| '\" t |
| .\" Title: proc |
| .\" Author: |
| .\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/> |
| .\" Date: 2020-11-24 |
| .\" Manual: Cygwin User\*(Aqs Manual |
| .\" Source: Cygwin |
| .\" Language: English |
| .\" |
| .TH "PROC" "5" "2020\-11\-24" "Cygwin" "Cygwin User\*(Aqs Manual" |
| .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .\" * Define some portability stuff |
| .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
| .\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673 |
| .\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html |
| .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
| .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq |
| .el .ds Aq ' |
| .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .\" * set default formatting |
| .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .\" disable hyphenation |
| .nh |
| .\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only) |
| .ad l |
| .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE * |
| .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
| .SH "NAME" |
| proc \- process and system information pseudo\-filesystem |
| .SH "DESCRIPTION" |
| .PP |
| The |
| proc |
| filesystem is a pseudo\-filesystem which provides an interface to Cygwin data structures\&. It is commonly mounted at |
| /proc\&. Typically, it is mounted automatically by the system\&. |
| .SS "Overview" |
| .PP |
| Underneath |
| /proc, there are the following general groups of files and subdirectories: |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR subdirectories |
| .RS 4 |
| Each one of these subdirectories contains files and subdirectories exposing information about the process with the corresponding process id\&. |
| .sp |
| The |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR |
| subdirectories are visible when iterating through |
| /proc |
| with |
| \fBreaddir\fR(2) |
| (and thus are visible when one uses |
| \fBls\fR(1) |
| to view the contents of |
| /proc)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/self |
| .RS 4 |
| When a process accesses this magic symbolic link, it resolves to the process\*(Aqs own |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR |
| directory\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[a\-z]*\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| Various other files and subdirectories under |
| /proc |
| expose system\-wide information\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| All of the above are described in more detail below\&. |
| .SS "Files and directories" |
| .PP |
| The following list provides details of many of the files and directories under the |
| /proc |
| hierarchy\&. |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| There is a numerical subdirectory for each running process; the subdirectory is named by the process id\&. Each |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR |
| subdirectory contains the pseudo\-files and directories described below\&. |
| .sp |
| The files inside each |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR |
| directory are normally owned by the effective user and effective group id of the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/cmdline |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file holds the complete command line for the process, unless the process is a zombie\&. In the latter case, there is nothing in this file: that is, a read on this file will return 0 characters\&. The command\-line arguments appear in this file as a set of strings followed by null bytes (\*(Aq\e0\*(Aq)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/ctty |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file holds the name of the console or control terminal device for the process, unless the process is detached from any terminal\&. In the latter case, there is only a newline in this file\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/cwd |
| .RS 4 |
| This is a symbolic link to the current working directory of the process\&. To find out the current working directory of process 20, for instance, you can do this: |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| $ \fBcd /proc/20/cwd; /bin/pwd\fR |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .sp |
| Note that the |
| \fIpwd\fR |
| command is often a shell built\-in, and might not work properly\&. In |
| \fBbash\fR(1), you may use |
| \fBpwd\ \&\-P\fR\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/environ |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file contains the current environment that may have been changed by the currently executing program\&. The entries are separated by null bytes (\*(Aq\e0\*(Aq), and there may be a null byte at the end\&. Thus, to print out the environment of process 1, you would do: |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| $ \fBcat \-A /proc/1/environ\fR |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .sp |
| If, after an |
| \fBexecve\fR(2), the process modifies its environment (e\&.g\&., by calling functions such as |
| \fBputenv\fR(3) |
| or modifying the |
| \fBenviron\fR(7) |
| variable directly), this file will reflect those changes\&. That may not be the case on other systems such as Linux\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/exe |
| .RS 4 |
| This file is a symbolic link containing the actual pathname of the executed command\&. This symbolic link can be dereferenced normally; attempting to open it will open the executable\&. You can even type |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/exe |
