimental archaeology, and taphonomy (Tringham1978).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a2\u5bfb\u672c\u8d28\uff0c \u6279\u8bc4\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9a\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6279\u8bc4\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u53c2\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u6cd5\u3001\u6df1\u5ea6\u8bbf\u8c08\u3001\u7126\u70b9\u7fa4\u4f53\u6cd5\u3001\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8c03\u67fb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u63ed\u9732\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u7fa4\u4f53\u6240\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u548c\u5265\u524a\u3002", - "output": "To get below the surface, the critical theorist researcher will predominantly use a qualitative methodology. Furthermore, as outlined above, the process is subjective and, as a consequence, the process is also value laden. Methods used by a critical theorist researcher would include, for example, participant observation, indepth interviewing, focus groups, Delphic panels and appreciative inquiry in order to expose the oppression, subjugation and exploitation of the minority group being studied.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u98ce\u9669\u662f\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u6295\u4fdd\u98ce\u9669\u6216\u7cfb\u7edf\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u5468\u671f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u7684\u6536\u5165\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u603b\u4ea7\u51fa\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u800c\u8d77\u4f0f\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u98ce\u9669\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u4e48\u901a\u8fc7\u8d2d\u4e70\u4fdd\u9669\u6765\u9884\u9632\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5728\u5229\u6da6\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u98ce\u9669\u6ea2\u4ef7\u3002", + "output": "A further concern is the uninsurable or systematic risk of investments. A company may have a high degree of sensitivity to business cycles, which means that its earnings fluctuate a great deal when aggregate out-put goes up or down. All of these risks must either be insured against or earn a risk premium in profits.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c0f\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u8981\u9996\u9009\u76f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u91cf\u5438\u6c27\u91cf \u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u53cc\u6807\u8bb0\u6c34\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u5fc3\u7387\u8bb0\u5f55\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u52a0\u901f\u5ea6\u6d4b\u91cf\u4eea\u6280\u672f\u3002", - "output": "For very small groups a direct measurement of oxygen uptake or DLW technique has to be preferred. For larger groups HR recording combined with accelerometers appears to be the most favourable technique.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0e\u6027\u522b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6750\u6599\u8981\u6574\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff1f\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6574\u5408\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff1b\u56f4\u7ed5\u6027\u522b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u5f80\u5f80\u592a\u590d\u6742\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u5176\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u53bb\u6389\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5404\u7ae0\u5b89\u6392\u8fd9\u79cd\u6750\u6599\u5728\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5bf9\u6027\u5225\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7b2c\u5341\u7248\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u5217\u51fa\uff09\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6027\u522b\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u4e00\u822c\u81f3\u5c11\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0b\u8ff0\u4e09\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u5b66\u79d1\u5185\u5173\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53d8\u5316\uff1b\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u6027\u522b\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5173\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u548c\u6027\u5225\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u65b0\u7d20\u6750\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5bf9\u540c\u6027\u604b\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u7c7b\u4eba\u733f\u793e\u4f1a\u96cc\u6027\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u5f53\u524d\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5173\u4e8e\u5973\u6027\u5272\u9634\u7684\u6700\u8fd1\u65b0\u95fb\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u6709\u7a33\u5b9a\u8282\u594f\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u7b2c\u5341\u7248\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u6027\u522b \u201c\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u201d\u524d\u540e\u65e0\u547c\u5e94\u7684\u5355\u72ec\u7ae0\u8282\u5185\u3002", + "output": "Much of the new content for the ninth edition (listed below) relates to gender in some way. These changes generally fall into at least one of three categories: changes in thinking about gender within the discipline, examples that have important ramifications on gender in a particular society or culture, and cross-cultural implications about gender and gender relations. Examples of new material range from an expanded definition of marriage and additional material on homosexual identity to current thinking on the role of Hadza women in food provisioning and recent news in regard to female genital mutilation. Through a steady drumbeat of such coverage, the ninth edition avoids a thunderous crash of relegating ugenderw to a single chapter that is preceded and followed by silence.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u7684\u597d\u53cb\u517c\u540c\u4e8b\u8a79\u59ae\u5f17\u2022 A(Jenniger Azzariti)\u66fe\u5bf9\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u9762\u6027\u7ed9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u5979\u628a\u8fd9\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u4fdd\u6301\u6d3b\u529b\u201d\u3002\u8a79\u59ae\u5f171991\u81f31997\u5e74\u66fe\u5728\u534e\u76db\u987f\u533a\u65e9\u671f\u5b66\u4e60\u793a\u8303\u4e2d\u5fc3\u62c5\u4efb\u827a\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\u6559\u5e08\u3002", - "output": "My close colleague and friend Jennifer Azzariti, who worked as atelierista at the Model Early Learning Center in Washington, D.C., from 1991\u20131997, has a different name for this multifaceted way of being a teacher. She calls it \u201cstaying alive.\u201d", + "input": "\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8981\u7d20\u662f\u6218\u7565\u9876\u5c42\u3001\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u6838\u5fc3\u3001\u652f\u6301\u4eba\u5458\u4ee5\u53ca\u6280\u672f\u7ed3\u6784\u3002", + "output": "The key elements of structure are the strategic apex, middle line, operating core, support staff, and technostructure.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5fae\u89c2\u653f\u6cbb\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u7ec4\u7ec7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6f5c\u53f0\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u538b\u529b\u3001\u6124\u6068\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u5fae\u89c2\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u5408\u5e76\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u7b56\u7565\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u6216\u963b\u788d\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u8c23\u4f20\u3001\u6d41\u8a00\u3001\u8bbd\u523a\u3001\u5e7d\u9ed8\u3001\u62d2\u7edd\u3001\u201c\u4f7f\u7528\u540e\u5c31\u629b\u5f03\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u8054\u76df\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002", - "output": "Micropolitics has been read as a subtext of organizational life in which con\ufb02icts, tensions, resentments, competing interests and power imbalances in\ufb02uence everyday transactions in institutions. Micropolitics is about in\ufb02uence, networks, coalitions, political and personal strategies to effect or resist change. It involves rumour, gossip, sarcasm, humour, denial, \u2018throwaway remarks\u2019, and alliance building.