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license: apache-2.0
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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language:
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- en
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size_categories:
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- 1M<n<10M
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---
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The F2LLM dataset includes 6 million query-document-negative tuples curated solely from open-source, non-synthetic data, serving as a strong, budget-friendly baseline for training embedding models.
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## Data Format
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Data are compiled into three categories: retrieval, classification, and clustering. Each retrieval and clustering data sample is accompanied by 24 hard negatives. Each classification data sample is accompanied by 1 hard negative.
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The data fields are:
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```json
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{
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"query": ...
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"passage": ...
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"negative_1": ...
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...
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"negative_n": ...
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}
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```
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For more details, please refer to our [technical report](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02294).
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## Usage
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Code for training embedding models on the F2LLM data is available in our [Github repo](https://github.com/codefuse-ai/CodeFuse-Embeddings/tree/main/F2LLM).
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## Citation
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If you use the F2LLM models, data, or code, please cite the following technical report.
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```
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@article{2025F2LLM,
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title={F2LLM Technical Report: Matching SOTA Embedding Performance with 6 Million Open-Source Data},
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author={Ziyin Zhang and Zihan Liao and Hang Yu and Peng Di and Rui Wang},
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journal = {CoRR},
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volume = {abs/2510.02294},
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year = {2025},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2510.02294},
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doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2510.02294},
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eprinttype = {arXiv},
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eprint = {2510.02294}
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}
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```
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