| to run another copy of the same executable that is being run by process |
| \fI[pid]\fR\&. |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/exe |
| is a pointer to the binary which was executed, and appears as a symbolic link\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/exename |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file contains the actual pathname of the executed command\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/fd/ |
| .RS 4 |
| This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file which the process has open, named by its file descriptor, and which is a symbolic link to the actual file\&. Thus, 0 is standard input, 1 standard output, 2 standard error, and so on\&. |
| .sp |
| For file descriptors for pipes and sockets, the entries will be symbolic links whose content is the file type with the inode\&. A |
| \fBreadlink\fR(2) |
| call on this file returns a string in the format: |
| type:\fI[inode]\fR |
| .sp |
| For example, |
| socket:[2248868] |
| will be a socket and its inode is 2248868\&. |
| .sp |
| Programs that take a filename as a command\-line argument, but don\*(Aqt take input from standard input if no argument is supplied, and programs that write to a file named as a command\-line argument, but don\*(Aqt send their output to standard output if no argument is supplied, can nevertheless be made to use standard input or standard output by using |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/fd |
| files as command\-line arguments\&. For example, assuming that |
| \fB\-i\fR |
| is the flag designating an input file and |
| \fB\-o\fR |
| is the flag designating an output file: |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| $ \fBfoobar \-i /proc/self/fd/0 \-o /proc/self/fd/1 \&.\&.\&.\fR |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .sp |
| and you have a working filter\&. |
| .sp |
| /proc/self/fd/N |
| is approximately the same as |
| /dev/fd/N |
| in some Unix and Unix\-like systems\&. Most Linux |
| \fBmakedev\fR |
| scripts symbolically link |
| /dev/fd |
| to |
| /proc/self/fd, in fact\&. |
| .sp |
| Most systems provide symbolic links |
| /dev/stdin, |
| /dev/stdout, and |
| /dev/stderr, which respectively link to the files |
| 0, |
| 1, and |
| 2 |
| in |
| /proc/self/fd\&. Thus the example command above could be written as: |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| $ \fBfoobar \-i /dev/stdin \-o /dev/stdout \&.\&.\&.\fR |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .sp |
| Note that for file descriptors referring to inodes (pipes and sockets, see above), those inodes still have permission bits and ownership information distinct from those of the |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/fd |
| entry, and that the owner may differ from the user and group ids of the process\&. An unprivileged process may lack permissions to open them, as in this example: |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| $ \fBecho test | sudo \-u nobody cat\fR |
| test |
| $ \fBecho test | sudo \-u nobody cat /proc/self/fd/0\fR |
| cat: /proc/self/fd/0: Permission denied |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .sp |
| File descriptor 0 refers to the pipe created by the shell and owned by that shell\*(Aqs user, which is not |
| nobody, so |
| \fBcat\fR |
| does not have permission to create a new file descriptor to read from that inode, even though it can still read from its existing file descriptor 0\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/gid |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file contains the primary group id for the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/maps |
| .RS 4 |
| A file containing the currently mapped memory regions and their access permissions\&. See |
| \fBmmap\fR(2) |
| for some further information about memory mappings\&. |
| .sp |
| The format of the file is: |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| \fIaddress perms offset dev inode pathname\fR |
| |
| 00010000\-00020000 rw\-s 00000000 0000:0000 0 [win heap 1 default shared] |
| \&.\&.\&. |
| 00080000\-00082000 rw\-p 00000000 0000:0000 0 [win heap 0 default grow] |
| 00082000\-0009A000 ===p 00002000 0000:0000 0 [win heap 0 default grow] |
| 000A0000\-000A1000 rw\-p 00000000 0000:0000 0 [win heap 2 grow] |
| 000A1000\-000BA000 ===p 00001000 0000:0000 0 [win heap 2 grow] |
| 000C0000\-000D9000 rw\-p 00000000 0000:0000 0 [win heap 0 default grow] |
| 000D9000\-001C0000 ===p 00019000 0000:0000 0 [win heap 0 default grow] |
| 00200000\-00377000 ===p 00000000 0000:0000 0 |
| 00377000\-00378000 rw\-p 00177000 0000:0000 0 [peb] |
| 00378000\-0037A000 rw\-p 00178000 0000:0000 0 [teb (tid 8844)] |
| \&.\&.\&. |
| 00400000\-005F9000 ===p 00000000 0000:0000 0 [stack (tid 8884)] |
| 005F9000\-005FC000 rw\-g 001F9000 0000:0000 0 [stack (tid 8884)] |
| 005FC000\-00600000 rw\-p 001FC000 0000:0000 0 [stack (tid 8884)] |
| 00600000\-006C7000 r\-\-s 00000000 EE45:4341 281474976741117 /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/locale\&.nls |
| \&.\&.\&. |
| 100400000\-100401000 r\-\-p 00000000 EE45:4341 281474978095037 /usr/bin/sh\&.exe |
| 100401000\-100413000 r\-xp 00001000 EE45:4341 281474978095037 /usr/bin/sh\&.exe |
| 100413000\-100414000 rw\-p 00013000 EE45:4341 281474978095037 /usr/bin/sh\&.exe |
| \&.\&.\&. |
| 180010000\-180020000 rw\-s 00000000 0000:0000 0 [procinfo] |
| 180020000\-180029000 rw\-s 00000000 0000:0000 0 [cygwin\-user\-shared] |
| 180030000\-18003C000 rw\-s 00000000 0000:0000 0 [cygwin\-shared] |
| 180040000\-180041000 r\-\-p 00000000 EE45:4341 2251799814294868 /usr/bin/cygwin1\&.dll |