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u57289.4\u8282\u7b80\u8981\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u51e0\u79cd\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u6837\u672c\u9009\u62e9\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5176\u5173\u952e\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\u5916\u751f\u548c\u5185\u751f\u6837\u672c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5728\u65ad\u5c3e\u6258\u5bbe\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u663e\u7136\u662f\u5185\u751f\u6837\u672c\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u56e0\u800cOLS\u662f\u6709\u504f\u8bef\u548c\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6837\u672c\u4ec5\u7531\u5916\u751f\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u91cf\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u5916\u751f\u6837\u672c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u4ecb\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u5219\u4e0d\u751a\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u505a\u51fa\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u5047\u5b9a\u3002", + "output": "In Section 9.4, we provided a brief discussion of the kinds of sample selection that can be ignored. The key distinction is between exogenous and endogenous sample selection. In the truncated Tobit case, we clearly have endogenous sample selection, and OLS is biased and inconsistent. On the other hand, if our sample is determined solely by an exogenous explanatory variable, we have exogenous sample selection. Cases between these extremes are less clear, and we now provide careful definitions and assumptions for them.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20,\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0e\u4e3a\u8089\u98df\u800c\u6e05\u7406\u52a8\u7269\u5c38\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u72e9\u730e\u4e00\u8d77\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u6309\u7167\u6027\u522b\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u3001\u98df\u7269\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65e5\u5e38\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u5fc3\u53ca\u98df\u7269\u5206\u4eab\u5730\u70b9\u7684\u8425\u5730\u3002\u5bfb\u98df\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u8981\u6c42\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u79ef\u7d2f\u751f\u5b58\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5730\u4f4d\u5dee\u522b\u9650\u4e8e\u4ee5\u5e74\u9f84\u548c\u6027\u522b\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0e\u6027\u522b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5dee\u522b\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5987\u5973\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7537\u5b50\u3002\u98df\u7269\u8d44\u6e90\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u914d\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u79ef\u805a\u7269\u54c1\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u6216\u5730\u4f4d\u3002", - "output": "Three important elements of human social organization probably developed along with scavenging and hunting for meat. These are a sexual division of labor, food sharing, and the camp as the center of daily activity and the place where food sharing occurs. A characteristic of food-foraging societies is their egalitarianism. Since this way of life requires mobility, people accumulate only the material goods necessary for survival, so status differences are limited to those based on age and sex. Status differences associated with sex, however, do not imply subordination of women to men. Food resources are distributed equally throughout the groups; thus no individual can achieve the wealth or status hoarding might bring.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7531\u56fe28-3\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4ece1979-1985\u5e74\u521d\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u6c47\u7387\u5347\u9ad8\u4e8680%\u3002\u4ece1985\u5e74\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u5bb6\u90fd\u6df1\u4fe1\u7f8e\u5143\u88ab\u9ad8\u4f30\u3002\u8d27\u5e01\u9ad8\u4f30\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5176\u957f\u671f\u7684\u6216\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002", + "output": "Figure 28-3 shows that during the period from 1979 to early 1985, the real exchange rate on the dollar rose by 80 percent. Many economists believe the dollar was overvalued in 1985\u2014an overvalued currency is one whose value is high relative to its long-run or sustainable level.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u6b4c\u5fb7\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8d6b\u5c14\u5fb7\u5c31\u91c7\u7528\u8fc7\u666e\u7f57\u7c73\u4fee\u65af\u7684\u6bd4\u65b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u4ee5\u524d\u8bc4\u8bba\u8005\u6240\u6301\u7684\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u5b87\u5b99\u89c2\u4fee\u6539\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u838e\u58eb\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u620f\u5267\u4e00\u5c31\u5176\u4eba\u7269\u548c\u60c5\u8282\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5730\u70b9\u548c\u573a\u666f\u4e0a\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u8f6c\u6362\u800c\u8a00\u4e00\u6d3b\u50cf\u539f\u521d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002", - "output": "Even earlier than Goethe, Herder had adopted the Prometheus simile, and he modified the Leibnizian heterocosmology of earlier commentators into the view that a Shakespeare play\u4e00 in the complex inter-relations of its characters and actions, and in its quick changes of time, place, and scene\u2014is, like the primal creation itself, a great and living whole.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6269\u5145\u5ba2\u6237\u9009\u62e9\u57fa\u70b9\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5c06\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8425\u9500\u4e0e\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u5728\u5927\u578b\u6da1\u8f6e\u53d1\u7535\u673a\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c\u901a\u7528\u7535\u5668\u516c\u53f8\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u975e\u5e38\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u7740\u8fd9\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u3002", + "output": "Widening the basis of buyers' choice requires a combination of effective marketing on this basis and product development that supports the story convincingly. General Electric has practiced this strategy very successfully for decades in the large turbine generator industry.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u9a6c\u65af\u6d1b\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5c42\u6b21\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4e94\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff08\u751f\u7406\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u9700\u6c42\uff09\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u9700\u6c42\u88ab\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u5730\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4f1a\u4ece\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5411\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8fc7\u6ce2\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u67d0\u79cd\u9700\u6c42\u83b7\u5f97\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u5177\u6709\u6fc0\u52b1\u4f5c\u7528\u3002", - "output": "In Maslow's hierarchy, individuals move up the hierarchy of five needs (physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization) as needs are substantially satisfied. A need that's substantially satisfied no longer motivates.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6982\u62ec\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u4ece\u52ab\u63a0\u5411\u5b98\u50da\u653f\u6cbb\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u5370\u5ea6\u675c\u4f1a\uff1a\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u56fa\u5b9a\u7a0e\u6536\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u786e\u7acb\u519c\u6751\u4e2d\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u519c\u4e1a\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u5316\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u505a\u6cd5\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\u662f\u519c\u6751\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u906d\u5230\u5c40\u90e8\u7834\u574f\uff1b\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b65\u662f1857\u5e74\u8bd5\u56fe\u6323\u8131\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5974\u5f79\u7684\u5175\u53d8\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u53c8\u4e3a\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u6cbf\u81f3\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u6784\u67b6\u3002", + "output": "Such then, if in sketchy outline, was the evolution of the British from piracy to bureaucracy. Three interrelated consequences for Indian society followed: the beginnings of an abortive commercialization of agriculture through the establishment of law and order, regular taxes, and property in the countryside; secondly, the partial destruction of rural handicrafts, and, finally, an unsuccessful attempt to throw off the British yoke in the Mutiny of 1857. In turn these three processes set the basic framework for what has taken place down to the present day.