go/src/net/http/internal/chunked.go

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// The wire protocol for HTTP's "chunked" Transfer-Encoding.

// Package internal contains HTTP internals shared by net/http and
// net/http/httputil.
package internal

import (
	"bufio"
	"bytes"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
)

const maxLineLength = 4096 // assumed <= bufio.defaultBufSize

var ErrLineTooLong = errors.New("header line too long")

// NewChunkedReader returns a new chunkedReader that translates the data read from r
// out of HTTP "chunked" format before returning it.
// The chunkedReader returns [io.EOF] when the final 0-length chunk is read.
//
// NewChunkedReader is not needed by normal applications. The http package
// automatically decodes chunking when reading response bodies.
func NewChunkedReader(r io.Reader) io.Reader {
	br, ok := r.(*bufio.Reader)
	if !ok {
		br = bufio.NewReader(r)
	}
	return &chunkedReader{r: br}
}

type chunkedReader struct {
	r        *bufio.Reader
	n        uint64 // unread bytes in chunk
	err      error
	buf      [2]byte
	checkEnd bool  // whether need to check for \r\n chunk footer
	excess   int64 // "excessive" chunk overhead, for malicious sender detection
}

func (cr *chunkedReader) beginChunk() {
	// chunk-size CRLF
	var line []byte
	line, cr.err = readChunkLine(cr.r)
	if cr.err != nil {
		return
	}
	cr.excess += int64(len(line)) + 2 // header, plus \r\n after the chunk data
	line = trimTrailingWhitespace(line)
	line, cr.err = removeChunkExtension(line)
	if cr.err != nil {
		return
	}
	cr.n, cr.err = parseHexUint(line)
	if cr.err != nil {
		return
	}
	// A sender who sends one byte per chunk will send 5 bytes of overhead
	// for every byte of data. ("1\r\nX\r\n" to send "X".)
	// We want to allow this, since streaming a byte at a time can be legitimate.
	//
	// A sender can use chunk extensions to add arbitrary amounts of additional
	// data per byte read. ("1;very long extension\r\nX\r\n" to send "X".)
	// We don't want to disallow extensions (although we discard them),
	// but we also don't want to allow a sender to reduce the signal/noise ratio
	// arbitrarily.
	//
	// We track the amount of excess overhead read,
	// and produce an error if it grows too large.
	//
	// Currently, we say that we're willing to accept 16 bytes of overhead per chunk,
	// plus twice the amount of real data in the chunk.
	cr.excess -= 16 + (2 * int64(cr.n))
	cr.excess = max(cr.excess, 0)
	if cr.excess > 16*1024 {
		cr.err = errors.New("chunked encoding contains too much non-data")
	}
	if cr.n == 0 {
		cr.err = io.EOF
	}
}

func (cr *chunkedReader) chunkHeaderAvailable() bool {
	n := cr.r.Buffered()
	if n > 0 {
		peek, _ := cr.r.Peek(n)
		return bytes.IndexByte(peek, '\n') >= 0
	}
	return false
}

func (cr *chunkedReader) Read(b []uint8) (n int, err error) {
	for cr.err == nil {
		if cr.checkEnd {
			if n > 0 && cr.r.Buffered() < 2 {
				// We have some data. Return early (per the io.Reader
				// contract) instead of potentially blocking while
				// reading more.
				break
			}
			if _, cr.err = io.ReadFull(cr.r, cr.buf[:2]); cr.err == nil {
				if string(cr.buf[:]) != "\r\n" {
					cr.err = errors.New("malformed chunked encoding")
					break
				}
			} else {
				if cr.err == io.EOF {
					cr.err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
				}
				break
			}
			cr.checkEnd = false
		}
		if cr.n == 0 {
			if n > 0 && !cr.chunkHeaderAvailable() {
				// We've read enough. Don't potentially block
				// reading a new chunk header.
				break
			}
			cr.beginChunk()
			continue
		}
		if len(b) == 0 {
			break
		}
		rbuf := b
		if uint64(len(rbuf)) > cr.n {
			rbuf = rbuf[:cr.n]
		}
		var n0 int
		n0, cr.err = cr.r.Read(rbuf)
		n += n0
		b = b[n0:]
		cr.n -= uint64(n0)
		// If we're at the end of a chunk, read the next two
		// bytes to verify they are "\r\n".
		if cr.n == 0 && cr.err == nil {
			cr.checkEnd = true
		} else if cr.err == io.EOF {
			cr.err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
		}
	}
	return n, cr.err
}