| 180041000\-18022D000 r\-xp 00001000 EE45:4341 2251799814294868 /usr/bin/cygwin1\&.dll |
| 18022D000\-180231000 rwxp 001ED000 EE45:4341 2251799814294868 /usr/bin/cygwin1\&.dll |
| 180231000\-18026A000 rw\-p 001F1000 EE45:4341 2251799814294868 /usr/bin/cygwin1\&.dll |
| \&.\&.\&. |
| 800000000\-800090000 rw\-p 00000000 0000:0000 0 [heap] |
| 800090000\-820000000 ===p 00090000 0000:0000 0 [heap] |
| 7FF4FDEB0000\-7FF4FDEB5000 r\-\-s 00000000 0000:0000 0 |
| 7FF4FDEB5000\-7FF4FDFB0000 ===s 00005000 0000:0000 0 |
| 7FF4FDFB0000\-7FF5FDFD0000 ===p 00000000 0000:0000 0 |
| \&.\&.\&. |
| 7FFBEEAC0000\-7FFBEEAC1000 r\-\-p 00000000 EE45:4341 844424934724994 /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/kernel32\&.dll |
| 7FFBEEAC1000\-7FFBEEB36000 r\-xp 00001000 EE45:4341 844424934724994 /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/kernel32\&.dll |
| 7FFBEEB36000\-7FFBEEB68000 r\-\-p 00076000 EE45:4341 844424934724994 /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/kernel32\&.dll |
| 7FFBEEB68000\-7FFBEEB6A000 rw\-p 000A8000 EE45:4341 844424934724994 /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/kernel32\&.dll |
| 7FFBEEB6A000\-7FFBEEB72000 r\-\-p 000AA000 EE45:4341 844424934724994 /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/kernel32\&.dll |
| \&.\&.\&. |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .sp |
| The |
| address |
| field is the address space in the process that the mapping occupies\&. The |
| perms |
| field is a set of permissions: |
| .PP |
| r |
| .RS 4 |
| read |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| w |
| .RS 4 |
| write |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| x |
| .RS 4 |
| execute |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| === |
| .RS 4 |
| reserved |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| s |
| .RS 4 |
| shared |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| g |
| .RS 4 |
| guard |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| p |
| .RS 4 |
| private |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| The |
| offset |
| field is the offset into the file/whatever; |
| dev |
| is the device (major:minor); |
| inode |
| is the inode on that device\&. 0 indicates that no inode is associated with the memory region, as would be the case with BSS (uninitialized data)\&. |
| .sp |
| The |
| pathname |
| field will usually be the file that is backing the mapping\&. |
| .sp |
| There are additional helpful pseudo\-paths: |
| .PP |
| [cygwin\-shared] |
| .RS 4 |
| Global shared Cygwin process information\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| [cygwin\-user\-shared] |
| .RS 4 |
| Global shared Cygwin user information\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| [peb] |
| .RS 4 |
| Windows Process Environment Block\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| [procinfo] |
| .RS 4 |
| Cygwin process information\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| [shared\-user\-data] |
| .RS 4 |
| Shared user information\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| [heap] |
| .RS 4 |
| The process\*(Aqs heap\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| [stack] |
| .RS 4 |
| The initial process\*(Aqs (also known as the main thread\*(Aqs) stack\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| [stack (tid <tid>)] |
| .RS 4 |
| A thread\*(Aqs stack (where the |
| <tid> |
| is a thread id)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| [teb (tid <tid>)] |
| .RS 4 |
| Windows Thread Environment Block (where |
| <tid> |
| is a thread id)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| [win heap <n> default shared exec grow noserial debug] |
| .RS 4 |
| Windows extended heap (where |
| <n> |
| is a heap id) and the rest of the words are heap flags: |
| .PP |
| default |
| .RS 4 |
| default heap flags |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| shared |
| .RS 4 |
| shareable and mapped heap flags |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| exec |
| .RS 4 |
| executable heap flag |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| grow |
| .RS 4 |
| growable heap flag |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| noserial |
| .RS 4 |
| do not serialize heap flag |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| debug |
| .RS 4 |
| debugged heap flag |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| If the |
| pathname |
| field is blank, this is an anonymous mapping as obtained via |
| \fBmmap\fR(2)\&. There is no easy way to coordinate this back to a process\*(Aqs source, short of running it through |
| \fBgdb\fR(1), |
| \fBstrace\fR(1), or similar\&. |
| .sp |
| pathname |
| is shown unescaped except for newline characters, which are replaced with an octal escape sequence\&. As a result, it is not possible to determine whether the original |
| pathname |
| contained a newline character or the literal |
| \ee012 |
| character sequence\&. |
| .sp |
| If the mapping is file\-backed and the file has been deleted, the string "(deleted)" is appended to the |
| pathname\&. Note that this is ambiguous too\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/mountinfo |
| .RS 4 |
| This file contains information about mount points in the process\*(Aqs mount namespace (see |
| \fBmount_namespaces\fR(7))\&. It supplies various information (e\&.g\&., propagation state, root of mount for bind mounts, identifier for each mount and its parent) that is missing from the (older) |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/mounts |