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u7b80\u77ed\u63cf\u8ff0\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u529b\u56fe\u63a2\u7d22\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7269\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8fd9\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u51b3\u88c2\u3002", - "output": "It should be obvious even from this brief account of phenomenology that it is a form of methodological idealism, seeking to explore an abstraction called 'human consciousness' and a world of pure possibilities. But if Husserl rejected empiricism, psychologism and the positivism of the natural sciences, he also considered himself to be breaking with the classical idealism of a thinker like Kant.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6709\u4e2a\u5728\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u540c\u8bfa\u66fc\u5f88\u719f\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\u727a\u7272\u4e86\uff0c\u4f2f\u7279\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u53cc\u7b52\u671b\u8fdc\u955c(\u4e00\u79cd\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u89c6\u754c?)\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e34\u7ec8\u4e4b\u9645\u628a\u5b83\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u683c\u6e29\u3002\u4f2f\u7279\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218(\u88ab\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e3a\u201c\u53cd\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u540e\u6218\u4e89\u201d)\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u8d1f\u91cd\u4f24\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u8138\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u4f24\u75d5\uff1a\u4f2f\u7279\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u5949\u732e\u7684\u8bb0\u53f7\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u5730\u8d42\u5728\u4e86\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0a\u3002", + "output": "When the student, who was close to Norman at Cambridge, is killed in action, Bert acquires his binoculars (a symbolic terrain of vision?) only on his deathbed to hand them on to Gwyn. Bert also fights in World War II (billed as \"the ultimate war against fascism\"), and suffers a hideous injury in Normandy that permanently disfigures his face \u2014 Bert forever carries the marks of his internationalist commitments on his body.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4e00\u5207\u8bdd\u8bed\u3001\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u610f\u6307\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u4ece\u7535\u5f71\u4e0e\u7535\u89c6\u5230\u5c0f\u8bf4\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u6f5c\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5b58\u6743\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ef4\u6301\u6216\u8005\u6539\u53d8\u5219\u4e0e\u6b64\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e5f\u4e0e\u6b64\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002", - "output": "Discourses, sign-systems and signifying practices of all kinds, from film and television to fiction and the languages of natural science, produce effects, shape forms of consciousness and unconsciousness, which are closely related to the maintenance or transformation of our existing systems of power. They are thus closely related to what it means to be a person.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u201d\u4e8e\u57fa\u7840\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u5b83\u4ee5\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u5bf9\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6b65\u4f10\u4e0e\u65b9\u5411\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u7740\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u59cb\u7ec8\u96be\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u540c\u5176\u4ed6\u5f71\u54cd\u5206\u5f00\u3002", + "output": "But this does not prevent superstructures from being \"relatively autonomous\" from the base, or from exercising power and influence upon the base, and upon the pace and direction of social change. In the real world, economic determinism never exists in a pure form, so its existence and effects are always difficult to disentangle from other influences, and determine in their own right.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u8c03\u67e5(Archaeological survey)\u6307\u7684\u662f\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u884c\u6316\u6398\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4ece\u9057\u5740\u6216\u5730\u533a\u83b7\u5f97\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u8c03\u67fb\u603b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u8868\u5c42\u9057\u5b58\u548c\u5229\u7528\u9065\u611f\u6280\u672f\u63a2\u6d4b\u5730\u4e0b\u8ff9\u8c61\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730\u786e\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u9057\u5740\u6216\u5730\u533a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002", - "output": "Archaeological survey refers to methods archaeologists use to acquire data from sites or regions without excavation. The overall objective of archaeological surveys is to determine as much as possible about a given site or region based on both observing surface remains and detecting subsurface features through remote means.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u590d\u6570\u8bed\u7d20\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u53d1\u97f3\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u62fc\u5199\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662fs\u8fd8\u662fes\uff0c\u90fd\u8d77\u7740\u8bef\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2az\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u2014\u2014\u9664\u975e\u4f60\u4f1a\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8bfb\u5f97\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u521a\u521a\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u5f53\u9047\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u6548\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\u5217\u4e2a\u8868\uff0c\u628a\u8be5\u8bed\u7d20\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d8\u4f53\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u53eb\u6cd5\u662f\u8bed\u7d20\u53d8\u4f53\uff09\u6240\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u73af\u5883\u7ed9\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u7528\u5bbd\u5f0f\u8bb0\u97f3\u628a\u524d\u4e09\u5217\u7684\u8bcd\u5199\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u590d\u6570\u8bed\u7d20\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002", + "output": "How do we know how to pronounce this plural morpheme? The spelling, which adds s or es, is misleading\u2014not a z in sight\u2014yet if you know English, you pronounce it as we indicated. When faced with this type of question, it\u2019s useful to make a chart that records the phonological environments in which each variant of the morpheme is known to occur. (The more technical term for a variant is allomorph.) Writing the words from the first three columns in broad phonetic transcription, we have our first chart for the plural morpheme.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4f17\u591a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u53ca18\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u90fd\u4f53\u73b0\u5f97\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u3002", - "output": "One of these ideologies was liberalism, which owed much to the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century and the American and French Revolutions at the end of that century. It was based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. This opinion is evident in both economic and political liberalism.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "SEM\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5145\u5206\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u54ea\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u88ab\u5047\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5916\u751f\u7684\u548c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u54ea\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u90fd\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u51b3\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u7a0b\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\uff08\u5373\u80fd\u88ab\u4f30\u8ba1)\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u65b9\u7a0b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8bf4\u660e\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u81f3\u5c11\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7cfb\u6570\u975e\u96f6\u7684\u5916\u751f\u53d8\u91cf\u3002", + "output": "An important feature of SEMs is that, by fully specifying the system, it is clear which variables are assumed to be exogenous and which ones appear in each equation. Given a full system, we are able to determine which equations can be identified (that is, can be estimated). In the important case of a two-equation system, identification of (say) the first equation is easy to state: at least one exogenous variable must be excluded from the first equation that appears with a nonzero coefficient in the second equation.