// Read a line of bytes (up to \n) from b.
// Give up if the line exceeds maxLineLength.
// The returned bytes are owned by the bufio.Reader
// so they are only valid until the next bufio read.
func readChunkLine(b *bufio.Reader) ([]byte, error) {
	p, err := b.ReadSlice('\n')
	if err != nil {
		// We always know when EOF is coming.
		// If the caller asked for a line, there should be a line.
		if err == io.EOF {
			err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
		} else if err == bufio.ErrBufferFull {
			err = ErrLineTooLong
		}
		return nil, err
	}

	// RFC 9112 permits parsers to accept a bare \n as a line ending in headers,
	// but not in chunked encoding lines. See https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid7633,
	// which explicitly rejects a clarification permitting \n as a chunk terminator.
	//
	// Verify that the line ends in a CRLF, and that no CRs appear before the end.
	if idx := bytes.IndexByte(p, '\r'); idx == -1 {
		return nil, errors.New("chunked line ends with bare LF")
	} else if idx != len(p)-2 {
		return nil, errors.New("invalid CR in chunked line")
	}
	p = p[:len(p)-2] // trim CRLF

	if len(p) >= maxLineLength {
		return nil, ErrLineTooLong
	}
	return p, nil
}

func trimTrailingWhitespace(b []byte) []byte {
	for len(b) > 0 && isOWS(b[len(b)-1]) {
		b = b[:len(b)-1]
	}
	return b
}

func isOWS(b byte) bool {
	return b == ' ' || b == '\t'
}

var semi = []byte(";")

// removeChunkExtension removes any chunk-extension from p.
// For example,
//
//	"0" => "0"
//	"0;token" => "0"
//	"0;token=val" => "0"
//	`0;token="quoted string"` => "0"
func removeChunkExtension(p []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	p, _, _ = bytes.Cut(p, semi)
	// TODO: care about exact syntax of chunk extensions? We're
	// ignoring and stripping them anyway. For now just never
	// return an error.
	return p, nil
}

// NewChunkedWriter returns a new chunkedWriter that translates writes into HTTP
// "chunked" format before writing them to w. Closing the returned chunkedWriter
// sends the final 0-length chunk that marks the end of the stream but does
// not send the final CRLF that appears after trailers; trailers and the last
// CRLF must be written separately.
//
// NewChunkedWriter is not needed by normal applications. The http
// package adds chunking automatically if handlers don't set a
// Content-Length header. Using newChunkedWriter inside a handler
// would result in double chunking or chunking with a Content-Length
// length, both of which are wrong.
func NewChunkedWriter(w io.Writer) io.WriteCloser {
	return &chunkedWriter{w}
}

// Writing to chunkedWriter translates to writing in HTTP chunked Transfer
// Encoding wire format to the underlying Wire chunkedWriter.
type chunkedWriter struct {
	Wire io.Writer
}

// Write the contents of data as one chunk to Wire.
// NOTE: Note that the corresponding chunk-writing procedure in Conn.Write has
// a bug since it does not check for success of [io.WriteString]
func (cw *chunkedWriter) Write(data []byte) (n int, err error) {

	// Don't send 0-length data. It looks like EOF for chunked encoding.
	if len(data) == 0 {
		return 0, nil
	}

	if _, err = fmt.Fprintf(cw.Wire, "%x\r\n", len(data)); err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	if n, err = cw.Wire.Write(data); err != nil {
		return
	}
	if n != len(data) {
		err = io.ErrShortWrite
		return
	}
	if _, err = io.WriteString(cw.Wire, "\r\n"); err != nil {
		return
	}
	if bw, ok := cw.Wire.(*FlushAfterChunkWriter); ok {
		err = bw.Flush()
	}
	return
}

func (cw *chunkedWriter) Close() error {
	_, err := io.WriteString(cw.Wire, "0\r\n")
	return err
}

// FlushAfterChunkWriter signals from the caller of [NewChunkedWriter]
// that each chunk should be followed by a flush. It is used by the
// [net/http.Transport] code to keep the buffering behavior for headers and
// trailers, but flush out chunks aggressively in the middle for
// request bodies which may be generated slowly. See Issue 6574.
type FlushAfterChunkWriter struct {
	*bufio.Writer
}

func parseHexUint(v []byte) (n uint64, err error) {
	if len(v) == 0 {
		return 0, errors.New("empty hex number for chunk length")
	}
	for i, b := range v {
		switch {
		case '0' <= b && b <= '9':
			b = b - '0'
		case 'a' <= b && b <= 'f':
			b = b - 'a' + 10
		case 'A' <= b && b <= 'F':
			b = b - 'A' + 10
		default:
			return 0, errors.New("invalid byte in chunk length")
		}
		if i == 16 {
			return 0, errors.New("http chunk length too large")
		}
		n <<= 4
		n |= uint64(b)
	}
	return
}