| file, and fixes various other problems with that file (e\&.g\&., nonextensibility, failure to distinguish per\-mount versus per\-superblock options)\&. |
| .sp |
| The file contains lines of the form: |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| |
| 36 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 \- ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue |
| (1)(2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (?) (7) (8) (9) (10) |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .sp |
| The numbers in parentheses are labels for the descriptions below: |
| .PP |
| (1) |
| .RS 4 |
| mount id: a unique id for the mount (may be reused after |
| \fBumount\fR(2))\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (2) |
| .RS 4 |
| parent id: the id of the parent mount (or of self for the root of this mount namespace\*(Aqs mount tree)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (3) |
| .RS 4 |
| \fBmajor\fR:\fBminor\fR: the value of |
| st_dev |
| for files on this filesystem (see |
| \fBstat\fR(2))\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (4) |
| .RS 4 |
| root: the pathname of the directory in the filesystem which forms the root of this mount\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (5) |
| .RS 4 |
| mount point: the pathname of the mount point relative to the process\*(Aqs root directory\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (6) |
| .RS 4 |
| mount options: per\-mount options (see |
| \fBmount\fR(2))\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (?) |
| .RS 4 |
| optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "\fItag\fR[:\fIvalue\fR]"; see below\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (7) |
| .RS 4 |
| separator: the end of the optional fields is marked by a single hyphen\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (8) |
| .RS 4 |
| filesystem type: the filesystem type in the form "\fItype\fR[\&.\fIsubtype\fR]"\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (9) |
| .RS 4 |
| mount source: filesystem\-specific information or "none"\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (10) |
| .RS 4 |
| super options: per\-superblock options (see |
| \fBmount\fR(2))\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/mounts |
| .RS 4 |
| This file lists all the filesystems currently mounted in the process\*(Aqs mount namespace (see |
| \fBmount_namespaces\fR(7))\&. The format of this file is documented in |
| \fBfstab\fR(5)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/pgid |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file contains the process group id for the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/ppid |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file contains the parent process id for the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/root |
| .RS 4 |
| UNIX and Linux support the idea of a per\-process root of the filesystem, set by the |
| \fBchroot\fR(2) |
| system call\&. This file is a symbolic link that points to the process\*(Aqs root directory, and behaves in the same way as |
| exe, and |
| fd/*\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/sid |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file contains the session id for the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/stat |
| .RS 4 |
| Status information about the process\&. This is used by some implementations of |
| \fBps\fR(1)\&. |
| .sp |
| The fields, in order, with their proper |
| \fBscanf\fR(3) |
| format specifiers, are listed below\&. |
| .PP |
| (1) \fIpid\fR %d |
| .RS 4 |
| The process id\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (2) \fIcomm\fR %s |
| .RS 4 |
| The filename of the executable, in parentheses\&. This is visible whether or not the executable is swapped out\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (3) \fIstate\fR %c |
| .RS 4 |
| One of the following characters, indicating process state: |
| .PP |
| R |
| .RS 4 |
| Runnable |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| O |
| .RS 4 |
| Running |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| S |
| .RS 4 |
| Sleeping in an interruptible wait |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| D |
| .RS 4 |
| Waiting in uninterruptible disk sleep |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| Z |
| .RS 4 |
| Zombie |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| T |
| .RS 4 |
| Stopped (on a signal) or trace stopped |
| .RE |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (4) \fIppid\fR %d |
| .RS 4 |
| The PID of the parent of this process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (5) \fIpgrp\fR %d |
| .RS 4 |
| The process group id of the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (6) \fIsession\fR %d |
| .RS 4 |
| The session id of the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (7) \fItty_nr\fR %d |
| .RS 4 |
| The controlling terminal of the process\&. (The minor device number is contained in the combination of bits 31 to 20 and 7 to 0; the major device number is in bits 15 to 8\&.) |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (8) \fItpgid\fR %d |
| .RS 4 |
| The id of the foreground process group of the controlling terminal of the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (9) \fIflags\fR %u |
| .RS 4 |