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7236\u4eb2\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7684\u4e08\u592b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u975e\u5f97\u662f\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u672a\u5a5a\u5988\u5988\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u201c\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\u5e76\u4e0d\u88ab\u5426\u8ba4\u3002\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u7236\u4eb2\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u666e\u57c3\u5e03\u6d1b\u6c11\u65cf\uff08\u8bf8\u5982\u970d\u76ae\u4eba\uff09\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u7236\u4eb2\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0e\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6beb\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u81ea\u52a8\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u6bcd\u4eb2\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5979\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002", - "output": "In Western societies generally, the father is supposed to be the mother Kusbandj but he does not have to be. In the United States, the child of an unwed mother may be spoken of as aillegitimate, yet its citizenship rights, as well as those of inheritance, are not denied. Nor does legitimacy require the father to be married to the mother. In numerous other societies\u2014for example, among the Pueblo peoples (such as the Hopi) of the North American Southwest\u2014fatherhood is utterly irrelevant to the child's legitimacy. In their societies legitimacy comes automatically from one s mother, regardless of whether or not she is married.", + "input": "\u706d\u7edd\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u627f\u62c5\u8005\u90fd\u6b7b\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u96be\u6c11\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6709\u7740\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e2d\u95f4\u3002\u6b64\u7c7b\u4f8b\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u770b\u5230\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe15.4\uff09\uff1b\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5728\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u5df4\u897f\u7684\u4e9a\u9a6c\u900a\u76c6\u5730\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u53d1\u751f\u57281968\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u6740\u624b\u53d7\u96c7\u53bb\u6d88\u706d\u51e0\u4e2a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u8f9b\u5854\u62c9\u52a0\u65cf\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u8f7b\u578b\u98de\u673a\u4e0a\u6492\u4e0b\u7812\u971c\uff0c\u6254\u4e0b\u70b8\u836f\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u673a\u5173\u67aa\u626b\u5c04\uff1b\u81f3\u4e8e\u8f9b\u5854\u62c9\u52a0\u4eba\uff0c\u6740\u624b\u4eec\u9009\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3e\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u672c\u65cf\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e0b\u624b\u53bb\u88ad\u51fb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6751\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6751\u5b50\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u969c\u788d\u3002", + "output": "Extinction is the phenomenon whereby so many carriers of a culture die that those who survive become refugees living among peoples of other cultures. Examples of this may be seen in many parts of the world today; the closest examples are found in many parts of South America, again as in Brazil's Amazon basin. One particularly well-documented case occurred in 1968, when hired killers tried to wipe out several Indian groups, including the Cinta-Larga. For this they used arsenic, dynamite, and machine guns from light planes; in the case of the Cinta-Largas, the killers chose a time when an important native ceremony was taking place to attack a village seen as an obstacle to development.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5784\u65ad\u4e5f\u91c7\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u7b2c20\u7ae0\uff08\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\uff09\u8ba8\u8bba\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u7684\u5b9a\u4ef7\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u8c03\u63a7\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5784\u65ad\uff08\u4f9b\u6c34\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u6709\u7ebf\u7535\u89c6\u7f51\u3001\u7535\u8bdd\u7f51\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u79c1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u52a0\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u3002", - "output": "Local governments have the same options for other natural monopolies. Chapter 20 (Mass Transit) discusses the pricing and regulation of mass transit. For other natural monopolies (water systems, cable television networks, telephone networks), the government can either produce the service itself or regulate a private producer.", + "input": "\u201c\u6c38\u6052\u6027\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8054\u7cfb\u201d\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u6e90\u81ea\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b9e\u4f53\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u5185\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u521b\u9020\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5185\u5728\u79e9\u5e8f\u5b89\u6392\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6682\u65f6\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c38\u6052\u4ee5\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6700\u7ec8\u5360\u636e\u4e00\u5757\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u6682\u65f6\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e(\u6682\u65f6\u7684\uff09\u3002", + "output": "A \"permanence\" arises as a system of \"extensive connection\" out of processes. Entities achieve relative stability in their bounding and their internal ordering of processes creating space, for a time. Such permanences come to occupy a piece of a space in an exclusive way (for a time) and thereby define a place \u2014 their place \u2014 (for a time).", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5fae\u89c2\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u6743\u529b\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7410\u4e8b\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u770b\u4f3c\u7410\u7ec6\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u53ca\u5176\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002", - "output": "Micropolitics focuses on the ways in which power is relayed in everyday practices. It discloses the subterranean con\ufb02icts, competitions and minutiae of social relations. It describes how power is relayed through seemingly trivial incidents and transactions.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u7fa4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6298\u5c04\u51fa\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u4f53\u80b2\u8868\u6f14\uff08\u6b63\u5982\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u6240\u8bba\uff0c\u4f53\u80b2\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u52b3\u52a8\u8ce6\u4e88\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u77eb\u5065\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u6298\u5c04\u51fa\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u5f81\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u6027\u522b\u5dee\u5f02\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u5374\u662f\u62a2\u593a\u7537\u6027\u6c14\u8d28\uff08masculinity )\u4e0e\u5973\u6027\u6c14\u8d28\uff08femininity )\u4e4b\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u7684\u6218\u626c\u3002", + "output": "This meaning cluster could be inflected toward strength, physical labor, and sports performance (for, as argued in Chapter 4, sport allows the middle-class body the recognition of physical prowess that labor allows the working class) for the men, and toward sexuality for the women. Of course, such gender differences are not essential, but they are sites of struggle for control over the meanings of masculinity and femininity.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\u8fd8\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4fe1\u6761\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u2014\u2014\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u6280\u672f\u8fd8\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u5230\u590d\u6742\u3001\u4ece\u539f\u59cb\u5230\u6587\u660e\u9010\u6e10\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u4e4b\u60c5\u51b5\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6b63\u9762\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u5728\u8fe5\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73b0\u5b58\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e3a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u201d\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\uff08\u4ece\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u5bfc\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\uff09\u3002\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5355\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316(unilinear cultural evolution)\u3002", - "output": "Development of evolutionary theory in biology followed a parallel trend and supported acceptance of cultural evolution. These notions were coupled with the recognition of tremendous diversity among living societies, documented in the course of colonial expansion, and with the need to explain (and thereby justify) the political and economic dominance of 19th-century \u201cEuropean civilization\u201d over many other societies. The result was a model of unilinear cultural evolution.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5206\u6570\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\uff08central tendency)\u548c\u53d8\u5f02\u6027\uff08variability)\u4e4b\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4\u5206\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u901a\u5e38\u5c31\u662f\u5e73\u5747\u6570\u3001\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u6216\u4f17\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u8bed\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u7fa4\u5206\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u522b\u5206\u6570\u548c\u524d\u8ff0\u5448\u73b0\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u5206\u6570\u90fd\u4f1a\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002", + "output": "Some of the more easily understood statistical and mathematical calculations are those that find the central tendency and variability of scores. When you have a group of scores, one number may be used to represent the group. That number is generally the mean, median, or mode. These terms are ways of expressing central tendency. Within the group of scores, each individual score differs to some degree from the central tendency score.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u6210\u5206\uff08affective component)\u662f\u6001\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u6216\u611f\u53d7\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e3e\u521a\u624d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4,\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u5e15\u7279\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6b67\u89c6\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u88d4\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u9648\u8ff0\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6001\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u6210\u5206\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u60c5\u611f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u884c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u3002", - "output": "The affective component of an attitude is the emotional or feeling part of an attitude. Using our example, this component would be reflected by the statement, \u201cI don't like Pat because he discriminates against minorities.\u201d Finally, affect can lead to behavioral outcomes.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u800c\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u7b26\u53f7\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210\u6216\u201c\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u201d\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u90a3\u79cd\u5927\u5bb6\u6240\u6613\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\u7b26\u53f7\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u5176\u5185\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u65e0\u987b\u4efb\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u3002", + "output": "But in the case of linguistic signs the conventional or \u2018arbitrary\u2019 basis is obvious, and therefore by taking linguistics as a model one may avoid the familiar mistake of assuming that signs which appear natural to those who use them have an intrinsic meaning and require no explanation.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u6536\u652f\u5e73\u8861\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u52a0\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u52a8\u8c03\u6574\u673a\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u5236\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u6536\u652f\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u5f71\u54cd\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u652f\u51fa\uff1b\u5931\u4e1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5de5\u8d44\u548c\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u3002", - "output": "Adjustment to a balance-of-payments problem can be achieved in two ways. One is to change economic policy; the second is through automatic adjustment mechanisms. There are two automatic mechanisms: Payments imbalances affect the money supply and hence spending, and unemployment affects wages and prices and thereby competitiveness.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u201c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u68d2\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5956\u91d1\u76f8\u5bf9\u66f4\u9ad9\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u51fb\u7403\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u201d Stephen Kindel (\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u2022\u574e\u5fb7\u5c14\uff09\u5728\u798f\u5e03\u65af\u6742\u5fd7\uff08Forbes)\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u4f4dNFL\uff08\u7f8e\u56fd\u804c\u4e1a\u6a44\u6984\u7403\u8054\u76df\uff09\u7684\u56db\u5206\u536b\u4f20\u7403\u6210\u529f\u7387\u4e0d\u4f4e\u4e8e50%\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e \u804c\u7bee\u4e2d\u950b\uff0c\u6295\u7bee\u5f97\u5206\u6210\u529f\u7387\u4e0d\u4f4e\u4e8e50%\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5f88\u5feb\u4f1a\u88ab\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e3a\u80a1\u7968\u7ecf\u7eaa\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5356\u5564\u9152\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u68d2\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u6570\u989d\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5408\u7ea6\u5956\u52b1\u6bd4\u4f8b\u53ea\u67090.300\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u51fb\u7403\u624b\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u7387\u662f70%\u3002", + "output": "\u201cThe complexity of hitting,\u201d noted Stephen Kindel in an article in Forbes magazine, \u201cis why baseball, of all sports, rewards relative failure so well. An NFL quarterback who hits his receiver less than 50% of the time or an NBA center who sinks fewer than half his baskets would soon be training as a stockbroker or selling beer. But baseball rewards 0.300 hitters\u2014failure rates of 70%\u2014with enormous contracts.\u201d", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4ece\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u201d\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u90fd\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b97\u4f5c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8054\u7cfb\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5929\u6027\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e90\u81ea\u8be5\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6587\u5316\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7b49\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f00\u59cb\u63a2\u8ba8\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u672c\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u662f\u751f\u547d\u5de8\u94fe\uff08Great Chain of Being)\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u786e\u5b9a\u5728\u795e\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002", - "output": "From a \"history of ideas\" point of view, the writings of ancient Greek philosophers and travellers, medieval Arab historians, medieval and Renaissance European travellers, and later European philosophers, jurists, and scientists of various kinds, are all plausible precursors. My choice, though, would be with the concept of the \"social contract\", and the perceptions of human nature, society, and cultural diversity which emerged from this concept. This is where I shall begin. Another, essentially unrelated, beginning is the idea of the Great Chain of Being, which deWned the place of the human species as between God and the animals.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6c83\u5c14\u683c\u6797\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u5949\u65af\u6258\u514b\u4ee3\u5c14\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b83\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4e8e\u516c\u53f8\u6574\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u59cb\u7ec8\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u575a\u4fe1\u80fd\u591f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5c79\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff1b\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u76f4\u63a5\u9762\u5bf9\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u9886\u57df\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e25\u9177\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u201d", + "output": "Throughout, Walgreens executives embraced the Stockdale Paradox: \"We have complete faith that we can prevail in an Internet world as a great company; yet, we must also confront the brutal facts of reality about the Internet.