| The kernel flags word of the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (10) \fIminflt\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| The number of minor faults the process has made which have not required loading a memory page from disk\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (11) \fIcminflt\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| The number of minor faults that the process\*(Aqs waited\-for children have made\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (12) \fImajflt\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| The number of major faults the process has made which have required loading a memory page from disk\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (13) \fIcmajflt\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| The number of major faults that the process\*(Aqs waited\-for children have made\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (14) \fIutime\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in user mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by |
| sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK))\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (15) \fIstime\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in kernel mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by |
| sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK))\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (16) \fIcutime\fR %ld |
| .RS 4 |
| Amount of time that this process\*(Aqs waited\-for children have been scheduled in user mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by |
| sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK))\&. (See also |
| \fBtimes\fR(2))\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (17) \fIcstime\fR %ld |
| .RS 4 |
| Amount of time that this process\*(Aqs waited\-for children have been scheduled in kernel mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by |
| sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK))\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (18) \fIpriority\fR %ld |
| .RS 4 |
| For processes running a real\-time scheduling policy (\fIpolicy\fR |
| below; see |
| \fBsched_setscheduler\fR(2)), this is the negated scheduling priority, minus one; that is, a number in the range \-2 to \-100, corresponding to real\-time priorities 1 to 99\&. For processes running under a non\-real\-time scheduling policy, this is the raw nice value (\fBsetpriority\fR(2)) as represented in the kernel\&. The kernel stores nice values as numbers in the range 0 (high) to 39 (low), corresponding to the user\-visible nice range of \-20 to 19\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (19) \fInice\fR %ld |
| .RS 4 |
| The nice value (see |
| \fBsetpriority\fR(2)), a value in the range 19 (low priority) to \-20 (high priority)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (20) \fInum_threads\fR %ld |
| .RS 4 |
| Number of threads in this process\&. Currently shown as 0\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (21) \fIitrealvalue\fR %ld |
| .RS 4 |
| The time in jiffies before the next |
| SIGALRM |
| is sent to the process due to an interval timer\&. This field is no longer maintained, and is hard coded as 0\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (22) \fIstarttime\fR %llu |
| .RS 4 |
| The time the process started after system boot\&. The value is expressed in clock ticks (divide by |
| sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK))\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (23) \fIvsize\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Virtual memory size in bytes\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (24) \fIrss\fR %ld |
| .RS 4 |
| Resident Set Size: number of pages the process has in real memory\&. This is just the pages which count toward text, data, or stack space\&. This does not include pages which have not been demand\-loaded in, or which are swapped out\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (25) \fIrsslim\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Current soft limit in bytes on the rss of the process; see the description of |
| RLIMIT_RSS |
| in |
| \fBgetrlimit\fR(2)\&. |
| .RE |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/statm |
| .RS 4 |
| Provides information about memory usage, measured in pages\&. The columns are: |
| .PP |
| (1) size |
| .RS 4 |
| total program size (same as VmSize in |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/status) |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (2) resident |
| .RS 4 |
| resident set size (same as VmRSS in |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/status) |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (3) shared |
| .RS 4 |
| number of resident shared pages (i\&.e\&., backed by a file) (same as RssFile+RssShmem in |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/status) |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (4) text |
| .RS 4 |
| text (code) |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (5) lib |
| .RS 4 |
| library |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (6) data |
| .RS 4 |
| data + stack |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (7) dt |
| .RS 4 |
| dirty pages (always 0) |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/status |
| .RS 4 |
| Provides much of the information in |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/stat |
| and |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/statm |
| in a format that\*(Aqs easier for humans to parse\&. Here\*(Aqs an example: |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| $ \fBcat /proc/$$/status\fR |
| |
| Name: bash |
| Umask: 0022 |
| State: S (sleeping) |
| Tgid: 17248 |
| Pid: 17248 |
| PPid: 17200 |
| Uid: 1000 1000 1000 1000 |
| Gid: 100 100 100 100 |
| VmSize: 131168 kB |
| VmLck: 0 kB |
| VmRSS: 13484 kB |