\"", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f53\u8d28\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4eba\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u8fc7\u53bb\u548c\u73b0\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u53d8\u5f02\u3002\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u5316\u60d1\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u6709\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u4ece\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u53d1\u7814\u7a76\u7269\u8d28\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u6b64\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\uff1a\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u501f\u52a9\u8bed\u8a00\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u5e76\u4ee3\u4ee3\u76f8\u4f20\uff1b\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u3001\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u6587\u5316\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002", - "output": "Physical anthropologists study humans as biological organisms, tracing the evolutionary development of the human animal and looking at biological variations within the species, past and present. Cultural anthropologists are concerned with human cultures, or the ways of life in societies. Within the field of cultural anthropology are archaeologists, who seek to explain human behavior by studying material objects, usually from past cultures; linguists, who study languages, by which cultures are maintained and passed on to succeeding generations; and ethnologists, who study cultures as they have been observed, experienced, and discussed with persons whose culture they seek to understand.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u66fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6700\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u610f\u56fe\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u610f\u8bc6\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u67d0\u79cd\u6709\u673a\u8bba\u7f8e\u5b66\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002", + "output": "The momentous historical shift from the view that the making of a work of art is a supremely purposeful activity to the view that its coming-into-being is, basically, a spontaneous process independent of intention, precept, or even consciousness, was the natural concomitant of an organic aesthetics.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7ec4\u7ec7\u90fd\u4f1a\u6d89\u53ca\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u5b89\u88c5\u65b0\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u8d44\u6e90\u8ba1\u5212\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5c06\u65b0\u7684\u6536\u8d2d\u6574\u5408\u5230\u516c\u53f8\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u6216\u5f00\u62d3\u65b0\u5e02\u573a\u7b49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ea\u5904\u7406\u5076\u53d1\u6027\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5219\u6700\u597d\u91c7\u7528\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u9879\u76ee\u7edf\u7b79\u652f\u6301\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u7ed3\u6784\u3002", - "output": "Most organizations are involved in projects. Common examples are the installation of a new enterprise resource planning system, the integration of a new acquisition into the company structure, or the cultivation of a new market. If an organization is dealing with projects only infrequently, then a functional structure supported by ad hoc project coordinators may be best.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7b2c7\u7ae0\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e8c\u503c\u56e0\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u6982\u7387\u6a21\u578b\u5fc5\u7136\u5177\u6709\u5f02\u65b9\u5dee\u7684\u8bef\u5dee\u9879\u3002\u5904\u7406 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f02\u65b9\u5dee\u2014\u2014\u7a33\u5065\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u91cf\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u62df\u5408\u503c\uff08\u5373\u6240\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff09\u90fd\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u4ecb\u4e8e0\u548c1\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u52a0\u6743\u6700\u5c0f\u4e8c\u4e58\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u6e10\u8fd1\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u91cf\u3002", + "output": "As we discussed in Chapter 7, the linear probability model for a binary dependent variable necessarily has a heteroskedastic error term. A simple way to deal with this problem is to compute heteroskedasticity-robust statistics. Alternatively, if all the fitted values (that is, the estimated probabilities) are strictly between zero and one, weighted least squares can be used to obtain asymptotically efficient estimators.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u521b\u9020\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u533a\u3001\u5730\u533a\u548c\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u957f\u671f\u3001 \u6574\u4f53\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5065\u5eb7\u5177\u6709\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6700\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65b0\u589e\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb15\u5e74\u5185\uff0c\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5927\u7ea665%\u7684\u65b0\u589e\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c97\u4f4d\u3002", - "output": "We know that job creation is important to the overall long-term economic health of communities, regions, and nations. The latest figures show that small businesses accounted for most of the net new jobs. In fact, over the last 15 years, small businesses have created some 65 percent of the net new jobs.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u4e2a\u6848\u5bf9\u7167\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7f3a\u70b9\u4e3a\u66b4\u9732\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u5728\u75be\u75c5\u8bca\u65ad\u51fa\u6765\u540e\u53d6\u5f97\u7684 \uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u62db\u52df\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u96be\u5ea6\u8f83\u5927 \u3002\u66b4\u9732\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u80dc\u7b97\u6bd4\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002", + "output": "The major disadvantages of case-control studies are that exposure information is obtained after the disease has been diagnosed and that recruiting an appropriate control group can be challenging. The exposure information and the resulting odds ratios may be adversely affected by problems in each of these areas.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u4f11\u65af\u548c\u6cf0\u7279\uff08Tight\uff0c1998: 184\uff09\u53cd\u9a73\u9053\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bc1\u636e\u6765\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u65e2\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u603b\u91cf\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6280\u672f\u7684\u591a\u5c11\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002", - "output": "Hughes and Tight (1998: 184) argue that there is little evidence to support the view that the total quantity of training is closely correlated to a country\u2019s economic performance, nor is there a necessary connection between stocks of skilled labour and productivity.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5f53\u671f\u671b\u65b0\u90ce\u4e3a\u65b0\u5a18\u5bb6\u52b3\u52a8\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5a5a\u59fb\u52b3\u5f79\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u3002\u5ac1\u5986\u662f\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u7ed3\u5a5a\u65f6\u4ed8\u7ed9\u5979\u548c\u5979\u4e08\u592b\uff1b\u5728\u7537\u5b50\u505a\u592a\u90e8\u5206\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5973\u5b50\u53ea\u5176\u751f\u6b96\u6f5c\u80fd\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u5ac1\u5986\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u5bf9\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u4f9b\u517b\u3002", + "output": "Bride service occurs when the groom is expected to work for a period for the bride's family. A dowry is the payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of marriage to her or her husband; its purpose is to ensure support for women in societies where men do most of the productive work and women are valued for their reproductive potential alone.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u89e3\u8bfb\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u6709\u4f7f\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u8282\u9769\u547d\u5316\u6765\u6539\u53d8(\u6216\u7814\u7a76)\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u73af\u8282\u90fd\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u88ab\u5185\u5728\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u501f\u5386\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u540d\u628a\u6709\u5173\u5185\u90e8\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\u642c\u5230\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002", - "output": "A common Marxist reading of this is that we only have to revolutionize (or to study) the moment of production to change (or understand) the whole world because all else is internalized there. But this is nothing less than the idealist view of internal relations imported into Marxism in the name of historical materialism.", + "input": "\u5728\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u62b5\u5236\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u793a\u4ef7\u503c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u91d1\u94b1\u6216\u8005\u5bfb\u6c42\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u7b49\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u5019\u9009\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5728\u6b64\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5b83\u628a\u4ef7\u503c\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u5185\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7f8e\u5b66\u3001\u73af\u4fdd\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u751f\u6001\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u90e8\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u90a3\u79cd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u8981\u7d20\u3002", + "output": "There has been a long history within bourgeois life of resistance to and search for an alternative to money as a way to express values. Religion, community, family, nation, have all been preferred as candidates, but the particular set of alternatives I here wish to consider are those which see values residing in nature --for romanticism, esthetics, environmentalism, and ecologism all have strong elements of that ethic built within them.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u8857\u89d2\u8f6c\u5f2f\u5904\u8fdb\u4eba\u5927\u62f1\u95e8\u6240\u5728\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u773c\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u5ea7\u9ad8\u8038\u4eba\u4e91\u7684\u94a2\u7b4b\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u5927\u53eb\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff01\u201d\u4ed6\u4eec\u6325\u821e\u7740\u80f3\u818a\u53c8\u8e66\u53c8\u8df3,\u201c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u62f1\u95e8\uff01\u201d", - "output": "As we round the corner at the top of the street and enter the national park surrounding the Gateway Arch, we get our first glimpse of the towering steel structure.\u201cThere it is!\u201dthe children cry,jumping up and down,waving their arms,\u201cThere\u2019s the arch!\u201d", - "system": "", - "history": [] - }, - { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u65391:\u867d\u7136\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u58eb\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5230\u4eba\u53e3\u76842\uff05\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u62e5\u6709 95\u201497%\u7684\u571f\u5730\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ea6\u5360\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u603b\u6570\u768495%\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u571f\u5730\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u76843%\u662f\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u4e13\u95e8\u804c\u4e1a\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff1b\u5c31\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u4eab\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u58f0\u671b\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u76d6\u8fc7\u4e86\u98ce\u5934\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8d35\u65cf\u770b\u4e0d\u8d77\u7ecf\u8425\u5546\u4e1a\u6216\u4ece\u4e8b\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u3001\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u635f\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u7ec5\u58eb\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u504f\u89c1\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u65e0\u8c13\u7684\u865a\u8363\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f0a\u8fbe\u6208\u786e\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u5207\u597d\u5904\u2014\u2014\u8363\u8a89\u3001\u514d\u7a0e\u548c\u5730\u4ea7\uff1b\u5730\u4ea7\u6bd4\u5546\u4e1a\u6216\u5de5\u4e1a\u8d22\u5bcc\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u3002", - "output": "Although the aristocrats together with the higher churchmen, comprised less than 2 percent of the population, they owned 95 to 97 percent of the land. It follows that the peasants, about 95 percent of all Spaniards, were almost all landless. The remaining 3 percent --- clerics, merchants, and professional people, many of whom were Jews --- were not a middle class in any economic or social sense. They were completely overshadowed by the nobilily who had social status and prestige. And because the nobility looked down on careers in commerce or industry as demeaning, this prejudice became the national norm. Nor was this mere empty vanity, for the hidalgo had all the advantages --- honors, exemption from taxation, and territorial wealth, which was more secure than commercial or industrial riches.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6211\u975e\u5e38\u6b23\u8d4f\u5384\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u76d6\u5c14\u7eb3\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4e0e\u5e26\u7ed9\u6211\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u3002\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6293\u4f4f\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u57281964\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u6478\u7d22\u7814\u7a76\u90a3\u4e9b\u5438\u5f15\u6211\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u975e\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e4b\u540e\u5230\u5904\u5f25\u6f2b\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\u3002", + "output": "I greatly appreciate the achievement and the inspiration provided to me, and to all of us, by Ernest Gellner. It was his work that first caught my imagination in 1964, when I was groping for a method of studying phenomena that had already for some time absorbed me and that were, after the wave of decolonisation in Africa and Asia, very much in the air.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u6e05\u4ee3\u5b66\u653f\u4e3a\u94a6\u5b9a\u4e4b\u5b98\uff0c\u4e13\u804c\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7763\u5bdf\u4e00\u7701\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u4e3e\u53d6\u58eb\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b66\u653f\u5728\u5c65\u804c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8bf8\u591a\u5f0a\u7aef\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u9632\u5f0a\u63aa\u65bd\u4e5f\u6536\u6548\u751a\u5fae\u3002", - "output": "The provincial educational commissioner was an officer appointed by the emperor in the Qing dynasty, who was in charge of education within a province. It played an important role in the system of imperial examinations. At the same time, problems occurred when provincial educational commissioners carried out their responsibilities. Even though the Qing dynasty made great efforts trying to reduce those problems, it turned out to be in vain.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4eba\u6587\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u5b9e\u65bd\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0a\uff1a\u8d44\u6599\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u8d44\u6599\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u8d44\u6599\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u6b21\u524d\u6d4b\u3002", + "output": "Implementing the research design is focused on two major activities: data collection and data analysis. Both activities are associated with ethical issues relating to permission to conduct the study and to the researcher acting ethically during data collection and analysis. Also in this phase, the researcher will be involved in running a pilot of the study.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u540c\u6837\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5458\u5de5\u611f\u5230\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d1f\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u9988\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5458\u5de5\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e86\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u3002", - "output": "Notice, too, that jobs that possess autonomy give the jobholder a feeling of personal responsibility for the results and that if a job provides feedback, the employee will know how effectively he or she is performing.