| VmData: 10332 kB |
| VmStk: 136 kB |
| VmExe: 992 kB |
| VmLib: 2104 kB |
| SigPnd: 0000000000000000 |
| SigBlk: 0000000000010000 |
| SigIgn: 0000000000384004 |
| |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .sp |
| The fields are as follows: |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIName\fR: Command run by this process\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIUmask\fR: Process umask, expressed in octal with a leading zero; see |
| \fBumask\fR(2)\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIState\fR: Current state of the process\&. One of: |
| .PP |
| R |
| .RS 4 |
| runnable |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| O |
| .RS 4 |
| running |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| S |
| .RS 4 |
| sleeping |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| D |
| .RS 4 |
| disk sleep |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| T |
| .RS 4 |
| stopped or tracing stop |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| Z |
| .RS 4 |
| zombie |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fITgid\fR: Thread group id (i\&.e\&., Process id)\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIPid\fR: Thread id (see |
| \fBgettid\fR(2))\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIPPid\fR: PID of parent process\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIUid\fR, |
| \fIGid\fR: Real, effective, saved set, and filesystem UIDs (GIDs)\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIVmSize\fR: Virtual memory size\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIVmLck\fR: Locked memory size (see |
| \fBmlock\fR(2))\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIVmRSS\fR: Resident set size\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIVmData\fR, |
| \fIVmStk\fR, |
| \fIVmExe\fR: Size of data, stack, and text segments\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fIVmLib\fR: Shared library code size\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fISigPnd\fR: Number of signals pending for process as a whole (see |
| \fBpthreads\fR(7) |
| and |
| \fBsignal\fR(7))\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RS 4 |
| .ie n \{\ |
| \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c |
| .\} |
| .el \{\ |
| .sp -1 |
| .IP \(bu 2.3 |
| .\} |
| \fISigBlk\fR, |
| \fISigIgn\fR: Masks indicating signals being blocked and ignored (see |
| \fBsignal\fR(7))\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/uid |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file contains the user id for the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/winexename |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file contains the Windows pathname of the executed command\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/\fI[pid]\fR/winpid |
| .RS 4 |
| This read\-only file contains the Windows process id for the process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/cpuinfo |
| .RS 4 |
| This is a collection of CPU and system architecture dependent items, for each supported architecture a different list\&. Two common entries are |
| \fIprocessor\fR |
| which gives CPU number and |
| \fIbogomips\fR, a system constant that is calculated during kernel initialization\&. SMP machines have information for each CPU\&. The |
| \fBlscpu\fR(1) |
| command gathers its information from this file\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/cygdrive |
| .RS 4 |
| This file is a symbolic link that points to the user\*(Aqs Windows mapped drive mount point, similar to |
| \fIroot\fR\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/devices |
| .RS 4 |
| Text listing of major numbers and device groups\&. This can be used by |
| \fBmakedev\fR |
| scripts for consistency with the system\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/filesystems |
| .RS 4 |
| A text listing of the filesystems which are supported by Cygwin\&. (See also |
| \fBfilesystems\fR(5)\&.) If a filesystem is marked with "nodev", this means that it does not require a block device to be mounted (e\&.g\&., virtual filesystem, network filesystem)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/loadavg |
| .RS 4 |
| The first three fields in this file are load average figures giving the number of jobs in the run queue (state R) averaged over 1, 5, and 15 minutes\&. They are the same as the load average numbers given by |
| \fBuptime\fR(1) |
| and other programs\&. The fourth field consists of two numbers separated by a slash (/)\&. The first of these is the number of currently runnable scheduling entities (processes, threads)\&. The value after the slash is the number of scheduling entities that currently exist on the system\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/meminfo |
| .RS 4 |
| This file reports statistics about memory usage on the system\&. It is used by |
| \fBfree\fR(1) |
| to report the amount of free and used memory (both physical and swap) on the system as well as the shared memory and buffers used by the system\&. Each line of the file consists of a parameter name, followed by a colon, the value of the parameter, and an option unit of measurement (e\&.g\&., "kB")\&. The list below describes the parameter names and the format specifier required to read the field value\&. Some fields are displayed only if the system was configured with various options; those dependencies are noted in the list\&. |
| .PP |
| \fIMemTotal\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Total usable RAM (i\&.e\&., physical RAM minus a few reserved bits and the system binary code)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fIMemFree\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| The sum of |