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u4f53\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u74e3\u819c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4e8c\u5c16\u74e3\u8131\u5782\u3002\u8865\u5145\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u201c\u4e8c\u5c16\u74e3\u201d\uff08mitral\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6e90\u81ea\u201c\u4e3b\u6559\u51a0\u201d\uff08miter),\u5b83\u662f\u4e3b\u6559\u6234\u7684\u5e3d\u5b50\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c16\u3002\u5982\u56fe2.3\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5de6\u5fc3\u623f\u548c\u5de6\u5fc3\u5ba4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u74e3\u819c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u5e38\u95ed\u5408\u3002", + "output": "The most common valve problem is mitral valve prolapse (the name \"mitral\" by the way, comes from miter, the two-leaved hat worn by popes), in which the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle doesn't slam closed fully just like in Figure 2.3.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u592b\u4e00\u59bb\u5236\u548c\u4e00\u592b\u591a\u59bb\u5236\u662f\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f88\u5c11\u89c1\u3002\u4e00\u59bb\u591a\u592b\u5236\uff08polyandry\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u5b50\u540c\u65f6\u4e0e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u7537\u5b50\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u513f\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u89c1\u5230\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u7537\u5b50\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5bff\u547d\u6bd4\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u77ed\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7537\u5a74\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u9ad8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7537\u5b50\u8fc7\u5269\u662f\u4e0d\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6027\u522b \u6bd4\u4f8b\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u62c9\u8fbe\u514b\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5987\u5973\u53ef\u80fd\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u4e00\u59bb\u591a\u592b\u5236\u5c11\u89c1\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5a5a\u59fb\u5f62\u5f0f\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u66f4\u52a0\u9650\u5236\u4e00\u4e2a\u7537\u5b50\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u7eb3\u4e9a\u5c14\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u59bb\u591a\u592b\u5236\u4f7f\u5973\u5b50\u6000\u5b55\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6700\u5927\u5316\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5176\u7ee7\u55e3\u7fa4\u4f53\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u751f\u80b2\u3002", - "output": "Although monogamy and polygyny are the most common forms of marriage in the world today, other forms do occur, however rarely. Polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men simultaneously, is known in only a few societies, perhaps in part because men's life expectancy is shorter than women's, and male infant mortality is high, so a surplus of men in a society is unlikely. Where sex ratios are balanced, as in Ladakh, many women are likely to remain unmarried. Another reason for polyandry rarity is that it limits a man's descendants more than any other pattern.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u7231\u8428\u8bfa\u548c\u7c73\u5207\u9c8d\u5c14\uff08Asarnow & Meichenbaum\uff0c1979\uff09\u9274\u522b\u51fa\u5728\u7cfb\u5217\u56de\u5fc6\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u53d1\u590d\u8ff0\u7684\u5e7c\u513f\u3002\u8bad\u7ec3\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u57fa\u5c3c\u7b49\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u590d\u8ff0\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u5e7c\u513f\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u5bfc\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u7ec4\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u4e24\u79cd\u8bad\u7ec3\u90fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u6211\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u66f4\u4e3a\u6709\u6548\u3002", + "output": "Asarnow and Meichenbaum (1979) identified kindergartners who did not spontaneously rehearse on a serial recall test. Some were trained to use a rehearsal strategy similar to that of Keeney et al., whereas others received self-instructional training. Both treatments facilitated recall relative to a control condition, but the self-instructional treatment was more effective.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e00\u76f4\u62e5\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u8f89\u683c\u515a\u4eba\uff0c\u5219\u62b1\u7740\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5185\u52a1\u5927\u81e3\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u7f57\u7d20\u52cb\u7235\u7981\u6b62\u5e72\u6d89\u5baa\u7ae0\u6d3e\u57281838\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u5927\u578b\u5b97\u6559\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u5916\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5baa\u7ae0\u6d3e\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u4e88\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6587\u4ef6\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u63d0\u53ca\u8fd9\u573a\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002", - "output": "The Whigs, who were in power at the beginning and the end of this period, were much more lenient. Lord John Russell, the Home Secretary, forbade interference with the Great Chartist meetings held in the autumn of 1838. Except for comparatively brief periods, the government paid very little attention to the Chartists. Russell\u2019s private papers contain only an occasional reference to the movement.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u540c\u6837\u7684\u53e3\u9f3b\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e5f\u89c1\u4e8eraid [red](\u88ad\u51fb)\u548c rain [ren](\u4e0b\u96e8)\u3001rug [r\u028cg](\u5730\u6bef) \u548c rung [r\u028c\u014b]\u3002\u53d1[d]\u548c[g]\u65f6\u8f6f\u816d\u62ac\u8d77\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba9\u7a7a\u6c14\u4ece\u9f3b\u8154\u6d41\u51fa\u3002\u800c\u53d1[n]\u548c[\u014b]\u65f6\u8f6f\u816d\u5782\u4e0b\uff0c\u7a7a\u6c14\u4ece\u9f3b\u5b50\u91cc\u6d41\u51fa\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u9664\u963b\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u4ece\u53e3\u8154\u6d41\u51fa\u3002\u56e0\u800c[m]\uff0c[n]\u548c[\u014b]\u662f\u9f3b\u97f3\uff0c[b]\uff0c[d]\uff0c[g]\u662f\u53e3\u97f3\u3002\u6839\u636e\u9f3b\u97f3\u548c\u6d4a\u97f3\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bed\u97f3\u7279\u5f81\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u6240\u6709\u8bed\u97f3\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u7c7b\uff1a\u6d4a\u97f3\u3001\u6e05\u97f3\u3001\u9f3b\u97f3\u3001\u53e3\u97f3\u3002", + "output": "The same oral/nasal difference occurs in raid [red] and rain [ren], rug [r\u028cg] and rung [r\u028c\u014b]. The velum is raised in the production of [d] and [g], preventing the air from flowing through the nose, whereas for [n] and [\u014b] the velum is down, allowing the air out through both the nose and the mouth when the closure is released. The sounds [m], [n], and [\u014b] are therefore nasal sounds, and [b], [d], and [g] are oral sounds.The presence or absence of these phonetic features\u2014nasal and voiced\u2014permit the division of all speech sounds into four classes: voiced, voiceless, nasal, and oral.", "system": "", "history": [] }, { - "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", - "input": "\u5f53\u7a0e\u6536\uff08\u6216\u67d0\u79cd\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u7b56\uff09\u626d\u66f2\u4e86\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u679c\u65f6\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u603b\u5269\u4f59\u51cf\u5c11\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u65e0\u8c13\u635f\u5931\u3002\u65e0\u8c13\u635f\u5931\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u7528\u9762\u79efC+E\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u3002", - "output": "The fall in total surplus that results when a tax (or some other policy) distorts a market outcome is called the deadweight loss. The area C+E measures the size of the deadweight loss.", + "instruction": "\u8bf7\u5c06\u4e0b\u9762\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u6587\u672c\u3002", + "input": "\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f97\u4ee5\u201c\u6a2a\u7a7a\u51fa\u4e16\u201d\u7684\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u7ad9\u5728\u201c\u53cd\u6297\u8005\u201d\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fe8\u7136\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u69c1\u5982\u6b7b\u7070\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u5178\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u5982\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff1a\u5b9b\u82e5\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u7684\u68a6\u9b47\u3002", + "output": "This is surely one of the most plausible explanations for the emergence of postmodernism itself, since the younger generation of the 1960s will now confront the formerly oppositional modern movement as a set of dead classics, which \"weigh like a nightmare on the brains of the living\", as Marx once said in a different context.", "system": "", "history": [] }