| \fILowFree\fR |
| + |
| \fIHighFree\fR\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fIHighTotal\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Total amount of highmem\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fIHighFree\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Amount of free highmem\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fILowTotal\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Total amount of lowmem\&. Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that highmem can be used for, but it is also available for the system\*(Aqs use for its own data structures\&. Bad things happen when you\*(Aqre out of lowmem\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fILowFree\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Amount of free lowmem\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fISwapTotal\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Total amount of swap space available\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fISwapFree\fR %lu |
| .RS 4 |
| Amount of swap space that is currently unused\&. |
| .RE |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/misc |
| .RS 4 |
| Text listing of minor device numbers and names of devices with major device number of the |
| misc |
| device group\&. This can be used by |
| \fBmakedev\fR |
| scripts for consistency with the system\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/mounts |
| .RS 4 |
| With the introduction of per\-process mount namespaces, this file became a link to |
| /proc/self/mounts, which lists the mount points of the process\*(Aqs own mount namespace\&. The format of this file is documented in |
| \fBfstab\fR(5)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/net |
| .RS 4 |
| This directory contains various files and subdirectories containing information about the networking layer\&. The files contain ASCII structures and are, therefore, readable with |
| \fBcat\fR(1)\&. However, the standard |
| \fBnetstat\fR(8) |
| suite provides much cleaner access to these files\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/net/if_inet6 |
| .RS 4 |
| This file contains information about IP V6 interface adapters, if used\&. Each line represents an IP V6 interface adapter\&. |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| |
| fe800000000000002c393d3da6108636 12 40 20 80 {C6B5FBE5\-A3AC\-4DB0\-A308\-8EE94E1406A4} |
| fe8000000000000039da016f76bd92bc 13 40 20 20 {E06B8972\-0918\-41FC\-851B\-090C446C7D1C} |
| fe8000000000000050ba9cedf1fe1628 0b 40 20 20 {680ED6FD\-DFAC\-4398\-AA85\-FB33E17E38EA} |
| fe8000000000000030c5c6a0b30f109d 11 40 20 20 {B9E39F53\-1659\-4065\-BDA5\-F41162250E03} |
| 20021840ac2c12343427e3b9ec6fa585 08 40 00 80 {4083A7F8\-99CF\-4220\-8715\-6FDF268B002F} |
| 20021840ac2c12342403e3b2c7a5a32f 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8\-99CF\-4220\-8715\-6FDF268B002F} |
| 20021840ac2c1234284e8d0ecb4160cb 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8\-99CF\-4220\-8715\-6FDF268B002F} |
| 20021840ac2c123468cb06ea72f1d678 08 80 00 80 {4083A7F8\-99CF\-4220\-8715\-6FDF268B002F} |
| 20021840ac2c12346cb59aca97c36e3b 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8\-99CF\-4220\-8715\-6FDF268B002F} |
| 20021840ac2c123498af9881de1fb828 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8\-99CF\-4220\-8715\-6FDF268B002F} |
| 20021840ac2c1234cd62a3d73a498611 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8\-99CF\-4220\-8715\-6FDF268B002F} |
| 20021840ac2c1234e410c873be09df93 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8\-99CF\-4220\-8715\-6FDF268B002F} |
| fe800000000000003427e3b9ec6fa585 08 40 20 80 {4083A7F8\-99CF\-4220\-8715\-6FDF268B002F} |
| 00000000000000000000000000000001 01 80 10 80 {2B5345AC\-7502\-11EA\-AC73\-806E6F6E6963} |
| (1) (2)(3)(4)(5) (6) |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .sp |
| The fields in each line are: |
| .PP |
| (1) |
| .RS 4 |
| The IP V6 address of the interface adapter\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (2) |
| .RS 4 |
| The IP V6 interface adapter index\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (3) |
| .RS 4 |
| The prefix length of the IP V6 interface address\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (4) |
| .RS 4 |
| The scope of the IP V6 interface address\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (5) |
| .RS 4 |
| The state of the IP V6 interface address\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (6) |
| .RS 4 |
| The DUID/GUID/UUID of the IP V6 interface adapter\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| |
| The last number exists only for compatibility reasons and is always 1\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/partitions |
| .RS 4 |
| Contains the major and minor numbers of each partition as well as the number of 1024\-byte blocks and the partition name\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/registry |
| .RS 4 |
| Under Cygwin, this directory contains subdirectories for registry paths, keys, and subkeys, and files named for registry values which contain registry data, for the current process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/registry32 |
| .RS 4 |
| Under 64 bit Windows, this directory contains subdirectories for registry paths, keys, and subkeys, and files named for registry values which contain registry data, for 32 bit processes\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/registry64 |
| .RS 4 |
| Under 64 bit Windows, this directory contains subdirectories for registry paths, keys, and subkeys, and files named for registry values which contain registry data, for 64 bit processes\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/self |
| .RS 4 |
| This directory refers to the process accessing the |
| /proc |
| filesystem, and is identical to the |
| /proc |
| directory named by the process id of the same process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/stat |
| .RS 4 |
| system statistics\&. Varies with architecture\&. Common entries include: |
| .PP |
| \fIcpu 10132153 0 3084719 46828483\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fIcpu0 1393280 0 572056 13343292\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| The amount of time, measured in units of USER_HZ (1/100ths of a second on most architectures, use |
| sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) |
| to obtain the right value), that the system ("cpu" line) or the specific CPU ("cpu |
| \fIN\fR" line) spent in various states: |
| .PP |
| (1) \fIuser\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| Time spent in user mode\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (2) \fInice\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| Time spent in user mode with low priority (nice)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (3) \fIsystem\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| Time spent in system mode\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| (4) \fIidle\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| Time spent in the idle task\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fIpage 5741 1808\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| The number of pages the system paged in and the number that were paged out (from disk)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fIswap 1 0\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| The number of swap pages that have been brought in and out\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fIintr 1462898\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| The number of interrupts serviced\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fIctxt 115315\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| The number of context switches that the system underwent\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| \fIbtime 769041601\fR |
| .RS 4 |
| boot time, in seconds since the Epoch, 1970\-01\-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC)\&. |
| .RE |
| .sp |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/swaps |
| .RS 4 |
| Swap areas in use\&. See also |
| \fBswapon\fR(8)\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/sys |
| .RS 4 |
| This directory contains a number of files and subdirectories linking to Windows objects, which can be read using these entries\&. |
| .sp |
| String values may be terminated by either \*(Aq\e0\*(Aq or \*(Aq\en\*(Aq\&. |
| .sp |
| Integer and long values may be either in decimal or in hexadecimal notation (e\&.g\&. 0x3FFF)\&. Multiple integer or long values may be separated by any of the following whitespace characters: \*(Aq\ \&\*(Aq, \*(Aq\et\*(Aq, or \*(Aq\en\*(Aq\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/sysvipc |
| .RS 4 |
| Subdirectory containing the pseudo\-files |
| msg, |
| semand |
| shm\&. These files list the System V Interprocess Communication (IPC) objects (respectively: message queues, semaphores, and shared memory) that currently exist on the system, providing similar information to that available via |
| \fBipcs\fR(1)\&. These files are only available if the cygserver Cygwin service is running\&. These files have headers and are formatted (one IPC object per line) for easy understanding\&. |
| \fBsvipc\fR(7) |
| provides further background on the information shown by these files\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/uptime |
| .RS 4 |
| This file contains two numbers (values in seconds): the uptime of the system (including time spent in suspend) and the amount of time spent in the idle process\&. |
| .RE |
| .PP |
| /proc/version |
| .RS 4 |
| This string identifies the Cygwin version that is currently running\&. For example: |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| |
| CYGWIN_NT\-10\&.0\-18363 version 3\&.1\&.7\-340\&.x86_64 (corinna@calimero) (gcc version 9\&.3\&.0 20200312 (Fedora Cygwin 9\&.3\&.0\-1) (GCC) ) 2020\-08\-22 17:48 UTC |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .sp |
| .RE |
| .SH "NOTES" |
| .PP |
| Many files contain strings (e\&.g\&., the environment and command line) that are in the internal format, with subfields terminated by null bytes (\*(Aq\e0\*(Aq)\&. When inspecting such files, you may find that the results are more readable if you use a command of the following form to display them: |
| .sp |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RS 4 |
| .\} |
| .nf |
| $ \fBcat \-A \fR\fB\fIfile\fR\fR |
| |
| .fi |
| .if n \{\ |
| .RE |
| .\} |
| .PP |
| This manual page is incomplete, possibly inaccurate, and is the kind of thing that needs to be updated very often\&. |
| .SH "SEE ALSO" |
| .PP |
| \fBcat\fR(1), |
| \fBfind\fR(1), |
| \fBfree\fR(1), |
| \fBps\fR(1), |
| \fBpstree\fR(1), |
| \fBtr\fR(1), |
| \fBuptime\fR(1), |
| \fBchroot\fR(2), |
| \fBmmap\fR(2), |
| \fBreadlink\fR(2), |
| \fBsyslog\fR(2), |
| \fBhier\fR(7), |
| \fBarp\fR(8), |
| \fBmount\fR(8), |
| \fBnetstat\fR(8), |
| \fBroute\fR(8)\&. |
| .SH "AUTHOR" |
| .br |
| .RS 4 |
| Author. |
| .RE |
| .SH "COPYRIGHT" |
| .br |
| |
